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Burning Desire (Not!)
If there ever is an operation that novice woodworkers seem scared of it is grinding their tools. That's why wet grinders, slow speed grinders, and people who just use coarse honing stones abound.
The advantage of a slow speed grinder is that the steel heats up slower and there is less chance of losing the temper or "burning" a tool. The down side of a slow speed grinder is that grinding takes longer and in the case of harder modern alloys like D2 and HSS, the latter being used for lathe tools, grinding really takes longer and is harder to do.
I use a 6" 60 grit
3X wheel
on a high speed (3600 rpm) grinder. Many, if not most, published instruction suggests that to avoid burning the steel you should stop just before you get to a true edge and get a burr or "wire" or "wire edge". I grind to a wire edge.
In general as long as your wheel is properly dressed there really isn't much danger of burning anything but as you get close to a wire edge you have to use a light touch and quench frequently or you will burn the tip of the tool. In general, since I have a lot of practice, it's rare for me to burn anything, but it happens. the last bit of grinding before a wire edge seems to take forever and if I lose patience it's pretty easy to have a little burn.
And then what? Does it really mean that the few times I burn something I ruin my tool? Is it worth the extra time to always grind using a slower method?
If you have a bad burn you can always grind the tool back, but most of the time the burns I get are something like the 7/8" chisel above. A tiny burn at one corner. Don't think this happens to me more then once in an infrequent while. It actually took a fair amount of intentional carelessness to create the burn for this blog. I purposely didn't dress my 3X wheels and ground without quenching until it happened.
All along the top of the chisel is a straw colored line. This is normal and it is the overheated wire edge that is produced when you grind all the way to a wire edge. It's just like the burr formed when honing except it's bigger. The second I start honing the wire will fall away. The actual steel under the chisel that is part of the good ground edge is fine and hard. On the left I put extra pressure and got a small burn. Originally it was square with the chisel but I used hardness files to get a sense of what damage I actually did. At the bevel line the corner was soft under 50 Rc (compared with around 62Rc for an undamaged edge). But a few strokes more with the files and the hardness quickly jumps up to around 55Rc. A little soft but certainly useable.
What is the correct procedure if you burn a chisel? If the burn is minor as above just ignore the burn. Sharpen the chisel as per normal and while the burnt area might be a little soft and might not hold an edge very well it will get sharp and after one or two sharpenings the soft area will disappear.
For a gross burn, which you should never get because even on a high speed grinder a large burn means you were not paying attention to wheel dressing or what's happening as you grind, you might have to grind the damage away.
By the way, I use a 60 grit wheel because I am used to it. a coarser 46 grit wheel will run even cooler.
For more information on grinding see my article in Fine Woodworking from June 2008.
Woodworking Tools and Techniques
Comments: 6
Thanks for the tips...I use a honing stone. That's how I learned back in high school. Have a grinding wheel but scared to use it to sharpen tools. Guess I need more practice.
The coarse seeded gel wheels certainly run cooler and are less prone to clogging than std alox of #60 or #80 - on those I find it easy to blue the steel, so when getting close to a full bevel grind I do just one pass at a time and allow the blade to cool.
I've spent more time in front of a grinding wheel than most; in the late 1970s I became enamored of the wood molding business and ended up grinding molding knives for about ten years. The high carbon high chrome steels used for molding and shaper knives are about as hard as any steel on earth, and most of the grinding I did was freehand; at the same time it was production work and had to be fast and accurate.
Here's what makes the difference: The right abrasive and a soft bond. The harder the steel, the softer the bond you want in your grinding wheel. The bond is named by a letter, and the further on in the alphabet it is the harder the wheel is. Most home-shop grinding wheels are an M or N bond, very hard. What you want is an H, I, or J bond, 46 or at finest 60 grit, and you want a vitrified bond (VB or VBE).
Next thing, you want a "white" aluminum oxide wheel, not a dark carborundum wheel. The white may actually be pink or even brown, but it needs to be aluminum oxide.
Norton's best cool running fast cutting wheels for hard steel are the 32A and 38A Alox (that's the type of abrasive, not the grit. Grinding wheel catalogs explain the code. My favorite all-time Norton wheel was the 38A46 H8VBE.
You can't lean into the work with a soft-bonded wheel or the wheel will wear away too quickly. Just let the wheel do the work and quench frequently.
One more tip: Always grind the profile or shape of the cutting edge with the cutter held at 90* to the wheel, straight on. Then grind the bevel.
Norton's best cool running fast cutting wheels for hard steel are the 32A and 38A Alox (that's the type of abrasive, not the grit."
Not anymore. Our 3X grinding wheels by Norton are a consumer version of Norton's Seeded Gel abrasives (SG) They run considerably cooler than any white Alox wheel. It's night and day. And you are correct about the right binder and hardness. The I grade 3X wheels (the usual kind) are soft, and the combination of softness and the SG abrasive make for an amazingly cool grind. I can't imagine why anyone would use anything else these days.
Lewis E. Ward, Figure in the Wood
Thanks for the reminder of the significance of the type of bonding and grit type. This was taught to me by my brother in law years ago. The general public's ignorance evolves from the fact that all grinders are sold with conventional wheels and most of our initial training came from a required shop class where they rarely taught the intricacies of wheels.
Josh B.
I'm by no means an expert at the grinder - having only recently made friends with the tool after reading the article on grinding you wrote for FWW - and the above photo is in line with the worst burn damage I've ever accidentally done to a tool. I'm still using a 60grit Norton white wheel, not a 3X. Since learning to use the high speed grinder my woodworking experience has greatly improved because I no longer put off edge maintenance since a five minute trip the grinder to touch up the hollow on the bevel is much less disruptive than half hour with sandpaper and honing jigs fixing up a flat primary bevel and micro bevel. Freehand grinding + freehand honing = more time woodworking :-)
At this point my only real issue with the grinder is how messy it is, lots of grit particles all over my sharpening bench after running it, especially from dressing the wheels. How do you keep the mess under control? If I'm doing a big batch of grinding (fixing up new to me old tools) in good weather I'll drag it outside but that's not always practical.
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Prison directory
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Residential Reentry Management (RRM) - Nashville is one of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities. The BOP is a division of the United States Justice Department whose main function is to protect public safety by ensuring that federal offenders serve their sentences of imprisonment in facilities that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and appropriately secure, and provide reentry programming to ensure their successful return to the community.
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Acronym for Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. PPPoE relies on two widely accepted standards: PPP and Ethernet. PPPoE is a specification for connecting the users on an Ethernet to the Internet through a common broadband medium, such as a single DSL line, wireless device or cable modem. All the users over the Ethernet share a common connection, so the Ethernet principles supporting multiple users in a LAN combine with the principles of PPP, which apply to serial connections.
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Java is a high-level programming language. This guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of syntax, variables, data types and... Read More »Java Basics, Part 2
This second Study Guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of operators, modifiers and control Structures. Read More »The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
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Banks and Economic Growth: Implications from Japanese History
Alexander Gerschenkron argued that banks facilitate growth in "backward" countries, and modern theorists sometimes similarly claim that banks can promote growth by reducing informational asymmetries and improving the allocation of funds. Japan has played a part in these debates. In early twentieth-century Japan, firms relied heavily on bank debt, observers argue. Those firms with preferential access to debt outperformed the others, and those that were part of the zaibatsu corporate groups obtained that access through their affiliated banks. In fact, Japanese banks did not play the role attributed to them. Japan was not a bank-centered economy; instead, firms relied on equity finance. It was not an economy where firms with access to banks outperformed their rivals; instead, such firms earned no advantage. And it was not a world in which the zaibatsu manipulated their banks to favor affiliated firms; instead, zaibatsu banks loaned affiliated firms little more than the deposits those firms had made with the banks. During the first half of the last century, Japanese firms obtained almost all their funds through decentralized, competitive capital markets. Copyright 2002 by the University of Chicago.
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Volume (Year): 45 (2002)
Issue (Month): 1 (April)
Pages: 127-64
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- Fohlin, Caroline, 1996.
"Relationship Banking, Liquidity, and Investment in the German Industrialization,"
Working Papers
913, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Caroline Fohlin, 1998. "Relationship Banking, Liquidity, and Investment in the German Industrialization," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 53(5), pages 1737-1758, October.
- Steven M. Fazzari & R. Glenn Hubbard & Bruce C. Petersen, 2000. "Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities are Useful: A Comment on Kaplan and Zingales," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 115(2), pages 695-705.
- John Cawley & Tomas Philipson, 1996.
"An Empirical Examination of Information Barriers to Trade in Insurance,"
NBER Working Papers
5669, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Tomas Philipson & John Cawley, 1999. "An Empirical Examination of Information Barriers to Trade in Insurance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(4), pages 827-846, September.
- John Cawley & Tomas Philipson, 1997. "An Empirical Examination of Information Barriers to Trade inInsurance," University of Chicago - George G. Stigler Center for Study of Economy and State 132, Chicago - Center for Study of Economy and State.
- Steven N. Kaplan & Luigi Zingales, 2000. "Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities are not Valid Measures of Financing Constraints," NBER Working Papers 7659, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Yoshiro Miwa & J. Mark Ramseyer, 1999.
"Corporate Governance in Transitional Economies: Lessons from the Pre-War Japanese Cotton Textile Industry,"
CIRJE F-Series
CIRJE-F-48, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
- Miwa, Yoshiro & Ramseyer, J Mark, 2000. "Corporate Governance in Transitional Economies: Lessons from the Prewar Japanese Cotton Textile Industry," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 29(1), pages 171-203, January.
- Steven N. Kaplan & Luigi Zingales, 2000. "Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Are Not Valid Measures of Financing Constraints," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 115(2), pages 707-712.
- Ross Levine, 1997.
"Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda,"
Journal of Economic Literature,
American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
- Levine, Ross, 1996. "Financial development and economic growth : views and agenda," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1678, The World Bank.
- Atje, Raymond & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1993. "Stock markets and development," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 37(2-3), pages 632-640, April.
- Mayer, Colin, 1987.
"New Issues in Corporate Finance,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
181, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Mayer, Colin, 1988. "New issues in corporate finance," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(5), pages 1167-1183, June.
- Steven N. Kaplan & Luigi Zingales, 1997. "Do Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Provide Useful Measures of Financing Constraints?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 112(1), pages 169-215.
- Bernard S. Black & Ronald J. Gilson, 1999. "Does Venture Capital Require An Active Stock Market?," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 11(4), pages 36-48.
- Merton H. Miller, 2012.
"Financial Markets and Economic Growth,"
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,
Morgan Stanley, vol. 24(1), pages 8-13, 03.
- Merton H. Miller, 1998. "Financial Markets and Economic Growth," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 11(3), pages 8-15.
- Demirguc-Kunt, Ash & Maksimovic, Vojislav, 1996. "Stock Market Development and Financing Choices of Firms," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 10(2), pages 341-69, May.
- Franklin Allen, . "Stock Markets and Resource Allocation (Reprint 036)," Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research Working Papers 15-92, Wharton School Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research.
- Charles W. Calomiris & Carlos D. Ramirez, 1996. "The Role Of Financial Relationships In The History Of American Corporate Finance," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 9(2), pages 52-73.
- Pranab Bardhan and John E. Roemer., 1991.
"Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation,"
Economics Working Papers
91-175, University of California at Berkeley.
- Pranab Bardhan & John E. Roemer, 1992. "Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 6(3), pages 101-116, Summer.
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A man was sentenced to 14 years in prison for setting up a sexual father-daughter encounter with an underage girl.
Theodore Harmon, 56, of Napoleon, Ohio, was convicted in attempting to entice a minor in sexual activity by using the Internet and a cell phone.
An undercover officer posed as a father replying to Harmonâ??s request to have a "father-daughter sexual encounter", according to the affidavit filed in the case.
Harmon replied quickly and described in â??graphic details his plans for the minor.â?? The two exchanged messages to meet, where officers arrested Harmon at his Rossford home.
Officials discovered various objects in the trunk of his vehicle. Court files revealed they found â??sex toys, condoms, bondage ropes, and alcohol.â??
â??This sentence sends a strong message and speaks to the threat posed by this defendant,â?? said Steven M. Dettelbach, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio in a news release.


text:
In preparation for their first tour, kicking off Wednesday, the ladies of indie pop band Uh Huh Her, Leisha Hailey and Camila Grey, are pulling out their party frocks. But not just any dress will do: these musicians have their eyes on modern, sexier-than-sweet looks.
With their jagged bangs and predilection for ink-colored drainpipes, the ladies of Uh Huh Her, who embark on their first tour with an opening show at Vancouver's Media Club on Nov. 14, may appear to have the rock 'n' roll girl band aesthetic down pat. But fashion — from Marni's jewel-toned shifts to James Perse's supple, draped Ts — is very much on the minds of Leisha Hailey and Camila Grey, and they're not shy about admitting it.
"I've come to realize that the most important thing besides the music, when you're performing, is the clothes," says Hailey, who approached Grey last fall after watching the singer perform with her former band Mellowdrone. Best known for her role as the spirited Alice Pieszecki on Showtime's "The L Word," Hailey, who plays guitar, had been eager to hit the strings again after the 2001 breakup of her alt-pop band The Murmurs. "I'd been looking for a partner for a while, and I realized Camila had exactly the right sound," Hailey explains. Conveniently, Grey, fresh off collaborations with Melissa Auf der Maur, Dr. Dre and composer Hans Zimmer, was herself eager to break out of backup singing and session work. "We recorded the songs on [the EP] 'I See Red' [Plaid Records] in my bedroom," says Grey, who cowrote each track with Hailey. "The sound actually came pretty naturally."
That sound — one which manages to combine a lush orchestration reminiscent of The Eurythmics with the lyrical wit of Tegan and Sara — is already winning over the alt-rock set, which came out in droves for the pair's preview concert at L.A.'s Knitting Factory on Oct. 26. Wearing a Marni dress (Hailey) and Givenchy skirt with a vintage top (Grey), the duo played the five songs from their debut EP — and got an initial taste of the challenges of dressing for crowds who expect a sartorial edge from their entertainment.
This story first appeared in the November 13, 2007 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.
"Fashion is really important on 'The L Word,' and being on the show has definitely influenced my style. I'm trying to find a balance between my Victorian prim look and some sexier pieces," says Hailey, who previously dated "The L Word" stylist and Freecity designer Nina Garduno. Hailey admits her on-screen alter ego's affinity for romantic pieces — a pooled-silk shift here, a ruffled blouse there — is one she has adopted. "I want us to complement each other onstage. It helps that I'm a lot more girly and into dresses, while if there's anyone who likes to wear black, head to toe, all day long, it's Camila." Hailey pauses. "I should probably strive to be a little edgier."
As for Grey, "I definitely revert back to the Seventies — skinny jeans, a James Perse T-shirt and a great Gucci coat," she says, noting that for the appropriate dash of rocker chic, a Stella McCartney suit is on her tour wish list. "Growing up in Texas, all I wore were Cole Haans and khakis," she says ruefully. "I do like dark. I'm making up for lost time."
— Sarah Haight; styled by Monica Schweiger
This article was originally published as a page one story, titled, "Two for the Road."


text:
Exploratory missions to study Mars, Europa, and signs from other star systems will attempt to answer the question: 'Are we alone?'
Seal Beach, CA--Man has always been fascinated with the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Nearly a hundred years ago, astronomer Percival Lowell, having spotted "canals" on Mars, elevated the topic from the metaphysical to the scientific. Today, renewed interest and funding has thousands of engineers and scientists designing machinery, sensors, systems, and spacecraft for exobiological excursions to several nearby planets and moons, as well as for examination of planets in adjacent star systems.
Much of this interest stems from a series of findings during the past three decades. Viking missions of the 1970s revealed no Martian canals, but returned photos of volcanism and massive surface features formed by water erosion billions of years ago. The Galileo spacecraft sent back startling data about possible liquid water on Jupiter's moon, Europa. And this past August, a team of scientists reported the possible discovery of fossilized microorganisms in a chunk of Martian rock that was blasted from the planet 15 million years ago and landed as a meteorite in Antarctica. Beyond our solar system, scientists estimate, lie about 50,000 Earth-like planets in our galaxy alone.
But "interesting findings" are not conclusive signs of life. To gather more evidence, NASA plans to launch a pair of flights to Mars every two years until about 2005, and Congress has promised $100 million a year in Mars money to pay for them.
Bring it back alive? One such program is the Sample Return Mission. Its goal: retrieve for study on Earth dirt, rocks, and core samples from three locations on Mars. These areas would be selected by studying data from the Mars Global Surveyor currently winging its way towards the planet. Onboard is a thermal infrared spectrometer that will help identify carbonate rock formations and an altimeter to map likely locations of sedimentary deposits.
The first mission would launch about 2003-05, with two follow-on missions at two-year intervals. Each would consist of an advance rover that would spend a year collecting samples. The rover would wait for a lander to arrive, transfer about one pound of samples, and then the lander would blast back to Earth.
Sample Return requires advancements in several areas, including:
High-impulse, low-mass propulsion systems. "We're looking here for a 20% improvement in propulsion-to-mass ratio for traditional chemical engines," says Dan McCleese, leader of the Mars Expedition Strategy Group for NASA.
In situ instruments. An example would be a microchip-based capillary electrophoresis instrument for amino-acid analysis that could be etched on glass just centimeters long. NASA's Microdevices Laboratory is working with Jeffrey Bada at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego to make such a device.
Lightweight, low-power excavation tools to get below the planet's radiation-sterilized surface.
Long-range rovers capable of surviving for years on the surface.
Red rover. Such an exploratory vehicle might look a lot like Marsokhod. Built by the Lavochkin Association in Moscow, the roughly 150-kg rover has an articulated spine and rolls on six individually powered titanium wheels. "It can crawl like a serpent over rocks three feet high," says Daryl Rasmussen, an engineer with Ames' Intelligent Mechanism Group (IMG). Should all go as planned, Marsokhod will first fly as part of the Mars Together Program in 2001.
IMG engineers took the basic chassis and added U.S.-built electronics and avionics to create a world-class planetary rover. A three-joint robotic arm (McDonnell Douglas) can retrieve and manipulate rocks and tools while two of three video cameras, mounted on a 1.2-m tall mast, provide stereoscopic vision and "situational awareness." Camera signals feed through either a Matrox image digitizer for side-by-side grayscale shots, or a StereoGraphics processor to create 3-D color video for view-ing through CrystalEyes VR glasses.
Scientists can "pre-run" maneuvers on a computer workstation with a high-fidelity virtual re-creation of the rover and its environment. "They can perform a task virtually and then send the commands to the rover on Mars," says Rasmussen. With a 10- to 80-minute delay, real-time telepresence isn't possible.
Engineers expect to learn more about the planet's operational conditions from Sojourner, the small rover carried aboard the Pathfinder spacecraft scheduled to land on Mars July 4, 1997. Sojourner contains experiments to measure the effects of Martian dust on solar cells and determine the abrasive characteristics of the soil on machinery.
Watery moon. Mars isn't the only place scientists think could harbor life. On Jupiter's moon Europa, tremendous gravitational tidal forces might generate enough heat to create a liquid water ocean beneath the several-kilometer-thick ice crust. Henry Harris, a Jet Propulsion Laboratory technical staff member, thinks he has a way to sample that ice.
Called Ice Clipper, the proposal involves releasing a 50-kg, spherical, boron-nitride "impactor" from the spacecraft that is racing towards the moon at 8.6 km/sec. Just after release, retrorockets slow the spacecraft enough to miss hitting Europa by about 50 km. The impactor strikes the moon, shooting up a plume of debris that the spacecraft flies through, gathers, and returns to earth.
Refractory materials are captured by embedding them in a retractable panel of thick aerojel-filled pockets, while a sapphire plate coated with magnesium collects samples of volatile material. A shield protects the craft from the high-speed ejecta.
Challenges? Designing a laser pointer to target and track the impact location, and simulating a 19,000-mph impact with supercooled ice. "Nobody has ever tried to sample the surface of a planetary body by hitting it with something," says Harris.
Beyond Pluto. NASA's proposed Origins program, beginning about 2003, is charged with the formidable task of peering outside our solar system for habitable--or even inhabited--planets orbiting stars light-years away. Using a series of long-baseline, space-based interferometers (possibly as large as 1 km), scientists will analyze the spectrum of reflected light to measure the composition of these planets' atmospheres.
As with the Mars and Europa programs, Origins relies heavily on inferences and detective work; nobody expects to see crawling creatures. Says Dr. Firouz Naderi, Origins program manager at JPL: "You really don't have to sit down and split a pizza with an extraterrestrial to know that they exist. You can look for the telltale signs."
Center for Mars Exploration:
NASA Ames Intelligent Mechanisms Group:
The Origins program: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/oss/origins/Origins.asp
Jet Propulsion Laboratory:
--Mark A. Gottschalk, Western Technical Editor
Auburn Hills, MI--Employing the aggressive approach that has marked their recent successes, Chrysler engineers have developed a new family of automotive engines in record time.
The company's aluminum V-6 engines, introduced in November, were developed in 98 weeks at a cost of about $625 million. In contrast, typical automotive engine-development programs take about two-and-a-half years and a billion dollars. "We designed these engines in the shortest time in the history of Chrysler and maybe in the history of the industry," notes Francois Castaing, executive vice president-vehicle engineering and general manager of powertrain operations for Chrysler.
The company's new engine line includes three models: a 2.7-l, 24-valve, dual overhead cam V-6; a 3.2-l, 24-valve V-6; and a 3.5-l, 24-valve V-6. The 2.7-l engine will first appear as the standard engine in the Dodge Intrepid and Chrysler Concorde for 1998. The 3.2-l engine will power the Dodge Intrepid ES and Chrysler Concorde LXi, while the 3.5-l will be used exclusively on the replacements for the Chrysler LHS and Eagle Vision.
To speed development and cut costs, Chrysler engineers employed a paperless design process. To accomplish that, they used CATIA-based computer design, predictive modeling technology, and rapid prototyping. They also used a simultaneous engineering process incorporating cross-functional teams from design, engineering, manufacturing and other disciplines. Result: The engines were designed and built in 98 weeks--about 26 weeks less than the norm for automotive engines.
Shortening the development time enabled Chrysler engineers to cut costs. The computerized design process also helped meet future emission regulations. "Because we are efficient and because we are fast, the customer benefits," Castaing says.
--Charles J. Murray, Senior Regional Editor
San Jose, CA--IBM has developed a 2.5-inch disk drive weighing less than 100 grams that packs 1.44 billion bits of data per square inch, company officials announced. Big Blue believes the disk, designed for a new generation of super-slim notebook computers, has broken the previous record for hard-drive data density.
Engineers used magnetoresistive (MR) head technology to design the 1.6-Gbyte Travelstar VP, just 9.5 mm thick. (The Travelstar 3XP hits 3 Gbytes of storage at a density of 1.35 billion bits per square inch.) The MR data-writing head allows data to be written more narrowly than with conventional thin-film inductive head technology; thin film is still used in the drive for reading data. "You want to write narrow and read wide," explains Mark Jones, program director, mobile business line management.
The 99-gram drive is a major weight reduction from the early '90s, when initial 3.5-inch hard drives for the first notebooks tipped the scales at around 300 grams. IBM's most recent 2.5-inch drive weighed 140 grams; Travelstar shaves off another 40.
"Notebook manufacturers want to increase features in a smaller size," Jones notes. "This is one of the contributors." About 90% of IBM's drives are sold to third-party OEMs, he says. dn
For more information on IBM drives, visit http://www.storage.ibm.com.
Mansfield, TX--Truck owners have long known the importance of high-performance truck caps that can withstand the rigors of the road and defy even the most demanding off-road terrain. However, until now, truck-cap owners have had to rely only on verbal assurance--or their own "pass/fail" experience--to ensure their truck cap was "tough" enough.
Enter the Brahma Tough Certification program. Introduced by ADUCO International Inc., the program tests truck-cap performance and provides a benchmark for the highest standards of materials and product quality in polymer truck caps. The tests simulate on- and off-road conditions and temperature extremes.
"While the style and appearance of a truck cap are critical, it is equally important that a cap withstand extreme weather conditions and has the strength to endure the jolt, twists, and torque of on- and off-road use," says J. Richard Negrey, ADUCO president. "We needed a material that would meet the Brahma Tough requirements of strength and functionality, while maintaining an attractive, stylish appearance."
ADUCO found that material in Centrex® and Lustran® ABS resins from Bayer Corp., Pittsburgh. The Brahma Tough tops are formed from a composite sheet of Lustran ABS 130 resin, with a cap surface of protective Centrex 401 weatherable polymer. The sheet, coextruded by Primex Plastics Corp., Richmond, IN, holds the key to creating the tough, yet flexible top that easily conforms to the shape of a truck bed.
The polymer caps are UV resistant, up to one-third lighter than fiberglass tops, and can be recycled, Negrey claims. The caps can be left unpainted or painted to match the color of a truck bed. Not only are they easy to maintain and clean with approved cleaning agents, they have reduced the potential for VOC emissions.
The Brahma Tough tests included a torsion test, during which the sample cap is bounced and twisted for up to 24 hours at room temperature. The sample is then thermocycled for 15 cycles in an environmental chamber that ranges from -40 to 160F over a 24-hour period. It is further tested for impact resistance to simulate the normal knocks a cap takes during loading and unloading materials.
ADUCO and Bayer also are investigating the possible use of polycarbonate glazing for truck caps. A new organic modified ceramic hard coat promises to dramatically increase the durability and abrasion resistance of polycarbonate windows. The material is expected to be introduced in mid-1997.
Harrisburg, PA--AMP Inc. has designed a one-piece, card-edge connector with the same one-to-one signal-to-ground ratio found in two-piece models. The design allows the connector to handle high signal speeds required by today's computer processors.
"As far as we know, AMP is the first to successfully make a one-piece, high-speed, card-edge connection, which is less expensive than the original two-piece connectors," says Jose Domingos, AMP's product manager of card-edge products.
In order to make the design feasible, AMP replaced liquid-crystal-polymer (LCP) materials with injection-molded Ryton® polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) supplied by Phillips Chemical Co., Bartlesville, OK. The housing's original design specified the LCP when production began. Because of dimensional instability problems during the high-temperature solder process, however, the LCP gave way to the Ryton R-44 PPS a few months later.
"Our major problem with LCP was its poor high-temperature creep characteristics," explains Doug Sarver, AMP's card-edge products engineering manager. "High-temperature creep is a real concern with connectors having a relatively deep card-slot depth and preloaded contacts."
The LCP-made parts distorted during infrared soldering. The interior walls for the card slot collapsed and prevented insertion of the daughtercard. Rejected connectors were scrapped, resulting in a large amount of costly, unusable parts.
On the other hand, the PPS resists high-temperature creep and can withstand the infrared heat used in surface-mount soldering--240 to 250C--to produce a more dimensionally stable part. Resistance to soldering heat, both wave and surface mount, is one of the many environments that AMP connectors must survive.
For example, the high-speed, standard-edge connectors are tested for long-term temperature resistance by being mated with test circuit boards and exposed to 105C for seven days. The PPS passed these tests without difficulty, and did not distort during the mounting process.
The multi-contact, edge-board connectors are used in high-speed, digital computer systems. These systems have printed wiring boards with two levels of 0.050-inch-centerline gold-plated pads offset by 0.025 inches. The connector's one-to-one signal-to-ground ratio is 40 signal lines per inch, with 500-ps edge rates and less than 10-ps skew.
Rockford, MI--To coil the powerful springs for a truck's suspension, coiling machines must produce tremendous force. That's why most such machines typically use large hydraulic pumps and actuators.
Now, however, one firm has found a better way to coil steel wires for a suspension spring. JM Systems Corp., a maker of wire-forming and spring-coiling machinery, has introduced a spring-coiling system that employs giant servomotors instead of hydraulics.
The dc brushless servomotors, which may be the biggest in the world, power the systems that control the pitch, diameter, and feed rate of the springs. Using them, the machine can coil wire up to 0.75 inches in diameter, and produce up to 1,200 springs per hour.
Achieving such speeds, especially in high-force applications, would have been impossible with conventional servomotors. But the motors used on the new machine combine high torque capabilities with relatively low inertia, enabling the machine to reach higher speeds. "The better the torque-to-inertia ratio, the faster the machine can accelerate and decelerate," explains John Mitteer, president and founder of JM Systems Corp. "And the faster you can accelerate and decelerate, the higher your production rate." The motor's relatively low inertia minimizes overshoot and eliminates the need to take special steps to dampen the overall system, Mitteer says.
Key to the capabilities of the new machine was the development of the giant servomotors. Designed by engineers at Custom Servo Motors, New Ulm, MN, they measure 320 mm across and weigh 568 lbs each. Their peak torque rating is more than 12,000 in-lb and they are rated at 3,500 in-lbs continuous torque. To produce such high torque, the servomotors employ high-energy neodymium iron boron magnets. As a result, the magnets' weight and inertia are far less than they would have been if conventional magnets were used. "A conventional servomotor probably would have had at least four times as much inertia as our motor and probably would have weighed over 1,000 lbs," notes Bill Anderson, president of Custom Servo Motors.
The servomotors apply torque through a gearbox made by Cone Drive Textron, Traverse City, MI. Positioning accuracy of the tools, which must be maintained to 0.001 inches, is accomplished through closed-loop computer control.
By employing electric motors instead of hydraulics, Mitteer says he has eliminated potential noise, contamination, and maintenance problems. The machine will be used to coil springs for domestic automobiles, NASCAR vehicles, and railroad cars, as well as light and heavy trucks.
Exton, PA--High temperatures, flame exposure, and molten splash can all mean trouble for industrial cables, hoses, and gas lines. Fyrejacket® sleeves and Fyretape® wrap from Bentley-Harris protect against such heat-related hazards.
Each product's design employs a substrate of woven fiberglass: hollow tube, filled tube, or flat tape. A specially compounded liquid silicone rubber (LSR) is coated over the top of the substrate and heat-cured. The LSR, from Dow Corning STI, Plymouth, MI, is a solventless, 100%-solids material with low flammability and a high limiting oxygen index.
The low surface energy of the cured elastomer helps Fyrejacket and Fyretape products shed molten glass or metal splash in difficult applications, such as steel mills and foundries. According to Bentley, both constructions are highly resistant to a wide range of solvents, fuels, and oils. And the products remain flexible at temperatures as low as -65F.
Fyrejacket sleevings are offered in two grades. Industrial class resists molten splash and temperatures up to 500F, while the aerospace class protects against short-term flame exposure and temperatures as high as 2,000F.
The LSR coating from Dow is a 30-durometer elastomer developed for use in high-speed injection-molding or extrusion processes. The material can be cured very rapidly and with little flash, holding tolerances and scrap rates low. It offers a 1:1 mix ratio and low viscosity for easy mixing and delivery, even at low injection pressures.
The solventless formulation of the silicone compound forms no hazardous by-products during the additional cure process, minimizing venting requirements and eliminating the need for solvent removal. The material also offers a long pot life of at least 24 hours after mixing at room temperature.
Carbondale, IL--Research-ers seeking ways to use Illinois' estimated 30 billion tons of recoverable coal have come up with some surprising results. For instance, it turns out that the properties of fly ash, a combustion byproduct, make it an excellent material for automotive brake pads.
That's the contention of Vik Malhotra, a professor of physics at Southern Illinois University (SIU). Malhotra's research, conducted under a grant from the Illinois Clean Coal Institute, concludes brake pads made from fly ash have better friction and wear characteristics than brake pads currently on the market.
"The combination of several combustion fly ashes makes the material used in the brakes superior to any synthetic material currently used in brake pads," Malhotra says. "In fact, it would be nearly impossible to duplicate the properties of fly ash for automotive brakes."
Malhotra and his graduate students mix 65 percent fly ash with other combustion byproducts and some non-waste materials. This mixture is poured into molds and allowed to dry. After curing in a hot-water tank, the long timbers are cut crosswise into sections that resemble hockey pucks. The pucks are machined into refined brake pads. Malhotra says this process can be used to produce pads that would retail for $15 apiece, about half the price of a conventional brake pad.
According to the Clean Coal Institute, coal-burning utilities in Illinois landfill three million tons of fly ash and other combustion byproducts annually. The organization funds many projects similar to the one at SIU in an effort to clean up coal's image. Gainful employment for coal byproducts can also be found in road-beds and surfaces, patio bricks, sewer tiles, and flower pots.
Melbourne, FL--Paravant Computer Systems' Rugged Notebook (RNB) 510 Series laptop computers operate in temperatures from 0 to 50C. A fully sealed aluminum alloy case protects against dust, dirt, rain, humidity, and salt. The computers are engineered to perform in areas subject to severe shock and vibration as well.
To ensure uninterrupted operating performance under these conditions, every part in each laptop is mechanically strapped, fastened, or soldered. Key to assembling the various components are more than 10 dozen PEM® self-clinching fasteners from Penn Engineering & Manufacturing Corp., Danboro, PA.
"Over the years, other fasteners have given me nightmare experiences by failing prematurely," says Walt Rankins, manager of mechanical engineering at Paravant.
The RNB 510 laptops feature five different types of PEM self-clinching fasteners, totaling 131 in each unit. Type PF32, low-profile, steel, self-clinching panel fasteners are installed at 12 external locations in 0.060-inch-thick aluminum. Rankin cites the fasteners' slotted heads, which enable loosening or tightening by hand, as a benefit should service be necessary in the field.
Fourteen Type BSOS, stainless-steel, blind, threaded standoffs support boards inside each unit. Their larger profile distributes pressure more evenly on the boards.
Meanwhile, 78 Type BS, stainless-steel, self-clinching, blind fasteners in four different thread sizes close off the display area and the main pc-board access area, hold the keyboard, and serve as points at the base of the unit that allow the entire computer to attach to a mounting bracket.
Twenty-four Type FHS, stainless-steel, self-clinching flush-head studs serve as alternatives to standoffs. They provide flexibility in mounting internal components without being noticed externally due to their flush-head assembly upon installation. Three Type SOS stainless-steel, thru-hole, threaded standoffs also mount internal components.
All the PEM fasteners bring the strength of threads and the durability of thread-mating surfaces to each unit's assembly, Rankins says. The hardware has proved so reliable, he adds, new RNB products will feature almost double the number of PEM fasteners: 256 in each unit.
Cambridge, MA--Developed in the former Soviet Union, Invention Machine Corp.'s IM Lab demonstrates that the thawing of the Cold War permits technology to flow both ways. The engineering support tool revolves around a vast database of engineering and scientific principles, each illustrated with diagrams, with an expert-system-like search engine.
While IM Lab contains volumes of information most engineers have never encountered, the Soviet-style interface required patience. The TechOptimizer module is Invention Machine's solution to the database sausage line. With it, engineers input a description of their problem as parameters using block diagrams and a Windows 95/NT interface.
TechOptimizer guides the user to construct a problem as a system of components, functions, and useful and harmful actions. This process in itself may suggest a solution. If not, TechOptimizer processes the input for querying any of IM Lab's so-called problem-solving modules: IM-Principles, IM-Effects, and IM-Prediction. A search may return a number of solutions based on physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, electromagnetic theory, or other laws of nature. Ideally, the engineer now has a better understanding of how to design a solution.
Auburn Hills, MI--Two of the Big Three U.S. automakers hope to take a bite out of crime by implementing Siemens Automotive's advanced vehicle immobilization system technology beginning with 1998 model year vehicles.
The system completely immobilizes a vehicle's engine if someone doesn't insert the correct electronically coded key in the ignition. It works by using a "rolling code." Each time the engine is turned off, the system instantly rolls to a new code that only the ignition key reads and remembers until the next time the driver starts the engine.
Another key to the system design is use of inductive energy to transmit the correct code throughout the system. High-tech scanning devices--common among car thieves--cannot read inductive code. Savvy car thieves have been using sophisticated scanners to decipher the codes of many of the electronically activated antitheft systems now in use.
Since its introduction in Europe in 1995, German insurance companies have attributed declining car-theft rates to this technology. In one year, 13,000 fewer vehicles were reported stolen--a 9% drop. In fact, German insurance companies specified in 1995 that car buyers purchasing new vehicles not equipped with Siemens' or a similar antitheft system be penalized by as much as 10% of the vehicle's replacement cost if their vehicles are stolen.
Rockford, IL--Pacific Scientific engineers have developed an innovative new way to make stators for stepper motors that increases manufacturing productivity, while improving motor reliability. The trick: encapsulating the stators with a thermoplastic polyester resin, and performing the feat in a single injection-molding step.
By replacing time-consuming epoxy potting and other assembly operations, the encapsulation with 30% glass-fiber-reinforced Rynite® PET (polyethylene terephthalate), supplied by DuPont Engineering Polymers, Wilmington, DE, takes care of three key stator functions:
Protecting the stator windings against vibration as well as from contamination by foreign matter.
Forming an integral end bell with integral provisions for the way encoders are mounted.
Enclosing lead connections in a rugged, long-lasting housing.
However, the benefits don't end there. "Changing from epoxy to Rynite gave us a dramatic reduction in cycle time," says Brad Trago, an engineering manager at the Pacific Scientific Motor and Controls Div. Potting with epoxy took two hours, including two curing cycles in ovens. Encapsulation with the PET takes just 45 seconds, according to Trago.
The change of encapsulation method also eliminated the need for 11 parts, including a printed circuit board, and simplified assembly. Winding leads are now welded to an eight-pin connector strip, instead of attached to the circuit board with eight insulation-displacement connectors soldered in place. Slot liners of Rynite PET, also used with the epoxy-potted stator, were modified to eliminate connector recesses.
In addition, thanks to the insulating effect of the encapsulation, the end bell, where the encoder mounts, runs more than 30C cooler than the aluminum bell formerly used. As a result, customers can specify lower-temperature, lower-cost encoders. Molded-in holes provide for press-fitting inserts to retain the encoders. This, in turn, provides greater flexibility in encoder mounting options.
"DuPont engineers helped us throughout the development process for the stator," Trago adds. "We came to them with a design concept, but with no experience in injection molding. DuPont's support was crucial in resolving problems during prototyping."
Pacific Scientific's Powermax II® motors are the most powerful NEMA 23 step motors available, Trago reports. They come in a full range of standard sizes and many custom configurations. Typical applications: factory automation equipment, packaging machinery, vending machines, and computer printers.
Irvine, CA--Toshiba has developed a DVD decoder chip set with a copy-protection processor that implements a scheme recently approved by the DVD Consortium to prevent "pirates" from illegally copying movies and other entertainment. Toshiba is also using the chips in its own DVD (digital video disk) players and DVD-ROM drives.
Hardware designers can use the chip set to implement core circuitry for a decoder board that would allow DVD-ready PCs connected to a DVD-ROM drive to play titles that use MPEG2 video compression. It supports all four DVD formats: single-sided, single-layer 4.7-Gbyte disks; single-sided, dual-layer 8.5-Gbyte disks; double-sided, single-layer 9.4-Gbyte disks; and the soon-to-debut double-sided, double-layer 17-Gbyte disks.
The chip set comprises:
Copy-protection processor, which performs authentication and descrambles encrypted data from copy-protected materials.
MPEG2 video decoder, which separates DVD program streams into video, audio, and sub-picture streams.
Video processor, which performs sub-picture stream decoding and video mixing.
NTSC encoder, which accepts decoded digital video and outputs it in NTSC digital format.
AC-3 audio interface, which provides audio/video synchronization and audio stream buffering.
Audio-output IC, which receives output from the AC-3 decoder and provides analog and digital audio output.
DVD-ROM drives and DVD players feature MPEG2 decoding of moving images with a resolution of 720×480 pixels and seamless replay of data dispersed throughout the disk. Interactive applications will include self-paced training/teaching programs, movies with multiple endings, and sports videos offering a choice of viewing angles and on-demand player profiles.
The DVD logic decoder chip set costs $75 each in 1,000-piece quantities. Toshiba also offers a reference design for a DVD-compliant decoder board with a PCI bus interface, and an OEM kit that includes software drivers.


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"Golestan baazar", Daneshgah St., Mashhad, Iran (Persian: مشهد خیابان دانشگاه بازار گلستان) Photo by aani.parisaa
Shiah Islam Esfahan Iran by Kazuyohi Nomachi
...The mountain village of Masuleh in Iran where houses are built into the mountain side, and pedestrian walkways and courtyards are built on the roofs of houses below. No vehicles are allowed.
Baragh Valley - Eghlid, Fars province, Iran (in Persian: تنگه براق, اقلید, استان فارس)
Sheikh Lutfollah Mosque - Isfahan, Iran | Incredible Pictures | Stunning architecture and design.
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Iran The Jāmeh Mosque of Isfahān (Persian: مسجد جامع اصفهان – Masjid-e-Jāmeh Isfahān) is the grand, congregational mosque (Jāmeh) of Isfahān city, within Isfahān Province, Iran. The mosque is the result of continual construction, reconstruction, additions and renovations on the site from around 771 to the end of the 20th century.
Sari, Iran. Badab-e Surt; It comprises a range of stepped travertine terrace formations that has been created over thousands of years as flowing water from two mineral hot springs cooled and deposited carbonate minerals on the mountain side. http://irantravelpackages.com
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran. So beautifully detailed. #irantravelingcenter #iranvisa #iranhotels
Qeshm Island - Iran Copyright © Sina Rahmati


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
A selection of articles related to calculation.
Original articles from our library related to the Calculation. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Calculation.
- Sean Connery
- Born 25th of August, 1930 Edinburgh (Scotland) Ascendant - Capricorn Shy, serious behaviour, dominated by his reserved nature, difficult to be approached (as if the person born under this sign places a wall between himself and the others), never letting out...
Astrology >> Horoscopes of Fameous People
- 14 - Art
- The word Art refers to the alchemist art of transforming matter through purification from an imperfect state into a perfect one. This was done by first analysing and transforming the different elements and then mingling opposites in the right proportions. But...
Tarot Cards >> The Major Arcana
Calculation is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Calculation books and related discussion.
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- Farmer moves HC over wrong calculation of crop value
- Nagpur: A farmer from Amravati division moved the Nagpur bench of Bombay High Court against wrong anewari (value of crop) calculated by the divisional commissioner's office that led to huge losses in the form of benefits to drought-hit districts.
- Amendment to improve CGT calculation
- KARACHI: The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) on Wednesday proposed an amendment into a customs law to help the National Clearing Company of Pakistan Limited (NCCPL) improve calculation of capital gains tax on securities. A notification said the ...
- A New Calculation of the Activist Investing Track Record
- In the past seven years, activist investors have managed to outperform down markets, but have underperformed good ones. These investors like to argue their own intervention in companies will mean their investments are not correlated to broader markets, ...
- The Space Race Calculation Explained
- For this piece (and more generally on this topic, barring special circumstances), my preference is to use teams as the foundation.
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Indian Railway Fares Rise as Modi Looks to Improve Finances
India raised railway passenger and freight fares, giving Prime Minister Narendra Modi room to cut subsidies after he said he's ready to take unpopular steps to improve fiscal health in Asia's third-largest economy.
Passenger fares will rise by 14.2 percent and freight by 6.5 percent effective June 25, the Railway Ministry said in a statement yesterday. The previous government had announced the steps on May 16 before deferring implementation the same day, saying changes are the prerogative of the next administration.
Nomura Holdings Inc. and KR Choksey Shares & Securities Ltd. said the measures will improve railway profitability and add only "slightly" to inflation. While fare increases are a politically sensitive issue in a nation where about 70 percent of the population lives on less than $2 a day, Modi has vowed fiscal discipline as he looks to stave off a credit rating downgrade and revive economic growth from near a decade low.
"It's a smart move as higher revenue receipts can be used for railway expansion and repairing of balance sheets," Deven Choksey, managing director at KR Choksey brokerage in Mumbai, said by phone. "Fares had to be increased due to the rise in fuel prices, coal and diesel. The move will not affect the economy much."
Add to Inflation
The passenger fare increase will add about 10 basis points to consumer price inflation, while there will be a "limited indirect impact" from the freight rate revision, according to Nomura. Consumer prices rose 8.28 percent in May from a year earlier, government data show.
The survival of Indian Railways depends on users paying for the services they avail, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said today on his Facebook page. The railway minister has taken "a difficult but a correct decision," he said.
Indian Railways has a workforce of 1.54 million people, according to its website, and about 23 million people ride Asia's oldest network each day. The company will earn about 80 billion rupees from the fare increases, giving the government room to cut subsidies on passenger tariffs that have increased to 260 billion rupees a year, JPMorgan Chase & Co. predicts.
The previous government forecast the fiscal shortfall will narrow to 4.1 percent of gross domestic product in the year through March 2015 from 4.5 percent in the preceding 12 months. Modi's administration is due to present its budget next month.
"Meeting the annual expenditure would not be possible unless" fares are raised, the ministry said in yesterday's statement.


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I Need 1500 Dollar Installment Loan With Low Credit
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Same day decision payday loans are one type of guaranteed legitimate personal loans which you are eligible to get a cash advance with very bad credit. Online payday loan companies offer short term loans, between 14 to 30 days for consumers who want small emergency loans with fast approval. Interest rates tend to be on the high side and that's why they are labelled as high risk electronic signature loans. For example, if you get a 1000 dollar loan online through them, you may need to pay back $1200 at then end of your loan tenure, which is usually due on the same day that you receive your next paycheck. Although it may be possible to extend the loan by another month or up to 90 days, a high finance fee is usually imposed which can make a 1500 dollar payday loan to be very expensive.
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If you need a monthly payday loan which you can pay back after 90 days, the first thing you can do is to research on instalment loan lenders that give overnight loans for people with bad credit. There are online private loan lenders who are able to offer you a 1500 installment loan with monthly payback. The Internet is one of the fastest way to get a sense of what is available in the consumer loan market and here are some information which can help to make your decision.
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Websites like Signature Loan Lenders offer short term installment loans with fast credit check. These lenders generally do not carry out lengthy traditional credit screenings on their customers and unlike mainstream lenders, you have a better chance of getting a 3000 dollar installment payday loan with direct deposit. Apart from easy online loans with monthly payments, they also offer signature loans with instant decision. These are short term cash advance which provide overnight emergency loans with cash direct to your bank account. You can borrow online usually with no faxing of paperwork and that makes it extremely easy for you to get 1500 dollars today.
Start Here For Unsecured $1500 Dollar Fast Cash Loan Offers Today


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Before we begin, may I just say how good it is to have an issue of The Dragon with actual D&D content in it? Empire of the Petal Throne may be rad, but it can't match the love I bear for its progenitor. This issue has a number of articles that I won't be using in my campaign. The Dragon Rumbles…
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By George M. Thomas
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Notre Dame's TJ Jones pulls in a first down pass in front of Michigan defender Jarrod Wilson in the first half at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, Saturday. (Julian H. Gonzalez/Detroit Free Press/MCT)
Notre Dame tight end Troy Niklas, defended by Michigan safety Jarrod Wilson (22), dives into the end zone for a touchdown during the third quarter in Ann Arbor, Saturday. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio)
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It was a humid July afternoon in 2015 and the skinny lefty on the mound at Canal Park was sweating along with everyone else.


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- Adelaide Festival review: Exquisite Corpse
- Zephyr Quartet, those inveterate experimenters with the string quartet genre, are at it again with the Surrealist-inspired Exquisite Corpse, a performance with video projections.
- Chief engineer of MV Kerlogue to receive posthumous bravery medal
- Alison said the story of the Kerlogue was one of 'humanitarian kindness and bravery which was brought to life this year when the council saw fit to finally commemorate the crewmen and thanks to the mayor at the time George Lawlor, the men have been ...
- Wexford to honour the heroes of the Kerlogue
- Bogden Burton of Nolan Monumental Stoneworks, Ardcavan preparing the Irish Limestone which will have the names of the crew of the Kerlogue etched on it. It will be unveiled during the annual Barry Day wreath-laying celebrations on the Crescent Quay.
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Signs and symptoms of a ruptured eardrum may include:
- Ear pain that may subside quickly
- Clear, pus-filled or bloody drainage from your ear
- Hearing loss
- Ringing in your ear (tinnitus)
- Spinning sensation (vertigo)
- Nausea or vomiting that can result from vertigo
When to see a doctor
Call your doctor if you experience any of the signs or symptoms of a ruptured or perforated eardrum or pain or discomfort in your ears. Your middle and inner ears are composed of delicate mechanisms that are sensitive to injury or disease. Prompt and appropriate treatment is important to preserve your hearing.
Source: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/basics/symptoms/con-20023778
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Please click below to view the 2016 Budget approved by the Board of Supervisors at its December 8th Meeting.
2016 Budget
Please click below to view the addendum including the 2015 expected performance,
2016 Budget information and 2017-2020 outlook.
Addendum #1 to 2016-2020 Financial Outline - 2015 Performance, FY2016 Budget & 2017-2020 Outlook
Addendum #2 to 2016-2020 Financial Outline - Debt Service/Operating Leases
The Township is located in the Upper Bucks region and borders Northampton and Lehigh Counties. It consists of 30.8 square miles.
As of 2010 census, the population of Springfield Township was 5,035.
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Blog Archives
Impression: the Witcher 3
The Witcher 3 is weird.
…what? You need more? Haven't you played this game for 100+ hours already?
The weirdness comes from the juxtaposition of Witcher 3 (W3) getting some things outrageously, fantastically good, all while mired in mediocrity and out-right immersion-breaking shenanigans otherwise.
For example, the environment, the gritty, dirty, pustule side of medieval fantasy life is back with a vengeance and already a highlight of my Witcher experience yet again. When you walk around hearing peasants cough with genuine phlegm, it reminds you this isn't Disneyland, this is real (fantasy) life. People lived in the muck, practically nobody has windows, of course they'd be walking around like diseased shit-bags. The entire Witcher series has always gotten this feeling down so well that every other medieval setting I have encountered since has felt like college freshmen at the Renaissance Festival in comparison.
Then you walk into an Inn and the barkeep is selling bottled water for 42g apiece:
In the panoply of absurd gameisms out there – having access to world-ending magical powers but being unable to open locked doors, etc – it might seem disingenuous to pick on W3's Nestle-style gouging as immersion-breaking. But it is precisely the confluence of W3's fantasy realism and its absurd gamey bits that make little details like this so prominent.
Playing on the next step above Normal-mode difficulty means that Geralt no longer gets healed by Meditating. Whereas you might have just chain-chugged Swallow potions in prior titles to beef up your passive regeneration, W3 has opted for the Skyrim-esque "scarf fifteen pieces of raw meat in the middle of combat" HP management system. Different consumables heal X amounts in Y amounts of time, so you typically need the best to survive.
And one of the best? You guessed it: plain ole H2O.
I haven't cared more about water in any game since Fallout: New Vegas hardcore mode. Every time I rummage through a peasant hovel, stealing everything not bolted down, I do a fist pump every time I see a bottle of water. "Silver candle stick. Old bear hide. Ruby dust. Water… score! Time to fuck up some demons!"
I'm only halfway kidding.
Truly though, W3's combat system reminds me of Blizzard's game design philosophy between expansions: instead of simply fixing what was broken, CD Projekt RED decided to veer completely in a different direction… again.
The combat itself is fine, for the most part. What is different (again) this time around is consumable use. Potions are no longer limited by toxicity (Witcher 1) or preparation (Witcher 2), but rather by what amounts to "per encounter charges." Craft the Swallow potion one time and you get 3 charges of it, which are automatically replenished by strong alcohol whenever you meditate for at least 1 hour. Craft every potion once, use them all in five minutes, and they all come back after meditation. I'm not really even convinced that any alcohol is actually being consumed to replenish the stock of potions.
While toxicity still exists, it is largely window-dressing considering how a single Swallow potion's toxicity drops to zero before the potion's effects even have time to wear off. And while the toxicity meter limits your ability to stack potion effects I guess, the Quick Use menu is limited to two items anyway (presumably to not blow the minds of unwashed console peasants). Decoctions represent longer-term buffs that fully use up your toxicity meter, but I'm not entirely convinced this move towards the trivialization of preparation was worth it. Witcher 2 went way, way too far the other direction – forcing you to use potions before you even knew combat was coming – but why the crazy swing the other direction? Pretty sad how much better the original Witcher feels in comparison.
In fact, that's precisely where I am mentally every time I boot up the game. It looks amazing, sounds amazing, and generally feels amazing when playing in the moment. If you slow down a bit at all however, and the high-speed blur turns into a mishmash slurry of disparate game mechanics. I'm hoarding herbs and potions out of Witcher 1 habit while throwing back Honeycombs and Wolf Livers by the pound. I'm looting every building and outhouse in sight for crafting materials so I can craft low-level items outclassed by bandit drops so I can kill skull-level monsters guarding swords five levels below me. Random loot is random, but there comes a time when the designers need to put in some goddamn sanity checks, yeah? Sitting on the recipe for Enhanced Beast Oil for 10 hours while Googling where the hell regular Beast Oil is supposed to spawn is not my idea of good game design. Especially when the answer is a shrug.
So. Like I said: weird. Good, but weird.
But hey, Gwent is pretty cool. It'd be cooler if they actually let me have enough cards to make more than one faction deck after 25 hours, but it's still fun.
While I missed it Live, I managed to watch that Warlords Q&A over the weekend. You can watch it yourself on Youtube, and I recommend doing so. It was simultaneously the most raw, unfiltered interview I've ever seen, and the most baffling and ultimately a little demoralizing.
Before I get into the details though, here's how I did on the BINGO front:
If you can't bring yourself to watch the full hour of video, MMO-Champion has an extremely abbreviated synopsis and Wowhead has an interpretative transcript. What neither of them really gets across is the otherwise unbelievable number of times that Ion Hazzikostas comes right out and says "We screwed up" on a large number of topics. Like, I started getting a little embarrassed watching it, even though I felt Blizzard needed called on all of them.
Let's start this in order though.
Although Ion stated that he "didn't like speaking for the group," by the time the Polygon interview went out stating flying was no more, that decision did represent a majority of the design team at the time. I have talked about this enough so I won't belabor the point, other than to say how incredibly disheartening it is to hear that more than half of the design team are
insane coming from such a bizarre different worldview. I mean, I would feel a little bit better if the argument was "flying takes too many resources" or something. In the absence of any explanation though, I must accept a reality in which the design team is either incompetent or are aligned with a completely different entertainment paradigm than myself. If they do not know how or why this game is fun to me, how can I expect them to continue delivering a fun game in the future? Or me to expect one to be delivered?
I'm glad that the majority of the design team ended up finding a compromise palatable to their alien sensibilities. But it's getting pretty clear that any entertainment derived from this MMO will be in spite of the design instead of because of it.
"I'm really not going to defend [the 6.0 reputations] and say that they're awesome and fun and engaging. They are completely mob grinds." No, really, Ion said exactly that. The explanation is that Blizzard wasn't going to do reputations at all this expansion, but decided to throw some shit together at the last minute because of the Trading Post and "other hooks."
Apexis Dailies
"Clear failure on our part." Ion mentioned that Blizzard did the whole "thing Blizzard routinely does" in lurching from one extreme to another, in this case a reaction to the "World of Dailycraft" theme of Mists of Pandaria. The idea was that instead of doing 5 different quests in an area, you can do the equivalent of five different quests worth of miscellaneous stuff in that same area. Only this time, the rewards were shit and the lack of narrative makes the entire enterprise more nakedly grindy. That's not even commentary on my part, that is what Ion basically said.
Lack of Endgame World Content
The design team was so caught up in making sure Garrisons as a system was worth doing, a lot of the activities you would normally do outside are instead done in your own little instance.
See above. Don't worry though, Felblight will fix it.™
Alt Burnout due to Garrisons
Blizzard will nerf gold gains (Account-wide diminishing returns) to save you from yourself. In fact, they don't like alts serving to enhance a single main character either. Which is another one of those "do you even play your own game?!" moments to me.
Dungeons Being Pointless
"That's another one of our regrets." Ion believes that Mythic dungeons will "salvage" the situation a little bit, before launching back into his whole "doing dungeons for Valor doesn't make sense" tirade. Which is itself utterly bizarre given the fact that A) new reputation factions do this all the time, and B) Tanaan Jungle will be raining ilevel 650+ gear from the sky. Like literally what the fuck? Unless you are trying to actively "discourage the use" of the LFD tool – which I would not put it past them at this point – I don't understand why else he or anyone would discourage group content in this way. Even if the dungeons are faceroll, it is at least social facerolling.
Why Are Demo Locks Being Nerfed?
"Because we'd rather you not play demonology." That is a direct quote – look at Lore's eyes when Ion says it. Hilarious. Less hilarious is the elaboration, which essentially boils down to Blizzard not liking how the spec plays out mechanically, but don't want to actually fix it within an expansion, so they'd rather not have people playing the spec in the meantime. Which is… well, one way of doing it, I guess.
Ability Pruning
"We're not trying to design rotations that feel engaging fighting a target dummy." Again, direct quote. On the one hand, I can understand where they are coming from. If you are able to stand still and belt out your rotation with no downtime, chances are that the raid encounter itself is boring, e.g. you are not needing to move out of the fire, click the box, collapse for a meteor effect, etc. On the other hand… what? If your rotation isn't engaging under perfect circumstances, when is it ever going to be engaging? So for all those hundreds of hours of clunky Retribution gameplay where you are desperately waiting for auto-attack procs to play your class, it was intended? Never going to be fixed?
Flabbergasted is the only way I can describe my reaction.
Absorbs Dominating the Healing Game
It's better than it was in Mists, but every raid should have a Disc Priest, yes. Sorry.
Just to recap, Ion admitted to Blizzard screwing up Reputations, Apexis Dailies, endgame content in general, Professions, Garrisons, Dungeons, Demo Warlocks, requiring Disc Priests for serious raids, and that unfun ability rotations are intended.
Guys, I don't even know any more. Maybe the developers have always been this way behind the scenes, and we just never saw them like this. Maybe the huge influx of interns have diluted the talent pool. Or perhaps we are just all trapped in an incomprehensible universe, devoid of meaning but otherwise working as intended.
I just… I dunno. I'm just going to play some videogames instead of thinking about this anymore.
Raid Finder: Day One
I used the Raid Finder for the very first time on Monday night. It was an… instructive experience.
One thing that I learned about myself is the fact that I felt compelled to seek out raid videos/strategies even for LFR difficulty. It is not (just) about insulating myself from group embarrassment, it is about mitigating that awful feeling of not knowing what I am doing. I hate that feeling. At first I believed the feeling to be unique to multiplayer games, as I certainly do not hit up GameFAQs or Wikis the moment I get to a boss fight in a single-player game. Indeed, wouldn't that be cheating? Or, at least, cheating myself from the actual game.
But you know what? I hate that feeling even in single-player games. If I am dying to a boss repeatedly and have no idea why, or there does not seem to be any clues as to different strategies I could try, I most certainly hit up Wikis. I enjoy logic puzzles as much as (or more than) the next guy, but I must feel certain that logic is applicable to the situation. With videogames, that is not always a given: quests that you cannot turn in because you didn't trip a programming "flag" by walking down a certain alleyway or whatever. There was a Borderlands 2 quest that I simply looked up on Youtube because I'll be damned if I walk across every inch of a cell-shaded junkyard for an "X" mark after already spending 10 minutes looking it over. Playing "Where's Waldo" can be entertaining, but not when you have to hold the book sideways and upside down before Waldo spawns… assuming you are even looking at the right page.
I digress.
Things got off to a nice start in LFR when the dog fight consisted of just tanking all three dogs in a cleave pile the entire time. The second boss seemed to have an inordinate amount of health, but he too dropped without doing much of note. I died twice to some insidious trash on the way to the troll boss; those bombs are simply stupid in a 25m setting, as I found it difficult to even see them among all the clashing colors and spell effects. Final boss dropped pretty quickly as well, although I almost died a few times towards the end once people stopped coming into the spirit world with me.
By the way, the queue for the 1st raid finder was 15 minutes for DPS. Might have been a "Monday before the reset" thing.
I joined a guild healer for the 2nd raid finder immediately afterwards, although the average wait time of 43 seconds was a bit off. Was killed by a combination of friendly fire and damage reflection during the first boss, but he otherwise went down quickly. I managed to avoid falling to my death during Elegon (thanks Icy-Veins!), but was killed by an add the 2nd tank never picked up; that will teach me to do something other than tunnel the boss. The third boss… made little sense. I spent a lot of time killing adds, as I could not quite understand what was up with the Devastating Combo thing other than I must have been doing it wrong. Eons later, the bosses died.
It is becoming somewhat of a running joke for my guildies since coming back on how much random loot I pull in. The prior week I got ~8 drops from my first 5 random dungeons, for example. This time around I got three epics from my first two LFR forays, all three of which came from the bonus rolls. I was not around for the Cata LFR days, but suffice it to say, I would not have likely came away with that much loot in a more traditional PuG.
Overall, LFR was a pleasant experience. While I can certainly empathize with the criticism of LFR – it was pretty ridiculously easy – I can definitely see the logic behind Blizzard's moves here. Some raid is better than no raid, low-pop realms like Auchindoun-US wouldn't support a robust raid PuG community, and to an extent even the "nothing ever drops!" LFR sentiment encourages organized guild raiding in a roundabout manner. Whether this remains satisfying in any sort of long-term manner remains to be seen, but honestly, it is better than the alternative of… what else, exactly? Running dungeons ad infinitum?


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Chandragupta Maurya Expansion
A selection of articles related to chandragupta maurya expansion.
Original articles from our library related to the Chandragupta Maurya Expansion. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Chandragupta Maurya Expansion.
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 2
- When thoughts are replaced by silence in the mind, perception arises. It is a part of the modern condition wherein the mind of humanity is constantly overwhelmed, by a million considerations and thoughts. In acquiring silence, the mind is enabled to get out...
Mind >> World Mind
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 3
- (Part 3 of 5) The body is an instrument through which we interact with the physical plane, as souls or conscious beings. As we refine this instrument through meditation, and ideally with pure foods and sufficient exercise, the body becomes, "a spiritual...
Mind >> World Mind
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 4
- There can be no doubt that the world situation today is grave. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the institutions, governments, and traditional methods of society, have little effectiveness in solving a collective crisis of global proportions. In this...
Mind >> World Mind
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 3
- One of the very best ways to raise personal or group consciousness, is to MANIFEST spiritual Intentions into the environment at large. The projection of love into one's surroundings for instance, results in love being reflected back to the sender, like...
Mind >> World Mind
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 1
- (Part 1 of 5) The well-read student of spiritual literature will note, that standing behind all of the worlds' scriptures and Holy books, there have been individuals of great insight. To these few specific Seers, Authors, Visionaries, Healers...
Mind >> World Mind
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 5
- All things in the universe have at their basis, one fundamental essence which governs their creation, destruction and on-going actions. That singular essence is consciousness, (also known by some as God, or the Unified Field). Everywhere in Nature does...
Mind >> World Mind
- Resurrection of the Higher Self
- In July of 1989, a controversial article crossed the managing editor's desk of an equally controversial magazine. This article was never actually published in the quarterly publication, then known as The Magical Blend , even though it was well documented by...
Body Mysteries >> Psychoactive Substances
Chandragupta Maurya Expansion is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Chandragupta Maurya Expansion books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- The mighty Mauryas
- The Mauryas — the name conjures up visions of a mighty empire and powerful rulers. One of the most of powerful dynasties in Indian history, the ... stuff of legend and has long captured public imagination.
- Narendra Modi's war on pluralism is destroying India's reputation – video
- People outside India are increasingly equating the country with mounting intolerance, argues Shashi Tharoor, MP for Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist BJP are making headlines the world over, and for the wrong reasons.
- Who was Chanakya and why his teachings are relevant even today?
- His vision, diplomacy and wisdom helped the Mauryan Empire expand its boundaries. He also served Bindusara, son of Chandragupta. It is also believed that Chanakya dreamt of Akhand Bharat.
- Chandragupta Maurya's smart city
- Its inner city, criss-crossed by lanes that have contracted rather than expanded, is suffering from the dull exhaustion of indifference. On its elite wing, the sprawling ... Patna was once the smart city of Chandragupta Maurya.
- Jute in the crown: V&A explores fabric of India's historic garment trade
- V&A staff inside a tent owned by the 18th-century Indian ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, on show at the Fabric of India exhibition. Photograph: Justin Tallis/AFP/Getty Images. Caroline Davies.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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Dr. Geoffrey I. McKenzie
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This information is for people with cancer and their families and friends. It's about the feelings and experiences people have when they're diagnosed and treated for cancer, and while recovering from cancer treatment.
Cancer Council 13 11 20 nurses can discuss these issues with you, and link you to appropriate support services.
Caring for a person with cancer can be stressful, especially if you're close.
'Cancer survivor' means different things to different people. For some, a cancer survivor is anyone who has been diagnosed with cancer. Others use the term to refer to people who are alive many years after their cancer treatment.
Hearing a diagnosis can be devastating.
Learn how cancer and its treatment might affect your fertility.
How much exercise is enough?
The importance of eating well during cancer treatment, how treatment will impact your diet and the role food plays in treating cancer.
Addressing the issue of car parking at Victorian cancer treatment centres.
Relaxation can help you feel in control.
For employees and self-employed people with cancer, and working carers.
Learn about your legal position as a result of being diagnosed with cancer.
Learn how cancer and its treatment might affect your sexuality.
How much you explain to children about having cancer will depend on how old they are and how much they can understand.