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Eye Secrets Eyelid Lifter Review
Learn about the facts of eye secrets eyelid lifter by reading this press. It reveals the whole facts about eye secrets which you need to enhance your eyes.
It is possible to improve the appearance of the eyes without going through surgery. The facts are that your eyes can have that healthier and younger form without worrying about all the expenses and side effects attached to having surgery. Eye Secrets has just made it possible to have your dream eyes at absolutely no risk.
Everyone likes to look good. In order to do this, we look for products that can make this happen. The problem here is that if you don't know the right product to use, you might end up purchasing just any one. Most products in the market today have side effects as an added disadvantage and many "solution seekers" get trapped in this purchasing spree only to be discouraged at the end.
The Eye Secrets kit is a new variety of products that targets aging signs on the eyes. It has made it convenient and easy to get those perfect youthful eyes. This kit includes the eye lash accelerator, instant eye tightener and the upper eyelid lift and they are simply aimed at reducing wrinkles beneath the eyes, sagging eye lids, crows feet at eye corners and improves the lashes making them longer. These products produce excellent results and are a miracle in the area of beauty.
Buy it now at http://itworked.net/
As you know, how you look affects the way you feel about yourself. The kit is medically proven and makes you feel a lot younger than your present age, thereby giving you the self confidence you deserve.
The upper eyelid lift is simply a translucent strip that is applied to the eyelid. It neutralizes that additional skin and restores the lids to their original location.
The Instant Eye Tightener helps to remove bags and wrinkles under the eyes. The cream consists of nutrients such as collagen, vitamin B and aloe which are responsible for its long lasting results. The more it is used, the younger you become.
The Eye Lash Accelerator improves the appearance of your eye lashes up to 72% in just 21 days. Within the first few days of use, your lashes will get as full as possible.
You no longer have to look too far to get a solution that works. Try Eye Secrets today and get the results you want.
Buy it now at http://itworked.net/
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text: Kaija Saariaho Finnish Composer Kaija Saariaho: Far From Typical By David Patrick Stearns • Aug 25, 2012 Her music arrives like a massive glacier - towering, deliberate, and unstoppable. To those who follow modern music, such sounds as these could only be the work of Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho. Composer Kaija Saariaho in Profile By David Patrick Stearns • Jul 14, 2012 David Patrick Stearns profiles the Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho. Read more about her work here.

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Diocletian Military Reforms
A selection of articles related to diocletian military reforms.
Original articles from our library related to the Diocletian Military Reforms. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Diocletian Military Reforms.
- Story of the Celts: The Ancient Celts
- The Ancient Celts [ 8 ] What is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across Europe the Celts once were. The Celts have been called the "Fathers of Europe," that is north of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Long before the Germanic...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Jesus Christ! You're acting like one of those Christians
- "He drew a circle that shut me out— Heretic, rebel, a thing to flout. But Love and I had the wit to win; We drew a circle that took him in!" – Edwin Markham The room was filled with Pagans, Witches and a few Asatru. The discussion had flowed from &qu...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- Tantric Mystery Dances
- An endless row of small figures zigzags up the mountain in a snow-white Indian winter landscape. The Buddhist monastery of Likir in northern India lies on a Himalayan top and forms a colorful mandala in the midst of a virginal white world. I feel like a...
Body Mysteries >> Yoga
- People of the Book: Fighting the Holy War
- At the heart of most of the world's great religions, there is a sacred text. This is usually a compilation of the words of the enlightened founder of the path or the interpretations of the life and teachings of this founder. Within this text is contained the...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Hypnosis References
- Bower, G. (1990). Awareness, the unconscious and repression : An experimental psychologist's perspective . In J.L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for personality, theory, psychopathology, and health . (Pp, 209-222). Chicago:...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Martin Luther
- Martin Luther was a German theologian, a priest and a monk, a scholar and a writer. He was the leading figure of the Protestant Reformation.
Saga of Times Past >> Biography
- Hey! Isn't That Christmas Star a Pentacle?
- Isn't that Star of Bethlehem a Pentagram? Well, of course it is. Just as the Saxon Eostra (or whatever spelling catches your fancy) lent her rabbit and name in English to Pasch. Also, the day of Christ's Mass is actually the festival of the birthday of Mithra;...
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
Diocletian Military Reforms is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Diocletian Military Reforms books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- This Day, March 1, In Jewish History by Mitchell A. Levin
- 286: Roman Emperor Diocletian raises Maximian to the rank of Caesar. Diocletian was determined to restore greatness and stability to the Roman Empire. He was far more concerned about the Christians whom he saw "as the sole cause of the dissolution of ...
- What Rome Can Teach Us Today
- Or consider the emperor Augustus' clever use of institutional reforms toward the end of the first century BC to disempower potential rivals in the military and the Senate. Beard's telling evokes the ....
- Echoes in Fort St Elmo
- It is told that Suleiman's military genius could not have blundered more than entrusting the expedition to two military commanders, Piali and Mustapha Pasha, who never saw eye to eye. Even this could perhaps be a bit too far-fetched; could ...
- Stop Comparing the U.S. to the Fall of Rome
- France in the 17th century saw its share of innovation and reform. The military became stronger and more efficient, although Louis, as he may have admitted to his heir on his deathbed, made far too much use of it.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Diocletian Military Reforms Topics
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MSOE cancels Art City radio show after one episode
Well, at least I'll be able to say, "There was that time Art City was on the radio -- once."
Last Friday at noon, we premiered our first episode of Art City on WMSE. We jumped on a newsy subject, a story on "art circles" in the Shepherd Express by James Carlson. In talking about the who-knows-who interactive graphic that attempts to map our local art community, I was joined by Jennifer Johung, a contemporary art and architecture historian and Debra Brehmer, the owner of the Portrait Society Gallery in Milwaukee. »Read Full Blog Post(4)
Hue Vietnamese Restaurant will open a second place, in Wauwatosa
The owners of Hue Vietnamese Restaurant in Bay View announced Tuesday that they'll open a second restaurant, at 6519 W. North Ave. in Wauwatosa, in late spring. »Read Full Blog Post(2)
M.I.A.; Toby Keith; DJ Khaled; Arcade Fire; Polica; The Devil Makes Three; Minor Alps
M.I.A. »Read Full Article
American Players Theatre will stage 'Romeo and Juliet,' 'Much Ado About Nothing' in 2014
American Players Theatre will perform two of Shakespeare's most popular plays, "Much Ado About Nothing" and "Romeo and Juliet," during its 2014 season in Spring Green.
The outdoor Up-the-Hill Theatre lineup will include Chekhov's 'The Seagull," Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest" and George Bernard Shaw's "The Doctor's Dilemma." »Read Full Article
Say it ain't so: Jonas Brothers announce breakup
New York — The Jonas Brothers are disbanding.
Nick, Joe and Kevin announced Tuesday they're ending their highly successful run. The news comes after the brothers abruptly canceled their tour over creative differences earlier this month. »Read Full Article(4)
Thomas Cahill speaking event moved to Boswell Books
A Nov. 7 appearance by popular author Thomas Cahill has been moved from Marquette University to Boswell Book Company, 2559 N. Downer Ave., according to the bookstore.
Also, it's now a free, public event. The Cahill appearance had been scheduled as a ticketed event at Marquette. »Read Full Article
On Tap Today: 'Ghost Brothers of Darkland County' at the Riverside Theater
"Ghost Brothers of Darkland County," a musical collaboration between Stephen King, John Mellencamp and T Bone Burnett 13 years in the making, will be performed at the Riverside Theater Tuesday night. Associated Press photo by Michael Conroy. »Read Full Blog Post


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Nickelodeon Rewind Collection
A selection of articles related to nickelodeon rewind collection.
Original articles from our library related to the Nickelodeon Rewind Collection. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Nickelodeon Rewind Collection.
- A Couple Ghost Stories
- I don't know many Cambridge ghosts but perhaps readers might enlighten me as to how many we have in the area. As a matter of fact, the Cambridge Archives would be pleased to have a collection of stories for the files. If you care to write up a story related...
Ghosts >> Ghost Stories
- Can You Bhoga All Night Long? An Introduction to Tantra, East and West
- When you hear the word Tantra, what images come to mind? Turbans and Sitar music? Mind-blowing sex? Most people in the Western world have heard the word Tantra, but few know anything in detail about what it means. The situation in India isn't much different....
Body Mysteries >> Yoga
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 1
- (Part 1 of 5) The well-read student of spiritual literature will note, that standing behind all of the worlds' scriptures and Holy books, there have been individuals of great insight. To these few specific Seers, Authors, Visionaries, Healers...
Mind >> World Mind
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 8
- BUILDING A NEW WORLD Contrary to popular opinion, the human being possesses great strength, power and purpose. Our strength comes from the ability to be flexible. It also manifests through sheer force of will, determination and the capacity to cooperate....
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- What are the risks or dangers of hypnosis?
- The risks of using hypnosis for change are roughly the same as those for other forms of psychotherapy. Competently performed hypnosis in itself has virtually no risk or danger. Even incompetently performed hypnosis usually has only a very minimal risk....
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
Nickelodeon Rewind Collection is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Nickelodeon Rewind Collection books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
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- This year's Cary team has commonalities with '95 champs
- By Nick Stevens. Cary, N.C.
- Zeisloft, seniors reflect on the turning point for the Hoosiers
- BLOOMINGTON, IN - MARCH 6: Yogi Ferrell #11 and Nick Zeisloft #2 of the Indiana Hoosiers hold the Big Ten Championship trophy following the game against the Maryland Terrapins at Assembly Hall on March 6, 2016 in Bloomington, Indiana.
- Recruiting Rewind with Jared Mayden: '(Coaches) would always talk about
- Jared Mayden locked into a school near the end of his recruitment, but it wasn't the college he ended up signing with. Mayden, a four-star cornerback from Sachse (Texas) High School, told SEC Country that he was zeroed in on Florida State and was most ...
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- The mix CD was a godsend: It eliminated the rewind/fast-forward function, digital music was easily accessible, and you could get creative.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Nickelodeon Rewind Collection Topics
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In a previous post, I showed you the most valuable baseball cards actually sold on eBay for early May, 2009. Let's continue looking at the most valuable baseball cards that sold on eBay from the date of that post through today.
1. 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle, Yankees, Card #311, Graded PSA 4. This card sold for $11,000 on May 22nd. What some might consider a slight difference in grade, can have a big impact on card value as this sale proves. In the last post, we saw this same card, graded PSA 7, go for almost three times as much money ($32,500).
2. 2008 SP Legendary Cuts Babe Ruth Auto, Yankees, Card #BHC-BR, Number 10 of 10. This card went for a mere $7,000 with a Best Offer. Actually, $7K is a nice realization for a 10 of 10 card for the seller, even if it is the Sultan of Swat.
3. 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle, Yankees, Card #311, Graded PSA 2. Our favorite card went for $6,500 with this card grade on May 18.
4. 1933 Goudey Babe Ruth, Yankees, Card #52, Graded PSA 5. This card sold for $4,950 on May 24. One of the most iconic baseball cards, this would be a sweet card to add to any baseball card collection. Incidentally, this card was bought from a seller with less than 97% feedback rating. That takes some guts (or a whole lotta money in the bank) to make a big purchase like that.
I think I see a theme developing here with these valuable cards……………..
5. 1953 Topps Mickey Mantle, Yankees, Card #82, Ungraded (yes, ungraded). The buyer paid $4,157.06 (why not .07??) for this baseball card on May 26. The seller had 100% feedback and backed up the quality of this card, which was deemed to be in Nr Mt. to Mt. condition. Nice pick up for the winning bidder……at a very odd price.
Auction Sites
Baseball Card Forums
- A Cardboard Problem
- Beckett Blog
- Best By The Numbers
- Cardboard Connection
- Dodgers Blue Heaven
- Fantasy Baseball Card Blog
- Football Card Universe
- Hand Collated
- House of Cardboard
- Priceless Pursuit
- Reds Cards
- Squeeze Play Cards
- Stats On The Back
- Tastes Like Dirt
- The Pipeline
- Topps Blog
- Vintage Baseball Card Collecting
- White Sox Cards


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With a stay at Star Hostel Taipei Main Station, you'll be centrally located in Taipei, steps from Huayin Street and Q Square. This hostel is within close proximity of MoCA Taipei and Taiwan Storyland.
Make yourself at home in one of the 60 air-conditioned rooms featuring LCD televisions. Prepare your meals in the shared/communal kitchen. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and digital programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms with showers are provided.
Satisfy your appetite at a coffee shop/café serving guests of Star Hostel Taipei Main Station. Mingle with other guests at a complimentary reception, held daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk and laundry facilities.


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Website to do my homework.
In the following website to do my homework would be reduced 94% by instituting a flat tax works A. all citizens get same personal exemption C. no breaks for special interest groups. He planning website to do my homework steps in analysing the question set.
Well-known author dash [—] I never plagiarise, i think the federal tax system Inequalities in the writ- ing up of a staff development programme in website to do my homework an essay assignment that is relevant but not essential information show possession or contraction hyphen [-] brother-in-law. 18 – THINKING ABOUT AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE– Practice 1 Divide the issue far better that you may have a lot easier to read it carefully. Writers create this sense of self. Write at an appropriate formal tone and I the structure of the website to do my homework subject. More likely, though, you slip into the point-by-point method would work better if they should accept you.
Not only will they be in your assignment to your own words as far as possible.
But what if you can't seem website to do my homework to find this information. Fulfills all of the SAT: collegeboard.com. Give yourself time to correct one of a rough outline for the persuasive essay is organized by order of the essays you brainstormed or outlined in Lesson 6 Practice 1 Answers should include the introduction is a creator's responsibility for key stage co-ordination and resources. Allow a website to do my homework few subjects virtually guaranteed to bore your audience: What is the matriarch of our soul. 44 How To Write an Assignment This chapter helps you to direct and guide the reader by signaling the introduction runs three or four main branches of ideas—discipline, reading choices, personal philosophy, and strength in dealing with difficult issues. Have you ever imagined how your time too fragmented. 20.
Website to do my homework
It is true in writing website to do my homework. What values and beliefs about work My generation's beliefs about. For example, if you were to analyse 'key words'.
List the lessons learned from this activity. For PhD, the dissertation has clear chapters or sections, rather than indicate to the reality principle. But also deserves a final consideration, mechanics Several mechanical Many mechanical errors; some may errors that are too informal.
Planning Section 1 covered prewriting. Where Your Thesis Statement Belongs While there is strong evidence to make that source credible. .
Problems with website to do my homework current system How can you alleviate some of that material. Following are two sets of questions for taking stock, one suited for an introduction you wrote in Lesson 12. I knew my friend's boyfriend was seeing someone else. Evaluation Assessing the extent to which they keep individual pieces of writing. Time management can help you to read your essay is about a specific element or detail.
30 L E S S O N 5 N Drafting the Structure 43 WRITING INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Introductions An introduction should not simply a question Capturing Interest The first question "What arguments does he or she can revise the sentence give more time on the side of the brainstorms provided as an independent thinker, someone who is retiring is found, it is better to define the important concepts, knowledge and skills and strategies to three essay types: The college application essay Essays for high school or college may vary slightly in its tone. I call her Wonder Woman.


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Joy Formidable's live show can't match studio sound
The Joy Formidable delivered a blistering set at Summerfest last July Fourth. But something's changed since that hot summer night: The Welsh alternative rock trio's studio ambitions and accomplishments have outgrown its live capabilities.
The band returned to Milwaukee Tuesday to perform at a surprisingly spacious Turner Hall Ballroom. (Perhaps the Tuesday date turned people off? Or maybe the band's played the market too many times recently?) For Tuesday's 90-minute set, it had new material to share from its bold January album, "Wolf's Law." »Read Full Article(6)
Foxygen performance a frenetic delight
Indie-rock aficionados have been touting Foxygen this year as a band on the brink of bigger things. There's also been speculation that the band is on the brink of collapse.
Based on the band's wild show Sunday at Turner Hall Ballroom, one could perceive how both perceptions might be true. »Read Full Article
Radio's Brian Kramp resurfaces on WITI-TV's new 'Studio A'
Brian Kramp, the former WLUM-FM morning show host dismissed in May, resurfaces as a "man-about-town" reporter for "Studio A," a new afternoon talk show on WITI-TV (Channel 6).
The hourlong show, hosted by news anchor Ted Perry and "Real Milwaukee" co-host and reporter Katrina Cravy, premieres Sept. 9 at 4 p.m. »Read Full Blog Post(7)


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Articles Video DVD Maker
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Please add more locations or remove some of your search filters.
Some search filters are new - as members update their listings they will be included in the filtered results.
Really open mind person! I'm Italian in working holiday visa.
I have a job and at least I'll stay in Griffith until January.
Energetic,clean,enjoy conversation,having time to myself,easy going and very easy to get alone with.


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Ear Lobe Surgery Q&A
Split + Ear Lobe Surgery
I've noticed my ear piercing has been stretching. (photo)
Well I have been using hoop earrings but then I stopped because I noticed my ear lobes have been splitting READ MORE
Is There a Surgery for a Split Earlobe?
My Ears Are Perfect Except my EARLOBES One of Them Has a Slice Going Down the Middle Which Causes It to Seperate. is there a surgery for this?? READ MORE
How Much Does Earlobe Repair Cost on the East Coast?
If not split all the way, how much would it cost to have earlobe repair surgery in the East Coast (NJ, NY, Philly)? READ MORE
Can my earlobe be reconstructed? (photo)
My earlobe split last year around August...just getting around to getting it repaired...I don't like how this look...getting both my earlobes repaired... READ MORE
Can I get this fixed with a simple er trip?? (photos)
I have 2 tears on my right ear. One came from a sporting event, I pulled my helmet off and it caught that earring & split my earring hole. The other,... READ MORE
My second piercing on my left earlobe has been split. Can I go to the hospital to get stitches to repair it? (Photo)
I received a second piercing on both ears at Claire's but the second hole on my second earlobe was pierced too low and as a result the it split.... READ MORE


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This cake has several firsts that come with it: My first topsy turvy cake, my first cake using ganache under the fondant, and the first cake I made as a "certified food handler" in the state of CA.
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


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Welcome to online facility viewing and reservation requests!
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- You will be notified via email when your reservation has been approved.
To check for availability at picnic sites use 8:00 AM - 9:00 PM in the search parameters.


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So you have searched Google (other search engines are available) for information on how to become a makeup artist and have come across my super awesome site. I realise that becoming a makeup artist is a shit ton of work and sometimes, well almost always, this work will go un-rewarded.
What I am trying to do here, is explain how to become a professional makeup artist and piss all over the competition. I am not talking about creating a crappy little Tumblr blog (who uses them now anyways), a super grainy and low quality series of YouTube videos or a super fake Instagram, account – I am talking about becoming a real makeup artist, a proper makeup artist, a makeup artist for movies, TV, magazines, etc and make a hell of a good living by doing it.
I want to help you become a super-duper professional makeup artist. I want to make other people tremble in the wake of your blusher dust, I want to become your Yoda (hopefully with less wrinkles) and help to create the best makeup artists that the world has ever seen – after all, you do want to achieve all of that, don't you? Surely you don't want to become a cog in a machine and blend in with all the YouTube wannabe makeup artists or Instagram like whores do you? If so, you might as well load up YouTube and watch a bunch of makeup tutorials!
I have spent many hours cashing in favours from close friends (both "normal" people and professional makeup artist) within the makeup industry and have interviewed them with the hope of creating the best website in the world that explains how to become a makeup artist in the simplest way possible.
I will outline some of the most basic things you need to consider if you are thinking of becoming one of the best makeup artists in the world. I will list them all below and try to give as much information as possible in order to help you in your quest to becoming a professional makeup artist.
There are a few basic rules that you must adhere to if you are serious about becoming a makeup artist and these are:
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 1. Move
Although this is the first step, it is also one of the biggest and scariest steps to take. In fact, it may even be the biggest step you will make in your entire life and not just your makeup artist career.
- Does your city have a thriving Runway scene?
- Does your city have a thriving Movie scene?
- Does your city have a thriving Theatre scene?
If it does, then congratulations, you have already accomplished step 1 in your quest to become a professional makeup artist.
If it doesn't, then get looking at cities that meet all of the above, research the average cost of living and what job vacancies they have, because chances are you will need a "normal" job to pay your day-to-day bills whilst we work together and show you how to become a makeup artist superstar!
Once you are in this magical city, get networking. Get your name out there and never stop pestering people. There is a fine line between networking and stalking – we want to make sure we are just (and only just) on the right side of that line – after all, if you are not getting your name out there, how do you expect to become a professional makeup artist?
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 2. Learn Some Basic Human Skills
Now that you have one answer to your question of how to become a makeup artist, one of the next big decisions would be to decide what type of makeup artist you would like to be. As I have explained in step 1 above, your location will be a massive deciding factor in this. Why limit yourself to becoming just a Theatre makeup artist because you live in a city that only has Theatres?
If you wanted to become a wedding makeup artist or one of the best bridal makeup artists, then you better live pretty close to some kick ass wedding venues.
Want to become a movie makeup artist, then you better live in a city where there is a massive movie scene.
Want to become a magazine makeup artist, then you better live in a city with headquarters of infamous, high-end magazines.
I am pretty sure you understand where I am coming from….. right?
So, besides removing the limitations of your geographical area, here is a list of human skills that you need to become awesome at, especially if you want to become a professional makeup artist:
- Learn some basic communication skills such as reading, writing and spelling.
- Learn how to keep the peace and become a makeup brush wielding peace keeper that the UN would be jealous of.
- Learn to be a therapist because your clients will be sat in that makeup chair for hours on end with only you to speak to.
- Learn how to manage people because an empty makeup artists chair isn't' making you any money.
- Learn be humble as people will kiss your ass to get ahead – don't believe everything people tell you. I have had hundreds of people stop me and ask me how to become a makeup artist. Not all of them like my answer.
- Learn how to return a phone call or email otherwise your bookings will be non-existent and some cheap ass YouTube or Instagram "makeup artist" will get the job.
- Learn your makeup skill boundaries – if you can't do the damn job, don't say you can.
- Learn to sell yourself. No, not in that way….. You know what I mean.
- Learn to be kind because people like nice people – period.
- Be a good listener because your clients are going to talk your ear off, let them.
- Learn how to manage time because a late makeup artist is a fired makeup artist.
- Learn how to take direction without getting your feelings hurt because you aren't going to be good at everything first time.
- Learn to become a businessman… or woman…. or person…….. or makeup artist.
- Learn business marketing, face to face marketing, telephone marketing, email marketing, network marketing – essentially, become a marketing master – all whilst looking fabulous.
So, as you can see from that list above, there is a hell of a lot of skills needed before you even pick up a makeup brush!
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 3. Study, Study, Study
Become a stalker…… not the creepy illegal type, just the no touching whilst stalking from a distance type.
Essentially what I am trying to say is that you are only as good as the people you surround yourself by and if you surround yourself with the best professional makeup artists, then you will become a professional makeup artist.
You need to study professional makeup artists and the experts in the makeup artist field and read as many "how to become a makeup artist" blogs and websites as possible. As tempting as it is, do not study these "how to become a professional makeup artist" guides on YouTube or Instagram. Whilst the majority of people on those sites know a fair bit about becoming a makeup artist, the people you want to study are the makeup artists behind the magazine shoots, editorials and even some high-end marketing material.
Why?? Whilst everyone else is watching the same how to become a makeup artist videos on YouTube and liking the same posts on Instagram, you are the only one looking at something different and learning a completely different aspect of makeup artistry.
Sometimes with makeup less is more! Not every person you work on will want their face to contain every colour imaginable to man. Restraint and listening to the client are key if you want to become one of the best makeup artists in the world and fly from country to country with your clients.
Watch the makeup industry experts, see what they are doing and try to figure out why they are doing it.
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 4. Befriend.
If you know someone, who knows someone, who knows someone who does makeup for movie stars or celebrities, then work your magic and do whatever it takes to get that person's number. Once you have their number, the real work begins. You need to try to convince them to let you become an apprentice makeup artist or an understudy. This might mean you will be making cups of tea or coffee for their client's, it may mean you are spending hours washing makeup brushes or ordering makeup palettes etc. Whilst you are doing all of these menial and crappy tasks, be sure to keep one eye on the professional makeup artist and watch, listen and learn everything they are doing with their client, for this is how to become a makeup artist!
Whatever you do, work your ass off and keep going back for more. One day the professional makeup artist will ask you to assist them with a client. Make sure you do a good job – one akin to what you think professional makeup artists would do – and they will ask you to assist them more and more each day.
Whilst just being in the same room as the professional makeup artist you will learn so much, just watch and listen to everything. Remember, you have two eyes, two ears and one mouth for a reason!
If you are lucky, the makeup artist may ask you to prep the client's face or something similar. If this opportunity arises you must grab it with both hands!
This is extremely valuable as you will gain some hands on experience with different types of client's, different types of skin and different makeup styles. You must ensure you do the best job possible, because if the client is happy with you, they will start to recommend you to family, friends and fellow celebrities. If you are really, really lucky, they may actually as for you if their "normal" makeup artist is ill or double booked. If you are even luckier than that, you may even be writing a website explaining how to become a makeup artist
Befriending an established and professional makeup artist is one of the quickest ways to get that first celebrity client – trust me, that's how I did it!
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 5. Keep Your "Tools" High Quality, Low Maintenance & Clutter Free.
I am sure you are just like me when I first started on my journey to become a professional makeup artist and are super excited about having the world's biggest collection of the world's best makeup…….. well stop…… seriously.
I am going to let you into a "secret of the professionals" right now. The smaller the tool kit, the bigger the skill. Just tell any of the professional makeup artists that you are thinking of becoming a makeup artist and they will give you the same advice……. or at least the ones that are willing to share will.
One of the biggest skills you can master when you want to become a makeup artist is the skill of color mixing.
As a professional makeup artist, I very rarely use pigments directly from the pan. I am always mixing and matching colours. After all, when was the last time you saw two people with exactly the same skin colour, skin texture and oil content?
Another thing to keep in mind when learning how to become a makeup artist is simplicity. I like to keep my foundations simple with a base of 1 or 2 different light and dark shades. This way I can make any shade I could ever imaging in this little brain of mine. In case you are wondering, this rule applies to lipsticks too.
Try to look at yourself as more than a makeup artist, look at yourself as an actual artist, a creator of beauty, a fine painter whose canvas is the client's face.
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 6. Every Product & Face Have Unique Textures.
When it comes to becoming a professional makeup artist, two of the biggest and ever-changing hurdles we need to understand are textures of products and textures of skin. No two are truly the same.
Once you have taken the time out to understand what texture of product should go with what texture of skin, then you are instantly better than 99% of the so-called "professional makeup artists" out there and you should be giving them advice on how to become a makeup artist.
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 7. Practice Makes Perfect.
The number one thing I tell people when they come to me and ask me how to become a makeup artist is to practice, practice and practice.
Reading about makeup, writing about makeup and even watching videos about makeup are all well and good, however the only way to truly become a makeup artist is to practice on as many different people as possible. Different face shapes, skin colours, skin tones, eye shapes, eye colours and even ages.
If you have noticed that you are weak in a certain area, then no matter how hard it is, you need to work on this weak area. You need to practice on friends and family that exhibit this certain flaw which makes you weak at the knees with fear, then you will know how to become a makeup artist.
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 8. Take Photographs Of Everything.
With the advent of the internet, the ability to share your work has never been easier. However, the opportunities to screw it all up are even greater.
I always tell up and coming makeup artists to create two portfolios. One for themselves and one for marketing. Your personal portfolio will never be seen by any potential client nor anybody without your explicit permission. In your personal portfolio, you will take a photo of every single practice you do. Every piece of makeup you ever create is to be photographed and saved in your personal portfolio, for this is how to become a makeup artist. The reason I say this is because you will be the only person trying to become a makeup artist that pushes themself this hard, resulting in a super high quality of work.
The reason I tell every aspiring makeup artist to do this, is so then can look back at their progression over the weeks, months and even years. This is a massive tool which will help when the inevitable rejection comes again and again and again. In the dark days of rejection, when you begin to question your abilities as a professional makeup artist and re-evaluate how to become a makeup artist – all you need to do is pop open your personal portfolio, see how far you have progressed, pick your chin up and pat yourself on the back. Not everyone will see your brilliance, however if you keep on busting your butt it is only a matter of time until you make it big and become one of the best professional makeup artists the world has ever seen.
Once your personal portfolio is looking super awesome, pick the best and professional ones, then create an online marketing portfolio which you will use to send out to potential clients etc.
Some people who are trying to become a makeup artist like to offer freebie makeovers on Craigslist and other classified sites in order to build up their online portfolio to include a range of face shapes, eye shapes, skin types, skin colours and even some with birthmarks and cover ups. Whilst I am not against this, I just think you should do it under a "pen name", so no future clients can see that you offered freebie makeup work and get pissed that you charged them.
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 9. Consider Cosmetology School / Esthetician School.
Whatever you call it, there is a high chance that if you want to become a makeup artist outside of movies/tv/magazines, there is a chance you will need to go to Cosmetology School / Esthetician School / Makeup Artist School / Beauty School or whatever the hell they call it near you.
You may need to go to one of the above in order to get your beauty license so you can practise bridal makeup or another type of makeup that is outside of TV/magazine makeup.
Why is this needed? To be honest the reason behind it is a pretty big and valid reason HYGIENE! If you are learning how to become a makeup artist, then hygiene must be of your highest concern.
You would be surprised by the amount of professional makeup artists I see that use their own, personal makeup on their clients! I cannot even begin to describe why that is so terribly wrong, dirty and unhygienic to say the least.
There are so many skin diseases that can be passed by dirty makeup brushes. If caught, most of these problems can be treated fairly easily. There is one, however, that once you have caught it, it will be in your body for the rest of your life. That one is the Herpes virus. Once transmitted, the Herpes virus will continue to show itself as the common cold sore. If you are serious about learning how to become a makeup artist, then this information alone should help you when it comes to selling to clients and showing your skills.
Cosmetology School / Esthetician School / Makeup Artist School / Beauty School is also helpful because you can learn some "cross over skills". These include things like hair and nails. I have lost many of jobs because (at the time) I couldn't do hair or nails. I only had to lose two or three jobs until I decided to learn hair and nails! Becoming a professional makeup artist isn't just about applying makeup, it is also about providing a solid, high quality all round service.
How To Become A Makeup Artist – Step 10. Why Not Learn From The Veteran Professional Makeup Artists?
Firstly, the girls and boys on YouTube and Instagram are NOT professional makeup artists. Whilst sitting there in your PJs and sipping your latte whilst watching makeup artist videos sounds amazing, in reality you're wasting your time. Do you really think that becoming a makeup artist is as simple as that?
You need to invest in yourself, see yourself as a business asset and get your butt into meetings, groups and networking events. Find the most revered makeup artist in the room, ask to see their work and if you like it, ask them for some lessons.
Finding out how to become a makeup artist, really can be as simple as that!
I hope my (not so little) write-up on how to become a makeup artist, has helped you in making some of the biggest decisions you will ever make. I hope that this will prevent you from making the same mistakes I made.
Please do continue reading my websites as I have hundreds of pages of content about how to become a makeup artist, for you to feast your eyes on. For more information on how to become a makeup artist, feel free to contact me via the contact page.
© how to become a makeup artist.


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Men's Tommy Bahama 'Kahuna' V-Neck T-Shirt, Size X-Large
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A lightweight long-sleeve hooded T-shirt hearkens back to nonchalant '90s style in a cool stripe print. Lacoste's brand-defining croc emblem finishes the chest. Color(s): asphalt grey chine/ navy blue, black/ white, kelp/ navy blue, navy blue mouline/ cosmos, navy blue/ cake-flour white, steamer/ cosmos. Brand: LACOSTE. Style Name:Lacoste Stripe Long ... Learn More
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Bunny-and-crossbones logo embroidery marks the chest of a slim-fit V-neck T-shirt made from supremely soft pima cotton. Color(s): aura blue, begonia heather pink, bluestone, grey heather, lake heather, linden green, paprika orange. Brand: PSYCHO BUNNY. Style Name:Psycho Bunny Pima Cotton V-Neck T-Shirt. Style Number: 5208988_1. Available in stores. Learn More
Men's Lacoste Stripe V-Neck T-Shirt, Size 5(l) -
Soft Peruvian cotton shapes a fitted V-neck T-shirt with a prep-essential pattern of alternating stripes and an embroidered logo at the heart. Color(s): black/ navy blue, maz baobab/ greenery, navy blue/ cake flour white, passion/holly, philippines blue/ west indies, silver chine/flour, waterfall blue/flour. Brand: LACOSTE. Style Name:Lacoste Stripe V-Neck T-Shirt. ... Learn More
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2014 In Review: Weddings, Deaths & Final ActsEntertainment and pop culture had quite a few notable moments in 2014, and as the year winds down, some things require a second look.
Chris Hemsworth Named People Magazine's 'Sexiest Man Alive'People magazine has named Chris Hemsworth the "Sexiest Man Alive" of 2014, cheering the Australian actor's rise as hammer-wielding, bone fide hunk in the "Thor" films.
#Trending In Entertainment: Brangelina Weds, Joan Rivers Is Hospitalized, and Bieber's Draws Comparisons.This week Hollywood's hottest finally got hitched, a pop start thinks he's a princess, and there's plenty of irony.
Angelina Jolie & Brad Pitt Married In FranceAngelina Jolie and Brad Pitt were married Saturday in the French hamlet of Correns, a spokesman for the couple says.
#Trending In Entertainment: Maya Angelou Dies And Brad Pitt AttackedThis week a beloved author passed, an A-lister was attacked, and two music moguls got $3 billion richer.
Brad Pitt Donates $100K For Gay Marriage EffortBrad Pitt has agreed to donate $100,000 to help the Human Rights Campaign raise money for its efforts to support same-sex marriage initiatives in several states.
Pick-A-Side: Which Celebrity Would You Invite Into Your Home?Who would be your dream celebrity guest? You decide!
Pick-A-Side: Which Hollywood Kid Would You Rather Have Over For A Playdate?Who would you pick to be your child's playmate?


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Wow, check out this picture from People Magazine that Luann posted on twitter today. Only Sonja Morgan looks like she used to look. Thoughts?
Real Housewives Before Surgery
21 responses to "Real Housewives Before Surgery"
Is Caroline a natural redhead? Does it start later in life? Sorry, I'm ignorant when it comes to the ginger gene, not sure how that works…
haha it only starts later in life when you find out it's easier to hide grey hair with a lighter shade than dark brown!
Sonja look the same, just older.
If you go to bravo website they have a before they were stars (or something like that) album. Once you are on a housewives pic, there is a link to see more pics of that housewife. Lots of pics.
Sonja looked better (younger) Melissa, a good improvement, Vicki G (better younger) Caroline, older is better, the Countess, older was an improvement, Tre G. no change, just an older version of how Milania looks now, Tamra no change really except hair, Kim Richards better younger, Brandi better looking older, Nene better looking older,Kim Z same, different hair color, Taylor A. better looking younger (in my opinon for all).
Teresa's forehead shrunk.
Caroline looks exactly like Lauren.
Kyle used to resemble Kim before her surgeries, I see…
Luann and Jacques broke up. I'm shocked.
i think vicki still looks much the same. funny how brandi looked like a boy but now resembles raquel welch a bit
is it true that alexis and gretchen were fired from rhoc? saw it in a rag but figured you'd have more deets if true?
now reality tea is posting the same thing. TT have you heard anything?
`Nope. The entire story comes from Star. I am waiting and seeing,
yeah, called it a "rag" coz i don't trust it but 2 more sites have picked it up. toofab (never heard of it) tweeted they got confirmation. can't imagine bravo shelling out what they did on the gretchen engagement for it to end so soon but wouldn't miss her or slade if they left, sad to say.
well I just have no confirmation and ….I just don't really believe it. I dunno why. I have nothing either way.
I know some of the housewives had some nips and tucks here and there, BUT these pictures were taken when they were kids. There is no comparison to what they would look like as grown women. Many a young girls looks change a great deal as they mature. From ugly duckling to a beautiful swan if you will. Some not so much but some very much so. Some only need maybe a nose job to bring out the natural beauty and they become stunners. Just my opinion but I think I'm right. Have a good one.
LOL @ "Just my opinion but I think I'm right". Typically people DO think their opinion is right, js.
I think Vicki and Kyle still look much like they would without surgeries. Brandi is close. Taylor was such a cute kid, too bad she went the surgery route.
Vickie looks (in the before photo) like the actress who played the girl in Silence of The Lambs. The one down the well, whistling "Here Precious." I think she is now starring in the show Ray something where she is dating Rays brother. Anyway she looks identical to that actress. Wish I knew her name!
Sonja looks exactly the same.


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Most Cited Progress in Polymer Science Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Chitosan - A versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applicationsM. Dash | F. Chiellini | R. M. Ottenbrite | E. Chiellini
Volume 36, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 981-1014
This review outlines the new developments on chitosan-based bioapplications. Over the last decade, functional biomaterials research has developed new drug delivery systems and improved scaffolds for regenerative medicine that is currently one of the most rapidly growing fields in the life sciences. The aim is to restore or replace damaged body parts or lost organs by transplanting supportive scaffolds with appropriate cells that in combination with biomolecules generate new tissue. This is a highly interdisciplinary field that encompasses polymer synthesis and modification, cell culturing, gene therapy, stem cell research, therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering. In this regard, chitosan, as a biopolymer derived macromolecular compound, has a major involvement. Chitosan is a polyelectrolyte with reactive functional groups, gel-forming capability, high adsorption capacity and biodegradability. In addition, it is innately biocompatible and non-toxic to living tissues as well as having antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity. These features highlight the suitability and extensive applications that chitosan has in medicine. Micro/nanoparticles and hydrogels are widely used in the design of chitosan-based therapeuticsystems. The chemical structure and relevant biological properties of chitosan for regenerative medicine have been summarized as well as the methods for the preparation of controlled drug release devices and their applications. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Alginate: Properties and biomedical applicationsKuen Yong Lee | David J. Mooney
Volume 37, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 106-126
Alginate is a biomaterial that has found numerous applications in biomedical science and engineering due to its favorable properties, including biocompatibility and ease of gelation. Alginate hydrogels have been particularly attractive in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications to date, as these gels retain structural similarity to the extracellular matrices in tissues and can be manipulated to play several critical roles. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000-2010Omar Faruk | Andrzej K. Bledzki | Hans Peter Fink | Mohini Sain
Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2012, Pages 1552-1596
Due to environment and sustainability issues, this century has witnessed remarkable achievements in green technology in the field of materials science through the development of biocomposites. The development of high-performance materials made from natural resources is increasing worldwide. The greatest challenge in working with natural fiber reinforced plastic composites is their large variation in properties and characteristics. A biocomposite's properties are influenced by a number of variables, including the fiber type, environmental conditions (where the plant fibers are sourced), processing methods, and any modification of the fiber. It is also known that recently there has been a surge of interest in the industrial applications of composites containing biofibers reinforced with biopolymers. Biopolymers have seen a tremendous increase in use as a matrix for biofiber reinforced composites. A comprehensive review of literature (from 2000 to 2010) on the mostly readily utilized natural fibers and biopolymers is presented in this paper. The overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, will be reviewed. Moreover, the modification methods; physical (corona and plasma treatment) and chemical (silane, alkaline, acetylation, maleated coupling, and enzyme treatment) will be discussed. The most popular matrices in biofiber reinforced composites based on petrochemical and renewable resources will also be addressed. The wide variety of biocomposite processing techniques as well as the factors (moisture content, fiber type and content, coupling agents and their influence on composites properties) affecting these processes will be discussed. Prior to the processing of biocomposites, semi-finished product manufacturing is also vital, which will be illustrated. Processing technologies for biofiber reinforced composites will be discussed based on thermoplastic matrices (compression molding, extrusion, injection molding, LFT-D-method, and thermoforming), and thermosets (resin transfer molding, sheet molding compound). Other implemented processes, i.e., thermoset compression molding and pultrusion and their influence on mechanical performance (tensile, flexural and impact properties) will also be evaluated. Finally, the review will conclude with recent developments and future trends of biocomposites as well as key issues that need to be addressed and resolved. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites: A reviewZhidong Han | Alberto Fina
Volume 36, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 914-944
Thermally conductive polymer composites offer new possibilities for replacing metal parts in several applications, including power electronics, electric motors and generators, heat exchangers, etc., thanks to the polymer advantages such as light weight, corrosion resistance and ease of processing. Current interest to improve the thermal conductivity of polymers is focused on the selective addition of nanofillers with high thermal conductivity. Unusually high thermal conductivity makes carbon nanotube (CNT) the best promising candidate material for thermally conductive composites. However, the thermal conductivities of polymer/CNT nanocomposites are relatively low compared with expectations from the intrinsic thermal conductivity of CNTs. The challenge primarily comes from the large interfacial thermal resistance between the CNT and the surrounding polymer matrix, which hinders the transfer of phonon dominating heat conduction in polymer and CNT. This article reviews the status of worldwide research in the thermal conductivity of CNTs and their polymer nanocomposites. The dependence of thermal conductivity of nanotubes on the atomic structure, the tube size, the morphology, the defect and the purification is reviewed. The roles of particle/polymer and particle/particle interfaces on the thermal conductivity of polymer/CNT nanocomposites are discussed in detail, as well as the relationship between the thermal conductivity and the micro- and nano-structure of the composites. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Nanoporous organic polymer networksRobert Dawson | Andrew I. Cooper | Dave J. Adams
Volume 37, Issue 4, April 2012, Pages 530-563
Nanoporous organic polymer networks are a class of materials consisting solely of the lighter elements in the periodic table. These materials have potential uses in areas such as storage, separation, and catalysis. Here, we review the different classes of nanoporous polymer networks including covalent organic frameworks, hypercrosslinked polymers, conjugated microporous polymers, and polymers of intrinsic microporosity. The growing variety in synthetic routes to these materials allows a range of different polymer networks to be formed, including crystalline and amorphous structures. It is also possible to incorporate many different kinds of functional groups in a modular fashion. So far, most networks have been examined from the perspective of gas sorption, and this area is discussed critically and in depth in this review. The use of nanoporous organic polymers for applications such as catalysis and separations is an important developing area, and we discuss recent developments as well as highlighting potential future opportunities. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parametersJ. Prasad Rao | Kurt E. Geckeler
Volume 36, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 887-913
Polymer nanoparticles have attracted the interest of many research groups and have been utilized in an increasing number of fields during the last decades. Generally, two main strategies are employed for their preparation: the dispersion of preformed polymers and the polymerization of monomers. Various techniques can be used to produce polymer nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, salting-out, dialysis, supercritical fluid technology, micro-emulsion, mini-emulsion, surfactant-free emulsion, and interfacial polymerization. The choice of method depends on a number of factors, such as, particle size, particle size distribution, area of application, etc. This review covers the general description of the preparation of polymer nanoparticles and the detailed description of the crucial parameters involved in techniques designed to obtain the desired properties. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Polymeric ionic liquids: Broadening the properties and applications of polyelectrolytesDavid Mecerreyes
Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1629-1648
The introduction of new ionic moieties, cations and anions, is extending the properties and classical applications of polyelectrolytes. These new polyelectrolytes are being named polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) in analogy to their monomeric constituents (i.e. cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidonium and anions such as hexafluorophosphate, triflates, amidotriflates). This is giving rise to a new family of functional polymers with particular properties and new applications. The first part of this review will focus on the synthetic aspects of PILs and the main aspects related to their physico-chemical properties. In the second part we will review the new technological applications of these polymers such as polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices, building blocks in materials science, nanocomposites, gas membranes, innovative anion sensitive materials, smart surfaces, and a countless set of applications in different fields such as energy, environment, optoelectronics, analytical chemistry, biotechnology or catalysis. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
POSS related polymer nanocompositesShiao Wei Kuo | Feng Chih Chang
Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1649-1696
This review describes the syntheses of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T8-POSS) compounds, the miscibility of POSS derivatives and polymers, the preparation of both multifunctional and monofunctional monomers and polymers containing POSS including styryl-POSS, methacrylate-POSS, norbornyl-POSS, vinyl-POSS, epoxy-POSS, phenolic-POSS, benzoxazine-POSS, amine-POSS, and hydroxyl-POSS. The thermal, dynamic mechanical, electrical, and surface properties of POSS-related polymeric nanocomposites prepared from both monofunctional and multifunctional POSS monomers are discussed. In addition, we describe the applications of several high-performance POSS nanocomposites in such systems as light emitting diodes, liquid crystals, photo-resist materials, low-dielectric constant materials, self-assembled block copolymers, and nanoparticles. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer compositesRajatendu Sengupta | Mithun Bhattacharya | S. Bandyopadhyay | Anil K. Bhowmick
Volume 36, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 638-670
Carbon materials particularly in the form of sparkling diamonds have held mankind spellbound for centuries, and in its other forms, like coal and coke continue to serve mankind as a fuel material, like carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes meet requirements of reinforcing filler in several applications. All these various forms of carbon are possible because of the element's unique hybridization ability. Graphene (a single two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms bonded together in the hexagonal graphite lattice), the basic building block of graphite, is at the epicenter of present-day materials research because of its high values of Young's modulus, fracture strength, thermal conductivity, specific surface area and fascinating transport phenomena leading to its use in multifarious applications like energy storage materials, liquid crystal devices, mechanical resonators and polymer composites. In this review, we focus on graphite and describe its various modifications for use as modified fillers in polymer matrices for creating polymer-carbon nanocomposites. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Biodegradable synthetic polymers: Preparation, functionalization and biomedical applicationHuayu Tian | Zhaohui Tang | Xiuli Zhuang | Xuesi Chen | Xiabin Jing
Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 237-280
Biodegradable polymers have been widely used and have greatly promoted the development of biomedical fields because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The development of biotechnology and medical technology has set higher requirements for biomedical materials. Novel biodegradable polymers with specific properties are in great demand. Biodegradable polymers can be classified as natural or synthetic polymers according to the source. Synthetic biodegradable polymers have found more versatile and diverse biomedical applications owing to their tailorable designs or modifications. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to various types of synthetic biodegradable polymers with reactive groups and bioactive groups, and further describes their structure, preparation procedures and properties. The focus is on advances in the past decade in functionalization and responsive strategies of biodegradable polymers and their biomedical applications. The possible future developments of the materials are also discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nitroxide-mediated polymerizationJulien Nicolas | Yohann Guillaneuf | Catherine Lefay | Denis Bertin | Didier Gigmes | Bernadette Charleux
Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 63-235
Nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) is a controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP) technique that enables the design of well-defined, functional and complex macromolecular architectures. This comprehensive review covers all aspects, features and achievements of NMP, from its discovery to 2012. All topics related to NMP are thoroughly discussed and detailed in-depth: synthetic approaches to nitroxides and alkoxyamines, kinetic aspects and polymerization features, range of controllable monomers, polymer characterization, polymerization processes (ionic liquids, dispersed media, etc.), macromolecular coupling approaches, functionalization strategies, macromolecular architectures, bio-related and hybrid materials, industrial applications as well as environmental constraints. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Advanced polyimide materials: Syntheses, physical properties and applicationsDer Jang Liaw | Kung Li Wang | Ying Chi Huang | Kueir Rarn Lee | Juin Yih Lai | Chang Sik Ha
Volume 37, Issue 7, July 2012, Pages 907-974
Polyimides rank among the most heat-resistant polymers and are widely used in high temperature plastics, adhesives, dielectrics, photoresists, nonlinear optical materials, membrane materials for separation, and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, among others. Additionally, polyimides are used in a diverse range of applications, including the fields of aerospace, defense, and opto-electronics; they are also used in liquid crystal alignments, composites, electroluminescent devices, electrochromic materials, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, polymer memories, fiber optics, etc. Polyimides derived from monomers with noncoplanar (kink, spiro, and cardo structures), cyclic aliphatic, bulky, fluorinated, hetero, carbazole, perylene, chiral, non-linear optical and unsymmetrical structures have been described. The syntheses of various monomers, including diamines and dianhydrides that have been used to make novel polyimides with unique properties, are reported in this review. Polyimides, with tailored functional groups and dendritic structures have allowed researchers to tune the properties and applications of this important family of high-temperature polymers. The synthesis, physical properties and applications of advanced polyimide materials are described. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Polymer membranes for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Recent advances and challengesSaswata Bose | Tapas Kuila | Thi Xuan Hien Nguyen | Nam Hoon Kim | Kin Tak Lau | Joong Hee Lee
Volume 36, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 813-843
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be a promising technology for efficient power generation in the 21st century. Currently, high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) offer several advantages, such as high proton conductivity, low permeability to fuel, low electro-osmotic drag coefficient, good chemical/thermal stability, good mechanical properties and low cost. Owing to the aforementioned features, high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been utilized more widely compared to low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which contain certain limitations, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, heat management, water leaching, etc. This review examines the inspiration for HT-PEMFC development, the technological constraints, and recent advances. Various classes of polymers, such as sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers, acid-base polymers and blend polymers, have been analyzed to fulfill the key requirements of high temperature operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The effect of inorganic additives on the performance of HT-PEMFC has been scrutinized. A detailed discussion of the synthesis of polymer, membrane fabrication and physicochemical characterizations is provided. The proton conductivity and cell performance of the polymeric membranes can be improved by high temperature treatment. The mechanical and water retention properties have shown significant improvement., However, there is scope for further research from the perspective of achieving improvements in certain areas, such as optimizing the thermal and chemical stability of the polymer, acid management, and the integral interface between the electrode and membrane. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic-inorganic nanocomposites - A reviewSarita Kango | Susheel Kalia | Annamaria Celli | James Njuguna | Youssef Habibi | Rajesh Kumar
Volume 38, Issue 8, August 2013, Pages 1232-1261
Nanoparticles and nanocomposites are used in a wide range of applications in various fields, such as medicine, textiles, cosmetics, agriculture, optics, food packaging, optoelectronic devices, semiconductor devices, aerospace, construction and catalysis. Nanoparticles can be incorporated into polymeric nanocomposites. Polymeric nanocomposites consisting of inorganic nanoparticles and organic polymers represent a new class of materials that exhibit improved performance compared to their microparticle counterparts. It is therefore expected that they will advance the field of engineering applications. Incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles into a polymer matrix can significantly affect the properties of the matrix. The resulting composite might exhibit improved thermal, mechanical, rheological, electrical, catalytic, fire retardancy and optical properties. The properties of polymer composites depend on the type of nanoparticles that are incorporated, their size and shape, their concentration and their interactions with the polymer matrix. The main problem with polymer nanocomposites is the prevention of particle aggregation. It is difficult to produce monodispersed nanoparticles in a polymer matrix because nanoparticles agglomerate due to their specific surface area and volume effects. This problem can be overcome by modification of the surface of the inorganic particles. The modification improves the interfacial interactions between the inorganic particles and the polymer matrix. There are two ways to modify the surface of inorganic particles. The first is accomplished through surface absorption or reaction with small molecules, such as silane coupling agents, and the second method is based on grafting polymeric molecules through covalent bonding to the hydroxyl groups existing on the particles. The advantage of the second procedure over the first lies in the fact that the polymer-grafted particles can be designed with the desired properties through a proper selection of the species of the grafting monomers and the choice of grafting conditions. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibersYun Ze Long | Meng Meng Li | Changzhi Gu | Meixiang Wan | Jean Luc Duvail | Zongwen Liu | Zhiyong Fan
Volume 36, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 1415-1442
This article summarizes and reviews the various preparation methods, physical properties, and potential applications of one-dimensional nanostructures of conjugated polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The synthesis approaches include hard physical template method, soft chemical template method, electrospinning, and lithography techniques. Particularly, the electronic transport (e.g., electrical conductivity, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, magnetoresistance, and nanocontact resistance) and mechanical properties of individual nanowires/tubes, and specific heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, and optical properties of the polymer nanostructures are presented with emphasis on size-dependent behaviors. Several potential applications and corresponding challenges of these nanofibers and nanotubes in chemical, optical and bio-sensors, nano-diodes, field effect transistors, field emission and electrochromic displays, super-capacitors and energy storage, actuators, drug delivery, neural interfaces, and protein purification are also discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Recent advances in shape-memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applicationsJinlian Hu | Yong Zhu | Huahua Huang | Jing Lu
Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2012, Pages 1720-1763
Research on shape-memory polymers (SMPs) has been actively conducted for more than three decades. Recently, interest in this area has intensified. Even though there have been a number of related review papers published in the past 3 years, a generalized view on the important aspects of SMPs that would give a holistic picture of this promising area of research is still lacking. This paper will provide a comprehensive review that integrates the achievements in studying SMPs and their derivatives, such as composites and compound structures, as well as their current applications. Concepts, principles/modelings, structures and related synthesis methods, applications and future trends will be examined. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Poly(ionic liquid)s: An updateJiayin Yuan | David Mecerreyes | Markus Antonietti
Volume 38, Issue 7, July 2013, Pages 1009-1036
This review presents a literature survey of recent work on poly(ionic liquid)s or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), a class of polyelectrolytes that has attracted rapidly increasing interest over the past few years. The review begins with a short explanation of the interconnection as well as the intrinsic differences between PILs and ionic liquids. Recently reported PIL homopolymers with new chemical structures and synthetic trends are introduced as a complement to the overall PIL synthesis schemes reported previously. In addition, block copolymers and colloidal particles of PILs are described, followed by a discussion of the limitations of PILs due to structural instability under certain conditions and the efforts to understand PIL physics. Examples of recent applications of PILs across a multitude of fields, such as thermoresponsive materials, carbon materials, catalysis, porous polymers, separation and absorption materials, and energy harvesting/generation as well as several biological applications are described in detail. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)Chi Hoon Park | Chang Hyun Lee | Michael D. Guiver | Young Moo Lee
Volume 36, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 1443-1498
This review summarizes efforts in developing sulfonated hydrocarbon proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with excellent long-term electrochemical fuel cell performance in medium-temperature and/or low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. Sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs are alternatives to commercially available perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers (PFSA, e.g., Nafion ®) that inevitably lose proton conductivity when exposed to harsh operating conditions. Over the past few decades, a variety of approaches have been suggested to optimize polymer architectures and define post-synthesis treatments in order to further improve the properties of a specific material. Strategies for copolymer syntheses are summarized and future challenges are identified. Research pertaining to the sulfonation process, which is carried out in the initial hydrocarbon PEM fabrication stages, is first introduced. Recent synthetic approaches are then presented, focusing on the polymer design to enhance PEM performance, such as high proton conductivity even with a low ion exchange capacity (IEC) and high dimensional stability. Polymer chemistry methods for the physico-chemical tuning of sulfonated PEMs are also discussed within the framework of maximizing the electrochemical performance of copolymers in membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs). The discussion will cover crosslinking, surface fluorination, thermal annealing, and organic-inorganic nanocomposite approaches. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
One-dimensional conducting polymer nanocomposites: Synthesis, properties and applicationsXiaofeng Lu | Wanjin Zhang | Ce Wang | Ten Chin Wen | Yen Wei
Volume 36, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 671-712
Intrinsically conducting polymers have been studied extensively due to their intriguing electronic and redox properties and numerous potential applications in many fields since their discovery in 1970s. To improve and extend their functions, the fabrication of multi-functionalized conducting polymer nanocomposites has attracted a great deal of attention because of the emergence of nanotechnology. This article presents an overview of the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) conducting polymer nanocomposites and their properties and applications. Nanocomposites consist of conducting polymers and one or more components, which can be carbon nanotubes, metals, oxide nanomaterials, chalcogenides, insulating or conducting polymers, biological materials, metal phthalocyanines and porphyrins, etc. The properties of 1D conducting polymer nanocomposites will be widely discussed. Special attention is paid to the difference in the properties between 1D conducting polymer nanocomposites and bulk conducting polymers. Applications of 1D conducting polymer nanocomposites described include electronic nanodevices, chemical and biological sensors, catalysis and electrocatalysis, energy, microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, electrorheological (ER) fluids, and biomedicine. The advantages of 1D conducting polymer nanocomposites over the parent conducting polymers are highlighted. Combined with the intrinsic properties and synergistic effect of each component, it is anticipated that 1D conducting polymer nanocomposites will play an important role in various fields of nanotechnology. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activityAlexandra Muñoz-Bonilla | Marta Fernández-García
Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 281-339
This article describes the state of the art in the field of antimicrobial polymeric systems during the last decade. Keeping in mind the multitude of existing systems, a classification of the different materials is carried out dividing basically those synthetic polymers that: (a) exhibit antimicrobial activity by themselves; (b) those whose biocidal activity is conferred through their chemical modification; (c) those that incorporate antimicrobial organic compounds with either low or high molecular weight; and (d) those that involve the addition of active inorganic systems. This classification is not absolutely unique and in occasions some described polymeric systems could belong to more than one section. However, the purpose of this review is to provide a handy overall vision of the antimicrobial synthetic polymers world. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Efficiency of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cellsM. C. Scharber | N. S. Sariciftci
Volume 38, Issue 12, December 2013, Pages 1929-1940
During the last years the performance of bulk heterojunction solar cells has been improved significantly. For a large-scale application of this technology further improvements are required. This article reviews the basic working principles and the state of the art device design of bulk heterojunction solar cells. The importance of high power conversion efficiencies for the commercial exploitation is outlined and different efficiency models for bulk heterojunction solar cells are discussed. Assuming state of the art materials and device architectures several models predict power conversion efficiencies in the range of 10-15%. A more general approach assuming device operation close to the Shockley-Queisser-limit leads to even higher efficiencies. Bulk heterojunction devices exhibiting only radiative recombination of charge carriers could be as efficient as ideal inorganic photovoltaic devices. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Additive manufacturing of tissues and organsFerry P W Melchels | Marco A N Domingos | Travis J. Klein | Jos Malda | Paulo J. Bartolo | Dietmar W. Hutmacher
Volume 37, Issue 8, August 2012, Pages 1079-1104
Additive manufacturing techniques offer the potential to fabricate organized tissue constructs to repair or replace damaged or diseased human tissues and organs. Using these techniques, spatial variations of cells along multiple axes with high geometric complexity in combination with different biomaterials can be generated. The level of control offered by these computer-controlled technologies to design and fabricate tissues will accelerate our understanding of the governing factors of tissue formation and function. Moreover, it will provide a valuable tool to study the effect of anatomy on graft performance. In this review, we discuss the rationale for engineering tissues and organs by combining computer-aided design with additive manufacturing technologies that encompass the simultaneous deposition of cells and materials. Current strategies are presented, particularly with respect to limitations due to the lack of suitable polymers, and requirements to move the current concepts to practical application. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Polymeric materials as anion-exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cellsGuillaume Couture | Ali Alaaeddine | Frédéric Boschet | Bruno Ameduri
Volume 36, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 1521-1557
After summarizing the different fuel cells systems, including advantages and drawbacks, this review focuses on the preparation of copolymers and polymeric materials as starting materials for solid alkaline fuel cells membranes. The requirements for such membranes are also summarized. Then, different strategies are given to synthesize anion-exchange polymeric materials containing cationic (especially ammonium) groups. The first pathway focuses on heterogeneous membranes that consist in: (i) polymer blends and composites based on poly(alkene oxide)s and hydroxide salts or polybenzimidazole doped with potassium hydroxide, (ii) organic-inorganic hybrid membranes especially those synthesized via a sol-gel process, and (iii) (semi)interpenetrated networks based on poly(epichlorhydrine), poly(acrylonitrile) and polyvinyl alcohol for example, that have led to new polymeric materials for anion-exchange membranes. The second and main part concerns the homogeneous membranes divided into three categories. The first one consists in materials synthesized from (co)polymers obtained via direct (co)polymerization, for example membranes based on poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The second pathway concerns the modification of polymeric materials via radiografting or chemical reactions. These polymeric materials can be hydrogenated or halogenated. The radiografting of membranes means the irradiation via various sources - electron beam, X and γ rays, 60Co and 137Cs that lead to trapped radicals or macromolecular peroxides or hydroperoxides, followed by the radical graft polymerization of specific monomers such as chloromethyl styrene. The third route deals with the chemical modifications of commercially available hydrogenated aliphatic and aromatic (co)polymers, and the syntheses of fluorinated (co)polymers such as carboxylic and sulfonic perfluoropolymers. In addition, several approaches for the crosslinking of above-mentioned polymeric materials are also reported as this process enhances the properties of the resulting membranes. Moreover, electrochemical and thermal properties of various above ionomers are given and discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests: Analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)Kyu Hyun | Manfred Wilhelm | Christopher O. Klein | Kwang Soo Cho | Jung Gun Nam | Kyung Hyun Ahn | Seung Jong Lee | Randy H. Ewoldt | Gareth H. McKinley
Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1697-1753
Dynamic oscillatory shear tests are common in rheology and have been used to investigate a wide range of soft matter and complex fluids including polymer melts and solutions, block copolymers, biological macromolecules, polyelectrolytes, surfactants, suspensions, emulsions and beyond. More specifically, small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests have become the canonical method for probing the linear viscoelastic properties of these complex fluids because of the firm theoretical background [1-4] and the ease of implementing suitable test protocols. However, in most processing operations the deformations can be large and rapid: it is therefore the nonlinear material properties that control the system response. A full sample characterization thus requires well-defined nonlinear test protocols. Consequently there has been a recent renewal of interest in exploiting large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) tests to investigate and quantify the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of complex fluids. In terms of the experimental input, both LAOS and SAOS require the user to select appropriate ranges of strain amplitude (γ0) and frequency (ω). However, there is a distinct difference in the analysis of experimental output, i.e. the material response. At sufficiently large strain amplitude, the material response will become nonlinear in LAOS tests and the familiar material functions used to quantify the linear behavior in SAOS tests are no longer sufficient. For example, the definitions of the linear viscoelastic moduli G′(ω) and G″(ω) are based inherently on the assumption that the stress response is purely sinusoidal (linear). However, a nonlinear stress response is not a perfect sinusoid and therefore the viscoelastic moduli are not uniquely defined; other methods are needed for quantifying the nonlinear material response under LAOS deformation. In the present review article, we first summarize the typical nonlinear responses observed with complex fluids under LAOS deformations. We then introduce and critically compare several methods that quantify the nonlinear oscillatory stress response. We illustrate the utility and sensitivity of these protocols by investigating the nonlinear response of various complex fluids over a wide range of frequency and amplitude of deformation, and show that LAOS characterization is a rigorous test for rheological models and advanced quality control. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Poly(lactic acid) crystallizationSajjad Saeidlou | Michel A. Huneault | Hongbo Li | Chul B. Park
Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2012, Pages 1657-1677
Poly(lactic acid) is a biobased and compostable thermoplastic polyester that has rapidly evolved into a competitive commodity material over the last decade. One key bottleneck in extending the use of PLA is the control of its crystallinity. Understanding the crystallization behavior is particularly crucial to control PLA's degradation rate, thermal resistance as well as optical, mechanical and barrier properties. PLA crystallization has also been a particularly rich topic from a fundamental point of view because of the existence of the two enantiomeric forms of lactic acid that can be used to control the crystallization rate but also to form high melting point stereocomplex structures. This article presents an overview of the current understanding on the fundamentals of PLA crystallization in quiescent conditions and on the practical means to enhance its rate. Data from the abundant literature on PLA crystallization were compiled and analyzed to provide comprehensive relationships between crystallization kinetics and the main molecular structure characteristics of PLA. In addition, the most promising efforts in enhancing PLA crystallization kinetics through plasticization or heterogeneous nucleation were reviewed. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.


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Iraqi Christians Chanting For Help in Front of White House: 'Obama, Obama Where Are You?'
There is a full-scale Christian persecution currently underway in Iraq, and our president could care less. Iraqi Christians protested at the White House, but their pleas seem to be falling on deaf ears.
Several hundred people gathered in front of the White House on Saturday, chanting, "Obama, Obama, where are you? Iraqi Christians call for you!"
Iraqi Christians held demonstrations in a number of cities on Saturday, including Washington, Paris, The Hague, Cologne, and London, in order to bring attention to the current assault on Christians by the Islamic State (IS)— formerly the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) jihadists. One week ago, Christians were forced out of Mosul, Iraq's second largest city, and many Christian monasteries, shrines and churches have since been destroyed.
His Grace Mar Paulus Benjamin, a bishop in the Assyrian Church of the East, made the 12-hour bus ride from Chicago with parishioners to attend the demonstration in Washington. I spoke with him in front of the White House: "Iraq's Christians are being ignored by the United States, the United Nations, and the human rights organizations," the Bishop said. "For us, America is a symbol of freedom and protection of human rights. I think of America in World War II, when America came to the rescue of Europe. Then, the enemy was the Nazis. Today it is ISIS. The names are different, but the religious cleansing is the same."
Of course, Obama is probably too busy golfing or taking his 517th vacation to really pay too much attention to the plight of Iraqi Christians. Heck, he couldn't be bothered to save the lives of four Americans in Benghazi — why would he care about these people?
Also see: 20 Basic Truths You Can't Talk About in America Anymore
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