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Solubility of drugs in aqueous solutions. Part 5. Thermodynamic consistency test for the solubility data.
Ruckenstein, E; Shulgin, I
This paper is devoted to the verification of the quality of experimental data regarding the solubility of sparingly soluble solids, such as drugs, environmentally important substances, etc. in mixed solvents. A thermodynamic consistency test based on the Gibbs-Duhem equation for ternary mixtures is suggested. This test has the form of an equation, which connects the solubilities of the solid, and the activity coefficients of the constituents of the solute-free mixed solvent in two mixed solvents of close compositions. The experimental data regarding the solubility of sparingly soluble substances can be verified with the suggested test if accurate data for the activity coefficients of the constituents of the solute-free mixed solvent are available. The test was applied to a number of systems representing the solubilities of sparingly soluble substances in mixed solvents. First, the test was scrutinized for four nonaqueous systems for which accurate solubility data were available. Second, the suggested test was applied to a number of systems representing experimental data regarding the solubility of sparingly soluble substances in aqueous mixed solvents. PMID:15725556
Aqueous polyethylene oxide solutions
A number of aspects concerning the reorientation of polymer, water and ion hydration complexes have been studied in aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (PEO). The polymer dynamics are investigated by 1H-PEO and 13C-PEO nuclear relaxation experiments. 162 refs.; 30 figs.; 19 tabs
A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: Part 2 – chloride solutions and mixed bromide/chloride solutions
C. Anastasio
Full Text Available Although reactive halogen species (X*=X●, ●X2−, X2 and HOX, where X=Br, Cl, or I are important environmental oxidants, relatively little is known about their kinetics in condensed phases such as seawater and sea-salt particles. Here we describe a new technique to determine reactive chlorine and bromine species in aqueous solutions by using allyl alcohol (CH2=CHCH2OH as a chemical probe. This probe is combined with competition kinetics in order to determine steady state concentrations of X*(aq. In some cases the technique also can be used to determine the rates of formation and lifetimes of X* in aqueous solution. In a companion paper we reported the results of our method development for aqueous solutions containing only bromide (Br−. In this paper, we discuss method development for solutions containing chloride (Cl− alone, and for solutions containing both bromide and chloride.
A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: Part 1 – bromide solutions
C. Anastasio
Full Text Available Reactive halogen species (X*=X●, ●X2−, X2 and HOX, where X=Br, Cl, or I in seawater, sea-salt particles, and snowpacks play important roles in the chemistry of the marine boundary layer. Despite this, relatively little is known about the steady-state concentrations or kinetics of reactive halogens in these environmental samples. In part this is because there are few instruments or techniques that can be used to characterize aqueous reactive halogens. To better understand this chemistry, we have developed a chemical probe technique that can detect and quantify aqueous reactive bromine and chlorine species (Br*(aq and Cl*(aq. This technique is based on the reactions of short-lived X*(aq species with allyl alcohol (CH2=CHCH2OH to form stable 3-halo-1,2-propanediols that are analyzed by gas chromatography. Using this technique in conjunction with competition kinetics allows determination of the steady state concentrations of the aqueous reactive halogens and, in some cases, the rates of formation and lifetimes of X* in aqueous solutions. We report here the results of the method development for aqueous solutions containing only bromide (Br−.
Radiolysis of Aqueous Toluene Solutions
Aqueous toluene solutions have been irradiated with Co γ-rays. In unbuffered solutions the various cresol isomers are formed in a total yield of 0.45, 0.87 and 0.94 molecules/100 eV absorbed energy in argon-, N2O- and air - saturated solutions, respectively. The yields are reduced in acid (pH 3) solutions (G 0.14, 0.14 and 0.52, respectively) but the reduction is compensated by the formation of 1,2-di-phenylethane in yields of 0.49 and 1.60 in argon- and N2O-saturated solutions, respectively. Benzyl radicals are formed through an acid catalysed water elimination reaction from the initially formed hydroxymethylcyclohexadienyl radical. Phenyltolylmethanes, dimethylbiphenyls and partly reduced dimers are also formed during the radiolysis. Hydrogen is formed in the same yield as the molecular yield, g(H2). Xylene isomers and benzene are formed in trace quantities. The most remarkable effects of the addition of Fe(III) ions to deaerated acid toluene solutions are the formation of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde and an increase in the yield of 1,2-diphenylethane
The oxygen evolution reaction on passive oxide covered transition metal electrodes in aqueous alkaline solution. Part 1 - Nickel
Various aspects of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at passive oxide covered polycrystalline Ni electrodes in aqueous alkaline solution were investigated using electrochemical techniques. Steady state polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to measure kinetically significant parameters including the Tafel slope and the reaction order with respect to OH- activity. While reproducible values of the Tafel slope were readily observed, the recorded cur...
Radiolysis of Aqueous Benzene Solutions
Aerated and deaerated aqueous solutions of benzene have been irradiated with 60Co γ-rays. The products of radiolysis in deaerated, unbuffered or acid, solutions were phenol, biphenyl, hydrogen and in acid solutions also hydrogen peroxide with the following yields: G(phenol) = 0. 37 (0. 37), G(biphenyl) = 1.3 (1.7), G(H2) = 0.44 (0. 43) and G(H2O2) = 0 (0.60), the figures in brackets giving the results for acid solutions. The results are shown to agree with the conclusion that k(e-aq + H2O2) >> k(H + H2O2). Furthermore, the results indicate that a competition takes place between the reactions: 2 C6H6OH · -> dimer -> biphenyl. C6H7 · + C6H6OH · -> dimer -> biphenyl. The yields in aerated, unbuffered or acid, solutions were: G(phenol) = 2.1 (2.3), G(biphenyl) = 0 (0), and G(H2O2) = 2.2 (3.1), the figures in brackets being valid for acid solutions. The ratio k(H + C6H6)/k(H + O2) was 1.4x10-2. The results indicate that peroxides, or more probably hydroperoxides, take part in the reactions. After the addition of Fe2+ or Fe3+ to aerated acid solutions G(phenol) was increased to 6.6 and 3.4 respectively. Oxygen was consumed more rapidly in the presence of Fe. Reaction mechanisms are discussed
Structural transformations of the synthetic salt 4`, 7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride in acid and basic aqueous solutions. Part 1-Ground state
Pina, F.; Benedito, L.; Melo, M.J.; Parola, A.J. [Centro de Quimica Fina e Biotecnologia. Departamento de Quimica FCT/UNL, Portugal (Portugal); Lima, J.C.; Macanita, A.L. [Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Portugal (Portugal)
A complete study of the structural pH dependent transformations of the synthetic flavylium salt 4`-7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride (DHF), occurring in aqueous solutions, including the basic region, is described. The kinetics study of the transformations occurring in acidic media (quinoidal base (A) {l_reversible} flavylium cation (AH{sup +}) {l_reversible} hemiacetal (B) {l_reversible} cis-chalcone (C-cis) {l_reversible} trans-chalcone (C-trans)) allowed to conclude that the cis-transisomerization is faster than the tautomerization and the hydration processes, which is unique in the anthocyanins family. Results obtained with the parent compound 4`-7-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (DMF)with relevance to this study are also presented. In equilibrated basic solutions the existence of acid-base equilibria involving the trans-Chalcone (C-trans) and its conjugated bases, (C-trans, and C``2-trans), was detected. Freshly prepared solutions at pH>7 show also the presence of a transient species identified as the ionized quinoidal base (A``-), which is almost completely converted into C``2-trans with a Ph dependent rate constant, (Author) 17 refs.
Spectroscopic studies of solutes in aqueous solution.
Chai, Bing-hua; Zheng, Jian-ming; Zhao, Qing; Pollack, Gerald H
Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of aqueous solutions of salts, sugars, and amino acids were studied using UV-vis spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry. Motivation stemmed from unanticipated absorption spectral and fluorescence features of the "exclusion zone" seen adjacent to various hydrophilic surfaces. Those features implied a structure distinct from that of bulk water (Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 127, 19). Absorption peaks at approximately 270 nm similar to those observed in the exclusion zone were seen in solutions of the following substances: salts, Nafion 117 solution/film, l-lysine, d-alanine, d-glucose and sucrose. To determine the fate of the absorbed energy, we studied the fluorescence properties of these solutions. The salts showed fluorescence emission around 480-490 nm under different excitation wavelengths. The fluorescence intensity of LiCl was higher than NaCl, which was in turn higher than KCl-the same ordering as the absorption intensities. Fluorescence of Nafion 117 solution/film, l-lysine, d-alanine, d-glucose and sucrose were observed as well, with multiple excitation wavelengths. Hence, at least some of the absorbed energy is released as fluorescence. The results show features closely similar to those observed in the exclusion zone, implying that the aqueous region around the solutes resembles the aqueous zone adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces. Both may be more extensively ordered than previously thought. PMID:18298105
2010 Water & Aqueous Solutions
Dor Ben-Amotz
Water covers more than two thirds of the surface of the Earth and about the same fraction of water forms the total mass of a human body. Since the early days of our civilization water has also been in the focus of technological developments, starting from converting it to wine to more modern achievements. The meeting will focus on recent advances in experimental, theoretical, and computational understanding of the behavior of the most important and fascinating liquid in a variety of situations and applications. The emphasis will be less on water properties per se than on water as a medium in which fundamental dynamic and reactive processes take place. In the following sessions, speakers will discuss the latest breakthroughs in unraveling these processes at the molecular level: Water in Solutions; Water in Motion I and II; Water in Biology I and II; Water in the Environment I and II; Water in Confined Geometries and Water in Discussion (keynote lecture and poster winners presentations).
Steinman, Gary; Kenyon, Dean H.; Calvin, Melvin
EARLIER investigations have demonstrated that di-cyandiamide (DCDA), the dimer of cyanamide, can successfully promote the dehydration condensation of: (1) glucose and orthophosphate to give glucose-6-phosphate; (2) adenosine and orthophosphate to give adenosine-5'-monophosphate; (3) orthophosphate to give pyrophosphate; (4) alanine to give alanylalanine and alanylalanylalanine. These reactions were carried out in dilute aqueous solutions in the dark. (It was also demonstrated that the combination of ultra-violet light and dicyandiamide could promote the synthesis of dipeptides. This observation has since been confirmed by other investigators.) These experiments were designed to demonstrate one possible means by which such compounds could have been formed on the prebiotic Earth, thus providing materials needed for the origin of living systems. Dicyandiamide itself could have been, present on the primitive Earth as was demonstrated with the ultra-violet irradiation of cyanide solution.
Aqueous Solution Vessel Thermal Model Development II
Buechler, Cynthia Eileen [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
The work presented in this report is a continuation of the work described in the May 2015 report, "Aqueous Solution Vessel Thermal Model Development". This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model aims to predict the temperature and bubble volume fraction in an aqueous solution of uranium. These values affect the reactivity of the fissile solution, so it is important to be able to calculate them and determine their effects on the reaction. Part A of this report describes some of the parameter comparisons performed on the CFD model using Fluent. Part B describes the coupling of the Fluent model with a Monte-Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) neutron transport model. The fuel tank geometry is the same as it was in the May 2015 report, annular with a thickness-to-height ratio of 0.16. An accelerator-driven neutron source provides the excitation for the reaction, and internal and external water cooling channels remove the heat. The model used in this work incorporates the Eulerian multiphase model with lift, wall lubrication, turbulent dispersion and turbulence interaction. The buoyancy-driven flow is modeled using the Boussinesq approximation, and the flow turbulence is determined using the k-ω Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) model. The dispersed turbulence multiphase model is employed to capture the multiphase turbulence effects.
Novel Regenerated Solvent Extraction Processes for the Recovery of Carboxylic Acids or Ammonia from Aqueous Solutions Part I. Regeneration of Amine-Carboxylic Acid Extracts
Poole, L.J.; King, C.J.
Two novel regenerated solvent extraction processes are examined. The first process has the potential to reduce the energy costs inherent in the recovery of low-volatility carboxylic acids from dilute aqueous solutions. The second process has the potential for reducing the energy costs required for separate recovery of ammonia and acid gases (e.g. CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S) from industrial sour waters. The recovery of carboxylic acids from dilute aqueous solution can be achieved by extraction with tertiary amines. An approach for regeneration and product recovery from such extracts is to back-extract the carboxylic acid with a water-soluble, volatile tertiary amine, such as trimethylamine. The resulting trimethylammonium carboxylate solution can be concentrated and thermally decomposed, yielding the product acid and the volatile amine for recycle. Experimental work was performed with lactic acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid. Equilibrium data show near-stoichiometric recovery of the carboxylic acids from an organic solution of Alamine 336 into aqueous solutions of trimethylamine. For fumaric and succinic acids, partial evaporation of the aqueous back extract decomposes the carboxylate and yields the acid product in crystalline form. The decomposition of aqueous solutions of trimethylammonium lactates was not carried out to completion, due to the high water solubility of lactic acid and the tendency of the acid to self-associate. The separate recovery of ammonia and acid gases from sour waters can be achieved by combining steam-stripping of the acid gases with simultaneous removal of ammonia by extraction with a liquid cation exchanger. The use of di-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphinic acid as the liquid cation exchanger is explored in this work. Batch extraction experiments were carried out to measure the equilibrium distribution ratio of ammonia between an aqueous buffer solution and an organic solution of the phosphinic acid (0.2N) in Norpar 12. The concentration
Interfacial Thermodynamics of Coexisting Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Vis, M.
Phase separation is commonly observed when two different polymers are present in aqueous solution, forming aqueous two-phase systems which typically consist for 90% of water. It is demonstrated that the presence of charge on one of the polymers results in an electric potential difference between the
Tannin (Polyphenol) Stability in Aqueous Solutions
Understanding the chemical stability of tannins (polyphenolics) in soils is critical to understanding their biological activities and fate. We examined the stability of chemically defined tannins in aqueous solutions under conditions simulating natural and laboratory conditions. We evaluated tanni...
Heterogeneous nucleation of aspartame from aqueous solutions
Kubota, Noriaki; Kinno, Hiroaki; Shimizu, Kenji
Waiting times, the time from the instant of quenching needed for a first nucleus to appear, were measured at constant supercoolings for primary nucleation of aspartame (α-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methylester) from aqueous solutions, which were sealed into glass ampoules (solution volume = 3.16 cm 3). Since the waiting time became shorter by filtering the solution prior to quenching, the nucleation was concluded to be heterogeneously induced. The measured waiting time consisted of two parts: time needed for the nucleus to grow to a detactable size (growth time) and stochastic time needed for nucleation (true waiting time). The distribution of the true waiting time, is well explained by a stochastic model, in which nucleation is regarded to occur heterogeneously and in a stochastic manner by two kinds of active sites. The active sites are estimated to be located on foreign particles in which such elements as Si, Al and Mg were contained. The amount of each element is very small in the order of magnitude of ppb (mass basis) of the whole solution. The growth time was correlated with the degree of supercooling.
The removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using an aqueous metal sulfate absorbent: Part I. the absorption of hydrogen sulfide in metal sulfate solutions
Ter Maat, H.; Hogendoorn, J. A.; Versteeg, G. F.
The desulfurization of gas streams using aqueous iron(II)sulfate (Fe(II)SO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) solutions as washing liquor is studied theoretically and experimentally. The desulfurization is accomplished by a precipitation reaction that occurs when sulfide ions and metal ions are brought into contact with each other. A thermodynamic study has been used to determine a theoretical operating window, with respect to the pH of the scrubbing solution, in which the met...
Gamma-radiolysis of tetracycline in solutions. Part 1. Basic chemical processes resulting from gamma irradiation in aqueous and methanolic tetracycline hydrochloride solutions
The decomposition yield of tetracycline hydrochloride in 0.1 N H2SO4 and CH3OH solutions was found to increase with antibiotic (TC) concentration. The H+ ions, N2O and monochloroacetic acid lower the decomposition yield of TC and isopropyl alcohol does not affect the value of G(sub(-TC)). The radiolysis mechanism of TC was suggested and the values of k(sub(H+TC)) = 2.9.105l.mole-1sec-1 and k(sub(esub(s)+TC)) = 1.46.1091.mole-1.sec-1 were estimated. (author)
Corrosion mechanisms in aqueous solutions containing dissolved H2S. Part 1: Characterisation of H2S reduction on a 316L rotating disc electrode
Highlights: ► Reduction reactions occurring during steel corrosion by CO2 and H2S are examined. ► H2S enhances the cathodic reactions in water similarly as CO2. ► CO2 produces additional cathodic current of chemical nature (buffer effect). ► On the contrary H2S provides an additional electrochemical reaction. ► The additional current should correspond to the reduction of H2S or HS− to 1/2 H2. - Abstract: This paper compares the cathodic reactions occurring on steel in aqueous solution containing dissolved H2S or CO2. In aqueous solutions containing these weak acids, the rate of the cathodic reaction is enhanced in comparison with strong acid solutions at the same pH. In the case of dissolved CO2, this phenomenon is fully explained by a buffer effect, contributing to the transport of proton at the steel surface. In the case of H2S containing solutions, this chemical mechanism is no more sufficient to explain the cathodic polarization curves. An additional electrochemical reaction is clearly observed, with strong links with H2S concentration.
Interfacial Thermodynamics of Coexisting Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Vis, M
Phase separation is commonly observed when two different polymers are present in aqueous solution, forming aqueous two-phase systems which typically consist for 90% of water. It is demonstrated that the presence of charge on one of the polymers results in an electric potential difference between the two phases. Upon phase separation, the polyelectrolyte is confined in majority to one of the phases. Although small ions can equilibrate freely between the phases, the restriction of macroscopic c...
Precipitation of neptunium dioxide from aqueous solution
Roberts, K E
Tens of thousands of metric tons of highly radioactive, nuclear waste have been generated in the US. Currently, there is no treatment or disposal facility for these wastes. Of the radioactive elements in high-level nuclear waste, neptunium (Np) is of particular concern because it has a long half-life and may potentially be very mobile in groundwaters associated with a proposed underground disposal site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Aqueous Np concentrations observed in previous, short-term solubility experiments led to calculated potential doses exceeding proposed long-term regulatory limits. However, thermodynamic data for Np at 25 C showed that these observed aqueous Np concentrations were supersaturated with respect to crystalline NpO{sub 2}. It was hypothesized that NpO{sub 2} is the thermodynamically stable solid phase in aqueous solution, but it is slow to form in an aqueous solution of NpO{sub 2}{sup +} on the time scale of previous experiments. The precipitation of NpO{sub 2} would provide significantly lower aqueous Np concentrations leading to calculated doses below proposed regulatory limits. To test this hypothesis, solubility experiments were performed at elevated temperature to accelerate any slow precipitation kinetics. Ionic NpO{sub 2}{sup +} (aq) was introduced into very dilute aqueous solutions of NaCl with initial pH values ranging from 6 to 10. The reaction vessels were placed in an oven and allowed to react at 200 C until steady-state aqueous Np concentrations were observed. In all cases, aqueous Np concentrations decreased significantly from the initial value of 10{sup {minus}4} M. The solids that formed were analyzed by x-ray powder diffraction, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The solids were determined to be high-purity crystals of NpO{sub 2}. This is the first time that crystalline NpO{sub 2} has been observed to precipitate from NpO{sub 2}{sup +}(aq) in near-neutral aqueous solutions. The results obtained
Diffusion coefficients of paracetamol in aqueous solutions
Highlights: ► Mutual diffusion coefficients of paracetamol in aqueous dilute solutions. ► Influence of the thermodynamic factors on the variation of their mutual diffusion coefficients. ► Estimation of the mutual limiting diffusion coefficients of the molecular, Dm0, and ionized forms, D±0, of this drug. - Abstract: Binary mutual diffusion coefficients measured by the Taylor dispersion method, for aqueous solutions of paracetamol (PA) at concentrations from (0.001 to 0.050) mol·dm−3 at T = 298.15 K, are reported. From the Nernst–Hartley equation and our experimental results, the limiting diffusion coefficient of this drug and its thermodynamic factors are estimated, thereby contributing in this way to a better understanding of the structure of such systems and of their thermodynamic behaviour in aqueous solution at different concentrations.
Study of free acidity determinations in aqueous solution
The object of this work is the study of the principal methods which can be applied to the measurement of 'free' acidity. In the first part, we define the various types of acidity which can exist in aqueous solution; then, after having studied some hydrolysis reactions, we compare the value of the neutralisation pH of the hydrated cation and that of the precipitation of the hydroxide. In the second part we have started to study the determination of the acidity of an aqueous solution. After having rapidly considered the 'total' acidity determination, we deal with the problem of the 'free' acidity titration. We have considered in particular certain methods: extrapolation of the equivalent point, colorimetric titrations with or without a complexing agent, and finally the use of ion-exchange resins with mixed aqueous and solvent solutions. (author)
Hydrophobic Solvation: Aqueous Methane Solutions
Konrod, Oliver; Lankau, Timm
A basic introduction to concept of a solvation shell around an apolar solute as well as its detection is presented. The hydrophobic solvation of toluene is found to be a good teaching example which connects macroscopic, phenomenological thermodynamic results with an atomistic point of view.
Issues in Freeze Drying of Aqueous Solutions
王维; 陈墨; 陈国华
Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.
Quasi-Immiscible Spreading of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions on Entangled Aqueous Polymer Solution Subphases
Sharma, Ramankur; Corcoran, Timothy E.; Garoff, Stephen; Przybycien, Todd M.; Swanson, Ellen R.; Tilton, Robert D.
Motivated by the possibility of enhancing aerosol drug delivery to mucus-obstructed lungs, the spreading of a drop of aqueous surfactant solution on a physically entangled aqueous poly(acrylamide) solution subphase that mimics lung airway surface liquid was investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as the surfactant. To visualize spreading of the drop and mimic the inclusion of a drug substance, fluorescein, a hydrophilic and non-surface active dye, was added to the surfactant solution. T...
Radium removal from aqueous sulphate solutions
A process for removing radium from an aqueous sulphate solution also containing magnesium is claimed. The pH of the solution is less than 10. A soluble barium salt is added to the solution to precipitate radium as barium radium sulphate. The pH of the solution is then raised to at least 11 to precipitate an insoluble magnesium compound which collects the barium radium sulphate precipitate. The precipitates are separated from the solution. If the sulphate solution contains dissolved magnesium and other impurities at a pH not greater than 7, then the first step in the process involves raising the pH of the solution to a value not greater than 10 to precipitate some of the magnesium and a substantial proportion of the other impurities and separating the precipitate from the solution. The radium removal is a step in the treatment of liquids resulting from the sulphuric acid leaching of uranium ores
Aqueous solutions of ionic liquids: microscopic assembly
J.M. Vicent-Luna; D. Dubbeldam; P. Gómez-Álvarez; S. Calero
Aqueous solutions of ionic liquids are of special interest, due to the distinctive properties of ionic liquids, in particular, their amphiphilic character. A better understanding of the structure-property relationships of such systems is hence desirable. One of the crucial molecular-level interactio
Peppard, D.F.; Nachtman, E.S.
This patent relates to a process for the separation of scandium from yttrium, thorium, and trivalent rare earths and with their separation from each other. It has been found that scandium and yttrium can be separated from trivalent rare earths in acidic solution, for example, a solution 6 M in HCl, by contacting with tributyl phosphate, whereupon the scandum is preferentially extracted into the organic phase, leaving the yttrium and trivalent rare earths in the aqueous phase.
Study of aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate
Van der Linde, G.J. (Phosphate Development Corporation, Phalaborwa); Van Berge, P.C. (Rand Afrikaans Univ., Johannesburg (South Africa))
During the development of a technique for measuring fatty acid absorption on finely divided minerals using a radiochemical method, absorption isotherms were obtained which displayed maxima. It was found that these results were due to the presence of stable micelles in the solutions. This has been established by measuring the surface tension, surface film pressure, and specific conductance of dilute aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate.
Molybdenum (VI) binded to humic and nitrohumic acid models in aqueous solutions salicylic, 3-nitrosalicylic, 5-nitrosalicylic and 3,5 dinitrosalicylic acids, Part 2
In this work electrochemical and Ultraviolet-Visible studies were performed in solutions of salicylic acid models of humic and nitrohumic acids, a laboratory artifact, and molybdenum in order to determine the affinity of these models towards the metal ion. Molybdenum, which plays a very important role in the soil chemistry, and together with humic substances, impart fertility to soil and water and is a key element in the activity of nitrogenase. The obtained results showed that at least one complexed species is present at the pH range of 6.3 to 8.0, even for the less basic chosen models, the nitrosalicylic acids. Previous study showed that phthalic and nitrophthalic, also humic and nitrohumic acids model compounds, presented complexed species with molybdenum only till pH 6.5. The calculated formation constants showed that the substitution of the nitro group in the orto position was less favoured than in the para substitution, probably due to a steric hindrance in the former, which was clearly seen in the double substituted salicylic nitro derivative. The cyclic voltammetry as well as the Ultraviolet-Visible obtained spectra were able to show that the chemistry of molybdenum in aqueous solutions as the pH is increased is very complex, and the molybdate stops acting as an anion only after pH around 4, when it finally becomes a cation MoO22+ (M). (author)
Removal of radium from aqueous sulphate solutions
Radium is often present in ores and an aqueous solution associated with the ore may consequently contain dissolved radium. It is frequently necessary to remove radium from such solutions to reduce the total radium content to a prescribed low level before the solution can be returned to the environment. The present invention is based on the discovery that the total radium content can be reduced to a satisfactory level within a reasonable time by adding a soluble barium salt to a radium-containing sulphate solution which also contains dissolved magnesium at a pH not greater than about 0 to precipitate radium as barium radium sulphate, raising the pH to at least 11 to precipitate an insoluble magnesium compound which collects the barium radium sulphate precipitate, and separating substantially all of the precipitates from the solution
Uranyl fluoride luminescence in acidic aqueous solutions
Luminescence emission spectra and decay rates are reported for uranyl species in acidic aqueous solutions containing HF or added NaF. The longest luminescence lifetime, 0.269 ± 0.006 ms, was observed from uranyl in 1 M HF + 1 M HClO4 at 296 K and decreased with increasing temperature. Based on a luminescence dynamics model that assumes equilibrium among electronically excited uranyl fluoride species and free fluoride ion, this long lived uranyl luminescence in aqueous solution is attributed primarily to UO2F2. Studies on the effect of added LiNO3 or Na2WO4·2H2O showed relatively weak quenching of uranyl fluoride luminescence which suggests that high sensitivity determination of the UF6 content of WF6 gas should be feasible via uranyl luminescence analysis of hydrolyzed gas samples of impure WF6
Zeolites as alcohol adsorbents from aqueous solutions
Cekova Blagica
Full Text Available The potential usage of zeolites as adsorbents for the removal of organic molecules from water was investigated in a series of experiments with aqueous solutions of lower alcohols. This could represent a simple solution to the problem of cleaning up industrial wastewater as well as recovering valuable chemicals at relatively low costs. Adsorption isotherms of the Langmuir type were applied, and calculations showed that the amount of propanol adsorbed on silicalite corresponded to approximately 70% of the pore volume. The adsorption process is simple, and recovery of the more concentrated products is easily done by heat treatment and/or at lowered pressures. Adsorption experiments with aqueous acetone showed that silicalite had approximately the same adsorption capacity for acetone as for n-propanol. Heats of adsorption were determined calorimetrically.
Does Dimeric Melittin Occur in Aqueous Solutions?
Schubert, D; Pappert, G.; Boss, K.
Melittin, a peptide from bee venom, is known to undergo a monomer / tetramer conversion in aqueous solutions. We have studied the possible participation of dimers in the association equilibrium of melittin by sedimentation equilibrium experiments in the analytical ultracentrifuge and subsequent mathematical analysis of the concentration distributions obtained. It was found that the dimeric state is not significantly populated, the contribution of dimer to the total peptide weight probably bei...
Aqueous solution dispersement of carbon nanotubes
Kim, Jae-Woo (Inventor); Park, Cheol (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor); Lillehei, Peter T. (Inventor); Harrison, Joycelyn S. (Inventor)
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are dispersed in an aqueous buffer solution consisting of at least 50 weight percent water and a remainder weight percent that includes a buffer material. The buffer material has a molecular structure defined by a first end, a second end, and a middle disposed between the first and second ends. The first end is a cyclic ring with nitrogen and oxygen heteroatomes, the middle is a hydrophobic alkyl chain, and the second end is a charged group.
Photolysis of imidacloprid in aqueous solution
The photolysis of the insecticide imidacloprid in aqueous solution has been examined. Irradiation at 290 nm resulted in 90 % substrate transformation in 4 h. The degradation approximately followed first order kinetics; the rate constant is 1.6 × 10−4s−1 and half-life 1.2 h. 6-Chloronicotinaldehyde, N-methylnicotinacidamide, 1-(6-chloronicotinyl)imidazolidone and 6-chloro-3-pyridyl-methylethylendiamine were the main photoproducts identified by CG-MS analysis. (author)
Simple Molecular Models of Aqueous Solutions
Jirsák, Jan; Škvor, J.; Nezbeda, Ivo
- : -, 2013. ISBN N. [EMLG - JMLG Annual Meeting 2013 Global Perspectives in the Structure and Dynamics in Liquids and Mixtures: Experiment and Simulation. Lille (FR), 09.09.2013-13.09.2013] Grant ostatní: GA ČR(CZ) GPP208/12/P710 Institutional support: RVO:67985858 Keywords : aqueous solutions * thermodynamic modeling * simulation data Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry http://emlg2013.univ-lille1.fr/
Standard free energies of binding of solute to proteins in aqueous medium. Part 2. Analysis of data obtained from equilibrium dialysis and isopiestic experiments.
Chattoraj, D K; Biswas, S C; Mahapatra, P K; Chatterjee, S
. Negative values of delta G0 in surfactant interaction and positive values of delta G0 for hydration of proteins in the presence of neutral salts represent relative affinities of proteins for solute and solvent since in all cases, the reference state for delta G0 is the unit mole fraction of solute in the aqueous phase. PMID:10207994
Autoxidation of tryptophan in aqueous solutions
Autoxidation of tryptophan was investigated in aqueous solutions by the gamma radiolytic technique. The oxygen uptake and formation of peroxide materials was followed as a function of pH, dose rate and concentration of tryptophan. The results obtained indicate that TrpH(OH)OO. radicals react with tryptophan by adduct formation thus propagating autoxidation. The chain propagation length (CPL) for a 2·102 mol dm3 tryptophan solution at pH 9.5 and a dose rate 0.01 Gy s1 was estimated to be ~ 5.8...
E. V. Avramenko
Full Text Available Subject of Research. The paper presents the results of measurements of refractometric properties (refractive index n, its temperature factor dn/dt and the ultraviolet spectral absorption in carbonic acid diamide aqueous solutions (carbamide depending on solid residue mass fraction md = 0-50 % and on temperaturet = 10-70 °C.Method of Research. Laboratory methods ofliquid-phase medium refractometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry were applied for the research. We carried out computational modeling of electronic states spectrum for the carbonic acid diamide molecule and theoretical calculation of the fundamental electronic absorption of the molecule in the ultraviolet wavelenght region.Main Results. We have established that the solution concentration md has a nonlinear character and may be represented by the quadratic polynomial with the error Δn= ± 0,0005. We have shown the refractive indexdependence on temperature n(t changes in linear fashion att = 10-70 °C.At that, the inclination of lines n(t increases at the increase of md; so, the temperature factor dn/dt may be approximated by the quadratic polynomial. Transmission spectra of solutions in the spectral region λ= 225-760 nm have no special features except for the sharp edge in the short-wavelength region; the fundamental electronic absorptionis responsible for it. We have established that dispersion dependences of the refraction index n(λ;md in aqueous solutions of carbamide at λ= 360-760 nm and at md = 0-50 % may be calculated with the satisfactory error without additional adjustable parameters from the ultraviolet absorption data in terms of the one-dimentional oscillator Lorentz model.PracticalRelevance. Representedmeasurements of carbonic acid diamide aqueous solutions optical properties may be applied for the adjustment and calibration of commercial refractometers at processing lines of the AdBlue reagent manufacture for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR of motor transport
Density of aqueous solutions of CO2
Garcia, Julio E.
In this report, we present a numerical representation for the partial molar volume of CO2 in water and the calculation of the corresponding aqueous solution density. The motivation behind this work is related to the importance of having accurate representations for aqueous phase properties in the numerical simulation of carbon dioxide disposal into aquifers as well as in geothermal applications. According to reported experimental data the density of aqueous solutions of CO2 can be as much as 2-3% higher than pure water density. This density variation might produce an influence on the groundwater flow regime. For instance, in geologic sequestration of CO2, convective transport mixing might occur when, several years after injection of carbon dioxide has stopped, the CO2-rich gas phase is concentrated at the top of the formation, just below an overlaying caprock. In this particular case the heavier CO2 saturated water will flow downward and will be replaced by water with a lesser CO2 content.
Optical manipulation of proteins in aqueous solution
Optical trapping of lysozyme, cytochrome c, or myoglobin based on photon pressure generated by focusing 1064 nm laser beam in an aqueous solution was explored. For all the proteins, microparticle formation was observed at the focal point under an optical microscope. Furthermore, the microparticles were identified to the molecular assemblies of the corresponding protein by means of confocal Raman microspectroscopy. For lysozyme, molecular clusters in solution were optically trapped to form the microparticle and it took more than 1 h to produce the microparticle. By contrast, molecular assembling proceeded within 1 min for cytochrome c and myoglobin. Since heme in cytochrome c or myoglobin would have a high polarizability, that would contribute to rapid assembling of the protein. Thus we demonstrated that a focused laser beam was a powerful tool to manipulate protein molecules in solution.
NIR Spectroscopic Properties of Aqueous Acids Solutions
Mohd Zubir MatJafri
Full Text Available Acid content is one of the important quality attributes in determining the maturity index of agricultural product, particularly fruits. Despite the fact that much research on the measurement of acidity in fruits through non-destructive spectroscopy analysis at NIR wavelengths between 700 to 1,000 nm has been conducted, the same response towards individual acids is not well known. This paper presents NIR spectroscopy analysis on aqueous citric, tartaric, malic and oxalic solutions through quantitative analysis by selecting a set of wavelengths that can best be used to measure the pH of the solutions. The aquaphotomics study of the acid solutions has generated R2 above 0.9 for the measurement of all acids. The most important wavelengths for pH are located at 918–925 nm and 990–996 nm, while at 975 nm for water.
Pulse radiolysis of aqueous lignin solutions with acryl monomers
Radiation-induced polymerization in aqueous solutions of methylmethacrylate and methylacrylate with and without lignin added was studied by pulse radiolysis method. Optical spectra of intermediates taking part in the chain evolution were obtained. The rate constant of the chain polymerization termination diminished when lignin added from 1.2 x 109 up to 2 x 108 mol-1 s-1. A reaction scheme of radiation-induced polymerization was proposed which included the lignin entering in chain propagation reactions. (author)
Pulse Radiolysis of Aqueous Thiocyanate Solution
The pulse radiolysis of N2O saturated aqueous solutions of KSCN was studied under neutral pH conditions. The observed optical absorption spectrum of the SCN#lgbullet# radical in solution is more complex than previously reported, but it is in good agreement with that measured in the gas phase. Kinetic traces at 330 nm and 472 nm corresponding to SCN#lgbullet# and (SCN)2#lgbullet#-, respectively, were fit using a Monte Carlo simulation kinetic model. The rate coefficient for the oxidation of SCN- ions by OH radicals, an important reaction used in competition kinetics measurements, was found to be 1.4 ± 0.1 x 1010 M-1 s-1, about 30% higher than the normally accepted value. A detailed discussion of the reaction mechanism is presented
Stability of selenourea in aqueous solutions
Mel' chekova, Z.E.
Studies of the synthesis of metal selenides from aqueous solutions are being conducted within the framework of investigations on the creation of new semiconductor materials. Selenourea in solution is a complex multicomponent system. The products of hydrolytic decomposition are H/sub 2/CN/sub 2/, Se/sup 2 -/, and HSe/sup -/. As a result of the oxidation of selenium-containing decomposition products by atmospheric oxygen, elementary selenium is formed. The decomposition of selenourea in alkaline sulfite solutions is accompanied by the dissolution of Se/sup 2 -/ and HSe/sup 0/ ions (Se/sup 0/), with the formation of selenosulfate. A study of the kinetics of decomposition was conducted under the conditions of formation of metal selenides, which do not exclude the oxidation process. The end product of the decomposition of selenourea in alkaline sulfite solutions is selenosulfate. The formation of selenosulfate was demonstrated by the isolation of elementary selenium under the action of formaldehyde. The rate constants of the decomposition of selenourea were calculated by the method of changes in concentration, slope of the straight lines, and a logarithmic method. The use of methods of monitoring of selenourea and its decomposition products permitted a theoretical substantiation of the selection of the optimum conditions of formation of metal selenides.
Catalyzed reduction of nitrate in aqueous solutions
Sodium nitrate and other nitrate salts in wastes is a major source of difficulty for permanent disposal. Reduction of nitrate using aluminum metal has been demonstrated, but NH3, hydrazine, or organic compounds containing oxygen would be advantageous for reduction of nitrate in sodium nitrate solutions. Objective of this seed money study was to determine minimum conditions for reduction. Proposed procedure was batchwise heating of aqueous solutions in closed vessels with monitoring of temperatures and pressures. A simple, convenient apparatus and procedure were demonstrated for observing formation of gaseous products and collecting samples for analyses. The test conditions were 250 degree C and 1000 psi max. Any useful reduction of sodium nitrate to sodium hydroxide as the primary product was not found. The nitrate present at pHs 3 or NH4NO3 is easily decomposed, and the effect of nitromethane at these low pHs was confirmed. When acetic acid or formic acid was added, 21 to 56% of the nitrate in sodium nitrate solutions was reduced by methanol or formaldehyde. With hydrazine and acetic acid, 73 % of the nitrate was decomposed to convert NaNO3 to sodium acetate. With hydrazine and formic acid, 36% of the nitrate was decomposed. If these products are more acceptable for final disposal than sodium nitrate, the reagents are cheap and the conversion conditions would be practical for easy use. Ammonium acetate or formate salts did not significantly reduce nitrate in sodium nitrate solutions
Functionalized polymers for binding to solutes in aqueous solutions
Smith, Barbara F.; Robison, Thomas W.
A functionalized polymer for binding a dissolved molecule in an aqueous solution is presented. The polymer has a backbone polymer to which one or more functional groups are covalently linked. The backbone polymer can be such polymers as polyethylenimine, polyvinylamine, polyallylamine, and polypropylamine. These polymers are generally water-soluble, but can be insoluble when cross-linked. The functional group can be for example diol derivatives, polyol derivatives, thiol and dithiol derivatives, guest-host groups, affinity groups, beta-diphosphonic acids, and beta-diamides
Photodegradation of Lincomycin in Aqueous Solution
Full Text Available Aqueous solutions of lincomycin were irradiated with UV light in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Lincomycin disappeared in both systems but the presence of TiO 2 noticeably accelerated the degradation of the antibiotic in comparison with direct photolysis. The rate of decomposition was dependent on the concentration of lincomycin and followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. Photolysis involved only the oxidation of lincomycin without mineralization. Differently, the treatment with TiO 2 and UV light resulted in a complete mineralization of the antibiotic. The degradation pathways involved S- and N-demethylation and propyldealkylation. The mineralization of the molecule led to the formation of sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate ions.
Radiolysis of paracetamol in dilute aqueous solution
Using radiolytic experiments hydroxyl radical (main reactant in advanced oxidation processes) was shown to effectively destroy paracetamol molecules. The basic reaction is attachment to the ring. The hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical produced in the further reactions may transform to hydroxylated paracetamol derivatives or to quinone type molecules and acetamide. The initial efficiency of aromatic ring destruction in the absence of dissolved O2 is c.a. 10%. The efficiency is 2–3 times higher in the presence of O2 due to its reaction with intermediate hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical and the subsequent ring destruction reactions through peroxi radical. Upon irradiation the toxicity of solutions at low doses increases with the dose and then at higher doses it decreases. This is due to formation of compounds with higher toxicity than paracetamol (e.g. acetamide, hidroquinone). These products, however, are highly sensitive to irradiation and degrade easily. - Highlights: ► Paracetamol is easily degraded in aqueous solution by low dose irradiation. ► Main degradation products are hydroxylated molecules, acetamide and hydroquinone. ► Toxicity of solutions goes through a maximum as a function of dose.
Process for separating cesium ions from aqueous solutions
A precipitation agent is added to the aqueous solution and the resulting precipitate containing Cs+ ions is separated from the solution. By this process, caesium is to be separated selectively compared with other alkaline metal ions with great efficiency from aqueous solutions, particularly aqueous MAW (medium activity waste). This is achieved by using a sodium tetraphenyl borate attracting electrons to the phenyl rings and having substitutes. (orig./PW)
Catalytic oxidation of calcium sulfite in solution/aqueous slurry
WU Xiao-qin; WU Zhong-biao; WANG Da-hui
Forced oxidation of calcium sulfite aqueous slurry is a key step for the calcium-based flue gas desulfurization(FGD) residue. Experiments were conducted in a semi-batch system and a continuous flow system on lab scales. The main reactor in semi-batch system is a 1000 ml volume flask. It has five necks for continuous feeding of gas and a batch of calcium sulfite solution/aqueous slurry. In continuous flow system, the main part is a jacketed Pyrex glass reactor in which gas and solution/aqueous slurry are fed continuously. Calcium sulfite oxidation is a series of complex free-radical reactions. According to experimental results and literature data, the reactions are influenced significantly by manganese as catalyst. At low concentration of manganese and calcium sulfite, the reaction rate is dependent on 1.5 order of sulfite concentration, 0.5 order of manganese concentration, and zero order of oxygen concentration in which the oxidation is controlled by chemical kinetics. With concentrations of calcium sulfite and manganese increasing, the reactions are independent gradually on the constituents in solution but are impacted by oxygen concentration. Manganese can accelerate the free-radical reactions, and then enhances the mass transfer of oxygen from gas to liquid. The critical concentration of calcium sulfite is 0.007 mol/L, manganese is 10-4 mol/L, and oxygen is of 0.2-0.4 atm.
The radiation chemistry of aqueous dihydropyrimidine solutions
The radiation chemistry of N2O-saturated aqueous solutions of dihydropyrimidines in the presence pf various oxidants has been studied. From dihydrouracil (DHU) solutions in the presence of Fe(CN)63- the major products are uracil and 5-hydro-6-hydroxyuracil which have been isolated by chromatographic techniques using DHU-14C. From 6-methyldihydrouracil (6-MeDHU), under similar conditions, the parent pyrimidine and the 6-hydroxy compound are also formed. The pH-dependence of the yields of these products in the above DHU and 6-MeDHU systems have been determined and the results interpreted in terms of an electron transfer reaction from the organic radicals to the oxidant. Pulse radiolysis has shown that the isomerisation of the isopyrimidine is base catalysed. The influence of the oxidants IO4-, S2O82-, H2O2 and p-nitroacetophenone has been investigated using various dihydropyrimidines. Specific effects have been noted, particularly a chain reaction in the case of IO4- and S2O82-, and also the formation of barbituric acid derivatives in addition to pyrimidines and the 6-hydroxy compounds, more particularly in the case of IO4- and H2O2. The pH-dependencies of the yields have been studied and possible specific mechanisms discussed. These particular studies are of interest with regard to radiation sensitisation in vivo. (author)
An investigation of the corrosion of WC-Co cermets in CN--containing aqueous solutions. Part II: Synchrotron-based high lateral-resolution XPS study
In the literature on the corrosion behaviour of WC-Co hardmetal grades, it has been pointed out that - typically - corrosion resistance in several aqueous environments relies on the formation of pseudo-passivating layers on top of the two-phase material. So far, no detailed space-dependent study has been performed of the local structure and chemistry of such peculiar corrosion-product layers. In this paper, we propose a detailed chemical analysis - performed with a remarkably advanced synchrotron-based photo-electron microscope - of samples whose electrochemical (CV) and spectroelectrochemical (in situ SFG and ERS) characterisation has been published in a companion paper [B. Bozzini, B. Busson, G.P. De Gaudenzi, L. D'Urzo, C. Mele, A. Tadjeddine, Corros. Sci. 49 (2007) 2392-2405].
An investigation of the corrosion of WC-Co cermets in CN{sup -}-containing aqueous solutions. Part II: Synchrotron-based high lateral-resolution XPS study
Bozzini, Benedetto [Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, Universita di Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Dalmiglio, Matteo [Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS14-Km163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Trieste (Italy); De Gaudenzi, Gian Pietro [Films S.p.a., v. Megolo 2, I-28877, Anzola d' Ossola (Italy); D' Urzo, Lucia [Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell' Innovazione, Universita di Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy); Gregoratti, Luca [Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS14-Km163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Trieste (Italy)
In the literature on the corrosion behaviour of WC-Co hardmetal grades, it has been pointed out that - typically - corrosion resistance in several aqueous environments relies on the formation of pseudo-passivating layers on top of the two-phase material. So far, no detailed space-dependent study has been performed of the local structure and chemistry of such peculiar corrosion-product layers. In this paper, we propose a detailed chemical analysis - performed with a remarkably advanced synchrotron-based photo-electron microscope - of samples whose electrochemical (CV) and spectroelectrochemical (in situ SFG and ERS) characterisation has been published in a companion paper [B. Bozzini, B. Busson, G.P. De Gaudenzi, L. D'Urzo, C. Mele, A. Tadjeddine, Corros. Sci. 49 (2007) 2392-2405].
Acetic acid extraction from aqueous solutions using fatty acids
IJmker, H.M.; Gramblicka, M.; Kersten, S.R.A.; Ham, van der A.G.J.; Schuur, B.
A major challenge for production of acetic acid via bio-based routes is cost-effective concentration and purification of the acetic acid from the aqueous solutions, for which liquid–liquid extraction is a possible method. A main challenge in extraction of acetic acid from dilute aqueous solutions is
ESR study on carboxymethyl chitosan radicals in an aqueous solution
Saiki, Seiichi, E-mail: email@example.com [Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 (Japan); Nagasawa, Naotsugu; Hiroki, Akihiro; Morishita, Norio; Tamada, Masao [Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 (Japan); Muroya, Yusa; Kudo, Hisaaki [Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Katsumura, Yosuke [Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan); Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195 (Japan)
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) at a highly concentrated aqueous solution forms hydrogel by ionizing irradiation. To study on radiation-induced reaction mechanism of CMCTS in an aqueous solution, CMCTS radicals formed by reactions with OH radical were observed by ESR method. As a result of ESR spectral analysis, CMCTS radicals were identified as radicals on carboxymethyl groups.
Raman spectroscopy application to analyses of components in aqueous solutions
Li, Gang; Zhang, Guoping
The characterization of species in aqueous solutions has presented a challenge to analytical and physical chemist, because the JR absorption of the aqueous solvent is so intense that it becomes difficult to observe the solute in the water by JR absorption. In contrast, Raman spectrum of the solute is unaffected by the water, so the weak scattering of water makes the technique well suited to aqueous samples, and the Raman spectrum exhibits well-defined bands corresponding to fundamental modes of vibration. In addition, Raman spectroscopy has some inherent advantages in aqueous solution analysis, because the spectral features of signals from different species are much more distinct, and it provides characteristic signatures for samples, such as blood, protein and cholesterol. All the advantages make Raman spectroscopy be a potential alternative for the study of aqueous solutions. Now, Raman spectroscopy has been applied to studying samples in aqueous solutions, blood serum, intracellular protein levels. Now, industrial wasted water contains many organic contaminants, and it is necessary to determine and monitor these contaminants. The paper first introduces Raman spectroscopy, and then describes its applications to determining the components in aqueous solutions, analyzes and assignes the Raman spectra of o-dichlorobenzene, o-xylene, m-xyiene and p-xylene in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a particularly powerful technique for aqueous solutions analyses.
Reactions of alkoxy radicals in aqueous solutions
The kinetic and mechanistic properties of alkoxy radicals in organic solvents are briefly reviewed. Owing to the scarcity of such data in aqueous solutions and since reactions at the membrane/water interface may be also biologically important, we have studied the reactivity of these radicals in water and the results of our investigations are reported. Alkoxy radicals were generated by photolytic or radiolytic cleavage of peroxide precursors (tert-butyl hydroperoxide and di-tert-butyl peroxide as well as hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids). A quantitative correlation between the structure of various substances, in particular, phenolic antioxidants, and their activity in inhibiting the alkoxy radical-induced bleaching of the water-soluble carotenoid crocin will be discussed. Rate constants for intermolecular reactions of t-BuO. radicals were determined by pulse radiolysis. The diffusion-controlled reaction with the catechol antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid demonstrates an effective competition with the very rapid intra molecular β-fragmentation in water. The results aupport the view that a considerable amount of alkoxy radicals interact with substrates before they can rearrange intramolecularly
Reactions of alkoxy radicals in aqueous solutions
Bors, W.; Tait, D.; Michel, C.; Saran, M.; Erben-Russ, M. (Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung m.b.H. Muenchen, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.). Abt. fuer Strahlenbiologie)
The kinetic and mechanistic properties of alkoxy radicals in organic solvents are briefly reviewed. Owing to the scarcity of such data in aqueous solutions and since reactions at the membrane/water interface may be also biologically important, we have studied the reactivity of these radicals in water and the results of our investigations are reported. Alkoxy radicals were generated by photolytic or radiolytic cleavage of peroxide precursors (tert-butyl hydroperoxide and di-tert-butyl peroxide as well as hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids). A quantitative correlation between the structure of various substances, in particular, phenolic antioxidants, and their activity in inhibiting the alkoxy radical-induced bleaching of the water-soluble carotenoid crocin will be discussed. Rate constants for intermolecular reactions of t-BuO. radicals were determined by pulse radiolysis. The diffusion-controlled reaction with the catechol antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid demonstrates an effective competition with the very rapid intra molecular ..beta..-fragmentation in water. The results aupport the view that a considerable amount of alkoxy radicals interact with substrates before they can rearrange intramolecularly.
Removal of radium from aqueous solutions
Adsorption of radium from aqueous solution with montmorillonite clay was investigated. Adsorption isotherm data of the radium and montmorillonite clay system were developed and fitted to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The Langmuir isotherm equation was determined to be q = 6.700 C/1 + 8.447 x 10-5C and the Freundlich isotherm equation is q = 45.431 C/sup 1/1.401/. A rotary precoat filtration technique was used for dewatering the slurries of the montmorillonite clay and diatomaceous earth mixture. The rate of filtration was found to be a function of the weight percent of the clay, applied vacuum, drum speed and precoat thickness. The functional relationship is of the form Q = (0.682 + 0.035 X1 - 0.014 X2 + 0.140 X3 + 0.007 X1X2)/1 + (3.744 - 0.767 X3 + 0.079 X1X2)C125. 15 figures, 11 tables
Gamma-ray inactivation of biotin in dilute aqueous solution
The relative roles of the radicals produced by water radiolysis in the inactivation of biotin in aqueous solution were investigated. The effects of nitrous oxide and isopropanol used as selective free radical scavengers allowed the inactivation efficiencies per unit G-value of OH, H, and esub(aq)- to be estimated; these efficiencies were 0.73, 0.10, and 0.02 in neutral solution, respectively. Hydrogen gas and hydrogen peroxide unaffected the activity of biotin. G0-Value for biotin inactivation in oxygen-free neutral solution was 2.08. Under these conditions the hydroxyl radical attack was found to be responsible for the large part of inactivation. On the other hand, in oxygenated neutral solution, G0-value was 4.16. This large increase of inactivation in oxygenated solution suggested that, although hydrated electrons were considerably ineffective as an inactivating species in oxygen-free solution, superoxide ions would be much more effective in causing inactivation of biotin in oxygenated solution. A rate constant for the reaction of biotin with hydroxyl radical was 1.34 x 1010M-1 sec-1 as determined by the PNDA method. (auth.)
Ozone photolysis of paracetamol in aqueous solution.
Neamţu, Mariana; Bobu, Maria; Kettrup, Antonius; Siminiceanu, Ilie
The degradation of a paracetamol (N-acetil-para-aminofenol) aqueous solution (C (0) P = 5 mmol L(-1)) is studied in a bench-scale setup by means of simple ozonation (O3) and ozonation catalyzed with UV light (O3/UV) in order to quantify the influence of UV light on the degradation process. The results have shown that under the adopted experimental conditions (25°C, applied ozone dose = 9.8 mg L(-1) and gas flow rate of 20 L h(-1)) both oxidative systems are capable of removing the substrate with mineralization degrees up to 51% for ozonation and 53% for O3/UV. HPICE chromatography allowed the detection of nitrate ions and maleic and oxalic acids as ultimate carboxylic acids. The experimental data have been interpreted through 5 indicators: the conversion of paracetamol (XP ), the conversion degree of TOC (XTOC ), the apparent rate constant (kap ), the Hatta number (Ha) and the enhancement factor (E). The main advantage of photo-ozonation compared to simple ozonation was a more advanced conversion (79% vs. 92% after 90 min). The paracetamol decay follows a pseudo-first-order reaction with a superior rate constant (higher by 54%) for the UV catalyzed system in comparison with direct ozonation. Mineralization is slightly accelerated (+4%) in the O3/UV system, due to the additional production of hydroxyl radicals induced by the UV light and a higher Hatta number (+24%). Nevertheless, the process was still in the slow reaction kinetic regime (Ha < 0.3), and the enhancement factor was not significantly increased. The results are useful for the design and scale-up of the gas-liquid processes. PMID:23647117
Thermophysical Properties of Aqueous Solutions Used as Secondary Working Fluids
Melinder, Åke
Secondary working fluids (secondary refrigerants, heat transfer fluids, antifreezes, brines) have long been used in various indirect re-frigeration and heat pump systems. Aqueous solutions (water solu-tions) have long been used as single phase (liquid only) secondary working fluids for cooling in supermarkets, ice rinks, heat recovery systems, heat pumps and other applications. However, aqueous solutions are increasingly used also for freezers in supermarkets and other applications in low tem...
Radiolysis of aqueous-ethanolic solution of tryptophan
The effect of ethanol on radiation stability of tryptophan during γ-irradiation of its aqueous solutions was investigated. In comparison with radiation losses of tryptophan irradiated in pure water, the losses in aqueous-ethanolic solutions are considerably higher and they increase with increasing ethanol concentration. Basic radiation products of tryptophan formed on irradiation of its aqueous-ethanolic solutions in consequence of the reaction of tryptophan with acetaldehyde as the main product of radiolysis of ethanol were followed by paper electrophoresis. (author)
Nanoscale lubricating film formation by linear polymer in aqueous solution
Liu, Shuhai; Guo, Dan; Xie, Guoxin
Film-forming properties of polymer in aqueous solution flowing through a nanogap have been investigated by using a thin film interferometry. The film properties of linear polymer in aqueous solution flowing through a confined nanogap depend on the ratio of water film thickness to averaged radius of polymer chains H0/RPolymer. It was found that the lubrication film thickness of linear polymer in aqueous solution decreases as the polymer molecular weight increasing when H0/RPolymer < 2 ˜ 3. A new lubrication map was proposed, which includes the lubrication regime of weak confinement influence, the lubrication regime of strong confinement influence (LRSCI), and the transition regime of confinement influence. It is very difficult to increase the lubrication film thickness using the higher molecule weight in the LRSCI regime. The lubrication mechanism inferred from our experimental results may help to better understand the dynamic film properties of linear polymer in aqueous solution flowing through a nanogap.
Surface tension and related thermodynamic quantities of aqueous electrolyte solutions
Matubayasi, Norihiro
Surface tension provides a thermodynamic avenue for analyzing systems in equilibrium and formulating phenomenological explanations for the behavior of constituent molecules in the surface region. While there are extensive experimental observations and established ideas regarding desorption of ions from the surfaces of aqueous salt solutions, a more successful discussion of the theory has recently emerged, which allows the quantitative calculation of the distribution of ions in the surface region. Surface Tension and Related Thermodynamic Quantities of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions provides a d
γ-Irradiation-induced radiolysis of inulin in aqueous solutions
Radiochemical transformations of inulin in aqueous solutions, in air, in the presence of inert gases, helium, nitrogen and in nitrous oxide exposed to various doses of 60Co γ-irradiation were investigated. It was shown that interactions in inulin with OH radicals are principally responsible for radiolytic decomposition of inulin. The data on radiolysis of more simple model systems were used to make available decomposition spectra of γ-irradiated aerated aqueous solution of inulin. 9 refs., 6 figs
Angular correlation of annihilation photons in frozen aqueous solutions
Milosevic-Kvajic, M.; Mogensen, O. E.; Kvajic, G.; Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard
Linear‐slit angular correlation curves were obtained at about −140°C for frozen aqueous solutions of HF, HCl, HBr, HI, NH3, FeCl2, FeCl3, NaI, H2SO4, NHO3, MnSO4, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, NaOH, and LiOH. We found no appreciable influence of a 4% concentration of the last seven impurities. Only halide......‐containing impurities strongly changed the form of the curves; ppm concentrations of HCl and HF could be seen. The main change was a broadening of the part of the curve where the narrow and broad components meet. This fact is interpreted as being caused by trapping of para‐positronium in holes in the structure created...
Study on specific enthalpy of ice including solute in aqueous solution
Kumano, Hiroyuki; Hirata, Tetsuo; Izumi, Yasuyuki [Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553 (Japan)
Effects of solute included in a sample on the specific enthalpy of ice are investigated experimentally. In the experiments, ice including the solute was made from an aqueous solution, and the specific enthalpy was measured by melting the ice in the aqueous solution. Moreover, a physical model of the ice including the solute is proposed. As a result, when the concentration of the aqueous solution is set at a value equivalent to the concentration of the sample, the specific enthalpy of the sample increases with the concentration of the sample. The measurement results and the calculated values agree well, and it was found that the method for calculating the specific enthalpy of the sample is valid. Moreover, when the concentration of the aqueous solution is higher than that of the ice including the solute, it was found the calculation method for the specific enthalpy of the sample is appropriate. (author)
Acidities of Water and Methanol in Aqueous Solution and DMSO
Gao, Daqing
The relative acidities of water and methanol have been a nagging issue. In gas phase, methanol is more acidic than water by 36.0 kJ/mol; however, in aqueous solution, the acidities of methanol and water are almost identical. The acidity of an acid in solution is determined by both the intrinsic gas-phase ionization Gibbs energy and the solvent…
Rimshaw, S.J.
A method of separating technetium in the 4+ oxidation state from an aqueous basic solution containing products of uranium fission is described. The method consists of contacting the solution with finely divided magnetite and recovering a technetium-bearing precipitate. (AEC)
Radiolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium sulfides. Chapter 8
To study the radiolysis of the aqueous solutions of sodium sulphide, use was made of infrared spectroscopy, mass-spectrometry and iodometric titration. During the γ-irradiation of the aqueous solutions of sodium sulphide one can observe the appearance of various stable sulphur-containing products. Data are discussed on the radiolysis in a nitrous environment, on oxygen bubbling, at varying radiation doses, pH and temperature values. Consideration is also given to the low-temperature radiolysis of the aqueous solutions of sodium sulphide by the EPR method. In the radiolysis of both crystalline and glassy solutions of Na2S there appear an ion-radical S- and a radical SO2-
Antiscalant properties of Spergularia rubra and Parietaria officinalis aqueous solutions
Cheap-Charpentier, Hélène; Gelus, Dominique; Pécoul, Nathalie; Perrot, Hubert; Lédion, Jean; Horner, Olivier; Sadoun, Jonathan; Cachet, Xavier; Litaudon, Marc; Roussi, Fanny
The formation of calcium carbonate in water has important implications in industry. Chemical antiscalant is usually used to control scale depositions. Plant extracts have been recently used as new green antiscalant agents, as they can be easily prepared and are environmentally friendly. In this study, stock aqueous solutions of Spergularia rubra and Parietaria officinalis, two plants used in traditional medicine to treat or prevent urolithiasis, were obtained by infusion. The antiscaling properties of these extracts towards CaCO3 formation were tested by using chronoamperometry and Fast Controlled Precipitation methods. The aqueous solution of S. rubra was further fractionated to isolate compounds of lower polarity. Their efficiency towards CaCO3 precipitation was characterized by Fast Controlled Precipitation method. The inhibiting efficiency of this fractionated solution was greater than that of the stock aqueous solution.
Tritium exchange reactions in imidazole in aqueous and organic solutions
Tritium exchange reactions were studied in aqueous and organic solutions of imidazole and methylimidazole. For the exchange in an aqueous solution the mechanism through ylide intermediate formation postulated by VAUGHAN et al. was modified in this study. The rate constant obtained by MASLOVA et al. was found to be too small compared to ours. For the exchange reaction of methylimidazole in an aqueous solution the rate decreased due to the effect of a methyl group attached to the aromatic ring. The C-2 tritiation of imidazole was studied in chloroform, acetone and dioxane for the first time. It was dependent on polymer properties. An intramolecular exchange mechanism was applicable to the trimer while an intermolecular exchange mechanism was applicable to the dimer. The rate constants of the exchange reactions in organic solutions were obtained for both mechanisms. (orig.)
Synthesis and Aqueous Solution Viscosity of Hydrophobically Modified Xanthan Gum
QIAN Xiao-lin; WU Wen-hui; YU Pei-zhi; WANG Jian-quan
Two xanthan gum derivatives hydrophobically modified by 4 or 8 tetradecyl chains per 100 xanthan gum structure units were synthesized. The derivatives were studied by scanning electron microscope and pyrene fluorescence spectrometry. And the aqueous solution apparent viscosity of the derivatives was investigated. The results indicate that the network of the derivatives with more hydrophobic groups is closer and tighter. With increasing of alkyl chain substitution degree, the hydrophobically associating interactions enhance in aqueous solution. Aqueous solution apparent viscosity of the derivatives increases with increasing of polymer concentration and alkyl substitution degree, and decreases with the increase of temperature. In the brine solution, the strong viscosity enhancement phenomenon appears. The interaction between the derivatives and surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is strong.
[Photochemical degradation of chlorothalonil in aqueous solution].
Li, Xuede; Hua, Rimao; Yue, Yongde; Li, Ying; Tang, Feng; Tang, Jun
The study on the effects of light source, solution pH and temperature, and surfactant on the photochemical degradation of chlorothalonil showed that the half-life of chlorothalonil photodegradation under high pressure mercury lamp (HPML), UV lamp and sunlight was 22.4, 82.5 and 123.8 min, respectively. Under HPML and sunlight, chlorothalonil had a higher photolysis rate in alkaline solution than in neutral and acid solution. The photolysis rate increased with increasing solution temperature in the range of 10 degrees C - 40 degrees C, which was doubled when the temperature increased every 10 degrees C. Sodium laurylsulfonate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), Tween 60 and Span 20 showed significant photosensitizing effects, while cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) had significant photoquench effect on the photolysis of chlorothalonil. PMID:16964947
Influence aqueous solutions on the mechanical behavior of argillaceous rocks
The hydration of the shale with an aqueous solution induces a swelling deformation which plays an important role in the behaviour of the structures excavated in this type of grounds. This deformation is marked by a three-dimensional and anisotropic character and involves several mechanisms like adsorption, osmosis or capillarity. Several researches were dedicated to swelling and were often much debated due to the complexity of the implied phenomena. The goal of this thesis is therefore to contribute to a better understanding of shale swelling when the rock is confined and hydrated with an aqueous solution. The main part of the work accomplished was related to the Lorraine shale and to the Tournemire shale. To characterize swelling and to identify the main governing parameters, it was necessary to start the issue with an experimental approach. Many apparatus were then developed to carry out tests under various conditions of swelling. In order to facilitate the interpretation of the tests and thereafter the modelling of the behaviour, the experimental procedure adopted consisted of studying first the mechanical aspect and then the chemical aspect of swelling. In the mechanical part, swelling was studied by imposing on the sample a mechanical loading while maintaining during the tests the same aqueous solution. The principal parameters which were studied are the effect of the lateral conditions on axial swelling (impeded strain or constant stress) as well as the influence of the axial stress on radial swelling. The anisotropy of swelling was studied by carrying out, for different orientations of the sample, tests of free swelling, impeded swelling and uniaxial swelling. These various mechanical tests allowed to study the three-dimensional anisotropic swelling in all the conditions and to select the most appropriate test to be used in the second phase of the research. The precise analysis performed to explain the mechanisms behind the swelling of an argillaceous rock
Flotation separation of hafnium(IV) from aqueous solutions
A simple, rapid method for the separation of hafnium from aqueous solutions was investigated using sup(175+181)Hf tracer. Cationic hafnium complex ions were floated from dilute acid solutions with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and anionic hafnium complexes were floated from basic and oxalic acid solutions with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTMAB). The conditions necessary for quantitative recovery of the metal and mechanisms of flotation are described. (author)
Modeling reactive geochemical transport of concentrated aqueous solutions
Zhang, Guoxiang; Zheng, Zuoping; Wan, Jiamin
Aqueous solutions with ionic strength larger than 1 M are usually considered concentrated aqueous solutions. These solutions can be found in some natural systems and are also industrially produced and released into accessible natural environments, and as such, they pose a big environmental problem. Concentrated aqueous solutions have unique thermodynamic and physical properties. They are usually strongly acidic or strongly alkaline, with the ionic strength possibly reaching 30 M or higher. Chemical components in such solutions are incompletely dissociated. The thermodynamic activities of both ionic and molecular species in these solutions are determined by the ionic interactions. In geological media the problem is further complicated by the interactions between the solutions and sediments and rocks. The chemical composition of concentrated aqueous solutions when migrating through the geological media may be drastically altered by these strong fluid-rock interactions. To effectively model reactive transport of concentrated aqueous solutions, we must take into account the ionic interactions. For this purpose we substantially extended an existing reactive transport code, BIO-CORE2D©, by incorporating a Pitzer ion interaction model to calculate the ionic activity. In the present paper, the model and two test cases of the model are briefly introduced. We also simulate a laboratory column experiment in which the leakage of highly alkaline waste fluid stored at Hanford (a U.S. Department of Energy site, located in Washington State) was studied. Our simulation captures the measured pH evolution and indicates that all the reactions controlling the pH evolution, including cation exchanges and mineral dissolution/precipitation, are coupled.
Method and device for removing ruthenium in aqueous solution
Highly soluble and reactive high order ruthenium oxides assumed to be ruthenium tetraoxide, it they are not reduced on a cathode immediately, would evaporate as they are or react with nitrogen oxides formed by oxidation-decomposition of nitrosyl complex to return again to their nitrosyl complex. Accordingly, it is necessary for the aqueous solution to brought into contact with the anode and the cathode repeatedly. The present invention complies with the demand, in which one or plural pairs of plate-like electrodes are stacked as layers and an aqueous solution incorporating ruthenium is passed between the layers so that it is brought into contact with the anode and the cathode repeatedly to repeat oxidations and reductions. In view of the above, since the water soluble high order ruthenium oxides generated on the anode in the aqueous solution are immediately brought into contact with the cathode and reduced into insoluble lower order oxides, ruthenium can be removed. (T.M.)
Molecular Weight and Aggregation of Erwinia Gum in Aqueous Solutions
Erwinia(E) gum is composed of glucose, fucose, galactose and glucuronic acid. The weight-average molecular weights Mw, number-average molecular weights Mn and intrinsic viscosities[η] of the four fractions and the unfractionated E gum in aqueous solutions at desired temperatures were studied by light scattering, membrane osmometry, size exclusion chromatography(SEC) and viscometry. The experimental results prove that E gum formed aggregates in the aqueous solution at 25 ℃ and the aggregates were broken gradually with increasing temperature. The dissociation of the aggregates of E gum in the aqueous solution started at 36 ℃, and was completed at around 90 ℃. The [η] values of E gum and its fractions are much higher than those of the conventional polymers with the similar molecular weights, and decrease with increasing NaCl concentration.
Self-aggregation of liquids from biomass in aqueous solution
Highlights: • Aggregation behaviour of liquids from biomass in aqueous solution has been studied. • Standard Gibbs free energies of aggregation have been calculated. • Solubility in water of these compounds has been determined. • Critical aggregation concentration decreases as the solubility in water does. -- Abstract: Aggregation of several chemicals from biomass: furfural derived compounds (furfural, 5-methylfurfural, furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol), lactate derived compounds (methyl lactate, ethyl lactate and butyl lactate), acrylate derived compound (methyl acrylate) and levulinate compounds (methyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate and butyl levulinate) in aqueous solution has been characterised at T = 298.15 K through density, ρ, speed of sound, u, and isentropic compressibilities, κS, measurements. In addition the standard Gibbs free energies of aggregation have been also calculated. Furthermore, in order to deepen insight the behaviour of these chemicals in aqueous solution, the solubility of these compounds has been measured at T = 298.15 K
Mutual diffusion coefficients of L-lysine in aqueous solutions
Highlights: • Mutual diffusion coefficients of L-lysine in aqueous solutions. • Influence of the thermodynamic factors on the variation of their mutual diffusion coefficients. • Estimation of the hydrodynamic radius of L-lysine. - Abstract: Mutual diffusion coefficients, D, were determined for aqueous solutions of L-lysine at T = 298.15 K at concentrations from (0.001 to 0.100) mol · dm−3. From these experimental results, the hydrodynamic radius Rh, diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution D0, the thermodynamic factors and activity coefficients γ, by using the Hartley equation, have been estimated, permitting us to have a better understanding of the thermodynamic of these systems of L-lysine in aqueous solutions
Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution with Modified Bentonite
唐艳葵; 童张法; 魏光涛; 李仲民; 梁达文
Bentonite combined with sawdust and other metallic compounds was used to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions in this study. The adsorption characteristics of phosphate on the modified bentonite were investigated, including the effects of temperature, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of phosphate and pH on removal of phosphate by conducting a series of batch adsorption experiments. The results showed that 98% of phosphate removal rate was obtained since sawdust and bentonite used in this investigation were abundantly and locally available. It is concluded that modified bentonite is a relatively efficient, low cost and easily available adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions.
Degradation kinetics of benzyl nicotinate in aqueous solution
Mbah C
Full Text Available The degradation of benzyl nicotinate in aqueous solution over a pH range of 2.0-10.0 at 50±0.2 o was studied. The degradation was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The degradation was observed to follow apparent first-order rate kinetics and the rate constant for the decomposition at 25 o was estimated by extrapolation. The reaction was shown to be hydroxide ion catalyzed and the Arrhenius plots showed the temperature dependence of benzyl nicotinate degradation. A significant increase in the stability of benzyl nicotinate was observed when glycerol or polyethylene glycol 400 was incorporated into the aqueous solution.
Ionisation constants of inorganic acids and bases in aqueous solution
Perrin, D D
Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition provides a compilation of tables that summarize relevant data recorded in the literature up to the end of 1980 for the ionization constants of inorganic acids and bases in aqueous solution. This book includes references to acidity functions for strong acids and bases, as well as details about the formation of polynuclear species. This text then explains the details of each column of the tables, wherein column 1 gives the name of the substance and the negative logarithm of the ionization constant and column 2
Valence Electronic Structure of Aqueous Solutions: Insights from Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Seidel, Robert; Winter, Bernd; Bradforth, Stephen E.
The valence orbital electron binding energies of water and of embedded solutes are crucial quantities for understanding chemical reactions taking place in aqueous solution, including oxidation/reduction, transition-metal coordination, and radiation chemistry. Their experimental determination based on liquid-photoelectron spectroscopy using soft X-rays is described, and we provide an overview of valence photoelectron spectroscopy studies reported to date. We discuss principal experimental aspects and several theoretical approaches to compute the measured binding energies of the least tightly bound molecular orbitals. Solutes studied are presented chronologically, from simple electrolytes, via transition-metal ion solutions and several organic and inorganic molecules, to biologically relevant molecules, including aqueous nucleotides and their components. In addition to the lowest vertical ionization energies, the measured valence photoelectron spectra also provide information on adiabatic ionization energies and reorganization energies for the oxidation (ionization) half-reaction. For solutes with low solubility, resonantly enhanced ionization provides a promising alternative pathway.
Contact nuclei formation in aqueous dextrose solutions
Cerreta, Michael K.; Berglund, Kris A.
A laser Raman microprobe was used in situ to observe the growth of alpha dextrose monohydrate on alpha anhydrous dextrose crystals. The Raman spectra indicate growth of the monohydrate below 28.1°C, but the presence of only the anhydrous form above 40.5°C. Contact nucleation experiments with parent anhydrous crystals yielded only monohydrate nuclei below 28.1°C, while contacts in solutions between 34.5 and 41.0°C produced both crystalline forms, and contacts in solutions above 43.5°C produced only anhydrous nuclei. The inability of the monohydrate to grow on anhydrous crystals in the same solution that forms the two crystalline phases with a single contact precludes a simple attrition mechanism of nuclei formation. For the same reason, the hypothetical mechanism involving parent crystal stabilization of pre-crystalline clusters, allowing the clusters to grow into nuclei, is also contradicted. A third, mechanism, which may be a combination of the two, is believed to apply.
Preliminary study on lithium-salt aqueous solution blanket
Aqueous solution blanket using lithium salts such as LiNO3 and LiOH have been studied in the US-TIBER program and ITER conceptual design activity. In the JAERI/LANL collaboration program for the joint operation of TSTA (Tritium Systems Test Assembly), preliminary design work of blanket tritium system for lithium ceramic blanket, aqueous solution blanket and liquid metal blanket, have been performed to investigate technical feasibility of tritium demonstration tests using the TSTA. Detail study of the aqueous solution blanket concept have not been performed in the Japanese fusion program, so that this study was carried out to investigate features of its concept and to evaluated its technical problems. The following are the major items studied in the present work: (i) Neutronics of tritium breeding ratio and shielding performance Lithium concentration, Li-60 enrichment, beryllium or lead, composition of structural material/beryllium/solution, heavy water, different lithium-salts (ii) Physicochemical properties of salts Solubility, corrosion characteristics and compatibility with structural materials, radiolysis (iii) Estimation of radiolysis in ITER aqueous solution blanket. (author)
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Aqueous Solutions
Felix Aibuedefe AISIEN; Oluwole FALEYE; Eki Tina AISIEN
One of the major environmental problems is the pollution of water and soil by toxic heavy metals. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth, for the removal of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Water hyacinths were cultured in bore-hole water, supplemented with 5mg/l of Zn and Pb and 1mg/l of Cd at pH 4.5, 6.8 and 8.5. The plants were separately harvested each week for six weeks. The results showed that removal of these metals from solution was fast especia...
Chemical denitration of aqueous nitrate solutions
The Plant for Active Waste Liquids (PAWL) at CRNL will immobilize in glass the fission products in waste from Mo-99 production. The nitrate ions in the waste can be destroyed by heating, but also by chemical reaction with formic acid (HCOOH). Since chemical denitration has several advantages over thermal denitration it was studied in the course of vitrification process development. Two free radical mechanisms are examined here to explain kinetic data on chemical denitration of nitric acid solutions with formic acid. One mechanism is applicable at > 1 mol/L HNO3 and involves the formate radical (HCOO.). The second mechanism holds at 3 and involves the hyponitrous radical (HNO.). Mass balances for various species were written based on the law of mass action applied to the equations describing the reaction mechanism. Analytical and numerical solutions were obtained and compared. Literature data on batch denitration were used to determine some of the rate constants while others were set arbitrarily. Observed stoichiometry and trends in reactant concentrations are predicted accurately for batch data. There are no literature data to compare with the prediction of negligible induction time
Photocatalytic degradation of molinate in aqueous solutions.
Bizani, E; Lambropoulou, D; Fytianos, K; Poulios, I
In this study, the degradation of molinate through heterogeneous photocatalysis, using two different types of the semiconductor TiO2 as photocatalyst, as well as through homogeneous treatment, applying the photo-Fenton reaction, has been investigated. As far as heterogeneous photocatalysis is concerned, the degradation of the pesticide follows apparent first-order kinetics, while the type of the catalyst and the pH value of the solution affect the degradation rate. The effect of the addition of electron scavengers (H2O2 and K2S2O8) was also studied. In the case of photo-Fenton-assisted system, the degradation also follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Parameters such as iron's and electron scavenger's concentration and inorganic ions strongly affect the degradation rate. The extent of pesticide mineralization was investigated using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements. The toxicity of the treated solution was evaluated using the Microtox test based on the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The detoxification and mineralization efficiency was found to be dependent on the system studied, and although it did not follow the rate of pesticide disappearance, it took place in considerable extent. The study of the photodegradation treatment was completed by the determination of the intermediate by-products formed during the process, which was carried out using LC-MS/MS technique and led to similar compounds with both processes. PMID:24928378
Drag enhancement of aqueous electrolyte solutions in turbulent pipe flow.
Doherty, Andrew P; Spedding, Peter L; Chen, John J J
Detailed experimental results are presented for both laminar and turbulent flow of aqueous solutions in pipes of different diameters. Nonelectrolytes, such as sugar solutions followed the normal Moody pressure loss curves. Drag enhancement was demonstrated for turbulent flow of aqueous electrolyte solutions but not for laminar flow. The increased pressure drop for turbulent electrolyte flow was attributed to an electroviscous effect and a theory was developed to explain the drag enhancement. The increased pressure drop for the turbulent region of flow was shown to depend on the Debye length in the laminar sublayer on the pipe wall. Reasonable predictions of the increasing drag were obtained for both 1:1 and 2:1 electrolyte solutions. PMID:20337452
γ-radiation induced tetracycline removal in an aqueous solution
Degradation effect of tetracycline (TC) by γ-radiation was investigated in an aqueous solution. The effects of initial concentrations of TC, pH values, combining with H2O2 or CH3OH on degradation of TC were studied. Results showed that TC can be effectively degradated by γ-irradiation in an aqueous solution. Degradation of TC could be remarkably improved both in acid solution and alkaline solution, especially when pH value was 9.0. In addition, H2O2 could gently promote degradation of TC induced by γ-radiation. While, CH3OH markedly restrained degradation of TC induced by γ-radiation. The degradation mechanism of TC was supposed by results of quantum chemical calculations and LC-MS. Results proved that degradation of TC induced by γ-radiation was mainly ascribed to · OH oxidation. (authors)
Dissociation of methane hydrate in aqueous NaCl solutions.
Yagasaki, Takuma; Matsumoto, Masakazu; Andoh, Yoshimichi; Okazaki, Susumu; Tanaka, Hideki
Molecular dynamics simulations of the dissociation of methane hydrate in aqueous NaCl solutions are performed. It is shown that the dissociation of the hydrate is accelerated by the formation of methane bubbles both in NaCl solutions and in pure water. We find two significant effects on the kinetics of the hydrate dissociation by NaCl. One is slowing down in an early stage before bubble formation, and another is swift bubble formation that enhances the dissociation. These effects arise from the low solubility of methane in NaCl solution, which gives rise to a nonuniform spatial distribution of solvated methane in the aqueous phase. We also demonstrate that bubbles form near the hydrate interface in dense NaCl solutions and that the hydrate dissociation proceeds inhomogeneously due to the bubbles. PMID:25237735
Mercury removal from aqueous and organo-aqueous solutions by natural Mexican erionite
The sorption of Hg(II) from aqueous and organo aqueous solutions was investigated by Mexican natural erionite. The mercury chemical species (anionic, cationic or neutral) were determined by high voltage electrophoresis, and the mercury chemical species present in the aqueous media were simulated by a program MEDUSA. The mercury sorption process was monitored during 48 hours. The mercury content was determined by neutron activation analysis. Mixtures of benzene/water[Hg(II)], toluene/water[Hg(II)] and ethanol/water[Hg(II)] were chosen as organo-aqueous media. It was found that both the mercury chemical species and the dielectric constant of solvents play an important role in the mercury sorption by erionite. (author)
Radiolysis of paracetamol in dilute aqueous solution
Szabó, László; Tóth, Tünde; Homlok, Renáta; Takács, Erzsébet; Wojnárovits, László
Using radiolytic experiments hydroxyl radical (main reactant in advanced oxidation processes) was shown to effectively destroy paracetamol molecules. The basic reaction is attachment to the ring. The hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical produced in the further reactions may transform to hydroxylated paracetamol derivatives or to quinone type molecules and acetamide. The initial efficiency of aromatic ring destruction in the absence of dissolved O2 is c.a. 10%. The efficiency is 2-3 times higher in the presence of O2 due to its reaction with intermediate hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radical and the subsequent ring destruction reactions through peroxi radical. Upon irradiation the toxicity of solutions at low doses increases with the dose and then at higher doses it decreases. This is due to formation of compounds with higher toxicity than paracetamol (e.g. acetamide, hidroquinone). These products, however, are highly sensitive to irradiation and degrade easily.
Photocatalytical oxidation of de-icing agents in aqueous solutions and aqueous extract of jet fuel.
Krichevskaya, M; Malygina, T; Preis, S; Kallas, J
Improper handling of jet fuel at abandoned military bases has resulted in heavy pollution of the soil and groundwater. Experimental research of photocatalytical oxidation (PCO) of jet fuel aqueous extract and aqueous solutions of de-icing agents was undertaken. The influence of different parameters - pH, concentration of substances to be oxidised, presence of inorganic admixtures, effect of OH. radical generators--on the PCO of solutions of de-icing agents and jet fuel aqueous extract was determined. The role of OH. radicals was found to be less important in determining the PCO rate. The PCO of organic pollutants was also investigated using a catalyst immobilised onto the surface of buoyant hollow glass microspheres. Attached titanium dioxide (TiO2) showed lower photocatalytical activity than when suspended in slurry, although it allows waters to be treated in simple shallow ponds without intensive stirring. The biodegradability of aqueous solutions of de-icing agents and jet fuel aqueous extract increased as PCO proceeded. PMID:11695445
The coacervation of aqueous solutions of tetraalkylammonium halides
The coacervation of aqueous solutions of tatraalkylammonium halides in the presence of not of inorganic halides and acids has been studied, considering thermodynamic and spectroscopic aspects. The importance of dispersion forces as well as forces resulting from hydrophobic hydration has been assessed. The analogy between these systems and anionic ion exchange resins has been shown especially for Uranium VI extraction
Ion equilibrium in aqueous solutions of pectin materials
By means of electro conductivity method the comparative study of ion equilibrium of pectin materials of apple, orange and sunflower in aqueous solution at various ph was conducted. According to experimental data on specific conductivity the value of equivalent conductivity, level, functions and dissociation constant were evaluated. (author)
Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather Than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution
Alexandrova, Anastassia N.; Jorgensen, William L.
A joint QM/MM and ab initio study on the decomposition of urea in the gas phase and in aqueous solution is reported. Numerous possible mechanisms of intramolecular decomposition and hydrolysis have been explored; intramolecular NH3-elimination assisted by a water molecule is found to have the lowest activation energy. The solvent effects were elucidated using the TIP4P explicit w...
Reactive Extraction of Alcohols from Apolar Hydrocarbons with Aqueous Solutions
The aqueous solutions are evaluated as sustainable reactive extraction solvents for the recovery of monohydroxyl alcohols (benzyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, cyclohexanol) present in few-percent concentrations in apolar hydrocarbons (toluene, n-hexane, and cyclohexane) by considering two approaches. An aqueous solution containing a reactive extractant, like borate salts, borate complexes, a monosalt of dicarboxylic acid,hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrins, and silver nitrate, shows limited potential to be used. Another approach, in which the alcohol is chemically modified prior to the extraction into an easy-extractable form, in this case a monoesterlcarboxylic acid, shows much more potential. An environmentally benign aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate can provide a distribution ratio of benzyl alcohol up to 200, leaving the solubility of the organic solvent in the aqueous solution unchanged relative to pure water and therefore increasing the selectivity with two orders of magnitude. The modification of aromatic, cyclo-aliphatic, and linear aliphatic alcohols can be performed efficiently in the apolar organic solvent without need for a catalyst. The recovery of the modified alcohol can be performed by back-extraction in combination with a spontaneous hydrolysis.
Photolysis of Periodate and Periodic Acid in Aqueous Solution
Sehested, Knud; Kläning, U. K.
The photochemistry of periodate and periodic acid in aqueous solution was studied (i) by quantum yield measurements at low light intensity (ii) by flash photolysis, and (iii) by photolysis of glassy samples at 77 K. The photochemical studies were supplemented with pulse radiolysis studies of...
NMR study of thermosensitive homopolymers and copolymers in aqueous solutions
Spěváček, Jiří; Šťastná, J.; Starovoytova, Larisa; Hanyková, L.
Ireland : University College Dublin, 2012. s. 198. [EUROMAR 2012. Magnetic Resonance Conference. 01.07.2012-05.07.2012, Dublin] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA202/09/1281 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40500505 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : thermosensitive polymer * aqueous solution * phase transition Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
Accurate Description of Calcium Solvation in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions
Kohagen, Miriam; Mason, Philip E.; Jungwirth, Pavel
Roč. 118, č. 28 (2014), s. 7902-7909. ISSN 1520-6106 R&D Projects: GA ČR GBP208/12/G016; GA MŠk LH12001 Institutional support: RVO:61388963 Keywords : calcium chloride * aqueous solution * molecular dynamics * neutron scattering Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 3.302, year: 2014
Neodymium(3) complexing with bischloromethylphosphinic acid in aqueous solution
High resolution spectrography is used to study Nd3+ complexing with (ClCH2)2POOH(HL) in aqueous solution. NdL2+ complex (lg Kstab = 0.44±0.04) with the corresponding absorption band with a maximum at λ=4283 A is formed in a system
Densities concentrations of aqueous of uranyl nitrate solutions
The ratio density-concentration of aqueous uranyl nitrate solutions expressed as U3O8 grams/liter, U grams/liter and hexahydrate uranyl nitrate weight percent at different temperatures, are established. Experimental values are graphically correlated and compared whit some published data. (Author) 2 refs
[Pulsed radiolysis of aqueous solutions of serum albumin containing naphthoquinones].
Pribush, A G; Savich, A V
As was shown by the pulse radiolysis method the simultaneous presence of naphthoquinone and human serum albumin molecules in an aqueous solution leads to the adsorption of the former on the surface of the latter. It is suggested that in these conditions the protein tertiary structure changes. New conformation reduces the reactivity of albumin toward the hydrated electron. PMID:3628723
Gamma radiolysis of aqueous solutions of glycerin α-monochlorohydrin
Data on γ-radiolysis of 0.1 mol/l aqueous solutions of glycerin α-monochlorohydrin (GMC) are presented. The radiolysis mechanism is considered. The rate constant of GMC reaction with esub(aq) k=(6.8+-0.8)x108 l/molxs is determined on the basis of experimental data
Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous piperazine solutions
Derks, P. W. J.; Dijkstra, H. B. S.; Hogendoorn, J. A.; Versteeg, G. F.
In the present work, new experimental data are presented on the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous piperazine solutions, for concentrations of 0.2 and 0.6 molar piperazine and temperatures of 25, 40, and 70°C respectively. The present data, and other data available in the literature, were corr
Demonstration of reverse symmetry waveguide sensing in aqueous solutions
Horvath, R.; Pedersen, H.C.; Larsen, N.B.
A reverse symmetry waveguide is presented for evanescent wave sensing in aqueous solutions. The waveguide consists of a thin polystyrene film, supported by a thicker substrate layer of nanoporous silica on glass. The nanoporous substrate layer has a refractive index of n(S)=1.193, hence, with an ...
EXAFS studies of actinide ions in aqueous solution
The applicability of the EXAFS technique in the study of actinide systems is discussed. Uranium L/sub III/-edge spectra obtained on an in-lab rotating anode EXAFS facility are presented and analyzed for crystalline UO2F2 and aqueous solutions containing hexavalent uranium ions. Methods for the extension of the technique to more dilute systems are discussed
Adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions using clinoptilolite
Golomeova, Mirjana; Zendelska, Afrodita; Krstev, Boris; Golomeov, Blagoj; Blažev, Krsto; Krstev, Aleksandar
The adsorption of lead ions from synthetic aqueous solutions was performed by using natural zeolite (clinoptilolite). In order to determine the effectivity of clinoptilolite a series of experiments were performed under batch conditions from single ion solutions. Experiments were carried out at different initial concentration of lead ions, different initial pH values and different adsorbent mass. The adsorption kinetics is reasonably fast. It means that in the first 20 min approximately 90...
Adsorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions on natural zeolite
Zendelska, Afrodita; Golomeova, Mirjana; Blažev, Krsto; Krstev, Boris; Golomeov, Blagoj; Krstev, Aleksandar
The adsorption of copper ions from synthetic aqueous solutions on natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was examined. In order to determine the rate of adsorption and the copper uptake at equilibrium, a series of experiments were performed under batch conditions from single ion solutions. Equilibrium data were evaluated based on adsorption (Langmuir and Freundlich) isotherms. The adsorption kinetics is reasonably fast. In the first 20 min of the experiment, approximately 80% of Cu2+ io...
A study of aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate
During the development of a technique for measuring fatty acid absorption on finely divided minerals using a radiochemical method, absorption isotherms were obtained which displayed maxima. It was found that these results were due to the presence of stable micelles in the solutions. This has been established by measuring the surface tension, surface film pressure, and specific conductance of dilute aqueous solutions of sodium linoleate
Removal of azo dye from aqueous solutions using chitosan
Zuhair Jabbar; G. Hadi Ferdoos Sami; A , Angham
Adsorption of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution onto chitosan was investigated in a batch system. The effects of solution pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature were studied. Results indicated that chitosan could be used as a biosorbent to remove the azo dyes from contaminated water. Synthesize of chitosan involved three main stages as preconditioning, demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. Chitosan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTI...
Interactions between calcium phosphate and heavy metal ions in aqueous solution
Fernane F.; Boudia S.; Saouli H.
Synthetic and natural calcium phosphates were tested for removal metallic pollution in aqueous solution. Calcium phosphates with Ca/P ratio between 1,33 and 1,67 are fluently called apatite. They have a strong capacity to immobilize metallic ions when they are brought into contact with aqueous solutions. Ca2+ ions can substituted completely or partly by cations such as metallic ions (Ni2+; Cu2+; Co2+ and Cd2+). PO43− ions can be replaced by anions such as AsO43−, CO32−, … etc. Sorption of Cu2...
Block copolymer membranes for aqueous solution applications
Nunes, Suzana Pereira
Block copolymers are known for their intricate morphology. We review the state of the art of block copolymer membranes and discuss perspectives in this field. The main focus is on pore morphology tuning with a short introduction on non-porous membranes. The two main strategies for pore formation in block copolymer membranes are (i) film casting and selective block sacrifice and (ii) self-assembly and non-solvent induced phase separation (SNIPS). Different fundamental aspects involved in the manufacture of block copolymer membranes are considered, including factors affecting the equilibrium morphology in solid films, self-assembly of copolymer in solutions and macrophase separation by solvent-non-solvent exchange. Different mechanisms are proposed for different depths of the SNIPS membrane. Block copolymer membranes can be prepared with much narrower pore size distribution than homopolymer membranes. Open questions and indications of what we consider the next development steps are finally discussed. They include the synthesis and application of new copolymers and specific functionalization, adding characteristics to respond to stimuli and chemical environment, polymerization-induced phase separation, and the manufacture of organic-inorganic hybrids.
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Aqueous Solutions
Felix Aibuedefe AISIEN
Full Text Available One of the major environmental problems is the pollution of water and soil by toxic heavy metals. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth, for the removal of cadmium (Cd, lead (Pb and zinc (Zn. Water hyacinths were cultured in bore-hole water, supplemented with 5mg/l of Zn and Pb and 1mg/l of Cd at pH 4.5, 6.8 and 8.5. The plants were separately harvested each week for six weeks. The results showed that removal of these metals from solution was fast especially in the first two weeks, after which it became gradual till saturation point was reached. The accumulation of Cd and Zn in leaves and roots increased with increase in pH. The highest accumulation was in the roots with metal concentration of 4870mg/kg, 4150mg/kg and 710mg/kg for Zn, Pb and Cd respectively at pH 8.5. The maximum values of bioconcentration factor (BCF for Zn, Pb and Cd were 1674, 1531 and 1479 respectively, suggesting that water hyacinth was good accumulator of Zn, Pb and Cd, and could be used to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Cd.
Assembly of DNA Architectures in a Non-Aqueous Solution
Thomas J. Proctor
Full Text Available In the present work, the procedures for the creation of self-assembled DNA nanostructures in aqueous and non-aqueous media are described. DNA-Surfactant complex formation renders the DNA soluble in organic solvents offering an exciting way to bridge the transition of DNA origami materials electronics applications. The DNA retains its structural features, and these unique geometries provide an interesting candidate for future electronics and nanofabrication applications with potential for new properties. The DNA architectures were first assembled under aqueous conditions, and then characterized in solution (using circular dichroism (CD spectroscopy and on the surface (using atomic force microscopy (AFM. Following aqueous assembly, the DNA nanostructures were transitioned to a non-aqueous environment, where butanol was chosen for optical compatibility and thermal properties. The retention of DNA hierarchical structure and thermal stability in non-aqueous conditions were confirmed via CD spectroscopy. The formation and characterization of these higher order DNA-surfactant complexes is described in this paper.
Electrodeposition of metals from non-aqueous solutions
Electrodeposition of metals from non-aqueous solutions is reviewed. Attention is paid mainly to surface morphology of deposits and their adhesion. The major reasons for carrying out electrodeposition in non-aqueous electrolytes (such as conventional organic solvents, ionic liquids and molten salts) are the water and air stability and the wide electrochemical window of these media. The following metals have been electrodeposited and investigated for the last 15 years: aluminum, zinc, silver, palladium, tantalum, zirconium, gadolinium, plutonium, nickel, cobalt, and other alloys.
Adsorption of EDTA on activated carbon from aqueous solutions
In this study, the adsorption of EDTA on activated carbon from aqueous solutions has been investigated in a batch stirred cell. Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of temperature, EDTA concentration, pH, activated carbon mass and particle size on EDTA adsorption. The experimental results manifest that the EDTA adsorption rate increases with its concentration in the aqueous solutions. EDTA adsorption also increases with temperature. The EDTA removal from the solution increases as activated carbon mass increases. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models are found to provide a good fitting of the adsorption data, with R2 = 0.9920 and 0.9982, respectively. The kinetic study shows that EDTA adsorption on the activated carbon is in good compliance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ΔG0, ΔH0, ΔS0) obtained indicate the endothermic nature of EDTA adsorption on activated carbon.
Nanoporous activated carbon cloth for capacitive deionization of aqueous solution
Oh, Han-Jun [Department of Materials Science, Hanseo University, Seosan, 352-820 (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Jong-Ho [Department of Chemistry, Hanseo University, Seosan, 352-820 (Korea, Republic of); Ahn, Hong-Joo [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-600 (Korea, Republic of); Jeong, Yongsoo [Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Changwon, 641-010 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Young-Jig [Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 (Korea, Republic of); Chi, Choong-Soo [School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 136-702 (Korea, Republic of)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Activated nanostructured-carbon cloths with a high ratio of surface area to volume are used as electrode for capacitive deionization. The electrochemical properties on capacitive deionization for NaCl solution have been investigated to improve efficiency of capacitive deionization properties from aqueous solution, employing chemical surface-modification by etching in alkaline and acidic solution. The removal efficiency of inorganic salts of activated carbon cloths by chemical modification significantly increased. Specially the carbon cloth surface modified in HNO{sub 3} showed an effect of improvement in the CDI efficiency due to not only ion adsorption by an electric double layer, but also electron transfer by Faradaic reaction.
ESR spectra of VOBr2 in alcohols and aqueous solutions
ESR spectra of VOBr2 solutions in absolutized alcohols ROH (R - Me, Et, i-Pr) and aqueous solutions in the presence of LiBr and HBr are investigated and parameters of spin-hamiltonian of vanadium oxocomplexes are determined. Stabilization of [VOBr(ROH)4]+ complex, in which bromide-ion occupies position in xy plane, is detected. Isotropic additional HFS from 79,81Br atoms at the temperature close to the solution boiling point is found, and at 77 K -anisotropic additional HFS in the range of transitions corresponding to perpendicular orientation of particles as to magnetic field
Dephosphorization of Steelmaking Slag by Leaching with Acidic Aqueous Solution
Qiao, Yong; Diao, Jiang; Liu, Xuan; Li, Xiaosa; Zhang, Tao; Xie, Bing
In the present paper, dephosphorization of steelmaking slag by leaching with acidic aqueous solution composed of citric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ion-exchanged water was investigated. The buffer solution of C6H8O7-NaOH-HCl system prevented changes in the pH values. Kinetic parameters including leaching temperature, slag particle size and pH values of the solution were optimized. The results showed that temperature has no obvious effect on the dissolution ratio of phosphorus. However, it has a significant effect on the dissolution ratio of iron. The dephosphorization rate increases with the decrease of slag particle size and the pH value of the solution. Over 90% of the phosphorus can be dissolved in the solution while the corresponding leaching ratio of iron was only 30% below the optimal condition. Leaching kinetics of dephosphorization follow the unreacted shrinking core model with a rate controlled step by the solid diffusion layer, the corresponding apparent activation energy being 1.233 kJ mol-1. A semiempirical kinetic equation was established. After leaching, most of the nC2S-C3P solid solution in the steelmaking slag was selectively dissolved in the aqueous solution and the iron content in the solid residue was correspondingly enriched.
Purification and concentration of DNA from aqueous solutions.
Moore, David; Dowhan, Dennis
This unit presents basic procedures for manipulating solutions of single- or double-stranded DNA through purification and concentration steps. These techniques are useful when proteins or solute molecules need to be removed from aqueous solutions, or when DNA solutions need to be concentrated. The Basic Protocol, using phenol extraction and ethanol (or isopropanol) precipitation, is appropriate for purification of DNA from small volumes (DNA using butanol, and extract residual organic solvents with ether, respectively. An alternative to these methods is nucleic acid purification using glass beads, and this technique is also presented. These protocols may also be used for purifying RNA. The final two alternate protocols are used for concentrating RNA and extracting and precipitating DNA from larger volumes and from dilute solutions, and for removing low-molecular-weight oligonucleotides and triphosphates. PMID:21948158
Radiation induced intra-track reactions in aqueous solutions
Radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions is inevitably important not only in physics and chemistry but also in biology and medicine. More than five decades much effort has been paid to clarify the elementary processes induced by irradiation. Then, pulse radiolysis study in the time scale of picosecond is now available. In addition, radiation chemistry studies with high LET radiation have been actively investigated. Furthermore, radiolysis study of aqueous solution at high temperatures and even in supercritical water is under progress. In the present lecture, experimental results on the radiolysis of water in ps time scale and LET effect obtained at Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory (NERL), the University of Tokyo, will be presented relevant to the theoretical calculation. (author)
Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
Fujita, Toshihiko; Kikuchi, Sakae
Vapor pressures of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol are measured in the range of temperature from -10 to 60°C and concentration from 20 to 50wt%. In a low concentration range, the measured values of vapor pressure decrease according to the Raoult's law independent of temperature, while in a high concentration range, they show a trend to decrease towards the estimated values of freezing point with decreasing temperature. The following correlation equation is obtained for practical calculations on heating towers and the like. log(p/P0) = 5.351 - 6.4×10-4y + (1817 + 0.008y(y + 10))/(t + 240) where p, vapor perssure of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol [kPa] ; P0, atmospheric pressure [=101.325kPa] ; y, concentration [wt%] ; t, temperature [°C].
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution
Chang, Zheng; Li, Chunyang; Wang, Yanfang; Chen, Bingwei; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Lixin; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei
Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today's society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode, and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg−1. It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects. PMID:27328707
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution
Chang, Zheng; Li, Chunyang; Wang, Yanfang; Chen, Bingwei; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Lixin; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei
Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today's society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode, and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg‑1. It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects.
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution.
Chang, Zheng; Li, Chunyang; Wang, Yanfang; Chen, Bingwei; Fu, Lijun; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Lixin; Wu, Yuping; Huang, Wei
Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today's society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode, and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg(-1). It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects. PMID:27328707
Polyamide nanofiltration membranes to remove aniline in aqueous solutions.
Hidalgo, A M; León, G; Gómez, M; Murcia, M D; Bernal, M D; Ortega, S
Aniline is commonly used in a number of industrial processes. It is known to be a harmful and persistent pollutant and its presence in wastewater requires treatment before disposal. In this paper, the effectiveness of nanofiltration (NF) to remove aniline from aqueous solutions is studied in a flat membrane test module using two thin-layer composite membranes of polyamide (NF97 and NF99HF). The influence of different operational variables (applied pressure, feed concentration and pH) on the removal of aniline from synthetic aqueous solutions was analysed. The experimental NF results are compared with results previously obtained by reverse osmosis. Based on this comparative study, the effective order for aniline rejection is: HR98PP > NF97 > DESAL3B > SEPA-MS05 > NF99HF. PMID:24701913
Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae
Junwei Zhang; Dafang Fu; Jilong Wu
Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae under a medium pressure mercury lamp (15 W,λmax =365 nm) was investigated.Results indicated that the photodegradation of Norfloxacin could be induced by the algae in the heterogeneous algaewater systems.The photodegradation rate of Norfloxacin increased with increasing algae concentration,and was greatly influenced by the temperature and pH of solution.Meanwhile,the cooperation action of algae and Fe(Ⅲ),and the ultrasound were beneficial to photodegradation of Norfloxaciu.The degradation kinetics of Norfloxacin was found to follow the pseudo zero-order reaction in the suspension of algae.In addition,we discussed the photodegradation mechanism of Norfloxacin in the suspension of algae.This work will be helpful for understanding the photochemical degradation of antibiotics in aqueous environment in the presence of algae,for providing a new method to deal with antibiotics pollution.
Degradation of Sodium-Polyacrylate in Dilute Aqueous Solution, II
Saita, Takao; Matumura, On
It has been found that Na-PAA molecules in dilute aqueous solution are degraded by shearing stress, oxidation and photolysis during usual viscosity measurements with a capillary viscometer. The results of previous viscosity measurements, mainly about the mechanochemical degradation in air and in air-free conditions, showed that the degradation rate increases with increasing shear stress, and with decreasing polymer concentration. In this work, the effects of the molecular weight and temperature on the degradation rate are measured using a capillary viscometer in air, and the photodegradation of Na-PAA and PAA in aqueous solution irradiated with UV light are studied by viscosity measurements in air, and by UV absorption and ESR methods. The results show that the degradation of molecules is enhanced by an increase in the molecular weight and strongly accelerated by a rise in temperature and by UV irradiation, and is accompanied by free-radical chain reactions.
Ternary mutual diffusion in aqueous (ethambutol dihydrochloride + hydrochloric acid) solutions
Highlights: • Ternary diffusion coefficients for aqueous system ethambutol dihydrochloride and hydrochloric acid. • Diffusion of ethambutol dihydrochloride driven by hydrochloric acid gradients. • Coupled diffusion as indicated by cross-diffusion coefficients. - Abstract: Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients measured by the Taylor dispersion method are reported for aqueous solutions of {ethambutol dihydrochloride (1) + HCl (2)} at 25 °C and various carrier solution compositions. Mutual diffusion coefficients estimated from limiting ionic conductivities using Nernst equations are used to discuss the composition dependence of the measured diffusion coefficients. 1H NMR studies, combined with DFT calculations, confirm a fully extended conformation for the diprotonated form of the drug present under these conditions, and are consistent with an electrostatic mechanism for the strongly coupled diffusion of diprotonated ethambutol and HCl
Laser purification of ultradispersed diamond in aqueous solution
The effect of pulsed radiation from a 2.92-μm, 130-ns Cr3+:Yb3+:Ho3+:YSGG holmium laser and a 510-nm, 20-ns copper vapour laser on an aqueous suspension of ultradispersed diamond is studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy revealed that exposure of the suspension to holmium laser radiation reduces the concentration of nondiamond carbon impurity in it. This is due to the dissolution of carbon impurity in supercritical aqueous solution, caused by radiation absorption. Dissolution of the nondiamond fraction may serve as an indicator of the solution being in the supercritical state as a result of laser irradiation of liquids. This process can be used for efficient purification of ultradispersed diamonds. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)
Zinc chloride aqueous solution as a solvent for starch.
Lin, Meiying; Shang, Xiaoqin; Liu, Peng; Xie, Fengwei; Chen, Xiaodong; Sun, Yongyi; Wan, Junyan
It is important to obtain starch-based homogeneous systems for starch modification. Regarding this, an important key point is to find cheap, low-cost and low-toxicity solvents to allow complete dissolution of starch and its easy regeneration. This study reveals that a ZnCl2 aqueous solution is a good non-derivatizing solvent for starch at 50 °C, and can completely dissolve starch granules. The possible formation of a "zinc-starch complex" might account for the dissolution; and the degradation of starch, which was caused by the H(+) inZnCl2 aqueous solution, could not contribute to full dissolution. From polarized light microscopic observation combined with the solution turbidity results, it was found that the lowest ZnCl2 concentration for full dissolution was 29.6 wt.% at 50 °C, with the dissolving time being 4h. Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), solid state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was revealed that ZnCl2 solution had no chemical reaction with starch glucosides, but only weakened starch hydrogen bonding and converted the crystalline regions to amorphous regions. In addition, as shown by intrinsic viscosity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ZnCl2 solution caused degradation of starch macromolecules, which was more serious with a higher concentration of ZnCl2 solution. PMID:26572355
Radiolytic degradation of malathion and lindane in aqueous solutions
Degradation of malathion and lindane pesticides present in an aqueous solution was investigated on a laboratory scale upon gamma-irradiation from a 60Co source. The effects of pesticide group, presence of various additives and absorbed dose on efficiency of pesticide degradation were investigated. Gamma-irradiation was carried out in distilled water solutions (malathion and lindane) and in combination with humic solution (HS), nitrous oxide (N2O) and HS/N2O (lindane) over the range 0.1-2 kGy (malathion) and 5-30 kGy (lindane). Malathion was easily degraded at low absorbed doses compared to lindane in distilled water solutions. Absorbed doses required to remove 50% and 90% of initial malathion and lindane concentrations in distilled water solutions were 0.53 and 1.77 kGy (malathion) and 17.97 and 28.79 kGy (lindane), respectively. The presence of HS, N2O and HS/N2O additives in aqueous solutions, significantly improved the effectiveness of radiolytic degradation of lindane. Chemical analysis of the pesticides and the by-products resulted from the radiolytic degradation were made using a gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the final degradation products of irradiation as detected by ion chromatography (IC) were acetic acid and traces of some anions (phosphate and chloride).
Determination of concentration of saturated ferrocene in aqueous solution
Aoki, Koichi
Chun Ouyang, Koichi Jeremiah Aoki, Jingyuan Chen, Toyohiko Nishiumi, Bo Wang Department of Applied Physics, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, Japan Abstract: The solubility of ferrocene in aqueous solution is known to be approximately 0.04 mmol/dm3. The solubility values determined by voltammetry have been overestimated because of adsorption on electrodes. This work deals with discerning diffusion from adsorption by altering not only the voltammetric time scale but also the solvents used. ...
Liquid crystalline phases in concentrated aqueous solutions of Na+ DNA.
Rill, R L
Concentrated aqueous saline solutions of short (146-base-pair) DNA fragments suddenly become turbid and iridescent when the DNA concentration is slightly increased or the temperature is decreased. Microscopic examination through crossed polarizing filters shows that turbidity and iridescence is due to formation of a liquid crystalline DNA phase similar to cholesteric liquid crystals formed by other semirigid, but nonelectrolyte, chiral polymers. Several distinct textures of the liquid crystal...
Ozone chemistry in aqueous solution : ozone decomposition and stabilisation
Eriksson, Margareta
Ozone is used in many applications in the industry as an oxidising agent for example for bleaching and sterilisation. The decomposition of ozone in aqueous solutions is complex, and is affected by many properties such as, pH, temperature and substances present in the water. Additives can either accelerate the decomposition rate of ozone or have a stabilising effect of the ozone decay. By controlling the decomposition of ozone it is possible to increase the oxidative capacity of ozone. In this...
NMR studies of thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solutions and hydrogels
Spěváček, Jiří
Poznań : Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics and NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, The Centre for European Integration, 2014 - (Jurga, S.). s. 27 [Ampere NMR School. 22.06.2014-28.06.2014, Zakopane] R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA13-23392S Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : NMR * thermoresponsive polymer * aqueous solution Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
NMR investigations of thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solutions
Spěváček, Jiří
Poznaň : Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2012. s. 26. [Ampere NMR School. 24.06.2012-30.06.2012, Poznaň] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA202/09/1281 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40500505 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : thermoresponsive polymer * aqueous solution * NMR Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
Fluorescence of lanthanide(III) complexes in aqueous solutions
The fluorescence of lanthanide ions and of their complexes with EDTA, NTA and AA in aqueous solutions was investigated. It has been shown that the fluorescence band intensities of Sm(III), Eu(III), Gd(III), Tb(III) and Dy(III) complexes depend on the pH and the complexing agent concentration. Fluorescence measurements were used to characterise the lanthanide complexes formed and an attempt was made to interpret the results theoretically. (Author)
Degradation of α-naphthol by plasma in aqueous solution
Degradation of α-naphthol induced by plasma in aqueous solution was investigated in different initial concentration with contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). The results showed that the degradation of α-naphthol obeyed the first-rate law. Some of predominant products were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A path of α-naphthol disappearance caused by plasma was proposed according to the detected intermediate products
Photocatalytic oxidation of fuel oxygenated additives in aqueous solutions
Krichevskaya, M.; Kachina, A.; T. Malygina; Preis, S.; J. Kallas
Experimental research of photocatalytical oxidation (PCO) of aqueous solutions of de-icing agents (ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was undertaken. These chemicals are water-soluble components of jet and motor fuels accidentally disposed to the environment. Titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) under near-UV irradiation was selected as a photocatalyst. A slightly acidic medium was preferable for the process efficiency for MTBE, whereas a neutral...
Pulse Radiolysis of Methyl Viologen in Aqueous Solutions
Solar, S.; Solar, W.; Getoff, N.; Holcman, Jerzy; Sehested, Knud
Pulse radiolysis of air-free aqueous methyl viologen (MV2+) solutions was carried out at various pH. The attack of e–aq on MV2+, with k(e–aq+ MV2+)= 7.5 × 1010 dm3 mol–1 s–1, leads to the formation of the long-lived radical cation (MV˙+), which possesses two absorption maxima at 392.5 nm (ε392...
Adsorption of Cr (III) from aqueous solution by groundnut shell
Tasrina Rabia Choudhury; Mustafa, A. I.
Adsorption and de-sorption of chromium (III) ions on groundnut shell from aqueous solutions have been studied using batch adsorption techniques with respect to the influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial chromium concentration and particle size. Appropriate adsorption isotherm and kinetic parameters of chromium (III) adsorption on groundnut shell have also been determined. The results of this study showed that adsorption of chromium (III) by groundnut shell reached to equilibr...
Pulse Radiolysis of Adrenaline in Acid Aqueous Solutions
Gohn, M.; Getoff, N.; Bjergbakke, Erling
Pulse radiolysis of adrenaline in acid aqueous solutions (pH 1–3) was carried out. The rate constants for the reactions of adrenaline with H and OH were determined: k(H + adr.) = (0·9±0·1) × 109 dm3 mol−1s−1; k(OH + adr.) = (1·65±0·15) × 1010 dm3 mol−1s−1. The H-adduct of adrenaline has two λmax...
Solubility of chlorine in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions.
Alkan, Mahir; Oktay, Münir; Kocakerim, M Muhtar; Copur, Mehmet
The solubility of chlorine in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions was studied. The effects of HCl concentration and temperature on the solubility were evaluated, and the thermodynamic parameters of the dissolution were calculated. It was found that the solubility isotherms had a minimum at about 0.5M HCl concentration at all the temperatures studied and that solubility decreased with the increase of temperature at all the HCl concentration range investigated. PMID:15752843
Dermal absorption of a dilute aqueous solution of malathion
Scharf John
Full Text Available Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide commonly used on field crops, fruit trees, livestock, agriculture, and for mosquito and medfly control. Aerial applications can result in solubilized malathion in swimming pools and other recreational waters that may come into contact with human skin. To evaluate the human skin absorption of malathion for the assessment of risk associated with human exposures to aqueous solutions, human volunteers were selected and exposed to aqueous solutions of malathion. Participants submerged their arms and hands in twenty liters of dilute malathion solution in either a stagnant or stirred state. The "disappearance method" was applied by measuring malathion concentrations in the water before and after human exposure for various periods of time. No measurable skin absorption was detected in 42% of the participants; the remaining 58% of participants measured minimal absorbed doses of malathion. Analyzing these results through the Hazard Index model for recreational swimmer and bather exposure levels typically measured in contaminated swimming pools and surface waters after bait application indicated that these exposures are an order of magnitude less than a minimal dose known to result in a measurable change in acetylcholinesterase activity. It is concluded that exposure to aqueous malathion in recreational waters following aerial bait applications is not appreciably absorbed, does not result in an effective dose, and therefore is not a public health hazard.
Dissolution of gaseous methyl iodide into aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions
Absorption process of gaseous methyl iodide by water or sodium hydroxide solutions was investigated using a semi-flow type experimental apparatus by measuring the concentration of all measurable chemical species in both the gas and the liquid phase. The experimental temperature ranged from 288 to 311 K and the gaseous methyl iodide and aqueous sodium hydroxide concentrations were approximately 0.6 x 10-3 to 7 x 10-3 and 0 to 0.2 mol/dm3, respectively. It is estimated that the dissolution of methyl iodide into the sodium hydroxide solution proceeds according to the following steps. Step (1) Methyl iodide in air dissolves physically into the aqueous phase. Physical dissolution process obeys Henry's law. Step (2) Methyl iodide dissolved into the aqueous phase is decomposed by a base catalytic hydrolysis and produces methyl alcohol and iodide ion. The equilibrium constants of physical dissolution were obtained from the steady concentration in both the gas and the liquid phases in the semi-flow type experiment because the hydrolysis reaction rate of methyl iodide is very slow in comparison with the physical dissolution in this experimental conditions. The obtained value of the standard heat of solution of methyl iodide into water was 7.2 kcal/mol. Salting-out effect was observed when the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the absorbent was over 0.01 mol/dm3. (auth.)
Radiolysis of berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution
Marszalek, Milena; Wolszczak, Marian
The reactions of hydrated electron (eaq-), hydrogen atom (H rad ) (reducing species) and Cl2•-, Br2•-, N,O•H radicals (oxidizing species) with berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution have been studied by steady-state and pulse radiolysis. The spectra of transient intermediates, leading to the final products, are presented. The rate constants of the reaction of eaq- and rad OH radical with both alkaloids in the homogenous solution and in the presence of DNA are reported. It is demonstrated that the primary products of the reaction of berberine and palmatine with eaq- and radicals generated during radiolysis are unstable and undergo further reactions.
Recovery of Ionic Liquids from aqueous solution by Nanofiltration
Fernández Dámaso, José Francisco
The T-SAR methodology was combined with membrane characterization methods. An application of the combined approach was demonstrated with two commercial nanofiltration membranes and it was possible to successfully predict their performance for the recovery of ionic liquids from aqueous solution. Using model solutions of Pyr16 (CF3SO2)2N, it could be evidenced the formation of a new phase of ionic liquid during the concentration process. In this case, 66% of the ionic liquid was separated and t...
Observations on the Solubility of Skeletal Carbonates in Aqueous Solutions.
Chave, K E; Deffeyes, K S; Weyl, P K; Garrels, R M; Thompson, M E
Carbonate skeletal materials of marine organisms exhibit a wide range of solubilities in aqueous solutions. In most cases, the dissolution of the carbonate mineral is irreversible and therefore the material can have no true equilibrium solubility. Relative solubilities have been measured in distilled water and in sea water. The least soluble mineral appears to be calcite with low magnesium content; the most soluble is calcite containing 20 to 30 percent MgCO(3) in solid solution. Aragonite has an intermediate solubility. PMID:17774123
Characterization of aqueous silver nitrate solutions for leakage tests
José Ferreira Costa; Walter Luiz Siqueira; Alessandro Dourado Loguercio; Alessandra Reis; Elizabeth de Oliveira; Cláudia Maria Coelho Alves; José Roberto de Oliveira Bauer; Rosa Helena Miranda Grande
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pH over a period of 168 h and the ionic silver content in various concentrations and post-preparation times of aqueous silver nitrate solutions. Also, the possible effects of these factors on microleakage test in adhesive/resin restorations in primary and permanent teeth were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A digital pHmeter was used for measuring the pH of the solutions prepared with three types of water (purified, deionized or distilled) and three brands of silv...
Kinetic studies of cadmium sulfide precipitation from aqueous thiourea solutions
Kinetics of cadmium sulfide precipitation by thiourea from aqueous solutions containing ammonia complexes of cadmium(II) under conditions of spontaneous initiation of solid phase within solution volume at temperatures of 298-318 K was studied. It was ascertained that the process activation energy is 77843 J/mol, while the reaction order by initial cadmium complex equals unity. Kinetic equation, which permits control over cadmium sulfide precipitation and preparation of CdS films of desired morphology was derived on the basis of the experimental data
Some reactions of oxidizing radicals with enzymes in aqueous solution
A range of oxidizing radicals including some inorganic radical anions and the superoxide radical, can be generated by radiolysis of aqueous solutions. These radicals are more selective in their reactions with amino acids than the hydroxyl radical. Factors controlling the apparent reactivity of radical anions with proteins, such as free radical equilibria and ion-binding, are described. The superoxide radical inactivates papain by reaction with the cysteine residue. This reaction has been studied in solutions subjected to radiations of varying linear energy transfer. (Auth.)
Genotoxicity study of photolytically treated 2-chloropyridine aqueous solutions
2-Chloropyridine (2-CPY) has been identified as a trace organic chemical in process streams, wastewater and even drinking water. Furthermore, it appears to be formed as a secondary pollutant during the decomposition of specific insecticides. As reported in our previous work, 2-CPY was readily removed and slowly mineralised when subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 254 nm. Moreover, 2-CPY was found to be genotoxic at 100 μg ml-1 but it was not genotoxic at or below 50 μg ml-1. In this work 2-CPY aqueous solutions were treated by means of UV irradiation at 254 nm. 2-CPY mineralisation history under different conditions is shown. 2-CPY was found to mineralise completely upon prolonged irradiation. Identified products of 2-CPY photolytic decomposition are presented. Solution genotoxicity was tested as a function of treatment time. Aqueous solution samples, taken at different photo-treatment times were tested in cultured human lymphocytes applying the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. It was found that the solution was genotoxic even when 2-CPY had been practically removed. This shows that photo-treatment of 2-CPY produces genotoxic products. Upon prolonged irradiation solution genotoxicity values approached the control value.
Radiolysis of HA in aqueous solutions using gamma rays
The present work investigated the radiolysis of HA (Humic acids) in aqueous solutions and under gamma radiation. Absorbances at the range of 200-800 nm and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were used to characterize the degree of degradation of HA, The results indicated that absorbances and the concentrations of COD were decreased with increasing of irradiation dose while with increasing of irradiation dose the pH of the solutions was decreased at first and then increase. In addition, the effects of initial pH and primary solution concentrations on HA degradation were also investigated. It is shown that the higher primary solution concentrations, the lower degradation efficiency under the same irradiation dose. And the degradation efficiency of HA under neutral conditions is better than in acidic or alkaline conditions. (authors)
Corrosion behavior of bulk metallic glasses in different aqueous solutions
The corrosion behavior of as-cast fully amorphous, structural relaxed amorphous and crystallized Fe65.5Cr4Mo4Ga4P12C5B5.5 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in NaCl, HCl and NaOH solutions was investigated by electrochemical polarization and immersion methods. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements was used to analyze the changes of the elements on the alloy surface before and after immersion in various solutions. The corrosion resistance of the Fe65.5Cr4Mo4Ga4P12C5B5.5 BMG was better than its structural relaxation/crystallization counterparts and common alloys (such as stainless steel, carbonized steel, and steel) in the selected aqueous solutions. The high corrosion resistance of this alloy in corrosive solutions leads to the formation of Fe-, Cr- and Mo-enriched protective thin surface films.
Depolarization of negative muons in water and aqueous solutions
The dependence of negative muon depolarization on temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration is measured in various aqueous solutions located in longitudinal or transverse magnetic fields. It is shown that the experimental data are mot inconsistent with the familiar concepts regarding the behaviour of free radicals in aqueous solutions. The residual polarization in pure water solution of hydrogen peroxide is found to 1.8 times higher than that in pure water. This is interpreted as being the result of chemical interaction between meso nitrogen and hydrogen peroxide molecules leading to the formation of diamagnetic compounds. It is shown that the degree of depolarization does not depend on the magnetic field strength. According to the depolarization model in which meso nitrogen chemical reactions are taken into account this signifies that the meso atom enters the chemical reactions during a time t≅10-11 sec. at T=300 K; the paramagnetic products of these primary reactions which contain meso nitrogen then participate in secondary reactions during a time t1≤10-7 sec. The rate constants of the reactions leading to the formation of diamagnetic products can be obtained by treating the concentration and temperature dependences of depolarization in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide in accordance with the model assuming chemical reactions between the meso atom and H2O molecules. The order of magnitude of the constant k≅10-11 sec-1⋅sm3is the same as that of the constant for reactions between free H and OH radicals in water. The temperature dependences of depolarization in water and a water solution of hydrogen peroxide are same consistent with the concept that the meso nitrogen reactions are chemical reactions by diffusion. (author)
Characterization of aqueous solution of congored for food irradiation dosimetry
Aqueous solution of congored has been investigated spectrophotometrically for possible applications in food irradiation dosimetry. Absorption spectra of the solution showed two absorption bands with peaks at 346 and 498 nm. Radiation induced bleaching of the dye was measured at the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (346 and 498 nm) as well as at several other wavelengths (491, 540 and 570 nm). At 498 mn, the decrease in absorbance of the dosimeter was linear with respect to the absorbed dose from 50 to 600 Gy. At the other peak wavelength (346 mn), the response was linear up to 400 Gy, however, the upper limit was increased to 600 Gy when the response was measured at longer wavelengths (491, 540 or 570 mn). If the negative logarithm of the absorbance (-log A) at these wavelengths is plotted versus absorbed dose, a linear response was observed from 50 to 1200 Gy. Postirradiation stability of dosimetric solution was studied at room temperature and showed almost stable response up to 50 days when stored in dark. The response was found almost stable for 50 days when the solution after irradiation was exposed to white fluorescent light or to diffused sunlight inside the laboratory. The aqueous congored solution is unstable when exposed to direct sunlight, showing rapid decrease in absorbance for the first few hours followed by a slower decrease. The results suggest that the aqueous congored dosimeter with linear response up to 1200 Gy is suitable for a number of food irradiation applications, such as, sprout inhibition of potatoes, onion and garlic and for ripening delay and ripening stimulation of fruits and vegetables. (author)
The Gibbs-free-energy landscape for the solute association in nanoconfined aqueous solutions
赵亮; 王春雷; 方海平; 涂育松
The theoretical model and the numerical analyses on the Gibbs-free-energy of the association states of am-phiphilic molecules in nanoconfined aqueous solutions are presented in detail. We exhibit the continuous change of the Gibbs-free-energy trend, which plays a critical role in the association states of the system transforming from the dispersion state, through the "reversible state", and finally to the aggregation state in amphiphilic molecule solutions. Furthermore, for the"reversible state", we present the difference in the free-energy bar-rier heights of the dispersion state and aggregation state, resulting from the competition between the entropy, which makes the solute molecules evenly disperse in the solution and the energy contribution driving the am-phiphilic molecules to aggregate into a larger cluster. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of confinement effects on the solute association processes in aqueous solutions and may further improve the techniques of material fabrication.
Aqueous Solutions on Silica Surfaces: Structure and Dynamics from Simulations
Striolo, Alberto; Argyris, Dimitrios; Tummala, Naga Rajesh
Our group is interested in understanding the properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions at interfaces. The fundamental questions we seek to answer include: (A) how does a solid structure perturb interfacial water? (B) How far from the solid does this perturbation persist? (C) What is the rate of water reorientation and exchange in the perturbed layer? (D) What happens in the presence of simple electrolytes? To address such topics we implemented atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Recent results for water and simple electrolytes near silicon dioxide surfaces of various degrees of hydroxylation will be presented. The data suggest the formation of a layered aqueous structure near the interface. The density profile of interfacial water seems to dictate the density profiles of aqueous solutions containing NaCl, CaCl2, CsCl, and SrCl2 near the solid surfaces. These results suggest that ion-ion and ion-water correlations are extremely important factors that should be considered when it is desired to predict the distribution of electrolytes near a charged surface. Our results will benefit a number of practical applications including water desalination, exploitation of the oil shale in the Green River Basin, nuclear waste sites remediation, and design of nanofluidic devices.
Uranium, thorium and rare earth extraction and separation process by processing their chloride aqueous solutions
The different steps of the process are the following: uranium and iron extraction by a neutral organic phosphorus compound and thorium and rare earth recovery in an aqueous solution, iron recovery in acid aqueous phase, concentration of the thorium and rare earth aqueous solution followed by thorium extraction with a organic phosphorus compound and rare earth recovery in the aqueous phase, thorium recovery in acid aqueous phase
Li-na Zhang; Mei Zhang; Jing-hua Chen; Hideki Iijima; Hiromichi Tsuchiya
Erwinia (E) gum, an extracellular polysaccharide, is composed of fucose, galatose, glucose and glucuronic acid. Its viscosity behavior was investigated by a low-shear-rate multiball viscometer and a rotational viscometer. Its weight-average molecular weight Mw and intrinsic viscosity [η] in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution were measured by light scattering method at 35℃ and viscometry at 25℃ and found to be 1.06 × 106 g/mol and 1050 mL/g, respectively, and its aggregates in aqueous solution were proved by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These results indicated that E gum in water has exceedingly high viscosity and exhibits Binham fluid behavior, owing to its aggregation. The viscosity of E gum decreased with increasing temperature, and the turning point appeared at 38℃ for dilute solution and 80℃ for concentrated solution suggesting that the aggregates of E gum in water started to disaggregate under these temperatures. In addition, the aggregates can be disrupted by adding either acid or base. The experimental results indicated that the E gum is a good thickening agent, and its fluid behavior is similar to xanthan.
An electrochemical treatment for aqueous radioactive solutions using pottery
A bench scale electrolytic cell made from plexiglas was used for electrochemical separation of 137Cs and 60Co from simullated aqueous radioactive solutions. In this cell, a stainless steel plate represented the anode. The electrochemical treatment technique used depends on forcing the radioactive cations of the solution (137Cs+ and 60Co++) towards the opposite electrode under the influence of applied electric current, where they highly sorbed in the pottery body. The highest removal for137Cs+ and 60Co was in the alkalina medium, especially at pH>9. The investigated factors affected the electrochemicla processes are, applied voltage, treatment duration, hydrogen ion concentration of the radioactive solution, and the consumed electrical energy . It was found that at pH 11, applied voltage 30V and current 100 mA, the highest removal of 137Cs is 99.8% after 2.5 hours, and 99.3% and 99.3% for 60Co after 1.25 hour.The total consumed energy for 137Cs and 60Co were 33.75 and 16.88 W.h.dm-3, respectively. Comparing with other treatment methods, the electrochemical method revealed three advantages: shorter treatment time, low-cost materials, and low consumed energy. The results obtained showed that the dual application of electric current and sorption on the surface of pottery are feasible for the treatment of aqueous radioactive solutions
Aqueous solution of basic fuchsin as food irradiation dosimeter
Dosimetric characterization of aqueous solution of basic fuchsin has been studied spectrophotometrically for the possible application in the low-dose food irradiation dosimetry. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated solutions were determined and decrease in the absorption with the radiation dose was noted down. Radiation-induced bleaching of the dye was measured at wavelengths of maximum absorption λmax (540nm) as well as 510, 460 and 400 nm wavelengths. At all these wavelengths, the decrease in the absorbance of the dosimeter was linear with respect to the absorbed dose from 0.05 to 0.6 kGy. The stability of dosimetric solution during the post-irradiation storage in the dark at room temperature showed that after initial bleaching during first eight days, the response was almost stable for about 34 days. The effect of different light and temperature conditions also showed that the response gradually decreased during the storage period of 34 days, which shows that the basic fuchsin dye is photosensitive as well as thermally sensitive. The possibility of using aqueous solution of basic fuchsin as food irradiation dosimeter will be discussed. (authors)
Mutual diffusion of sodium hyaluranate in aqueous solutions
Highlights: • Binary diffusion coefficients for the systems containing sodium hyaluronate. • Influence of the aggregation on diffusion of the sodium hyaluronate in the aqueous media. • Estimation of the thermodynamic and mobility factors from mutual diffusion. -- Abstract: The Taylor dispersion technique has been used for measuring mutual diffusion coefficients of sodium hyaluronate in aqueous solutions at T = 298.15 K, and concentrations ranging from (0.00 to 0.50) g · dm−3. The results are interpreted on the basis of Nernst, and Onsager and Fuoss theoretical equations. From the diffusion coefficient at infinitesimal concentration, the limiting ionic conductivity and the tracer diffusion coefficient of hyaluronate ion were estimated. These studies have been complemented by molecular mechanics calculations
Physical chemistry of the interface between oxide and aqueous solution
The behavior and properties of small oxide particles in aqueous suspension are dominated by the physico-chemistry of their surface. It is electrostatically charged and strongly solvated. The origin of the surface charge is discussed through the MUSIC model [Hiemstra 1996], allowing to estimate the acid-base behavior of surface oxygen atoms. The stability of aqueous dispersions of particles is analysed following the DLVO model, with a special attention on the hydration layers allowing the peptization of flocs. Different adsorption mechanisms of metal cations are presented in terms of coordination chemistry (outer- and inner-sphere complexes) emphasizing the coordinating ability of the surface towards metal complexes in solution. The anion adsorption is also studied in relation with some interesting consequences on spinel iron oxide nano-particles. (author)
Nano particles@Calix arenas via aqueous solution
Sahar Dehghani
Full Text Available The electronic structure and magnetic properties of Al2O3, GaN and Fe3O4@ Calix (8 COOH have been studied using ONIOM and DFT methods. The studies focus on how to improve the adsorption of some nano particles solution aqueous for achieving good magnetic and functionalized potential performances. The results revealed that the Fe3O4@ Calix (8 COOH and some of its derivations exhibited better thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the particle size and magnetic property of the GaN@ Calix (8 COOH nano particles can be controlled by the aqueous. The electrical properties such as NMR Shielding, electron densities, energy densities, potential energy densities, ELF, LOL, ellipticity of electron density, eta index and ECP for nano particles@ Calix (8COOH have been calculated.
Transient species produced in irradiated alkaline aqueous solutions containing oxygen
The spectra and decay kinetics of the optical absorption in the UV region and at 430nm (maximum of the ozonide ion absorption), were investigated in oxygenated neutral, slightly and strongly alkaline aqueous solutions. It is assumed that the initial absorption after the pulse in oxygenated alkaline solutions is due to the ozonide ion O3-, superoxide radical ion O2- and ozone O3. The long-living absorption in these solutions cannot be excluded as to be probably caused by the ozone O3 or some product formed from O2- or an alkaline stabilized form of this radical-ion. The advantage of applying additional non-optical measurements of the system is shown on the example of H2O2 role played in the mechanism. (author)
Enthalpy of solution of CO2 in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
The enthalpies of solution of CO2 in aqueous solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) 15 wt% and 30 wt% were measured at 322.5 K and pressures range from (0.2 to 5) MPa using a flow calorimetric technique. The gas solubilities were simultaneously determined from the calorimetric data. The solubilities were compared to available literature values obtained by direct measurements. The experimental enthalpies of solution were compared to the values derived from the literature vapor liquid equilibrium data. This work provides calorimetric data that will be used later for the development of a thermodynamic model to predict both solubilities and enthalpies of solution of acid gases in aqueous amine solutions
Water rotational jump driven large amplitude molecular motions of nitrate ions in aqueous potassium nitrate solution
Banerjee, Puja; Bagchi, Biman
Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous potassium nitrate solution reveal a highly complex rotational dynamics of nitrate ions where, superimposed on the expected continuous Brownian motion, are large amplitude angular jumps that are coupled to and at least partly driven by similar large amplitude jump motions in water molecules which are associated with change in the hydrogen bonded water molecule. These jumps contribute significantly to rotational and translational motions of these ions. We explore the detailed mechanism of these correlated (or, coupled) jumps and introduce a new time correlation function to decompose the coupled orientational- jump dynamics of solvent and solute in the aqueous electrolytic solution. Time correlation function provides for the unequivocal determination of the time constant involved in orientational dynamics originating from making and breaking of hydrogen bonds. We discover two distinct mechanisms-both are coupled to density fluctuation but are of different types.
Solvation of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes in aqueous solutions.
Afanas'ev, V N
A new theory of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions has been developed which, unlike the Debye-Hückel method applicable for small concentrations only, makes it possible to estimate thermodynamic properties of a solution in a wide range of state parameters. One of the main novelties of the proposed theory is that it takes into account the dependence of solvation numbers upon the concentration of solution, and all changes occurring in the solution are connected with solvation of the stoichiometric mixture of electrolyte ions or molecules. The present paper proposes a rigorous thermodynamic analysis of hydration parameters of solutions. Ultrasound and densimetric measurements in combination with data on isobaric heat capacity have been used to study aqueous solutions of electrolytes NaNO3, KI, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and MgSO4 and of nonelectrolytes urea, urotropine, and acetonitrile. Structural characteristics of hydration complexes have been analyzed: hydration numbers h, the proper volume of the stoichiometric mixture of ions without hydration shells V(2h), compressibility β(1h), and the molar volume of water in hydration shells V(1h), their dependencies on concentration and temperature. It has been shown that for aqueous solutions the electric field of ions and molecules of nonelectrolytes has a greater influence on the temperature dependence of the molar volume of solution in hydration shells than a simple change of pressure. The cause of this effect may be due to the change in the dielectric permeability of water in the immediate vicinity of hydrated ions or molecules. The most studied compounds (NaCl, KCl, KI, MgCl2) have been studied in a wider range of solute concentrations of up to 4-5 mol/kg. Up to the complete solvation limit (CSL), the functions V(1h) = f(T) and β(1h) = f(T) are linear with a high correlation factor, and the dependence Y(K,S) = f(β1V1*) at all investigated concentrations of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes up to the CSL enables h and �
Preferential adsorption of uranium ions in aqueous solutions by polymers
Amidoxime fiber and triazine fiber were prepared by chemical modification of commercially available polyacrylonitril fiber. It was found that the Amidoxime fiber is efficient to adsorb uranium ions in the artificial sea water. The efficiency of the preferential adsorption decreases by treatment the material with an acid-or an alkaline-solution. The triazine fiber adsorbs uranium ions only in aqueous solutions of such uranyl acetate, in the absence of other ions. In the artificial sea water, it adsorbs other ions instead of uranium. The preferential adsorption of uranium ions was further investigated with a series of polystyrenesulfonamides. Among the polystyrene derivatives, those having carboxyl groups, derived from imino diacetic acid (PSt-Imi), β-alanine (PSt-Ala), glycine (PSt-Gly), and sarcosine (PSt-Sar) were qualified for further discussion. However, it was found that the amount of adsorption of uranium ions by PSt-Imi decreases with increasing the volume of the artificial sea water and/or the duration of the treatment. Taking into account the facts, the preferential adsorption of uranium ions by PSt-Imi in aqueous solution was discussed in detail. (author)
Removal of Cholera Toxin from Aqueous Solution by Probiotic Bacteria
Jussi A. O. Meriluoto
Full Text Available Cholera remains a serious health problem, especially in developing countries where basic hygiene standards are not met. The symptoms of cholera are caused by cholera toxin, an enterotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. We have recently shown that human probiotic bacteria are capable of removing cyanobacterial toxins from aqueous solutions. In the present study we investigate the ability of the human probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (ATCC 53103 and Bifidobacterium longum 46 (DSM 14583, to remove cholera toxin from solution in vitro. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium longum 46 were able to remove 68% and 59% of cholera toxin from aqueous solutions during 18 h of incubation at 37 °C, respectively. The effect was dependent on bacterial concentration and L. rhamnosus GG was more effective at lower bacterial concentrations. No significant effect on cholera toxin concentration was observed when nonviable bacteria or bacterial supernatant was used.
Boron removal from aqueous solution by direct contact membrane distillation
The removal of boron from aqueous solution by direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was studied with self-prepared polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes in the present work. The effect of pH, boron concentration, temperature and salt concentration of the feed solution on the boron rejection was investigated. The experimental results indicated that boron rejection was less dependent on the feed pH and salt concentration. DCMD process had high boron removal efficiency (>99.8%) and the permeate boron was below the maximum permissible level even at feed concentration as high as 750 mg/L. Although the permeate flux was enhanced exponentially with the feed temperature increasing, the influence of feed temperature on the boron rejection could be neglected. Finally, the natural groundwater sample containing 12.7 mg/L of boron was treated by DCMD process. The permeate boron kept below 20 μg/L whether the feed was acidified or not, but pre-acidification was helpful to maintain the permeate flux stability. All the experimental results indicated that DCMD could be efficiently used for boron removal from aqueous solution.
Removing Phosphorus from Aqueous Solutions Using Lanthanum Modified Pine Needles.
Xianze Wang
Full Text Available The renewable pine needles was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions. Using batch experiments, pine needles pretreated with alkali-isopropanol (AI failed to effectively remove phosphorus, while pine needles modified with lanthanum hydroxide (LH showed relatively high removal efficiency. LH pine needles were effective at a wide pH ranges, with the highest removal efficiency reaching approximately 85% at a pH of 3. The removal efficiency was kept above 65% using 10 mg/L phosphorus solutions at desired pH values. There was no apparent significant competitive behavior between co-existing anions of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride (SO4(2-, NO3(- and Cl(-; however, CO3(2- exhibited increased interfering behavior as concentrations increased. An intraparticle diffusion model showed that the adsorption process occurred in three phases, suggesting that a boundary layer adsorption phenomena slightly affected the adsorption process, and that intraparticle diffusion was dominant. The adsorption process was thermodynamically unfavorable and non-spontaneous; temperature increases improved phosphorus removal. Total organic carbon (TOC assays indicated that chemical modification reduced the release of soluble organic compounds from 135.6 mg/L to 7.76 mg/L. This new information about adsorption performances provides valuable information, and can inform future technological applications designed to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions.
Removing Phosphorus from Aqueous Solutions Using Lanthanum Modified Pine Needles
Wang, Xianze; Liu, Zhongmou; Liu, Jiancong; Huo, Mingxin; Huo, Hongliang; Yang, Wu
The renewable pine needles was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions. Using batch experiments, pine needles pretreated with alkali-isopropanol (AI) failed to effectively remove phosphorus, while pine needles modified with lanthanum hydroxide (LH) showed relatively high removal efficiency. LH pine needles were effective at a wide pH ranges, with the highest removal efficiency reaching approximately 85% at a pH of 3. The removal efficiency was kept above 65% using 10 mg/L phosphorus solutions at desired pH values. There was no apparent significant competitive behavior between co-existing anions of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride (SO42-, NO3- and Cl-); however, CO32- exhibited increased interfering behavior as concentrations increased. An intraparticle diffusion model showed that the adsorption process occurred in three phases, suggesting that a boundary layer adsorption phenomena slightly affected the adsorption process, and that intraparticle diffusion was dominant. The adsorption process was thermodynamically unfavorable and non-spontaneous; temperature increases improved phosphorus removal. Total organic carbon (TOC) assays indicated that chemical modification reduced the release of soluble organic compounds from 135.6 mg/L to 7.76 mg/L. This new information about adsorption performances provides valuable information, and can inform future technological applications designed to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions. PMID:26630014
Preparation of fluorescent polyaniline nanoparticles in aqueous solutions
Alves, Kleber G. B. [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica (Brazil); Melo, Etelino F. de [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Quimica Fundamental (Brazil); Andrade, Cesar A. S. [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Bioquimica (Brazil); Melo, Celso P. de, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisica (Brazil)
We report the synthesis of stable polyaniline nanoparticles (PANI{sub N}Ps) based on the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions of surfactants. Surfactants of three different types-cationic (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide-DTAB), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate-SDS), and non-ionic (Triton X-405-TX-405)-were used. The resulting PANI{sub N}Ps{sub s}urfactant samples were characterized through UV-Vis, fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). We have verified that the color of the PANI{sub N}Ps{sub s}urfactant dispersions is affected by a change in the pH of the solution. The PANI-NPs{sub s}urfactant colloidal suspensions in aqueous solution present a surprising high fluorescence quantum yield value (ranging from 1.9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3} to 6.9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3}) that can be controlled as a function of the pH, a fact that we associate to the corresponding protonation degree of the PANI polymeric chains. We suggest that these fluorescent nanocomposites can find important technological applications in different areas such as organic light emitting devices, biosensors, and pigments for coatings.
Characterization of aqueous silver nitrate solutions for leakage tests
José Ferreira Costa
Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To determine the pH over a period of 168 h and the ionic silver content in various concentrations and post-preparation times of aqueous silver nitrate solutions. Also, the possible effects of these factors on microleakage test in adhesive/resin restorations in primary and permanent teeth were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A digital pHmeter was used for measuring the pH of the solutions prepared with three types of water (purified, deionized or distilled and three brands of silver nitrate salt (Merck, Synth or Cennabras at 0, 1, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after preparation, and storage in transparent or dark bottles. Ionic silver was assayed according to the post-preparation times (2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 h and concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50% of solutions by atomic emission spectrometry. For each sample of each condition, three readings were obtained for calculating the mean value. Class V cavities were prepared with enamel margins on primary and permanent teeth and restored with the adhesive systems OptiBond FL or OptiBond SOLO Plus SE and the composite resin Filtek Z-250. After nail polish coverage, the permanent teeth were immersed in 25% or 50% AgNO3 solution and the primary teeth in 5% or 50% AgNO3 solutions for microleakage evaluation. ANOVA and the Tukey's test were used for data analyses (α=5%. RESULTS: The mean pH of the solutions ranged from neutral to alkaline (7.9±2.2 to 11.8±0.9. Mean ionic silver content differed depending on the concentration of the solution (4.75±0.5 to 293±15.3 ppm. In the microleakage test, significant difference was only observed for the adhesive system factor (p=0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Under the tested experimental conditions and based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the aqueous AgNO3 solutions: have neutral/alkaline pH and service life of up to 168 h; the level of ionic silver is proportional to the concentration of the solution; even at 5% concentration, the solutions were
Characterization of aqueous silver nitrate solutions for leakage tests
COSTA, José Ferreira; SIQUEIRA, Walter Luiz; LOGUERCIO, Alessandro Dourado; REIS, Alessandra; de OLIVEIRA, Elizabeth; ALVES, Cláudia Maria Coelho; BAUER, José Roberto de Oliveira; GRANDE, Rosa Helena Miranda
Objectives To determine the pH over a period of 168 h and the ionic silver content in various concentrations and post-preparation times of aqueous silver nitrate solutions. Also, the possible effects of these factors on microleakage test in adhesive/resin restorations in primary and permanent teeth were evaluated. Material and Methods A digital pHmeter was used for measuring the pH of the solutions prepared with three types of water (purified, deionized or distilled) and three brands of silver nitrate salt (Merck, Synth or Cennabras) at 0, 1, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after preparation, and storage in transparent or dark bottles. Ionic silver was assayed according to the post-preparation times (2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 h) and concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50%) of solutions by atomic emission spectrometry. For each sample of each condition, three readings were obtained for calculating the mean value. Class V cavities were prepared with enamel margins on primary and permanent teeth and restored with the adhesive systems OptiBond FL or OptiBond SOLO Plus SE and the composite resin Filtek Z-250. After nail polish coverage, the permanent teeth were immersed in 25% or 50% AgNO3 solution and the primary teeth in 5% or 50% AgNO3 solutions for microleakage evaluation. ANOVA and the Tukey's test were used for data analyses (α=5%). Results The mean pH of the solutions ranged from neutral to alkaline (7.9±2.2 to 11.8±0.9). Mean ionic silver content differed depending on the concentration of the solution (4.75±0.5 to 293±15.3 ppm). In the microleakage test, significant difference was only observed for the adhesive system factor (p=0.000). Conclusions Under the tested experimental conditions and based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the aqueous AgNO3 solutions: have neutral/alkaline pH and service life of up to 168 h; the level of ionic silver is proportional to the concentration of the solution; even at 5% concentration, the solutions were capable of
Electrochemical reduction of /Ru edta L/ compounds in aqueous solution
Electrochemical reduction of the complexes [Ru edta L], [L= 2,2' bipyridine (2,2' bipy) pyrazinamide (pz CONH2); 4-cyanopyridine 4-cyanopyridine (4-CNpy); nicotinamide (NIC); hydroxil; 3-aminophenol (3-NH2 φ OH) and 2-aminopyridine (2-NH2 py)] in aqueous solution (acetate buffer, pH 4.65 or phosphate buffer, pH=8.2), μ=0,2 M p-cH3φSO3Li is investigated. The measurements have been made by cyclic voltammetry technique, using platinum, gold and mercury pool as working electrodes. (M.J.C.)
Standard Electrode Potentials Involving Radicals in Aqueous Solution: Inorganic Radicals
Armstrong, David A.; Huie, Robert E.; Koppenol, Willem H.; Lymar, Sergei V.; Merenyi, Gabor; Neta, Pedatsur; Ruscic, Branko; Stanbury, David M.; Steenken, Steen; Wardman, Peter
Recommendations are made for standard potentials involving select inorganic radicals in aqueous solution at 25 °C. These recommendations are based on a critical and thorough literature review and also by performing derivations from various literature reports. The recommended data are summarized in tables of standard potentials, Gibbs energies of formation, radical pKa's, and hemicolligation equilibrium constants. In all cases, current best estimates of the uncertainties are provided. An extensive set of Data Sheets is appended that provide original literature references, summarize the experimental results, and describe the decisions and procedures leading to each of the recommendations
Effect of Surface Quality in Viscometry of Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Večeř, M.; Wein, Ondřej
Praha: Process Engineering Publisher, 2010, s. 1093. ISBN 978-80-02-02248-0. [International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA 2010 and 7th European Congress of Chemical Engineering ECCE-7 /19./. Prague (CZ), 28.08.2010-01.09.2010] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA104/09/0972; GA ČR GA104/08/0428 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40720504 Keywords : apparent wall slip * surface quality * aqueous polymer solutions Subject RIV: CI - Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering www.chisa.cz/2010, www.ecce7.com
E-beam radiolysis of aqueous dimethyl phthalate solution
To investigate the influence of radiolysis on kinetics and factors of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), the aqueous DMP solution is degraded by 1.8 MeV E-beam, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constant of DMP degradation decreased exponentially with increasing initial DMP concentration. The DMP is favorably degraded by radical scavengers under its low concentration and alkaline condition. At high doses, the DMP is attacked by eaq- and ·OH, producing monomethyl phthalate, phthalate acid, and a series of aliphatic carboxylic acids, which are completely mineralized into H2O and CO2. (authors)
Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions
Lee, DW; Lim, C. (Cheryl); Israelachvili, JN; Hwang, DS
Chitosan, a load-bearing biomacromolecule found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, is a promising biopolymer for the replacement of synthetic plastic compounds. Here, surface interactions mediated by chitosan in aqueous solutions, including the effects of pH and contact time, were investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). Chitosan films showed an adhesion to mica for all tested pH ranges (3.0-8.5), achieving a maximum value at pH 3.0 after a contact time of 1 h (Wad ∼ ...
Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions
Lee, Dong Woog; Lim, Chanoong; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Hwang, Dong Soo
Chitosan, a load-bearing biomacromolecule found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, is a promising biopolymer for the replacement of synthetic plastic compounds. Here, surface interactions mediated by chitosan in aqueous solutions, including the effects of pH and contact time, were investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). Chitosan films showed an adhesion to mica for all tested pH ranges (3.0–8.5), achieving a maximum value at pH 3.0 after a contact time of 1 hr (Wad ~...
Nano particles@Calix arenas via aqueous solution
Sahar Dehghani
The electronic structure and magnetic properties of Al2O3, GaN and Fe3O4@ Calix (8) COOH have been studied using ONIOM and DFT methods. The studies focus on how to improve the adsorption of some nano particles solution aqueous for achieving good magnetic and functionalized potential performances. The results revealed that the Fe3O4@ Calix (8) COOH and some of its derivations exhibited better thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the particle size and magnetic property of the GaN@ Calix (8) C...
Recovery of niobium anions from aqueous solutions by ion flotation
In principle the feasibility of recovering niobates (K2NbOF5 and K2NbF7) from aqueous media by ion flotation was established. When using quaternary ammonium bases or amines as the collectors, the optimal conditions lie in the interval pH = 5.0-9.0. The interaction of niobates with cationic surfactants may proceed through an anion-exchange mechanism. The presence of acid in the solution suppresses this interaction, owing to the competition from the anions that are present and owing to binding of the surface-active collectors into a complex. 3 figures
Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using opalized tuff
Golomeova, Mirjana; Zendelska, Afrodita; Golomeov, Blagoj; Krstev, Boris; Jakupi, Shaban
This paper presents the results of the examination of the possibility of applying opalized tuff as a natural raw material for disposal of heavy metals (copper, zinc, manganese and lead) from aqueous solutions. Of actual experiments obtained results show that working conditions attaching to the removal of Cu and Pb ions is more than 91% of zinc ions is above 81%, while manganese ions are removed about 77% .On this can be concluded that the removal of examined heavy metals using opalized tuff i...
VUV irradiation studies of plasmid DNA in aqueous solution
Śmialek, M. A.; Hoffmann, S. V.; Folkard, M.; Prise, K. M.; Shuker, D. E. G.; Braithwaite, N. S.; Mason, N. J.
Interactions of VUV light and DNA samples in aqueous solutions are reported. The damage induced by such radiation is quantified by monitoring both loss of supercoiled DNA and formation of single and double strand breaks using agarose gel electrophoresis. Irradiations were performed using synchrotron VUV photons of 130, 150, 170 and 190 nm. VUV irradiation experiments revealed enhanced damage upon irradiation with 170 nm photons as compared with irradiations with photons of 150 nm and 130 nm. Irradiations carried at 190 nm caused the least damage.
Polymerization of beta-amino acids in aqueous solution
Liu, R.; Orgel, L. E.; Bada, J. L. (Principal Investigator)
We have compared carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC) as activating agents for the oligomerization of negatively-charged alpha- and beta-amino acids in homogeneous aqueous solution. alpha-Amino acids can be oligomerized efficiently using CDI, but not by EDAC. beta-Amino acids can be oligomerized efficiently using EDAC, but not by CDI. Aspartic acid, an alpha- and beta-dicarboxylic acid is oligomerized efficiently by both reagents. These results are explained in terms of the mechanisms of the reactions, and their relevance to prebiotic chemistry is discussed.
Fluorescence of aqueous solutions of commercial humic products
Gosteva, O. Yu.; Izosimov, A. A.; Patsaeva, S. V.; Yuzhakov, V. I.; Yakimenko, O. S.
We have studied the spectral luminescence characteristics of aqueous solutions of humic products obtained from different raw material sources, and their behavior as the excitation wavelength increases from 270 nm to 355 nm. We have identified differences in the spectral properties of industrial humic products from coalified materials, lignin-containing organic waste, and humic products from plant raw material (peat, sapropel, vermicompost). We have shown that humic products from plant raw material have spectral properties closer to those for humic substances in natural water or soil than humic products from coalified materials.
The characterization methods for colloids in aqueous solutions
This literature review deals with characterization methods for colloids in aqueous solutions and in groundwater. The basis for the review has been the needs of nuclear waste disposal studies and methods applicable in such studies. The methods considered include non-destructive laserspectroscopic methods (e.g. TRLFS, LPAS, PALS), several separation methods (e.g. ultrafiltration, dialysis, electrophoresis, field-flow-fractionation) and also some surface analytical methods, as well as some other methods giving additional information on formation and migration properties of colloids. (au.) (71 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.)
Radiolysis of phenol in aqueous solution at elevated temperatures
γ-Radiolysis and pulse radiolysis of phenol in aqueous solution up to supercritical condition have been carried out. G-values of phenol consumption and product formation have been determined. While dihydroxybenzenes were major products at room temperature, multi-ring compounds and benzene were formed above 300 deg. C. This indicates reaction mechanism was changed above 300 deg. C, where phenoxyl radical plays a predominant role. This is supported by the observation of phenoxyl radical in pulse radiolysis. In supercritical water, the G-values increased with decrease of density
Degradation of Sodium-Polyacrylate in Dilute Aqueous Solution
Saita, Takao
It is shown using a capillary viscometer that the viscosity of a dilute aqueous solution of sodium-polyacrylate at 20°C decreases gradually for each flow time measurement and also decreases with the time of rest. Assuming that the polymer degradation is caused by shearing stress and oxidation, their effects are discussed with the data obtained using a closed-type capillary viscometer derived for this investigation. It is proved from the results that rupture of the Na-PAA molecule is caused by mechanochemical degradation, and also photo-degradation under the usual illumination and sunlight in a laboratory.
VUV irradiation studies of plasmid DNA in aqueous solution
Interactions of VUV light and DNA samples in aqueous solutions are reported. The damage induced by such radiation is quantified by monitoring both loss of supercoiled DNA and formation of single and double strand breaks using agarose gel electrophoresis. Irradiations were performed using synchrotron VUV photons of 130, 150, 170 and 190 nm. VUV irradiation experiments revealed enhanced damage upon irradiation with 170 nm photons as compared with irradiations with photons of 150 nm and 130 nm. Irradiations carried at 190 nm caused the least damage
Analysis and modeling of alkali halide aqueous solutions
Kim, Sun Hyung; Anantpinijwatna, Amata; Kang, Jeong Won;
calculations for various electrolyte properties of alkali halide aqueous solutions such as mean ionic activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients, and salt solubilities. The model covers highly nonideal electrolyte systems such as lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide, that is, systems that are...... very soluble in water, for example, up to more than 30 mol kg-1. Phase behaviors for the systems are analyzed at concentrations of salt up to the solubility in water at temperatures between 273 and 373 K by comparing calculated results with available experimental data and available models....
Excess Thermodynamic Properties of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions at High Temperatures
Measurements of the vapor pressure of the solvent in wide ranges of concentration and temperature provide information on solute solvation and ion pairing--the two phenomena most often invoked for description of dilute solutions. Even in moderately concentrated solutions, as interionic distances become comparable to ionic diameters, these simple concepts gradually lose their meaning and solutions behave like molten salts. The usefulness of experimental vapor pressure results increases rapidly with their accuracy, since derived properties, such as solution enthalpies and heat capacities, can be calculated. Very accurate results can be obtained by the isopiestic method, but primary vapor pressure data for standard solutions are needed. In order to obtain vapor pressures at conditions where accurate isopiestic standards are not available and to establish more accurate standards, the ORNL isopiestic apparatus was modified for simultaneous direct vapor pressure measurements and isopiestic comparisons. There are no comprehensive solution theories derived from molecular level models and able to predict thermodynamic properties of various electrolytes as the composition changes from dilute solutions to molten salts in a wide range of temperatures. Empirical and semi-empirical models are useful for representation of experimental results, interpretation of measurements of other properties such as conductance., solubility or liquid-vapor partitioning of solutes, and for verification of theoretical predictions. Vapor pressures for aqueous CaCl(sub 2), CaBr(sub 2), LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaI were measured at temperatures between 380 and 523 K in the concentration range extended to water activities below 0.2 (over 30 mol/kg for LiCl). General equations based on the modified Pitzer ion-interaction model were used to obtain enthalpy and heat capacity surfaces, which are compared with direct calorimetric measurements
Leaching of lead from zinc leach residue in acidic calcium chloride aqueous solution
Wang, Le; Mu, Wen-ning; Shen, Hong-tao; Liu, Shao-ming; Zhai, Yu-chun
A process with potentially reduced environmental impacts and occupational hazards of lead-bearing zinc plant residue was studied to achieve a higher recovery of lead via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process. This paper describes an optimization study on the leaching of lead from zinc leach residue using acidic calcium chloride aqueous solution. Six main process conditions, i.e., the solution pH value, stirring rate, concentration of CaCl2 aqueous solution, liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time, were investigated. The microstructure and components of the residue and tailing were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). On the basis of experimental results, the optimum reaction conditions were determined to be a solution pH value of 1, a stirring rate of 500 r·min-1, a CaCl2 aqueous solution concentration of 400 g·L-1, a liquid-to-solid mass ratio of 7:1, a leaching temperature of 80°C, and a leaching time of 45 min. The leaching rate of lead under these conditions reached 93.79%, with an iron dissolution rate of 19.28%. Silica did not take part in the chemical reaction during the leaching process and was accumulated in the residue.
Radiolysis of berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution
Marszalek, Milena [Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz (Poland); Wolszczak, Marian, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz (Poland)
The reactions of hydrated electron (e{sub aq}{sup -}), hydrogen atom (H{sup {center_dot}}) (reducing species) and Cl{sub 2}{sup {center_dot}}{sup -},Br{sub 2}{sup {center_dot}}{sup -},{sup {center_dot}}N{sub 3},{sup {center_dot}}OH radicals (oxidizing species) with berberine or palmatine in aqueous solution have been studied by steady-state and pulse radiolysis. The spectra of transient intermediates, leading to the final products, are presented. The rate constants of the reaction of e{sub aq}{sup -} and {sup {center_dot}}OH radical with both alkaloids in the homogenous solution and in the presence of DNA are reported. It is demonstrated that the primary products of the reaction of berberine and palmatine with e{sub aq}{sup -} and radicals generated during radiolysis are unstable and undergo further reactions.
Rheological properties of aqueous solutions of biopolymeric hyaluronan
Szwajczak, Elzbieta
Aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HA) were studied. The HA compound is a natural polysaccharide, bipolymer. It plays an important role in numerous biological processes as a component of the extracellular matrix, connective tissues and, especially, human and animal synovial joints. Natural and artificial solutions of the HA have demonstrated the viscoelastic nature. These properties are shown to be related to the microstructure parameters (bulk concentration, molecular weight) and external parameters (temperature, stress, shear rate). We emphasize the role of the flow properties of polymeric systems. It is found a liquid crystalline "order" can be "induced" during the material flow. The dynamic properties, such as the elastic shear modulus and viscous shear modulus, are given. These results are discussed in relation to the postulated function of hyaluronic acid in synovial joint and with respect to possibilities o their application in medicine and pharmacology.
Dielectric properties of aqueous solutions of holmium formates
SHF-dielectric properties in the range of free-quenches 7-23.5 GHz and electric conductivity of aqueous solutions of holmium formates in the temperature range from 10 to 40 deg C were studied. Parameters of the process of dipole relaxation of water molecules: static dielectric constant, relaxation time and parameters of relaxation time distribution have been ascertained. Activation characteristics of the dipole relaxation and specific electric conductivity have been calculated. The change in the structural-kinetic state of water H-bond net in solution under the action of Ho3+ and HCOO- ions is considered on the basis of the data obtained. 10 refs., 2 figs.; 3 tabs
Influence of coal properties on mercury uptake from aqueous solution
Lakatos, J.; Brown, S.D.; Snape, C.E. [Miskolc University, Miskolc-Egyetemvaros (Hungary). Research Inst. of Applied Chemistry
The uptake of mercury (II) from aqueous solution by a range of coals has been studied and the results have been compared to those for a number of other sorbents, including commercial active carbons and cation-exchange resins. At pH 5 in a buffer medium, the capacities for mercury removal of the low-rank coals and the oxidized bituminous coals investigated are comparable to those of the other sorbents tested. For the lignites investigated, a high content of organic sulfur does not markedly affect the capacity for mercury uptake in relatively neutral and low chloride media, owing to redox reactions being the most likely mechanism involved. However, in highly acidic solutions, the capacities for mercury uptake are considerably greater for the high-sulfur coals investigated than for their low-sulfur counterparts due to chelation being the major sorption process involved. 36 refs., 4 figs., 7 tabs.
Molybdenum trioxide reaction kinetics with magnesium molybdate aqueous solution
The influence of temperature (40, 60, 75, 100 deg C) and concentration of aqueous solution of magnesium molybdate on kientics of MoO3 interaction with MgMoO4 solution was studied. It is shown that interaction between MoO3 and MgMoO4 proceeds by the following mechnism: molybdenum trioxide interacts with water with formation of molybdate-ion, and MgMoO4 dissociates with formation of MoO42- and Mg2+ ions. Appearance of excess molybdate-ions breaks the equilibrium between MoO42-and Mg2+, which is restored at the expense of polymerization of molybdate-ions and their transfer to dimolybdate-ions
Radiation chemistry of amino acids and peptides in aqueous solutions
Radiation chemistry relevant to radiation preservation of high protein foods is reviewed. Some conclusions concerning the chemistry of irradiated amino acids, peptides, and proteins have been derived from product analysis of γ-irradiated solutions while the main mechanistic considerations result from the chemistry and kinetics of free radical intermediates observed by pulse radiolysis. The precursors of chemistry in not too concentrated solutions (-, OH, and H. Their reactivity with molecules and their preference for characteristic groups within the molecule are discussed. The reviewed reactions of the model systems are accountable for a variety of radiolytic products found in irradiated foods. From detailed understanding of radiation chemistry in aqueous and frozen systems formation of many classes of compounds can be predicted or entirely eliminated in order to corroborate and extend the conclusions reached from the animal feeding experiments concerning the formation of toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds and/or reduction of the nutritional value of foods
Sorption of 137Cs from Aqueous Waste Solutions using Pottery
A simple and inexpensive method for sorption of 137Cs from aqueous solutions using a highly available vase shape pottery material has been investigated. Porosity of the used pottery allowed for the penetration of the radioactive solution through its permeable body. Two routes had been investigated for cesium removal from the radioactive solutions. In the first one, pottery bodies were immersed into the radioactive solutions. In the second method; the radioactive solutions were filled the inner volumes of the pottery bodies. Vase shape pottery showed higher sorption capability for 137Cs much more than its powder forms, especially in the alkaline medium. Pottery bodies showed high potential for 137Cs removal. Adsorption isotherms revealed good lit to the Freundlich and Langumir isotherms. During sorption processes outside and inside the pottery body, 137Cs was well captured inside the amorphous microstructure of the pottery body. In this respect, micro filtration of cesium radionuclides through the used pottery could be postulated. Desorption experiments indicated higher immobilization affinity for radiocesium into pottery bodies, which indicates a high containment for 137Cs with an irreversible fixation mechanism
The radiation chemistry of aqueous sodium terephthalate solutions
The radiation chemistry of cobalt-60 gamma-irradiated aqueous sodium terephthalate solutions has been studied. In aerated 4 x 10-4M sodium hydroxide solutions, the main products are hydroxyterephthalate (HTA) (G = 0.99 +- 0.01), carbonate (G = 1.31 +- 0.08), and peroxides (G = 2.84 +- 0.04). The HTA and carbonate species are both formed as a result of hydroxyl radical attack and account for approximately 90 per cent of hydroxyl radical reactions. Oxygen needs to be present for efficient conversion of the terephthalate-OH radical adduct to HTA and oxygenation increases G(HTA) above the aerated solution value. G(HTA) is unaffected by changes in terephthalate concentration between 1 x 10-4M and 1 x 10-2M in sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 10. Decreasing the solution pH does however affect G(HTA). In phosphate buffered solutions pH 6.85, G(HTA) is 0.93 +- 0.01 and lower values are obtained with further decrease in solution pH. The lowering of the G(HTA) value is attributed to recombination reactions between the terephthalate-OH radical products and reducing radical products. Experimental evidence supporting the recombination postulate was obtained from the measurement of a parallel decrease in the peroxide yield and the observation of a dose rate effect on G(HTA). Competition kinetic studies with the added solutes carbonate and bicarbonate gave the rate ratios k (OH + TA2-) : k(OH + CO32-) : k(OH + HCO3-) = 1 : 0.105 : 0.0036
Solution properties of the acrylamide-modified cellulose polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions.
Song, Yongbo; Zhou, Jinping; Li, Qian; Lue, Ang; Zhang, Lina
A novel cellulose-based polyelectrolyte (AM-C) containing acylamino (DS=0.625) and carboxyl (DS=0.148) groups was homogeneously synthesized from cellulose with acrylamide in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. Solution properties of AM-C in aqueous solutions were investigated by laser light scattering, rheometry, and viscometry. The results indicated that AM-C could form large aggregates spontaneously in water with or without the addition of salts by the strong hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction between acylamino and carboxyl groups. Steady-shear flow study showed a Newtonian behavior of the solutions in the dilute regime while a shear-thinning behavior as the concentration increases. The critical concentration (c(e)) for transition from dilute to concentrated solution was determined to be 0.7wt%. Aqueous solutions of AM-C displayed good thermo-stability, reversible liquid-like characters attributing to the chemical modification. The derivation from Cox-Merz rule at relatively low concentration was related to the co-existence of single chain and large aggregates of AM-C in dilute regime. As the polymer concentration increased, the AM-C system was transformed into a homogeneous entanglement structure, resulting in the disappearance of deviations from the Cox-Merz rule. PMID:19464674
Preparation of metallic nanoparticles by irradiation in starch aqueous solution
Nemţanu, Monica R., E-mail: email@example.com; Braşoveanu, Mirela, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Iacob, Nicuşor, E-mail: email@example.com [National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Electron Accelerators Laboratory, 409 Atomiştilor St., PO Box MG-36, 077125, Bucharest-Măgurele (Romania)
Colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in a single step by electron beam irradiation reduction of silver ions in aqueous solution containing starch. The nanoparticles were characterized by spectrophotocolorimetry and compared with those obtained by chemical (thermal) reduction method. The results showed that the smaller sizes of AgNPs were prepared with higher yields as the irradiation dose increased. The broadening of particle size distribution occurred by increasing of irradiation dose and dose rate. Chromatic parameters such as b* (yellow-blue coordinate), C* (chroma) and ΔE{sub ab} (total color difference) could characterize the nanoparticles with respect of their concentration. Hue angle h{sup o} was correlated to the particle size distribution. Experimental data of the irradiated samples were also subjected to factor analysis using principal component extraction and varimax rotation in order to reveal the relation between dependent variables and independent variables and to reduce their number. The radiation-based method provided silver nanoparticles with higher concentration and narrower size distribution than those produced by chemical reduction method. Therefore, the electron beam irradiation is effective for preparation of silver nanoparticles using starch aqueous solution as dispersion medium.
Gamma radiolytic degradation of naphthalene in aqueous solution
Chu, Libing; Yu, Shaoqing; Wang, Jianlong
The decomposition of naphthalene in aqueous solution was studied using gamma irradiation combined with both H2O2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Gamma irradiation led to a complete degradation of naphthalene and a partial mineralization. With initial concentration of 5-32 mg/L, more than 98% of naphthalene was removed and TOC reduction reached 28-31% at an absorbed dose of 3.0 kGy. The degradation of naphthalene was faster at neutral pH and the initial degradation rate increased with increasing the initial concentration of naphthalene. Addition of H2O2 and TiO2 nanoparticles all enhanced the degradation and mineralization of naphthalene. TOC removal efficiency increased from 28% (irradiation alone) to 35% with addition of H2O2 (40 mg/L), and to 48% with addition of TiO2 (0.8 g/L). The degradation of naphthalene in aqueous solution by gamma irradiation was mainly through the oxidation by ·OH radicals. The intermediate naphthol and carboxylic acids such as formic acid and oxalic acid were identified by LC-MS and IC.
New terahertz dielectric spectroscopy for the study aqueous solutions
George, Deepu K; Vinh, N Q
We present a development of a high precision, tunable far-infrared (terahertz) frequency-domain dielectric spectrometer for studying the dynamics of biomolecules in aqueous solutions in the gigahertz-to-terahertz frequency. As a first application we report on the measurement of the absorption and refractive index for liquid water in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 1.12 THz (0.17 to 37.36 cm-1 or 0.268 to 60 mm). The system provides a coherent radiation source with a power up to 20 mW in the gigahertz-to-terahertz region. The power signal-to-noise ratio of our instrument reaches 1015 and the system achieves a spectral resolution of less than 100 Hz. The temperature of samples can be controlled precisely with an error bars of 0.02 oC from above 0 oC to 90 oC. Given these attributes, our spectrometer provides unique capabilities for the accurate measurement of even very strongly absorbing materials such as aqueous solutions.
Removal of Some Chelators from Aqueous Solutions Using Polymeric Ingredients
This work tries to throw a light on the removal of thenoyl trifluoroacetone (TTA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), extractants extensively used in many nuclear facilities, from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions using Amberlite XAD resins. The applied resins exhibit high retention ability for the studied chelators with a maximum sorption capacity has the values of 23.9 and 38.0 mgg-1 for sorption of TTA and EDTA on Amberlite XAD4 and 18.6 and 21.2 mgg-1 for their sorption of on Amberlite XAD7. Factors affecting the resin retention ability such as ph value of aqueous solution and presence of co solvent have been studied. The kinetics of sorption behavior, in the applied system, indicate the process to be controlled by more than one diffusion mechanism. Therefore, two diffusion models were utilized to understand and verify the mechanism of sorption processes; they are the film mass transfer model and the interparticle diffusion model. The first model, based on film resistance, gave a successful depiction for sorption of TTA onto Amberlite XAD4 and XAD7 and the second one displayed an acceptable prediction for sorption of EDTA onto Amberlite XAD4
Pulse radiolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium tetraphenylborate
In previous work on the 60Co γ-radiolysis of aqueous tetraphenylborate (TPB-) solutions carried out in this laboratory, it was found that several organic products, including benzene, phenol and biphenyl, are produced with substantial yield. However, the reaction mechanism was not established. In the present study, reactions initiated by OH· radicals, N3· radicals and e-aq in aqueous TPB- solutions were studied by pulse radiolysis using a 600 keV Febetron electron accelerator. The lack of reactivity between TPB- and e-aq was demonstrated by directly monitoring the transient optical absorbance of e-aq. Concerning the reaction with OH·, two schemes were considered: (1) electron transfer from B(C6H5)4- to OH·; or (2) OH· addition to B(C6H5)4-. Comparison of observed transient absorption spectra with expectations based on the two different schemes suggests that OH· addition is the dominant reaction pathway under conditions of N2O saturation, with an experimentally determined second-order rate constant of 6.2 x 109 M-1 s-1. A mechanism based on an initial first-order self-decomposition of the OH· adduct, (C6H5)3BC6H5OH·-, with measured rate constant of 4 x 104s-1 is proposed. Kinetic modeling on the proposed mechanistic scheme gives good agreement with our experimental results. (author)
New terahertz dielectric spectroscopy for the study of aqueous solutions
George, Deepu K.; Charkhesht, Ali; Vinh, N. Q., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (United States)
We present the development of a high precision, tunable far-infrared (terahertz) frequency-domain dielectric spectrometer for studying the dynamics of biomolecules in aqueous solutions in the gigahertz-to-terahertz frequency. As an important benchmark system, we report on the measurements of the absorption and refractive index for liquid water in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 1.12 THz (0.17–37.36 cm{sup −1} or 0.268–60 mm). The system provides a coherent radiation source with power up to 20 mW in the gigahertz-to-terahertz region. The dynamic range of our instrument reaches 10{sup 12} and the system achieves a spectral resolution of less than 100 Hz. The temperature of samples can be controlled precisely with error bars of ±0.02 °C from 0 °C to 90 °C. Given these attributes, our spectrometer provides unique capabilities for the accurate measurement of even very strongly absorbing materials such as aqueous solutions.
Examination of rheological properties of aqueous solutions of sodium caseinate
Jolanta Gawałek
Full Text Available Application of sodium caseinate as a functional additive in manufacturing processes requires production of its concentrated aqueous solutions which, in industrial conditions, presents a number of difficulties. In order to develop an effective and optimal industrial process of mixing – manufacturing a concentrated solution of sodium caseinate, it is essential to know rheological properties in a definite range of concentrations changing in the course of the dissolving process. The material for investigations was typical commercial sodium caseinate in the form of dry powder manufactured in Poland from acid casein using the method of extrusion. The objective of the undertaken empirical studies was the assessment of the impact of the concentration on rheological properties of sodium caseinate concentrates. Investigations were carried out for five concentrates manufactured in a mixer equipped in a mechanical agitator at concentrations ranging X (% Î (2.5¸12.5 and changing mass proportions of sodium caseinate in the aqueous solution as follows: GS/G (kgS·kg-1 = 0.025. On the basis of the obtained research results, classical flow curves were plotted for individual concentrates. The determined values of viscosity and density of the examined solutions were correlated in the form of h = f(GS/G and r = f(GS/G dependencies which were used during the determination of classical characteristics of mixing forces essential for the assessment of energetic expenditures required to manufacture concentrates in a mixer equipped in a mechanical agitator. The density of the examined concentrates increased in a way directly proportional, while the dynamic viscosity coefficient increased exponentially together with the increase of sodium caseinate concentration. Sodium caseinate concentrates exhibited Newtonian character in the examined range of concentrations.
Method of precipitating uranium from an aqueous solution and/or sediment
Tokunaga, Tetsu K; Kim, Yongman; Wan, Jiamin
A method for precipitating uranium from an aqueous solution and/or sediment comprising uranium and/or vanadium is presented. The method includes precipitating uranium as a uranyl vanadate through mixing an aqueous solution and/or sediment comprising uranium and/or vanadium and a solution comprising a monovalent or divalent cation to form the corresponding cation uranyl vanadate precipitate. The method also provides a pathway for extraction of uranium and vanadium from an aqueous solution and/or sediment.
Investigation of heterogeneous equilibria in saturated aqueous solutions of uranosilicates of uranophane-kasolite group
State of mineral-like uranosilicates of uranophane-kasolite group in saturated aqueous solutions at 25 Deg Cis investigated. Using experimental data on solubility quantitative physicochemical model of state of heterogeneous crystalline uranosilicate - aqueous solution system is built. Using this model equilibrium constants of solution reactions and formation standard Gibbs functions of the investigated compounds are calculated. The model permits forecasting the processes of solution of uranosilicates in a wide range of aqueous phase acidity at standard conditions
Melittin Aggregation in Aqueous Solutions: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
Liao, Chenyi; Esai Selvan, Myvizhi; Zhao, Jun; Slimovitch, Jonathan L; Schneebeli, Severin T; Shelley, Mee; Shelley, John C; Li, Jianing
Melittin is a natural peptide that aggregates in aqueous solutions with paradigmatic monomer-to-tetramer and coil-to-helix transitions. Since little is known about the molecular mechanisms of melittin aggregation in solution, we simulated its self-aggregation process under various conditions. After confirming the stability of a melittin tetramer in solution, we observed—for the first time in atomistic detail—that four separated melittin monomers aggregate into a tetramer. Our simulated dependence of melittin aggregation on peptide concentration, temperature, and ionic strength is in good agreement with prior experiments. We propose that melittin mainly self-aggregates via a mechanism involving the sequential addition of monomers, which is supported by both qualitative and quantitative evidence obtained from unbiased and metadynamics simulations. Moreover, by combining computer simulations and a theory of the electrical double layer, we provide evidence to suggest why melittin aggregation in solution likely stops at the tetramer, rather than forming higher-order oligomers. Overall, our study not only explains prior experimental results at the molecular level but also provides quantitative mechanistic information that may guide the engineering of melittin for higher efficacy and safety. PMID:26208115
Pulse Radiolysis of Aqueous Solutions of Aniline and Substituted Anilines
The primary reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals with aniline and the aniline cation in aqueous solutions have been studied by the technique of pulse radiolysis and by determination of end products after y-radiolysis. Hydrogen atoms and hydrated electrons react with aniline under formation of the cyclohexadienyl type radical with absorption maximum at 355 nm and an extinction coefficient of 4100/M/cm. A similar radical formed by reaction of hydrogen atoms with the aniline cation has its absorption maximum at 31 0 nm and an extinction coefficient of 3200/M/cm. Hydrogen atoms react with the acid and neutral forms of aniline with rate constants of (1.3 ± 0.2 ) x 109/M/s and (2.9 ± 0.7) x 109/M/s, respectively. OH radicals react with aniline with a rate constant of (1.4 ± 0.3) x 1010/M/s under formation of the cyclohexadienyl radical with absorption maximum at 355 nm and the anilino radical with absorption maxima at 300 and 400 nm. The cyclohexadienyl radical decayed in a first order process with a rate constant of 1.4 x 105/s by elimination of NH3, whereas the anilino radical disappeared in a second order reaction under formation of hydrazobenzene. O- radicals react with aniline at pH 13.3 with a rate constant of (3.1 ± 0.6) x 109 under formation of anilino radicals. The reaction of OH radicals with the aniline cation produced the anilino radical cation with a rate constant of (4.8 ± 0.8) x 109 . The absorption maximum was placed at 415 nm, The cyclohexadienyl type radical with absorption maximum at 350 nm was also found in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-1,3-dimethylbenzene but was not formed in solutions of N,N' -dimethylaniline
Terahertz reflection spectroscopy of aqueous NaCl and LiCl solutions
Jepsen, Peter Uhd; Merbold, Hannes
We present spectroscopic measurements of the full dielectric function of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and lithium chloride at concentrations approaching their solubility limits at room temperature. We find that the dielectric properties of the two salts are rather different at THz...... frequencies. Whereas both the real and imaginary part of the permittivity of NaCl increases with concentration,we see that the imaginary part of the permittivity of LiCl (related to the absorption)decreases with increasing salt concentration. We relate these changes to the behavior...
DNA dynamics in aqueous solution: opening the double helix
Pohorille, A.; Ross, W. S.; Tinoco, I. Jr; MacElroy, R. D. (Principal Investigator)
The opening of a DNA base pair is a simple reaction that is a prerequisite for replication, transcription, and other vital biological functions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of biological reactions is crucial for predicting and, ultimately, controlling them. Realistic computer simulations of the reactions can provide the needed understanding. To model even the simplest reaction in aqueous solution requires hundreds of hours of supercomputing time. We have used molecular dynamics techniques to simulate fraying of the ends of a six base pair double strand of DNA, [TCGCGA]2, where the four bases of DNA are denoted by T (thymine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and A (adenine), and to estimate the free energy barrier to this process. The calculations, in which the DNA was surrounded by 2,594 water molecules, required 50 hours of CRAY-2 CPU time for every simulated 100 picoseconds. A free energy barrier to fraying, which is mainly characterized by the movement of adenine away from thymine into aqueous environment, was estimated to be 4 kcal/mol. Another fraying pathway, which leads to stacking between terminal adenine and thymine, was also observed. These detailed pictures of the motions and energetics of DNA base pair opening in water are a first step toward understanding how DNA will interact with any molecule.
Forecasting of thermodynamic properties of solution for non-polar molecules in aqueous salt solutions and in aqueous organic solutions
The scaled particle theory has been used rather successfully to predict the values of thermodynamic properties of solution for non-polar molecules. Two very important parameters has been used in the equations of the scaled particle theory: the hard sphere diameter of the solute and the closeness of the solvent (closeness in which the diameters of the hard sphere particles forming the solvent are taken into account). With non-polar solutes, a correlation exists between calculated and experimental values of: free enthalpy of solution - enthalpy of solution - molar heat capacity change for the solution process. The fit between calculated and experimental values is only more qualitative than quantitative. However the variation of thermodynamic properties with the temperature and the modality is consistent with the variation calculated according to the scaled particle theory. (author)
Comparison of Photochemical Reactions of m-Cresol in Aqueous Solution and in Ice
PENG Fei; XUE Hong-hai; TANG Xiao-jian; KANG Chun-li; LI Lin-lin; LI Zhe
We compared the photochemical reaction of m-cresol containing OH precursors such as H2O2,NO2- and NO3- in aqueous solution with those in ice.The results show that the conversion rate of m-cresol in aqueous solution was higher than that in ice,H2O2,NO2- and NO3- all accelerated the photoconversion of m-cresol in both aqueous solution and ice.The photochemical reactions of m-cresol obeys the first order kinetics equation.According to the photoproducts identified by GC-MS,we proposed that hydroxylation and nitration reactions occurred in both aqueous solution and ice.Coupling reaction was common in ice,however,in aqueous solution it was found only in UV system.Our results suggest that the photochemical reactions of m-cresol were different in aqueous solution and in ice.
Adsorption of Anthraquinone Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Penicillium Terrestre
XIN Bao-ping; LIU Xiao-mei
Penicillium terrestre was used for removing four anthraquinone dyes from aqueous solution. The experiments were performed in Erlenmeyer flasks and spore suspension was used for inoculation. The results show that the mechanism of dye removal by penicillium terrestre is biosorption and the growing pellets exhibit higher adsorptive capacity than the resting or dead ones. The maximum removals of disperse blue 2BLN, reactive brilliant blue KN-R, acid anthraquinone blue and bromamine acid at the concentration of 120 mg/L by biosorption of growing pellets are 100 %, 100 %, 96 % and 91%, respectively. The 100.0 % and 91.4 % KN-R removals are achieved respectively at the much higher concentration of 250 and 400 mg/L. 2.5 g/L glucose is sufficient for 100% KN-R removal by growing pellets. Salinity (NaC1) increase from 0 to 2% (W/V) moderately accelerates both mycelium growth and KN-R removal.
Sweet aqueous solution for electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole
Bazzaoui, M. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal) and Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Electrotecnica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Martins, J.I. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal) and Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Electrotecnica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Costa, S.C. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal); Bazzaoui, E.A. [Faculte des Sciences, Departement de Chimie, Universite Mohammed Ier, 60 000 Oujda (Morocco); Reis, T.C. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal); Martins, L. [Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Electrotecnica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto (Portugal)
The electrosynthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) has been achieved on aluminum electrode in aqueous medium of 0.1 M saccharin sodium salt and 0.5 M pyrrole. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the PPy coating obtained in galvanostatic and potentiostatic modes starts with small islands at weak applied potentials or current densities. Moreover, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal a good homogeneity of the film achieved in cyclic voltammetry during 10 cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the coating decreases the polarization resistance of the aluminum electrode. The open circuit potential (OCP) and dc polarization measurements achieved in HCl and NaCl solutions displayed a large positive displacement of corrosion potential and a reduction of corrosion current in the case of PPy coating electrode in comparison with electrode bare.
Degradation of chlorophenols in aqueous solution by {gamma}-radiation
Hu Jun [INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Wang Jianlong [INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China)
Degradation of chlorophenols (CPs) in aqueous solutions by {gamma}-radiation was studied. The effect of absorbed dose on degradation, dechlorination and mineralization of CPs were investigated. The results indicated that the degradation of CPs, Cl{sup -} release and mineralization increased with increase in absorbed dose. When the initial concentration was 100 mg L{sup -1} and the dosage was 6 kGy, the removal efficiencies of CPs were 44.54% for 2-CP, 91.46% for 3-CP, 82.72% for 4-CP and 93.25% for 2,4-DCP, respectively. The combination of irradiation and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} leads to a synergistic effect, which remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of CPs and TOC removal. The kinetics of CPs during irradiation are also mentioned.
Degradation of chlorophenols in aqueous solution by γ-radiation
Hu, Jun; Wang, Jianlong
Degradation of chlorophenols (CPs) in aqueous solutions by γ-radiation was studied. The effect of absorbed dose on degradation, dechlorination and mineralization of CPs were investigated. The results indicated that the degradation of CPs, Cl - release and mineralization increased with increase in absorbed dose. When the initial concentration was 100 mg L -1 and the dosage was 6 kGy, the removal efficiencies of CPs were 44.54% for 2-CP, 91.46% for 3-CP, 82.72% for 4-CP and 93.25% for 2,4-DCP, respectively. The combination of irradiation and H 2O 2 leads to a synergistic effect, which remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of CPs and TOC removal. The kinetics of CPs during irradiation are also mentioned.
Radiation-induced degradation of 4-chloroaniline in aqueous solution
The radiation-induced decomposition of 4-chloroaniline (4-ClA) was studied under steady-state conditions using aqueous solutions saturated with air, pure oxygen, N2O, argon and argon in the presence of t-Butanol. Using HPLC-method, the initial G-values of the substrate degradation as well as of a number of radiolytic products were determined. The formation of aminophenols, chlorophenols, aniline and phenol in addition to chloride, ammonia, formaldehyde and mixture of aldehydes as well as carboxylic acids was studied as a function of absorbed dose. Based on the experimental data, probable reaction mechanisms for the degradation of 4-ClA by γ-rays and the formation of the identified products are presented
Photo-degradation behaviour of roseoflavin in some aqueous solutions
Tyagi, A. [Institut II - Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universitaet Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg (Germany); Penzkofer, A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institut II - Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universitaet Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg (Germany); Mathes, T.; Hegemann, P. [Institut fuer Biologie/Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, D-10115 Berlin (Germany)
An absorption and emission spectroscopic characterization of roseoflavin (8-dimethylamino-8-demethyl-riboflavin, RoF) in aqueous solutions was carried out. The studies were concentrated on roseoflavin in pH 8 phosphate buffer. Absorption cross-section spectra, fluorescence excitation spectra, fluorescence quantum distributions, fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes were determined. The fluorescence of RoF is quenched by photo-induced intra-molecular charge-transfer at room temperature. The photo-degradation of RoF in un-buffered water, in Tris-HCl buffer, and in phosphate buffer was studied. Phosphate buffer and to a smaller extent Tris buffer catalyse the RoF photo-degradation. Photo-excitation of the primary photoproduct, 8-methylamino-riboflavin (8-MNH-RF), enhanced the RoF degradation by triplet 8-MNH-RF - singlet RoF excitation transfer with subsequent triplet-state RoF degradation.
Gamma-irradiation of malic acid in aqueous solutions
Negron-Mendoza, A.; Graff, R.L.; Ponnamperuma, C.
The gamma-irradiation of malic acid in aqueous solutions was studied under initially oxygenated and oxygen-free conditions in an attempt to determine the possible interconversion of malic acid into other carboxylic acids, specifically those associated with Krebs cycle. The effect of dose on product formation of the system was investigated. Gas-liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was used as the principal means of identification of the nonvolatile products. Thin layer chromatography and direct probe mass spectroscopy were also employed. The findings show that a variety of carboxylic acids are formed, with malonic and succinic acids in greatest abundance. These products have all been identified as being formed in the gamma-irradiation of acetic acid, suggesting a common intermediary. Since these molecules fit into a metabolic cycle, it is strongly suggestive that prebiotic pathways provided the basis for biological systems.
Hydrate-based heavy metal separation from aqueous solution
Song, Yongchen; Dong, Hongsheng; Yang, Lei; Yang, Mingjun; Li, Yanghui; Ling, Zheng; Zhao, Jiafei
A novel hydrate-based method is proposed for separating heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. We report the first batch of experiments and removal characteristics in this paper, the effectiveness and feasibility of which are verified by Raman spectroscopy analysis and cross-experiment. 88.01–90.82% of removal efficiencies for Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were obtained. Further study showed that higher R141b–effluent volume ratio contributed to higher enrichment factor and yield of dissociated water, while lower R141b–effluent volume ratio resulted in higher removal efficiency. This study provides insights into low-energy, intensive treatment of wastewater. PMID:26887357
Theoretical analysis of XANES for aqueous aluminum salt solutions
Matsuo, Shuji; Shirozu, Kaori; Tateishi, Yuichi; Wakita, Hisanobu; Yokoyama, Takushi
In order to understand the coordination behavior of Al(III) ions in hydrosphere, discrete variational X[alpha] molecular orbital calculations were performed to analyze Al K-edge XANES spectra for the aqueous solutions of Al(NO3)3·9H2O and Al-EDTA (EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) complex. As to Al(NO3)3·9H2O, the hydrate structure was presumed to be rather an asymmetric hexahydrated structure than an high-symmetric structure. As to Al-EDTA, the 5-fold coordinated Al-EDTA was concluded to be the coexistence of the pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal structures in proportion of 4 to 6.
Radiolysis of Aqueous Benzene Solutions at higher temperatures
Aqueous solutions of benzene have been irradiated with Co γ-rays with doses of up to 2.3 Mrad in the temperature region 100 - 200 C. At 100 C a linear relationship between the phenol concentration and the absorbed dose was obtained, but at 150 C and at higher temperatures the rate of the phenol formation increased significantly after an initial constant period. With higher doses the rate decreased again, falling almost to zero at 200 C after a dose of 2.2 Mrad. The G value of phenol in the initial linear period increased from 2.8 at 100 C to 8.0 at 200 C. The reaction mechanism is discussed and reactions constituting a chain reaction are suggested. The result of the addition of iron ions and of a few inorganic oxides to the system is presented and briefly discussed
Protein thermal stabilization in aqueous solutions of osmolytes.
Bruździak, Piotr; Panuszko, Aneta; Jourdan, Muriel; Stangret, Janusz
Proteins' thermal stabilization is a significant problem in various biomedical, biotechnological, and technological applications. We investigated thermal stability of hen egg white lysozyme in aqueous solutions of the following stabilizing osmolytes: Glycine (GLY), N-methylglycine (NMG), N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG), N,N,N-trimethylglycine (TMG), and trimethyl-N-oxide (TMAO). Results of CD-UV spectroscopic investigation were compared with FTIR hydration studies' results. Selected osmolytes increased lysozyme's thermal stability in the following order: Gly>NMG>TMAO≈DMG>TMG. Theoretical calculations (DFT) showed clearly that osmolytes' amino group protons and water molecules interacting with them played a distinctive role in protein thermal stabilization. The results brought us a step closer to the exact mechanism of protein stabilization by osmolytes. PMID:26495438
Degradation of aqueous solutions of camphor by heterogeneous photocatalysis.
Sirtori, Carla; Altvater, Priscila K; de Freitas, Adriane M; Peralta-Zamora, Patricio G
In this study the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solutions of camphor was investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts. In the presence of artificial UV-light the highly photosensitive camphor was almost totally degraded after reaction times of 60 min. However, under these conditions the mineralization degree was lower than 25%. In the presence of semiconductors the degradation was complete after a treatment time of about 30 min. Moreover, the mineralization was considerably greater, mainly with the use of TiO2 (> 80% at reaction time of 60 min). Heterogeneous photocatalytic processes applied in the presence of solar radiation show a promising degradation capability. TiO2-based processes afforded mineralization degrees of about 90% after a reaction time of 120 min, when the system was assisted by aeration. PMID:16221528
Experimental study on thermophoresis of colloids in aqueous surfactant solutions
Dong, Ruo-Yu; Zhou, Yi; Yang, Chun; Cao, Bing-Yang
Thermophoresis refers to the motion of particles under a temperature gradient and it is one of the particle manipulation techniques. Regarding the thermophoresis of particles in liquid media, however, many open questions still remain, especially the role of the interfacial effect. This work reports on a systematic experimental investigation of surfactant effects, especially the induced interfacial effect, on the thermophoresis of colloids in aqueous solutions via a microfluidic approach. Two kinds of commonly used surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), are selected and the results show that from relatively large concentrations, the two surfactants can greatly enhance the thermophilic mobilities. Specifically, it is found that the colloid-water interfaces modified with more polar end groups can potentially lead to a stronger thermophilic tendency. Due to the complex effects of surfactants, further theoretical model development is needed to quantitatively describe the dependence of thermophoresis on the interface characteristics.
Micellar effects on positronium lifetime in aqueous SDS solutions
Positron lifetime measurements have been performed in aqueous SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) solutions. The lifetime distributions measured by fast-slow coincidence technique have been found to be influenced by surfactant concentration, which varied in the range of 1.25x10-3 - 3.2x10-1 mol/dm3 (i.e. 2.27x10-5 - 5.82x10-3 mole fractions). The lifetime of the long living component connected to positronium formation and decay increases with increasing surfactant concentration. Lifetime data suggest that a direct positronium-micelle electron-exchange reaction leading to pick-off annihilation is contraindicated. (author)
Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solution onto fly ash
J.X. Lin; S.L. Zhan; M.H. Fang; X.Q. Qian; H. Yang [Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (China). College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
The fly ash treated by H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} was used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a typical dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solution. An increase in the specific surface area and dye-adsorption capacity was observed after the acid treatment. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the treated fly ash were studied. The experimental results were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It shows that the Freundlich isotherm is better in describing the adsorption process. Two kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, were employed to analyze the kinetic data. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model is the better choice to describe the adsorption behavior. The thermodynamic study reveals that the enthalpy ({Delta}H{sup 0}) value is positive (5.63 kJ/mol), suggesting an endothermic nature of the adsorption.
Dual fluorescence of naphthylamines in alkaline aqueous solution
Ma, Li-Hua; Wen, Zhen-Chang; Lin, Li-Rong; Jiang, Yun-Bao
Dual fluorescence was observed with N-(1-naphthyl)aminoacetate (1-NAA) in aqueous solution of pH 13.0 in the presence of cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and chloride (CTAC), below and after the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Similar dual fluorescence was also found with 1- and 2-naphthylamine (1-NA, 2-NA), N-(2-naphthyl)aminoacetate (2-NAA) and (1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (1-NEDA), in the presence and absence of the cationic surfactants, but not with N, N-disubstituted 1- and 2-NAs. We concluded that the dual fluorescence was due to the excited-state deprotonation of the amino group in these NAs. The p Ka*s of the dual fluorescent NAs were estimated to be around 14 from the dual fluorescence pH titrations. No clear correlation was found for p Ka* with the amino substitution and the presence of cationic micelle.
Aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte solutions
Dan Donescu; Raluca Somoghi; Marius Ghiurea; Raluca Ianchis; Cristian Petcu; Stefania Gavriliu; Magdalena Lungu; Claudia Groza; Carmen R Ionescu; Carmen Panzaru
In this report, we present the versatile and effective technique, using environmental friendly reductant glucose, to prepare stable silver nanodispersions by reduction of Ag+ ions. Alternant copolymers of maleic anhydride with vinyl acetate and styrene sulphonate sodium acid salt polyelectrolytes were synthesized in aqueous solution and used as stabilizers. The formation of nano silver particles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and TEM measurements. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements were needed to study how the reagents and their concentrations influence particle size. SEM images show the nanostructure of the hybrid films and indicate a strong interaction between the polyelectrolyte and the silver NPs. Moreover, the silver NPs could be stored for one year without observation of aggregates or sedimentation. The final solid products obtained after evaporating to dryness can be used to produce stable dispersions upon mixing with water. Few of the final products were found to exhibit a high antibacterial and antifungal activity.
The radiolysis of aqueous solutions containing dithiothreitol and oxidized dithiothreitol
John Elliot, A.; Sopchyshyn, Frederick C.
The radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions (pH 1-9) of dithiothreitol (DTT) has been investigated by pulsed and steady-state techniques. From G( H2S) in N 2- and N 2O-saturated solutions it was concluded for pH 5-9 that the majority of the solvated electrons and 25-40% of the hydroxyl radicals reacted with DTT to form H 2S. Oxidized dithiothreitol (DTT- ox) was the other major product observed for pH 5-9. However, DTT- ox was not formed when DTT solutions were irradiated at pH 1 and 2. When nitrate ions were added as an electron scavenger over the pH range 5-9, G( DTT- ox) was not affected; at pH 9.0 G( H2S) decreased slightly but at pH 5-6, G( H2S) was reduced to that arising from the reaction of the hydroxyl radical. The reaction of CO 2- with DTT- ox was studied at pH 4.6 and pH 9.0. At pH 9.0 the G( DTT)=3.3-0.2 indicated a simple two electron reduction of DTT- ox while at pH 4.6 the G( DTT) >25 implied a chain reaction had occurred.
The radiolysis of aqueous solutions containing dithiothreitol and oxidized dithiothreitol
The radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions (pH 1 to 9) of dithiothreitol (DTT) has been investigated by pulsed and steady-state techniques. From G(H2S) in N2- and N2O-saturated solutions it was concluded for pH 5 to 9 that the majority of the solvated electrons and 25 to 40% of the hydroxyl radicals reacted with DTT to form H2S. Oxidized dithiothreitol (DDT-ox) was the other major product observed for pH 5 to 9. However, DTT-ox was not formed when DTT solutions were irradiated at pH 1 and 2. When nitrate ions were added as an electron scavenger over the pH range 5 to 9, G(DTT-ox) was not affected; at pH 9.0 G(H2S) decreased slightly but at pH 5 to 6, G(H2S) was reduced to that arising from the reaction of the hydroxyl radical. The reaction of CO2- with DTT-ox was studied at pH 4.6 and pH 9.0. At pH 9.0 the G(DTT) = 3.3 +- 0.2 indicated a simple two electron reduction of DTT-ox while at pH 4.6 the G(DTT) > 25 implied a chain reaction had occurred. (author)
Electron beam induced degradation of clopyralid in aqueous solutions
The degradation characteristics of clopyralid irradiated by electron beam (EB) was studied in aqueous solutions. The effects of factors, such as initial clopyralid concentrations, addition of radicals scavenger, initial solution pH and addition of H2O2, were investigated on clopyralid degradation efficiency and mechanism. It was found that the EB-radiolysis was an effective way to degrade clopyralid and its degradation rate decreased with the increasing of substrate concentration. In the investigated initial concentrations range of 100-400 mg L-1, the radiolytic degradation of clopyralid followed a pseudo-first kinetic order. The results from addition of radicals scavenger indicated that both ·OH and eaq- played significant roles in the degradation of clopyralid. Furthermore, the alkaline condition and addition of H2O2 (<10 mM) in the solution also slightly enhanced the efficiency of clopyralid degradation. The ion chromatography analysis showed that some organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were formed, while the completely dechlorination of the substrate was achieved and organic nitrogen was recovered in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions during the irradiation process. (author)
Extraction of certain radionuclides from aqueous schungite solutions
The sorption of 90Sr, 106Ru, 137Cs, and 238Pu from aqueous solutions over a wide pH range was studied. Swelled schungite chips (Nigozero, Kondopozhsk region) (1) and schungite (Onezhsk lake) (2) were tested as sorbents. The minerals were used both untreated and after oxidation (HNO3, 1:1, contact time 1 day). The oxidation, judging from the literature, facilitates the formation of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups on the surface of the carbon-containing sorbents. The presence of such groups is responsible for the high selectivity of the sorbents for multicharged cations. Futhermore, the hydrophobicity of the schungites enormously decreases after the oxidation. The studied sorbents had an average particle size of 0.08-0.1 mm. The schungite was contacted with the solution under static conditions with periodic stirring in order to establish equilibrium. The concentration of the radionuclides was 2-4 MBq/liter. The solution volumes were 10 ml. The sorbent content was 0.01 g. The required pH was set by adding HCl or NaOH