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Opposing the criminalisation of self-use of abortion pills
14/03/2016 § Leave a comment
More officials in European governments seem to have discovered that women are buying MA pills over the internet and are having abortions outside their health systems. The immediate response to this is that these abortions are or should be "illegal"; indeed, they are illegal under the law in Ireland, the UK and Italy, if not also elsewhere. Two women were charged last year in Northern Ireland and are awaiting trial, three women are in prison in England (two for self-use of MA pills for very late abortions, one for selling them). Italy has just increased the fine for these abortions from €51 to €5,000-10,000. In Ireland the punishment is up to 14 years in prison. Women in the US have also faced criminal charges for this, and a case was heard in Australia as well, though in that instance the couple involved were let off.
Is the abortion rights movement ready for this new form of criminalisation of abortion to spread? I don't think so, and I think we need to be talking about it quite urgently, especially in Europe.
A recent Guardian article about the extent of conscientious objection to abortion in Italy(http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/11/italian-gynaecologists-refuse-abortions-miscarriages), misses the point that for more than 90% of abortions, i.e. those in the first trimester, and indeed uncomplicated abortions up to 18-20 weeks, women don't need a gynaecologist. Care from a trained nurse or midwife or other mid-level provider, with home use in the first trimester and in a day clinic in the second trimester are fine for uncomplicated abortions; WHO recommendations support this. It is primarily women with fetal anomalies and other later and complicated cases who need hospital-based abortion services under a gynaecologist, as these are understood today, and while it is crucial to provide and protect these services, they are not the model for all abortions.
Based on the evidence, we can push this a step further and say that for most women, abortion "services" should be offered mainly by pharmacies, and for the rest the health professionals who become abortion "providers" and the education and training they receive needs to change a lot. Pro-choice gynaecologists should be among those to take the lead in arguing this as they have the standing to be listened to.
We need to start arguing that medical abortion pills are safe enough that they should be as readily available for early abortions as emergency contraception is for the morning after. And we need to be informing women of this because most women probably don't know it. Not the way we know it.
Do we even have a consensus on these points among ourselves? I'm not sure. But what I hope we all do agree on is that criminalising the self-use of MA pills is happening and must be opposed, and I believe urgently.
Most of the mainstream media articles on women self-inducing abortions quote one official or other that the pills are dangerous if used without the supervision of a health professional. The article about Italy is an example. There is a lot of evidence to the contrary that needs to be shared as widely as possible.
Caesarean section in the late second trimester as an alternative to a refused abortion: an unethical and clinically unjustifiable practice
17/02/2016 § Leave a comment
In 2013, I published a paper about the death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland, who died completely unnecessarily from uterine sepsis during pregnancy. Her death was due to the refusal of the Catholic-run hospital providing her maternity care to terminate her 17-week non-viable pregnancy, apparently because there was still a fetal heartbeat. In that paper, I said that termination of pregnancy to save a woman's life, which is legal in all but 5-6 countries globally, should be understood to mean "to prevent a pregnancy from becoming life-threatening before it is already life-threatening…One would have thought that that includes termination to complete an inevitable miscarriage and to end an unviable pregnancy, both of which could easily become septic ‒ as well as termination when the woman has or develops a life-threatening illness while pregnant." [1]
In that paper, I was concerned only about unviable pregnancies and saving the life of the woman involved. I did not take into account what I believe is a newly developed policy among some Catholic physicians to act to save the life of the fetus, not just the woman, as their main or only basis for action. Since 2012, several new cases have come to light that suggest what appears to be a new way to refuse a woman an abortion before the pregnancy goes to term or ends spontaneously in a miscarriage.
These are cases where the pregnant woman (or girl) is not seen to be at immediate risk of dying, is kept in hospital until such time as the pregnancy is viable in the late second trimester, and is then "offered" or forced to have a caesarean section as an alternative to carrying the pregnancy to term ‒ in order to "save the unborn baby". Ironically, as far as the baby is concerned, the earlier in pregnancy it is delivered, the more risk there will be to its life. The failure of the anti-abortion proponents of such a policy reveals not only how little they value the life of the girl/woman involved but also how profoundly uninterested they seem to be in whether the "unborn baby" has the best chance of staying alive, let alone being healthy.
This paper describes five such cases, from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ireland, Paraguay, and most recently a bill tabled in February 2016 in the Alaska USA state legislature. [2] It argues that the denial of the abortions concerned is unethical, violates a woman's right to health, and deserves to be condemned just as much as cases in which the woman is left to die rather than being allowed an induced abortion. The Alaska bill requires doctors to terminate pregnancies in such a way that the fetus has the best chance to be born alive.
Two cases from Costa Rica: old style vs. new style
Two cases from Costa Rica show how the change in practice has manifested itself. In 2007, a 27-year old Costa Rican woman with an anencephalic pregnancy was refused an abortion and forced to carry the pregnancy to term. After seven hours of labour, she gave birth to a dead baby. According to a report by the Colectivo por el Derecho de Decidir in Costa Rica, as a result of this experience she was still fighting depression, anxiety attacks, chronic diarrhoea, and social withdrawal in 2013. [3]
In 2012, "Aurora", also from Costa Rica, was a very different case. The Colectivo por el Derecho de Decidir reported [3] that Aurora, aged 32, became pregnant after months of trying. However, at eight weeks of pregnancy, the doctors informed her that the fetus had multiple severe malformations that would not allow it to survive outside the uterus, including severe scoliosis, decreased level of amniotic fluid, and a complete absence of abdominal wall, which meant the internal organs (e.g. liver and intestines) were sitting outside the body. Further tests confirmed the diagnosis of a non-viable pregnancy. A little after her first appointment, Aurora started experiencing strong abdominal and back pain that prevented her from working and seriously affected her physical and emotional health. She described "in addition to the physical pain, the stress and suffering resulting from the news, which has provoked constant sadness, depression, severe stress, insomnia, nightmares, and constant tears". She requested an abortion numerous times. However, the medical professionals and medical authorities in Costa Rica repeatedly denied her the right to a therapeutic abortion, even though it is permitted under Costa Rican law, Article 121. When she was 29 weeks pregnant, her waters broke, and then she was "allowed" to have a caesarean section.
The offer or rather imposition of a caesarean section on a woman who has asked for an abortion, following the denial of the abortion, is a new phenomenon, and it is happening in more countries than just Costa Rica.
A case in El Salvador
Abortion is illegal in El Salvador, even to save the life of the woman. In June 2013, "Beatriz", 22 years old, underwent a caesarean section at 27 weeks of pregnancy, giving birth to a baby without a brain, [4] who died five hours later. [5] The previous week, having delayed a decision, the country's Supreme Court had refused to allow an abortion for Beatriz. Her plight drew international attention and a ruling from the Inter-American Court on Human Rights, which said that El Salvador should protect her life and help her to end the pregnancy. As far as the Health Ministry was concerned, that is what they did. The Health Ministry said it would allow a caesarean section because the pregnancy was already at 26 weeks, and the country's strict abortion laws (which it seems do not consider an abortion to be an abortion by that stage) were no longer at play. Thus they felt they had done what the Human Rights Court asked. This is not the case.
A caesarean section is not an induced abortion even if it terminates the pregnancy. One of the main aims of a caesarean section is to deliver a live baby as a form of emergency obstetric care ‒ unless the baby is already dead. Ensuring the woman survives the pregnancy is the other aim, of course.
In early April 2013 doctors advised Beatriz that continuing her pregnancy was very high risk, so she requested an abortion. [6] Yet the Health Ministry was reported as saying it could determine what was most medically sound for "the mother versus the unborn baby", and a news report at the time claimed they were lauded internationally for working to save her life, though lauded by whom is not clear. "Doctors at the Maternity Hospital," it was reported, "had been preparing to perform the c-section at the slightest danger signs to save Beatriz's life, said Maria Isabel Rodriguez of the Health Ministry. A majority of judges on the high court rejected the appeal by Beatriz's lawyers, saying physical and psychological exams by the government-run Institute of Legal Medicine found that her diseases were under control and that she could continue the pregnancy." [4]
Beatriz was as good as imprisoned in the hospital and unable to care for her 20-month-old son for some two months while this went on. Compounding the emotional stress during her hospitalization, anti-choice groups managed to contact her by phone to attempt to convince her to change her mind about requesting an abortion. They offered to move her from the under-funded and overcrowded public maternity hospital to an exclusive private hospital, which they described as equivalent to a five-star hotel, and to take care of all her expenses. The most inhumane episode occurred when an anti-choice group brought Beatriz a basket of baby clothes, including small knitted caps to cover the head of the unviable fetus she was carrying. [6]
The Health Ministry's claim that she was in safe hands was patently false and their description of the c-section as a "premature delivery", when the baby had no chance of survival, was appalling. [7] What could possibly have gone on in the minds of people working in health who were so dismissive of this woman's life, let alone her physical and mental health and well-being? Why did they consider they owed a duty of care to a fetus that had no sentience, no life and no chance of life?
A clue to their answer may be found in a comment made by an anti-abortion spokesperson who claimed that "the rights of all had been respected", and that "it wasn't necessary to perform an abortion, the point was to respect the baby's life and to give Beatriz the care and the right to health that she deserved." [5]
In fact, three months after the caesarean section, Beatriz was struggling daily with poor health resulting from the denial of an early abortion, while trying to rebuild a life for herself and her son in a poor rural area. Although she was holding her own when she was interviewed by RH Reality Check, her future, both short- and long-term, was uncertain because of permanent health problems, including aggravated lupus and kidney disease. [6] Where was the hospital and the anti-abortion movement for her then?
Forcing a woman to deliver a live baby against the woman's wishes: Ireland
In Ireland, under the new law brought in following Savita's death, the only time a woman can legally have an abortion is if her life is at risk.
Ms Y: the cruellest story of them all
Ms Y, a young asylum seeker, had been raped in her country of origin and found she was pregnant when she was about eight weeks gone, not long after arriving in Ireland. She immediately expressed a desire to die rather than bear the rapist's child. She was referred to the Irish FPA for help to go to England for an abortion but although the details of what happened are not clear, it must have taken some 8 weeks to try and arrange everything, and by then she would have had to pay for a second trimester abortion. The cost was too high and she could not afford it. At that point, being 16 weeks pregnant, it was reported that she attempted to take her own life. A friend advised her to go to her GP and get help. The GP referred her to a hospital, where she saw two psychiatrists and was then taken to another hospital. There she had a scan and was apparently told the pregnancy was 24 weeks and one day, as if such accuracy were feasible. They said they could not do an abortion that late. She said: "You can leave me now to die. I don't want to live in this world anymore."
After that, she said she was watched all the time, and she stopped eating and drinking. A doctor came and told her they would do an abortion in several days but that she had to start eating and drinking, so she did. Then, she was told the plan had changed and they couldn't do it. This happened more than once until, finally, they claimed that because she was too far gone, they could only do a caesarean section. She said: "They said wherever you go in the world, the United States, anywhere, at this point it has to be a caesarean. [8,9] That was of course a lie, but she didn't know that at the time.
A spokeswoman for the Health Service Executive (HSE), when asked about the allegation that Ms Y was not offered a right to appeal the decision to carry out a caesarean section, said her request for a termination on the basis of suicide risk had been acceded to. Her words were that "a pregnancy can be terminated by way of delivery through caesarean section, as it was in this instance." Thus, caesarean section is magically turned into an abortion method, even though what they had done was to force her to accept the delivery of a live baby. Moreover, the spokeswoman said that as they had acceded to Ms Y's request for a termination, there was no requirement for a review of what had happened. [9]
In short, they said they could not do an abortion, and then afterwards when they had forced her to accept the early delivery of a live baby, they claimed they had done an abortion. George Orwell would have been proud of the double-think.
Ms Y said: "When I came to this country I thought I could forget suffering… The scar [from the c-section] will never go away. It will always be a reminder. I still suffer. I don't know if what has happened to me is normal… I just wanted justice to be done. For me, this is injustice." [8]
Saving the life of the baby against the wishes of a pregnant child's mother: Paraguay
The case of the 10-year-old girl in Paraguay made international news in May 2015. The girl was apparently sexually abused by her stepfather for something like two years and became pregnant. Her mother took her to the hospital when she complained of stomach pains, and it was only discovered then that she was 20 weeks pregnant. Her mother claimed she had previously reported the sexual abuse to the police, but they had done nothing. She requested an abortion for her daughter, but this was refused. Instead, the mother was arrested and charged with conspiring in the sexual abuse. The stepfather was found some days later and also arrested. The little girl was kept in hospital until she reached 26 weeks of pregnancy and was then subjected to a caesarean section. [10]
This case prompted a national debate in Paraguay about the prevalence of child sexual abuse and underage pregnancies, but the focus was it seems more on stopping adult sexual violence than the right of sexually abused girls to a safe abortion. The Guardian reported that the Clinicas hospital has recently reported almost 400 pregnancies in girls under the age of 16 years which they said had gone to term without complications. The gynaecologist in charge of the 10-year-old's case said in a press release that he was surprised at the fuss because the previous year a nine-year-old girl had given birth. [10]
Nonetheless, the case led to a large demonstration in the country's capital, Asunción, and other parts of the country, as well as a worldwide protest. For example, the UN Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, composed of five independent experts from all regions of the world, made the following statement regarding this case:
"The Paraguayan authorities' decision results in grave violations of the rights to life, to health, and to physical and mental integrity of the girl as well as her right to education, jeopardising her economic and social opportunities.
"Despite requests made by the girl's mother and medical experts to terminate this pregnancy, which puts the girl's life at risk, the State failed to take measures to protect the health as well as the physical and mental integrity and even the life of the 10-year old girl. No proper interdisciplinary and independent expert assessment with the aim to insure the girl's best interests was done before overturning life-saving treatments, including abortion.
"According to the World Health Organization, child pregnancies are extremely dangerous for the health of pregnant girls as they can lead to complications and death in some cases, especially as girls' bodies are "not fully developed to carry a pregnancy.
"In Latin America, in particular, the UN reports that the risk of maternal death is four times higher among adolescents under 16 years old with 65% of cases of obstetric fistula occurring in the pregnancies of adolescents. In addition, early pregnancies are also dangerous for the babies with a mortality rate 50% higher." [11]
On 23 June 2015, it was reported that the doctors in Paraguay had finally acknowledged it would be too risky for this little girl's health to allow her pregnancy to go to term. [12] Having refused to do an abortion, they too did a caesarean section when she was more than six months pregnant. Both children survived the operation. What the future holds for either of them is uncertain, especially if the girl's mother is kept in jail.
Caesarean section as an alternative to a refused abortion: a coincidence or an emerging policy? Developed by whom?
Overall, I believe that the cases summarised here, even though there are only four, could not have happened coincidentally in such a short space of time. There is actual policy under Guidance for health professionals in the Irish Protection of Life during Pregnancy Act 2013 (clause 6.4), 19th September 2014. The text reads as follows:
6.4 Gestational age
"An important consideration in relation to the carrying out of the medical procedure is the issue of the gestational age of the unborn. There is no time limit imposed by the Act in carrying out the medical procedure. However, the Act legally requires doctors to preserve unborn human life as far as practicable without compromising the woman's right to life. Therefore, there is no specific stage of pregnancy below which the certifying doctor will not have to consider the possibility of preserving the life and the dignity of the unborn where practicable without compromising the life of the mother.
"Once certification has taken place, a pregnant woman has a right to a termination of pregnancy as soon as it can be arranged. The clinicians responsible for her care will need to use their clinical judgment as to the most appropriate procedure to be carried out, in cognisance of the constitutional protection afforded to the unborn, i.e. a medical or surgical termination or an early delivery by induction or Caesarean section.
"Following certification, if the pregnancy is approaching viability, it is recommended that a multidisciplinary discussion takes place to ascertain the most appropriate clinical management of the case."
This, in turn is in line with the 8th Amendment to the Irish Constitution, which is in line with Catholic health doctrine related to pregnancy, abortion and "protection of life":
"The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right." (Article 40.3.3°, Irish Constitution)
Taking this one step further, we can refer to a 2012 statement from the Standing Committee of the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference:
"Whereas abortion is the direct and intentional destruction of an unborn baby and is gravely immoral in all circumstances, this is different from medical treatments which do not directly and intentionally seek to end the life of the unborn baby. Current law and medical guidelines in Ireland allow nurses and doctors in Irish hospitals to apply this vital distinction in practice while upholding the equal right to life of both a mother and her unborn baby." (Standing Committee, Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference Statement, November 2012)
Cases have now "popped up" in four different countries within a few years of each other, when formerly this practice was completely unheard of. Is the main link between them, as occurred with cases like Savita's, which was also not a unique case, a recent (and as yet unwritten) addition to Catholic health policy? I suspect that this policy was developed in order to avoid being held responsible for more deaths like Savita's. However, as an alternative to forcing a woman to go to term after denying her request for an abortion, it "allows" an unwanted pregnancy to be ended earlier, but is nevertheless an abuse of the purpose of a caesarean section and of the woman's decision not to deliver a live baby.
A c-section is an emergency procedure whose primary aims are to deliver a live baby to a live woman. Abortion is intended to prevent a live baby being born to a live woman. While the pregnancy is ended in both cases, these two procedures have nothing else in common. This policy, whoever thought it up, is a new, unethical form of imposing an unwanted medical procedure on girls and women to avoid providing an abortion. It is occurring in some of the same Catholic church-dominated countries and health systems where a safe abortion is practically unobtainable for all but rich women. While the USA does not fit this description, there are many anti-abortion politicians who would like to make it that way.
The recently tabled bill in the USA
It is likely that what appears to have been the individual treatment of a few women actually reflects or has become a new policy. That at least is what seems to have happened with the bill tabled in the Alaska USA state legislature this month, which contains a requirement that doctors terminate pregnancies "in a way that affords 'the best opportunity for the unborn child to survive' after the procedure, without jeopardizing the woman's life" ‒ and at the same time also "mandates Alaska physicians to judge if a fetus is viable and outlaws abortion care in those cases". [2] This bill has just been published.
It cannot be a coincidence that the language is so similar to the language in the Irish law and policy. Information about its intended clinical consequences is needed, and its implications need further analysis. The bill makes exceptions to the restriction in cases of incest or sexual assault, or if "the abortion is medically necessary." Is it calling for pre-viable pregnancies to be aborted in such a way that the fetus can survive? Or does it intend only that in the case of viable fetuses, efforts to save the fetus must be made? In either case, doesn't this inevitably mean by caesarean section?? Moreover, the bill says: "fetuses that are 'born alive' can be turned over to the state's care under its 'children in need of aid' provision". The implications are mind boggling.
There is no information that I know of, of who is behind these policies. They cannot be ignored, however, as they represent yet another twisted form of trying to deny women abortions.
I would welcome information from anyone who has any evidence of where this is coming from, or from anyone who has a different theory about why these cases have appeared, particularly now that this legislation has suddenly emerged in the USA.
- Berer M. Termination of pregnancy as emergency obstetric care: the interpretation of Catholic health policy and the consequences for pregnant women. An analysis of the death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland and similar cases. Reproductive Health Matters 2013. http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/S0968-8080(13)41711-1/pdf.
- Knight Shine N. Alaska GOP: Doctors should try to save fetuses during abortions. RH Reality Check. 16 February 2016. http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2016/02/16/alaska-gop-doctors-try-save-fetuses-abortions/?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=reality&utm_content=4+-+Alaska+GOP+Doctors+Should+Try+to+Save+Fe&utm_campaign=daily-enews-2-17-2016&source=daily-enews-2-17-2016.
- http://safe-abortion-womens-right.tumblr.com/post/39475005027/costa-rica-acci%C3%B3n-urgente-para-ayudar-a-aurora. 2 January 2013.
- Ill Salvadoran woman denied abortion has c-section. Associated Press, 3 June 2013. http://safe-abortion-womens-right.tumblr.com/post/53840867560/beatriz-in-el-salvador-has-a-caesarean-section.
- Baby born to El Salvador woman denied abortion dies after C-section, Guardian, 4 June 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/04/baby-el-salvador-woman-abortion-dies.
- Bougher K. El Salvador: no longer a front-page story, 'Beatriz' continues to struggle from denial of abortion care. RH Reality Check. 26 September 2013. http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2013/09/26/no-longer-a-front-page-story-beatriz-continues-to-struggle-from-denial-of-abortion-careberate-in-salvadoran-society/.
- Berer M. Does a C-section make it OK for Beatriz in El Salvador? 01 June 2013. http://safe-abortion-womens-right.tumblr.com/post/53839227861/does-a-c-section-make-it-ok-for-beatriz-in-el.
- Holland K, Mac Cormaic R. They said they could not do an abortion. I said, 'You can leave me now to die. I don't want to live in this world anymore'. Irish Times, 19 August 2014. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/they-said-they-could-not-do-an-abortion-i-said-you-can-leave-me-now-to-die-i-don-t-want-to-live-in-this-world-anymore-1.1901258.
- Holland K, Mac Cormaic R. Woman in abortion case tells of suicide attempt. Irish Times, 19 August 2014. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/woman-in-abortion-case-tells-of-suicide-attempt-1.1901256.
- Paraguay march poised to draw record crowd after 10-year-old denied abortion. Guardian. 28 May 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/28/paraguay-abortion-child-rape-protest.
- UN experts deplore Government's failure to protect 10-year-old rape survivor. 11 May 2015. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50826#.VVGJZ9pVhBc.
- 11-year-old Paraguay girl ‒ denied abortion after rape ‒ pregnancy to be induced. 23 June 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/paraguay/11694009/11-year-old-Paraguay-girl-denied-abortion-after-rape-to-be-induced.html.
Quinacrine: the non-surgical sterilisation method that refuses to die
16/01/2016 § Leave a comment
A response to all the articles on so-called "permanent contraception" in Contraception 2015;92(2):89-176)
It is with a deep sigh, after more than 10 years, that I sit down to respond to your articles on "permanent contraception", particularly the one by Jack Lippes pushing quinacrine sterilisation, that dead letter, to the fore once again, in your August journal issue (Contraception 2015;92(2):89-176).
Dr Lippes whitewashes the history of why quinacrine was rejected as a female sterilisation method,[1] rejected not only because of concerns about its carcinogenic potential but for many other reasons as well. Dr Jaime Zipper from Chile, who invented the method, would never be allowed today to get away with the "research" he carried out on women with quinacrine for tubal sterilisation in the absence of any pre-testing of the drug for safety, dosage or efficiacy ‒ before it was ever injected into a single woman. Women were treated like guinea pigs in his and other "research", and no proper long-term work on safety or optimal dosage was ever completed. Not was the method in fact ever properly approved or registered in any country. There were only a handful of countries where quinacrine sterilisation was ever used, and even in those cases, it was always individual doctors who used it, while others carried suitcases full of quinacrine pellets across borders to share with them, e.g. in a remote rural area of India.
The early high failure rates Dr Lippes reports of 9-12% were indicative of the absence of proper research, since they should have led to a rejection of the method early on. The far lower failure rates shown in the studies in his Table 1 were all from very small studies except for one; most had too short follow-up periods and the findings were never confirmed in larger randomised, controlled studies. The very large study by Dr Do Trong Hieu of Viet Nam, published in the Lancet, in which over 30,000 women were subjected to the procedure, led to the closure of the programme in Viet Nam following a critical analysis of its findings. I was personally involved in creating an outcry about it at that time. (I will return to this below.)
The dismissal by Dr Lippes of the data on cancer risk arising from inflammation in rats, and indeed his whole article, is an example of how the proponents of quinacrine did then and continue to minimise the negative evidence and exaggerate the positive evidence to claim the method is safe.
Dr Lippes's review of the literature ignores several articles I published in the early days of Reproductive Health Matters (RHM) and one in the BMJ almost ten years later. In 1993 in RHM, Amy Pollack and Charles Carignan[2] examined the same evidence examined in Contraception by Lippes. They noted, for example, that in the Viet Nam paper, 20,000 of the 31,000 women in the total study sample were excluded from follow-up for pregnancy rates, and the finding in one province of 91 pregnancies out of 937 women was also excluded. A year after their article was published, concern was expressed by Ralph Heywood, consultant toxicologist to WHO in 1994,[3] that more research needed to be done to exclude toxicological effects related to mutagenicity, teratology and persistence of the compound in tissues. He recommended that toxicological testing of quinacrine in animals should be done prior to any further clinical trials or any other provision of the method to women.3 Dr Lisa Rarick, the then Medical Officer at USFDA, also raised concerns, given the uncertain failure rate, that a quinacrine failure might increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.3 Yet despite this published concern, a number of individual doctors continued to promote and perform quinacrine sterilisations ‒ e.g. in rural India and Pakistan. I asked what should be done when consensus views are ignored or rejected by individual providers. The question still holds. A year later, and following a further statement on toxicity and quinacrine by Ralph Heywood,[4] quinacrine sterilisations were still being done in Chile too, led by Dr Jaime Zipper, but challenged by the Foro Abierto de Salud y Derechos Reproductivos (Open Forum for Reproductive Health and Rights).[5] It was this and other feminist activism that led to the decision by WHO not to recommend quinacrine sterilisation of women to be continued, until far more rigorous examination of safety and efficacy was carried out.
But the problem of promotion of untested methods remains with us. In 2004, the BMJ published an article about a "clinical trial" in India evaluating the antibiotic erythromycin as a female sterilisation method,[6] following the ban by India on the use of quinacrine for that use, due to safety and efficacy doubts. Quinacrine's dwindling supporters were looking for an alternative. They tried erythromycin tablets, which were placed in the upper part of the uterine cavity in 790 women "volunteers". The failure rate was unacceptably high at 28–35% after 12 months. This "trial" was criticised as illegal and unethical, and highlighted the ease with which unethical clinical trials could still be conducted in India on vulnerable populations by errant doctors.
The FHI360 article was a real eye-opener for me, as it seems they were responsible for the erythromicin study in India, which I do not recall. It is not surprising, however, as FHI was a driving force in this whole history. The history revealed in this article is indicative of the determination not to let this idea go, and even to bring unnamed advocates on board to try and legitimise what could not be justified.[7]
Turning to the other articles on the subject of non-surgical sterilisation in your August edition, I was interested to see how the article by Elizabeth K Harrington et al[8] quietly denigrated the whole idea of surgical sterilisation because it is surgical, in that it requires training and a decent service delivery setting. Is training and a decent service delivery setting still not a reasonable expectation for women in the global South? She is right, not everyone prefers a surgical method. Yet she admits that surgical female sterilisation has not only been shown to be very safe but is also the most widely used fertility control method globally.
Interestingly, none of these articles takes up the alternative of vasectomy ‒ an unfinished job if ever there was one ‒ let alone the idea of a permanent non-surgical male method. Odd that no one has tried inserting quinacrine in men's nether parts, or is it? The biases may not seem obvious in the absence of a thorough review of the issues, but bias there is indeed among the cluster of authors who populate this whole journal edition.
The comparison I felt was most relevant and most missing in these papers, however, was that between surgical vs. medical abortion, the only existing surgical and non-surgical methods of fertility control. Both these abortion methods are easy to provide in the first trimester of pregnancy, and both have been shown by WHO to be safe for mid-level providers to offer at primary care level, with simple training.[9] Both have advantages as well as disadvantages, but the real value is that women have a choice between them.
My generation put the notion of "choice" in fertility control on the global map and showed that the more and varied methods there were to choose from, the more people were likely to find at least one method that was acceptable and met their needs. Your authors in this edition have quite a different perspective. They want something that will end fertility, and the less likely it is to "fail" or "fail to be used" the better. From this position, Elizabeth Harrington et al3 and Jeffrey Jensen[10] seem to assume that a long-acting method of contraception is always preferable to the others. This has not been shown, nor is it likely to be true ‒ if one asks a large enough number of women and their partners, and especially young people. And in spite of the still rising numbers of people with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, the importance of condoms seems to have passed these authors by altogether. In fact, both qualitative studies by Elizabeth Harrington et al3,[11] find the demand for safety to be uppermost as a value among study participants. Moreover the preference expressed for a non-surgical sterilisation method is hypothetical and with caveats ‒ and not based on the experience of surgical sterilisation or an actual non-surgical method.
I would also question these authors' preference for the term "permanent contraception" rather than "sterilisation" and "vasectomy". Both these surgical methods can be reversed, and although Jeffrey Jensen likes to think women's fertility intentions fall rigidly into only three categories, there are quite a few people who have opted for sterilisation or vasectomy who have later changed their minds, and for whom reversal methods were consequently developed. To use the term "permanent" belies that availability, and might even put people off. It would certainly mislead them into thinking there is no going back. Perhaps that is what the supporters of quinacrine sterilisation are aiming for. They seem not to have considered that the lack of potential for reversal with quinacrine might greatly decrease its appeal, even among those for whom "something non-surgical" may be preferable. Of course, no one has attempted to reverse a quinacrine sterilisation. Once the fallopian tissue is thus scarred, it is presumably very permanent indeed.
Lastly, I must say that for a journal that publishes first class research on abortion, I was very disappointed to see you allowing remarks about the need for abortion as a sign of failure ‒ whether of contraceptive methods themselves or of the women who choose them. Can we not finally acknowledge contraception as a fallible form of prevention and abortion as a solution when prevention fails? The belief that contraception which never fails is possible is, in my view, a chimera. Moreover, if women were given proper information and unrestricted access to safe abortion methods, most abortions would take place well before 8 weeks LMP, and even (with medical abortion) as early as 35 days of pregnancy (Beverly Winikoff, personal communication, July 2015). Let's try developing new non-surgical post-fertilisation methods of birth control, for example.[12]
However, whether or not one thinks a non-surgical method of sterilisation would be preferable to a surgical method, quinacrine is not the answer. Let's re-bury it and keep it buried.
[1] Lippes J. Quinacrine sterilization (QS): time for reconsideration. Contraception 2015;92(2):91-95. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782415002322.
[2] Pollack AE, Carignan C. The use of quinacrine pellets for non-surgical female sterilisation. Reproductive Health Matters 1993;1(2):119-22. http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/0968-8080(93)90018-O/pdf
[3] Berer M. The quinacrine controversy one year on. Reproductive Health Matters 1994;2(4):99-106. http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/0968-8080(94)90016-7/pdf.
[4] Berer M. The quinacrine controversy continues. Reproductive Health Matters 1995;3(6):142-44. http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/0968-8080(95)90169-8/pdf.
[5] Shallat L. Business as usual for quinacrine sterilisation in Chile. Reproductive Health Matters 1995;3(6):144-46. http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/0968-8080(95)90170-1/pdf.
[6] Mudur G. Use of antibiotic in contraceptive trial sparks controversy. BMJ 2004;328(7433):188.
Summarised in: Law and Policy Round Up. Reproductive Health Matters 2004;12(24):2111. http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/S0968-8080(04)24153-2/pdf.
[7] Katz KR, Nanda K. A nonsurgical permanent contraception stakeholder advisory committee: FHI 360's experience. Contraception 2015;92(2):139-42. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782415000384.
[8] Harrington EK et al. Conceptualizing risk and effectiveness: a qualitative study of women's and providers' perceptions of nonsurgical female permanent contraception. Contraception 2015;92(2):128-34. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782415000955.
[9] Health worker roles in providing safe abortion care and post-abortion contraception. Geneva: WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research; July 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/unsafe_abortion/abortion-task-shifting/en/.
[10] Jensen JT. Nonsurgical permanent contraception for women: let's complete the job. Contraception 2015;92(2):89-90. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782415002486.
[11] Harrington EK et al. Interest in nonsurgical female permanent contraception among men in Portland, Oregon and eastern Maharashtra, India. Contraception 2015;92(2):135-38. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782415001006.
[12] Berer M. Compelling arguments for developing new post-fertilisation methods of birth control. Berer Blog. 11 July 2015. https://bererblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/11/compelling-arguments-for-developing-new-post-fertilisation-methods-of-birth-control/.
The history and role of the criminal law in anti-FGM campaigns: Is the criminal law what is needed, at least in countries like Great Britain?
24/12/2015 Comments Off on The history and role of the criminal law in anti-FGM campaigns: Is the criminal law what is needed, at least in countries like Great Britain?
This article was published online in Reproductive Health Matters 2015;23(46):145-57. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhm.2015.10.001. Here is the abstract in English, French and Spanish:
The history of campaigns against female genital mutilation (FGM) began in the 1920s. From the beginning, it was recognised that FGM was considered an important rite of passage between childhood and adulthood for girls, based on the importance of controlling female sexuality to maintain chastity and family honour, and to make girls marriageable. How to separate the "cut" from these deeply held norms is a question not yet adequately answered, yet I believe the answer is key to stopping the practice. Since the 1994 ICPD, national and international action against FGM has grown and resolutions have been passed in global forums which define FGM as a form of violence and a violation of children's human rights. These resolutions have contributed to building consensus against FGM and developing national legislation criminalising FGM. Prosecutions or arrests involving FGM have been reported in several African countries and Great Britain, but apart from France, there have been very few. This paper summarises this history and how FGM has been criminalised. It argues that criminalisation may not be the best means of stopping FGM, but can have serious harmful effects itself. It calls for community-led educational information and more support for dialogue within FGM-practising communities, and argues that what is important is addressing the sexual and reproductive health consequences of FGM and gaining the understanding of women who have experienced it and their families as to why they should not make their daughters and grand-daughters go through it too.
Les campagnes contre les mutilations sexuelles féminines (MSF) ont commencé dans les années 20. Dès le début, il a été admis que les MSF représentaient pour les filles un important rite de passage entre l'enfance et l'âge adulte, fondé sur l'importance du contrôle de la sexualité féminine afin de préserver la chasteté et l'honneur familial, et de permettre aux filles de se marier. Comment séparer la mutilation de ces normes profondément ancrées est une question encore sans réponse ; ce serait pourtant, à mon sens, une démarche essentielle pour mettre un terme à cette pratique. Depuis la CIPD, en 1994, l'action nationale et internationale contre les MSF s'est étendue et des forums internationaux ont adopté des résolutions qui définissent les MSF comme une forme de violence et une violation des droits fondamentaux de l'enfant. Ces résolutions ont contribué à dégager un consensus contre les MSF et à élaborer des législations nationales qui répriment cette pratique. Des poursuites ou des arrestations liées aux MSF ont été signalées dans plusieurs pays d'Afrique et en Grande-Bretagne, mais, à part en France, elles ont été très rares. L'article résume cette histoire et montre comment les MSF ont été sanctionnées par la loi. Il avance que cette pénalisation n'est peut-être pas le meilleur moyen de faire cesser les MSF et qu'elle peut avoir elle-même de graves conséquences. Il préconise une information éducative collective et davantage de soutien au dialogue au sein des communautés qui pratiquent les MSF. Il fait valoir qu'il est important de traiter les conséquences des MSF pour la santé sexuelle et génésique et de faire comprendre aux femmes qui les ont subies et à leur famille les raisons pour lesquelles elles ne devraient pas obliger leur fille ou leur petite-fille à en passer aussi par là.
La historia de las campañas contra la mutilación genital femenina (MGF) comenzó en la década de 1920. Desde el principio, se reconoció que la MGF era considerada un importante rito de paso entre la niñez y la adultez para las niñas, basado en la importancia de controlar la sexualidad femenina para mantener castidad y el honor de la familia, y para preparar a las niñas para el matrimonio. Cómo separar el "corte" de estas normas tan arraigadas es una interrogante que aún no ha sido contestada adecuadamente; sin embargo, creo que la respuesta es clave para eliminar la práctica. Desde la CIPD de 1994, la acción nacional e internacional contra la MGF ha incrementado y se han aprobado resoluciones en foros mundiales que definen la MGF como una forma de violencia y una violación de los derechos humanos de las niñas. Estas resoluciones han contribuido a fomentar consenso contra la MGF y a formular leyes nacionales que penalizan la MGF. En varios países africanos y en Gran Bretaña se han reportado enjuiciamientos o arrestos relacionados con la MGF, pero aparte de Francia, ha habido muy pocos. En este artículo se resume esta historia y cómo la MGF ha sido penalizada. Se argumenta que la penalización quizás no sea el mejor medio para eliminar la MGF, ya que puede tener graves efectos dañinos. Se hace un llamado a la información educativa dirigida por la comunidad y a brindar más apoyo para el diálogo con las comunidades que practican la MGF. Se argumenta que lo importante es tratar las consecuencias de la MGF en la salud sexual y reproductiva y lograr que las mujeres que han pasado por esta experiencia y sus familias entiendan por qué no deben obligar a sus hijas y a sus nietas a hacer lo mismo.
What kind of research is needed for abortion advocacy?
24/12/2015 § Leave a comment
At the 5th Research Meeting on Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion, Mexico City, 28-30 September 2015, Silvina Ramos presented an excellent new CLACAI publication (in Spanish) on a renewed agenda for abortion research in the LAC region: "Investigacion sobre aborto en America Latina y el Caribe: una agenda renovada para informar politicas publicas e incidencias". I was asked to comment in the session:
-We need to know more about what post-abortion care involves in order to showcase the failure of post-abortion care to resolve the serious public health problem of unsafe abortion. In 2012 an estimated 6.9 million women globally were treated for complications of unsafe abortion. In Latin America, new estimates of the rate of complications show a 31% decline between 2005 and 2012, from 7.7 per 1,000 women to 5.3 women per 1,000. (Singh et al, 2015) But this is still far too high and there is no excuse for it.
-As regards the incidence of abortion, we need to know more about pregnancy among girls aged 8-14 resulting from sexual abuse and whether or not they have access to safe abortion, including as a form of emergency obstetric care given how small they are. This emerged as an issue in Paraguay this year. There is little information on this subject though some research has been done (see http://conta.cc/1NNx4FD, http://conta.cc/1NN3sIn and http://conta.cc/1NMS9zS).
-It is important to underscore the importance of the attitudes towards abortion of health professionals, and the importance of promoting training in abortion provision only for those who support women's right to safe abortion. The current deficit in training should be a major advocacy issue. Why nurses should be less supportive to women needs to be better understood because abortion no longer requires doctors except in emergencies. Abortion care should be in hands of nurses and/or midwives at primary care and community level today.
-The prevalence of abortions among nurses/midwives and how they themselves are treated as patients might help to explain their views and bring them on board as a profession (http://www.rhm-elsevier.com/article/S0968-8080(07)30314-5/pdf).
-Attitudes towards 2nd trimester abortion are a particular problem. Can the number/proportion of second trimester abortions be reduced with better laws and services? Evidence from Sweden and Norway, particularly with good access to medical abortion, shows this can be done. If we knew why women have abortions after 12 weeks of pregnancy in more countries, it would contribute to change. However, this is not an issue of "women's fault" but of systemic failures on the part of health and sexuality education, laws and policies, and health systems.
-Many who support abortion rights call for restrictions on conscientious objection but few oppose it altogether. Joyce Arthur of Canada and Christian Fiala of Austria have written several articles together and separately on this subject, opposing the whole concept.
-Sweden does not permit conscientious objection. This policy was challenged earlier this year at European level and their law was upheld.
-I agree with these views. I believe anyone who is unwilling to carry out an essential task in their job description should find another job. Abortion services are almost unique in allowing conscientious objection. It is a leftover of anti-abortion hegemony and should be removed.
PUBLIC HEALTH vs. HUMAN RIGHTS POSITIONS TO SUPPORT ABORTION
-I would like to disagree with one of the book's authors that the public health arguments for safe abortion are less radical than those related to women's bodily autonomy and rights.
-Public health arguments are not only relevant but also extremely powerful. I don't think we use them enough anymore. Yet they are likely to have more resonance with health professionals.
-How to get past the huge, irreconcilable differences in thinking? Especially in the face of growing anti-abortion fanaticism?
-Campaigns for safe abortion often focus on calling for specific grounds for abortion to be decriminalised. For example, health grounds, rape, serious fetal abnormality, and in some countries in Latin America even for risk to the woman's life to be permitted.
-I recently looked at the history of how abortion laws in several countries have changed over time, from almost complete criminalisation to allowing abortion at a woman's request. This showed that a step-by-step process has taken place in some countries over a period of years, but often over decades. The current, limited law reform bill in Chile and recent examples in Africa show this has resonance as a way forward. But is it the only or best way forward?
-It would be good for this history to be studied in depth in many more countries, across both the 19th and 20th centuries and today.
-For me, one of the biggest unresolved advocacy issues is whether we are seeking legalisation of abortion or decriminalisation of abortion.
-There a difference between these legal categories and we need to study it more.
-What reforms should we propose to our current laws on abortion that will lead to health system changes that will meets women's needs and protect and fulfill their right to a safe abortion as part of their sexual and reproductive health and rights?
-In different countries, the answers may be different, depending on the origins of the laws, and more research and critical thought and analysis are needed.
Women's right to safe abortion: interview for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Online Course
24/12/2015 § Leave a comment
Improving the Health of Women, Children and Adolescents: from Evidence to Action is a free online course of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. I was interviewed on the subject of abortion for one of the sessions; this is what I said below. The course first ran in autumn 2015 and is due to be run again from 29 February – 8 April 2016. Find out more at: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/study/freeonlinecourses/women-children-health/#sthash.tI7kCuOn.dpuf
1. Please introduce yourself
>>My name is Marge Berer. Since May 2015 I have been the Coordinator of the International Campaign for Women's Right to Safe Abortion (www.safeabortionwomensright.org), which is a network of over 960 groups and individuals in 100 countries who are working for the right to safe abortion. From 1992 to 2015, I was the editor of the journal Reproductive Health Matters, which I founded with TK Sundari Ravindran. The International Campaign is important because abortion is still restricted by the criminal law in almost every country in the world, including countries where it is widely available, yet approximately one in five to one in three women globally will have an abortion in her lifetime. It is also important because the practice is under constant attack from a small but powerful minority of right-wing and conservative groups who believe women should be forced to carry every pregnancy to term whether they can cope with all the children that would result from this or not. We believe that universal access to safe abortion at a woman's request is essential for women's health and a necessary aspect of women's right of autonomy over their bodies and lives.
2. Can you explain the human rights dilemma that affects access to safe abortion?
>> As a human rights issue, access to safe abortion is inextricably linked to the first principle of human rights, that is, the right to life. An estimated one million women have died from the complications of unsafe abortion in the past 20 years, and almost all their deaths would have been prevented had abortion been safe and legal in their countries. The anti-abortion movement claims that the right to life begins at conception. If this were accepted in human rights principles it would subsume a woman's right to life to that of any pregnancy she was carrying, making her into a vessel, and would mean that no abortion would be permissible. In fact, every human rights body, from CEDAW to the Committee that interprets the Convention on the Rights of the Child, agrees that rights in general, including the right to life, begin at birth
3. What are some examples where the rights of the woman are violated?
>> There are unfortunately many examples of the ways in which the rights of women are violated, and one of them is when abortion is illegal. For example, let's take 3 cases that were determined by Catholic health policy.
The first is the case of a woman who was 17 weeks pregnant, and began to miscarry. The miscarriage was inevitable, and the baby could not have survived no matter what was done because it was too early in the pregnancy. Because her cervix was open, the woman was highly susceptible to infection even though she was in hospital, and in fact she did develop a life-threatening uterine infection. Yet the hospital failed to provide the only treatment that would have saved her life before the infection became uncontrollable, that is, an abortion, because they waited until there was no longer a fetal heartbeat, even though the fetus was not viable. She was a young healthy woman and she died completely unnecessarily.
The second case is of another young woman who was an asylum seeker. She fled the conflict situation in her country of origin, where rape was being used as a weapon of war. She had been raped herself. After she arrived in the country that gave her asylum, she discovered she was pregnant as a result of the rape. She was unable to obtain a visa to travel for an abortion. She became suicidal and although the threat of suicide should have meant she had a legal right to an abortion, it was refused. Instead, she was locked up in a hospital, supposedly for her own protection, until her pregnancy was far enough advanced that the baby could survive independently and then she was forced to have a caesarean section.
Both these cases come from Ireland. Something similar happened to a ten-year-old child in Paraguay this year who had been sexually abused by her stepfather for two years. She too was locked up in a hospital and subjected to a caesarean section to save the baby, instead of an abortion.
These cases are horrific; they represent the worst sort of misogynistic treatment of girls and women. But there are thousands of cases every day in many countries, especially in the global South, where safe abortions are not available. Some 42 million women have an abortion every year. Half of those abortions are unsafe in the following ways:
- Illegal or legally restricted
- Dangerous method
- Untrained/unskilled provider
- Unsafe conditions
- Self-induced without help or information
- Incorrect usage of abortion pills through lack of information
- Little or no access to treatment for complications
- Stigma, fear and isolation
- Violence, rejection (by family, school, work) and murder, both of women and of doctors providing abortion care
- Threat of arrest, and prosecution and imprisonment.
Here is what a young girl who was put in prison in Rwanda at the age of 17 for having an abortion said:
"I am 20 years old and… have been in Karubanda prison since 2007 for committing abortion. I am the 3rd born in the family and the only girl. I was raised by my dad after my mum died when I was still young. I was in the 5th year of my secondary education when a teacher at my school started dating me. I needed school materials and since I could not afford them, I allowed to have sexual intercourse with this teacher at that tender age. With limited knowledge on contraceptive use, I got pregnant and had to drop out of school since it's against school regulations. I decided to have an abortion and my elder brother out of fear reported me to the police. I am supposed to serve a period of 9 years of which I have so far completed 3 years." Crying she says: "I have lost hope and this is the end of my life". (Abortion and young people in Rwanda: a collection of personal stories about abortion. Family Planning Association of Rwanda (ARBEF), ARBEF Youth Action Movement Rwanda, Rutgers WPF
This young girl's story is why I am devoting my time to campaigning for women's right to safe abortion, along with thousands of others all over the world.
4. Do you see the situation changing? Are more women around the world being given the right to safe abortion?
>> The situation is improving in many ways in many places. Countries are reforming their abortion laws, for example, just this year Mozambique completed a change for the better in its law, and in Chile, Morocco and Malawi positive law reform is being proposed. At the same time, women who do not have access to safe abortion services are learning from other women through safe abortion information hotlines and from courageous health professionals in their countries about how to have a safe abortion with medical abortion pills on their own. They are accessing the pills from pharmacies and from trustworthy providers through the internet, and taking control of their lives in spite of the laws against abortion. This is not an ideal situation but deaths from unsafe abortion have been decreasing rapidly because of it and that can only be a good thing.
Let me close by saying that one in three women is a lot of women who will need an abortion in their lifetimes. It was me once, and it could be many of you who are listening today, or your partners. Safe sex is sex in which you and your partner protect yourselves and each other from unintended and unwanted pregnancy and from sexually transmitted infections. Protection can fail, however, and sometimes people fail to use it. We need our health systems to be there before and after to help us ‒ with contraception, condoms, emergency contraception, safe abortion, and treatment for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Each of these is part of a larger package of essential sexual and reproductive health care. I invite you to study how well your countries are doing in offering these services and get involved today to make the situation better for everyone, especially for young women, and also for yourself ‒ in case you may need it.
Abortion today: what women need and want
18/10/2015 Comments Off on Abortion today: what women need and want
Berer Presentation to Gynuity Medical Abortion Meeting NY 9 June 2015
This is a presentation I gave to a meeting about medical abortion, organised by Gynuity Health Projects in New York, 9 June 2015.
Click on the link to read it.


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Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Salida with free breakfast and indoor pool
Situated in Salida, this hotel is within a 15-minute walk of Salida Museum and Salida Hot Springs Aquatic Center. Arkansas Headwaters Recreation Area Visitor Center and SteamPlant Theater and Event Center are also within 2 mi (3 km).
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a 24-hour business center. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, coffee/tea in a common area, a meeting room, and laundry facilities are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 45 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and LCD TVs with cable channels. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, free newspapers, and free local calls.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Comfort Inn315 E. Rainbow Blvd. - US 50 Salida CO 81201
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Comfort Inn features an indoor pool and a spa tub. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. This Salida hotel also offers gift shops/newsstands, coffee/tea in a common area, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Comfort Inn is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 45
- Number of floors - 2
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Elevator/lift
- Free breakfast
- Express check-out
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Computer station
- Laundry facilities
- One meeting room
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- 24-hour business center
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Spa tub
- Indoor pool
- Free WiFi
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Free newspaper
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Cable TV service
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast each morning.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Snowboarding nearby
- Downhill skiing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
To make special requests for accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- In-room accessibility
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time ends at 3 AM
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Up to 2 children 18 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Optional extras
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
Hotel Name
- Comfort Inn Hotel Salida
- Comfort Inn Salida
We should mention
Up to 2 children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
For a young coach, Lane Kiffin has experienced a lot of highs and lows.
From the exultation of winning national championships to the grief of being ignominiously fired, Kiffin has seen and felt things that coaches many years older will never know.
Interestingly, in some cases, Kiffin's bad times turned out to be good fortunes as you shall see later.
Overall, he has had more good times than bad, and while the name "Lane Kiffin" evokes much dislike, especially in SEC country, here in the Los Angeles southland he is mostly embraced. Trojan fans feel grateful that he is steering the cardinal and gold's future fortunes.
The following slideshow will look at some of the best moments thus far in his short career.
Not all of these moments occurred on the football field, and some have little to do with his coaching ability.
But to be certain, they all led to where Kiffin is now and where Trojan fans hope he will lead their beloved team in future.


text:
Submit News
ATI's Holiday GPU Lineup Unveiled
Marcus Pollice
August 28, 2006 3:05 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
ATI RV570 Details
ATI Desktop Discrete PCIe transitions
New performance and mainstream offerings
During the recent
Games Convention 2007 in Germany
, we received a new roadmap that outlines ATI's pre-R600 plans for its complete graphics card lineup. At the top of chain of ATI graphics cards is the
previously released Radeon X1950XTX and CrossFire graphics cards
. Slotted right below the Radeon X1950XTX and CrossFire cards will be the Radeon X1900XT 512MB which will be a carryover product. The Radeon X1900XTX is discontinued and being phased out. This completes ATI's enthusiast offerings for the time being.
On the performance side of things is the
previously released Radeon X1900XT 256MB
. Slotted right below the X1900XT 256MB will be the unreleased Radeon X1950 Pro. The Radeon X1950 Pro replaces the current X1900GT. Radeon X1950 Pro will be based on the
RV570 core
, which is one of ATI's
first 80nm products
. Specifications of the RV570 core include 12 pipelines and 36 pixel shaders with a 600 MHz core clock. Memory will be clocked at 1.4 GHz and have a 256-bit interface. Radeon X1950 Pro cards will be equipped with 256 MB of graphics memory and sport a single slot cooler. This will also be ATI's first card with
internal CrossFire compatibility for dongle-less CrossFire
. Availability of the Radeon X1950 Pro is expected in October. ATI claims performance of the Radeon X1950 Pro will be faster than the 7900GT.
On the mainstream side of things is the
Radeon X1650 Pro
. This is based on the RV530 core and replaces the previous Radeon X1600XT. Joining the mainstream lineup later in September will be the Radeon X1650XT. The Radeon X1650XT will be based on ATI's
upcoming RV560 core
that like the RV570 is an 80nm part. It will also have 8 pipelines with 24 pixel shaders and go up against
NVIDIA's GeForce 7900GS
. Radeon X1650XT cards will have 256MB of memory on a 128-bit interface. Core and memory clock is unknown. Availability of the Radeon X1650XT is expected around the same time as the Radeon X1950 Pro.
ATI's value lineup will consist of the
Radeon X1300XT
, X1300 Pro, X1300, X550HM and X300SE. The Radeon X1300XT is essentially identical to ATI's previous mainstream offering the Radeon X1600 Pro while the other four products are simply carryovers.
Also mentioned in the roadmaps is ATI's high definition video compatible mainstream part,
the RV550 with ATI's Universal Video Decoder
. The UVD equipped RV550 is expected to start sampling in September and availability starting in December. It will be based on ATI's R515 core, which is the equivalent of a Radeon X1300 series.
ATI plans to move most of its product lineup over to an 80nm fabrication process too. While the Radeon X1950 Pro and X1650XT will launch as 80nm products, the Radeon X1650 Pro, X1300XT and X1300 series are still based on a 90nm fabrication process. ATI will switch the RV530XT based Radeon X1650 Pro over to 80nm with the RV535XT while the RV530 Pro based X1300XT will switch over to the 80nm RV535 Pro core. ATI's RV515 and RV516 value based products will switch over to the 80nm R505 variants as well.
"I mean, if you wanna break down someone's door, why don't you start with AT&T, for God sakes? They make your amazing phone unusable as a phone!" -- Jon Stewart on Apple and the iPhone
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text:
Mark Calaway, better known in the WWE as The Undertaker, has a tattoo on his stomach that says "B.S.K Pride" in honor of the Bone Street Krewe. The Krewe was a group of wrestlers consisting of The Undertaker, Mideon, Mark Canterbury, Yokozuna, Rikishi, Godfather, Savio Vega.
The Krewe was a way of protecting each other because of the power the Kliq (Shawn Michaels, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Sean Waltman, and Triple H.) had in the locker room.


text:
Cash Loans
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Vienna girl participates in White House egg roll
PARKERSBURG – A Vienna toddler was among those who spent Easter weekend in Washington, D.C., and participated in the White House's annual Easter Egg Roll.
Two-year-old Madeline Elizabeth Lore, along with her parents Rachel and Andrew Lore of Vienna, participated in the annual White House Easter Egg Roll Monday.
The Lores were able to secure tickets through U.S. Rep. Carolyn Maloney, D-N.Y. The representative is a friend of area businesswoman Judy Sheppard, president of Professional Services Inc.
Sheppard is Madeline's great-grandmother.
"She's a real good friend of mine," Sheppard said of Maloney.
In 2011 Sheppard was among business people and officials at a Rose Garden press conference where President Barack Obama promoted a jobs bill. Sheppard was selected by the United States Small Business Administration as the 2011 West Virginia State Small Business Person of the Year. She stood in the first row behind Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.
According to the White House, more than 30,000 people from all 50 states joined officials on the South Lawn for games, stories and the 135th annual egg roll. In addition to the egg roll and the hunt, the Lore family also got pictures in front of the White House, attended a concert and met a number of characters from public television.
"There was a lot of big moments," Andrew Lore said.
Sheppard said the family spent several days in Washington prior to the egg roll, arriving Saturday before flying home Tuesday afternoon.
"Madeline was so excited when she got back," Sheppard said.
"To be 2, she told you about the bunny and so many things. She was really excited about going and being there."


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Diocletian Economic Reforms
A selection of articles related to diocletian economic reforms.
Original articles from our library related to the Diocletian Economic Reforms. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Diocletian Economic Reforms.
- Nauthiz
- Welcome again to the Rune-of-the-Month Club. Actually, it seems like it's become more like the Rune-of-the-Season Club, since the last time I sat down to write one of these, I was snowed it; and now, daytime highs are well into the 80's! I'll try to write a...
Divination >> Rune Stones
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 7
- MAKING FRIENDS WITH NATURE AND NATURAL LAW The fall of human society has not occurred overnight. It has taken many centuries, many millennia in fact, for the Divine potentials and inherent genius of the human being to degrade into the modern...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Hey! Isn't That Christmas Star a Pentacle?
- Isn't that Star of Bethlehem a Pentagram? Well, of course it is. Just as the Saxon Eostra (or whatever spelling catches your fancy) lent her rabbit and name in English to Pasch. Also, the day of Christ's Mass is actually the festival of the birthday of Mithra;...
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
- Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The Gael
- There is no surviving, or as yet translated, Creation story within Irish mythology. We learn from the Lebor Gabala Erenn, a text from the Christian Middle Ages, of the Tuatha De Danann, or "People of the Goddess Danu", who came to Ireland either...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- Astrological Emphasis: Pisces, 2001
- General | Love | Work | Health Pisces: February, 21st - March, 20th. This article applies to Pisceans during 2001. General Pisces is the twelfth sign of the Zodiac, astrologically dominated by Jupiter and Neptune, exalted by the Moon and with Mercury in exile....
Astrology >> Pisces
- The 14 Precepts of Tiep Hien Buddhism
- Buddhism is not one. The teaching of Buddhism is many. When Buddhism enters one country, that country always acquires a new form of Buddhism. Buddhism, in order to be Buddhism, must be suitable, appropriate to the psychology and the culture of the society...
Religions >> Buddhism
- Nipping Trouble in the Bud: Community and Child Custody Issues Affecting Heathens
- I suggest there are several ways to deal with religious issues, particularly as they affect child custody, getting along with neighbors, etc. One is to be open and honest unless you are in an area so benighted as to be putting yourself and your loved ones in...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
Diocletian Economic Reforms is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Diocletian Economic Reforms books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Karl Popper on democracy
- In 1988 The Economist invited the philosopher Karl Popper to write an article on democracy. It appeared in the issue of April 23rd that year and made the case for a two-party system.
- Pope Francis calls Christmas a 'charade' as the 'world continues to wage war'
- War is the right choice for him, who would serve wealth: 'Let us build weapons, so that the economy will right itself somewhat, and let us go forward in pursuit of our interests. There is an ugly word the Lord spoke: 'Cursed!
- SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome by Mary Beard review – a wonderfully lucid
- What actually happened? … an Italian fresco of Cicero in the Roman senate, accusing Catiline, 1880. Photograph: akg-images.
- Stop Comparing the U.S. to the Fall of Rome
- In the introduction he apologizes, for example, for failing to include much of anything "on Colbert, Louis' greatest civil servant, who worked with such unavailing energy to give France the planned economy of a modern totalitarian state.
- There must be no compromise with Eritrea's tyrannical Afewerki regime
- On the streets of Asmara the dream of freedom that accompanied Eritrean independence in 1993 was swiftly shattered. Photograph: AFP/Getty Images. Global development is supported by.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Diocletian Economic Reforms Topics
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text:
Craig Steblen shared photos of his son Philip an airman with the U.S. Airforce deployed to Afghanistan last fall.
"We're proud of him," said Philip's father Craig Steblen. "He's very good at what he does. But we still, we're nervous. Pretty much. But we also have confidence that he knows what he's doing," added Steblen.
The news of Phillip's anticipated return could not come soon enough for the airman's
"We can't wait for him to come home," said Steblen. "He missed his first anniversary, he missed Christmas, he's going to miss his birthday. And uh, so we are anxiously awaiting him coming home."
The welcome mat is always out at the local Veterans Outreach Center. The VOC is at the ready helping troops coming home. It is here that veterans can find help with everything from housing to finding a job.
"Every soldier, airman, marine who leaves service should come here at least once. Register with us. Make sure that all of your benefits that are due you, are acknowledged and utilized," VOC spokesperson Alexis Ganter said.
Ganter says many vets are too proud to reach for help right away.
"The statistics show that the need for services, or the identifying need for services, doesn't peak for up to 20 years after your separation from service. Does that mean that the specific veteran isn't in need, not necessarily," she said.
As for Philip, his family plans to help him any way it can and lead him to services like those offered at the VOC as he transitions back to civilian life.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


text:
Get an overview of this hotel3-star condo near Key West Art and Historical Society
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Situated by the ocean, this condo is within 3 mi (5 km) of Key West Golf Club, Key West Art and Historical Society, and Smathers Beach. Fort East Martello Museum and Gallery and Robbie's are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Property Features
This condo features an outdoor pool, a spa tub, and tour/ticket assistance. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include multilingual staff and a front-desk safe.
Room Amenities
All 34 condos feature kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Guests will also find balconies, sofa beds, and living rooms.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Coconut Mallory Resort And Marina By Kees VacationsKey West FL 33040
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Coconut Mallory Resort And Marina By Kees Vacations features an outdoor pool and a spa tub. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Key West condo also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Total number of rooms - 34
- Outdoor pool
- Elevator/lift
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Multilingual staff
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Spa tub
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Separate living room
- Free Wi-Fi
- Kitchen
- Sofa bed
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- DVD player
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- DVD player
- Balcony
- Iron/ironing board
- Ceiling fan
- Coffee/tea maker
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Shower/tub combination
- Sofa bed
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Separate living room
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a spa tub are on site.
- Golfing nearby
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 4 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 10 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Coconut Mallory Kees Vacations
- Coconut Mallory Kees Vacations Key West
- Coconut Mallory Resort Kees Vacations
- Coconut Mallory Resort Kees Vacations Key West


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Andrew Archibald Macdonald
A selection of articles related to andrew archibald macdonald.
Original articles from our library related to the Andrew Archibald Macdonald. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Andrew Archibald Macdonald.
- Looking For The Hub Of The Sacreed Wheel: Part 1
- It is often said that all paths are like spokes on a wheel. We start at the rime and follow a spoke to the hub of central truth from which all paths arise and to which they all return. Those of you who've been following my articles should also know that to a...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Looking For The Hub Of The Sacreed Wheel: Part 2
- Now the point of any study of how much we share in our search for the Deity must be in what shared behaviors should we expect? For the purposes of the community of A Mystical Grove, this must be in how we revere and cherish Nature in all its manifold...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 1
- Chapter 1 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1:2 The same was in the beginning with God. 1:3 All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 1:4 In him was life; and the life...
New Testament >> John
- Everything you always wanted to know about the beliefs of the Founding Fathers that your Congressman will never tell you!
- Through the Dark Ages, civilization and learning languished under the iron rule of the church. Finally, through the rediscovery of the Pagan Classics, Plato, Aristotle, Epictetus, Plotinus and many other philosophers, the west began to see a glimmer of the...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 12
- Chapter 12 12:1 Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. 12:2 There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. 12:3...
New Testament >> John
- King James Bible: Mark, Chapter 1
- Chapter 1 1:1 The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God; 1:2 As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. 1:3 The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye...
New Testament >> Mark
- Apple Divination
- We have all heard and used the expression "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." This expression is based on a very old superstition and is one of many associated with apples. I am quite sure that you have all held an apple in one hand and twisted...
Psychic Abilities >> Divination
Andrew Archibald Macdonald is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Andrew Archibald Macdonald books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Phantoms lack effort, fall to Comets 5-2
- It lost its top defenseman Andrew MacDonald hours before the opening faceoff — he was recalled by the Philadelphia Flyers with Michael Del Zotto sustaining an injury earlier in the day.
- Canadian contribution started on PEI
- Andrew Archibald Macdonald's great-great-grandson Rob Schywalsky is shown with his his son, Robert. Photo special to The Guardian by Rob Schywalsky. Despite his earlier anti-Confederation stance, Andrew Archibald Macdonald died proud of his role as ...
- Phantoms score three straight in wild first period, still lose to Penguins
- Josh Archibald, who recorded the game's first goal, capped the scoring with the game-winner from a sharp angle at the left-wing circle. That sent Stolarz to the bench with 4:06 left in the first as Jason LaBarbera came on in relief. ...
- Luton 1-1 Stoke City CAPITAL ONE CUP LIVE: Premier League club squeeze through
- Close but not close enough for little Luton of League Two, who for more than 120 minutes and 14 penalties looked the equal of Stoke's second string and were then knocked on their backsides. Geoff Cameron did the flattening, scoring the 16th kick of a ...
- Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins fall to Lehigh Valley Phantoms after
- Five players get into a fight during the first period of Saturday night's game. At the left, Penguins Tom Kostopoulos and Phantom's Maxim Lamarche get tangled up. On the right, Phantom's Andrew MacDonald grabs Penguins' Oskar Sundqvist from behind.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Andrew Archibald Macdonald Topics
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text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Super Street Fighter Ii
A selection of articles related to super street fighter ii.
Original articles from our library related to the Super Street Fighter Ii. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Super Street Fighter Ii.
- A Ghostly House in Kansas
- Inteview with SUZANNE and JEFFERY DIEHL and their children JOURDANNE DIEHL, age 4, and PAUL ROATH age 13. June, 1999. Interview by SuzAnne's aunt Linda Kangas and Gene Kangas, Concord OHIO. The subject concerns spiritual occurrences at an early 20th century...
Ghosts >> Ghost Stories
- The Earthmind Material
- Part 1 | Part 2 Author's Note All references made in the first person(s) herein, are grammatical conveniences created for the sake of the reader. Such words as "I", "OUR", and "I/WE" are therefore not meant to be taken as literal...
Mind >> World Mind
- Harding, Deborah
- Deborah Harding began gardening alongside her parents when she was just able to walk. She lives in Ohio with her husband and two daughters. She writes articles on herbal concerns for magazines and web-zines, and gives lectures and workshops on growing herbs...
Real Interviews >> Authors
- After Midnight: A True Ghost Story
- The nervous chatter of the tourists echoed through the musty catacombs of the ancient city of Edinburgh. If I lingered behind the crowd, would that improve my chances of seeing a ghost? Or perhaps any spectral visitor would be put off by the unstable energies...
Ghosts >> Ghost Stories
- Values in the Balance
- We in the Pagan community pride ourselves on our tolerance for difference. Differences in lifestyle, sexual preference, orientation and expression, race, orthodoxy, tradition, ritual structure, costumes, positions on nudity, personal interaction styles, etc....
Holidays >> Mabon
- Cannabis indica (Indian Hemp)
- This is the Latin name for Indian hemp, the beautiful hashish-plant. So it is not surprising that this remedy picture has many elements of a so called bad trip, although homoeopathic Cannabis also may be indicated for persons who never use drugs but express...
Remedies >> Remedies C
Super Street Fighter Ii is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Super Street Fighter Ii books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Why Street Fighter is no longer a fighting game everybody can enjoy
- You'd be wrong though: the thing that really impressed me when I first played Street Fighter II on my Super NES was that cool 3D effect of the backdrop in the E.Honda stage. No, really.
- Street Fighter II led the way for games as a medium of self-expression
- From the box art of Street Fighter II Turbo on the Super NES. Photo: Capcom Unity. The structure facilitates improvisation as well as the development of personal patterns.
- Have You Seen This? Street Fighter chalk art
- My brother and I saved our money for months, dumped over $100 worth of coins on the counter at the ShopKo near our house and bought a Super Nintendo. The game I was going to realize my dreams with was Street Fighter II. My character of choice was ...
- Street Fighter: The Strange History of Vega
- Vega's last major appearance for a couple years would take place in Super Street Fighter II: Cammy Gaiden, a manga by Masahiko Nakahira from 1994. Other than focusing more on Cammy, her Delta Red teammates, and Vega himself, I really can't tell you ...
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Super Street Fighter Ii Topics
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Soon after school got out in May, D.J. Woods and his father began a cross country tour that has, already, taken them to a variety of cities and college campuses. The 6-foot-0, 170-pound defensive ...
Nebraska visit impresses Ohio speedster
Premium Content
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text:
They are often the forgotten men, but ones that hold a great deal of potential.
Redshirt Rebels
Premium Content
Subscribe today to read the full article and get everything Rivals has to offer.
- Member-only message boards
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text:
Energy Management - Lighting
Humidity Counts—In the Right Amounts
With the increasing focus on keeping processes, equipment and people healthy, indoor-air quality (IAQ) has become a big issue in schools, offices and factories. In this latest installment of our M/E Roundtable, a group of... » more
The Mysteries of Motor Control
Motor-control design is one of the more mundane engineering tasks to perform, and most engineers treat it as one of those "necessary evils." However, there are several aspects, not always considered, that can have a significant... » more
Fast-Tracking with 3D CAD
When officials at Wyckoff Inc., a chemical manufacturer with facilities in South Haven, Mich., wanted to expand production capacity by building an additional 18,000-square-foot plant, they challenged the project team to design,... » more
Plant facilities provide key production resources
When manufacturers are asked about their most valuable assets, the discussion probably centers around the workforce or machinery used to produce the final product. But a very important asset often not considered on a par with the... » more
SST confirms unique diagnostic capabilities
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada— In a recent comparison of DeviceNet diagnostic tools, SST found that its NetAlert NetMeter for DeviceNet has several essential capabilities not demonstrated by any other DeviceNet diagnostic product.... » more
Terminal Blocks
Trends in Terminal BlocksIncreased use of IDC technologyIncreased functionalityOne-stop shoppingReduced panel spaceTerminal blocks evolved from simple input/output devices to the contemporary products we see today. Used... » more
Merging Mom's Perceptive Power with Technology Creates Startling Results
KEYWORDS Process and advanced control Neural networks Multivariable sensors Sensing/measurement Analyzers What do the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) and your mother have in common? Both use real measurements to reach an... » more
In Business
Pepperl+Fuchs (Twinsburg, OH) recently announced that it has acquired the Enclosure Protection Systems (EPS) division of Bebco Industries. Bebco EPS features a portfolio of purge and pressurization panels and control units for... » more
Control Engineering Highlights the 40 Best Products of 2000
Control Engineering editors— in the 14th annual process—highlighted the best products of the year, based on technological advancement, impact on the market, and service to industry.Editors selected from among thousands of... » more
Build Value in Now … or Later?
Our enlightening and spirited discussion of value engineering (VE), also known as value analysis, continues. Its ardent defenders have been its practitioners, while the most vocal detractors have been consulting design engineers.... » more
Clean Lamps = Big Savings
The results are in. Commercial building owners in the United States could save between $2.7 and $3.6 billion dollars per year by simply cleaning fixtures on a regular basis, according to a federally-funded four-year... » more
Model Glue
The most visited museum in the world—the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.—has more than 10 million visitors cross its threshold annually to view some of aviation's most prized treasures.... » more


text: And that's the reason I've always liked it. There really is no competition worth mentioning. One of the best moves ever was taking out Macromedia (a very long time ago) since they were their only real threat. But now, who's left? Corel? LOL! Give me a break. This stock will be $100 next year.


text:
Welcome to ZAS Online Car Detailing
Car Care Products Store
Zen Automotive Suppliers are importers and wholesalers of premium car detailing products and resellers of locally sourced car care supplies of the highest standard.
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T-Bird On The Cliffs have transformed the simple guesthouse into a welcoming comfortable retreat.... More...
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Foote Prints on the Sands Hotel
Welcome to our quiet, thirty room hotel on Negril's famous seven mile long white sand beach. We are located on the most exclusive part of Negril beach, next door to superclubs Sandals and Swept Away,... More...
- Price Room Type
The Sunrise Club
The Sunrise Club features 8 deluxe rooms in a tropical Jamaican atmosphere which is sure to warm you up..... More...
- Price Room Type
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
Book on the go with the new Hostelworld mobile apps.