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Most Cited Energy for Sustainable Development Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing worldTom Bond | Michael R. Templeton
Volume 15, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 347-354
Technologies which recover biogas do so by harnessing anaerobic degradation pathways controlled by a suite of microorganisms. The biogas released acts as an environmentally sustainable energy source, while providing a method for disposal of various wastes. Biogas contains 50-70% methane and 30-50% carbon dioxide, as well as small amounts of other gases and typically has a calorific value of 21-24 MJ/m3. Various appliances can be fuelled by biogas, with stoves offering an application appropriate for deployment in developing countries. Widespread dissemination of biogas digesters in developing countries stems from the 1970s and there are now around four and 27 million biogas plants in India and China respectively. These are typically small systems in rural areas fed by animal manure. However, in many other countries technology spread has foundered and/or up to 50% of plants are non-functional. This is linked to inadequate emphasis on maintenance and repair of existing facilities. Hence for biogas recovery technology to thrive in the future, operational support networks need to be established. There appear to be opportunities for biogas stoves to contribute to projects introducing cleaner cookstoves, such as the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. Beyond this, there remains potential for domestic plants to utilise currently underexploited biogas substrates such as kitchen waste, weeds and crop residues. Thus there is a need for research into reactors and processes which enable efficient anaerobic biodegradation of these resources. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Off-grid rural electrification experiences from South Asia: Status and best practicesDebajit Palit | Akanksha Chaurey
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 266-276
South Asia accounts for 42% of the global population without access to electricity. Such a situation continues to exist despite several initiatives and policies to support electrification efforts by the respective country governments. The challenges to enhance electricity access are manifold including technical, financial, institutional and governance barriers. This paper makes a modest attempt, based on extensive literature review, to highlight the rural electrification situation at the regional and country level in South Asia. The paper also does a comparative analysis to exploit cross learning potential and suggest specific boosters that could serve as input for policy evaluation, review and improvements to assist future electrification efforts in the region. We focussed on renewable energy based mini-grids and stand-alone systems and also covered conventional grid extension. The paper raised some pertinent issues and attempted to find solutions to these issues. The household connection needs to be improved considerably through a targeted approach and innovative micro-lending model. At the same time the electricity supply also needs to be enhanced, such as through distributed power projects utilizing locally available renewable resources, to ensure that connected households continue to receive electricity and that supply constraints do not inhibit extending electrification to new areas. Developing a regulatory mechanism to extend the tariff fixation for mini-grid projects and providing cross-subsidies to ensure long term sustainability of such projects are highlighted. Finally, economic linkages, access to credit and institutional arrangements also need to be organized appropriately, especially for off-grid RE to facilitate successful outcomes. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Selection of renewable energy technologies for a developing county: A case of PakistanMuhammad Amer | Tugrul U. Daim
Volume 15, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 420-435
In this paper some renewable energy options for electricity generation for Pakistan are explored from multiple perspectives comprising technical, economical, social, environmental and political aspects. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used for the first time for the energy sector of Pakistan. An AHP model has been presented for the selection and prioritization of various renewable energy technologies for electricity generation. After accessing potential of the country for generating electricity from renewable resources, reviewing relevant scholarly literature and discussion with experts, an appropriate decision model has been formulated consisting of goal, criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives. Wind energy, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and biomass energy options are used as the alternatives in the decision model. Besides ranking and prioritizing of these technologies, results of the proposed decision model can also be used for the development of long-term renewable energy policy and energy roadmap for the country. The findings of this research might also be highly relevant to other developing countries. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Potential of biomass energy for electricity generation in sub-Saharan AfricaS. Dasappa
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 203-213
The paper explores the biomass based power generation potential of Africa. Access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is about 26% and falls to less than 1% in the rural areas. On the basis of the agricultural and forest produce of this region, the residues generated after processing are estimated for all the countries. The paper also addresses the use of gasification technology - an efficient thermo-chemical process for distributed power generation - either to replace fossil fuel in an existing diesel engine based power generation system or to generate electricity using a gas engine. This approach enables the implementation of electrification programs in the rural sector and gives access to grid quality power. This study estimates power generation potential at about 5000. MW and 10,000. MW by using 30% of residues generated during agro processing and 10% of forest residues from the wood processing industry, respectively. A power generation potential of 15000. MW could generate 100. terawatt-hours (TWh), about 15% of current generation in SSA. The paper also summarizes some of the experience in using the biomass gasification technology for power generation in Africa and India. The paper also highlights the techno economics and key barriers to promotion of biomass energy in sub-Saharan Africa. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
The political economy of energy poverty: A review of key challengesBenjamin K. Sovacool
Volume 16, Issue 3, September 2012, Pages 272-282
This review specifically investigates the concepts of energy poverty and energy ladders. It provides the most current available data on energy poverty, electrification, and dependency on biomass fuels for cooking. It elaborates on the relationship between energy access and millennium development goals, especially the connection between modern energy services and development, public health, gender empowerment, and the degradation of the natural environment. It notes that energy poverty has serious and growing public health concerns related to indoor air pollution, physical injury during fuelwood collection, and lack of refrigeration and medical care in areas that lack electricity. It argues that energy poverty affects both the gender roles within society and the educational opportunities available to children and adults. It documents that the environmental impacts of energy poverty encompass deforestation and changes in land use, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases. The final section of the review underscores the structural elements of the global energy system that entrench and sustain energy poverty. © 2012 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy access programmes and sustainable development: A critical review and analysisSubhes C. Bhattacharyya
Volume 16, Issue 3, September 2012, Pages 260-271
This paper provides an overview of the debate on energy access and development, and argues that despite some progress in enhancing energy access, the programmes promoting energy access are neither sustainable nor adequately contributing to development. The paper substantiates this argument by considering the experience of energy access and by performing a simple multi-dimensional sustainability analysis. There has been a disproportionate emphasis on electrification in the past, which can neither resolve the energy access problem nor address the sustainable development issue. Ensuring access to clean energies to meet the demand for cooking and heating energy and providing economically viable and affordable options remains the greatest challenge. The paper suggests that a rebalancing of approaches to energy access provision is required to ensure their sustainability. © 2012 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A methodology for community engagement in the introduction of renewable based smart microgridCarla Alvial-Palavicino | Natalia Garrido-Echeverría | Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez | Lorenzo Reyes | Rodrigo Palma-Behnke
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 314-323
Introduction of new technologies is necessarily a social and cultural transformation that implies adaptation to a new context, co-created by the interaction between those intervened and interveners. Sustainable technologies should be aimed to preserve basic functions of socio-ecological systems while limiting evolution of unsustainable practices, as it is the case of non-conventional renewable energy sources.In this research we propose a methodology of intervention for the introduction of smart microgrid system in a rural community. The introduction of new energy technologies in a rural setting is a challenge, since it generates changes in patters of energy use that affect the demand of the system. Smart microgrid systems have the advantage of being more resilient than conventional approaches to renewable energy, as they can adapt to changes in the demand and through time.The proposed methodology is based on the concept of a community as a socio-ecological system approach affected by a technological intervention, aimed to move towards a stage of more sustainable use of resources. The method is divided in three stages, each one focused on enhancing elements of the socio-ecological systems and integration among stakeholders: trust, diversity, boundaries of the system, territoriality, adaptability and reflexivity.This methodology is validated in a case study on smart microgrids development in a rural community in the north of Chile. The application of this methodology highlights the importance of learning processes among stakeholders, specially the development of reflexivity within developers.Adoption and adaptation to new technologies depends on the characteristics of each community, but it can be enhanced when participation shapes the evolution of the technological intervention, opening up to a diversity of expectations associated to the complexity of the system. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Assessment of decentralized hybrid PV solar-diesel power system for applications in Northern part of NigeriaMuyiwa S. Adaramola | Samuel S. Paul | Olanrewaju M. Oyewola
Volume 19, Issue 1, April 2014, Pages 72-82
The possibility of using hybrid energy system for electricity generation in rural and semi-urban areas in the Northern part of Nigeria was investigated in this study. The global solar radiation data and residential energy consumption in Jos, (in Plateau state) located on the latitude of 9° 52' N and longitude of 8° 54' E are used. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software has been employed to carry out the present study. At current diesel price of $1.1/L and annual mean global solar radiation of 6.00kWh/m2/day, it was found that PV/Generator/Battery hybrid system is economically the most suitable option as a stand-alone electricity generating system in this location and other similar locations in the Northern part of Nigeria. The optimal simulation results indicate that the levelised cost of energy for this hybrid energy system varies between $0.348/kWh and $0.378/kWh depending on the interest rate. These costs are lower than the cost of using diesel generator only (without battery) which varies between $0.417 and $0.423 per kWh. It was further observed that there is a significant reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases if a hybrid energy system is used instead of only a generator based energy system. The effect of interest rate and cost of PV system on the optimal energy in this part of Nigeria was investigated and a comparison between the monthly cost of electricity using current tariff of grid connected and hybrid energy systems was also made. © 2013 International Energy Initiative.
Infrastructure, rural electrification and developmentPaul Cook
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 304-313
Recent interest in rural electrification has emphasised the importance of linking its development with productive uses for energy and poverty reduction. This has been viewed as necessary to increase the pace of rural electrification and reduce its concentration on a relatively small number of developing countries. Despite this emphasis, progress in electrifying remote rural areas has been slow. In part this has been attributed to the emphasis on cost recovery and a reliance on the private sector to deliver electricity widely. This paper reviews the literature on the role and relation of infrastructure, particularly infrastructure in rural areas, to economic growth and development. It reviews the focus on poverty reduction by the major international development agencies and examines the arguments for increasing rural incomes. It critically reviews the economic and social issues underlying the development of rural electrification, drawing on the experience with both grid and off-grid applications in developing countries and assesses the impact of electrification on the ability to generate income in rural areas. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the beneficiaries of rural electrification, the constraints that are faced in stimulating economic activity that will contribute to making rural electrification more feasible and affordable and to the importance of complementary services and appropriate institutions to support rural electrification. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Rural electrification: Optimising the choice between decentralised renewable energy sources and grid extensionSadhan Mahapatra | S. Dasappa
Volume 16, Issue 2, June 2012, Pages 146-154
The study presents an analysis aimed at choosing between off-grid solar photovoltaic, biomass gasifier based power generation and conventional grid extension for remote village electrification. The model provides a relation between renewable energy systems and the economical distance limit (EDL) from the existing grid point, based on life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, where the LCC of energy for renewable energy systems and grid extension will match. The LCC of energy feed to the village is arrived at by considering grid availability and operating hours of the renewable energy systems. The EDL for the biomass gasifier system of 25. kW capacities is 10.5. km with 6. h of daily operation and grid availability. However, the EDL for a similar 25. kW capacity photovoltaic system is 35. km for the same number of hours of operation and grid availability. The analysis shows that for villages having low load demand situated far away from the existing grid line, biomass gasification based systems are more cost competitive than photovoltaic systems or even compared to grid extension. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Operational experience on a grid connected 100kWe biomass gasification power plant in Karnataka, IndiaS. Dasappa | D. N. Subbukrishna | K. C. Suresh | P. J. Paul | G. S. Prabhu
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 231-239
The paper reports the operational experience from a 100. kWe gasification power plant connected to the grid in Karnataka. Biomass Energy for Rural India (BERI) is a program that implemented gasification based power generation with an installed capacity of 0.88. MWe distributed over three locations to meet the electrical energy needs in the district of Tumkur. The operation of one 100. kWe power plant was found unsatisfactory and not meeting the designed performance. The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, the technology developer, took the initiative to ensure the system operation, capacity building and prove the designed performance.The power plant connected to the grid consists of the IISc gasification system which includes reactor, cooling, cleaning system, fuel drier and water treatment system to meet the producer gas quality for an engine. The producer gas is used as a fuel in Cummins India Limited, GTA 855 G model, turbo charged engine and the power output is connected to the grid.The system has operated for over 1000 continuous hours, with only about 70h of grid outages. The total biomass consumption for 1035h of operation was 111t at an average of 107kg/h. Total energy generated was 80.6MWh reducing over 100t of CO2 emissions. The overall specific fuel consumption was about 1.36kg/kWh, amounting to an overall efficiency from biomass to electricity of about 18%. The present operations indicate that a maintenance schedule for the plant can be at the end of 1000h. The results for another 1000h of operation by the local team are also presented. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Solar energy programs for rural electrification: Experiences and lessons from South AsiaDebajit Palit
Volume 17, Issue 3, June 2013, Pages 270-279
South Asia accounts for 37% of the world's population without access to electricity. Such a situation continues to exist despite several initiatives and policies to support rural electrification efforts by the respective country governments including use of renewable energy technologies. While conventional grid extension has been the predominant mode of electrification in the region, the countries have also extensively used solar photovoltaic (PV) technology for energy access. However, there have been implementation challenges including technical, financial, institutional, and governance barriers. This paper, based on extensive literature review and survey of selected programs, shares the experience and lessons of solar PV programs for rural electrification in South Asia - both at the regional and country levels - and also presents a comparative analysis to exploit the cross learning potential. The paper suggests that output focused approaches, financial innovations, bundling of projects for concentrating energy loads, adopting standard processes and metrics, developing necessary infrastructure, and building local technical capacity are a key to enhancing the effectiveness of the solar PV programs. © 2013 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Off-grid electrification with solar home systems: The experience of a fee-for-service concession in South AfricaXavier Lemaire
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 277-283
In rural areas of developing countries, electrification projects with photovoltaic systems were conceived as pilot projects with the implementation of a limited number of systems. After considerable financial support from international donors, photovoltaic systems were often quickly abandoned few years after their installation. Using micro-credit institutions in the energy sector or implementing small utilities with a fee-for-service model is now considered as two desirable options to create a dynamic self-sustained market for solar home systems.South Africa launched in 1999 an ambitious off-grid solar electrification programme with fee-for-service concessions. Operating as small-scale utilities, fee-for-service concessions have facilitated the implementation on a large scale of solar home systems and solved the issue of high up-front cost and of long-term maintenance.This paper focuses on operational and design issues linked to the implementation of fee-for-service concessions. Even in a challenging institutional context, some South African operators seem almost able to reach their break-even point. The case of one concessionaire is detailed and serves as a basis for a discussion on the benefits and difficulties linked to the fee-for-service model and on the potential for replication. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Charcoal, livelihoods, and poverty reduction: Evidence from sub-Saharan AfricaLeo C. Zulu | Robert B. Richardson
Volume 17, Issue 2, April 2013, Pages 127-137
More than 80% of urban households in sub-Saharan Africa use charcoal as their main source of cooking energy, and the demand is likely to increase for several decades. Charcoal is also a major source of income for rural households in areas with access to urban markets. We review studies of the socioeconomic implications of charcoal production and use, focusing holistically on the role of charcoal in poverty alleviation based on four dimensions of poverty defined by the World Bank: (i) material deprivation, (ii) poor health and education, (iii) vulnerability and exposure to risk, and (iv) voicelessness and powerlessness. We draw conclusions from household-level studies to better understand the determinants of participation in charcoal production and sale, and of urban household demand. Poorer households are more likely to participate in the production and sale of charcoal but their participation is mainly a safety net to supplement other income. Although charcoal production contributes to poverty reduction through alternative income-generation opportunities, it can also undermine production of ecosystem services, agricultural production, and human health. Reducing rural household dependence on charcoal requires coordinated policies providing alternative income opportunities for farmers, affordable alternative energy sources for urban households, and more efficient and sustainable approaches for producing and using charcoal. For future research, we emphasize the importance of large-N panel datasets to better understand the net benefits of charcoal production as a poverty-reduction strategy. © 2012 International Energy Initiative.
Kerosene subsidies in India: When energy policy fails as social policyNarasimha D. Rao
Volume 16, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 35-43
Kerosene subsidies intended for Indian households have been known for their poor targeting and high fiscal costs. However, the distributional benefits to the 160. million households that use kerosene are not well understood. In this paper, the kerosene subsidy is formally assessed as an instrument of income redistribution. The subsidy incidence, progressivity and efficacy of the kerosene subsidy are calculated for the state of Maharashtra, under actual and ideal implementation conditions.The analysis shows that kerosene subsidies are regressive and of minimal financial value to poor rural households. This is in part because household quotas are based on cooking needs, but kerosene is used predominantly for lighting. In urban areas, subsidies are progressive, and provide benefits of up to 5 to 10% of household expenditure among poorer households which lack affordable access to LPG and biomass. Overall, only 26% of the total subsidy value directly reaches households. This analysis suggests that subsidies targeted only to kerosene-dependent urban areas would have a higher efficacy than broad-based subsidies. © 2012 International Energy Initiative.
The environmental impacts of charcoal production in tropical ecosystems of the world: A synthesisEmmanuel N. Chidumayo | Davison J. Gumbo
Volume 17, Issue 2, April 2013, Pages 86-94
Charcoal production in tropical regions of the world is often perceived to have devastating ecological and environmental effects and governments, public forestry institutions and non government organizations have been particularly concerned about these charcoal-related impacts. The most commonly cited impact is deforestation, i.e., the clearance of forest or woodland. At a small spatial scale this may indeed be the case but on a larger landscape scale charcoal production most frequently results only in forest degradation. Much of the charcoal in tropical countries is commonly made in traditional earth and pit kilns with a wood-to-charcoal conversion rate of about 20% and in 2009 the contribution of charcoal production to deforestation in tropical countries with the highest rates of deforestation is estimated at less than 7%. A large proportion of the area utilized for charcoal production has the potential for rapid forest recovery especially with good post-harvest management. There are conflicting reports on the effects of deforestation on catchment hydrology with the majority of small catchment studies indicating increased runoff and low evapotranspiration while studies of large basins have shown no such changes. Emissions of greenhouse gases from charcoal production in tropical ecosystems in 2009 are estimated at 71.2. million. t for carbon dioxide and 1.3. million. t for methane. The failure of past charcoal policies to address environmental impacts and achieve sustainability can be attributed to erroneous assumptions and predictions by national and international organizations regarding wood-based fuels. Possible ways of enhancing charcoal policies' legitimacy and therefore effective implementation are multi-stakeholder participation and demonstration of coherence with globally recognized principles, goals and relevant international regimes, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this way charcoal production can significantly contribute to poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. © 2012 International Energy Initiative.
The Solar Transitions research on solar mini-grids in India: Learning from local cases of innovative socio-technical systemsKirsten Ulsrud | Tanja Winther | Debajit Palit | Harald Rohracher | Jonas Sandgren
Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 293-303
The article presents new empirical material from a case study on longstanding, pioneering efforts on implementation and use of solar mini-grid systems in the Sunderban Islands in India. These local, socio-technical experiments have been investigated by a trans-disciplinary team of researchers and practitioners in order to gain a deep understanding of the diversity of social and technical factors influencing the ways in which the systems work at different levels. This socio-technical research highlights the dynamics between technology and society and how they are mutually influencing and shaping each other. These dynamics create gradual changes in the socio-technical system of technical devises, people, practices, knowledge and other elements, requiring adjustments also by the implementing actors. A range of technical and non-technical factors at various levels are found to be relevant for the implementation, operation, sustenance and further development of the solar power supply systems. The research points to important factors that should be taken into account and considered when planning similar activities. In addition to the analysis of the research findings, the article includes a brief review of literature on the implementation and use of solar photovoltaic technology in developing countries, with an emphasis on solar mini-grid systems. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Power production from a moderate temperature geothermal resource with regenerative Organic Rankine CyclesAlessandro Franco
Volume 15, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 411-419
Much remains to be done in binary geothermal power plant technology, especially for exploiting low-enthalpy resources. Due to the great variability of available resources (temperature, pressure, chemical composition), it is really difficult to "standardize the technology".The problem involves many different variables: working fluid selection, heat recovery system definition, heat transfer surfaces sizing and auxiliary systems consumption. Electricity generation from geothermal resources is convenient if temperature of geothermal resources is higher than 130. °C. Extension of binary power technology to use low-temperature geothermal resources has received much attention in the last years. This paper analyzes and discusses the exploitation of low temperature, water-dominated geothermal fields with a specific attention to regenerative Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC). The geothermal fluid inlet temperatures considered are in the 100-130. °C range, while the return temperature of the brine is assumed to be between 70 and 100. °C. The performances of different configurations, two basic cycle configurations and two recuperated cycles are analyzed and compared using dry organic fluids as the working fluids. The dry organic fluids for this study are R134a, isobutane, n-pentane and R245fa. Effects of the operating parameters such as turbine inlet temperature and pressure on the thermal efficiency, exergy destruction rate and Second Law efficiency are evaluated. The possible advantages of recuperated configurations in comparison with basic configurations are analyzed, showing that in a lot of cases the advantage in terms of performance increase is minimal but significant reductions in cooling systems surface area can be obtained (up to 20%). © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Decomposing the decoupling of energy-related COWenwen Wang | Rui Liu | Ming Zhang | Huanan Li
2 emissions and economic growth in Jiangsu Province
Volume 17, Issue 1, February 2013, Pages 62-71
Jiangsu Province has become one of the most developed regions in China. Economic growth in Jiangsu has occurred along with rising CO2 emission levels. A deeper understanding of how energy-related CO2 emissions have evolved in Jiangsu Province is very important in formulating future policies. Thus it is very necessary to investigate the driving forces governing CO2 emissions and their evolution. The decoupling index combined with the LMDI (Log Mean Divisia Index) method is used to analyze the contribution of the factors which influence energy-related CO2 emissions in Jiangsu Province over the period 1995-2009. The results show that economic activity is the critical factor in the growth of energy-related CO2 emissions in Jiangsu Province, and the energy intensity effect plays the dominant role in decreasing CO2 emissions. The period from 2003 to 2005 represents a re-coupling effect; the periods 1996-1997 and 2000-2001 indicate strong decoupling effect, while the remaining time intervals show weak decoupling effect. © 2012.
Adoption and use of improved biomass stoves in Rural MexicoKathleen Pine | Rufus Edwards | Omar Masera | Astrid Schilmann | Adriana Marrón-Mares | Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2011, Pages 176-183
In households that rely on biomass for a large percentage of their energy needs, adoption of improved biomass stoves can result in significant reduction of indoor air pollutants and emissions of greenhouse gasses with concurrent health co-benefits. To maximize the effectiveness of the stove dissemination process, promoters should choose target populations that are both likely to adopt the new technology and to influence the opinions of other potential adopters within a social group. In the current study a longitudinal analysis of adoption patterns and intensity of use of a Patsari improved biomass cookstove was conducted in 259 randomly selected households of a community intervention study in rural communities of Michoacan, Mexico. Health promoters classified households into one of several stove user groups during a series of monthly follow up interviews after Patsari installation, based on physical traces of use and household self-reporting by questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used develop a model of household and community characteristics associated with early adoption of the Patsari, leading to the development of bi-level model for targeting improved stove dissemination efforts. Factors including community of residence, number of adults in household, suffering from irritated eyes, using wood scraps for fuel, and cooking with certain types of traditional fogons were associated with early adoption of Patsari cookstoves. Maximum saturation of the Patsari in the study population was reached four months after installation; after this point, stove use decreased until eight months but remained relatively steady with 55% of the sample using the Patsari regularly from month eight onwards. Results highlight the importance of utilizing effective targeting strategies to maximize NGO resources and increase the robustness of the diffusion process, resulting in more stoves in actual use. Additionally, results point to the importance of evaluating the success of an improved stove program in terms of stove use over time, rather than the total number of stoves disseminated. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Implications of land use change on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from palm biodiesel production in ThailandSorawit Siangjaeo | Shabbir H. Gheewala | Kittinun Unnanon | Amnat Chidthaisong
Volume 15, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 1-7
The study evaluates the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of biodiesel production through three chosen land use change scenarios in Thailand: rubber plantation to oil palm plantation in Krabi, cassava plantation to oil palm plantation in Chonburi, and abandoned land to oil palm plantation in Pathumthani. The carbon stock changes were estimated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and combined with the life cycle GHG emissions from palm oil and biodiesel production in Thailand. For 1 million liters of biodiesel production per day, the Krabi, Chonburi and Pathumthani cases resulted in -709 Mg CO2-eq/day, -748 Mg CO2-eq/day and -600 Mg CO2-eq/day, respectively. The Pathumthani case showed the lowest negative GHG balance even with least fertilization partly because of larger transportation distances while the Chonburi case was the highest despite low yield as it would require more land to grow oil palm for the same amount of biodiesel, resulting in more soil carbon being sequestered. However, the land use change scenarios chosen for this study all show a negative GHG balance which means that biodiesel helps reduce GHG in the atmosphere. © 2010 International Energy Initiative.
Optimization of grid independent hybrid PV-diesel-battery system for power generation in remote villages of Uttar Pradesh, IndiaNitin Agarwal | Anoop Kumar | Varun
Volume 17, Issue 3, June 2013, Pages 210-219
In this paper a multi-objective optimization model is developed to determine the best size of grid independent solar-diesel-battery based hybrid energy system. The primary objective is to minimize life cycle cost and secondary objective is to minimize CO2 emissions from the system. These objective functions are subjected to the constraints imposed by the power generated by the system components, reliability of the system and state of charge of the battery bank. The decision variables included in the optimization process are the total area of PV arrays, number of PV modules of 600 Wp, number of batteries of 24V and 150Ah, diesel generator power and fuel consumption per year. A computer program is build up in C programming language to determine the specifications of hybrid system components. The proposed method has been applied to an un-electrified remote village in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Results shows that the optimal configuration of an autonomous system is PV area of 300m2, 60 PV modules of 600 Wp, 160 batteries of 24V and 150Ah and a diesel generator power of 5kW. This system involves PV penetration of 86% and a diesel fraction of 14% having LCC of $110,546 for 25years, fuel consumption of 1150l/year and CO2 emissions of 0.019tCO2/capita/year. © 2013 International Energy Initiative.
Reducing GHG emissions in the United States' transportation sectorDavid Andress | T. Dean Nguyen | Sujit Das
Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2011, Pages 117-136
Reducing GHG emissions in the U.S. transportation sector requires both the use of highly efficient propulsion systems and low carbon fuels. This study compares reduction potentials that might be achieved in 2060 for several advanced options including biofuels, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), assuming that technical and cost reduction targets are met and necessary fueling infrastructures are built. The study quantifies the extent of the reductions that can be achieved through increasing engine efficiency and transitioning to low-carbon fuels separately. Decarbonizing the fuels is essential for achieving large reductions in GHG emissions, and the study quantifies the reductions that can be achieved over a range of fuel carbon intensities. Although renewables will play a vital role, some combination of coal gasification with carbon capture and sequestration, and/or nuclear energy will likely be needed to enable very large reductions in carbon intensities for hydrogen and electricity. Biomass supply constraints do not allow major carbon emission reductions from biofuels alone; the value of biomass is that it can be combined with other solutions to help achieve significant results. Compared with gasoline, natural gas provides 20% reduction in GHG emissions in internal combustion engines and up to 50% reduction when used as a feedstock for producing hydrogen or electricity, making it a good transition fuel for electric propulsion drive trains. The material in this paper can be useful information to many other countries, including developing countries because of a common factor: the difficulty of finding sustainable, low-carbon, cost-competitive substitutes for petroleum fuels. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.
Contextualizing electricity access in sub-Saharan AfricaIjeoma Onyeji | Morgan Bazilian | Patrick Nussbaumer
Volume 16, Issue 4, December 2012, Pages 520-527
This paper presents statistical findings from research focusing on factors that may help explain electricity access levels in emerging countries. It focuses on why SSA countries are lagging behind with regard to the provision of electricity services, despite reforms in the electricity sector. Poverty levels, gross domestic savings, energy-related gross fixed capital formation, rural population and population density are used as independent variables in the econometric analysis. We find that some factors characterizing electricity access levels in SSA countries have a different impact than those in other developing economies. Our results show that the size of rural population plays a more important role in SSA countries than in non-SSA countries. Furthermore, government effectiveness appears to explain more of the variation in electricity levels in SSA countries than in non-SSA countries. The requirements for clear political commitment and leadership with a strong focus on providing electricity access to the rural poor are underscored. © 2012 International Energy Initiative.
Assessment of wind energy potential and the economics of wind power generation in Jos, Plateau State, NigeriaOlayinka S. Ohunakin | Olaolu O. Akinnawonu
Volume 16, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 78-83
This paper statistically examines wind energy potential in Jos, Nigeria using 37-year (1971-2007) wind speed data measured at 10m height subjected to 2-parameter Weibull analysis. The results showed that Jos falls under Class 7 of the International system of wind classification by recording annual values of mean wind speed, average power density and energy of 8.6m/s, 458W/m 2 and 4013kWh/m 2/year respectively, making the site very suitable for wind turbine applications. A technical assessment was also made of electricity generation using two commercial wind turbines, AN Bonus 300kW/33 and AN Bonus 1MW/54 through the computation of their respective capacity factors, annual power and energy outputs. Furthermore, the economic feasibility of using the two wind energy conversion systems for electric power generation gave estimated costs of € 0.025, € 0.026and € 0.015, € 0.016per kWh of energy produced under two different values of annual operation and maintenance costs of 15 and 25% total initial cost respectively. © 2011 International Energy Initiative.


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I'm a native Texan with a passion for good food and Texas history. Tex-Mex is a way of life for me, and so is baking!
Chewy Ginger Molasses Cookies
Let's get one last Christmas cookie recipe in under the wire, okay? I've been baking up a storm for weeks, and these are probably my favorite out of the bunch.
You'll read the recipe and think, "Flatten with a spatula, Amber?", but that's really how I achieved that perfect chewy texture. I don't claim to know if that's a professional thing to do, but it certainly worked for me.
These Chewy Ginger Molasses cookies embody Christmas flavors for me – especially ginger and nutmeg. Folks might go for the more flashy cookies with festive M&Ms or candy cane kisses, but when it comes down to it, I think the classics are far more satisfying.
What about you? What's your favorite classic Christmas cookie?
Chewy Ginger Molasses Cookies
makes about 2 1/2 dozen
3 cups all purpose flour
2 teaspoons baking soda
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon ground ginger
1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1/2 teaspoon kosher salt
1 cup brown sugar
1/2 cup granulated sugar
8 oz butter (1 cup, 2 sticks), room temperature
1 large egg, room temperature
1/2 cup molasses (I did not use black strap)
1/2 cup crystallized or candied ginger pieces
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
In a large bowl, combine all purpose flour, baking soda, ground cinnamon, ground ginger, ground nutmeg, and kosher salt. Combine using a whisk to aerate the flour at the same time. Set aside.
In the bowl of a stand mixer or a large mixing bowl with a hand mixer, cream together butter and both sugars. When light and well mixed, add the egg and mix again until light and fluffy. Add molasses and mix again on low speed, scraping the sides of the bowl often until completely mixed in.
Add the flour mixture in increments, mixing after each addition. Scrape the sides of the bowl often.
When dough is completely mixed, stir in candied ginger pieces by hand.
Using a medium sized cookie scoop, scoop dough onto a baking sheet, 6-8 per sheet. Bake for 12-15 minutes.
When cookies are removed from the oven, they will be puffy and round. Use the back of a flat spatula to press each cookie down. Allow to cool on the baking sheet for a moment, then move to a wire rack.
Keeps in an airtight container for up to 3 days.
Dough may also be portioned out and flash frozen for baking whenever you fancy.
Such a perfect holiday cookie! I love how chewy they are. 🙂 Have a wonderful holiday!
These look just how ginger molasses cookies should! Fabulous.
I quite often push down my cookies when I take them out the oven (although I am silly enough to use my fingers, I really should use a spatula!) and you're right, it gives them such a great texture. Merry Christmas Amber, I hope you have a wonderful time over the holidays : )
I totally retweeted these when I saw them, but have been a little slow in the commenting department until now. They totally caught my eye though because I love a good chewy cookie! Can't wait to make them!


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Why mic up vocals and instruments through a noisy, blurry mixer when you can chose the dbx® 286s that delivers a studio quality microphone/instrument preamplifier. It's a full featured channel strip processor with four processors that can be used independently or in any combination. The 286s Mic Preamp has all the features you need, including wide-ranging input gain control, switchable +48V phantom power, and an 80 Hz high-pass filter to remove low frequency hum, rumble or wind. Use the patented dbx OverEasy® compressor to transparently smooth out uneven acoustic tracks or deliver that classic "in your face" vocal performance that only a dbx compressor can. Eliminate vocal sibilance and high frequency distortion from instruments such as cymbals with the frequency tunable De-Esser. Fine-tune the Enhancer HF Detail control to add sparkle and crispness to your tracks and make adjustments to the LF Detail control to add fullness and depth to vocals and bass instruments while cleaning up the muddy low midrange frequencies. And, the separate threshold and ratio controls on the Expander/Gate allow you to subtly reduce headphone leakage or radically gate noisy guitar amps.
dbx 286s status LEDs visually guide you to achieve the right sound. The floating balanced XLR Mic Input accepts balanced or unbalanced inputs to easily connect to professional and home studio microphones. The additional 1/4" TRS Line Input can accept balanced/unbalanced signals to process live electronic instruments or pre-recorded tracks at mixdown. Use the Insert jack to interface between the Mic Preamp and the signal processing sections to "loop out" to external processors (such as EQ or delay unit) or to mix the Mic Preamp's signal out to an external destination. The cost and hassle of patching together multiple processors for use on one track can be frustrating. The dbx 286s provides you with all the mic processing you need in one box, with the shortest, cleanest signal path to keep your music sounding its best!
Mic Input: • Input: Floating balanced, Pin 2 Hot • Impedance: ~4.2k ohms • Maximum level: 0.25V RMS, Gain = 30 dBGain Adjustment: • Range: 0 dB to +60 dB • Phantom Power: +48VDC, applied to XLR pins 2 and 3 through 6.81k ohm resistors • CMRR: >40 dB, typically 55 dB • EIN: -125 dBu, 22 Hz-22 kHz, 150 ohm source impedanceLine Input: • Input: Floating balanced, TIP Hot • Impedance: 10k ohm unbalanced, 20k ohm balanced • Maximum level: >+21 dBu, balanced or unbalanced • Gain adjustment range: -15 dB to +45 dB • CMRR: >40 dB, typically 55 dBInsert: • (1/4" TRS phone) Normalled; tip is Send, ring is Return • Ring: impedance: >5k ohm; Maximum level: >+21 dBu • Tip: Impedance: 100 ohm; Maximum level: >+21 dBu, >+20 dBm (600 ohm load) • Noise: <-89 dBu, unweighted (20 Hz-20 kHz) (Line gain control set to 0 dB) • Distortion: <0.01% THD, 20 Hz-20 kHz, +10 dBuLine Output: • 1/4" TRS phone: Balanced/unbalanced • Impedance: 100 ohm unbalanced, 200 ohm balanced • Maximum level: >+21 dBu, >+20 dBm (600 ohm load) • Gain adjustment range: -30 dB to +10 dB • Noise: <-80 dBu unweighted (20 Hz-20 kHz); Both gain controls set for 0 dB, all processing controls OFF • Frequency response: 20 Hz to 20 kHz, +0.5/-0.5 dB • Distortion: <0.08% THD, 20 Hz-20 kHz, +10 dBu, all Processing Controls OFFCompressor • Threshold range: -40 dBu to +20 dBuThreshold • Characteristics: OverEasy® • Compression ratio: >4:1 For input levels beyond 20 dB above threshold • Maximum compression: 30 dB • Attack time: Program-Dependent; >1s for small level increases, down to 10 ms for larage increases • Release time: Program-Dependent; adjustable between approximately 1 dB/sec and 75 dB/sec • Distortion: Typically <0.05%THD, 20 Hz-20 kHz, 15 dB G/R, +10 dBu Output, DENSITY @ 0 • SMPTE intermodulation distortion: <0.05%; 60 Hz/7 kHz 4:1, 15 dB G/R, +10 dBu Output Level, density @ 0De-Esser: • Characteristic: Wideband gain reduction • Frequency range: 800 Hz to 10 kHz High Pass, 12 dB/octave • Release time: Program-Dependent approximately 1 ms/dBEnhancer: • HF Detail characteristic: Program-controlled shelving equalizer, approximately 15 dB maximum HF boostLF Detail: • Characteristics: Bell-shaped boost @ 80 Hz, bell-shaped cut @250 Hz, ratio is approximately 2:1Expander/Gate: • Threshold range: OFF to +15 dBu • Expansion ratio: Adjustable 1.5:1 to 10:1 • Maximum depth: >50 dB • Attack time: Program-Dependent, approximately 2mS (at maximum attenuation) • Release time: Program-Dependent, approxiamtely 10mS/dB • Dynamic range: Typically 105 dBOverall System Specifications: • Power requirements: 15 watts • Operating voltage: DO: 120 VAC 60 Hz, 100 VAC 50/60 Hz • Temperature: 0°C to 45°C (32°F to 113°F) • Dimensions: 1.75" x 5.75" x 19" (4.5 x 14.6 x 48.5 cm) • Net Weight: 4.5 lbs (2.04 kgs).
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Izaiah Brown showed just how special he can be, even without runners breathing down his neck. Brown ran away from the pack in winning his second straight 400-meter title at Saturday's 73rd William F. Eddy Jr. Memorial Track and Field Meet, while John Hardies gutted through a pair of closing relays to help the Rams clinch the boys' team championship. "It's definitely a challenge to run alone," said Brown, an Amsterdam sophomore. "When someone is ...
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Slow Food Miami Conference in People and Pictures
Jackie Sayet
Last night in an Upper East Side event space called the Coverings Showroom, Slow Food Miami's membership met for its annual conference. With a musical booth buffet orchestrated by Chef Kris Wessel of nearby Red Light Little River, the evening was less structured meeting and more pre-Thanksgiving pause. It was attended by producers, restaurant industry folk, and people who appreciate fair and fresh local foods who celebrated the movement's progress.
One supplier, Thi Squire of Green Railway Organic Workshop (GROW,) produced a wow moment when she arrived with an artful bushy microgreens tray covered by baby arugula and amaranth sprouting the Slow Food logo.
"It's about three days old," Squire explains. "I can turn around requests for events and parties pretty quickly, and the beauty of it is that in three days, it will be ready to harvest. I will give it to the chef and the greens will probably turn up on [Red Light] diners' plates."
Slow lovely ladies: Director Donna Reno and Wine News Publisher Elizabeth Smith.
Jackie Sayet
Wessel stayed open for lunch on Wednesday, but shut down for dinner so he could pull off the 80-head meal.
After letting the sprouts grow about an inch more during the next couple of days, he says, he will snip and then sprinkle the plants atop quail salads.
"I've been buying weekly from Thi since she was at the open air market that now is over by Soyka," explains Wessel. "She's now at a warehouse space near the airport, still sourcing from local producers."
Wessel's down-home food was happily gobbled with whistles wet by wine and
champagne generously donated by Advisory Board Member and Wine News
Publisher Elizabeth Smith.
"In the three years since I took over, we've had great successes,"
beams Donna Reno, Slow Food Miami's Convivium Leader. "I think the
most important thing we've accomplished is bringing the producers and
the restaurants together through the food community, the people that
are interested in good food. We are the
And Wessel has been behind Slow Food Miami for a while now. "I had a soap-box moment at the end of the event when Donna asked me to speak -- you know it's really important for the Scarpetta's of the world to buy local when they come down here. I mean, I've worked in those kind of big operations, and know how easy it is to source from places like Chef's Garden in Ohio. But throw us a bone, you know?"
In his food, Wessel emphasizes both the product and the culture from which it comes. Take the goat. Hani Khouri, known for his goat milk cheeses, supplied the meat for the occasion. Then, recalling a goat dish once enjoyed at a Little Haiti grocery, the chef brought out the ethnic flavors of the area in his preparation.
An important business matter also came to pass: the signing of a petition Reno will soon ship to New York to support the upcoming renewal of the Child Nutrition Act; it ensures kids in public schools have increased access to healthy foods.Reno's daughter Hunter is also working locally by planting school gardens. She broke ground this morning at the Carrollton School in Coconut Grove. More on this initiative in posts to come on Short Order.
Reno takes center stage.
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Hunter Reno palettes her plate.
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
Jackie Sayet
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Campus Security | News
A company that sells a network security appliance has released a new application specifically to help its customers manage the security of mobile devices accessing the network as well. Cymphonix, which produces the Network Composer EX appliance for centrally scanning and controlling network traffic, recently came out with the Cymphonix Mobile Client.
The network administrator can use the new program to integrate mobile users and devices into existing reporting and policy management groups maintained in Composer EX. As policy changes are made on the appliance, the new policies will be applied to traffic coming from mobile systems; likewise, the Web traffic from mobile devices will show up in reporting.
When users access the Internet on their mobile device, Mobile Client uses location awareness to determine if the device is on or off network. If outside, the program inspects the Web requests and verifies with Network Composer whether or not the site should be blocked or allowed based on the user's current policy.
The application can be used to create policies that apply to all users or individual users and groups in the institution.
The company also sells Network Conductor EC, an appliance line that performs centralized management and reporting in sites with multiple Composer EX installations.
Cymphonix products have been used at Katy Independent School District in Texas and Lakeview Academy in Georgia.
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Drawing on the experiences of K-12 schools and districts, this white paper summarizes key considerations for choosing a new LMS. It provides recommendations for understanding how an LMS works, and for engaging with a vendor to learn more about the company's products, services, and vision.
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text: With a stay at KivikStrand Logi & Cafe in Kivik, you'll be in the historical district and minutes from Kivik Harbour, and close to King's Grave. This guesthouse is within close proximity of Kivik Art Centre and Stenshuvud National Park. Make yourself at home in one of the 14 guestrooms featuring microwaves. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed. Prepare your meals in the shared/communal kitchen. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Bathrooms have complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Take advantage of recreation opportunities such as a sauna or take in the view from a terrace and a garden. Satisfy your appetite at the guesthouse's beachfront restaurant, or grab a snack at a coffee shop/café. The front desk is staffed during limited hours. The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby, fees may apply.


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By now, most of us already know about the lawsuit filed against Microsoft last week by three Texas residents. The plaintiffs are demanding $5 million in damages, and some bored chumps - er, I mean a local law firm - are presenting their case in court.
As a result, Major Nelson, whose real name is Larry Hryb, has announced that he can no longer provide updates and news concerning Xbox Live.
Until the lawsuit is settled, we won't be getting anymore information concerning the Live failure that occurred over the holidays.
Maybe after this case is over, those three can swing the lawsuit bat at their mailman for not delivering their packages on time because he broke his legs.


text: Sort Reviews by : Latest Reviews Best Rating Queuing Times Cleanliness Facilities Recommended Show 10 20 50 100 3/10 Outagamie County Airport customer review J Pavilack 5th July 2008 The airport is very small. Only 4 airlines go there Northwest Airlink United Express Midwest Connect and Comair by Delta. There are only 9 gates at the airport. I flew there on Northwest Airlink and the guy that was at the check in desk also carried the luggage onto the plane. Only CRJs go there. There are very few shops so if you have a delay you dont have anything to do. The nice thing about it is since that it is small you get through security very quickly. Overall try to avoid it but if you have to then use it. Recommendedno


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According to a new report, Android was the subject of 79 percent of malware attacks on mobile devices. Symbian devices got 19 percent of attacks. iOS devices? Less than 1 percent.
Homeland Security recognizes Android as primary malware target
Written by Peter Cohen
Well, now that just sums it up.
The only "good thing" from the report is it is only Gingerbread (2.3.3 through 2.3.7), which John Paczkowski conveniently left off. The bad thing is…Google can't seem to get rid of it.
- DaWooster
One thing I'm curious about with these reports. Security software often complains that it can't block/detect problems if it can't be installed in the first place. So is iOS actually at 1% by indiscriminately blocking everything, or is it higher but no one can tell?
I am wondering why I am not at ALL surprised. But malware authors not only like to hit vulnerable systems, but also technically unsophisticated users.


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Surrounded by the most beautiful peaks of the Dolomites, the ski area of the Arabba resort lies at the foot of the Marmolada Glacier (3342m), the highest mountain in the region offering exceptionally beautiful scenery. Arabba has kept its simplicity of a typical mountain village with a charming atmosphere, whilst also providing an extensive range of services such as: ski and snowboard hire, restaurants, professional ski schools… Each year in the midst of its attractive surroundings, ski lovers are invited to carve down the slopes of this remarkable ski area equipped with around 30 ski lifts and 60km of slopes. Skiers who love wide open spaces in unspoilt natural surroundings will be in their element. The area has 12km of ski runs from the summit Punta Rocce (3270m) to Malga Ciapela. Together, the combined Serra Ronda resorts offer numerous skiing possibilities that prevent any boredom despite the resorts small size. In fact, Arabba is linked to 12 large ski resorts and to the Dolomites Superski ski area. With the advanced technology of its funicular and shuttle, visitors can access and discover the famous Sella group of mountains, as well as the Marmolada glacier (3342m) or even the nearby Porta Vescova mountain, whose slopes are described by many as the most beautiful in the Dolomites !
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-5° 10°
-5° 14°
-4° 14°
-3° 14°
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-5° 11°
-4° 13°
For your rental at Arabba, Skiset takes care of everything. Reservation is quick and easy. We pass your order on to the shop in Arabba resort who will prepare your order in advance. Whether you want to order skis or a snowboard, we offer both adult and child packs. Skiset is made up of 800 rental shops in 400 resorts in Europe and the USA, so there's bound to be one near to your accommodation at Arabba
At Skiset you will be welcomed by professionals who are passionate about the mountains. Renowned skiers or instructors of Arabba resort, our advisors are best able to advise you according to your preferences, your level and also the snow conditions in Arabba resort. Located in the most convenient areas of Arabba resort, our shops are dedicated to the enjoyment of skiing. Depending on the range of equipment you choose to hire, you may also change your skis or try a snowboard during your stay at Arabba
An accompaniment to all events and to the preparation of skiers, that's the Skiset mindset.
If you liked Arabba, you may like our European resorts:
St Anton, Alpe d'Huez, Arc 1800, Arc 2000, Avoriaz, Belle Plagne, Chamonix, Courchevel 1850, Flaine, Les Deux Alpes, Méribel Centre, Méribel Mottaret, Morzine, Obergurgl, Saas Fee, Tignes, Val d'Isère, Val Thorens, Verbier, Zermatt
For almost 20 years Skiset have been equipping skiers, thanks to its teams of professionals in European and North American ski resorts. Hiring ski equipment is quick and easy in Arabba resort
Choose your closest Skiset shop in Arabba by using our resort map and then select the dates of your stay. Then choose your material from the array of state of the art skis and snowboards on offer, let us know your address and then pay.


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Check electrical cords frequently for damage and replace if any is noted.
Fall Sports
Winter Sports
Spring Sports
Always Dial 911 for Medical, Fire, or Police Emergencies!
Avoid the use of extension cords.
Overcast. Temperature: 43; Wind: NW at 9; Conditions as of Wed Oct 26 at 03:00 PM EDT courtesy of The PSU Weather Center
Plymouth State University. 17 High Street. Plymouth, New Hampshire, 03264-1595. Main Switchboard: (603) 535-5000.
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lighting controller
This project received 10 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of £1323 GBP.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
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Project Description
We want a lighting control front-end running on Android that communicates with our equipment over Bluetooth.
There is an embedded device that has very similar functionality that could be copied and we have the user manual for it as a guide to the front-end required.
We're don't need any detailed Bluetooth functionality as we can do this ourselves as long as we have a skeleton framework that fits within your main application. The lighting control must handle scene settings, groups, zones etc so it's not a simple on/off and must be able to be configurable.
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Fine and Decorative Art: Paintings, Prints, Illustrations, Posters and Books
by Woodshed Gallery
October 27, 2016, 8:00 PM EST
Franklin, MA, USALive Auction
Lot 6072: Mid-Century Abstract Oil Painting, c.1960(51 views)
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(Enter more than $300)
Estimate: $600 - $900
Description: Artist unknown: Mid-Century Abstract Oil Painiting on Canvas, unsigned, c.1960, framed.
Notes: Lack of a condition statement does not imply that a lot is perfect. Please examine photos, read descriptions, and contact the Gallery with any questions prior to bidding. Color fidelity of photos presented is not guaranteed.
Provenance: A Massachusetts estate.
Dimensions: 30x24 inches, frame
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PyCharm 2016.2.1 RC is available
Today we announce the release candidate build of PyCharm 2016.2.1. The list of bug fixes and improvements for this build can be found here. Some notable highlights of the PyCharm 2016.2.1 build 162.1628 are: several important fixes for Django support Docker … Continue reading
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Debugger Interview with PyDev and PyCharm
PyCharm's visual debugger is one its most powerful and useful features. The debugger got a big speedup in the recent PyCharm, and has an interesting backstory: JetBrains collaborated with PyDev, the popular Python plugin for Eclipse, and funded the work … Continue reading
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Faster debugger in PyCharm 5.1
The first EAP for PyCharm 5.1 was released last week, with lots of enticing features. Here's one that jumps out for long-time users: "Debugger performance improvements". Let's take a look at this in a little more depth, then provide some of … Continue reading
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PyCharm 5.0.1 update released
Just one week after the PyCharm 5 release, we bring you a bug-fix update, PyCharm 5.0.1, available from the download page. It will also be available shortly as a patch update from within the IDE (from PyCharm 5.0 only). Some … Continue reading
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Announcing PyCharm 5 EAP 143.165: Docker Integration
Hello everyone, Today we announce PyCharm 5 EAP build 143.165, bringing Docker integration and a lot of other important improvements. Please download the build from our EAP page. The most notable brand-new feature in this build is the Docker integration. … Continue reading
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PyCharm 3.0.1 RC available
We're happy to announce the availability of the Release Candidate for PyCharm 3.0.1, build 131.296. The build includes many bugfixes, particularly in the areas of inspections and TypeScript support, which are detailed in the release notes for this build. Unfortunately … Continue reading
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PyCharm 2.7.3 Release Candidate
Since the previous bugfix update of PyCharm 2.7, we've gathered a substantial amount of fixes both in Python-specific features, in Web development support and in the underlying platform. We're finally ready to release them to you as PyCharm 2.7.3, but … Continue reading
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PyCharm 2.7.2 EAP
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PyCharm 2.7 Release Candidate
The work on PyCharm 2.7 proceeds as planned, with the final release just a few days away. Today we've published the Release Candidate of PyCharm 2.7, with a number of bugfixes and improvements compared to the Beta build. Especially noteworthy … Continue reading
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PyCharm 2.7 Beta is available now
We're happy to announce the release of PyCharm 2.7 Beta – the feature-complete preview version of PyCharm 2.7. Since the previous EAP build, the following features have been added: Settings | Project Dependencies allows you to configure the dependencies between … Continue reading
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Watch She's So Lovable Episode 8 Online Free
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Eun Jae (Han Chae Young) was a stubborn and head-strong girl who had a passion for cooking. She did not have any interest in going to college and with the help of her hig school friend, Jung Hyun Sung (Lee Chun Hee)ran away to Italy to enroll in a cooking school. Jung Hyun Sung who loved her dearly went along with her.Han Yi-Joon (Jo Hyun Jae) came from a wealthy family. He travelled to Italy looking for his mother and ......
This drama is based on the same title web novel by "플아다 / Plada" which was first published on 2013-July-05 via "Naver Online".
Yeo Gook Dae (U-Know Yunho) is a talented chef who is sassy and considerate but heartbroken in the past since his divorce. His heart later on gets healed when he falls in love again. 28-year-old Park Song Ah (Kim Ga Eun) is idling at home after quitting her job. She ......
A drama about the love and revenge of a woman.
Lee Sun Yoo (Yoon So Yi) is training to become a nun. Right before she fulfill her wish, she know that her older sister has passed away. She decided to take revenge on the man who should responsible for her sister's death, she gives up her dream of becoming a nun. She then meets Seo Ji Suk (Kwon se In) who is an immature man from a rich family. However, He ch......
Goong is a story about young love in face of tradition, politics, and intrigue. In the imaginary world, modern-day Korea is a constitutional monarchy and the Royal Family lives in a grand Palace, the Goong. Story opens with the sudden death of the reigning the King. Faced with the decreasing popularity among the public for the Royalty, a grand wedding for the Crown Prince, Lee Shin, is decided to be the best publicity m......


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Recent Stories
Beleskey Is Clutch For Anaheim
Matt Beleskey scored the OT winner for the Ducks leaving them a win away from the Stanley Cup Final// Read More
Tyler Johnson - Player of the Week
Tyler Johnson has led the way for the Lightning in the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs. He is the NHLPA.com Kraft Player of the Week!// Read More
Rising To The Occasion
After a bit of a scoring slump, Steven Stamkos has found his offensive touch as the games get more intense// Read More
Sharp And To The Point
Patrick Sharp relishes playing any role that helps the Blackhawks have playoff success// Read More
Follow the Leader
Ducks captain Ryan Getzlaf led the way in Game 3 as Anaheim notched a grinding road win for a 2-1 series lead// Read More
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Killorn & Bolts Striking Hot
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Stepan Sends The Rangers On
Derek Stepan buried the OT winner on Wednesday night to send the Rangers to the Eastern Conference Final// Read More
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Memorial Day weekend 2014: Christie promotes seasonal opening of Jersey shore
Friday, May 23, 2014 7:12 PM
Gov. Chris Christie, left, greets his father William Christie and his father's wife Fran Christie as he arrives on the boardwalk in Seaside Heights. Friday May, 23, 2014 (Patti Sapone/The Star-Ledger)
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- Chris Christie: 'I would love to be general manager of the Mets' May 23, 2014, 9:37 AM
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- Christie kicks off Memorial Day festivities at the Jersey Shore May 23, 2014, 11:43 AM
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By: John Bonini
Print this Page
November 21st, 2012
The Importance of Featuring Offers for All Levels of The Buying Cycle
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"Not all potenital buyers are at the same level of the buying cycle. Some are trying to understand their need, some are trying to qualify you as a vendor, and some will be ready to work with you."" title="Share on Linkedin">
"Not all potenital buyers are at the same level of the buying cycle. Some are trying to understand their need, some are trying to qualify you as a vendor, and some will be ready to work with you."">
The following is an excerpt from IMPACT's popular ebook, "How an Inbound Marketing Agency Does Lead Generation." For more expert tips, be sure to check out the full ebook.
"Not all potential buyers are at the same level of the buying cycle. Some are trying to understand their need, some are trying to qualify you as a vendor, and some will be ready to work with you."
One of the first steps in the development of an Inbound Marketing GamePlan is to develop your buyer personas. The next part is to develop a strategy of attracting each one of those buyer personas. And lastly, you have to capture each of those buyer personas at their various levels of their buying process.
What does this mean? It means you need to have a lot of different offers on your website. More offers means more chances that a potential customer will find value in your website and convert to a lead.
What's an Offer?
An offer is a piece of content or exchange of service that is attractive to a potential customer. This could be an ebook, whitepaper, webinar, service demo, consultation, or a variety of other things. At IMPACT, you'll notice our website is flooded with quality ebooks (like this one), webinars, and consultation offers. Why create all of these offers? Slow down... we're getting there!
How Do you Create Offers that Attract Various Buyer Personas?
Once you have developed your buyer personas, you should have a better idea of the needs of your target audience. If you need help developing your buyer personas, give us a call. Knowing your buyer personas is critical to realizing inbound marketing success!
At IMPACT, we know that we have several buyer personas. Some visitors come to our site because they need a new website. Some come because they need more traffic to their website. Others need more leads. And another segment doesn't know what they need, they just need marketing help.
But what about those that already understand their need but are looking for help?
Then we need even more offers!
So your potential buyers understand their need, but are not ready to contact you yet for fear of being bombarded with sales pressure that they are not ready for or in the position to face and handle.
But chances are, they do want to know more about you before speaking with you. And what they want to know is what it's like working with you and whether or not you can get them results.
Don't forget to mix in a variety of offers!
There is a direct correlation between offer conversion rates and perceived value. We'll get into ways we can increase the perceived value with call to actions and landing pages in a little bit, but the offer / type of offer alone presents perceived value.
At IMPACT, we've mixed up our offers. Besides ebooks and whitepapers, you can find:
- Webinars
- Videos
- Tutorials
- Video Testimonials
and more! Each offer captures different types of leads but meets our overall website initiative to generate leads.
Attracting More Sales Ready Leads at Different Levels of the Buying Cycle
And yes, there is a way to attract even more ready to buy leads. Instead of just having a "contact us" form on our website, we've provided our potential customers a number of ways to enter at the bottom of our sales funnel.
- Free Website Evaluation
- Free Marketing Consultation
- Free Demo of HubSpot
- Talk to an Expert
Continue reading the full ebook...
About John Bonini
As the Marketing Director of IMPACT from 2013-May 2015, John lead the IMPACT marketing team. He also wrote for the HubSpot Blog, Social Media Examiner, and Convince & Convert among others. In his free time, John enjoys playing guitar, high-fives, and anything with marinara sauce.


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Latest News
West Queen West & "mystreet"
The Perfect Partnership for the Times
The City of Toronto is the 4th largest city in North America. Mexico, New York, Los Angeles & then Toronto; and yet what makes Toronto so special & so unique, is that Toronto it is still known as the "City of Neighbourhoods". Toronto's 82 Business Improvement Areas (BIAs) are at the heart of those neighbourhoods.
The West Queen West (WQW), the Art & Design District, the Creative Heart of Toronto is one of those neighbourhoods. WQW is the 2 kilometre stretch that runs along Queen Street West form Gladstone Avenue to Bathurst Avenue, and it members share the same philosophy; every day is a day to celebrate "Art & Culture", all the while bringing commercial success to everyone in the neighbourhood.
West Queen West BIA joins City of Toronto Bee City initiative
West Queen West (WQW) has joined the City of Toronto's Bee City initiative. WQW, working along with Green Gardeners, have made sure that all 77 WQW planters have been planted with plants that will attract the over 300 species of Bees and hundreds of other pollinators. The 2 kilometre stretch on Queen Street West from Bathurst to Gladstone has become a pollinator paradise.
"Its super important for the general public to understand the importance of pollinators and bees in our city and this gives WQW a lovely opportunity to educate folks about the importance of bees with respect to food sustainability and food supply" Justin Di Ciano, Councillor Ward 5, City of Toronto
Walkability a Vital Part of Healthy Neighbourhoods
Did you know that the City of Toronto is making pedestrian-focused design a key part of new developments in the city?
This approach is very different from the 1950s when suburban areas like Etobicoke were developed with the automobile in mind. Chief City Planner, Jennifer Keesmaat, believes that cities should be designed for people and not for cars. For years Keesmaat has been a proponent of getting kids to walk to school. And she cycles all over the city to get her job done collaborating with city departments, councillors and educating the public. In her efforts to design what she calls, "complete communities", pedestrians take precedence.
Village of Islington BIA spearheads BIA partnership with Jane's Walk
By championing a BIA web HUB for Janes walk, the Village of Islington promotes walkability in the city. So far five BIAs including Riverside, Dundas West, Little Portugal, Toronto Financial District and the Village of Islington
BIAs participating in this city-wide event from May 6th to the 8th, 2016 believes in the core values of Janes walk "citizen-led walking tours towards community-based city building".
Village of Islington sponsor Jane's walk
Featured Resources
TABIA News & Views
Resource Guide
Think Big - Buy Local
My neighbours shop local for fresh produce and support their community. To download "For My Neighbour" bus shelter posters, click here.
Property Tax Posters
"A thriving main street is the heart of a community, supported by the effort of the people who live and work there."
We and our members want relief from high commercial property taxes. Find out more and help spread the word by downloading, printing and distributing our Tax Posters.
Accessible Mainstreet
Are you in compliance with new legislation that came into effect on January 1, 2012? Would you like to discover simple and inexpensive solutions to broaden your customer base? For useful information view this article or visit the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development's accessibility page.
Workplace Violence Prevention
There's new Legislation every business owner should be aware of. Click here to download Power Point presentation on Workplace Safety & Harassment.


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Ke$ha said she used to drink her own pee, which is our cue that she needs more attention. [PopCrush]
Oh, to have been a fly on the wall when this photo of Adele seemingly yelling at Chris Brown at the Grammys was taken! She says she was just complimenting him, though. [Metro UK,… READ MORE »


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Hospedería del Atalia - Cordoba
Hospedería Del Atalia is a charming 3-star hotel in Cordoba, Spain. The accommodation is ideally located in the Jewish quarter, within a typical Andalusian courtyard, just a few steps away from the mosque. It boasts a spectacular terrace overlooking the mosque.
Housed in a magnificent building, the Hospedería Del Atalia Hotel is perfect as a base from which to explore Cordoba's monuments, such as the Roman temple, the Great Mosque of Córdoba, Plaza Vieja or Plaza Mayor, the Alcázar of the Christian Kings, and the Palace of Viana with its flowered patios.
Or what about a bike tour around Cordoba? Great advice on cycling in Andalusia will be given by the professional cyclist and owner of the hotel, Pavel Tonkov, who won the Giro d'Italia in 1996. The reception is open 24 hours, and staff will be pleased to assist guests in arranging routes and personalized entertainment. Complimentary Internet access is provided, and guests are welcome to research regional offerings online. Other amenities that enhance the experience of staying at this smoke-free hotel are luggage storage, a hair salon, on-site shopping, dry cleaning and laundry, and express check-out.
Parking is available at the hotel, but guests must make a request in advance. Pets are not allowed at the hotel.
This hotel is wheelchair-accessible.
Hospedería del Atalia - Cordoba
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $81
- Single Room (Breakfast Excluded)
- Single Room
- Single Room
- Economy Double Room (Breakfast Excluded)
- Single Room (Breakfast Excluded)
- Double Room
- Double Room
- Double Room
- Junior Suite (Breakfast Excluded)
- Economy Double Room
- Economy Double Room
- Economy Double Room
- Double Room
- Family Room for 2 adults and 2 children
- Family Room for 2 adults and 2 children
- Family Room for 2 adults and 2 children
- Junior Suite (Breakfast Excluded)
- Junior Suite
- Junior Family Room
- Family Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 20 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 1:30 PM-8 PM
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (10 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Continental breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Segway rental/tour nearby
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Rooftop terrace
- Library
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Down comforter
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Turndown service
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Bidet
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Digital TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Hospedería del Atalia - Cordoba's small print
Also known as
- Hospedería Atalia
- Hospedería Atalia Cordoba
- Hospedería Atalia Hotel
- Hospedería Atalia Hotel Cordoba
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 20 per night
Continental breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 6 for adults and EUR 6 for children (approximately)
Dial-up Internet access is available in guestrooms for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Tag Archives: diaper rash
Diaper rash woes
I've always used Pampers diapers and wipes. Well, that's not entirely true. There was a brief time when Baby No. 2 was a newborn that I tried Huggies for a while because he was having so. many. blowouts. But it turns out … Continue reading
In the red
Even if you read every baby care book in the library, odds are high that your babe's bum will be the site of at least a few diaper rashes. The good news is, these pesky irritations—though uncomfortable—are rarely cause for … Continue reading
Rash decision
Brush up on the causes and treatments of irritated baby rumps. Red, irritated skin on baby's bottom is an unfortunate side effect of wearing diapers. No matter how diligent you are about whisking baby's diaper away at the first sign … Continue reading
Diaper changing 101
The basics An easy to follow, step-by-step breakdown of how to change a diaper. Because sometimes, you just need the facts: Step 1 Grab your changing gear and find a clean, flat surface to change baby on. The floor works … Continue reading
Basic baby boo-boo care
Boo-boo: Cut or scrape Fix: If the wound is bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean washcloth for about 10 minutes (tip: a red washcloth will disguise the blood to keep your baby calm). If the bleeding persists or if … Continue reading


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Emile Hirsch sets his watch for 'The Darkest Hour'
It's time for Emile Hirsch to make some money. The 25-year-old actor has spent the last two years appearing in decidedly indie fare, the Oscar-nominated "Milk" and Ang Lee's "Taking Woodstock." Now, Variety reports Hirsch is taking his first studio gig since "Speed Racer," New Regency and Summit Entertainment's "The Darkest Hour."
Produced by Timur Bekmambetov ("Wanted"), the original thriller will be directed by Chris Gorak who received strong notices for his indie thriller "Right at Your Door." "Hour" will center on a group of youngsters trapped after an alien invasion hits Russia. Olivia Thirlby ("Juno") is also on board.
The film will be a nice change of pace for Summit who will distribute in the U.S., but mostly has the "Twilight" franchise and romances like "Letters to Juliet" on its upcoming slate.
Production will begin in Moscow this June.