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Hey hey hey! welcome ladies, stalkers and freaky people whom I welcome
I'm the girl living in that little town where everybody knows everybody.
I'm the girl with a big dreams and the loud voice.
I'm the girl that spends her time dreaming of the big city.
I'm the girl that cried when Amy and Rory died in Doctor Who.
I want to write like JK Rowling
I want to sing like the green thing from teletubbies
I want to teach like Miss Honey from Matilda
I want to treat animals like Dr Dolittle
I want to travel like Dr Who
I want to solve crime like Sherlock Holmes
Most importantly I want shove a wand up Snape's ass just for being Severus Snape and wrecking everything for Voldie.
Please read BMS. You decide whether to vote or not but at least take the time to read it and really take it in.
- New York some day
- JoinedApril 26, 2011
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OurUserNameSucks Aug 24, 2013 03:28PM
If one person tells me that they want me to upload i will upload any takers?View all Conversations
Story by Nabila and sabrina
- 1 Published Story
Be My Superman Romance
**WARNING** This is not a Superman fan fic and has NOTHING to do with the actual superman! All Skye Adams wanted was to live the normal life she had yearned as a child. That's not really possible when you're a cr...
3 Reading Lists
- Reading List
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Loan calculator uk
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Reviews - Crown Inn4
Dyrham, Tolldown,, Yate, Bath, SN14 8HZ
Price FromView Rooms
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
100% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Nice Place, Great Breakfast
Immaculate room, good value with a very nice breakfast.
Convenient location 1 minute off the M4. Only gripe is you can't sit a a desk working on a laptop and glance at the TV, owing to the furniture layout in the room I had.. Otherwise perfect.
Read More Less
Weekend stay
Great place to stay niceroom with friendly staff
Top notch
Clean, friendly and good food.
Excellent location for Dyrham Park
Read More Less
Little Gem
This hotel was a lovely find - nice atmosphere, good food, lovely room and really great location.
The crown
Nice chalet room.
..no complaints
Read More Less
I found the fried breakfast a bit too greasy otherwise the food (we only had breakfast twice) was good and plentiful.
Crown Inn
Nice big warm comfortable room at the back away from any danger of road noise.
Atmospheric bar and restaurant with good service and excellent food. Only downfall- no wifi
Read More Less
Dyrham 09-15
Good service throughout.
The room was clean comfortable and perfect for a short stopover (and longer if required). Both evening and breakfast meals were really good. My only slight criticism is that Breakfast starting at 07:30 is a little late for me.
Read More Less
Great Find
We needed somewhere for one night close to Dyrham Park.
I picked this one because it was only 5 minutes away, but it turned out to be the find of the century. Attentive staff, the food was amazing, local beers on tap, great atmosphere. We thought the road noise might be an issue but didn't hear a thing as the rooms are set back from the road. The rooms we nicely furnished, bright, clean. Bed was comfy and bathroom spacious. Perfect. Will be back.
Read More Less
Highly Recommended
Lovely spacious room with excellent facilities, fresh coffee, shower to die for.
Friendly helpful staff.
Read More Less
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We found 1 that has recently dropped in price. Sign up to see this price drop and to receive future price drop notifications.
Total Reviews
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2001 Dodge Intrepid ES 4dr Sedan (2.7L 6cyl 4A)
Well, I have decided after driving my 2001 Intrepid for 241,00 miles, it warranted a review for consumers.
I did not have any mechanical issues with the car until it reached the 170,000 mark.
I have always maintained the normal with the required oil changes, etc.
At the 100,000 mark...one of the cooling fans quit working..timing built, alternater replaced,...I loved my Intrepid;s solid performance and was not ready to purchase a different automobile, decided to make the necessary mechanical repairs.
To my pleasant surprise my Intrepid is reached 241,000 miles!!!
This car is fun to drive! I drove this car during a blizzard--and heavy snow..was amazed of its performance! The car is quite roomy with a large trunk and comfort for back seat passengers. I drove this car with 170,000 miles on it feeling totally confident, my car would get me where I was going.
I am sure any mechanic could tell you that it is difficult working on the Dodge Intrepid, replacing a timing belt, alternator...very tight space. If you have an Intrepid with more than 200,000 miles..congrats!!( just when you thought toyota and honda were the only car) at 220,000 miles...My Dodge repairs became to frequent..so time for a new purchase..I Still plan on keeping it as a back up car!!! Anyone else have a 2001 Dodge Intrepid with 241,000 miles on it?
2001 Dodge Intrepid ES 4dr Sedan (2.7L 6cyl 4A)
loved my car until I reached the 79000 mile mark. My water pump failed allowing antifreeze to mix with oil which fried out all the bearings. Had to pay $600 just to cover the labor for the mechanic to get to the part. It will cost more to replace motor than the car is worth. I never imagined a car could fail so completely at this low of miles. Now that it's fixed my mechanic says I should dump the car because their transmissions have a 50% failure rate. Nice work Dodge! You can be sure I won't be purchasing your product again.
trunk space & moon window.
don't use inferior parts in manufacturing.
2001 Dodge Intrepid ES 4dr Sedan (2.7L 6cyl 4A)
Bought the car new with 18 miles on it. Everything was great up until around 75000 miles and the water pump goes out and the water and antifreeze get mixed into the oil. Had it fixed for $1300. Then a few thousand miles later the oil light would come on at idle. Had to have the oil light indicator sensor replaced. And a bad rattle also developed and had to have the timing chain and guides replaced for $1500. Had them check the oil pump while they were at it, said it was okay. Oil coming on at idle again. Maybe I'll run it till she dies. Sure do love to drive it!!
The cornering is great!
Do something about the head light. Plastic going bad in the sun light.
2001 Dodge Intrepid ES 4dr Sedan (2.7L 6cyl 4A)
Car was bought new and had no significant motoric or electrical problems for several years. The first non-driver related issue (that I can recall) was a cooling fan stopped working. This came about in 2006/07. The alternator seems to be going out now, 2009. The oil has been changed on a regular basis. A new battery was required, for the first time, a few months ago.
The exterior has an attractive design.
Since Intrepids are no longer produced it doesn't really matter, but here goes. First, engine needs to be completely resituated. Everything is jam-packed in there. 2, the car is too long. 3, the rear doors are too long and can hit the person opening the door. 4, windshield/ roof are not ergonomic at
2001 Dodge Intrepid ES 4dr Sedan (2.7L 6cyl 4A)
I bought my Intrepid ES new in January of 2001. It now has 143,000 miles on it and have had to put only $1,000 into it -about a month ago. I love my Intrepid and wish they still made them! Would buy another one in 1/2 a heartbeat! Mine still has a good 30K- 40K miles left in it. My original goal was to get 150K miles. My secret has been this: Firestone! I purchased the lifetime tire rotation and lifetime alignment along with their tire protection plan. About $500. Each time oil is changed - tires rotated and aligned. Firestone is great about letting you know what maintenance is due when!
roominess, trunk storage, overall design
nose is sloped down so sometimes difficult to know exactly where front bumper is..
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INDIANAPOLIS (Indiana's NewsCenter) - State House legislators passed a bill on Monday attempting to change state law and let motorcycle dealers buy and sell bikes on Sundays.
Supporters said surrounding states have already changed laws to allow Sunday motorcycle sales and Indiana's dealers have been losing out.
The bill will be sent to Governor Daniels for his signature.
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Prescriptive Norm
A selection of articles related to prescriptive norm.
Original articles from our library related to the Prescriptive Norm. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Prescriptive Norm.
- Looking For The Hub Of The Sacreed Wheel: Part 1
- It is often said that all paths are like spokes on a wheel. We start at the rime and follow a spoke to the hub of central truth from which all paths arise and to which they all return. Those of you who've been following my articles should also know that to a...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Values in the Balance
- We in the Pagan community pride ourselves on our tolerance for difference. Differences in lifestyle, sexual preference, orientation and expression, race, orthodoxy, tradition, ritual structure, costumes, positions on nudity, personal interaction styles, etc....
Holidays >> Mabon
- Raising the World Mind (GM10-11)
- Part 1 | Part 2 Part 1 The wise live in accord with natural laws. It is they who understand that the laws of nature are much higher than the laws of man, because breaking them implies penalties far greater than a fine or prison sentence. When a person...
Mind >> World Mind
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- The Rose
- In the beginning, was simplicity. There was no rationalization, the precious gift of humanity which tears things down into self contained bits in order to make sense of things, only to find that our mental dissection has rendered experience senseless. There...
Poetry & Fable >> Fables
- Psychic Protection - Barriers
- Introduction: The countermeasures given in these short articles are extremely basic. They only contain the bare bones of what is necessary to use them. To understand the principles behind these countermeasures, please get a copy of 'Practical Psychic Self-Defe...
Psychic Abilities >> Psychic Protection
- More Group Mind Basics (GM2)
- The similarities between the function of a two-way radio and the human body can be quite surprising. The body/mind constantly emits all aspects of our internal state to the environment, and in turn receives inputs from the world in the same manner. When we...
Mind >> Telepathy and Group Mind
Prescriptive Norm is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Prescriptive Norm books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- need2know: inflation data, dividend policy and other macro buzz
- The capital market watchdog would seek to strike a balance between investor interest and not being prescriptive in terms of regulations for dividend payment. ...
- Why Body-Shaming Skinny Women Misses The Point Of Feminism
- This formula for what a "real woman" looks like—though subversive—can be as harmful as society's historically prescriptive version of beauty.
- The challenges and conflicts of farming out legal work
- The challenges and conflicts of farming out legal work A key role of in-house legal counsel is to decide when, why, and where to farm out legal work. At times, the appropriate and most efficient thing to do is to retain the work in-house.
- How to say no to helping other people without seeming like a jerk
- If you want something done, ask a busy person. The old saying rings true, but it also spells doom for that busy person. When you develop a reputation for being responsive and generous, an ever-expanding mountain of requests will come your way.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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An international conference on the neural and cognitive bases of cognitive control.
Control Processes 2016
10 - 11 November 2016
SfN 2016 - Society for Neuroscience 2016
09:00, 12 - 09:00, 16 November 2016 (GMT +00)
SfN's 46th annual meeting is the premier venue for neuroscientists to present emerging science, learn from experts, forge collaborations with peers, explore new tools and technologies, and advance careers. Join more than 30,000 colleagues from more than 80 countries at the world's largest marketplace of ideas and tools for global neuroscience.


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On 6 May 2014, the Standing Committee on Planning, Environment and Territory and Municipal Services, in view of not being able to agree on a report, presented a statement in the Legislative Assembly. This fulfilled the reporting obligation of the Committee. This statement is available under the heading 'Reports'.
On the same day the Assembly resolved that the Chair's Draft Report and the Alternate Draft Report considered by the Committee be tabled by the close of business on 6 May 2014. These papers are available under the heading 'Chair's Draft Report and Alternate Draft Report'.


text:
Civic Freedom Monitor: Colombia
Introduction | At a Glance | Key Indicators | International Rankings
Legal Snapshot | Legal Analysis | Reports | News and Additional Resources
Last updated 3 June 2016
Update: In April 2016, Congress began consideration of the draft proposal for a new National Police Code. Some provisions of the draft proposal would adversely affect social organizations' ability to protest. First, the proposed regulation of public protests would require a prior formal notification; this requirement would mean that spontaneous protests are not permitted, and the police could restrict and even punish those who carry out such protests. Second, the proposed regulation grants the government permission to change the date and location of a protest. Third, the proposed regulation specifies that only those protests that have "a licit goal" will be authorized, but there are no criteria to determine whether a protest is "licit."
The first civil society organizations (CSOs) in Colombia were foundations supported by the church and wealthy individuals established to address public welfare issues. Later, the Colombian government created and sponsored some community based organizations (CBOs), such as the National Peasant Association (ANUC), but currently most CBOs are independent and have little connection to the government. Many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working in the areas of economic, educational, and social development have emerged.
Thus, Colombia has strong, sophisticated civil society organizations, including human rights organizations, peace building entities, community-strengthening initiatives, women's rights groups and academic and research centers. However, Colombia has a complicated and often contradictory web of laws, regulations and policies that make it difficult to understand the legal framework for CSOs.
At a Glance
|Organizational Forms
|Nonprofit Corporations/Associations and Foundations
|Registration Body
|Public Registries of Chambers of Commerce
|Approximate Number
|Barriers to Entry
|Barriers to Activities
|Subjective application of regulations by government institutions
|Barriers to Speech and/or Advocacy
|Barriers to International Contact
|No legal barriers. Practical limits to criticism of government in international arena
|Barriers to Resources
|Barriers to Assembly
|Vague limitations on obstruction of public roads. No spontaneous demonstrations
Key Indicators
|Type of Government
|Life Expectancy at Birth
|Male: 72.08 years
Female: 78.61 years (2014 est.)
|Literacy Rate
|Male: 90.1%
Female: 90.7%
|Religious Groups
|Roman Catholic: 90%; Other: 10%
|Ethnic Groups
|Mestizo: 58%; White: 20%; Mulatto: 14%; mixed Black-Amerindian: 3%; Amerindian: 1%
|GDP per capita
|$11,100 (2013 est.)
Source: The World Factbook. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2010.
International Rankings
|Ranking Body
|Ranking Scale
(best – worst possible)
|UN Human Development Index
|97 (2015)
|1 – 186
|World Bank Rule of Law Index
|42.3 (2014)
|100 – 0
|World Bank Voice & Accountability Index
|45.8 (2014)
|100 – 0
|Transparency International
|37 (2015)
|1 – 175
|Freedom House: Freedom in the World
|Status: Partly Free
Political Rights: 3
Civil Liberties: 4
|Free/Partly Free/Not Free
1 – 7
1 – 7
|Foreign Policy: Fragile States Index
|61 (2015)
|177 – 1
Legal Snapshot
International and Regional Human Rights Agreements
|Key International Agreements
|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
|Optional Protocol to ICCPR (ICCPR-OP1)
|International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
|Optional Protocol to ICESCR (OP-ICESCR)
|International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
|Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
|Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
|Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW)
|Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
|Regional Treaties
|American Convention on Human Rights
|Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights "Protocol of San Salvador"
* Category includes ratification, accession, or succession to the treaty
Constitutional Framework
Despite its armed conflict, Colombia maintains a strong array of rule-of-law institutions. The 1991 constitution includes a comprehensive bill of rights, provisions securing the independence of the judiciary, and other checks and balances on executive power. Since 1991 the Constitutional Court has developed a progressive jurisprudence that affirms the rights of victims of human rights violations and protects individual liberties.
The 1991 Colombian Constitution also recognizes the role of CSOs and establishes that the state has the obligation to support them and to recognize them as legitimate actors in the policy process. Changes currently affecting CSOs in Colombia include their increasingly close links with the state, and difficulties arising from a relative lack of funds from sources promoting international co-operation.
The 1991 Constitution establishes freedom of association in general.
Article 38 guarantees the exercise of the freedom of association, providing that "The right of free association for the promotion of various activities that individuals pursue in society is guaranteed". In addition, article 95 provides that "The following are duties of the individual and the citizen: … to defend and publicize human rights as a basis of peaceful coexistence…"
Article 20 of the Constitution provides that "Every individual is guaranteed the freedom to express and disseminate his/her thoughts and opinions, to transmit and receive information that is true and impartial, and to establish mass communications media". In addition, according to article 37, "Any group of individuals may gather and demonstrate publicly and peacefully. The law alone may establish in a specific manner those cases in which the exercise of this right may be limited."
Article 39 establishes that workers and employers have the right to form trade unions or associations without interference by the state. Their legal status will be recognized by the simple registration of their constituent act. The cancellation or suspension of legal status may only occur through legal means.
Moreover, the Constitution provides that the State "will contribute to the organization, promotion, and guidance of professional, civic, trade union, community, youth and charitable or nongovernmental public-purpose associations, without prejudicing their authority so that they may constitute democratic means of representation in the various functions of participation, agreement, control, and supervision of the public activities that they undertake."
National Laws and Regulations Affecting Sector
Natural and legal persons are guaranteed the right to associate for profit-making and nonprofit-making purposes. The Civil Code regulates the establishment of companies, associations and societies for profit-making and nonprofit-making purposes. Nonprofit, charitable or welfare associations or societies may be established by private acts. Such associations include trade unions and second - and third-level trade union associations whose legal capacity is automatically recognized when they are formed, but which must be registered with the labor authorities upon establishment.
The right of assembly and the right to demonstrate are protected by Article 37 in the chapter of the Constitution on fundamental rights. Statutory Act No. 137 on States of Emergency of 1994 sets no particular restrictions on this right. Decree No. 1355 of 1970, which introduced the National Police Code, contains the regulatory framework relating to the right of assembly.
Law 863 of 2003 (Article 8) establishes income tax exemptions for not-for-profit corporations, foundations and associations with legal standing, with respect to income from all activities and assets employed toward their aims and purposes. CSO must maintain separate books and accounts with respect to any business they carry out and such books need to be registered at the local chamber of commerce.
The Transparency and Access to Public Information Law of March 2014 requires all government agencies and employees to answer requests for information. It also establishes a minimum of information content that the government must publish and requires government entities to provide proof and arguments justifying cases where information is withheld.
Pending NGO Legislative / Regulatory Initiatives
In September 2014, Colombia's Ministry of Defense presented a proposal to update the current National Police Code that has been in place since 1970. Although National Police Director General Rodolfo Palomino has stated that the purpose of the reform is to promote social harmony and peace of mind, several of the new provisions have generated controversy both within Congress and among the general public. The proposal (presented by Cambio Radical senator German Varón) passed the first debates in the Senate in June 2015. While some aspects of the proposal were changed since September 2014, the most problematic aspects of this proposal have remained. After more than a year without any developments, in April 2016, Congress began consideration of the draft proposal for a new National Police Code. Some provisions of the draft proposal would adversely affect social organizations' ability to protest. First, the proposed regulation of public protests would require a prior formal notification; this requirement would mean that spontaneous protests are not permitted, and the police could restrict and even punish those who carry out such protests. Second, the proposed regulation grants the government permission to change the date and location of a protest. Third, the proposed regulation specifies that only those protests that have "a licit goal" will be authorized, but there are no criteria to determine whether a protest is "licit."
The current draft proposal is available in Spanish at this link.
Please help keep us informed; if you are aware of pending initiatives, write to ICNL at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Legal Analysis
Organizational Forms
Since 2000, Colombian authorities have implemented numerous laws and regulations that address civil society organizations. Unfortunately these rules have complicated the legal framework. For example, these laws and regulations frequently refer to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), without providing a legal definition for NGOs. As a result, the laws regarding nonprofit entities are vague and often contradictory.
Regardless of the variety of types of non-profit legal entities existing in the Colombian legal system, private law only recognizes two forms, the nonprofit corporation/association [1] and public charitable foundations.
In Colombia, the registration of a CSO follows a two-step procedure. According to law, the chambers of commerce manage public registries (commercial, government suppliers and nonprofit organizations). These registries are only a means of publicity. An application for the set up of a CSO should be submitted together with: (a) memorandum of association and rules and regulations; (b) minutes of the Executive Board or General Assembly that endorses the setting up of the CSO; (c) a detailed mission statement, including program and project information; (d) a legal address and a list of the names, addresses and occupations of the founders; (e) a statement showing in detail the assets of the organization; (f) an affidavit sworn by the president or secretary of the CSO; and (g) a declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of the society will be used only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects of the society. Then, the application for registration needs to be submitted either at the state level (Gobernaciones) or at the district level (alcaldías) in which the CSO is sought to be registered.
In Law 22 of 1987, the legislature authorized the 32 governors of the country and its equivalent, the Mayor of Bogota Capital District to inspect and supervise CSOs. CSOs must submit to the authorities a general balance sheet upon conclusion of the fiscal year and activity reports on a yearly basis.
Cancellation of the legal status of organizations is governed by Presidential Decree 1529 of 1990. The causes for cancellation are established in Article 7. A request for cancellation of legal status of a certain CSO may be submitted by anyone on the grounds of illegal activities, violations of public order, or when its activities do not correspond to the purposes for which it was formed. The corresponding Governor or Mayor Office is requested to open a file to investigate the allegations, make an on-site visit to the concerned CSO, and make a decision within 10 working days.
[1] The term "association" is not a legal person provided by the Civil Code but refers to the constitutional freedom that people use to form a corporation.
Public Benefit Status
Colombia does not grant public benefit status to a special category of nonprofit organizations. However, foundations are assumed to operate for the "public benefit." The Constitution recognizes foundations as being "institutions of public use," with the intention of "public benefit."
Under Colombian tax laws, CSOs engaged in health activities, sports, formal education, cultural, scientific or technological, ecological, environmental protection or social development programs, qualify for special tax benefits that include a lower tax rate than commercial companies or, in some cases, full exemption from paying income taxes.
Barriers to Entry
Overall, the requirements to be met in order to set up and operate a CSO in Colombia are straightforward. In fact, some believe that it is too simple, and the lax process could lead to abuse.
Although the Constitution allows civil society organizations to form for many purposes, there are, in practice, limitations when these purposes conflict with the government's actions or ideology. For example, some CSOs, particularly human rights groups that are critical of the government, have greater difficulty obtaining or retaining legal status.
Barriers to Operational Activity
Although there are no express legal barriers to operational activities, the subjective application of regulations by government institutions often produces a disparity between the original intent of the laws and their present enforcement.
Human rights organizations also operate within a climate of harassment, as detailed in the following section.
[1] See Nonprofit Enterprise and Self-sustainability Team (NESsT), The Legal and Regulatory Framework for CSO Self-Financing in Colombia.
Barriers to Speech / Advocacy
Colombia is one of the most dangerous countries in the world in which to be a human rights defender, with dozens of labor rights activists, lawyers, indigenous activists and community and religious leaders being murdered every year.
In recent years, human rights CSOs and their members have been frequent victims of reprisals and undue restrictions as a result of their work in promoting and protecting the victims of the armed conflict. On several occasions, the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights has voiced its concern about threats against human rights defenders and members of CSOs.
Other forms of violations include: illegal surveillance, smear campaigns and criminal prosecutions, and violations of the home and other arbitrary or abusive entry to the offices of human rights organizations, and interference in correspondence and phone and electronic communication.
Statements by government officials have contributed to a climate of increased danger for human rights defenders in Colombia. International monitoring bodies have also expressed concern about such statements that seem to endorse acts of violence against human rights defenders and their organizations.
Barriers to International Contact
There are no legal barriers to communication and contact internationally. That said, there may be cultural limitation on CSOs interacting with international actors in that it could be considered an act of disloyalty when criticizing the government in the international arena.
Barriers to Resources
CSOs are permitted to receive foreign funding via grants or donations. In addition, CSOs are permitted to acquire and dispose of property, contract personnel, invest resources, and import and export goods. To prevent money laundering, Colombian banks require a document officially translated into Spanish that describes the origin of support when the funds are converted to pesos.
Barriers to AssemblyVague Provisions. In 2011, Colombia's Congress approved reforms to the Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Juvenile Criminal Code. Article 353(A) of the Criminal Code uses vague language to address the obstruction of public ways during protests: Any person who, by illicit means, obstructs, temporarily or permanently, selectively or generally, the public ways or any other transportation infrastructure in such a way that affects the public order or mobility, will be sentenced to prison for four to eight years and mandated to pay a fine of between 13 and 75 times the current monthly minimum wage.
The vagueness of this provision could lead to the prosecution of the lawful exercise of the right to the freedom of assembly provided by the Constitution.
Advance Notification. The National Police Code (Decree No. 1355 of 1970) stipulates in Article 102:
Any person may meet with others or parade in a public place for the purpose of expressing common interests and ideas of a political, economic, religious or social nature or for any other lawful purpose. For these purposes, notice shall be given in person and in writing to the local administrative authorities. The communication shall be signed by at least three persons. The notice shall specify the date, time and place of the proposed meeting and be submitted 48 hours in advance. In the case of parades, the planned route shall be specified.
Accordingly, spontaneous demonstrations would not be lawful, since 48 hours notice must be provided. Article 188 of Decree 522 of 1971 provides that within the 24 hours of the receipt of the notification of an assembly, the public authority may, based on public order considerations and through a motivated resolution, modify the planned route for the parade, its date, place or time. However, if there is no response by the authority within 24 hours, it is understood that the assembly may take place.
Enforcement and Excessive Force. The authorities normally do not interfere with public meetings and demonstrations. There have been, however, complaints of police brutality against demonstrators. For instance, in a 2006 Report on the Human Rights Situation in Colombia, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights reported that: During the demonstrations that took place on 1 May in Bogotá one person died. The same occurred in Cali, when a demonstration took place at the University of Valle in September. An excessive use of force by the police was observed in Tolima in October during indigenous mingas (traditional community gatherings). These actions affected freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.
In addition, farmers and indigenous protesters have demanded the government keep promises it made in 2013, which, if upheld, would end a national strike similar to the one in 2013 that left dozens dead during a government crackdown. Protests began anew in May 2016 and tensions immediately escalated just outside Buenaventura, Colombia's main port city, where police killed one protester after protesters effectively blocked the main road connecting the port city with the rest of the country.
|UN Universal Periodic Review Reports
|Third Session
National Report
Compilation of UN information
Summary of stakeholders' information
Report of the Working Group
Decision on the Outcome
Draft Report on the eighth session of the Human Rights Council
|Reports of UN Special Rapporteurs
|USIG (United States International Grantmaking) Country Notes
Not available
|U.S. State Department
|2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Colombia
|Fragile States Index Reports
|Foreign Policy: Fragile States Index
|IMF Country Reports
|Colombia and the IMF
|International Commission of Jurists
|Not available
|International Center for Not-for-Profit Law Online Library
News and Additional Resources
While we aim to maintain information that is as current as possible, we realize that situations can rapidly change. If you are aware of any additional information or inaccuracies on this page, please keep us informed; write to ICNL at firstname.lastname@example.com.
General News
Colombia peasant protests shut down roads, spur violent police response (June 2016)
Farmers and indigenous protesters demand the government keep its word on promises made in 2013 to end a similar national strike that left dozens dead. The protests began and immediately escalated just outside Buenaventura, Colombia's main port city, where a man died and protesters effectively blocked the main road connecting the port city with the rest of the country.
Massive Threats against Human Rights Defenders in Colombia (April 2016)
According to human rights organizations, the use of threats against human rights defenders continued to increase in 2015, as 400 of them received 27 pamphlets signed by paramilitary groups. These serious facts, linked to an increase in reports of presence and territorial control by paramilitary groups in several regions of the country, show the lack of guarantees to exercise the defense of human and land rights in Colombia. Also, this situation compromises the viability of the implementation of the peace agreement that the FARC guerrilla and the Colombian government could reach.
IACHR Condemns Killings and Threats Directed against Human Rights Defenders in Colombia (February 2016)
In February 2016, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the killing of five human rights defenders in Colombia, and the generalized situation of retaliations, harassment and threats against human rights defenders in the country.
Colombian Government and FARC rebels sign key agreement (December 2015)
The Colombian leader has said the two sides tackled "one of the most sensitive and complex points of the peace talks" in the latest agreement. Under the deal, special tribunals will be created to try former combatants, once a final peace deal is signed. "2016 will be the year that Colombia sees a new dawn," said Mr Santos. "The dawning of a country without war, in hopefully a united country that can move towards its maximum potential... The hour of peace has arrived in Colombia." Chief Farc negotiator Ivan Marquez said the agreement showed reconciliation was possible.
"If you don't put adverse obstructions in the way of common sense, we can get closer to our higher purpose of reconciliation," he said.
Colombian president and rebels declare peace (October 2015)
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and FARC rebel leader Rodrigo Londono, better known by his alias Timochenko, announced a breakthrough in peace talks that could end a 50-year civil war. They agreed in Havana, Cuba — where the sides began formally negotiating in 2012 — to sign a final agreement in six months after which the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia would demobilize within 60 days. "We are on different sides but today we advance in the same direction, in the most noble direction a society can take, which is toward peace," Santos said. "Colombia's success in waging war and now in waging peace is a testament to its leaders, civil society, and democratic institutions, including its armed forces and police," said U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry.
Student and rights activists among arrested 'ELN' bombing suspects (July 2015)
On July 8, fifteen people were detained under allegations of having participated in attacks in Bogota over the last year. The detentions have been highly criticized by civil society organizations, students, unions and human rights defenders, and have generated protests calling for the release of the detainees. Critics have labeled some of the detentions as "judicial false positives" and argue that they are in violation of due process and the presumption of innocence. Among the detainees were students, student leaders, well-known civil society members—including journalists, rural advocates and human rights advocates—and employees of the city government. 11 of the detainees were involved with the civil society network, Congreso de Pueblos (Peoples' Congress). Some advocates allege that the detentions were a form of retaliation for protest and exercise of freedom of expression. Civil society and human rights groups, as well as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, have called for respect of due process. The detention of Paola Andrea Salgado Piedrahíta has generated particular protest from civil society. Salgado is a recognized advocate for women's rights and a lawyer at the Secretary of Health, known for her work in litigation and investigation in a variety of areas including civil and political rights, HIV, reproductive rights and violence against women.
New book on Communications Surveillance and Privacy (April 2015)
In 2014, Colombian media revealed that the country's intelligence service carried out widespread surveillance of key NGOs, journalists, and leftist politicians, including their own governmental team responsible for negotiating a peace agreement with the Colombian guerillas. This new disclosure recalls previous instances of illegal surveillance, known as "Las Chuzadas." The Colombian secret service (DAS) used to spy on political opponents, journalists, labor organizers, and even NGOs seeking to alleviate human rights abuses. The goal of a newly released book is to examine the Colombian legal framework regarding communications surveillance in light of today's technologies.
New Presidential Decree on Access to Information and Transparency (January 2015)
On January 20, 2015, President Santos signed a Presidential Decree that regulates the 2014 Law on Access to Information and Transparency. CSOs consider this as an important new instrument that can facilitate the work of CSOs on monitoring state activity.
Wave of Threats Hit Colombian Human Rights Defenders (October 2014)
In what has been dubbed "Black September," over 150 death threats have been issued in the month of September against Colombian human rights defenders, journalists, and labor leaders. These events require immediate action on behalf of the Colombian government.
Democratic and Social Reforms Needed for Lasting Truce in Colombia (August 2014)
Hopes of ending Colombia's civil war, one of the longest-running and bloodiest conflicts in the world, will be dashed unless the Colombian government accepts genuine democratic and social reform, leaders of the Farc, the country's main guerrilla group, have told the Guardian. The government insists the human rights situation is improving in the country and prosecutions of those responsible for extra-judicial killings have started to deliver convictions, but it will not negotiate either economic policy or military strategy.
Juan Manuel Santos reelected in Colombia's Presidential elections (June 2014)
Incumbent President and U Party candidate Juan Manuel Santos was reelected by a margin of over 5% (with over 99% of the vote counted) in the second round of Colombia's elections, defeating Democratic Center candidate Oscar Ivan Zuluaga.
Colombia not on IACHR human rights 'black list' (April 2014)
For the second time in a row, Colombia does not appear on a human rights "black list from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), according to the organization's latest annual report.
News Archive
Colombia has its first Transparency and Access to Public Information Law (March 2014)
Protest Swell in Colombia's "Andean Spring" (August 2013)
First half of 2013 worst period on Colombia's record for human rights workers (August 2013)
Farc rebels and Colombian government reach deal over political participation (June 2013)
Constitutional Court Ruling Green-Lights Law on Transparency and Access to Information (May 2013)
United Nations' human rights office to remain in Colombia until 2016 (April 2013)
Colombia civil society hand over proposals to FARC (January 2013)
Colombia's Congress passes military reform law despte objections of human rights groups (December 2012)
Human rights court visits Colombia for 'blacklist' revision (December 2012)
NGOs, victims, indigenous groups, and ex-paramilitaries demand involvement in peace negotiations between FARC and Colombian government (October 2012)
Civil society leaders in Santander threatened (October 2012)
Dozens arrested in Colombia protests (October 2012)
Attacks and assassinations against human rights defenders continue in Colombia (October 2012)
Colombia: Peace at last? (October 2012)
CIVICUS intervention in the UPR for Colombia (October 2012)
Supreme Court reverses plans to prosecute a local journalist (August 2012)
Colombian Congress to approve "Transparency and Access to Information Law" (June 2012)
Civil society report on UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (June 2012)
Civil society "revolt" defends rule of law in Colombia (July 2012)
New report on criminalisation of human rights defenders in Colombia and other countries of the Americas (May 2012)
Attempted shooting of rights lawyer raises questions of political will (May 2012)
Proposed legal amendment would allow impunity for human rights violations (May 2012)
Official statistics report that at least 17 land rights leaders have been murdered in Colombia since June of last year (April 2012)
Violence against human rights defenders in Colombia on the rise (March 2012)
EU-Colombia trade agreement expected to have positive impact on civil society in Colombia(February 2012)
EU recognizes Colombia's human rights progress (February 2012)
U.S. aid implicated in abuses of power in Colombia (September 2011)
Colombia's Domestic Intelligence Chief, convicted of criminal conspiracy (September 2011)
Colombia defends human rights record to EU (September 2011)
IACHR condemns continued threats and murders directed against human rights defenders and their families in Colombia (March 2011)
Human Rights Watch World Report 2011 (January 2011)
The foregoing information was collected by the ICNL Civic Freedom Monitor part ner organization in Colombia.


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With the largest overall declines for the frontal region, average values for each region declined with sleep deprivation. Subjective workload was found to be negatively correlated with the magnitude of the fatigue-related decline in the frontal region— but not the other regions—suggesting that as frontal activation decreased the subjects found it increasingly difficult to confront the demands of the high-load MATB task, interestingly. Electroencephalography (EEG) in Neuroergonomics 26 vals for each subject when he or she displayed a minimum in total cortical activation (for 14/12 subjects this minimum occurred between 1:30 and 8:26 a.m.).
(2005). The 110-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. L., Petersen, A., Lee, S.
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Arterial circulation of the brain stem is schematically illustrated on a cialis generic canada view of the ventral surface of the brain stem. Four transverse sections through the brain stem are shown, illustrating the distribution of arterial supply. B. In the upper medulla , pons , and midbrain , portions of tissue from medial to dorsolateral are supplied by paramedian, short circumferential, and long circumferential branches.


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Shift of Fate (Dark Promises, Book Three)
Third in the Dark Promises seriesRevenge. It's been Royce's driving force for months, since Merida walked out on him without even saying goodbye.When a friend presents Royce with the perfect opportunity to settle the score in the form of evil stalking a small New England town he thinks it's fate. Drawing Merida to Vermont is easy, but keeping his hands off her when she gets there proves to be more than he can handle. The possibilities are endless until the same evil they've been stalking decides to stalk Merida back.Escape. It's been Merida's plan all along, ever since she ran out on Royce after their last encounter and their battle with evil.When Merida takes the call from Royce, asking for her help in solving the paranormal problem in Caswell, Vermont, she hopes this is what she needs to get him out of her thoughts and dreams. She has been on the run, not only from her overbearing boss and from the passion she still feels for Royce, but from the destiny she dreads. One that would change her life forever.Neither counts on fate or destiny getting in the way of their plans.
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If you are anything like me, you fire up your Photoshop to create a first visual prototype of your next client's website. And if you're anything like me, you're not bound to change that in the foreseeable future. All the clients I had over the last 20 years wanted to see a visual prototype before coding started. If you could create a clickable one,...
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text: No recent wiki edits to this page. The StoryThe Horde is set in a fantasy medieval world where the player takes the role of a servant boy called Chauncey (voiced and acted by Kirk Cameron). In the opening cinematic to the game Chauncey saves the King of Franzpowanki from choking to death and is rewarded for his heroic action with a plot of land to to sow seed, raise cattle and in turn reap wealth. Unfortunately for Chauncey the land gifted to him by King of Franzpowanki is plagued by a group of goblin like creatures called The Horde, which are intent on destroying the crops, eating the cows, and burning humble abode's to the ground. Thus Chauncey must take up arms and protect his farm from the insatiable appetite of The Horde.Territories and EnemiesIf you manage to defend your farm through four seasons, turn a profit (after taxes), and eliminate the Horde threat in a certain territory the King of Franzpowanki tasks you with a new region to farm and defend. These new territories offer different terrain, a new breed of Hordling, as well as varied mini-quests. The territories are:The Shimto PlainsThe Tree Realms of AlburgaThe Fetid Swamp of BuuzalThe Kar-Nyar DesertThe Frozen Wastes of VeshDifferent types of Hordlings you encounter in the above territories are:Adolescent HordlingSwamp HordlingDesert HordlingForest HordlingIce HordlingJuggernaut HordlingPiranha HordlingShaman HordlingWeapons(This list is from the game's instruction manual.)- GrimthwackerYour avenging blade, the gift of Good King Winthrop.- Mystic MorningstarSpin around with this weapon, smashing all enemies in your path. Can be a dizzying experience!- FlamethrowerGrilled Hordlings, anyone? also grills your own stuff, so be careful where you light that fire.- Ring of TeleportationZip from here to there through thin air.- Boots of BoogyBeat feet to round up the Horde before they chomp your herd.-Haunch of MeatThe short-range aroma of this putrid bait can lure Hordlings to a gooey end. Make them cross a moat or spiky pit to get it.- BombWalk to the bomb to kick it at a Hordling- Healing RockNot an imitation! This naturally-occurring antidote restores some of Chauncey's "heart."- RoscoeThis magical beast gleefully torches all Hordlings around Chauncey. Caution: Roscoe often gets carried away! He's wild - and dumb - enough to torch everything, including huts, villagers and cows!- Flute of SchmeguSerenade the Hordling masses and lull them to a watery demise.- TridentChauncey's "good news, bad news" doomsday weapon. the good news is that the Trident firestorms an entire section of the map, destroying everything in reach. The bad news is that it leaves behind a barren waste of rocks and rubble.


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6th CNES/ESA International Workshop on Microwave Filters
23rd – 25th March 2015 – Toulouse, France
Co-organised by CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) and ESA (European Space Agency)
Filters and multiplexers are key building blocks in science, navigation, earth observation and telecommunication applications.
Satellite systems are in constant evolution to answer to new and changing needs in terms of throughput, coverage, flexibility, RF performances…
For instance, in telecommunication applications, more flexibility in terms of coverage, power and bandwidth allocation is required for future satellite services.
Increase of power level per channel in future broadcast applications demands innovative solutions to cope with challenging thermals and electrical performance at equipment and system level.
In multibeam broadband satellites, where a high number of beams are integrated, there is a significant pressure to reduce size, mass and cost of passive hardware. Additionally, Q/V-band is becoming an important frequency band for future satellite systems.
Navigation applications are requiring increased power with the consequent additional risk due to high power issues.
Science and earth observation applications are mostly related to high/very high frequencies where topologies, manufacturing methods / accuracy and materials play a key role.
All these requirements impact directly the architecture and equipment at payload level including the many types of filters employed.
Improvements of materials, processes and technologies can be enabling for the development of new filter solutions. For instance, in the last years, Additive Manufacturing has generated strong interest for the design and manufacturing of filters for space.
Accurate design tools, for analysis, synthesis and optimisation of filters lead to further improvements.
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Cold Call
- 20 Oct 2016
- Cold Call Podcast
The Spectacular Fall and Fix of Healthcare.gov
The Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare for short, had three goals: make health insurance available, required, and affordable for everyone. There was just one problem—the launch of the Healthcare.gov website was a complete failure. Professor Len Schlesinger delves into the enormous challenges involved with building, launching, and fixing Healthcare.gov, and how those administrative trials and triumphs are instructive for any managerial setting. Open for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
Intellectual Property →
- 26 Sep 2016
- Working Paper Summaries
Technological Leadership (de)Concentration: Causes in ICTE
The market structure for the Information and Communications Technology equipment industry has undergone enormous changes in the last four decades. This paper characterizes long-term trends by analyzing the concentration in patents from 1976 to 2010 and comparing measured changes against popular assumptions about the size and scale of changes in innovation.
- 23 May 2016
- Research & Ideas
A Little Understanding Motivates Copyright Abusers to Pay Up
Many Internet users don't give a second thought to copying and reusing an image. Hong Luo and Julie Holland Mortimer explain how copyright holders can gently persuade abusers to do the right thing. Open for comment; Comment(s) posted.
- 19 May 2016
- Research Event
Crowdsourcing, Patent Trolls, and Other Research Insights Highlighted at Harvard Business School Symposium
The 2016 Faculty Research Symposium looked at current and potential collaborations between HBS and Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Open for comment; Comment(s) posted.
- 22 Jan 2016
- Working Paper Summaries
Financial Patent Quality: Finance Patents After State Street
Although the past few decades have seen a surge in patents of inventions related to financial services, concerns have been raised about the quality of those patents. New research shows that finance patents in aggregate cite fewer non-patent publications and especially fewer academic publications.
- 20 Jan 2016
- Working Paper Summaries
The Bright Side of Patents
We examine whether patents help startups grow and succeed using detailed micro data on all patent applications filed by startups at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office since 2001 and approved or rejected before 2014. We find that patent approvals help startups create jobs, grow their sales, innovate, and reward their investors.
- 29 Aug 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Patent Trolls
Clearly defined property rights are essential for well-functioning markets. In the case of intellectual property (IP), however, property rights are complex to define; unlike ownership of physical assets, the space of ideas is difficult to clearly delineate. A solution employed by the United States and many other countries is the patent-a property right allowing an idea's owner sole commercialization rights for a period of time. A new organizational form, the non-practicing entity (NPE), has recently emerged as a major driver of IP litigation. NPEs amass patents not for the sake of producing commercial products, but in order to prosecute infringement on their patent portfolios. In this paper the authors provide the first large-sample evidence on the litigation behavior of NPEs. They show precisely which corporations NPEs target, when NPEs litigate, and how NPE litigation impacts the innovative activity of targeted firms. NPEs behave, on average, as patent trolls. This means that NPEs target firms that are flush with cash or that have just had positive cash shocks. NPEs even target conglomerate firms that earn their cash from segments having nothing to do with their allegedly infringing patents. The stakes of how to organize intellectual property disputes are massive. If the United States becomes a less desirable place to innovate because NPEs are left unchecked, innovation and human capital, and the returns to that innovation and human capital, will likely flee overseas. But innovators will also leave if they feel they are not are protected from large, well-funded interests that might infringe on innovative capital without recourse. Key concepts include: The rise of non-practicing entities (NPEs) has sparked a debate regarding their value and their impact on innovation. This study provides evidence that NPEs do not protect innovators from large interests in the intellectual property space. On average, NPEs behave as patent trolls that chase cash and negatively impact future innovation. Policy should be to more carefully limit the power of NPEs or, in the framework of the authors' model, increase the cost of bringing suit against commercializers of innovative ideas. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 20 Aug 2014
- Research & Ideas
Dragging Patent Trolls Into the Light
New research by Lauren Cohen and colleagues shows that patent trolls are not just the stuff of fairy tales. Open for comment; 5 Comment(s) posted.
- 11 Mar 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Return Migration and Geography of Innovation in MNEs: A Natural Experiment of On-the-Job Learning of Knowledge Production by Local Workers Reporting to Return Migrants
Since the mid-1990s, a large number of multinational enterprises (MNEs) have set up research and development centers in China, India, and other emerging markets. Such MNEs face constraints in expanding their "geography of innovation" —that of producing and transferring knowledge across borders—because for the MNE knowledge is likely to be localized within larger, more established centers of knowledge production. How do MNEs in emerging markets circumvent this constraint? In this paper, the author uses personnel data from a Fortune 50 technology firm and studies the role of return migrants in facilitating patenting at the emerging market R&D center. The author also studies on-the-job learning of knowledge production by local employees who report to return migrants at an emerging-market R&D setting. The findings generate insights into the functioning of 'internal labor markets' of multinationals. The results are also important for managers: Given the great many Fortune 500 MNE R&D centers in countries such as China and India, and the large fraction of these centers managed by return migrants, the findings may assist those who set up and manage current and future MNE R&D centers. Key concepts include: This paper, one of the first empirical studies of skilled migration within a multinational enterprise, contributes to understanding return migration and the geography of innovation of MNEs. Return migrants and their direct reports file more patents than other local employees. (The author leverages a natural experiment to test for the latter.) Patents that have return migrants (or their direct reports) as inventors exhibit high patent citation rates, indicating that return migration is related to cross-border knowledge transfer. Local workers who report to return-migrant managers tend to benefit from on-the-job learning that they might not receive otherwise. For example, return migrant managers connect their direct reports with ideas and resources in the US headquarters; they also help their direct reports understand the patenting process at US headquarters. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 30 Jan 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection
Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. The authors investigate the impact of modularity on intellectual property protection by formally modeling the threat of expropriation by agents. The principal has three options to address this threat: doing nothing, licensing the focal IP ex ante, and paying agents to prevent their defection. The principal can influence the value of these options by modularizing the technical system and by hiring clans of agents, thus exploiting relationships among them. The paper also gives examples of how managers arrive at a strategy in practice. Overall, the study contributes to the theory of profiting from innovation in three ways: First, it shows how the innovator's best choice of action against expropriation by agents-doing nothing, licensing, or paying agents-derives from the characteristics of the system, i.e., the share of trustworthy agents, the number of agents, the intensity of competition, the size of clans, the number of modules, and the degree of complementarity. Second, the innovator can use clans and modularity to increase profits, and the paper shows how clans and the modular architecture of the system interact to either reinforce or mitigate each other. Third, social relationships and norms of fairness affect the normative implications of an analysis based on rational choice theory. Implications for managers are also discussed. Key concepts include: Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. Modularity can be used reduce the cost and/or risk of agents' expropriating valuable IP. The authors' model can be used to understand the effects of, for example, screening and signaling in the hiring process, legal protection of intellectual property, and social norms of fairness. Managers' fundamental choices are (1) to protect the knowledge or not; and (2) to trust the agents or not. Relational contracts, that is, paying selected agents not to defect, makes it possible to protect knowledge and maintain a monopoly when agents are relatively untrustworthy. Trusting one's agents-what the authors have called "doing nothing"-is the most valuable course of action if it works, but is a risky strategy because trust can always be betrayed. Better screening and signaling technologies make it easier for the principal to trust his agents, but some residual risk always remains. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 16 Jan 2014
- Research & Ideas
Resolving Patent Disputes that Impede Innovation
Technical standards both spur innovation and protect the innovators, but abuses in the intellectual property protection system threaten US competitiveness. Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole discuss remedies. Open for comment; 2 Comment(s) posted.
- 05 Dec 2013
- Op-Ed
Encourage Breakthrough Health Care by Competing on Products Rather Than Patents
For too long, the science behind breakthrough therapeutics has been locked behind patents held by universities. Richard Hamermesh proposes the market compete on solutions rather than intellectual property rights. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 04 Oct 2013
- Working Paper Summaries
Imperfect Information, Patent Publication, and the Market for Ideas
The market for ideas improves the innovation process by promoting division of labor between upstream inventors and downstream developers. Frictions such as asymmetric information and search costs may hinder the smooth functioning of the market and delay, or even block, mutually profitable transactions between buyers and sellers. In this paper, the authors study the effects of an important disclosure mechanism, the publication of patent applications, on mitigating these frictions and, thus, facilitating transactions in the market for ideas. In particular, they employ an important policy change in the American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA), which required that U.S. patent applications filed beginning on November 29, 2000 be published 18 months after the application date. Findings show that post-AIPA patents, on average, are licensed 8.5 months earlier than pre-AIPA inventions. This shortening of the licensing lag is economically significant, given the 20-year duration of U.S. patents, and can translate to millions of dollars in profits and licensing revenues. Key concepts include: Disclosure through patent publication facilitates transactions in the market for ideas, potentially through reducing frictions such as information asymmetries, search costs, and costs of evaluating competing ideas. For inventors that choose to license, 18-month publication accelerates licensing by 8.5 months on average. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 27 Aug 2013
- Working Paper Summaries
The Impact of Patent Wars on Firm Strategy: Evidence from the Global Smartphone Market
Patents and patent enforcement strategies have become an essential part of firms' competitive strategies: They are used as isolating mechanisms to protect intellectual property or as defense mechanisms to help obtain access to external innovations. Using data from the global smartphone market, the authors of this paper investigate the effect of escalated patent litigations—the so-called patent war—on firm strategy. The smartphone industry is a classic example of a business ecosystem, as participants in this industry are highly interconnected and this interconnectivity means that effects on some ecosystem participants are likely to extend to affect the rest. The authors' findings show that the efficacy of patent enforcement systems across markets plays a significant role in firm strategy during patent wars, and ultimately shapes the global competitive landscape. As the patent war intensifies, smartphone vendors, even those not directly involved in patent litigations, gradually shift their business foci to markets with weaker intellectual property (IP) rights protection. This shift, however, is attenuated for vendors with stronger technological capabilities and is more pronounced for vendors whose home markets have weak IP systems. Together, these changes shape the competitive landscape for platform competition. Key concepts include: This study enhances our understanding of patents, patent enforcement strategies, and the dynamics of patent wars in platform competition. Patent strategy and its enforcement are becoming increasingly important for value appropriation by innovators, similar to marketing and pricing. Firms use markets with strong IP protection as a natural battleground for their patent enforcement strategies, which leads to increased litigation risk for other participants in those markets. As the patent war intensifies, smartphone vendors focus their businesses more on markets with weak IP protection than on those with strong IP protection, even when they are not involved in patent litigation themselves. This effect is more pronounced for vendors with weak technological capabilities, and vendors that come from countries with weak IP systems. Consistent with the shift at the vendor level, Android market share grows faster in weak IP countries than in strong IP countries as the patent war intensifies. Interestingly, this result suggests that the patent war intended to hamper the proliferation of Android phones may have merely shifted the sales of Android phones to weak IP countries. Consequently, the Android system has flourished in weak IP countries. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 18 Sep 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Risky Business: The Impact of Property Rights on Investment and Revenue in the Film Industry
Films are a risky business because much more is known about the quality and revenue potential of a film post-production than pre-production. Using rich data on the US film industry, this paper explores variation in property right allocations, investment choices, and film revenues to find empirical support for three predictions based on property rights theory. (1) Studios underinvest in the marketing of independent films relative to studio-financed films. (2) Because of underinvestment, independent films have lower revenues than comparable studio-financed films. (3) If production cost and marketing investment are complementary, underinvestment in marketing harms large-budget films more than small-budget films, making it more likely that large-budget films will be studio-financed. Kuppuswamy and Baldwin's paper may be the first to provide evidence that vertical integration affects the revenue of specific products through its impact on marketing investments in those products. Key concepts include: Studio-financed films receive superior marketing investments compared to independent films. The US film industry has two distinct property rights regimes: studio-financed films are produced and distributed by studios which take in the lion's share of revenue. In contrast, independent films are distributed by studios under revenue sharing agreements, which give studios 30-40% of the revenue stream. Under either regime, the allocation of scarce marketing resources is determined by and paid for by the studio. Studio-financed films offer higher marginal returns to marketing investments than independent films. Independent film distribution to theaters may be an institutional mechanism that allows studios to adapt to post-production information about the value of their own films vs. outside opportunities. This in turn justifies ex ante investment in the production of independent films (especially those with small budgets) despite their dampened revenue expectations. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 10 Sep 2012
- HBS Case
HBS Cases: Branding Yoga
As yoga's popularity has grown into a $6 billion business, a cast of successful entrepreneurs has emerged with their own styles of the ancient practice. Yet yoga's rise underscores a larger question for Professor Rohit Deshpandé: Is everything brandable? Closed for comment; 19 Comment(s) posted.
- 13 Jan 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation
Distributed innovation in open systems is an important trend in the modern global economy. In general, distributed innovation in open systems is made possible by the modularity of the underlying product or process. Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel provide a systematic analysis of value appropriation in closed and open modular systems, with implications for managers. Modular systems are made up of components that are highly interdependent within sub-blocks, called modules, and largely independent across those sub-blocks. Despite the technical benefits of modularity, history shows that it is not always straightforward for firms to capture value in a modular system. The paper argues that strategies for capturing value in an open, modular system must be formulated at the module level. But modularity is not a single strategy: it is rather a large set of strategic options and related tactics that can be deployed in different ways depending on the interplay of countervailing forces. Key concepts include: Special attention should always be paid to essential modules, which have the capacity to capture a portion of total system value. The IP related to some modules can and should be given away, although care must be taken not to let essential modules fall into the wrong hands. Other modules can be protected via state-sanctioned IP rights and/or agent payments under a relational contract. The modular architecture of the system should not be cast in stone until its IP dimensions are understood. After IP issues have been analyzed, some modules may need to be split further to concentrate agents' knowledge or reduce payments to outside owners of knowledge. Others may need to be made larger to make imitation and substitution more difficult. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 13 Jan 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Intermediaries for the IP Market
Some assets are traded in liquid markets with the help of many, thriving intermediaries: houses and apartments, financial products, books, DVDs, electronics and all sorts of collectibles. Intellectual property (IP) in general, and patents in particular, are not among those assets. In fact, one could argue that the market for patents is one of the last large and inefficient markets in the economy. IP is the ultimate intangible asset and extremely hard to value. Moreover, there are high search and transaction costs on both sides of the market, and the risk of litigation makes all potential participants even more cautious. Despite these difficulties, there could be attractive opportunities to create intermediation mechanisms to match patent creators with patent users and facilitate transactions between them. In recent years, a variety of novel intermediaries has emerged, all using different business models while attempting to bring more liquidity to the patent market. In this paper, Andrei Hagiu and David Yoffie explore the fundamental economic issues responsible for the low liquidity in the market for patents and provide a brief overview of patent intermediaries. They next focus on platform-type intermediaries (i.e., who enable search and transactions without ever taking possession of IP assets) and discuss the reasons for their lack of traction to date. The authors then turn to merchant-like intermediaries and the factors that have made them comparably more successful and influential than platforms. Finally, they discuss efficiency questions raised by patent intermediaries. Key concepts include: Platform-type IP intermediaries have failed to achieve meaningful scale. In contrast, some of the merchant-type IP intermediaries have become quite influential and profitable. The question remains whether merchant-type IP intermediaries have created any meaningful, market-wide efficiencies, as opposed to having simply thrived by exploiting existing inefficiencies and imposing a tax. The perspective of end-consumers is important. Because of litigation, merchant-type IP intermediaries would seem to be at least partly responsible for the current "patent bubble," which arguably leads to higher consumer prices. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 09 Jan 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
When to Sell Your Idea: Theory and Evidence from the Movie Industry
How completely should an innovator develop his idea before selling it? HBS assistant professor Hong Luo addresses this question in a theoretical framework that links the sales stage to the innovator's "observable quality." She uses the context of Hollywood movie script writing-looking at whether it's better to pitch the mere idea for a film or to write the entire screenplay and then try to sell it "on spec." Key concepts include: Pitching an idea before a script is written can be advantageous in that it affords the opportunity to get early feedback from a prospective buyer, and saves time for the writer if the buyer thinks the idea is worthless. However, pitching comes with the risk of expropriation. Lesser-known, inexperienced writers are excluded from the market for pitches, forcing them to either fully develop the idea or drop it entirely. Writers who have a choice in the matter tend to sell their better ideas on spec-turning them into fully-formed screenplays before introducing them to prospective buyers. But they will pitch their worse ideas at an early stage. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 29 Sep 2011
- Sharpening Your Skills
Sharpening Your Skills: Leveraging Intellectual Property
Many companies lack a coherent policy for maximizing the value of their intellectual property. In this collection from our archives, Harvard Business School faculty offer insights on the importance of IP and how best to protect and use it. Closed for comment; 0 Comment(s) posted.
- 17 Aug 2011
- Research & Ideas
Protecting against the Pirates of Bollywood
Hollywood's earnings in India have largely been disappointing. Professor Lakshmi Iyer believes the problem has more to do with intellectual pirates than the cinematic kind. Open for comment; 13 Comment(s) posted.


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Jung is the real deal. My wife was looking at puppies for the longest time. She came across all these websites teacup pocket posh puppies, boutique puppies, www.poshfairytail.com and more... And then! after of browsing and browsing on the net! i found Bowpup, and BOY! THANK YOU LORD THAT I DID. I made the best decision i have made in 30 years. I picked my pup at the airport and im not gonna lie i was pretty nervous but after i opened the crate... Read more ›
Bought a sweet female Maltese several years ago and she was everything they promised! I'm sorry to hear others didn't have the same experience. I am thinking of buying another and now feeling a little concerned. I had also read some poor reviews last time though and decided to take a chance. Our girl was and is healthy and they even called to follow up to see that she made it safely and was doing well. She was very tiny when we received her and... Read more ›
He claims that the puppies we be tiny 2-21/2 lbs fully grown, the poodle became a 7 lbs, the Pom was supposed to be 1 1/2 lb, it grew to 4 lbs, they claimed to be tiny tiny but turns out all the dogs bought from them are normal sized. Mary Read more ›
I got a sick dog and spend over 5000 in vet bills and my dog die in 3 weeks . After that one of his translator Jenny Lee convince me and my husband to let he fly to Korea to confront Jung and get a new dog . She affirm that this was the only way that we would get a dog back from them . My husband went and yes got a new dog but what she really want was *** and offer her self to him. She called his hotel and show up in his room 1:30 am , took her... Read more ›
I purchased a 5lb Shitzu now one year old. I bought her from Poshfairlytail from Jina. I believe she also gets her dogs from Korea and brings them to Virgina...and most likely is associated with Jung puppyclub. My new addition did not come from a puppy mill, as she was to socialized, happy and well adjusted and still is to this day. When I picked up my 7 month old Shitzu female named Polkadot, she was everything I saw on the photos and video... Read more ›
JUNG PUPPY CLUB STEELS YOUR MONEY DOES NOT SEND DOGS Jung Puppy Club does not Just sell sick dogs he steels your hard working money :( I sent him $4500 US for two yorkie puppies its been over 6 months now and still no puppies OR OUR money refunded…I have emailed him over and over and now he does not reply…..I work very hard for my money and trusted to send funds in return he would send me my puppies I purchased. I will not let this man get away... Read more ›
I also purchased a dog from them. They told me (the day she shipped) that they had to alter her age on the customs forms as Customs would not allow the dogs any other way. Isn't that a crime in itself? Then I got it. As with others, $5000 in vet bill and the dog did not make it.k They say they will replace it, if they do, I am going to fly to south Korea and get it myself and bring it back in the cabin. Think they will let that happen? ... Read more ›
MY FAMILY AND I WERE SO EXCITED TO GET OUR NEW PUPPY FROM JUNG. WHEN WE WENT AND PICKED IT UP WE FOUND OUT RIGHT THEN IT WAS THE WRONG PUPPY. :( JUNG RIPPED US OFF!!!!!(A**H***!!) AFTER HAVING THIS PUPPY FOR A WEEK AND A HALF WE NOTICED ITS WHITE HAIR WAS FALLING OUT AND IT WAS DEVELOPING BIG BLACK MARKS ALL OVER ITS BODY. WE IMMEDIATELY TOOK IT TO THE VET. IT TOOK FOUR DIFFERENT TRIPS TO THE VET IN A 30 DAY PERIOD AND OVER $500 TO FIND OUT.. IT... Read more ›
BEWARE!!!!! JUNG PUPPY CLUB SELLS SICK PUPPIES AND OVER INFLATES PRICES TO AMERICAN BUYERS. I WAS SCAMMED OUT OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS!!!! MY FMILY IS DEVASTATED!!!!! WE NOW HAVE A SICK PUPPY TO CARE FOR. JUNG PLAYED ME AND PROMISED ME THE PUPPY OF MY DREAMS BUT WHEN I WENT TO THE AIRPORT TO PICK HIM UP IT WAS A TOTALLY DIFFERENT PUPPY. THEY REFUSE TO ANSWER ANY OF MY EMAILS NOW. DONT BE A VICTIM OF THEIR SCAM. THEY CANT BE HONEST OR TRUSTED. I... Read more ›
Jung Puppy Club is a horrible puppy broker in South Korea. He has sold puppies to the USA who have arrived to buyers with parvo, distemper, and many other problems including giardia/kennel cough and other ailments. The puppies he sells are photo shopped and do not look like real puppies in photos. He sells dogs and then refuses to replace puppies when they die within 24 hours to their new home. He makes false promises to replace dogs but, never... Read more ›


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Great Wisdom in Small Space: the green design of small-size architecture / 小空间 大智慧:小型绿色建筑设计实践
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Howland's Stark makes finals
Gabe Stark of Howland earned a berth in the finals of the State Wrestling Tournament on Friday night with a 6-0 decision over Max Rohskopf of West Holmes.
Stark, a senior with a 42-3 record, wrestles Shelden Struble (52-2) of Bryan High School in the state finals, which start at 5:45 p.m. Saturday at the Jerome Schottenstein Center in Columbus.
Stark is the third Tiger to earn a spot in the state finals in the past five years (Kyle Leek and Greg Ryan both made it in 2008). The last state champion for Howland was Brad Gintert in 1984.
More in Saturday's paper and on tribtoday.com