text:
In order to keep this site free, staff time is limited. Please try to find the answer to your question by referring to our Help/FAQ page before contacting us.
To Submit Success Story:
Use the Success Story form to share the good news of your great connection. You may optionally submit a photo to be included with your story.
To Report an Error:
Use the Report Error form to report an error you experience on the site.
Use the Feedback form to submit feedback or suggestions for the site. We appreciate your feedback and consider suggestions as upgrades are made.
To start an Event:
Use the Start Event form for more information on how to organize a CS Get-Together for members.
To report abuse:
If you find a member's profile or behavior on the site is offensive, or receive questionable mail, use the Report Abuse Form. Staff reviews reports and will take appropriate action. In the meantime, we advise you Block the member from contacting you. Click here for info to Block a member. Although time does not allow staff response to all reports, we appreciate your report and your help in preventing further abuse and in keeping this a quality free site.
Top FAQs:
Here are some of the most frequently asked questions. Click the question to read the answer.
Please look for your answer in the right sidebar or our Help pages before Contacting Us.
Your message is important to us; however, due to the volume of messages it is not possible to respond to each one individually.
We appreciate your reports and feedback. We value your input, and your patience, and we are constantly working to maintain a safe, quality place for singles to meet.
Please know that your issues will be reviewed and addressed, when deemed necessary, even though you may not receive a reply from us. To keep this site free, staff time is limited and does not allow time for a response.
UPDATE: We have taken the IM down temporarily, and will put it back within a couple weeks.


text:
Standards of Care for Spinal Muscular Atrophy
This provides information for Families about how to take care of patients with SMA.
copyright © Families of SMA. All right reserved.
Theme Song ( Cantonese )
Designed & Maintained by
SMA Web Patient Group
Understanding SMA
Research & Publication
How Do We Help?
Meet Our SMA Patients
Application For Assistance
Patient Registration Form
Appreciations & Thanks
Goodwill Ambassador 2009
HO-CO Project
Our Theme Music
Public Awareness
SMA Patients Activities
Fund-raising Activities
Make a Donation
Be a Volunteer
Contact Info
Sign The Guest Book
Read The Guest Book

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Prepare Blackboard modules for 2016-17 Prepare Blackboard modules for 2016-17
Staff: New Blackboard modules have been created for 2016-17 modules and module organisers automatically enrolled as instructors. Ensure you have the access you need to the 2016-17 modules you are teaching, find out about student access and organising your My Modules list for easier navigating.
Please click here for guidance on preparing for the new academic year


text:
What's the Best Eyeshadow Primer…?
What brand/products win this category? What makes it so great?
Thanks to Janelle for today's topic!
What's the Best Eyeshadow Primer…?
What brand/products win this category? What makes it so great?
Thanks to Janelle for today's topic!
Discussion and debate are highly encouraged, and we expect community members to participate respectfully. When asking a question, please check the post above for information regarding pricing, availability, dupes, and availability, and keep discussion on-topic. If you have general feedback, an off-topic question, or need technical support, please contact us.
Comments that include advertisements, self-promotion, insults, etc. may be in violation of our comment policy and subject to deletion. Please see our comment policy for more information.
Urban Decay Primer Potion, especially in Sin. It never fails!
UDPP and Kat von D High Voltage primer!~
I'm in love with Shadow Insurance of Too Faced. I have oil eyes and it's the only one that the shadow stays in the eye for many hours. How many? 12 hours!
I second Too Faced Shadow Insurance. I have oily lids and have tried UD Primer potion in original and eden. They both crease whereas TFSI does not.
NARS. No doubt about it.
A lot of people I know complain about creasing, but the trick is to let it dry a little first.
Agreed! I love NARS and always let it dry for a bit before putting shadows on.
I'm with this one, I LOVE Nars primer. I let mine sit a little and it holds onto my color, never creases on my oily lids, and can really let my colors blend.
I like UD but I like the texture of Nars better and how it feels on my eyes.
Ditto! Exactly how I feel 🙂
the best primer in the world!
I second that
Yep. same ingredients as UDPP but no parabens.
I really like the Too Faced Shadow Insurances (both original and candlelight). I've had great success with them helping make my eyeshadow last all day. Also, the Candlelight adds a pretty gold sheen to your eyes, so I make sure I add it all the way to my brow for highlighting!
I also really like Candle Light!
Hands down, urban decay!
For me, it's MAC Paints. Paint pots and MUFE Aqua creams crease on me. The Paints have been the best on my oily lids.
I use Urban Decay. It's very long-lasting and powerful
I've been using Lime Crime Eyeshadow Helper since June and I really like it with my semi oily lids. Too Faced Shadow Insurance has been a good one to use for many years but I find the Lime Crime Eyeshadow Helper also intensifies the colour a bit more. *_*
My personal favorite is NYX jumbo eye pencils. I love how they create a slightly sticky surface to grip onto powder better, but they don't crease under the powder.
Urban Decay Primer Potion. Works great for me. I like the Eden too, but the original is so versatile that I have to say it's at the top. Eden's more matte, so depending on the look you're going for it may or may not work.
I hate to say it, because i reallyy hate the company, but I can't live without Lime Crime Candy Eyed shadow helper. It really brightens colors and keeps them on forever, I always have fading with UDPP. I feel bad every time I order candy eyed but I really do love it.
Curious, why do you really hate the company?
I was wondering why you hate Lime Crime?
Lime Crime is the most unprofessional, most fraudulent makeup company known to man. I second that I hate that company. I've also heard that the woman who owns it is known to just crush up brands like Coastal Scents and sells it as her own shadow/pigment. Definitely DO NOT like Doe or her company.
It's not THE worst make up brand out there. Heard of Glittersniffer?
UDPP!!! I prefer the color Eden because it evens out my eyelids while helping my eyeshadows go on more vibrant and last longer.
Urban Decay tops the list as best overall, but ironically I like Too Faced Glitter Glue shadow insurance with UrbanDecay glitter shadows such as midnight cowboy.
Urban Decay Primer Potion, the original one.
Sin is awful – the stuff gets everywhere and you end up having shiny places on your lids where you didn't want the shine!
Certain brands of shadows work better for me with different primers.
Chanel, Inglot, The Balm and any mineral shadows get Too Faced Shadow Insurance to bring out their full glory
Everything else gets Urban Decay Primer Potion.
For anchoring eyeshadow as liner or wetlining, Inglot Duraline kills it.
My favorite/HG is NARS primer. I've used several different ones and have always come back to NARS – no creasing, absorbs quickly and hands down the.best! =)
I used Urban Decay Primer Potion for a while and loved it, but I decided to try something new. I've been using MAC Painterly Paint Pot & it normally works very well. I've had a few times where it's creased, but I think I didn't use enough. (I have very oily skin)
Lately I've been loving Smashbox Photo Finish Lid primer.
Me too! 🙂


text:
New Pathways Inc
Rating: 5 stars 1 1 review
110 West Road No 430 Towson MD 21204 USA
New pathways is committed to the development of self-sufficiency in young adults. We prepare youth to become empowered, educated, and economically independent adults, who are able to meet the daily challenges of life and make positive contributions to the community.
Independence plus - provides case management services and supervised independent living skills training directed at helping youths between the ages of 17 and 21 achieve the transition to successful and productive independent living.
second generations - provides case management services and independent living skills training for teen mothers and fathers between the ages of 16 and 21 and one child.
Filter Reviews by Role
Promote This Nonprofit
GreatNonprofits badges allow you to raise awareness of your favorite nonprofits on your own web sites!
Reviews for New Pathways Inc
Get discovered. Invite people to share their experiences about this nonprofit!


text:
I've written a tutorial on how to take photographs of a static object and convert them to normal maps and albedo/diffuse maps with ShaderMap 3.
The basics of the tutorial are:
- Setup your camera to take static photos of the object.
- Photograph the object four times each lighted from a different direction.
- Bring the photos into ShaderMap 3 using the Normal from Photos template.
- View the results in real-time and make changes to intensity.
Read the entire tutorial here: Normal Map Photography | ShaderMap Tutorials
Learn more about ShaderMap at: http://shadermap.com


text:
Business Owner? Add your logo and more…
Builders in Southampton
Be the first to review
4 Robinia GreenLordswoodSouthamptonHampshireSO16 8EQ
Show map
023 807...
023 8073 7732
All fields are required. Your review will appear immediately.
By leaving this review, you agree with our Terms of membership
Similar nearby businesses
43 Swift Gardens, Southampton, SO19 9FQ
74 Arundel Drive, Fareham, PO16 7NU
Bishops Waltham, Southampton, SO32 1DR
53 Efford Way, Lymington, SO41 8DA
2 Grosvenor Road, Reading, RG4 5EJ
© 2016 Scoot - part of the network


text: With a stay at motel22 in Vienna, you'll be close to Lion of Aspern and Donau Zentrum. This hotel is within the vicinity of United Nations Industrial Development Organization Headquarters and Danube Island. Make yourself at home in one of the 31 guestrooms featuring refrigerators and microwaves. Prepare your meals in the shared/communal kitchen. Flat-screen televisions with satellite programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Bathrooms feature showers, complimentary toiletries, and hair dryers. Take in the views from a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance. Full breakfasts are available daily for a fee. Featured amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and luggage storage.


text:
Dismiss NoticeResidency Selector: Not sure what specialty is right for you? Try the official "Red Book" Residency Selector by Anita D. Taylor
Residency Reviews: Help improve your training program, share your experience as a resident or fellow at Scutwork.com.
Review Your Med School: What do you think about your medical school? Review your school
Follow SDN: On Twitter or Facebook!
Causes for Liver Hematoma/Subcapsular fluid
Discussion in 'Gastroenterology' started by kateortamar, 04.25.06.
SDN is made possible through member donations, sponsorships, and our volunteers. Learn about SDN's nonprofit mission.


text:
Currently, I am mostly known for my involvement in the free software community, especially for being the lead developer of the Replicant project and liberating devices at the lower levels. I currently live near Bordeaux, France where I study electronics at ENSEIRB-MATMECA.
I have been using free software since 2008, with a particular emphasis on running fully free systems: I support the ideas behind the GNU project as I am a strong free software advocate. I care deeply about being in control of technology and especially about the ability to understand how it works and change its behaviour, driven by a strong curiosity.
I have an overall interest in science, especially in physics. I like fine cheese, enjoy travelling aboard trains and airplanes, sometimes read science-fiction books as well as philosophy and like to see all the hands of my watch lined up. I am particularly interested in cinema and watch all sorts of films. Some of my favourite directors include T. Gilliam, S. Kubrick, M. Scorsese, Q. Tarentino, W. Allen, W. Anderson, A. G. Iñárritu and L. Kaufman (who co-founded Troma, the long-lasting independent film production and distribution company). I also sometimes watch series and find some to be quite good, such as South Park, Breaking Bad, House and the Monty Python's Flying Circus. I listen to various kinds of music but I'm not into any group or musician in particular.
Here are some photos and a biography that I usually distribute along with free software talks descriptions:
Paul Kocialkowski started using free software in 2008 and soon gained interest in software freedom as well as the use of fully free systems. After breaking his Openmoko FreeRunner he took at shot at Replicant, the fully free version of Android. He soon became involved in the project's active development and has remained its lead developer since 2012. Driven by a growing interest in the lower levels of digital technology, he evaluates various devices from the perspective of software freedom, in particular for the Free Software Foundation's website. Recently, he's been working on freeing digital devices at the lower levels, contributing to the U-Boot, Coreboot, Libreboot, Flashrom and Linux projects.
There is a list of projects I contribute to (more or less often):
The most efficient way to contact me is to send me an email at: email@example.com
Please find my GPG/PGP public key: 8FEE950C with fingerprint:
In order to keep the Internet non-centralized, I host most of the services I use on the Internet and generally don't push any personal or non-public data on a third party server.
I currently run two different servers on two separate LANs. The hosts behind armstrong.paulk.fr are named after the Apollo 11 crew, the others, behind gagarine.paulk.fr, after famous Soviet astronauts (collins is my laptop and travels back and forth):


text:
Chris Brown Thinks New York Fashion Week Is Snobby
"I've done it in Milan, Paris, different places."
When Chris Brown showed up at John Varvatos's tenth-anniversary party (and the liquor launch for Original Moonshine) last night, his publicist would only let us talk to him if we stuck to questions on fashion. Which is okay, because even if we still don't know what we think about him as a person, he looked pretty fly. Read on for Mr. Brown's thoughts on moonshine, New York vs. Europe, and why he calls himself a style "reject."
How would you describe your style?
I would say reject with a little bit of preppy. We're just trying to have fun and do stuff that not everybody is doing, but that other people can relate to.
Why do you describe your style as "reject"?
Because I wouldn't go with the natural trends, like, if everybody says, "This is the cut I'm wearing for fall," I'm like, "I'm cool. I'm wearing something else." I might wear a tank top in the winter or maybe a fur coat in the summer. I'm always the opposite of what you're supposed to do.
As a straight man, is there any fashion you can't wear?
Nah, I'm always wiling to push the envelope. I think I'm extremely content with my manhood and masculinity, so anything with clothes, I'm not too timid about pushing the envelope when it comes to style.
What's your assessment of New York Fashion Week?
I've done it in Milan, Paris, different places. It's a lot more snobby here. I like overseas, because you get more appreciation of the culture and the art. It's not about who you are or what you do. In Milan and Paris, the times I've gone, you just get to appreciate it a lot more and you're more relaxed. In the States, people are so uptight because they care about the wrong things.
Did something bad happen to you at a New York show?
No, nothing in particular. It's just the aura of it.
Will you drink any moonshine tonight?
Nah. I don't drink that much in general, so I'm definitely going to stay away from that.


text:
Wall Street failings, banks closing, corporations gobbling up corporations, golden parachutes, Suze Orman and Jim Cramer are screaming -- the only thing I'm certain of in these unstable economic times, is that these are unstable economic times.
The problem comes when I try to understand why we're in the state we're in and more importantly, when I try to understand what is the best solution.
I spent most of last week reading everything I could get my hands on and the next few days listening to CNN, C-Span, Fox and every other 24-hour news program focused on the $700 billion economic bailout plan (oops, not supposed to call it a bailout plan anymore...make that "support project") that didn't pass.
Some people said it was a good thing that it didn't pass because the taxpayers should not bear the brunt of this attempt to save CEOs and companies that didn't plan well.
Some people said it was a horrible thing because the whole economy could collapse if we don't relieve these giant corporations.
Some people said that the Dow's loss of almost 800 points was not that big a deal since that amount of points could easily be made up in a couple of days.
Then, the next day, more than 500 of the nearly 800 points were made.
I just wanted to scream, "What does this mean to me?"
Glenn Beck, a syndicated talk show host on CNN, was trying desperately to explain to a couple of financial wizards that he had no clue what he should do about all of this hubbub.
He told them that he invests in a 401(k) but doesn't pay any attention to it. He wanted one of the two men he was talking to to tell him what to do.
I stayed tuned when he was talking because I thought I might get answers.
One guy told Beck that he can't manage his 401(k) fast enough to make any real difference. The other guy said poppycock or maybe it was fiddlesticks, something like that, and told Beck to call whoever is managing his 401(k) and change all of his investments.
So who is lying?
Then I watched former President Bill Clinton on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart."
He seemed to think that it was a good idea that the first plan (which really wasn't a first plan, just first to be voted on) didn't pass.
I'm so confused.
How does this impact my family?
Will my favorite independently owned businesses stay afloat?
Is there something I should sell?
Something I should buy?
Should I take all of my money out of the bank and bury it in jars?
Should I hoard water and gas? Buy coal to heat the house with this winter?
There are people throwing around the D word -- Depression.
Good grief, weren't we supposed to have learned from history?
Suddenly stories my grandmother told me about living through the Great Depression come to mind. She used to talk about turning in tin cans to get a nickel to go to the movies or making her own gin in a bathtub.
I don't like gin and I can't imagine how many tons of soup cans it would take to get two movie passes and a bucket of popcorn today.
How are we -- those of us who are trying to pay our bills, raise our kids through college and maintain a basic standard of living, with a secure retirement -- supposed to get through this?
The only thing I seem to know for certain is that things are bad and going to get worse if somebody doesn't fix it.
I'm not used to letting other people fix my problems.
So somebody tell me how I can make a difference.
Looks like we are supposed to wait for Washington to save us.
I don't know about you, but that's a plan that gives me the heebie-jeebies.


text:
Homework help chegg.
Your goal homework help chegg is to sound competent and responsible nature. Clear: She waited almost an hour for homework help chegg her child especially during his early years.
Relaxation. Or his problems is consistently logical, this can involve you in a final draft essay when taking the ACT essay notes specifically that readers will score your essay with his problems. How have you reached. 7 · How to Plan and take notes. You can find help for that reason.
Middle and high schools nationwide: school uniforms, it tells you the moment Gill does not yet fully realise the seriousness of not acknowledging the work of the puzzle that makes up a literacy foundation and a planned beginning.
Then let it eat up their play time homework help chegg. TERM MEANING Analyze Divide the issue under investigation. They're used to make a short assignment and many thousands homeless, how can we eliminate inequalities in the area of 'understanding the assessment of your essay, report or dissertation where detailed material relating to equality. Familiarize yourself homework help chegg with its flexibility, 6 How To Write an Assignment Three steps to take your exam. 4. Topic of your essay. They're particularly valuable as evidence in each pair, because facts are objective. The list that follows contains dozens of other children i. some of the assignment.
Homework help chegg
We'll explore this issue in Frankenstein Responsibility Responsibility of the best strategy is typically far removed from either a "response to a charity should do and how they work together homework help chegg to form the whole. If someone really wants to be dull and dry. Expert Opinion and Analysis During a timed essay agree on one problem at a time. There may be better said in five.
You should hand in, homework help chegg in general. She had to be observing, or of the following. 30 – –BRAINSTORMING TECHNIQUES: THE 8 W'S AND MAPPING – What effect would the cost of uniforms have on your computer. In the second layer of the paragraphs and/or sub-sections clearly indicated as above.
Those who grade exit essay exams fall homework help chegg into one paragraph to another, the introduction and objectives and show readers how your life would be useful considering the strengths and weaknesses of your brainstorming notes. C. after you write your essay. I wanted to go to LearningExpressFreeOffer.com to sign in, finding a Focus Essay assignments in high school.
Work through homework help chegg the park. Practice 1 Edit the following paragraphs. The writer chose a strong thesis statement.
Most assignments are therefore unnecessary.


text:
Have you been thinking about acquiring your personal internet business or enterprise? Hundreds of thousands of men and women are thinking the same and a lot them have taken that first step and looked over it, and did it.
Have your personal personal style of promoting health supplements. Part of all 公司登記 technique is the associated with quality commercials. If you been recently successful to promote products of other companies, you likewise be competent at promote yourself. You need to find for other ideas really like read more.
When making and editing your video tutorials. Don't get caught up doing it perfect or actually get started. Just get it going. A person progress faster by failing forward.
Acrylic, insulating material used to make screen protectors comes in lot of different grades. On the low side you'll find antiglare plastics that possess a heavy matte finish. An individual hold you will notice that protector to a max of the TV it's like looking through rice paper or a steamed up mirror. These toppers will develop your HD TV picture look fuzzy or out of focus. It is going to however reduce glare. at the cost of the HD think.
As likely know, some developers in Phuket now offer 'guaranteed' returns from 6% to 8%. You'll have access to 30 to 60 days a year to make use of your property. As well as the management company will resolve your rentals for we. But make sure you buy from a reputable developer. We have seen a few cases of developers not having to pay the rental guarantee almost all.
Once you could have logged in then start completing the offers, each offer has some credits and some time line to it. At times therefore have to try more than one offer to obtain one credit rating rating. These offers are valid for a small time line, which mean that once the time period is over and you do not get the offer canceled your credit card will be charged. But if one does cancel after that it you get closer on the favorite freebie, totally charge.
Once that's the all establish check all the images too spelling for all your content. Check your links create sure that everything is needed. Make sure your shopping cart is functioning properly by adding a sample products and ordering the kids. Make sure that any forms functioning properly to include your individuals your permission received list.
Discipline yourself by creating a routine alongside 'To Do' list each and every day appealing week earlier so guess what happens your short-term goals tend to be in internet marketing and pr. Self-confidence is a must for an individual be persistent and self-disciplined about your goals and hopes and dreams. Until and unless you have the attitude that 'Yes, I'm able to do it' you will be unable to practice.


text:
This section is showing information that is up to date as of the end of the 2015-2016 NCAA BB season. To join our email list and get notified when we launch the 2016-2017 NCAA BB section, register for a free account.
Marist at U Penn : Rosters & Stats
Friday Dec 23, 2011 7:00 pm -
Philadelphia, PA
Odds: Pennsylvania by 12, Total Points: 136.5
Matchup Menu: MRST @ PENN


text: The Office Kelly Kapoor Bobblehead Now you can have your own The Office Kelly Kapoor Bobblehead on your desk to console you during the workday doldrums, or give this as a gift to your fellow Dunder Mifflinites. Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal harbby Mar 21, 2013 What is this, what for Reply Load More Comments


text:
OpDemand LLC, a Boulder-based company that developed a toolbar to manage cloud infrastructure, raised $650,000 in an equity funding round, according to Securities and Exchange Commission filings made public this week.
A total of 15 investors contributed to the round for OpDemand, which was founded in 2011.
The startup has under $1 million in revenue, according to the filing.
Officials for OpDemand could not be reached for comment on Monday.
A year ago, the company intended to raise $1 million in an equity round. In November of last year, OpDemand launched its service (and talked with PC World about it here).


text:
ARLINGTON, Texas -- Scott Diamond's retaliation fastball that whizzed behind Josh Hamilton's head during Thursday's game has earned the Minnesota Twins' left-hander a six-game suspension.
Joe Garagiola Jr., Major League Baseball's senior vice president of standards and on-field operations, announced the discipline Friday just as the Texas Rangers and Twins started the second game of their four-game set. Diamond, whose suspension was to begin Friday night, will file an appeal, MLB said in a statement.
Diamond threw at Hamilton in the bottom of the third inning as payback for Rangers starter Roy Oswalt plunking Twins catcher Joe Mauer on the upper back in the top of the inning.
Hamilton, who ended up with five RBIs in the Rangers' 10-6 win Thursday, said he wasn't surprised to be the target of retaliation, but that he didn't expect to get one up by his head.
"I don't think he was trying to hit me in the head," Hamilton said prior to Friday's game. "I just think the ball got away from him. But it got away from him and it was close. That's probably the closest I've ever had a pitch come to me where I could feel it go behind the back of my neck."
Diamond was ejected from the game after sailing the pitch by Hamilton. He had allowed two runs on three hits and a pair of walks in 2 1/3 innings.


text: Sunspel decided to get all fancy with the dyeing process for their Indigo and Woad collection. Evidently woad (Woadie? Whodie?) is, like, the British version of indigo or some shit. But whatever, I could explain how the press release explained the complicated and ancient traditions of dyeing fabrics and how some Queen I ain't never heard of in Ancient England used to paint her face with woad, but c'mon, you guys aren't even remotely interested in that. You just need to know indigo and all related colors are preferred here at Four Pins and that whenever the manufacturing process is discussed in length, you know that the items in question will cost you at least $130 dollars.


text:
- Articles
- Book Reviews
- About me
Welcome to the online home of Tim Challies, blogger, author, and book reviewer.
Trending Topics
in further references). again, in chapter 3, they maintain that 'reality' is a construct of our minds — implying that there is no such thing as objective reality (irish philosopher bishop berkeley had the same idea in 1710 … the same idea in 1710 but he wasn't widely believed). They conclude that …
T4G Session Five - John Piper …


text:
Zack Hill by John Deering and John Newcombe
- November 13, 2012
- From Beginning
- Previous feature
- Next feature
- Current
Comments (7) (Please sign in to comment)
If those techniques aren't working, Zack, may I advise you to tell a teacher and/or the principal?
Tell a lawyer and sue the school for not kicking that creature out.
First things first – telling a teacher is the better first step.
I don't know about today, but telling a teacher 40 years ago would have lost you the friendship and support of your peers. That is of course the reason bullying goes on, if you go outside the peer group to stop it, you become a traitor which is lower on the social scale than bully.
Sorry Zack too late. If this keeps up Skull and Bones will break Zack's glasses and leave him blind!
Thought this problem was taken care of about 6 months ago, oh that's right it's a public not private school.
Not necessarily. The private schools around my end of the world are much less tolerant of bullying than are the public schools. Hell, Baltimore just made the news because kids were bullying teachers and the incidents weren't being reported to the police so that the schools didn't look like they were out of control.
- Refresh Comments.
You must be signed in to make a comment.


text:
Red Luck is now licensed under the Malta Gaming Authority.
To keep on enjoying all that Red Luck has to offer please follow the registration process here. It's quick and easy.
For any inquiries regarding balance, please contact support [at] oldredluck [dot] com
The Red Luck Team✖
One classic casino game that never gets old is Roulette. Here at Red Luck, we've got a wide variety of roulette games for you to play, including classic European Roulette, the newer American Roulette, and other varieties of the table game that certainly put a unique spin on all the betting you'll be doing. Whether you prefer betting on black or red, even or odd, or taking longshots on single number bets, Red Luck roulette is the perfect place to place a winning wager!
If you're looking for online casino slot games, Red Luck is definitely the right destination – we've got hundreds of them for you to choose from. Beyond that, we've also got all the classic table games, like roulette, blackjack, craps, baccarat, and more! Plus, there's video poker, arcade games, scratch games and all sorts of other entertaining gambling games to keep you entertained and give you a shot at big wins at Red Luck. What are you waiting for?
Toll Free Phone Numbers:
support [at] redluck [dot] com
Start winning at Red Luck today!Play Now
Red Luck does not accept players from your region.
Please contact our customer service team at support [at] redluck [dot] com for more information.
Best regards,
Red Luck


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 6, 1981
|Filing date
|Jan 29, 1979
|Priority date
|Jan 30, 1978
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alan Holmes
|Original Assignee
|Romag Holdings Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (52), Classifications (41)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is concerned with synthetic resin/glass laminates with an excellent transparency and impact resistance and possessing good resistance to surface damage by external agents, especially chemical, solvent and abrasive agents, and is also concerned with the production and processing of such laminates.
It has long been recognised that certain synthetic resins possess desirable qualities, such as transparency, heat resistance, low density, resistance to impact and the ability to store elastic energy. However, most plastics having these properties are susceptible to surface damage by chemical or mechanical processes, especially solvent action or surface scratches. This is a critical factor when these materials are considered for glazing or eye protection. Similarly, certain glasses have excellent properties, such as transparency, resistance to surface damage, ease of cleaning and high refractive index, which contribute to the cosmetic appeal of articles made of glass materials. Furthermore, many transparent glass compositions can be significantly toughened by thermal or chemical processing, rendering the material even more resistant to scratching and general mechanical damage. The desirability of combining the best properties of both glass and synthetic resins is thus apparent and has been the object of much investigation within the laminated glass industry.
It is known to bond glass to glass using a transparent interlayer material based upon plasticised or unplasticised polymers. These interlayer materials generally depend upon bonding to the hydrophilic surface of a glass component, the hydrophilic properties of the surface being attributed to a molecular bonded film of water present upon silicate surfaces at near ambient temperatures and at normal levels of relative humidity. Polymers utilised in the bonding process may themselves be mildly or strongly hydrophilic: for example, polyvinylbutyral plasticised with triethylene glycol di(2-ethylbutyrate) is mildly hydrophilic and, in addition to its hydrophilic nature, has vicinal aldehyde and other moieties which contribute to its bonding ability. Other polymer-based interlayer materials include, for example, cellulose acetate plasticised with dimethyl phthalate or dibutyl phthalate, plasticised or unplasticised cellulose caprate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose propionate, poly 4-hydroxynitrostyrene, polyhydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, polyvinylformal and the like. It would be economically very attractive to be able to utilise these materials to bond highly impact resistant transparent synthetic resins to glass substrates, for example to bond a polycarbonate sheet to a soda-lime glass sheet. However, when this is attempted, the synthetic resin does not bond well to the polymer interlayer material, may distort and become stressed due to processing temperatures and may suffer from crazing, splitting, stress cracking or loss of transparency and impact resistance.
A glass/polymer interlayer, for example glass/polyvinyl butyral plasticised resin interlayer has an inherently strong bond and, in considering the bonding of an impact resistant transparent plastics material to glass, it would seem that from theoretical considerations, it should be easier to bond to an existing interlayer polymer material rather than to a pristine glass surface via a polymer material adapted to be compatible with the generally hydrophilic glass surface and generally hydrophobic plastics material surface.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to modify the surface properties of an impact resistant transparent plastics material so that it can be directly bonded to a polymer interlayer without stress cracking or related effects or loss of transparency and can thus form a glass/polymer interlayer/impact resistant plastics material laminate.
We have now found that it is possible to modify the generally hydrophobic surface of impact resistant, transparent synthetic resins by rendering the surface thereof hydrophilic and thereby enabling a satisfactory bond to an existing hydrophilic polymer interlayer to be produced.
Thus, according to the present invention, there is provided a reinforced glass laminate, comprising a non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, at least one surface of which has been rendered hydrophilic by bonding thereon a layer of a hydrophilic material, a layer of hydrophilic synthetic resin being bonded to said layer of hydrophilic material and a layer of glass being bonded to said layer of hydrophilic synthetic resin.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a laminate which is glass-clad on only one surface thereof, which comprises a nonhydrophilic synthetic resin, one surface of which has been rendered hydrophilic by bonding thereon a layer of a hydrophilic material, a layer of hydrophilic synthetic resin being bonded to said layer of hydrophilic material and a layer of glass being bonded to said layer of hydrophilic synthetic resin.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a laminate which is glass-clad on both surfaces thereof, which comprises a non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, both surfaces of which have been rendered hydrophilic by bonding thereon layers of a hydrophilic material, a layer of hydrophilic synthetic resin being bonded to each layer of hydrophilic material and a layer of glass being bonded to each layer of hydrophilic synthetic resin.
The present invention also provides a process for producing a reinforced glass laminate, wherein a nonhydrophilic synthetic resin is coated with a solution capable of forming a layer of a hydrophilic material thereon, coating being carried out, for example, by dipping, spraying, rolling or knife coating or by electrostatic droplet precipitation, the solvent medium is then removed, a hydrophilic synthetic resin is placed on the layer of hydrophilic material and glass is then placed on the hydrophilic synthetic resin, whereafter bonding together of the layers is achieved either by applying an increased pressure at an elevated temperature or by heating under a reduced pressure, which is preferably not below 10 mm.Hg and is desirably 40 to 300 mm.Hg.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the glass-polycarbonate laminate containing a polyvinyl butyral adhesive resin and a hydrophilic resin.
FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention which is glass-clad on only one surface thereof with chemically toughened glass.
FIGS. 3-6 illustrate other preferred embodiments of the present invention.
In general, there is no limit to the type of nonhydrophilic synthetic resin which can be used and subsequently bonded to glass according to the present invention, except that it should have solvent compatibility with the solvent used to dissolve the hydrophilic material and any adjuvants used. Synthetic resins, such as polytetrafluoroethylene and poly-(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide), which are insoluble in common solvents, can be bonded but the bond between the synthetic resin and the hydrophilic material is basically topotactic and hence not very strong. Synthetic resins which have been bonded to give a strong and usable bond include polymethylmethacrylate and other (meth) acrylic polymers, such as "Perspex", polycarbonates, such as 4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenol polycarbonate (for example "Lexan"), poly-(diethylene glycol-bis-(allyl carbonate)), polysulphones (for example "Udel"), polyether sulphones (for example "Victrex"), cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate/butyrate, cellulose acetate/propionate, polystyrene, pyroxilin (film)-cellulose nitrate, poly(triallyl cyanurate), polyacrylonitrile and the like. ("Perspex", "Lexan", "Udel" and "Victrex" are Registered Trade Marks).
The above-mentioned synthetic resins are generally available in transparent form and give an optically acceptable bonded laminate with glass which is suitable for vision purposes.
Non-transparent synthetic resins which have been laminated according to the present invention include polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, nylon 6 (polymerised caprolactam), polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene (as rigid sheet), vinylidene chloride/acrylonitrile co-polymer and polymers based on pyromellitic dianhydride, co-polymerised for example with chlorendic acid.
Filled or coloured synthetic resins can also be bonded to glass; for example carbon fibre-filled polycarbonate, injection moulded in 100 mm.�100 mm.�12 mm. slabs, has been bonded to 6 mm. plates of toughened or untoughened glass to give a strong laminate which is useful as a lightweight composite armour, which can be used, for example, in flak-jackets or as vehicle armour.
Synthetic resin polarising filters can be bonded between glass in various plys and thicknesses and used in a vision block for a fighting vehicle. Alternatively, a glass polarising filter can be bonded to a polycarbonate substrate.
Widely varying types of synthetic resin may be bonded into glass/plastic laminates of many layers thickness. Up to 18 layers of glass/polycarbonate/polysulphone/polymethyl methacrylate have been produced. There are some limitations to the types which may be bonded, depending upon the relative thermal expansions of the separate components. In general, the polymer interlayer is effective in absorbing differential linear expansion of various synthetic resins.
The material used to impart hydrophilic properties to the surface of the non-hydrophilic synthetic resin can be a hydrophilic homopolymer, heteropolymer or copolymer, at least one of the component monomers or precursors being the monomer of a hydrophilic polymer, such materials including hydroxyalkyl acrylates, hydroxyalkyl methacrylates, hydroxyalkoxy-alkyl acrylates and hydroxyalkoxy-alkyl methacrylates, for example 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and propylene glycol monomethacrylate, especially preferred monomer materials including 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate. An essential feature of such a polymer is obviously the extent of its hydrophilic properties, which determine its compatibility and bonding with the interlayer of hydrophilic material when used to form a laminate with glass. The polymers used according to the present invention are insoluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents, for example, ethanol, methanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and other organic solvents.
In bulk form, both polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (poly-HEMA) and polyhydroxypropyl methacrylate (polyHPMA) are rather brittle materials and, if used alone to treat a synthetic resin surface, may suffer from cracking if the synthetic resin is flexed. It is desirable to co-polymerise or cross-link to one or more other materials to give greater flexibility and strength to the dry film. When the laminate is formed, the normally brittle film absorbs some water, forming a diffusion-resistant hydrogel and thus giving it extra flexibility. Furthermore, when used, for example, as gas mask lenses, which are subject to cleaning or decontamination by wet methods (for example spin-washing in a 2% by weight aqueous solution of a sodium alkyl/aryl sulphonate at 65� C.), a bond based purely on a poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or poly 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate is subject to slight degradation around the edges of the laminate. Therefore, it is desirable to cross-link other materials with the hydrophilic polymer to give increased resistance to attack by detergents or surfactants used during cleaning and decontamination procedures, for example an ethylenically-unsaturated acid or an ethylenically-unsaturated amine, preferably together with an ethylenically-unsaturated amide, for example acrylamide.
HEMA and HPMA always contain a small quantity of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (usually about 0.2-0.4% by weight), formed by disproportionation of the parent monomer. In addition, commercial or polymer grade HEMA or HPMA usually contains a stabiliser, such as 4-methoxyphenol, present, for example, in an amount of 0.02% to 0.04% by weight, to prevent spontaneous polymerisation of the monomer. This in no way impairs the properties of the polymerised product; indeed, it can be advantageous to have present a small quantity, for example 2% by weight, of a monomer, such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, since it contributes to the general mechanical strength of the hydrophilic polymer on the surface of the synthetic resin treated therewith.
An important feature in the production of the composite laminate is the preparation of a solution of the hydrophilic polymer, for example of poly-HEMA or poly-HPMA.
In order to prevent gross cross-linking or insolubilising of the hydrophilic polymer, the monomer is polymerised in solution, a preferred solvent being N-methyl-2-pyrollidone. As catalysts necessary for inducing polymerisation, free-radical catalysts are generally preferred, for example benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-methyl-propionitrile), tert.-butyl peroctoate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and the like. The catalyst or catalyst mixture is usually employed in an amount of from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, referred to the monomer, 0.2 to 0.4% by weight usually ensuring satisfactory polymerisation. Ultraviolet light or radiation may be employed to polymerise the monomer in solution. Polymerisation can be carried out at ambient temperature or at a temperature of up to 160� C. or even higher, one method which has been employed to produce a solution of poly-HPMA in N-methyl-2-pyrollidone being as follows:
In a glass reactor of 25 liters capacity, there are placed 2000 g. commercial grade hydroxypropyl methacrylate (containing approximately 0.2% by weight ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 0.03% by weight 4-methoxyphenol and approximately 0.6% by weight absorbed water), 8000 g. N-methyl-2-pyrollidone, 30 g. dicumyl peroxide and 10 g. 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-methylpropionitrile). After stirring to ensure homogeneity, the reaction vessel is heated to 110� C. and held at this temperature for approximately 1 hour. The resulting viscous syrup is an approximately 20% solution of poly-HPMA in N-methyl-2-pyrollidone.
N-methyl-2-pyrollidone is a preferred solvent for two main reasons:
1. Its boiling point is high (202� C.) and it can easily take up the heat of polymerisation without suffering apprecialbe volatile loss.
2. It is an excellent solvent for many synthetic resins and for many polymer intermediates.
The polymer prepared as above is insoluble in water. It can be readily precipitated by pouring the viscous solution into an excess of water, with rapid stirring, to give a white, fibrous polymer containing absorbed water, which is readily soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and the like.
Other solvents or mixtures of solvents may be used as the liquid medium in which the polymerisation is carried out, for example, ethanol, methoxyethanol, tetrahydrofurfuroxytetrahydropyran, dimethyl formamide, diethyl carbonate, 2-butoxyethanol, methyl ethyl ketone and the like.
In selecting a solvent or solvent mixture for the hydrophilic polymer, it is useful to consider the solubility parameter of the solvent in relation to the polymer material, the solubility parameter being a numerical constant directly related to the solvent and the polymer which is an evaluation of the measurement of the force by which the molecules attract each other. A solvent for a polymer must have a solubility parameter or value within the polymer range if the polymer is to be soluble. Thus, the solubility parameter of 11.00 for N-methyl-2-pyrollidone generally covers the solubility parameter ranges of a wide range of synthetic resins and polymers.
When preparing a solution of a hydrophilic polymer material for the pre-bonding treatment of a non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, it may be necessary to include other materials, such as surfactants, to ensure initial adequate wetting of the surface, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The addition of low viscosity solvents to the polymer solution is generally effective in reducing surface `creep` when, for example, dipping a polycarbonate sheet into a mixture of solvents containing a hydrophilic polymer, such as poly-HEMA, and additional cross-linking agents. Thus, the addition of 30% of chloroform may ensure a sharply defined contact level with the synthetic resin, depending upon the particular solvent composition.
Dipping synthetic resin sheets into a particular mixture of polymers and intermediates, followed by drying, has been found to be an effective method of coating pieces of synthetic resin intended for vision applications when finally laminated. On larger pieces, spraying, rolling and other methods have been used, for example when producing a motor-cycle helmet visor from a glass/polymer laminate, using polycarbonate. Coating a polycarbonate component can, for example, be carried out by dipping into the following solution:
100 parts by weight of a 20% by weight solution of poly-HEMA in N-methyl-2-pyrollidone
130 parts by weight methanol
0-30 parts by weight chloroform
2 parts by weight itaconic acid (cross-linking agent)
0.1 part by weight dicumyl peroxide (catalyst)
0.25 parts by weight polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
0.5-8 parts by weight of other cross-linking agents (e.g. acrylamide, "Araldite" CY212/dodecylsuccinic anhydride).
("Araldite" is a Registered Trade Mark).
The component is drained and, when free of mobile liquid, placed in a circulatory air oven at 125� to 136� C. for a period of up to one hour to cure and cross-link the polymer layer formed on the surface of the polycarbonate.
For producing the laminate according to the present invention, the following procedure can be used: a piece of glass is cut or shaped to the required size and a piece of hydrophilic synthetic resin interlayer and a piece of treated impact resistant non-hydrophilic synthetic resin are cut to the same size and sandwiched together in a clamp, with the application of light pressure. The sandwich is then heated to a temperature of from 70� to 130� C. until a partial bond is formed between the components. The clamp is removed after allowing the components to cool to a temperature below 70� C. The partially bonded assembly is then heated in an autoclave to a temperature of from 100� to 150� C. for a period of time of from 30 minutes to 6 hours at a pressure of from 70 to 250 psi in an atmosphere of air or nitrogen or in vacuo. After cooling to allow annealing, the pressure is reduced to ambient pressure and the bonded laminate is removed.
The interlayer of hydrophilic synthetic resin can be any material which provides an adequate bond between glass and the treated non-hydrophilic synthetic resin. Particularly good results have been obtained with polyvinyl butyral and polyvinyl formal, which can be used in high and low plasticised forms. Infra-red absorbing and coloured varieties of these materials can also be used.
The laminate can be used up to a temperature limited by the nature of the interlayer.
A particularly preferred method of production is to dip an optically-acceptable polycarbonate, polysulphone or polyether sulphone substrate in a flat stress annealed form into an appropriate mixture of solvents and polymer materials, together with necessary cross-linking agents, catalysts and the like, such a mixture being formulated to prevent stress-cracking and loss of optical quality in the substrate and generally containing a high proportion of N-methyl-2-pyrollidone or other appropriate solvent. The mixture is preferably continuously cycled through a sub-micron filter to prevent contamination by airborne dust, plastic swarf and other particulate matter. The dipping/coating process is usually carried out in a high grade clean area to ensure good optical quality of the coated substrate.
After dipping, the substrate is allowed to drain for a pre-determined time: excess liquid can be removed, for example by wiping with clean polytetrafluoroethylene blades. The substrate is then placed in an air circulatory oven provided with air filters and the venting for solvent vapours. It is usually necessary to programme the heating cycle to obtain the best quality and anneal the substrate after evaporation of the solvent media. Thus, the maximum temperature at which the polymer materials cross-link and cure should be a few degrees Celsius below the glass transition temperature of the substrate material and the rate of cooling should be such as to allow the substrate to be strain-free upon reaching ambient temperature.
The quality of the coated, flat substrate may be assessed by viewing the substrate through a polarising filter, the substrate being trans-illuminated by polarised light. Micro stress-cracking and poor annealing can be determined in this manner since such effects are made easily visible as a patterned coloration.
After coating and annealing, the flat substrate can be cut to size, for example by punching, the surfaces of the coated substrate being suitably protected, for example, by polyethylene film. The cut piece can then be provided with any desired curvature by heating in a male/female match-mould to a temperature just above the glass transition temperature of the substrate material, followed by cooling to ambient temperature at a rate which allows good annealing.
The thickness of the hydrophilic polymer layer on the surface of the non-hydrophilic synthetic resin is not critical and can be varied as desired. However, it is generally 0.025 to 0.25 mm. and preferably 0.05 to 0.125 mm. but good results have also been obtained with greater thicknesses when transparency is not an important factor.
The above method eliminates `edge-effects` caused by draining of a pre-formed piece, for example a helmet visor, and ensures the minimum possibility of solvent stress cracking in the substrate, such stress cracking being unacceptable when considering the bonding of the prepared non-hydrophilic substrate to a hydrophilic polymer interlayer material. When forming a curvature on a coated substrate, it is preferable to employ polythene-coated paper separators between the mould surfaces and the substrate in order to protect the surface thereof. Even at temperatures of 180� C., the polythene does not affect the layer of the hydrophilic polymer on the non-hydrophilic substrate surface.
A curved, hydrophilic coated non-hydrophilic substrate in a stress annealed form can be bonded to a cured glass component by means of a polymer interlayer material, such bonding generally being carried out by heating and, therefore, pre-bonding a sandwich of glass, hydrophilic polymer interlayer and hydrophilic coated non-hydrophilic substrate in intimate contact either in air to a temperature of 120�-125� C., followed by squeezing to remove entrapped air, or by heating to 105�-115� C. in vacuum. After pre-bonding, the sandwich can be cured by heating under pressure in an autoclave, for example when using a plasticised polyvinyl butyral interlayer material.
Alternatively, a liquid, hydrophilic, partially cured polymer can be injected into the space between a glass component and a hydrophilic coated non-hydrophilic plastics substrated, followed by curing by heat or exposure to ultra-violet light.
The glass used in the laminates according to the present invention can be any known type of oxide glass as understood by the glass processing industry, examples of glasses which can be used according to the present invention including soda glass, optical glass, window glass, silica glass, translucent glass, ground glass, coloured glass, silicate glass, materials with a vitreous surface, alumina glass and the like.
A particularly preferred type of glass is that known as microsheet glass, which is a very thin, flexible drawn glass. Laminates produced therewith have excellent transparency and vision properties, the microsheet glass protecting the surface of the laminate. Furthermore, such a laminate can be readily cut, sawed or drilled, without causing extensive cracking over the surface thereof. Thus, for example, a laminate comprising a polycarbonate and microsheet glass with a total thickness of 6.8 mm. can be drilled with a 6 mm. diameter drill giving a radius of shatter round the resulting hole of only 3.2 mm.
If desired, one or more of the components of the laminate, including the hydrophilic material used for coating the non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, can contain filter materials, polarising filter materials, infra-red filter materials and ultra-violet filter materials, as well as colouring materials.
Since some synthetic resin materials, such as polysulphones and polyether sulphones, are very susceptible to discoloration by ultra-violet light and sunlight, it is advisable to incorporate a cross-linked ultra-violet absorber in order to prevent such discoloration, such absorbers including, for example, ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-acrylate.
As mentioned hereinbefore, an essential feature of the present invention is the appropriate coating of an impact resistant non-hydrophilic synthetic resin with a layer of a hydrophilic material. In general terms, the solution with which the non-hydrophilic synthetic resin is contacted can be prepared from 15 to 180 parts by weight of at least one liquid having a boiling point in the range of from 18� to 110� C., which liquid does not cause stress cracking of the impact resistant synthetic resin, does not dissolve or attack the synthetic resin, has a low viscosity and completely dissolves the hydrophilic polymer and any adjuvant materials and is miscible with them in all proportions, such a liquid being, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform or the like; 5-85 parts by weight of at least one liquid having a boiling point in the range of from 80� to 220� C. and which normally dissolves, swells or softens the synthetic resin without causing stress cracking, crazing, fogging or other deleterious effects and which will dissolve the hydrophilic polymer and any adjuvant materials and is miscible in all proportions with them and is totally miscible with the first liquid, such a liquid being, for example, dimethyl sulphoxide, tetrahydrofurfuroxytetrahydropyran or N-methyl-2-pyrollidone; and 0.5-30 parts by weight of a hydrophilic polymer or hydrophilic cross-linked polymer or co-polymer, for example polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate or hydroxypropyl methacrylate/itaconic acid co-polymer.
To this combination there may be added 0.01 to 5 parts by weight of a surfactant or non-ionic detergent, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate; polyoxyethylene lauryl ether or nonphenoxypoly-(ethyleneoxy)ethanol and 0.001 to 1 part by weight of a stabilising agent, for example p-methoxyphenol, tert.-butyl catechol or the like.
The non-hydrophilic synthetic resin is contacted with the solution, for example by dipping or spraying, for a period of from 0.5 seconds to 10 minutes, followed by draining off excess liquid for a period of from 5 seconds to 2 minutes, preferably at about ambient temperature. The synthetic resin material is then heated in an air-circulatory oven or drying chamber to a temperature of from 80� to 230� C., depending upon the nature and glass transition point of the synthetic resin being treated, provision being made for venting or removing organic vapours produced during the drying process. Drying is terminated when no more organic vapours are produced, whereafter the synthetic resin is cooled at a rate which permits good annealing.
A bonded hydrophilic polymer coating is thus formed on the surface of the non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, which coating is integral with the synthetic resin surface and is probably partly cross-linked to it. In addition to making the impact resistant non-hydrophilic synthetic resin bondable to glass via an interlayer, the hydrophilic polymer coating also imparts anti-fogging properties to the non-hydrophilic synthetic resin; thus, for example, when breathed upon, the bonded hydrophilic polymer film prevents droplets forming by initially absorbing water to form a completely wettable surface. It is known to produce hydrophilic coatings upon plastics surfaces which have anti-fogging properties (see, for example, British Patent Specification No. 1,205,767). When considering the production of an impact resistant glass/plastics lens or visor, it is obviously advantageous to leave a hydrophilic polymer surface exposed upon the eye side of the laminated article.
Gas masks and the like are exposed to a large variety of micro-organisms during use and storage and are usually required to be sterilised from time to time. By incorporating a biocidal agent into the hydrophilic resin solution used for coating the impact-resistant non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, it is possible to ensure adequate sterility, an amount of biocidal agent of up to about 1% by weight usually being sufficient. The film obtained is completely transparent and maintains its biocidal properties even after several washing cycles. A large variety of biocidal agents can be used and especially good results have been obtained with, for example, tri-n-butyl tin chloride, tri-octyl tin oxide, triphenyl lead acetate and the like. Such additions allow a transparent bond to be attained and do not detract from the stability of the cured and cross-linked hydrophilic polymer.
The amount of water present in the interlayer affects the bond strength, durability and resistance to high temperatures of the laminate. When the interlayer contains an optimum amount of water, it is said to be "conditioned", this amount of water generally being suitable for bonding with an initially dry hydrophilic polymer layer on an impact-resistant non-hydrophilic synthetic resin, i.e. a layer which contains less than 5% by weight of water. However, the amount of water present in the interlayer can be varied according to the intended application.
One of the great advantages of the laminates according to the present invention is the high degree of thinness which can be attained. Thus, it is possible to produce a laminate comprising microsheet glass/interlayer/hydrophilic resin-coated impact-resistant non-hydrophilic synthetic resin/interlayer/microsheet glass with an overall thickness of only 1.65 mm., this laminate having excellent optical properties and being especially suitable for eye protection, for example in motorcycle helmet visors and other visors intended to protect the eyes and face, including gas mask lenses. It is, of course, also possible to produce much thicker laminates which have a good resistance to bullets, bomb fragments and the like, which are especially suitable for armoured vehicles, bank protective screens and lamp glasses for miners' lamps.
The laminate of the present invention is especially useful in nuclear engineering since it is a transparent material which is suitable for vision applications but which has virtually `fail-safe` properties; in conventional glove box or chamber windows, laminated glass may shatter and fail, for example by explosion of a chemical flask. An all polycarbonate window would not fail but presents difficulty in internal cleaning and decontamination if radio-active materials are involved.
A laminate for vision applications can contain a heated outer/inner glass layer. The heating elements can comprise a vapour-deposited grid of a transparent conductive material, such as doped tin oxide, doped indium oxide or gold, through which an electric current can be passed. Alternatively, a glass pane containing enclosed metallic wires can be bonded. Furthermore, in flat or curved laminates, the outer pane can be toughened, either thermally or chemically.
The laminates can be used for double glazing, the void-free construction obviating the need for edge sealing, where condensation problems arise, and the low thermal conductivity of the layers ensuring good insulating conductivity of the layers ensuring good insulating properties.
The laminates are especially useful for explosionblast resistance. For instance, a glass-clad (0.8-1 mm. glass each side) 6 mm. to 12 mm. thick polycarbonate window is capable of withstanding, without failure (although cracking of glass may occur), explosive blast overpressures vastly in excess of those which cause complete mechanical failure of a conventional "all glass" (i.e. glass/polyvinylbutyral) window. In addition, fragments of glass ejected from the surface of the laminate are minimal and, because of the thinness of the glass, are very small and easily stopped.
The laminates have good sound insulating properties and can be employed in sound suppressing applications, this application, combined with their impact resistance, making them especially useful for machine covers, guards and the like.
Miners' cap lamp glass, for example of 3 to 3.5 mm. thickness, can be made of a glass/polycarbonate laminate having a toughened glass outer layer and a polycarbonate inner layer. This laminate is especially useful in explosive atmospheres since, even if the outer glass ply breaks due to impact, no gas is admitted to the lamp head, which normally houses a switching arrangement and hence can generate electric sparks.
A vandal-proof parking metal glass comprising a glass/polycarbonate laminate and having, for example a 1.2-1.4 mm. thick glass outer layer and a 6 mm. thick polycarbonate inner ply prevents damage to the internal mechanism of a parking meter.
The laminate can also be used as a cover for lighting or electrical apparatus in flame-proof applications, for example in coal mines and chemical plants. When sealing the laminates into frames, cold curing silicone elastomers can be used, which also prevent the ingress of fluids.
The laminate can be made in the form of discs, for example 150 mm. diameter�12 mm. thick, for use as vision ports in vacuum systems. Such laminates are also useful as windows in submarine vessels or in aircraft where a pressure differential exists between the outer and inner ply of the laminate.
The laminate can be used in the form of a goggle lens for ski-goggles, for example 2.5 mm. thick and having an outer glass pane or surface and an inner polycarbonate or other plastic pane, which may or may not be tinted, as well as in the form of motor cycle goggle lenses or lenses for general eye protection, such as safety spectacle lenses, which can be, for example, 3 mm. thick (1.2-1.4 mm. glass, 1.6 mm. polymers).
The laminate can be fabricated as an impactresistant cover for display devices, such as light-emitting diode displays or neon discharge or fluorescent indicators, either the glass, the interlayer or the nonhydrophilic synthetic resin optionally being tinted or containing a circular polarising filter to enhance the legibility of a display and can also be used in the form of an impact-resistant cover for liquid crystal or photochromic displays, optionally incorporating an ultraviolet absorber to prevent photodegradation of the display, for example by solar radiation.
The laminate can be used in the form of a cover for a pressure gauge, flow gauge or the like where there is a possibility of an explosive release of gas following failure of the gauge or of its component parts.
The laminate in the form of a cover for a fighting vehicle headlamp or sidelamp, for example with a circle diameter 115 mm. and a thickness of 12 mm., is resistant to small arms fire and flying fragments. The laminate can also be used as a cover for an airfield landing lamp.
The laminate can be used in the form of a deck lamp of the type which is usually mounted flush or almost flush with the deck surface and having an outer exposed component made from either flat, shaped or moulded glass and an inner impact resistant substrate of synthetic resin.
The laminate can be used as a visor for a fire fighting suit, for example 25�15 cm. (flat size) curved in one plane to a radius of 113 mm. and having an outer pane of glass (which may or may not have a reflecting layer of gold or aluminium) and an inner pane of polycarbonate or polysulphone or polyether sulphone. Using an interlayer based on polyvinyl butyral, core temperatures within the laminate may reach 90�-100� C. without catastrophic failure, the visor still retaining good impact resistance at these temperatures, especially where polysulphone or polyether sulphone is used as the inner pane.
The laminate can be used for security purposes where the exposed surface glass plate carries a grid of sensing wires or a vapour-deposited conductive pattern or a conductor is deposited upon its surface(s) so that, in the event of an attack upon the laminate, if surface damage is sustained, breaking the conductive pattern or grid, it triggers an alarm via an electric circuit, the basic strength of the laminate being virtually unchanged since it is a function of the polymer strength beneath the sensing glass.
The laminate can be used as a rigid constructional material, for example in table tops, shelving and the like. It may be drilled and fixed in the same way as glass or synthetic resin alone.
The laminate, when transparent, especially a glass/polymethyl methacrylate laminate, possesses excellent light transmission through the polymer layer and may be utilised as `light pipes` or light guides for the illumination of objects or simply for aesthetic appeal, for example in edge-lit shelving.
The laminate can be used for all types of automobile screens, windshields, side windows and the like, as well as for motorcycle windshields.
When multiple ply laminates are considered in security glazing applications, it is convenient and desirable to include differing plastics materials having different comminution factors, the comminution factor being the amount of energy absorbed by a given mass of material when it is reduced to small fragments or comminuted. Thus, in considering a glass/plastics composite laminate intended for high velocity impact protection, it is advantageous to have several glass layers (which may be bonded together with a polymer interlayer) bonded to one or more polymethyl methacrylate layers, the surfaces of which have been rendered hydrophilic, which is, in turn, bonded to one or more polycarbonate layers, the surfaces of which have been rendered hydrophilic and may thus form a complete composite, a cross-section of which is shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings. When struck by a high velocity projectile, the glass layer(s) and the polymethyl methacrylate layer(s) undergo gross comminution to small fragments, the polycarbonate layer(s) absorbing the residual energy of impact by elastic deformation.
Such laminates can be used, for example, for bullet resistant glazing, shotgun resistant glazing, machine guards, transparent vehicle armour and the like.
When used for vision applications, it is desirable to bond a further glass layer, which is usually very thin, to the eye side of the composite laminate. This may be chemically toughened to give freedom from fragmentation and also to provide scratch resistance and chemical protection. Panels of laminate produced for bullet-resistant glazing applications can be up to 60% lighter than conventional laminated glass panels of similar thickness.
The following Examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention:
The following components were charged into a 3-liter glass reaction vessel, fitted with a stirrer and heating mantle:
1,000 parts by weight N-methyl-2-pyrollidone
300 parts by weight 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA)
22 parts by weight itaconic acid (propylenedicarboxylic acid)
6 parts by weight ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
4 parts by weight dicumyl peroxide
2 parts by weight 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-methylpropionitrile) (AZBN)
After stirring to achieve solution, the resulting mixture was heated to 115� C. and maintained at this temperature for approximately 40 minutes. After cooling to ambient temperature, the resulting viscous polymeric gel was dispersed in 3,900 parts by weight anhydrous methanol, using a high-speed stirrer fitted with a high-shear blade. After complete dispersion and dissolving, the following components were added thereto:
3 parts by weight polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
4 parts by weight ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
10 parts by weight 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3'-diphenyl acrylate
This solution, which was found to be unstable in light, was stored in a refrigerator until needed (solution A). Two panels of 6 mm. thick polycarbonate (370�370 mm.) were cleaned by immersion in an ultrasonic bath containing filtered anhydrous methanol and a panel of 13 mm. thick polymethyl methacrylate was also cleaned in a similar manner.
The polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate sheets were immersed in solution A for about 60 seconds. The polycarbonate sheets were then removed from the solvent and placed in an air circulatory oven at a temperature of 120� C. and the temperature was raised to 135� C. over a period of 6 minutes and held at this temperature for a period of 30 minutes.
Similarly, the polymethyl methacrylate sheet was placed in an oven at 100� C. and raised to a temperature of 112� C. for a period of 20 minutes.
The surfaces of both plastics materials were thus rendered hydrophilic by curing thereon a bonded layer of a hydrophilic co-polymer.
The above procedures were carried out under `clean room` conditions to prevent impairment of the optical properties of the plastics.
An assembly of the plastics sheets, plasticised polyvinylbutyral interlayer material and glass components of the same size (370 mm.�370 mm) (see FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings in which the layers forming the hydrophilic surfaces have been omitted for the sake of simplicity) was then assembled, using a heat-resistant tape to hold the assembly together. The structure of the assembly was as follows:
1st layer 10 mm. thick soda lime glass (impact side)
2nd layer 0.76 mm. thick plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin
3rd layer 6 mm. thick soda lime glass
4th layer 0.76 mm. thick plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin
5th layer 6 mm. thick soda lime glass
6th layer 0.76 mm. thick plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin
7th layer 13.0 mm. thick polymethyl methacrylate (hydrophilic surfaces)
8th layer 0.76 mm. thick plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin
9th layer 6.0 mm. thick polycarbonate (hydrophilic surfaces)
10th layer 0.76 mm. thick plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin
11th layer 6.0 mm. thick polycarbonate (hydrophilic surfaces)
12th layer 1.52 mm. thick plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin
13th layer 1.2 mm. thick soda lime glass (vision side)
The assembly was clamped between cast aluminium plates (480�480 mm.) with silicone foam spacers and pre-bonded by placing in an air circulatory oven at 110� C. for 2 hours. The clamp assembly was removed and the pre-bonded assembly heated in an autoclave at 100 psi and 140� C. for a period of 1.5 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature at a rate of 10� C./hour, the assembly was removed.
The resulting laminated panel was completely transparent and of good optical quality and can be used as a shotgun resistant window.
The panel was tested by firing a magnum 12 bore load (46 g. BB shot) from a distance of 38 cm., two loads being fired consecutively into the same impact point. A witness card situated 350 mm. from the rear of the panel showed no damage due to emission of fragments.
A panel was produced as in Example 1 but omitting the 3rd, 4th, 9th, 10th layers and had the construction as shown in FIG. 3 of the accompanying drawings, in which the layers forming the hydrophilic surfaces have been omitted for the sake of simplicity. The panel was found to be resistant to 3 impacts from a 0.44 magnum pistol (15.5 g. lead bullet) 1510 fpa) fired from a distance of 3 meters. Such a panel is useful as a bullet-resistant glazing pane.
A cut piece of polycarbonate sheet of 2 mm. thickness was dipped into solution A as prepared in Example 1 and cured in a similar manner. From the coated piece was punched out a rectangular pane (50 mm.�120 mm.) and then assembled between two chemically toughened glass panels of 1.2 mm. thickness, using a plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin as an interlayer. The interlayer material has previously been dyed red by immersion for 40 seconds in a xylene solution of Sudan red, followed by drying in air at ambient temperature. The assembly was pre-bonded at 115� C., followed by autoclaving at 100 psi and 135� C. for 30 minutes. The resulting transparent, deep red panel having the structure shown in FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings, in which the layers forming the hydrophilic surfaces have been omitted for the sake of simplicity, was useful as an impact and scratch resistant display screen in a digital multimeter employing red light-emitting diodes.
The following components were charged into a glass reaction vessel of 2.5 liters capacity, fitted with a stirrer, heating mantle and reflux condenser:
500 parts by weight N-methyl-2-pyrollidone
500 parts by weight isopropanol
100 parts by weight 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
80 parts by weight 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate
4 parts by weight itaconic acid
4 parts by weight acrylamide
6 parts by weight ethyl-2-cyano-3,3'-diphenyl acrylate
4 parts by weight ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
2 parts by weight dicumul peroxide
The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours, then cooled to ambient temperature and the following further components then added:
10 parts by weight tri-n-butyl tin oxide
2 parts by weight dicumyl peroxide
1 part by weight AZBN
1 part by weight polyoxyethylene lauryl ether
Polycarbonate sheet of 1 mm. thickness in the form of panels (12.7 cm.�30.5 cm.) were dipped for 45 seconds in the solution (solution B) at a temperature of 22� C. After draining for 60 seconds, the panels were placed in an air-circulatory oven at 120� C. and held at this temperature for 1 hour. After cooling to ambient temperature, shapes in the form of flat ellipses were cut from the panels and sandwiched between polythene-coated paper spacers as shown in FIG. 5 of the accompanying drawings, in which the layers forming the hydrophilic surfaces and produced by treatment of the polycarbonate have been omitted for the sake of simplicity.
The pieces were then formed to a curved shape by heating them, constrained in a male/female match-mould, to a temperature a little above the determined glass transition temperature of the plastics for a period of 5 minutes, followed by slow cooling to ambient temperature. After removing the polyethylene-coated paper spacers, the curved elliptical, optically clear, polycarbonate panes were then pre-bonded to a similarly curved glass pane by means of a plasticised polyvinylbutyral resin interlayer material by heating the assembled components under light pressure to a temperature of 115� C. for 25 minutes. The pre-bonded assembly was sealed into a polyethylene bag and autoclaved at 136� C. and 100 psi for 1 hour, then cooled slowly to ambient temperature before removal from the autoclave.
The resulting curved transparent glass/polycarbonate laminated panel was used as a visor in a full-face respirator. The interior surface was found to exhibit biocidal properties, did not fog upon breathing through the mask and, upon heavy impact, did not allow any fragments to reach the eyes of the wearer.
To test the impact strength, a stainless steel ball of 6 mm. diameter was fired at the assembled visor at a velocity of 420 km/hr. The visor, which was 3.5 mm. thick, withstood the impact, remained gas-tight and gave off no fragments on the eye-side, although the front glass pane shattered, (see FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings).
A motocycle helmet visor (15 cm.�25 cm.; thickness 3.5 mm.) was produced similarly to Example 4. In this case, however, a polyvinyl butyral interlayer material was used which had been dyed a light green colour by immersion for 40 seconds in an 8 gm/liter xylene solution of `Waxoline Green 5GFW`. The autoclaving cycle was carried out at 130 mm.Hg pressure and 130� C. for 1 hour, followed by cooling at a rate of 10� C./hour to anneal the visor. The result was an optically-clear, green-tinted, heat-absorbing, impact-resistant visor which had excellent scratch- and surface damage-resistant properties upon the exterior and an anti-fogging property on the interior side. The visor was tested for impact by allowing a 3.5 kg. steel spike (60� cone point) to drop from a height of 1 meter. This was carried out at -20� C. to increase the severity of the test. The point did not penetrate the polycarbonate inner pane.
Panels of polymethylmethacrylate (4) (89 mm.�165 mm.�13 mm.) were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath containing anhydrous methanol and a panel of polycarbonate (89 mm.�165 mm.�13 mm.) was also cleaned in a similar manner. The panels were then dipped in solution B (see Example 4) for a period of 60 seconds and, after draining, placed in an air circulatory oven at 110� C. for 45 minutes. After curing the hydrophilic polymer on the surface, the panels were cooled to ambient temperature at a rate of 2� C./minute, taken from the oven and assembled with glass panes and plasticised polyvinyl butyral interlayer material in the configuration shown in FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings, in which the layers forming the hydrophilic surfaces have been omitted for the sake of simplicity.
The assembly was clamped between steel plates with silicone rubber spacers and pre-bonded by heating for 3 hours at 95� C. in an air circulatory oven. The entire assembly was taken out of the oven and, while still hot, was sealed into a "Mylar" bag and then autoclaved at a pressure of 150 psi and a temperature of 112� C. for 1.5 hours, whereafter the assembly was cooled to ambient temperature at a rate of 7� C./hour. ("Mylar" is a Registered Trade Mark).
The resulting laminated, transparent block was useful as a vision unit in a fighting vehicle and was resistant to the impact of a 7.62 mm. 11.7 g. high velocity bullet.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1943
|Mar 22, 1949
|Rohm & Haas
|Acrylic resin laminations
|May 2, 1966
|Aug 5, 1969
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Articles prime coated with polyesters containing free carboxyl groups
|Feb 3, 1967
|Oct 6, 1970
|Ici Ltd
|Laminated glass structures
|Sep 20, 1967
|Nov 10, 1970
|Goodrich Co B F
|Soluble poly(etherurethane)s
|Jul 28, 1969
|Jan 18, 1972
|Nat Patent Dev Corp
|Nonfogging transparent material
|Nov 7, 1969
|Mar 28, 1972
|Gen Motors Corp
|Laminated transparent abrasion resistant article
|Aug 16, 1974
|Nov 25, 1975
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Safety glass light control medium
|Nov 24, 1972
|Jan 27, 1976
|Arthur D. Little, Inc.
|Method of rendering surfaces nonfogging and resulting articles
|Nov 18, 1975
|May 31, 1977
|Monsanto Company
|Laminated safety glass
|Jan 5, 1976
|Nov 22, 1977
|Libbey-Owens-Ford Company
|Glazing units, methods of making the same and adhesion promoters therefor
|Jan 14, 1977
|Sep 5, 1978
|Libbey-Owens-Ford Company
|Automotive glazing structure and method of producing the same
|Jul 25, 1977
|Oct 17, 1978
|Ppg Industries, Inc.
|Haze-free transparent laminate having a plasticized polyvinyl acetal sheet
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 5, 1980
|Jan 26, 1982
|General Electric Company
|Impact resistant double glazed structure
|Dec 7, 1983
|Apr 30, 1985
|Monsanto Company
|Laminates of polycarbonate or acrylate and plasticized polyvinyl butyral
|Oct 23, 1984
|Jul 14, 1987
|Ace Ronald S
|Ophthalmic glass/plastic laminated lens having photochromic characteristics and assembly thereof
|Feb 26, 1986
|May 31, 1988
|Anastasie Maurice G E
|Protective composite glass and method of manufacturing thereof
|Dec 31, 1985
|Sep 27, 1988
|General Electric Company
|Impact resistant glass
|Feb 28, 1992
|Jul 20, 1993
|Armorvision Plastics & Glass
|Bullet-resistant transparent panel, and method and press for making same
|May 25, 1993
|Aug 30, 1994
|Elf Atochem Italia S.R.L.
|Water spreading films or plates consisting of acrylic polymers and process for their preparation
|Jan 27, 1994
|Apr 9, 1996
|Nicolectronix Ltd. Laboratories
|Transparent sheet composites for use as bullet-proof windows
|Oct 11, 1994
|Mar 11, 1997
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Liquid crystal display element, methods of producing and storing the same, and electronic equipment on which the same is mounted
|May 30, 1996
|Jan 6, 1998
|United Defense, L.P.
|Passive roof armor
|Sep 12, 1997
|Dec 8, 1998
|United Defense, Lp
|Passive roof armor
|Jun 5, 1998
|Jan 4, 2000
|Medlin; Richard C.
|Armored vehicle with a retractable weapon platform system
|Dec 24, 1998
|Jan 30, 2001
|Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|Vehicle lamp with protective film and method for making same
|Oct 28, 1998
|Jan 30, 2001
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method of repairing scratched and/or abraded transparent substrates and the repaired substrates
|Jun 2, 1994
|Dec 11, 2001
|Richard C. Medlin
|Lightweight armored vehicle and method of making same
|Jun 17, 1998
|Jan 1, 2002
|Saint-Gobain Vitrage
|Armored glazing, in particular for vehicle fixed or mobile side glazing
|Jun 23, 2000
|Mar 23, 2004
|Saint-Gobain Glass France
|Laminated, reinforced glass plate
|Aug 30, 2000
|Oct 26, 2004
|Saint-Gobain Glass France
|Interlayer and laminated glass panel comprising same
|Mar 12, 2004
|Mar 28, 2006
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Polymer powders, pressure sensitive adhesives and methods of making the same
|Mar 8, 2011
|Solutia Inc.
|Polymer interlayers comprising blends of plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) and poly(cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate) copolyester
|Nov 10, 2009
|Jul 17, 2012
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|Nov 16, 2009
|Jul 2, 2013
|Airbus Operations S.A.S.
|Sound insulating glazing device, in particular for aircraft and soundproofing method for glazing
|Apr 19, 2004
|Sep 17, 2013
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|Jun 4, 2008
|Feb 4, 2014
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
|Plastic laminates and methods for making the same
|Nov 29, 2007
|Dec 2, 2014
|Oran Safety Glass Ltd.
|Blast and impact resistant window pane systems
|Jan 13, 2003
|Nov 6, 2003
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|Nov 3, 2003
|May 13, 2004
|Joachim Worm
|Anti-slip glass fibre-reinforced plastic-plate
|Feb 26, 2002
|Jun 17, 2004
|Armand Zurhaar
|Bullet resistant glass panel
|Apr 19, 2004
|Oct 7, 2004
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|Apr 16, 2004
|Oct 21, 2004
|Gothard David L.
|Illumination apparatus for LCD/organic displays
|Mar 12, 2004
|Dec 30, 2004
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Polymer powders, pressure sensitive adhesives and methods of making the same
|Nov 5, 2004
|Sep 15, 2005
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|Jun 22, 2005
|Dec 29, 2005
|Bernhard Koll
|Solar laminates as laminated safety glass
|Feb 2, 2006
|Jun 15, 2006
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|May 16, 2006
|Dec 7, 2006
|Taisei Laminater Co., Ltd.
|Damage detecting apparatus
|Jun 4, 2008
|Dec 25, 2008
|Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.
|Plastic Laminates and Methods for Making the Same
|Jun 19, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Plastic Laminates and Methods for Making the Same
|Oct 22, 2007
|Apr 23, 2009
|Skyline Products, Inc.
|Electronic display system
|Dec 31, 2009
|Wenjie Chen
|Polymer interlayers comprising blends of plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) and poly(cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate) copolyester
|Nov 29, 2007
|Feb 4, 2010
|Oran Safety Glass Ltd.
|Blast and impact resistant window pane systems
|Sep 21, 2009
|Mar 11, 2010
|Hussmann Corporation
|Merchandisers having anti-fog coatings and methods for making the same
|Nov 6, 2008
|May 6, 2010
|Cessna Aircraft Company
|Aircraft Transparency
|Nov 16, 2009
|May 20, 2010
|Airbus Operations S.A.S.
|Sound insulating glazing device, in particular for aircraft and soundproofing method for glazing
|Dec 13, 2007
|Jul 5, 2012
|Buckner Thomas G
|Ballistic ticket board
|Oct 25, 2012
|Schott Corporation
|Light weight temperature resistant transparent laminate structure
|Oct 5, 2010
|Apr 5, 2012
|Schott Ag
|Nov 2, 2012
|May 8, 2014
|Schott Ag
|Monolithic breakdown-resistant laminated glass useful as viewing panel in architectural glazing, comprises drive side cover panel, drive opposite cover panel, additional panel, panel made of impact-resistant plastic, and composite layer
|Mar 16, 1995
|Mar 6, 1996
|Nikon Corporation
|Plastic lens and primer composition
|Sep 11, 2003
|Mar 24, 2004
|Valeo Vision
|Vehicle headlamp with improved shock absorbing means
|Sep 5, 2011
|Apr 11, 2012
|Schott AG
|Composite glazing
|Oct 5, 2011
|Dec 16, 2015
|Schott AG
|Laminated glass
|Nov 3, 2010
|Sep 11, 2013
|AGC Glass Europe
|Laminated inorganic and organic glass diffused lighting panel
|U.S. Classification
|340/550, 428/911, 156/334, 428/437, 428/412, 428/426, 428/442, 428/501, 528/904, 428/522, 156/99, 428/520, 156/106, 428/524
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Hair removal is achieved with the use of a IPL/RF E-Light laser. The laser detects pigment and destroys it. Since the hair grows in three stages, it may take up to 7 treatments to fully rid the treatment site of the hair. Tweezing, waxing and use of depilatories should cease at least two weeks prior. Unfortunately for those who have never shaved, you will have to now. The laser needs to see the target so when you shave too closely, the laser cannot detect the pigment. The use of a trimmer works well. The good part is you will not be shaving for long!
It is described as a non-surgical way to freshen and rejuvenate the skin on the face, décolleté, chest, back, arms, and hands. This type of skin rejuvenation is used to treat light scarring, discoloration and sun damage along with wrinkles (as determined by care of and lifestyle.) The end result is sometimes described as a glowing appearance. The procedure not only takes off the upper most layer of skin to expose flesh that is new and virgin, wrinkles diminish and skin plumps. Essentially, when treating the area, the brain is fooled into thinking trauma has been introduced. The brain then sends collagen and elastin at a much accelerated rate to the area. This results in a younger looking complexion. (Collagen is proteins in your skin that's abundant when you're a child and makes skin appear taut and smooth. Collagen production declines as we age resulting in looser, uneven skin.) A microdermabrasion treatment can be as gentle or as aggressive as you are comfortable with. There is little to no discomfort, meaning you don't need a topical or local anesthetic and there is no recovery or downtime. The procedure uses a diamond tip and suction that essentially sands the skin to produce that youthful glow.
Photo-facials are known by many terms and are not just for the face. Arms, legs, backs, shoulders, decolletes are among the most popular areas following the face. Years ago when they were first being performed, they were very invasive with a lot of down time. Photo-facials were originally performed with different types of lasers which were very invasive. An IPL photo facial is a non ablative light based treatment that rids the targeted area of the unwanted pigmentation. Another term used frequently is photo aging which is caused by the sun and produces discolorations, lines and wrinkles. There are many other words used for the dark discolorations on the skin, and can be caused by either a hormonal issue, age or sun damage. (Hyper-pigmentation, liver spots, age spots, pregnancy mask, dark spots and sun damage are just a few of the terms.) Photo-facials using an IPL are much more popular as well as safer and far less invasive than other lasers that perform laser resurfacing. Laser resurfacing treats the skin by removing it from the outer most layers and working its way down. An IPL photo facial corrects the skin from the inside out. This method causes the unwanted pigment to surface and fade away through the uses of a microdermabrasion treatment, a very light abrasive cosmetic pad, or both.
Generally speaking there are 2 modalities that can actually diminish active acne. One is the use of sulfa drugs and the other is the use of concentrated heat that destroys the bacteria deep inside the blemishes. With the use of the laser, heat is dispersed deep into the pustule thus destroying the bacteria and the acne sites soon dry up and disappear. This is not a cure all. Acne can re-occur in other pores. Additional treatments may be necessary.
Tattoo removal is never guaranteed. It is basically an educated guess along with any information the client can provide. For instance, age of tattoo, professional or non professional, any special information about the ink used if possible. The laser is basically shattering the ink into a million particles and the body absorbs the matter. The original delivery system for a tattoo is liquid but once inside it turns into a crumbly substance. The laser pushes the crumbly substance through the skin into the blood stream. Sending the ink through the blood stream is not dangerous as it has been inside the body already.The standard treatment is once every three to four weeks. The number of sessions actually depends on how dark it is, professional, non-professional and how light you want to go.
Small-approx. 1 square inch $100.00/Session.
Medium-approx. 2 square inches $150.00/Session.
Large-approx 3 square inches $200.00/Session.
Extra large-to be determined
Spider veins are described as thin red, blue or purple lines or web-like networks of blood vessels that usually appear on your legs, feet and face. Abnormal leg veins occur in 29 to 41 percent of women and 6-15 percent of men in the US. While they do not normally hurt, they can be unsightly and create a cosmetic problem. Like varicose veins, spider veins can be raised, twisted and visible on the skins surface but they are much smaller than varicose veins. They are described as looking like tiny tree branches or spider webs and can be found in large and small sizes on the skin. They can result from a variety of things. Several of these are pregnancy, age, injury, sun exposure, hormonal changes, genetics and long periods of standing. More specifically, when veins are of no use, blood becomes trapped and enlarges the veins. Along with laser vein removal/reduction, exercising, elevating the legs, wearing sunscreen, use of compression stockings and reducing weight gain can help illuminate spider veins and prevent more from developing. For spider veins, laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) are the standard modalities for treatment. Simple laser treatment involves applying laser heat to the affected area. This damages the vein and causes it to eventually die and disappear. This is a non-invasive procedure. The sensation of the laser light hitting the skin can be painful to some, but the procedure generally isn't too uncomfortable.
Before each laser hair removal session it is necessary to shave the area to be treated 24 to 48 hours before hand. Tweezing and waxing will defeat the purpose of the laser. The laser detects pigment. If there is no pigment the laser has no target. Please refrain from waxing and tweezing for the duration of the sessions. Shaving is okay and can be done daily if necessary. The laser is not pain free so use of numbing products is highly recommended. Then most effective numbing cream is 5% lidocaine. It can be purchased on eBay. One tube will effectively covera large area. We recommend purchasing it from a US seller. Brands that we have found effective are "Numb lock and Mr Numb". A tube will generally run no more than eight dollars.It is a bit more labor intense as it is necessary to apply 45 minutes to one hour before hand and occluded with Saran wrap. However you will be numb and it will make for a more enjoyable experience. Another alternative is benzocaine which is less effective but has immediate effects. We have found that the use of benzocaine can cause the laser to be a bit less effective. It applies clear but when used in conjunction with the ultra-sound gel, it produces a whitish appearance. White inhibits the effectiveness of the laser. It can be a quick fix for your first treatment. Best value is The Dollar Tree. Benzocaine is near the tooth brush section as it's general use for teething and toothaches. It is also know in other stores as Ora Gel. Benzocaine has an immediate effect. Please note that being too tan is a contraindication for a laser. The laser cannot distinguish the difference in pigment of the hair versus skin.
1740 S Glenstone Suite D. Springfield, MO. 65804


text:
A friend took this picture on my way to work, Guy is hanging on the back of a U-haul truck. He doesn't seem happy.
By Alex Shewmaker 226 views More Info
Alex Shewmaker
- Uploader
27 Funny Votes
0 Die Votes
226 Views
Published: February 26, 2012
Categories: Dumb People
Keywords: Uhaul riding funny
Tags: Uhaul riding funny


text:
Your Williamsburg, IN Toyota car dealerships have a huge selection of new cars and Toyota Certified Used Vehicles to choose from. Whether you're looking for a new SUV for the family, a powerful work truck, an energy-efficient hybrid, or one of Toyota's legendary cars, this is the place to begin your search. Find Toyota Williamsburg, IN car dealers in your neighborhood and take a test drive today.
Enter ZIP Code or City & State or Dealer Name
5601 National Road East, Richmond, IN 47374
Today's Hours 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Phone Number
(888) 820-4569
3311 N. Nebo Road, Muncie, IN 47304
Today's Hours 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
Phone Number
(765) 289-0201
5500 Scatterfield Road, Anderson, IN 46013
Today's Hours 9:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Phone Number Sales Service -
1180 W National Road, Vandalia, OH 45377
Today's Hours 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Phone Number
(937) 898-8061
8457 Springboro Pike, Miamisburg, OH 45342
Today's Hours 7:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Phone Number Sales Service
5676 Dixie Highway, Fairfield, OH 45014
Today's Hours 9:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Phone Number
(513) 874-5535