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Most Cited Food Policy Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)?Tara Garnett
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
This paper reviews estimates of food related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the global, regional and national levels, highlighting both GHG-intensive stages in the food chain, and GHG-intensive food types. It examines approaches that have been proposed for mitigating emissions at each stage in the chain and looks at how these sit within wider discussions of sustainability. It finds that efficiency-focused technological measures, while important, may not only be insufficient in reducing GHGs to the level required but may also give rise to other environmental and ethical concerns. It gives evidence showing that in addition to technological mitigation it will also be necessary to shift patterns of consumption, and in particular away from diets rich in GHG-intensive meat and dairy foods. This will be necessary not just in the developed but also, in the longer term, in the developing world. This move, while potentially beneficial for food secure, wealthier populations, raises potentially serious nutritional questions for the world's poorest. A priority for decision makers is to develop policies that explicitly seek to integrate agricultural, environmental and nutritional objectives. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world: Production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorusC. J. Dawson | J. Hilton
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
Without the input of fertiliser nitrogen it is estimated that only about half of the current global population can be supplied with sufficient food energy and protein. The anticipated increase in the population to 2050 will increase the dependency on fertiliser inputs. The paper examines the different potential sources of energy and hydrogen required for this essential fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available nitrogenous fertiliser and concludes that methane from natural gas is clearly the most suitable source. In the absence of a cost-effective alternative source of hydrogen it is recommended that an on-going requirement for methane is acknowledged and that consideration be given to strategic reserves for the production of food. Phosphorus is also an essential and unsubstitutable nutrient for plants and animals, but while the global reserves of atmospheric nitrogen are effectively unlimited, the reserves of phosphate rock are finite. Recent estimates of the reserve suggest that at the current rate of use this resource will become exhausted within some hundreds of years. The annual increment of phosphorus contained in the human population is estimated to be in the order of 1 Mt/yr, which is a small proportion of the quantity mined. There is a clear requirement to ensure that phosphorus is recycled to a large extent, so that the rate of exhaustion of the reserves of phosphate rock is significantly reduced. Legislation relating to the management of phosphorus appears entirely associated with its potential to upset natural ecosystems, with apparently no regulations yet requiring the efficient use and reuse of a scarce resource. © 2010.
Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem servicesD. S. Powlson | P. J. Gregory | W. R. Whalley | J. N. Quinton | D. W. Hopkins | A. P. Whitmore | P. R. Hirsch | K. W T Goulding
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
Requirements for research, practices and policies affecting soil management in relation to global food security are reviewed. Managing soil organic carbon (C) is central because soil organic matter influences numerous soil properties relevant to ecosystem functioning and crop growth. Even small changes in total C content can have disproportionately large impacts on key soil physical properties. Practices to encourage maintenance of soil C are important for ensuring sustainability of all soil functions. Soil is a major store of C within the biosphere - increases or decreases in this large stock can either mitigate or worsen climate change. Deforestation, conversion of grasslands to arable cropping and drainage of wetlands all cause emission of C; policies and international action to minimise these changes are urgently required. Sequestration of C in soil can contribute to climate change mitigation but the real impact of different options is often misunderstood. Some changes in management that are beneficial for soil C, increase emissions of nitrous oxide (a powerful greenhouse gas) thus cancelling the benefit. Research on soil physical processes and their interactions with roots can lead to improved and novel practices to improve crop access to water and nutrients. Increased understanding of root function has implications for selection and breeding of crops to maximise capture of water and nutrients. Roots are also a means of delivering natural plant-produced chemicals into soil with potentially beneficial impacts. These include biocontrol of soil-borne pests and diseases and inhibition of the nitrification process in soil (conversion of ammonium to nitrate) with possible benefits for improved nitrogen use efficiency and decreased nitrous oxide emission. The application of molecular methods to studies of soil organisms, and their interactions with roots, is providing new understanding of soil ecology and the basis for novel practical applications. Policy makers and those concerned with development of management approaches need to keep a watching brief on emerging possibilities from this fast-moving area of science. Nutrient management is a key challenge for global food production: there is an urgent need to increase nutrient availability to crops grown by smallholder farmers in developing countries. Many changes in practices including inter-cropping, inclusion of nitrogen-fixing crops, agroforestry and improved recycling have been clearly demonstrated to be beneficial: facilitating policies and practical strategies are needed to make these widely available, taking account of local economic and social conditions. In the longer term fertilizers will be essential for food security: policies and actions are needed to make these available and affordable to small farmers. In developed regions, and those developing rapidly such as China, strategies and policies to manage more precisely the necessarily large flows of nutrients in ways that minimise environmental damage are essential. A specific issue is to minimise emissions of nitrous oxide whilst ensuring sufficient nitrogen is available for adequate food production. Application of known strategies (through either regulation or education), technological developments, and continued research to improve understanding of basic processes will all play a part. Decreasing soil erosion is essential, both to maintain the soil resource and to minimise downstream damage such as sedimentation of rivers with adverse impacts on fisheries. Practical strategies are well known but often have financial implications for farmers. Examples of systems for paying one group of land users for ecosystem services affecting others exist in several parts of the world and serve as a model. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate changeMark Harvey | Sarah Pilgrim
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
The paper addresses the new competition for land arising from growing and changing demand for food when combined with increasing global demand for transport energy, under conditions of declining petro-chemical resources and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The paper starts from the premise of a 'food, energy and environment trilemma' (Tilman et al., 2009), where all demands to expand the area of cultivated land present high risks of increasing the carbon footprint of agriculture. Having reviewed the main drivers of demand for food and for liquid transport fuels, the paper weighs the controversies surrounding biofuels arising from food-price spikes, the demand for land, and consequent direct and indirect land-use change. It suggests that we need a more complex, and geographically differentiated, analysis of the interactions between direct and indirect land-use change. The paper then reviews evidence of land availability, and suggests that in addition to technical availability in terms of soil, water, and climate, political, social, and technological factors have significantly shaped the competition for land in different global regions, particularly the three major biofuel producing ones of the USA, Brazil and Europe. This point is further developed by reviewing the different innovation pathways for biofuels in these three regions. The main conclusion of this review is firstly that any analysis requires an integrated approach to the food-energy-environment trilemma, and secondly that strategic political direction of innovation and sustainability regulation are required to bring about major shifts in agriculture leading to sustainable intensification of cultivation (Royal Society, 2009), rather than the continued expansion of cultivated area. The consequent perspective is one of considerable global variety in technologies, agricultural productive systems, and use of natural resources. This contrasts sharply with the world of a dominant global and integrated technology platform based on petro-chemicals to which we have become accustomed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Minimising the harm to biodiversity of producing more food globallyBen Phalan | Andrew Balmford | Rhys E. Green | Jörn P W Scharlemann
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
Should farming and conservation policies aim broadly to separate land for nature and land for production (land sparing) or integrate production and conservation on the same land (wildlife-friendly farming)? Most studies that try to address this question suffer from flaws in sampling design, inappropriate metrics, and/or failure to measure biodiversity baselines. We discuss how these failings can be addressed, and what existing information tells us about the key debates on this topic. The evidence available suggests that trade-offs between biodiversity and yield are prevalent. While there are some wildlife-friendly farming systems that support high species richness, a large proportion of wild species cannot survive in even the most benign farming systems. To conserve those species, protection of wild lands will remain essential. Sustainable intensification could help to facilitate sparing of such lands, provided that as much attention is given to protecting habitats as to raising yields. We discuss the general circumstances under which yield increases can facilitate land sparing, recognising that policies and social safeguards will need to be context-specific. In some situations, bringing degraded lands into production could help reduce pressure on wild lands, but much more information is needed on the biodiversity implications of using degraded lands. We conclude that restricting human requirements for land globally will be important in limiting the impacts on biodiversity of increasing food production. To achieve this, society will need to integrate explicit conservation objectives into local, regional and international policies affecting the food system. © 2010.
Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystemsR. Lal
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
Soils of the world's agroecosystems (croplands, grazing lands, rangelands) are depleted of their soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by 25-75% depending on climate, soil type, and historic management. The magnitude of loss may be 10 to 50. tons. C/ha. Soils with severe depletion of their SOC pool have low agronomic yield and low use efficiency of added input. Conversion to a restorative land use and adoption of recommended management practices, can enhance the SOC pool, improve soil quality, increase agronomic productivity, advance global food security, enhance soil resilience to adapt to extreme climatic events, and mitigate climate change by off-setting fossil fuel emissions. The technical potential of carbon (C) sequestration in soils of the agroecosystems is 1.2-3.1. billion. tons. C/yr. Improvement in soil quality, by increase in the SOC pool of 1. ton. C/ha/yr in the root zone, can increase annual food production in developing countries by 24-32. million. tons of food grains and 6-10. million. tons of roots and tubers. The strategy is to create positive soil C and nutrient budgets through adoption of no-till farming with mulch, use of cover crops, integrated nutrient management including biofertilizers, water conservation, and harvesting, and improving soil structure and tilth. © 2010.
Modeling heterogeneity in consumer preferences for select food safety attributes in ChinaDavid L. Ortega | H. Holly Wang | Laping Wu | Nicole J. Olynk
Volume 36, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 318-324
Food safety issues often arise from asymmetric information between consumers and suppliers with regards to product-specific attributes. Severe food safety scandals were observed recently in China. These events not only caused direct economic and life losses, but also created distrust in the Chinese food system domestically, as well as internationally. While much attention has focused on the problems plaguing the Chinese government's food inspection system, little research has been dedicated to analyzing Chinese consumers' concerns surrounding food safety. In this paper, we measure consumer preferences for select food safety attributes in pork and take food safety risk perceptions into account. Several choice experiment models, including latent class and random parameters logit, are constructed to capture heterogeneity in consumer preferences. Our results suggest that Chinese consumers have the highest willingness-to-pay for a government certification program, followed by third-party certification, a traceability system, and a product-specific information label. The results of this study call for the direct involvement of the Chinese government in the food safety system. A stricter monitoring system will not only improve consumer well-being in the short-run, but also restore consumers' trust leading to a social welfare increase in the long run. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Protein efficiency per unit energy and per unit greenhouse gas emissions: Potential contribution of diet choices to climate change mitigationAlejandro D. González | Björn Frostell | Annika Carlsson-Kanyama
Volume 36, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 562-570
The production, transport and processing of food products have significant environmental impacts, some of them related to climate change. This study examined the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and transport to a port in Sweden (wholesale point) of 84 common food items of animal and vegetable origin. Energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for food items produced in different countries and using various means of production were compared. The results confirmed that animal-based foods are associated with higher energy use and GHG emissions than plant-based foods, with the exception of vegetables produced in heated greenhouses. Analyses of the nutritional value of the foods to assess the amount of protein delivered to the wholesale point per unit energy used or GHG emitted (protein delivery efficiency) showed that the efficiency was much higher for plant-based foods than for animal-based. Remarkably, the efficiency of delivering plant-based protein increased as the amount of protein in the food increased, while the efficiency of delivering animal-based protein decreased. These results have implications for policies encouraging diets with lower environmental impacts for a growing world population. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Rethinking the global food crisis: The role of trade shocksDerek Headey
Volume 36, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 136-146
Although fundamental factors were clearly responsible for shifting the world to a higher food price equilibrium in the years leading up the 2008 food crisis, there is little doubt that when food prices peaked in June of 2008, they soared well above the new equilibrium price. Numerous arguments have been proposed to explain overshooting, including financial speculation, depreciation of the United States (US) dollar, low interest rates, and reductions in grain stocks. However, observations that international rice prices surged in response to export restrictions by India and Vietnam suggested that trade-related factors could be an important basis for overshooting, especially given the very tangible link between export volumes and export prices. In this paper, we revisit the trade story by closely examining monthly data from Thailand (the largest exporter of rice), and the United States (the largest exporter of wheat and maize and the third largest exporter of soybeans). In all cases except soybeans, we find that large surges in export volumes preceded the price surges. The presence of these large demand surges, together with back-of-the-envelope estimates of their price impacts, suggests that trade events played a much larger and more pervasive role than previously thought. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Total and per capita value of food loss in the United StatesJean C. Buzby | Jeffrey Hyman
Volume 37, Issue 5, October 2012, Pages 561-570
There are few peer-reviewed or major published studies that estimate the total amount of food loss in developed countries and even fewer attempt to estimate the monetary value. We compiled estimates of the amount and value of food loss for more than 200 individual foods in the United States using the US Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service's Loss-Adjusted Food Availability data and then aggregated these values to estimate the total value of food loss and the value by food group. The results indicate that in 2008, the estimated total value of food loss at the retail and consumer levels in the United States as purchased at retail prices was $165.6. billion. The top three food groups in terms of the value of food loss at these levels are: meat, poultry, and fish (41%); vegetables (17%); and dairy products (14%). Looking more closely at the estimates for the consumer level, this level of loss translates into almost 124. kg (273. lb) of food lost from human consumption, per capita, in 2008 at an estimated retail price of $390/capita/year. Food loss represents a significant share of household food expenditures: our estimates suggest that the annual value of food loss is almost 10% of the average amount spent on food per consumer in 2008 and over 1% of the average disposable income. This consumer level loss translates into over .3. kg (0.7. lb) of food per capita per day valued at $1.07/day. Our estimates of the total value of food loss in the United States and loss estimates by food group are useful in that they can generate awareness of the issue among the food industry members, governments, and consumers. Potential large-scale approaches and economic incentives to mitigate food loss in developed countries are also discussed. © 2012.
The use and usefulness of carbon labelling food: A policy perspective from a survey of UK supermarket shoppersZaina Gadema | David Oglethorpe
Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 815-822
Both the process of carbon footprinting and carbon labelling of food products are currently voluntary in the UK. Both processes derive from the UK's policy for sustainable development and in particular, the UK's Framework for Environmental Behaviours that strongly advocates a social marketing approach towards behavioural change. This paper examines whether carbon footprinting and labelling food products, borne from an overarching policy imperative to decarbonise food systems, is a tool that will actively facilitate consumers to make 'greener' purchasing decisions and whether this is a sensible way of trying to achieve to a low carbon future. We do so by drawing from a survey exploring purchasing habits and perceptions in relation to various sustainability credentials of food products and particularly 'carbon', using a combination of descriptive and cluster analysis. The data, from 428 UK supermarket shoppers, reveals that whilst consumer demand is relatively strong for carbon labels with a stated preference rate of 72%, confusion in interpreting and understanding labels is correspondingly high at a total of 89%, primarily as a result of poor communication and market proliferation. Three statistically distinct clusters were produced from the cluster analysis, representing taxonomies of consumers with quite different attitudes to carbon and other wider sustainability issues. Whilst the majority of consumers are likely to react positively to further carbon labelling of food products, this in itself is unlikely to drive much change in food systems. As such, the data imply that a concerted policy drive to decarbonise food systems via voluntary carbon footprinting and labelling policy initiatives is limited by a fragmented and haphazard market approach where retailers are being careful not to disaffect certain products by labelling others within the same category. Consumers may want to make choices based on the carbon footprint of products but do not feel empowered to do so and relying on consumer guilt is inappropriate. The paper concludes that the establishment of effective linkages between food policy and food market actors to drive a targeted and coherent carbon labelling policy is needed. This would provide consumers with the opportunity to make informed choices, especially within food product categories and negate the need for retailers to depend on the demand side of the supply chain to achieve carbon reduction targets. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
The price of protein: Review of land use and carbon footprints from life cycle assessments of animal food products and their substitutesDurk Nijdam | Trudy Rood | Henk Westhoek
Volume 37, Issue 6, December 2012, Pages 760-770
Animal husbandry, aquaculture and fishery have major impacts on the environment. In order to identify the range of impacts and the most important factors thereof, as well as to identify what are the main causes of the differences between products, we analysed 52 life cycle assessment studies (LCAs) of animal and vegetal sources of protein. Our analysis was focused only on land requirement and carbon footprints.In a general conclusion it can be said that the carbon footprint of the most climate-friendly protein sources is up to 100 times smaller than those of the most climate-unfriendly. The differences between footprints of the various products were found mainly to be due to differences in production systems. The outcomes for pork and poultry show much more homogeneity than for beef and seafood. This is largely because both beef and seafood production show a wide variety of production systems.Land use (occupation), comprising both arable land and grasslands, also varies strongly, ranging from negligible for seafood to up to 2100m 2ykg -1 of protein from extensive cattle farming. From farm to fork the feed production and animal husbandry are by far the most important contributors to the environmental impacts. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The China melamine milk scandal and its implications for food safety regulationXiaofang Pei | Annuradha Tandon | Anton Alldrick | Liana Giorgi | Wei Huang | Ruijia Yang
Volume 36, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 412-420
This article examines the development of the Chinese dairy sector since 2000 and investigates how this has affected food safety. The ongoing problems caused by melamine contamination are linked to the rapid and unregulated development of this sector. Currently, China is faced with demands - both from home and abroad - to improve its food safety record. This will necessitate it upgrades its regulatory framework to meet the standards of Codex Alimentarius and the EU. A serious restructuring of the dairy sector as well as of the public food safety control agencies is called for. The costs and benefits to be accrued by these reforms are the subject of this article. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and useKlaus G. Grunert | Sophie Hieke | Josephine Wills
Volume 44, Issue , February 2014, Pages 177-189
This study investigates the relationship between consumer motivation, understanding and use of sustainability labels on food products (both environmental and ethical labels), which are increasingly appearing on food products. Data was collected by means of an online survey implemented in the UK, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and Poland, with a total sample size of 4408 respondents. Respondents expressed medium high to high levels of concern with sustainability issues at the general level, but lower levels of concern in the context of concrete food product choices. Understanding of the concept of sustainability was limited, but understanding of four selected labels (Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Carbon Footprint, and Animal Welfare) was better, as some of them seem to be self-explanatory. The results indicated a low level of use, no matter whether use was measured as self-reported use of different types of information available on food labels or as use inferred from the results of a choice-based conjoint analysis. Hierarchical regression indicated that use is related to both motivation and understanding, and that both motivation, understanding and use are affected by demographic characteristics, human values as measured by the Schwartz value domains, and country differences. The results imply that sustainability labels currently do not play a major role in consumers' food choices, and future use of these labels will depend on the extent to which consumers' general concern about sustainability can be turned into actual behaviour. © 2013 The Authors.
Global developments in the competition for land from biofuelsRichard Murphy | Jeremy Woods | Mairi Black | Marcelle McManus
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
The potential global demand for biofuels and the implications of this for land use and its interaction with food agriculture is reviewed. It is expected that biofuels will form an important element of global transport energy mix (in the order of 20-30% of total requirement) over the next 40. years and beyond. Over this time, there will be a transition from so called first generation biofuels, based on commodity agricultural crops with food/feed uses, to advanced biofuels, sometimes called second and third generation biofuels, based primarily upon lignocellulosic feedstocks. It remains unclear whether these advanced biofuels, based on lignocellulosic materials, will entirely replace first generation or if second generation will be supplemental to first generation. This expansion in biofuels will be coupled to a substantial increase in alternative fuels (electricity, hydrogen, biogas and natural gas) and modal shifts. Biofuel production from agricultural commodity crops that exhibit strong sustainability criteria will remain important (e.g. sugarcane) with supportive and competitive aspects for food security. Land requirement projections estimated for a range of potential biofuel development trajectories range widely and are inherently uncertain. Under the most active scenario that delivers substantive greenhouse gas reductions in transport by 2050 (relative to 2005 levels), approximately 100 Mha of additional land is projected. In the 'business-as-usual' scenario, in which transport energy demand rises by 80% by 2050 from present levels, a land use requirement of 650. Mha is projected. Significant potential exists for producing biofuels that possess high productivity and sustainability profiles through continued research, development and demonstration. Policy and regulation at a global level, that focuses biofuel development on these goals in ways that are synergistic with food agriculture, will simultaneously help to decarbonise transport and maintain a diverse and financially robust agricultural (and forestry) sector. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high, middle and low income countriesPepijn Schreinemachers | Prasnee Tipraqsa
Volume 37, Issue 6, December 2012, Pages 616-626
We study levels and trends in agricultural pesticide use for a large cross-section of countries using FAO data for the period 1990-2009. Our analysis shows that a 1% increase in crop output per hectare is associated with a 1.8% increase in pesticide use per hectare but that the growth in intensity of pesticide use levels off as countries reach a higher level of economic development. However, very few high income countries have managed to significantly reduce the level of intensity of their pesticide use, because decreases in insecticide use at higher income levels are largely offset by increases in herbicide and fungicide use. The results also show very rapid growth in the intensity of pesticide use for several middle income countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Cameroon, Malaysia and Thailand. Complementing our analysis with data from the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), we show that hazardous pesticides covered in the PIC procedure are more weakly regulated in lower than in higher income countries. We discuss the policy challenges facing developing countries with a rapid growth in pesticide use and recommend a four-pronged strategy, including an environmental tax on pesticides with revenues allocated to long-term investments in awareness building, the development of integrated crop management methods and the setting of food safety standards. The interactions between these measures should help contribute to the effectiveness of the overall strategy package. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Eye tracking and nutrition label use: A review of the literature and recommendations for label enhancementDan J. Graham | Jacob L. Orquin | Vivianne H M Visschers
Volume 37, Issue 4, August 2012, Pages 378-382
Nutrition labels on food packages are among the most prominent and far-reaching policy measures related to diet and have the capacity to promote healthy eating. Unfortunately, certain nutrition label characteristics may impede consumer detection and comprehension of labels. Research using precise cameras monitoring consumer visual attention (i.e., eye tracking) has begun to identify ways in which label design could be modified to improve consumers' ability to locate and effectively utilize nutrition information. The present paper reviews all published studies of nutrition label use that have utilized eye tracking methodology, identifies directions for further research in this growing field, and makes research-based recommendations for ways in which labels could be modified to improve consumers' ability to use nutrition labels to select healthful foods. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
What is the irrigation potential for Africa? A combined biophysical and socioeconomic approachLiangzhi You | Claudia Ringler | Ulrike Wood-Sichra | Richard Robertson | Stanley Wood | Tingju Zhu | Gerald Nelson | Zhe Guo | Yan Sun
Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 770-782
Although irrigation in Africa has the potential to boost agricultural productivities by at least 50%, food production on the continent is almost entirely rainfed. The area equipped for irrigation, currently slightly more than 13 million hectares, makes up just 6% of the total cultivated area. More than 70% of Africa's poor live in rural areas and mostly depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. As a result, agricultural development is key to ending poverty on the continent. Many development organizations have recently proposed to significantly increase investments in irrigation in the region. However, the potential for irrigation investments in Africa is highly dependent upon geographic, hydrologic, agronomic, and economic factors that need to be taken into account when assessing the long-term viability and sustainability of planned projects. This paper analyzes the large, dam-based and small-scale irrigation investment potential in Africa based on agronomic, hydrologic, and economic factors. We find significant profitable irrigation potential for both small-scale and large-scale systems. This type of regional analysis can guide distribution of investment funds across countries and should be a first step prior to in-depth country- and local-level assessment of irrigation potential, which will be important to agricultural and economic development in Africa. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
What do we really know? Metrics for food insecurity and undernutritionHartwig de Haen | Stephan Klasen | Matin Qaim
Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 760-769
In this article, we critically review the three most common approaches of assessing chronic food insecurity and undernutrition: (i) the FAO indicator of undernourishment, (ii) household food consumption surveys, and (iii) childhood anthropometrics. There is a striking and worrying degree of inconsistency when one compares available estimates, which is due to methodological and empirical problems associated with all three approaches. Hence, the true extent of food insecurity and undernutrition is unknown. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of each approach and make concrete suggestions for improvement, which also requires additional research. A key component will be the planning and implementation of more comprehensive, standardized, and timely household surveys that cover food consumption and anthropometry, in addition to other socioeconomic and health variables. Such combined survey data will allow much better assessment of the problems' magnitude, as well as of trends, driving forces, and appropriate policy responses. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Certifying catfish in Vietnam and Bangladesh: Who will make the grade and will it matter?Ben Belton | Mohammad Mahfujul Haque | David C. Little | Le Xuan Sinh
Volume 36, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 289-299
Certification is an increasingly pervasive form of market governance through which retailers and NGOs are able to exert control over producers of primary products in order to secure their commercial and institutional interests. This paper assesses the likely outcomes of emerging certification standards intended to govern production of a new global commodity, Pangasius catfish. This evaluation focuses on Pangasius producers in Vietnam and Bangladesh, and one of the key areas which standards seek to regulate; the environment. We conclude that certification is likely to result in greater differentiation and polarisation between larger and smaller farm operators and will increasingly act to exclude of the latter from access to Western European and North American markets, and that any local environmental gains produced may be of relatively minor significance. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global tradeJeremy Allouche
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
This article looks at the interrelationship between water and food security. More specifically, it examines the resilience and sustainability of water and food systems to shocks and stresses linked to different levels and intensity of conflict, global trade and climate change. The article makes four points: (1) that resource scarcity as a driver of conflict is inconclusive especially at regional and national levels (2) most insecurities surrounding water and food are explained by political power, social and gender relations; (3) global trade has enabled national food and water security, but that is now threatened by increasing food prices, food sovereignty movements and land 'grabbing' (4) and that water and food security will face major challenges under conditions of climate change. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Recent developments in modifying crops and agronomic practice to improve human healthFang Jie Zhao | Peter R. Shewry
Volume 36, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2011, Page
Malnutrition of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) affects more than two billion people worldwide, especially in developing countries, largely due to low concentrations or poor bioavailability of these nutrients in the diet. In contrast, over-consumption, particularly of over-refined cereal-based foods, has contributed to the development of an " epidemic" of metabolic diseases in some developed countries. This review highlights recent progress in modifying crops and agronomic practice to increase health benefits. Mineral concentrations or bioavailability in crop edible parts can be increased by fertilisation, breeding or biotechnology. It is also possible to modify crops using transgenic technology to enable or increase the biosynthesis of vitamins and long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, or to modify the composition of starch or dietary fibre. Although technologically feasible now or in the near future, the development of micronutrient biofortified or composition-modified crops would also depend on other factors such as consumer acceptance, cost, regulations and national or international intervention. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Food health claims - What consumers understandGiuseppe Nocella | Orla Kennedy
Volume 37, Issue 5, October 2012, Pages 571-580
Issues pertaining to consumer understanding of food health claims are complex and difficult to disentangle because there is a surprising lack of multidisciplinary research aimed at evaluating how consumers are influenced by factors impacting on the evaluation process. In the EU, current legislation is designed to protect consumers from misleading and false claims but there is much debate about the concept of the 'average consumer' referred to in the legislation. This review provides an overview of the current legislative framework, discusses the concept of the 'average consumer' and brings together findings on consumer understanding from an international perspective. It examines factors related to the personal characteristics of individuals such as socio-demographic status, knowledge, and attitudes, and factors pertaining to food and food supplement products such as the wording of claims and the communication of the strength and consistency of the scientific evidence. As well as providing insights for future research, the conclusions highlight the importance of enhancing the communication of scientific evidence to improve consumer understanding of food health claims. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The Danish tax on saturated fat - Short run effects on consumption, substitution patterns and consumer prices of fatsJørgen Dejgård Jensen | Sinne Smed
Volume 42, Issue , October 2013, Pages 18-31
Denmark introduced a tax on saturated fat in food products with effect from October 2011. The objective of this paper is to make an effect assessment of this tax for some of the product categories most significantly affected by the new tax, namely fats such as butter, butter-blends, margarine and oils. This assessment is done by conducting an econometric analysis on weekly food purchase data from a large household panel dataset (GfK Panel Services Denmark), spanning the period from January 2008 until July 2012.The econometric analysis suggest that the introduction of the tax on saturated fat in food products has had some effects on the market for the considered products, in that the level of consumption of fats dropped by 10-15%. Furthermore, the analysis points at shifts in demand from high price supermarkets towards low-price discount stores - at least for some types of oils and fats, a shift that seems to have been utilised by discount chains to raise the prices of butter and margarine by more than the pure tax increase. Due to the relatively short data period with the tax being active, interpretation of these findings from a long-run perspective should be done with considerable care. It is thus recommended to repeat - and broaden - the analysis at a later stage, when data are available for a longer period after the introduction of the fat tax. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Food system strategies for preventing micronutrient malnutritionBy Dennis D Miller | Ross M. Welch
Volume 42, Issue , October 2013, Pages 115-128
Micronutrients are defined as substances in foods that are essential for human health and are required in small amounts. They include all of the known vitamins and essential trace minerals. Micronutrient malnutrition affects 1/3-1/2 of the global population. It causes untold human suffering and levies huge costs on society in terms of unrealized human potential and lost economic productivity. The goal of this paper is to identify deficiencies in the food system that lead to micronutrient malnutrition and explore and evaluate strategies for its prevention. We examine the impact of agricultural practices on micronutrients in the food supply, including cropping systems, soil fertility and animal agriculture. We then discuss the potential of biofortification - i.e. increasing the concentration of micronutrients in staple food crops through conventional plant breeding or genetic engineering- as a means to reduce micronutrient deficiency. In addition, we discuss the impact of food losses and food waste on micronutrients in the food supply, and we explore successful strategies to preserve micronutrients from farm to plate, including food fortification. Our review of the literature sheds light on the advantages and limitations of alternative interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies along the supply chain. We end with recommendations for actions that will reduce the prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.


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After an 0-4 start to the season, the Minnesota Vikings are in desperate need of some players who can step up and salvage the season.
The Vikings have established themselves as the league's best choke-artists, but this past week against the Kansas City Chiefs was a horse of a different color. The Vikings failed to ever establish a lead larger than one point before ultimately losing by a score of 17-22.
Normally, I wouldn't be too concerned over a Week 4 loss, but considering the fact that the Vikings seem to be making more steps backward than forward, it might be time to hit the panic button.
To let these losses go unpunished would be a gigantic mistake for this young coaching staff. If they cannot shake their players and get the most potential out of them, heads will roll.
This team is full of potential and players with great leadership qualities. The question now is: Who will be the ones to step up?


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Microsoft faces Surface tablet delays
Skylake's fault
Just when Microsoft has a product that is duffing up Apple, it is suffering from supply problems caused by Intel.
Apple loses to Microsoft Tablets
Karma bites
The fruity cargo cult Apple might have stolen the tablet idea from Microsoft but it seems that karma is biting back.
Microsoft has not given up on business phones
CFO says "Lumia" for business is coming
Microsoft surprised the world when its new phone range failed to contain anything to interest business users – now it seems it is prepared to remedy that.
Cook: Trust me you don't need a PC any more
Still makes Macs of course
The grand mufti of the Apple cargo cult has shown that he still has his fingers on the technology pulse by claiming that the world wants to dump their PCs to buy his overpriced Surface Clone knock-off.
Apple's Surface Clone goes on sale
iPad Pro arriving later this week
Apple's version of Microsoft's Surface PC will be available offering shedloads of technology that fanboys have mocked for years with a reassuringly expensive price tag.
Apple has no faith in its Surface clone
Expecting limited orders
Fruity cargo cult Apple does not appear to believe that it can beat Microsoft's new Surface Pro, even though it copied all its key elements.
Lenovo snubs Microsoft Surface
It's a rival product
Chinese maker of the ThinkPad is refusing to sell Microsoft's Surface Pro tablet because it is a rival product.
Microsoft shows new Surface Pro 4 tablet
12.3-inch tablet, starts at US $899
During its Windows 10 event in New York, Microsoft showed off its 4th generation Surface Pro tablet.
Acer expects 80 per cent growth in two-in-one shipments
Microsoft and Apple kick-starting the market
Acer expects the release of two versions of the Surface Tablet, one from Microsoft and the other from Apple, will kick-start the two-in-one market .
Microsoft plans big hardware launch
Windows 10 Smartphones and tablets
Software king of the world, Microsoft is planning to hold a huge hardware launch in October.


text:
Oklahoma's 52-26 victory over Cincinnatir ended up being a bigger laugher than expected. But that doesn't mean there weren't rough patches. SoonerScoop.com Editor Carey Murdock breaks down the team...
OU gets high marks in Cincinnati rout
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According to an Aiken Public Safety news release, Cynthia Siau, 60, stabbed Louis Harrell Siau III, 60, in the head and back with a kitchen knife about 11 p.m. Tuesday after they had been drinking and arguing about the remote control at their home in the 400 block of Date Palm Circle.
Louis Siau was treated and released from a hospital.
Police said Cynthia Siau, who was highly intoxicated, defecated on two of the three officers while they tried to arrest her.
Sgt. Jake Mahoney said it is not unusual for the act to happen during arrests. Fear, stress and alcohol can all lead to those incidents.
"It happens more than you realize," he said.


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On one of the forums we participate in, the question came up who started the whole luxury eyewear bit. In one of the forums, it was asked who started the Luxury Eyewear Market. Whilst they were naming various companies from the 70's and 80's, in actuality, luxury eyewear started back in the stone ages! HaHa, but in the 1500's anyone who wore glasses or had glasses- well then it was considered a luxury item. Until the advent of the printing press and books became more common, is when eyeglasses became mainstream.
The first real luxury eyewear in our lifetime probably came from Tura. Back in 1949 an optician, Monroe Levoy on Madison Avenue in New York started an eyewear company called Tura. His optical shop was named The House of Levoy, the name Tura came from Futura Mirror. Ever the father of invention, in the 1940s Levoy introduced the "Turanette," a double tiara design on a lightweight metal frame that held hair in place.
Tura Hair Accessory And Eyewear, dual functionality!
In 2011 Alain Mikli launched his 'Comb Eyewear' Not jeweled, but as you can see, the same concept. He is creating this in conjunction with John Paul Gaultier
Back to 1949, the Levoy family ran an ad for their business which said: "Because women who wear glasses realize that there is no such thing as inconspicuous glasses, spectacle frames assume their logical place as a fashion accessory."
The date on this November 14, 1949, Introducing Color and multiple pairs and eyewear as a fashion accessory. Back then women work hats and gloves.
Tura was one of the first to include Leather as a temple adornment. Eyewear became an important fashion accessory for men. Love the case, it is all part of the presentation.
Tura became known as the top fashion eyewear (and luxury eyewear companies) in the United States. Women and Men were encouraged to have a wardrobe of eyewear to match their clothing. Tura even sold matching jewelry and frame sets for women and matching cufflinks and frame sets for men.
Tura was also one of the first to use aluminum in eyewear. Aluminum was also used by Neostyle (1970's) and Revue (1980's)
Tura was known for their jeweled eyewear- women should have a special and fancy pair for evening wear. They also used Sterling Silver. Tura vintage frames today sell for up to $200.
In the 1970′s -1980′s Tura sales reps (all women) working on a Mary Kay type of model were leader in setting up Eyewear Trunk shows in which they matched color scarves to the wearers clothing and accessories. Remember Color Me Beautiful?
Tura had many first's in the optical industry, they were one of the first to use leather, they had wood eyewear, they were one of the first to offer real diamonds and gemstones in eyewear. (in our lifetime)
In the 1980′s one of the most famous Tura Frames was the double circle
The 1980′s- 1990′s brought about a couple of their best sellers. The Facet Frame and the Tura 311 which came in a million colors.
Tura was one if not the first eyewear companies to advertise in consumer fashion magazines such a Vogue.
The Classic Tura Faceted
In 2009, Tura and Eschenbach Eyewear merged. The Eyewear brands Tura distributes are Bogner, Brendel, Crush, Goldfinch, Humphries, Lulu Guiness, Ted Baker, Marco O'Polo, Tura, Titanflex, Tourneau;


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A fantastic day was had by all the participants who came to the 13th annual One Family UK /Care for Kids It's a Knockout day on June 26th at Queens School in Bushey. Nearly 1000 children in different teams, aged from 7yrs to 14yrs ran, jumped, skipped over various large inflatables in the sunshine throughout […]read more
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Every penny you raise will go directly to helping One Family UK to rebuild the shattered lived of victims of terror in Israel.
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|DR 387 - (UC)Contemporary Drama
|(3 cr.) This course presents a probe into contemporary plays postdating modern realism and naturalism with special attention to Epic Theater, Theater of the Absurd, and Theater of Cruelty. Prerequisite: DR 101; EN 240, EN 250, EN 260, EN 270, EN 275, EN 280 or EN 281; As Needed
|This course is currently not being offered. Please try again next session.


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Porcelain Veneers Q&A
1 Year Post-op + Porcelain Veneers
Causes of Grey Lines on Veneers 1 Year Post Op?
Hi, I had 8 veneers placed on my upper teeth about 12 month ago. Recently I started noticing grey lines near the gum line which made veneers look... READ MORE
Crown Lengthening After 5 Front Veneers to Stop Swelling Gums. Will It Help?
I had 5 veneers placed a year ago in Cancun.They look fine but I've had many problems with them.I came back to the US with a raging gum infection, 2... READ MORE
Did my Dentist Misrepresent the "Veneers" He Put Onmy Teeth? (photo)
I got veneers done 16months ago, yesterday one came off leaving a small top part still attached to my tooth. I went to my dentist today (not the one... READ MORE
Is this swelling normal after one year of getting porcelain veneers? (Photo)
I have gotten porcelain veneers about a year ago. I know that the dentist did do some type of lasering on my gums around my 2 front teeth and swelling... READ MORE
Is there any way to bleach black line at gum line, having porcelain veneers?
I had my front tooth replaced with a porcelain veneer a year ago, in March I noticed there was a black line at my gums. I used bleaching trays which... READ MORE
Gum line puffy after veneers. No pain or inflammation, just visible raised gumline. Can it be fixed?
. I got veneers put on a year ago and my gum line looks too puffy now. I think a natural gum line is supposed to almost blend or fade from gum to... READ MORE
What damage is caused by dentist sanding veneers?
I got veneers over a year ago. I was not happy with the color and was told they could be whitened. The dentist sanded the fronts. The filling in my... READ MORE


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Sharing curation rights to work as a team (Scoop.it)
This feature is part of Scoop.it Business and Scoop.it Education
With this feature you can allocate curation rights to other Scoop.it users - empowering them to be your co-curators. In order to do so, go to your topic's "Team" menu.
To add co-curators, simply add their usernames or their email addresses and click Search in the screen below:
Co-curators will now have the rights to publish content directly without requiring your approval on their content ideas.


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NYU Wagner Convocation Ceremony
2016 NYU Wagner Convocation
Tuesday, May 17, 2016
10:00am - 12:00pm
Brooklyn Academy of Music, 30 Lafayette Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11217
Graduate arrival: no later than 8:30am. Doors open for guests: 9:15am.
Graduate Open House Reception
Tuesday, May 17, 2016
3:00pm - 5:00pm
The Puck Building, 295 Lafayette Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10012
Graduates and their families are invited to the Puck Building for a casual afternoon of mingling with faculty and staff as they say farewell to Wagner. Light refreshments and snacks will be served.
Keynote Speaker: NYU Wagner is proud to present Democratic Leader of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, as the 2016 Convocation Keynote Speaker.
From 2007 to 2011, she served as the first woman Speaker of the House. Leader Pelosi has led House Democrats for more than 12 years and has represented San Francisco, California's 12th District, for 28 years. As the Democratic Leader, Pelosi is fighting for bigger paychecks and better infrastructure for America's middle class families. In 2013, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame at a ceremony in Seneca Falls, the birthplace of the American women's rights movement.
Under Pelosi's leadership, the 111th Congress was heralded as "one of the most productive Congresses in history" by Congressional scholar Norman Ornstein.
Pelosi brings to her leadership position a distinguished record of legislative accomplishment. Pelosi spearheaded passage of historic health insurance reform legislation in the House which establishes a Patients' Bill of Rights and will provide insurance for tens of millions more Americans while lowering healthcare costs over the long term. Other accomplishments include the passage of historic investments in college aid, clean energy and innovation, and initiatives to help small businesses and veterans. She has been a powerful voice for civil rights and human rights around the world for decades.
Pelosi comes from strong family tradition of public service in Baltimore. Married to Paul Pelosi, she is a mother of five and grandmother of nine.


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GlyptusAnn Grider and Mark Lincoln Jones were married June 11 at First Baptist Church of Owenton. Bro. James Craigmyle performed the double-ring ceremony.
The bride is the daughter of James and PruAndera Grider of Long Ridge. The groom is the son of Dr. Roger and Marian Jones of Owensboro.
Presented in marriage by her father, the bride was attended by her sister, Gabrielle Grider of Owenton, as maid of honor.
Jeff and Pam Michels of Poplar Grove, and Junior and Brenda Davis and Lynn Davis of Wallins, would like to announce the engagement of their children: Owen Robert Michels, a 2001 graduate of Owen County High School, and Terri Michelle Adkins, a 1990 graduate of Cawood High School. The wedding will take place Aug. 20, 2011, in Wallins in Harlan County.
The Owen County High School girls golf team volunteered in a merchandise booth in the plaza level of the Kentucky Tower during Saturday's Sprint Cup race. Pictured are Shawn Power, Shelby Power, Jennifer Power and David Wainscott.
The sun is bright and it is a beautiful day here in the clerk's office. We are preparing for both the special election on July 26 and for the delinquent real estate tax bill sale July 25.
On July 26, voters will go to the polls to vote on the question: "Are you in favor of the sale of alcoholic beverages in Owen County?"
July 1, 2011
Donnie J. Wright, 1974, fourth-degree assault, violation of Kentucky E.P.O./D.V.O., pleaded not guilty, continued to July 15.
Owen Fiscal Court vs. Kenneth D. Carpenter, motion to require answer to interrogatories, complied per county attorney.
Edward Bourne vs. Darian Carter, judgment to plaintiff for $750, plus interest and court costs.
Owen Fiscal Court vs. Ervin Covey, motion to require answer to interrogatories, bench warrant set for $100.
Music from brass pipes echoed throughout the prop room as the air-powered calliope performed a finale for the Cincinnati Museum Center. It then slowly made its way past security to the loading dock.
On a typical Sunday morning, the pews at Pleasant Ridge Baptist Church are filled with about 200 people, some who are descendants of those who founded the church in 1836.
This Sunday, the church will relive 175 years worth of memories through stories, pictures and videos.
The Owen County Visioneers have deemed the first Owen County Fan Fair a "huge" success.
The event took place July 6-10 at Owen County's industrial park. Its goal was to introduce those attending the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race at Kentucky Speedway to the many things Owen County has to offer.
Visitors who attended Fan Fair came from 24 different states and Canada. States ranged from Maine to Kansas, from Texas to California, as well as Florida to Wisconsin.
As the annual Owen County 4-H Fair & Horse Show got into full swing Monday, another Miss Owen County was crowned.
Madison Gamble, the 16-year-old daughter of Kelley and Teena Gamble, received the crown over 10 other contestants.
Gamble was also named Miss Photogenic.
Brittany Clark was the third runner-up, Danielle Hoop was second runner-up and Christina Johnson was first runner-up.
Christina Ueltschi was named Miss Congeniality.
Unlike many girls who compete for years in pageants, Gamble said this was her first pageant.
In an effort to welcome visitors to Owen County, three new signs have been posted along the major highways into the community. Working together, the Owen County Extension Service, the Owen County Fiscal Court and the Owen County Visioneers designed and placed the signs. The front of the signs contains a welcome message, a county logo and the slogan, "Where Community Matters." On the back of the signs, one of the quilt patterns that adorns an area barn is reproduced along with the pattern's name and the words "Come Back Soon."
Copyright © 2016
The Owenton News-Herald is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Owen County and Owenton, KY, and the surrounding area.


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Rated 4.3 out of 5 by 45 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Prometheus The Secret? It's always the people! We booked a stay to facilitate our visit to Taishan but the unexpected early and heavy snow prevented us from ascending. Yet we did not feel disappointed and we credit Owen and his team at the Fourpoints by Sheraton Taian with this. They were superb and responsive! I am talking about real empathy here. Now, my family (my parents were traveling with us so we had two rooms) is definitely looking forward to ANOTHER visit to Taishan and we shall stay at this hotel again. December 6, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5 by qianxu nice hotel but the breakfast need improve especially the attitude of cook October 19, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5 by beachtree great hotel for visiting tai mountain can take bus to tai mountain and back; new facilities; very considerate to put poker in hotel rooms November 10, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by jingz This hotel is beyond expectation! The facilities and room service are really good experience. November 10, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by JackPa Great Hotel for business This hotel was great in every way. Very professional staff, good food, clean rooms, excellent.service. Everyone made me feel very welcome which is important when away from home. I was there for 19 days and would go back again gladly. September 26, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by zhixuan Best hotel in Taian Nice hotel, wonderful service. August 11, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Titlis Location is good and with Master card promotion offer My second stay at Four Points by Sheraton Taian. Pleasant stay in Taian and with special Master Card promotion discount. Front desk staff are all friendly, nice, helpful. August 10, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Ming2014 Good facility/Nice people First time stay in Four Points. And overall enjoyed the stay there. Recognized my status and upgraded upon checking in. Friendly staff. August 5, 2014


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face off for SIEGHART!
there for KOG now working on make character change there face during dungeon
and by the information i got
they are going to sell some of the mood= =
ya not free ..
here is your picture
never grant in NAGC
might some time here for you
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Man sentenced to 22 years in prison
GREENEVILLE, Tenn. - A Kingsport man was sentenced to more than 22 years in federal prison after being convicted in a drug and money laundering conspiracy in Sullivan County.
The U.S. Attorney's office in Greeneville tell us, 32-year-old Dustin Wilcox is one of 17 people prosecutors say got pills from other states and resold them in East Tennessee.
Law enforcement arrested Wilcox after they say he sold drugs to someone working for police.


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Methotrexate is effective in some patients and can be used in patients who either fail taking viagra long term treatment with azathioprine or 3-mercaptopurine or who have side effects precluding the use of these agents. 15. What are the indications for surgery in Crohn's disease?. Long-term therapy with azathioprine or 5-mercaptopurine has the best maintenance effects. 5-ASA agents have a lesser maintenance effect.
Patients who have a high risk of recurrence following a medically or surgically induced remission should be considered for maintenance medications. Budesonide is approved for maintenance, as are infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and natalizumab. Smokers, patients who have had more than one surgery, and patients with inflammatorytype or fistulizing disease have the highest risk of recurrence.
A modeling study suggests complementary roles for GABAA and NMDA receptors and the SK channel in regulating the taking viagra long term firing pattern in midbrain dopamine neurons. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Journal of Neurophysiology, 61, 336–447. (2003).
Stinus, L., Cador, M., Zorrilla, taking viagra long term E. Sullivan, E. F.
Psychopharmacology 209, taking viagra long term 155–180. Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats. (2001).
P., and Koob, G.
Medical Drug Reference taking viagra long term. Menstrual migraine. Differential diagnosis, taking viagra long term evaluation, and treatment. Clin Obstet Gynecol 28:417–420, 1983 Ellsworth A, Dugdale D, Witt D, et al. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1940 Digre K, Damasio H.
These women usually recover promptly when treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants or clomipramine combined with taking viagra long term supportive psychotherapy. Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Development of obsessive-compulsive disorders and obsessive-compulsive symptoms is not uncommon in the early postpartum period. 1991). Not infrequently, women with postpartum depression may also develop obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Women with these disorders usually experience unwanted intrusive thoughts about harming their babies and may avoid situations in which they feel they are at risk of acting on their thoughts (e.g., bathing or sleeping with the infants, preparing food with sharp knives).


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About Killing Joke
Heavy and slow, Killing Joke (at least early in their career) were a quasi-metal band dancing to a tune of doom and gloom. They eventually became less heavy and more arty (the latter seems almost impossible) -- more danceable, even -- but early on they made some urgent slabs of molten dynamite that oozed with the power of thick guitars, thudding drums, and over the top singing. The origins of Killing Joke lie in the Matt Stagger Band. Paul Ferguson was drumming for the group when he met Jaz Coleman (vocals, keyboards) in the late '70s. Coleman joined the Matt Stagger Band briefly, but soon he and Ferguson split to form Killing Joke in late 1978. The duo recruited bassist Youth (born Martin Glover Youth), who had previously played with the punk group the Rage, and guitarist Geordie (born Kevin Walker) to complete the band's lineup. Killing Joke moved to Notting Hill Gate and recorded their debut EP, Almost Red, with money borrowed from Coleman's girlfriend at the time. BBC disc jockey John Peel was impressed by the EP and offered the group a session on his show, which became one of the most popular shows he broadcast in the late '70s. By the end of 1979, the group had signed with Island Records, who allowed them to set up their own label, Malicious Damage.
Killing Joke released "Wardance," their debut single on Malicious Damage, in February of 1980. Following its release, Killing Joke and Malicious Damage switched from Island Records to EG and the band released their eponymous debut album. The group began playing shows regularly throughout England and gained a reputation for being controversial. Their artwork often featured repulsive or inflammatory images, and after one of their concert posters pictured the Pope blessing legions of Nazis, the group was banned from performing a concert in Glasgow. Despite the controversy, the group began amassing a following of both punk and disco fans with hard-edged but danceable singles like "Psyche" and "Follow the Leader." The band released its second album, What's THIS For...!, in 1981.
After recording and releasing the group's third album, 1982's Revelations, Jaz Coleman -- who had developed an obsession with the occult -- decided that the Apocalypse was near, so he left the group and ran away to Iceland with Geordie. While in Iceland, Coleman and Geordie worked with a number of Icelandic bands, most notably Theyr, which would later evolve into the Sugarcubes. Youth followed Coleman to Iceland shortly after his departure. After a few months with no sign of the end of the world, Youth returned to England and formed Brilliant with Ferguson. However, Ferguson left shortly after the group's formation and moved to Iceland with Killing Joke's new bassist, Paul Raven. Youth continued playing with Brilliant, while Killing Joke's new lineup -- featuring Coleman, Geordie, Ferguson, and Raven -- worked in Iceland for a brief period. Soon, the group returned to England and recorded Fire Dances, which was released in 1983. Fire Dances demonstrated a calmer, more straightforward band than the one showcased on the group's earlier records.
For the rest of the '80s, Killing Joke continued to release albums, all of which failed to regain the audience they had in the early '80s. After 1988's Outside the Gate, the group broke up, only to reunite two years later for Extremities, Dirt & Various Repressed Emotions. Extremities featured a new drummer, Martin Atkins, and returned the band to the noisy dance experiments of their earlier records. Following its release, the group took a four-year break. In 1994, Killing Joke re-formed as a trio with Coleman, Geordie, and Youth and the group released Pandemonium, a harder-edged, heavier album than its previous records. Democracy (1996), a second self-titled album (2003), and the live celebration XXV Gathering! followed. After opening for the reunited Mötley Crüe on a 2004 tour of the U.K., the band settled in Prague to record its next album, Hosannas from the Basement of Hell, which appeared in 2006. In October of 2007, Paul Raven died of heart failure in Geneva, Switzerland. The original lineup of Coleman, Geordie, Youth, and Paul Ferguson all attended the funeral and decided to reunite in honor of both Raven and Killing Joke. After a worldwide tour, this lineup entered the studio and recorded the 2010 release Absolute Dissent. Touring and archival releases kept the band busy for the next few years with The Singles Collection: 1979-2012 arriving in 2013, while 2014 saw the release of both the remix set In Dub and the live album Down by the River. The reunited Killing Joke remained prolific, issuing a powerful new studio album, Pylon, in October 2015. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine & John Dougan, Rovi
Tour Dates
Oct 30 SundayDublin, Ireland Academy
Oct 31 MondayBelfast, UK Limelight
Nov 04 FridayLondon, UK O2 Academy Brixton
Nov 06 SundayKarlsruhe, Germany Substage
Nov 08 TuesdayUtrecht, Netherlands TivoliVredenburg
Nov 09 WednesdayParis, France Élysée Montmartre
Nov 11 FridayZürich, Switzerland Dynamo
Nov 12 SaturdayGeneva, Switzerland Post Tenebras Rock (PTR) - L'Usine
Nov 16 WednesdayBologna, Italy Zona Roveri
Nov 17 ThursdayVienna, Austria Szene Wien
Nov 19 SaturdayMunich, Germany Theaterfabrik / Optimolwerke
Nov 20 SundayPrague, Czech Republic Palac Akropolis
Nov 23 WednesdayHamburg, Germany Fabrik
Nov 24 ThursdayCopenhagen, Denmark Pumpehuset
Nov 26 SaturdayStockholm, Sweden Debaser Medis
Nov 30 WednesdayOslo, Norway Rockefeller
Dec 03 SaturdayCologne, Germany Die Kantine
Dec 04 SundayBerlin, Germany Huxleys Neue Welt
Dec 05 MondayHasselt, Belgium Muziekodroom
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Alex Griswold at Mediaite pointed out that star PBS filmmaker Ken Burns is out on cable television ranting the liberal line again. The program was Amanpour on CNN International after the debate on Thursday. Christiane Amanpour, his fellow Obama enthusiast, was interviewing him about his latest PBS documentary on saving Jews from the Nazis, which they both naturally thought offered Republican parallels.
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Thursday evening, Venezuela's Bolivarian Socialist government arbitrarily suspended the recall effort against "President" Nicolas Maduro, demonstrating beyond any doubt that the South American country now functions as a dictatorship. Given its gravity, this news, described in coverage at the Wall Street Journal as "a crisis of democracy," is not getting the visibility it should be receiving.
Salon Writer: Chris Wallace Shouldn't Have Used the 'Medically Nonsensical' Term 'Partial-Birth Abortion'By Tom Johnson | | October 22, 2016 | 10:08 AM EDT
The liberals who thought Chris Wallace did a bang-up job as moderator of the third presidential debate were judging strictly by appearances, contended Daily Kos's Laura Clawson and Salon's Gary Legum in separate articles. Clawson pooh-poohed the praise for Wallace, sneering that he "really wasn't all that. Unless the 'that' is 'a purveyor of right-wing talking points masked as "fair and balanced" questions.'" Legum called Wallace "a creature of Fox News, a point of view he betrayed through both his selection of several questions and the right-wing frame he gave to them. Which might have tickled the amygdala of conservatives everywhere, but also managed to perpetrate for a mainstream audience a couple of the more pernicious policy myths that haunt our political discourse."
By Clay Waters | | October 22, 2016 | 9:56 AM EDT
Saturday's New York Times attacked Republican positions on voting from two angles. Reporter Yamiche Alcindor responded to Donald Trump's refusal to say he would accept the election results with typical liberal hyperbole, comparing Trump's comments to actual dictatorships abroad: "For Some Immigrants, Trump's Warning on Election Results Sounds All Too Familiar." Reporter Michael Wines took another angle, dismissing the danger of vote fraud as a false campaign tactic by Republicans in "How Citing Voter Fraud Became a Political Tactic."
By Dan Gainor | | October 22, 2016 | 8:50 AM EDT
Editor's Note: Normal people might find some of this offensive. (We hope. Dear Lord, please!) You're racist. Just for reading this column. Look, it's got black print, but the page is dominated by the white background. Essentially, the black type has to survive in a world dominated by the white background.
By Brent Bozell and Tim Graham | | October 22, 2016 | 8:02 AM EDT
In the aftermath of the final presidential debate, some pundits were struck dead that Donald Trump would be so rude as to describe Hillary Clinton as a "nasty woman." Would you like a lesson in the meaning of hypocrisy? Let's see what their colleagues said about Trump after the debate.
On Comedy Central, host Trevor Noah described Trump this way: A "giant, novelty dildo was on stage behind the podium." On CBS, Late Show host Stephen Colbert wondered if after the election, "he's just going to wipe his fat ass with the Constitution."
By Lindsay Kornick | | October 22, 2016 | 12:47 AM EDT
Fox's show The Exorcist is much like its film predecessor in taking delight in how outrageously shocking it can go. Unfortunately, the exploits in an R-rated movie are apparently now suitable for a primetime television series. In this case, they spread out the story of a possessed girl over a full season with more conflicts from the priests and more gruesome demonic possession.
By Karen Townsend | | October 21, 2016 | 11:58 PM EDT
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By Tim Graham | | October 21, 2016 | 11:20 PM EDT
Both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were harsher than the usual joking pols at Thursday night's Al Smith Dinner in New York. Many media outlets accurately reported both threw hard jabs. But NPR tilted to Hillary with the opinionated headline: "At Al Smith Dinner, Donald Trump Turns Friendly Roast Into 3-Alarm Fire."
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By P.J. Gladnick | | October 21, 2016 | 7:05 PM EDT
Gee, maybe at times entertainers prefer to talk about entertainment rather than politics. It seems that a BBC interviewer could have learned that lesson in a rather embarrassing way when he interviewed Lady Gaga and proceeded to ask her about the U.S. presidential race. As you can see below, Lady Gaga was rather reluctant to provide answers as the interviewer was forced to wait through long painful silences. The UK Daily Mail chronicled the pain endured by the interviewer Charlie Stayt:
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By Scott Whitlock | | October 21, 2016 | 4:40 PM EDT
The journalists at CBS This Morning on Friday promoted a petition by "concerned" United Nations staffers against the honoring of Wonder Woman, a "large-breasted white woman" who wears an "American flag motif." The fictional DC comics character is being hailed as an "Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls."
By Kyle Drennen | | October 21, 2016 | 4:16 PM EDT
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Campaign Playthrough Part 33, Stronghold 1 - No Country For Orc Friends for Might And Magic Heroes 6Home / PC /
This page contains Might And Magic Heroes 6 Video Walkthroughs for PC called "Campaign Playthrough Part 33, Stronghold 1 - No Country For Orc Friends" and has been posted or updated on Dec 14, 2011 by GamingHold.
- Developer: Black Hole Games
- Publisher: Ubisoft
- Genre: Strategy Turn-Based
- Release: Oct 13, 2011
- ESRB: Teen
Campaign Playthrough Part 33, Stronghold 1 - No Country For Orc Friends
Watch this step-by-step Video Walkthrough, which may help and guide you through each and every level part of this game.
Please Submit a Problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
If you know other secrets, hints, glitches or level guides, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights with other players.
From: jj
Posted on: 03-30-2013
From: Bossink
Posted on: 08-01-2012
From: GOGGE75
Posted on: 07-17-2012
From: BATMAN
Posted on: 01-28-2012
From: spoon
Posted on: 12-17-2011
Posted on: 12-05-2011
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
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- Locus Solus, (PC)
- The Revenge Of Johnny Bonasera, (MAC)
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- The Sims 4: City Living, (PC)


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Bernie Turbo LED Low Voltage Swing-Arm Wall Sconce No. 8195LED
from Holtkoetter
free shipping on most orders
Since 1964, using manufacturing methods that are steeped in the German craft tradition, Holtkoetter has produced what it calls "the ultimate lighting machines". From their three factories in western Germany, Holkoetter still designs and manufactures all fixtures from raw metal to the finished product. The result: wall lights, ceiling lights and table and floor lamps of lasting quality.
Holtkoetter defines its company by that manufacturing tradition, its manufacturing expertise and a dedication to quality — Holtkoetter's future being shaped by a continued devotion to the technical, functional and design challenges of the field.
Is a transformer required?
Hi there, and thanks for your interest in this design. These low-voltage LED wall sconces come fully assembled and ready for installation, so no external transformer is necessary. For installation, mount the universal crossbar strap to the outlet box before making the wire connections, then connect the wires from the sconce with the wires in the outlet box according to generally accepted electrical standards. Should you require some additional clarification beyond this and would like to speak to a product specialist directly, feel free to give us a call anytime at 866.842.6209 and we can assist you. Thanks for contacting us! Parin YLighting Customer Service
Date published: 2015-03-10


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- Posted By: firechargecameraman
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Composition for TRAZOGASTRODiatrizoic Acid(76%)
food interaction for TRAZOGASTRO
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Swedish Fruit Balls
|2 Tablespoon
|1 Teaspoon
|Packed brown sugar
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Unsifted all purpose flour
|6 Tablespoon
|Baking soda
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Chopped mixed candied fruits
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Confectioners sugar
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Melt the butter in a metal 9-inch square baking pan.
Tilt the pan to coat the bottom evenly; set aside.
Beat the eggs slightly.
Stir in the vanilla.
Combine the brown sugar, flour, and baking soda; mix in the can died fruits.
Stir into the eggs; mix well.
Pour into the buttered pan; do not stir.
Bake in a 350° oven for 20 minutes.
Remove to a rack and let stand until cool enough to handle, but still warm.
Remove the mixture by table-spoonfuls and roll into small balls; then roll in confectioners' sugar to coat.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 2313 Calories from Fat 311
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 35 g54.2%
Saturated Fat 18.7 g93.3%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 487.5 mg162.5%
Sodium 463.1 mg19.3%
Total Carbohydrates 482 g160.7%
Dietary Fiber 3.8 g15.2%
Sugars 405.5 g
Protein 23 g45.4%
Vitamin A 25.1% Vitamin C
Calcium 27.7% Iron 43.2%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Bread of Life Fellowship Inc
Rating: 5 stars 5 5 reviews
1511 Orchard Lakes Dr St Louis MO 63146 USA
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Mark Anthony has a heart of compassion for those a little less fortunate. His deeds, when it comes to Bread of Life backs up his beliefs that NO one should go hungry or NO one should not know the Love of Jesus Christ. What a way to spread the Gospel - As Jesus did when He was here amoung us!
Our organization Care4Kids deals with many food banks and pantrys and you Do Not find many who share what Mark shares with everyone that he comes in contact with him. My hat if off to Bread of Life for it is truly an organization that is the Bread of Life
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www.waynemathisenstudio.artistwebsites.com/ comments welcome!
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Gmonady's editor in chief
I'm assuming an incoming Freshman or Sophomore can put in two to three hours a day building chops during summer vacation, and with a teacher for the summer a player can be ready to define what a first trumpeter should be to the rest of the ensemble(s).
Worked for me.
"A tool good enough to be so used and not too good"C.S. Lewis That Hideous Strength
It seems that Starkly has indeed been back to the thread, and from the looks of things, they deleted the things they posted that brought out the "best" in us.
Recently someone started a thread and kind of called us out as bullies for the way some of the longer-tenured forum members are treating the noobs. Maybe we are, but it's tough when a noob walks into a forum full of people with A-type personalities, spouts off at us, all the while displaying their lack of knowledge, but then wants to call us out as if we don't know what we are talking about. Unfortunately we do this a lot with younger players, but to be fair, I tend to think we try to be patient with them until they decide they want to show us that they know everything.
I hope Starkly comes back - yeah, we might have been pretty hard on him (her?) but if they can take this as a learning experience and actually listen to some of the advice being freely given, they might just learn something.
Patrick Gleason
"What we do in life echoes in eternity"
"At my signal, unleash hell."
- Maximus Decimus Meridius
I was young and dumb once. Now I'm old.
"A tool good enough to be so used and not too good"C.S. Lewis That Hideous Strength
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