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Alveolar macrophages (AMs) express the class A scavenger receptors (SRAs) macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and scavenger receptor AI/II (SRA-I/II), which recognize oxidized lipids and provide innate defense against inhaled pathogens and particles. Increased MARCO expression in lungs of ozone-resistant mice suggested an additional role protecting against inhaled oxidants. After ozone exposure, MARCO–/– mice showed greater lung injury than did MARCO+/+ mice. Ozone is known to generate oxidized, proinflammatory lipids in lung lining fluid, such as 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol (β-epoxide) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(9′-oxo-nonanoyl)-glycerophosphocholine (PON-GPC). Intratracheal instillation of either lipid caused substantial neutrophil influx in MARCO–/– mice, but had no effect in MARCO+/+ mice. Normal AMs showed greater uptake in vitro of β-epoxide compared with MARCO–/– AMs, consistent with SRA function in binding oxidized lipids. SR-AI/II–/– mice showed similar enhanced acute lung inflammation after β-epoxide or another inhaled oxidant (aerosolized leachate of residual oil fly ash). In contrast, subacute ozone exposure did not enhance inflammation in SR-AI/II–/– versus SR-AI/II+/+ mice, reflecting increased AM expression of MARCO. These data identify what we believe to be a novel function for AM SRAs in decreasing pulmonary inflammation after oxidant inhalation by scavenging proinflammatory oxidized lipids from lung lining fluids.
Inhaled oxidants are important causes of environmental lung injury, and the oxidative stress caused by air pollution and tobacco smoke can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma (1, 2). The first point of contact between lung tissue and inhaled oxidants is the epithelial lining fluid. If levels of antioxidants in the lining fluid are inadequate to control activities of the inhaled oxidants, secondary oxidation products arise, which can pass on the oxidative stress to the surrounding milieu and underlying epithelium (3). By exposing bovine surfactant to ozone, Murphy and colleagues identified 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol (β-epoxide) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(9′-oxo-nonanoyl)-glycerophosphocholine (PON-GPC) as 2 major surfactant-derived oxidation products (4, 5). Both lipids are proinflammatory and may contribute to lung inflammation after ozone inhalation (4, 5). As surfactant covers a large fraction of the pulmonary epithelium, β-epoxide and PON-GPC can reach relatively high concentrations on the surface and be widely distributed during conditions of oxidative stress. Rapid clearance of oxidized surfactant lipids from the lung lining fluid therefore seems critical for a successful host response against inhaled oxidants.
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and scavenger receptor AI/II (SR-AI/II) are class A scavenger receptors (SRAs) on macrophages with potential functions in host defense against modified lipids (6). MARCO and SR-AI share the same overall domain structure, but differ in that MARCO has a longer extracellular domain and lacks an α–helical coiled coil domain (7). SR-AI and SR-AII are 2 similar receptors generated through alternative splicing of a single gene. Macrophage scavenger receptors have long been known to clear modified lipids and contribute to foam cell formation during atherogenesis (8). They also function as part of innate defense systems in the lung, as scavenger receptors on alveolar macrophages (AMs) have been shown to bind environmental particles and bacteria (9–11). However, their role in protecting the lung against oxidized surfactant lipids generated by inhaled oxidants has not to our knowledge been examined previously.
Gene expression profiling identified increased MARCO expression in lungs of ozone-resistant mice, suggesting a protective role for this receptor. Using mice with genetic deletion of MARCO or SR-AI/II, we analyzed their specific in vivo roles in regulating lung inflammation in response to 2 inhaled oxidants, ozone and residual oil fly ash (ROFA). We also examined the in vivo role of MARCO and SR-AI/II in lungs exposed to oxidized surfactant lipids such as β-epoxide and PON-GPC. Absence of MARCO increased BAL markers of lung inflammation and injury after inhalation of ozone or ROFA leachate and after instillation of B-epoxie or PON-GPC. In vitro studies confirmed diminished uptake of oxidized lipids by MARCO-deficient AMs. Our data identify what we believe to be a novel role for MARCO and SR-AI/II in innate defenses against inhaled oxidants: beneficial scavenging of oxidized surfactant lipids from damaged lung lining fluids.
In order to identify potential mediators of the ozone resistance previously observed in C3H/HeJ mice (12), we used microarray profiling and RT-PCR to analyze gene expression in lungs of ozone-resistant (C3H/HeJ) and consomic, ozone-sensitive (C3H/OuJ) mice. Analysis after exposure to 0.3 ppm ozone for 48 hours showed increased MARCO mRNA expression at 24 and 48 hours in C3H/HeJ compared with C3H/OuJ mice (Figure (Figure1,1, A and B). Western blot analysis of lung tissue from C3H/HeJ mice after 48 hours of 0.3-ppm ozone exposure confirmed the increased MARCO expression at the protein level (Figure (Figure1C). 1C).
Because the increased MARCO expression in whole-lung homogenate samples could be caused by increased lung macrophage numbers after ozone inhalation, we next isolated AMs from C57BL/6 mice also exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone for 48 hours and immunostained them for cell surface MARCO. We found that MARCO was significantly upregulated on the surface of AMs from C57BL/6 mice in response to ozone exposure (Figure (Figure1D),1D), facilitating further analysis using C57BL/6 mice with a specific deletion of the MARCO gene (9, 13).
To examine whether MARCO deficiency modulates lung inflammation in response to ozone, we exposed MARCO+/+ and MARCO–/– mice to 0.3 ppm ozone for 48 hours and performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). As expected, ozone caused increased neutrophil numbers in BAL fluid from MARCO+/+ mice; however, the increase was 2-fold higher in MARCO–/– than in MARCO+/+ mice (20 × 104 versus 8 × 104; P = 0.003; Figure Figure2A).2A). Ozone mediates oxidative damage to the alveolocapillary membrane, and proteins leak from plasma into alveoli. Ozone caused increased BAL protein levels in MARCO+/+ mice, but the ozone-associated increase in BAL protein was slightly higher in MARCO–/– than MARCO+/+ mice (Figure (Figure2B).2B). Ozone exposure also cause increased oxidative stress, which may result in the formation of 8-isoprostane from arachidonic acid phospholipids (14, 15). The relatively low concentration of ozone used in our exposures (0.3 ppm) had no detectable effect on the level of 8-isoprostane in BAL samples from MARCO+/+ mice, but increased BAL 8-isoprostane levels in MARCO–/– mice (Figure (Figure2C).2C). Hence, the presence of MARCO reduced the intensity of injury in lungs of MARCO+/+ mice exposed to ozone, as measured by levels of neutrophils, protein, and 8-isoprostane.
To examine whether MARCO inhibits inflammation in lungs exposed to other inhaled oxidants besides ozone, we next exposed MARCO–/– mice to aerosolized leachate from ROFA, a surrogate for air pollution particulates (100 mg/ml for 1 hour). The soluble metals present in dissolved ROFA (leachate) constitute most of the mass of ROFA samples and provide a useful model of acute lung injury following aerosol exposure (16). As expected, brief exposure to ROFA aerosol (1 hour) caused increased neutrophilia in MARCO+/+ mice upon BAL analysis 18 hours later. Strikingly, the increase was 5-fold higher in MARCO–/– than in MARCO+/+ mice (5 × 104 versus 1 × 104; P < 0.001; Figure Figure2D).2D). BAL isoprostane levels were minimal and not different between the 2 groups after these ROFA exposures which cause a lower absolute level of BAL neutrophilia than seen after ozone exposures (data not shown). After exposure to a higher concentration of ROFA (leachate of 300 mg/ml for 1.5 hours), MARCO–/– mice showed increased levels — similar to those following ozone exposure — of BAL polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) compared with MARCO+/+ mice (20 × 104 versus 14 × 104, average of 5 mice per group) and a corresponding trend for increased BAL isoprostanes (8.2 pg/ml versus 5.5 pg/ml).
Ozone exposure of lung lining fluid cholesterol creates β-epoxide, an oxidized surfactant lipid that is cytotoxic in vitro and may contribute to lung inflammation after ozone inhalation (4, 17). Also, ozonolysis of unsaturated surfactant glycerophosphocholines creates PON-GPC (5). To determine whether MARCO protects against these oxidized surfactant lipids, we instilled 1 μg β-epoxide or PON-GPC intratracheally (i.t.) into MARCO–/– mice. We found that i.t. instillation of either β-epoxide or PON-GPC into MARCO–/– mice caused substantial neutrophil influx, whereas these agents had no effect in MARCO+/+ mice at this dose (Figure (Figure3A).3A). Instillation of a 100-fold greater dose of either β-epoxide or PON-GPC into MARCO+/+ mice did cause BAL neutrophilia (2.3 ± 2.8 × 104 and 17 ± 21 × 104, n = 5 and 2, respectively), confirming the proinflammatory potential of these agents when present in sufficient concentration. Instillation of β-epoxide and PON-GPC i.t. into MARCO–/– mice also caused increased levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein–2 (MIP-2) and total protein in BAL fluid, while no such effects were observed in MARCO+/+ mice (Figure (Figure3,3, B and C).
To examine the role of MARCO in scavenging β-epoxide, we incubated MARCO–/– and MARCO+/+ AMs with β-epoxide for 24 hours and quantitated cellular lipid content by flow cytometry after labeling with the fluorescent dye Nile Red. We found that MARCO–/– AMs exhibited diminished uptake compared with MARCO+/+ AMs, as evidenced by lower staining for cellular lipids after β-epoxide incubation (relative fluorescence, MARCO+/+, 30.8 ± 10.7; MARCO–/–, 10.3 ± 10.3). Viability of MARCO–/– and MARCO+/+ AMs were similar at 95% and 94%, respectively, after 18 hours of β-epoxide incubation.
In order to determine whether the other major macrophage SRA, SRA-I/II, also protects against inhaled oxidants, we exposed SR-AI/II+/+ and SR-AI/II–/– mice to ROFA aerosols or β-epoxide by i.t. instillation and measured acute lung inflammatory responses by BAL analysis 7 hours later. While the ROFA aerosol caused a small increase in BAL neutrophils in SR-AI/II+/+ mice, the increase was substantially higher in SR-AI/II–/– mice (9.9 × 104 versus 0.8 × 104; P = 0.002; Figure Figure4A).4A). Similarly, i.t. instillation of β-epoxide into SR-AI/II–/– mice caused substantial neutrophil influx, whereas it had no effect in SR-AI/II+/+ mice (11 × 104 versus 0.2 × 104; P < 0.001; Figure Figure4B). 4B).
We also evaluated responses after the longer exposures to inhaled ozone (0.3 ppm for 48 hours). In contrast to findings with MARCO–/– mice, ozone caused similar small increases in neutrophils in SR-AI/II+/+ and SR-AI/II–/– mice (Figure (Figure4C).4C). Because ozone exposure was associated with increased expression of MARCO in normal or wild-type mice (Figure (Figure1),1), we sought to determine whether increased expression of MARCO also occurs in SR-AI/II–/– mice. We isolated AMs from SR-AI/II–/– mice exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone for 48 hours, immunostained for cell surface MARCO, and quantified the expression using flow cytometry. We found that SR-AI/II–/– AMs exhibited substantially higher staining for MARCO after ozone exposure compared with air-exposed controls (Figure (Figure5). 5).
Our interest in the role of the macrophage SRAs MARCO and SR-AI/II in regulating lung inflammation after ozone inhalation began with microarray data showing increased pulmonary MARCO mRNA expression in ozone-resistant HeJ mice, but not in ozone-sensitive OuJ mice (Figure (Figure1).1). While this initial hypothesis-generating data came from HeJ and OuJ mice, we subsequently determined that ozone inhalation also increased MARCO expression on AMs from C57BL/6 mice, allowing more detailed analyses using mice deficient in MARCO (available on a C57BL/6 background). We found that absence of MARCO increased lung inflammation after inhalation of ozone and another inhaled oxidant, aerosolized ROFA leachate. These findings prompted further examination of the role of lung macrophage MARCO in uptake and removal of oxidized surfactant lipids such as β-epoxide and PON-GPC. Our analyses showed that MARCO mediated intracellular lipid accumulation after incubation of lung macrophages with β-epoxide in vitro. MARCO acted to protect lungs against inflammation after β-epoxide and PON-GPC instillation in vivo, as shown by increased inflammatory responses in MARCO–/– mice. Taken together, these data suggest what we believe to be a previously unrecognized role for lung macrophage SRAs in lung defense against inhaled oxidants through clearance of otherwise proinflammatory oxidized surfactant lipids from damaged lung lining fluids.
Our data show similar, but not identical, functions for the 2 receptors studied, MARCO and SR-AI/II. We found that SR-AI/II, also contributed to protection of the lungs against acute inflammation, as determined by the number of BAL neutrophils after ROFA and β-epoxide exposure. In contrast to MARCO–/– mice, however, SR-AI/II–/– mice did not show increased inflammation in experiments using 48 hours of exposure to ozone. After such ozone exposure, we observed increased expression of MARCO on AMs from both SR-AI/II+/+ and SR-AI/II–/– mice, suggesting a protective effect of MARCO in both groups. Moreover, it is noteworthy that ozone exposure did not cause increased expression of the gene encoding SR-AI/II in the same microarray analyses that revealed increased MARCO expression in the ozone-resistant HeJ mice (data not shown). One interpretation is that basal levels of SR-AI/II contribute to clearance of proinflammatory oxidized lipids generated by the acute challenges of ROFA aerosols or direct instillation of β-epoxide. Comparison of data from these more acute exposures with those of the 48-hour ozone experiments suggest that the basal and unchanged level of SR-AI/II is insufficient for optimal clearance of oxidized lipids generated during the longer exposure to ozone, a task mediated by the increased MARCO expression we observed in the ozone model. It is also possible that during repair of inflammation, scavenger receptors may be involved in binding and clearing cellular debris, thereby hampering further amplification of the inflammation in the lung. Hence, to the extent that such repair processes are initiated at the 48-hour time point of the ozone exposure, MARCO and SR-AI/II may limit inflammation through mechanisms beyond the proposed binding of oxidized lipids.
It is worth noting that ozone and ROFA generate different lipid oxidation products. Ozone produces specific lipid ozonation products plus nonspecific lipid autoxidation from both ozone-initiated reactions within the epithelial lining fluid and after the onset of the inflammatory response. On the other hand, ROFA likely generates oxidized lipids via transition metal redox cycling as well as inflammation. Production of β-epoxide occurs in both scenarios, while PON-GCP should be relatively specific to ozone reactions. To facilitate comparison of ROFA to ozone exposures, we also analyzed BAL PMNs and isoprostanes using a higher ROFA concentration, which caused levels of PMNs comparable to those seen with ozone. Under these conditions, MARCO–/– mice showed a higher number of BAL PMNs and a trend toward higher 8-isoprostane levels. These data further support the conclusion that MARCO can scavenge a range of oxidatively modified lipids rather than being strictly specific for autoxidation-derived lipids.
When β-epoxide and PON-GCP were administered to MARCO+/+ mice, MARCO appeared to inhibit the inflammatory response to the oxidized lipids in full. When MARCO+/+ mice were exposed to ROFA or ozone, MARCO only partly decreased the inflammatory response, indicating that other oxidized products are capable of inducing inflammation in MARCO+/+ mice. At 100-fold greater doses, both β-epoxide and PON-GCP caused neutrophil influx in MARCO+/+ mice 7 hours after instillation (2.3 × 104 and 17 × 104, respectively). At lower doses, the oxidized surfactant lipids did not seem critical to the inflammatory response in MARCO+/+ mice, probably because MARCO and other scavenger receptors were capable of clearing the lipids sufficiently from the lung surface.
We have previously shown important functions for MARCO and SR-AI/II in innate immune responses against bacteria and environmental particles (9–11). The current data indicate that MARCO and SR-AI/II are also involved in clearing oxidized surfactant lipids in the lung. In atherosclerosis, scavenger receptors have long been known to take up oxidized lipids and contribute to foam cell formation (8, 18, 19). While SR-AI/II is implicated in lipid loading of macrophage-derived foam cells during atherogenesis (18, 20–22), the receptor is also expressed on AMs, indicating that it may be engaged in metabolism of modified lipids in the lung. MARCO is upregulated on human foam cells (23) and on foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions from mice (24, 25), and a high-fat diet causes increased MARCO mRNA expression in the lungs and livers of C57BL/6 mice (25), further supporting a role for MARCO in lipid uptake in the lung.
Lipid ozonation products from surfactant are essential for the transmission of toxic signals to the pulmonary epithelium after ozone inhalation (3, 26, 27). The oxidized surfactant lipids β-epoxide and PON-GPC are important lipid ozonation products implicated in this process. They are created from cholesterol and oleate- and palmitoyl-containing glycerophosphocholines, which constitute about 5% and 20%, respectively, of the lung surfactant (28, 29). Also, β-epoxide is created from cholesterol in cell membranes. Both lipids are detected in vitro after exposing bovine surfactant to ozone (4, 5), and β-epoxide and nonanals are detected in vivo in BALs after exposing rodents to ozone (17, 30). We are not aware of previous studies measuring β-epoxide and PON-GPC using the 48-hour exposure conditions of the present study. However, exposing C57BL/6 mice to 0.5 ppm ozone for 3 hours creates 2.5 ng β-epoxide per ml BAL, and unexposed lungs from C57BL/6 mice have β-epoxide levels of approximately 95 ng per lung (17). Our data using bolus instillation of 1 μg β-epoxide and PON-GPC provide a proof-of-principle, but future studies would benefit by more detailed measurement of the BAL levels of oxidized lipids during the 48-hour exposure to ozone.
Macrophages have previously been shown to take up β-epoxide (31), whereas PON-GPC uptake by macrophages is less well described. Lipid ozonation products regulate several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules (5, 32–37). Both β-epoxide and PON-GPC have specifically been associated with cytotoxic activities and expression of IL-8 (5, 32), an important neutrophil chemoattractant after ozone exposure (3, 38, 39). In the present study, viability of AMs was relatively unaffected by β-epoxide incubation (16 μg/ml), in contrast to previous studies of cell lines in which this dose has been shown to have cytotoxic effects (4, 32, 40). One explanation might be that the primary cells used in our assay resist the cytotoxic effect better than cell lines do. Alternatively, differences in our assay compared with previous studies may also account for the better cell survival we observed. Consistent with prior observations of β-epoxide and PON-GPC as potential stimulators of IL-8 release (5, 32), MIP-2, a rodent homolog of human IL-8, was markedly increased after i.t. instillation of β-epoxide or PON-GPC into MARCO–/– mice.
Both lung epithelial cells and macrophages express CXC chemokine mRNA and protein after ozone exposure in vivo (38, 41). MIP-2 expression after oxidant exposure has been localized immunohistochemically to both AMs and alveolar epithelial cells (38, 42). However, these data do not allow quantitation of the relative contribution of epithelial cells versus macrophages to MIP-2 release. One mechanism suggested by our present data is protection of lung epithelial cells from oxidized lipids by AM scavenging. Another possibility is that AM scavenger receptors divert oxidized lipids away from other, more proinflammatory receptors on the same cell and thereby reduce AM-derived MIP-2 and the inflammatory response that follows. In order to begin to address this question, we compared the capacity of AMs from MARCO+/+ and MARCO–/– mice to respond to oxidants by secretion of MIP-2. We observed similar fold increases in MIP-2 release in AMs exposed in vitro to H2O2 generated by a glucose oxidase–glucose system (43) (fold increase at 50 μg/ml glucose oxidase, MARCO+/+, 1.9 ± 0.6; MARCO–/–, 1.8 ± 0.4; n = 3; our unpublished observations). These data suggest that MARCO–/– AMs retain the ability to respond to oxidants with proinflammatory cytokines, similar to previous observations using LPS (9). The question of the relative contribution of epithelial versus macrophage cytokine release when AM scavenger receptors are absent could be further analyzed in vitro. However, extrapolation to in vivo biology will remain difficult, as previous coculture experiments show enhanced release of CXC chemokines in response to environmental oxidants when AMs and lung epithelial cells are in contact (44).
Oxidants are present in air pollution and tobacco smoke or are released from activated leukocytes during lung inflammation. Increased oxidative stress in terms of increased BAL 8-isoprostane levels has been detected in lungs of smokers, patients with asthma, and patients with COPD (45). Therefore, we exposed MARCO–/– and MARCO+/+ mice to the smoke from 4 unfiltered cigarettes and after 6 hours found higher BAL neutrophils in MARCO–/– than in MARCO+/+ mice (0.51 versus 0.07 × 104; n = 8 and n = 11, respectively; P = 0.02; our unpublished observations). These data indicate that MARCO protects the lung from acute cigarette smoke exposure. However, because cigarette smoke contains both particulate and gaseous proinflammatory components, whether MARCO protects by scavenging particles, smoke-generated oxidized lipids, or both, remains to be determined in future studies. When the lung lining fluid is under oxidative attack in injuries other than ozone-induced lung disease, significant concentrations of β-epoxide and PON-GPC may be produced and contribute to inflammation. In support of this idea, genetic studies show that the reduced activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase, an enzyme that metabolizes β-epoxide (46), is associated with a higher risk of COPD and emphysema (47, 48). Other members of the epoxide hydrolase family besides microsomal epoxide hydrolase are also expressed in the lung (49–51), but their relation to the risk of lung disease is less well described.
In conclusion, our data indicate what we believe to be a previously unrecognized role for MARCO and SR-AI/II in innate defenses against inhaled oxidants, scavenging oxidized surfactant lipids from damaged lung lining fluids. This mechanism may apply to proinflammatory oxidized surfactant lipids other than the β-epoxide and PON-GPC we studied. We also speculate that MARCO and SR-AI/II could be involved in a general mechanism to dampen inflammation caused by the oxidized surfactant lipids generated during many forms of pulmonary inflammation and injury. Similar to the role for scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis (8, 52), SRAs internalize potentially proinflammatory oxidized lipids without engaging the typical phlogistic response in the lungs.
Mice (8–12 weeks old) genetically deficient in MARCO or SR-AI/AII on the C57BL/6 background were used in all experiments but the initial gene expression profiling experiments, in which C3H/OuJ and C3H/HeJ mice were used. Age- and sex-matched MARCO+/+ and SR-AI/II+/+ C57BL/6 mice were used as controls. MARCO–/– mice were developed using homologous recombination and were backcrossed for at least 8 generations to the C57BL/6 background (9, 13). SR-AI/II–/– C57BL/6 mice were generated by disrupting exon 4 of the gene encoding SR-AI/II (also known as macrophage scavenger receptor 1; Msr1) as previously described (18) and were kindly provided by T. Kodama (University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan). All animals were housed in sterile microisolator cages and had no evidence of spontaneous infection. Ethical approval before all experimentation was obtained from the Harvard Medical Area Animal Use Committee, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Mice were placed in cages in a 145-l stainless steel chamber with a Plexiglass door and then exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone for 48 hours. As a control, mice were exposed to atmospheric air in a neighboring chamber in the same room. During exposures, mice had continuous access to food and water. Ozone was generated by passing oxygen (Airgas East) through UV light, which was subsequently mixed with room air in the chamber. By the constant drawing of a sample of the chamber atmosphere through a sampling port, the ozone concentration within the chamber was monitored constantly by a UV photometric ozone analyzer (model 49; Thermo Electron Corp.), which was calibrated by a UV photometric ozone calibrator (model 49PS; Thermo Electron Corp.). In this ozone-induced lung disease model, there is acute lung inflammation with primary influx of neutrophils and production of proinflammatory mediators similar to ozone-induced lung injury in humans. BAL was performed within 1 hour after cessation of ozone exposure.
A single sample (1 kg) of ROFA, obtained from the precipitator unit of a local power plant, was generously provided by J. Godleski (Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). ROFA was suspended at 100 mg/ml in PBS, pH 7.4, and sonicated for 10 minutes. After sitting for 30 minutes at room temperature, the ROFA suspension was incubated at 37°C with rotation for 4 hours and then centrifuged at 3,000 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant (leachate) was removed and used for aerosol exposures. Mice were exposed to a nebulized aerosol of ROFA leachate for 1 hour within individual compartments of a mouse "pie" chamber (Braintree Scientific) using a Pari IS2 nebulizer (SUN Medical Supply) connected to an air compressor (PulmoAID; DeVilbiss). BAL was performed 18 hours after the aerosol exposure, a time point previously determined to be most representative of maximal neutrophil accumulation and airway hyperresponsiveness in normal or Balb/C mice (16).
Mice were anesthetized by injecting 100–200 μl of 20 mg/ml ketamine hydrochloride (Fort Dodge Laboratories Inc.) intramuscularly into the right thigh. For each mouse, 50 μl of 20 μg/ml β-epoxide (C2648; Sigma-Aldrich), 50 μl of 20 μg/ml PON-GPC (870605; Avanti Polar Lipids), or 50 μl of 20 μg/ml cholesterol (C8667; Sigma-Aldrich) was instilled i.t. BAL was performed 7 hours after i.t. lipid installation.
The left lungs of C3H/OuJ and C3H/HeJ mice exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone or air (n = 3 per group) for 6, 24, or 48 hours of continuous exposure were processed for Affymetrix microarray analysis. Total RNA was isolated using TRI zol reagent (Invitrogen). cDNA was synthesized using SuperScript choice system (Invitrogen), followed by purification via phenol/chloroform extraction and labeling using an ENZO BioArray RNA transcript labeling kit. Purified biotin-labeled cRNA was then generated with Qiagen's RNeasy kit and fragmented randomly to about 200 bp (200 mM Tris-acetate, pH 8.2; 500 mM KOAc; and 150 mM MgOAc). Each fragmented cRNA sample was hybridized to Affymetrix Murine Genome U74Av2 oligonucleotide arrays according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fluorescent images were read using a Hewlett-Packard G2500A Gene Array Scanner. Each GeneChip underwent a stringent quality-control regime using Microarray Analysis Software (version 5; Affymetrix) and the following parameters: cRNA fold changes (amount of cRNA obtained from starting RNA); scaling factor; percentage of "Present" calls; signal intensity; housekeeping genes; internal probe set controls; and visual inspection of the .dat files for hybridization artifacts. The expression value (mean difference) for each gene was determined by calculating the mean of differences of intensity (perfect match intensity minus mismatch intensity) between its probe pairs. The expression analysis files created by Microarray Analysis Software (version 5) were transferred to GeneSpring 7.0 (Silicon Genetics) for statistical analyses and characterization of data. All samples were normalized in GeneSpring to OuJ air-exposed controls, similar to previous studies (53). After a stringent filtering of genes, including elimination of absent flags in all groups and inclusion of only those genes with significant interactions for strain and time (P < 0.05, 2-way ANOVA), we then identified changes in MARCO expression in OuJ versus HeJ mice at each time point.
The same total RNA used for the microarray analysis (1 μg) was reverse transcribed into cDNA in a volume of 50 μl. We then used 2.0 μl of cDNA for quantitative PCR using a purchased probe set for MARCO according to the manufacturer's instructions (Mm00440265_m1; PerkinElmer). MARCO expression was normalized to 18S (Hs99999901_s1; PerkinElmer).
A piece of the right lung from the same mice as in the microarray analysis was homogenized in RIPA buffer, and supernatants containing total lung protein were obtained. Total protein (100 μg) was denatured, fractionated by a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, and transferred onto PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% nonfat dried milk in Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4, the membrane was incubated with rat anti-MARCO antibody (diluted 1:100; Cell Sciences). The membranes were then incubated with an anti-rat HRP-labeled secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), and protein signals were visualized with a chemiluminescent reagent (ECL Plus Western blotting detection system; Amersham Biosciences).
Mice were euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital, and their lungs were lavaged 6 times with 0.8 ml ice-cold PBS. Total cell yield was determined by hemocytometer, and differential counts were determined by microscopic evaluation of cytocentrifuge preparations stained with modified Wright-Giemsa. BAL protein levels were determined using the Bio-Rad protein assay, BAL 8-isoprostane was determined by competitive enzyme immunoassay (Cayman Chemical), and BAL MIP-2 was determined by ELISA assay (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturers' instructions.
Lavaged AMs from nonexposed MARCO+/+ and MARCO–/– mice were plated at 160 × 103/well in cell culture medium, 50 μg/ml cholesterol, or 16 μg/ml β-epoxide in 1% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum/penicillin/streptomycin/RPMI. After 24 hours, cells were washed 2 times in PBS, resuspended in 200 μl PBS, and incubated on ice with 200–400 ng/ml Nile Red for 20–30 minutes. At least 90% of the cells were viable, as determined by Trypan Blue staining. After incubation, yellow-gold fluorescence emission was collected at 530–560 nm on a Coulter Epics Elite flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter). LPS level in the β-epoxide stock solution (20 μg/ml) was found to be below detection limit (less than 6.25 pg/ml) using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (QCL-1000; BioWhittaker).
Lavaged AMs from SR-AI/II+/+ and SR-AI/II–/– mice exposed to air or 0.3 ppm ozone for 48 hours were suspended at 2 × 106 per ml and incubated in 20 μg/ml rat anti-mouse CD16/CD32 (catalog no. 553140; BD Biosciences — Pharmingen) for 45 minutes on ice. After 45 minutes, 10 μg FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse MARCO antibody (catalog no. MCA1849FA; Serotec), 10 μg FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse IgG antibody (catalog no. MCA1211F; Serotec), or medium was added to each 400-μl cell suspension. After 55 minutes of incubation on ice, cells were washed 2 times in 1.2 ml PBS and resuspended in 5 μg/ml propidium iodine, 1% BSA, and PBS, after which fluorescence emission was collected at 530 nm on the flow cytometer using propidium iodine gating for live cells.
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 12. Mann-Whitney U test or 2-tailed Student's t test was used for comparisons of 2 groups. Results are reported as mean ± SEM. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
This study was supported by NIH grants ES011008 and ES 00002 (to L. Kobzik) as well as by the Danish Medical Research Council (22-02-0549) to M. Dahl.
Nonstandard abbreviations used: AM, alveolar macrophage; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; β-epoxide, 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol; i.t., intratracheal(ly); MARCO, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein–2; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; PON-GPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-(9′-oxo-nonanoyl)-glycerophosphocholine; ROFA, residual oil fly ash; SRA, scavenger receptor class A; SR-AI/II, scavenger receptor AI/II.
Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
Citation for this article: J. Clin. Invest. 117:757–764 (2007). doi:10.1172/JCI29968
Morten Dahl and Alison K. Bauer contributed equally to this work.
See the related Commentary beginning on page 601.
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This kind of transformation does not have to take a long time, either. Sometimes it can happen almost instantly.
Life can transform in unimaginable ways when you release what's in the way.
Let's work together to clear up your energy and make space for the spiritual potential that lies within you.
Start here…
For many of the people who come to me are in a distress they can't explain or even describe. Their lives may look perfect from the outside, but they are suffering from a kind of malaise inside. It may feel like a lack of meaning or some kind of emptiness or inner discontent. It is usually the result of subtle stresses that have been building up over time.
You may also have experienced a spontaneous mystical experience, which often creates a sort of identity crisis and brings about feelings lost and overwhelmed.
I have experienced a few of those spontaneous mystical episodes myself, as well as this existential / spiritual crisis. Although we can never know how long a spiritual crisis may last, I can help you transition faster through this uneasy period.
What people have experienced working with me
- I wanted a change in my life. I wanted out of the rat race. I wanted adventure and also to be happy, because I had been single for many years and wanted a partner. Within 3 sessions, my life has turned 180 degrees around and I have found my 'soul mate'. Great love. (Ich wollte eine Veränderung in meinem Leben. Ich wollte aus dem Hamsterrad. Abendteuer und auch gerne in eine Partnerschaft, da ich einige Jahre alleine lebte. Jetzt habe ich Abenteuer und mein Leben ist um 180 Grad auf dem Kopf gestellt. Ich bin in in eine Partnerschaft mit meinem Seelensparter. Es ist die grosse Liebe.) – Monika Bargmann, Germany
- All I can say is I have been to many energy healers, Amelie's treatment (by distance) was more powerful than many many other healers I've met. I'm excited to see the shifts and changes this brings to my life because I KNOW I had some major blockages moved. I highly highly recommend her, this is one heartfelt recommendation. – Mia Lockhart, Vancouver
- I approached Amelie at a point where I was deeply distressed, exhausted , overwhelmed with everything going around in that stage of my life. Letting her start her healing process helped in many ways in reaching out to the sour points in my past, be aware of them and work around healing them. – Dahlia, Surrey BC

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This cake was made for my husband's unit. They work so hard, I wanted a way to tell them thank you. This is the patch on their dress uniform.
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


text:
Georgetown expects to have point guard Chris Wright back by the start of the NCAA Tournament after recent hand surgery, a person with knowledge of the situation said.
Wright had surgery Thursday on a broken bone in his nonshooting hand. He broke his left hand in a loss to Cincinnati on Wednesday.
The person spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the team has not announced details.
Coach John Thompson III said the team does not have an "exact timetable," but expects to have Wright back before the end of the season. The NCAA tournament starts March 15.
Wright will not play Saturday at home against Syracuse.
Wright was hurt when he lost possession of the ball and committed a foul as he reached for it. He is averaging 13.1 points for the 11th-ranked Hoyas.
Wright had been playing especially well recently, averaging 21.7 points and shooting 50 percent from the field his last three games.
More Orange basketball news
» Join Donna Ditota for a live Syracuse basketball Q&A
» With Carmelo Anthony in New York, will there be a trickle-down effect on Knicks rookie Andy Rautins?
» Chicken Soup for the Orange: Pre-game dance revs up Syracuse
» Waiters and Fair, two days after the Villanova pain
» Derrick Coleman to join ESPN Radio 97.7 FM during Big East and NCAA tournaments
» Complete Syracuse University basketball coverage


text:
Made for a little boy's first birthday. Mom was doing a circus theme. Top of "tent" was made out of rice crispie treats and covered with fondant. Border is all gumballs. All buttercream with fondant decorations.
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


text:
Skip to comments.Obama Czar Rattner: Colin Powell Feels 'Hostility' From GOP Because He's Black
Posted on 01/14/2013 5:47:45 AM PST by governsleastgovernsbest
Oh those racist Republicans. Did you know that they're hostile to Colin Powell because he's black? Yup, just ask former Obama car czar Steve Rattner. The Morning Joe regular today claimed that poor Powell "feels this hostility toward him from the rest of the party in part because he's a minority."
Really? Colin Powell feels hostility from "the rest of the party" because he's a minority? The Colin Powell for whom so many in the GOP were clamoring to run for president in 1995-96? The Powell who actually won the 1996 New Hampshire primaryas a write-in!after he had withdrawn his name from consideration? That Colin Powell? Please.
View the video here.
(Excerpt) Read more at newsbusters.org ...
So who was calling Powell a "house negro" when he was working in the Bush administration?
Colin Powell feels "hostility from rest of Republican party" because he's black. So claims former Obama car czar. Baloney! Ping to Today show list.
That's exactly right. The left did nothing but go after Powell in racist tones for 15 years. Now that he's on their team, he's a-ok. Our side is critical of his illogical political decisions, and we are now racists. The left is evil.
I'm getting a little more than tired of all this BULLYING from the fools n the left!
I know having Powell as SoS helped GWB get re-elected, but he sure created a monster.
All we need is an ex-GWB SoS claiming he's a Republican on TV lecturing Rs how they must be more liberal to survive.
At least Condi doesnt pull crap like that.
... which begs the question,
how did someone with such poor analytical and problem recognition skills get to the position of CJCS?
Powell is the racist, voting for the Black Man instead of his own party moderates Republicans MeCain & Romney.
Powell "feels hostility" from the GOP because he has broken his Oath. The man has no honor.
That's ridiculous, Powell is the perfect poster boy for the GOP. Wishy-washy, stands for nothing.
NEW YORK (BNW) — Singer Harry Belafonte is holding his ground and on Tuesday refused to back down from his remarks last week calling Secretary of State Colin Powell a house nigger in the Bush administration. Belafonte said his problems are not with the man but with the policies Powell is supporting.
Belefonte admits that it has nothing to do with race but with disagreement. They spout racist comments when they know it has nothing to do with race but if someone on the right voices legitimate disagreement with policy, the left comes running to scream racism.
They're nothing but race baiting neanderthal trash and if they don't like it, they can kiss my gleamin white ass.
Or in other words, "Republicans are racist, just ask a Democrat"?. I'm shocked and dismayed.
I wonder if John Boehner is feeling any hostility from fellow republicans?
Obviously, Powell is not well read on American history.
Powell could have been President. He had the full support of the Republican Party, in the aggregate and in detail. He chose to say no. His statement is specious.
I feel hostility from Democrats because I'm white!
The hostility is because he's not a conservative.
So you mean to tell me that Powell is just another whiny very rich, very successful black guy that thinks he is put upon by whites especially Republicans?
He is now and always been a pri@k.
Nerd just trying to be "down" with the administration.
Colin Powell would have trounced Monica's boyfriend in the 1996 election. However, he did not want the job. Gutless wonder.
Any hostility I have toward that Obama enabler is because he is stupid, not because of his pigmentation.
What an idiot.
This is ridiculous. He was promoted by President Reagan and the first President Bush with strong GOP support. If he wanted it, he probably could have been the GOP nominee for president in 1996. He rejected the Republican Party, not the other way around.
Why is it that West and Keyes report no hostility from Conservatives?
The Colon is a race pimp and a liberal so no, he's not welcome by Conservatives, and as far as the GOP, who knows what's going on. Maybe he's miffed because he didn't get invited to the Bohemian Grove.
He's like all the rest- a big chip on his shoulder.
Oh, horse$hit! Colin Powell is feeling the heat because he revealed himself to be a liar - he masquerades as a Republican, but then twice endorsed a Dem for President (who, coincidentally or not, is half black). Walter Williams, who also shares the irrelevant characteristic of being black, generates no such ire. Or, if you'd like an actual politician, the same applies to Allen West.
I think that at long last we're about at the point where the Dems and the Dem-fellating media have cried, "wolf!" too many times to be believed. Calling someone a racist is now about as effective, through overuse, as calling someone a Nazi.
When are these people ever going to grow up and debate an issue on the FACTS, rather than a host of irrelevant factors?
Act like a conservative like col West for instance and you will magically be accepted. You are just another race baiting POS, Powell, not any different than the rev Al or Jesse Jackson. The problem is Marxism not color.
My hostility isn't because he is black.
It is because he is a wish-washy, incompetent racist who supported Barack Obama because of their common skin color.
Steve Rattner - yet another white liberal who believes that he knows best about what black people think. Obviously, Rattner thinks that a black person like Colin Powell is incapable of speaking for himself.
I could give a rat's rear end if he were lilly white; the man's politics are pink(o) at best and that is the only colour that bothers me with respect to Powell.
The more we learn about Colin Powell the more I realize how scary it was to have him as a general leading our men and women.
Geez Powell. You let this little twit go out and speak for you?
Wow, I used to think he was cool.
Take a look at Colin Powell's house:
You can tell HE is a member of the 1%!
How about hostility toward him for being a traitor in a uniform. This is what a whore this guy is- he licks the boots of the white man, when it is convenient for him. Then he licks the boots of the black man when the black man is his Master. Can't have two Masters, Colin. Better get right in your heart.
Disgraceful that he would reduce himself to a pile of pigmentation.
This is such unadulterated bs, and the fact that the GOP lets this kind of crap stand without indignation and a very strong response is a big problem. The fact is that it is the Democrat party that constantly reminds minorities of 'their place' in society. Their 'place', according to Democrats, is as lap dogs for that party. If there is any remaining doubt of this, just look at the way conservative minorities are treated by liberals. This point needs to be made very strongly.
"...Colin Powell Feels 'Hostility' From GOP Because He's Black"
no, it's cuz he's WRONG! I don't give a rat's a$$ what color his skin is! He could glow in the dark and have polka dots in the sun, and he's still WRONG!
Don't give a rat's a$$ cuz he's a retired general either. I can appreciate anyone serving in the military but it doesn't make them an automatic person to follow or listen to when they're out of uniform. God did give us a brain for a reason!
For that to be true, Powell would still have to be a Republican and he clearly isn't.
I would have voted for this ticket.
But I ended up voting for Virgil Goode instead.
To Colin Powell,
You're a stupid bast@rd.
Well, HE is the one who chose his skin color over his principles...
So, turns out that Colin Powell is just another race hustler in the mold of Sharptoons and Jackasson. I wonder, was all high colonic Powell's promotion in the military just more affirmative action run amok?
How about the fact that Colin Powell is a tool of the leftist elite, who is attacking the GOP for Obozo? I could care less what Powell's skin color is. There are many many tools of the left who are white, and for whom I have complete disdain. Liberalism is a mental illness from which there is no cure or treatment.
Which party made him secretary of state? Which party made condoleeza rice SoS? Powell has had plenty of opportunities and has no basis for any complaints of racism.
There very fact he claims racism after having enjoyed such success indicates he mst be getting senile
No it's because he is actually a Democrat.
I wonder if there is a similar reason for hatred of the Eurorat Rattner?
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Honor or memorialize family and friends through engraved brick pavers in the courtyard of the Charles & Rae Kane Center. Your contribution above $38 per brick is tax-deductible and will help underwrite the costs of the Meals on Wheels program.
$100 = One brick paver, and a $62 contribution
$500 = Two brick pavers, and a $424 contribution
$1,000 = Three brick pavers, and a $886 contribution
All brick pavers are 4" x 8" and can include up to three lines of inscription with up to 20 characters per line (including spaces.)
Help feed homebound seniors who cannot afford the cost of a meal, by simply completing the form below. Once we receive your brick order form, we will contact you regarding how you would like to have your brick(s) inscribed.


text:
Early Wake, Daily Write – How to Make a Name for Yourself| May 31, 2014
If you want to make a name for yourself, write daily. Writing is where everything starts. Don't like to write? It doesn't matter. Even the great writers don't always enjoy writing. Don't have anything to say? It also doesn't matter: You don't write because you have something to say. You write to find out what you have to say.


text:
Marvin Lewis, head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals, is on the hot seat. Lewis, whose contract is up after this year, has shown to be a decent coach. He regularly fields a sloppy team but usually wins half of his games. The same pre-snap penalties occur game after game. He makes puzzling decisions seemingly every game.
In his favor, Lewis dragged the franchise out of an embarrassing decade of football. He helped make the organization respectable. His teams have made the postseason twice.
This year, Lewis has taken what many believe is the best team he has had on paper and turned it into a disappointing 2-4 record. Clearly, Lewis will not take the Bengals to the next level.
Lewis is said to be seeking an indoor practice facility, a general manager and more say over personnel decisions. Since those things won't happen, here is a list of coaches that could take his place.


text:
Free ebook of 'The Da Vinci Code,' for a limited time
To promote interest in Dan Brown's next novel, due out in May, Doubleday is offering a free ebook of his mega-bestseller 'The Da Vinci Code' until March 24.
The free ebook includes a sample of Brown's next novel, "Inferno," which will be published May 14. It's can be downloaded through the Amazon Kindle, Apple, Barnes & Noble Nook, Kobo, Google and Books-A-Million ebookstores. Brown's website provides direct links to the free book at each of those sites. »Read Full Blog Post
Actor John C. Reilly brings character to concert at Miller Caves
The Miller Caves, underneath the brewery that not only made Milwaukee famous but also helped define the city itself, apparently never seemed, until Sunday night, like a place to hold a concert.
In retrospect, after the very first such event courtesy of John C. Reilly and Friends, the historic location was a small club waiting to happen: The painted backdrop of cavorting (presumably) Germans had retro style, as did the overhead lamps and the high-arched ceiling. »Read Full Article(4)
What does strange press release from 'Mad Men' mean?
Two minutes after the end of Sunday's "Mad Men" episode - filled with personal drama, some of it involving, Pete, Bob, Ted and Peggy - AMC, I presume sent out this press release.
With Peggy listed as the contact, it is presumably the press release Peggy was told to prepare a few weeks ago on the show, announcing the new name of the merged advertising agency. »Read Full Blog Post(3)
Central Bark Fido Fest unleashes the fun
A fine time for canines
This may be the warmest and fuzziest festival of all. »Read Full Article
Museum fundraiser; 'Fondy Soulbration' market; 'Walk, Run and Wag' 5K
Take a seat
Milwaukee's historic house museums are offering patrons a seat at their annual fundraising event Wednesday. And, afterward — guests can take the chairs with them. The Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum and the Charles Allis Art Museum have been blessed with chairs — or artistic riffs on chairs — created by local artists for this auction at 6 p.m. at the Villa Terrace. The seats range from an old easy chair dressed as a cozy grandmother to a pew made from doors to a partial-chair that's now totally sculptural. Other seats for auction are ones at theatrical productions, sporting events or a table in a local fine dining establishment. The evening also features live music, hors d'oeuvres and a cash bar. Tickets are $25. Making a reservation would be appreciated and can be done by calling Ann Steinbach at (414) 278-8295 Ext. 5, but it isn't mandatory. Visit www.charlesallis.org/cavtgalleryofchairs.html »Read Full Article


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What Makes Hypnosis Interesting?
From the Hypnosis FAQ by Todd I. Stark
Web version, revision 2. Last update: February 16, 1997.
For researchers, hypnosis remains interesting because it is so
resistant to comprehensive theoretical understanding, and because
many of the basic hypnotic phenomena seem to challenge our understanding
of how central neurological mechanisms are organized. For example,
it has long been observed that hypnotic suggestion for anesthesia
actually blocks conditioned responses, a finding whose mechanism
remains puzzling (Lundholm, 1928 and Erickson, 1938).
Aside from morbid curiosity derived from the mystique, hypnosis
is interesting for the rest of us mainly because for at least
some people, it provides a controlled way of guiding vivid fantasy
and facilitating dramatic role playing. This allows us to reproduce
a wide variety of different psychological conditions, and to explore
the range of human experience in a controlled way. It also provides
optimum conditions for some kinds of deep communication and psychological
healing to take place in the context of psychotherapy. Skillfully
applied in the larger context of competent psychotherapy, hypnosis
can at least temporarily increase cognitive and behavioral flexibility
in some people, in order to help them find new options and new
resources that can be integrated into their lives outside of hypnosis.
As far as the often advertised use of direct suggestions to make
symptoms go away, hypnosis is of some temporary value, but is
only about as effective as other behavior modification techniques.
Its real potential value psychologically lies in its systematic
use over time to help build and utilize trust in the larger context
of therapy. Hypnosis is no magic bullet to create instant cures.
Rapid cures for various addictions or other psychological problems
are sometimes seen in various forms of therapy, including hypnosis,
but hypnosis is not unique in this regard (Capafons & Amigo,
Suggested News Resources
- Hypnotism Health care's best kept secret?
- "I think hypnosis is the best kept secret on the planet because it has the potential to teach people how to do self care," said Cynthia Frado, owner and Director of Hampshire Hypnotherapy Center in Amherst.
- Opinion: EU-Turkey summit is just a first step
- The EU has made far-reaching concessions to persuade Turkey preferably not to let refugees and migrants travel on at all, and certainly to take back a large number of unwanted persons from Greece. The price Turkey can demand for ....
- I Saw You
- Hypnosis... What a tangled web of lies you weave, what a mess you've made. Please refer to Super Bowl 35 ;) How 'bout that pats game?
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today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Thursday 14th of July 2016 06:47:08 PM Filed under
Linux User? The US Government May Classify You an Extremist
Do you use decentralized, open source software? The US government considers you an extremist.
According to leaked documents related to the XKeyscore spying program, the National Security Agency (NSA) flags as an "extremist" anyone who uses Tor or Tails Linux, or who subscribes to Linux Journal.
New Vivaldi Web Browser Snapshot Improves Proprietary Media Support on Linux
Ruarí Ødegaard informs Softpedia today, July 14, 2016, about the availability of yet another snapshot towards the Vivaldi 1.3 cross-platform web browser, bringing more improvements to Linux support.
According to Mr. Ødegaard, Vivaldi Snapshot 1.3.537.5 has been released only a few days after the previous snapshot, version 1.3.534.3, mostly to improve the broken HTML5 proprietary media support on Linux kernel-based operating systems, which was made more robust on the Ubuntu Linux distribution but now works on Slackware and openSUSE, SLES, and derivatives.
Next Slackware will use UTF-8 by default
Besides taking security updates, Patrick already started minor changes in Slackware-Current which probably have big impact for users. The first one is enabling UTF-8 support by default in /etc/profile.d/lang.{csh,sh} script which are loaded by default and also in lilo dialog. It will not prompt you about UTF-8 anymore since it will use it by default and the kernel is already UTF-8 compliance. We will have less installation dialog in the next Slackware release
The second change is mesa upgrade to 12.0.1. This is requested in LQ, but surprisingly Patrick approved it. Normally, current will not be active for some time besides security updates.
Price Target Update: Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE:RHT)
5 Reasons I'm Excited By Nokia's Upcoming Android Phones
Nokia used to be the world's biggest phone maker. When you thought of mobile phones you thought of Nokia. The brand was synonymous with mobile technology, just as Apple iand Samsung are right now.
Running Ubuntu on top of Windows 10 is a thing thanks to Bash [Ed: Microsoft sites continue to 'linuxwash' Vista 10 which is a piece of malware]
Photoshop vs. GIMP: Which Photo Editor Do You Need?
Just about every image you encounter in the world has been manipulated or processed in some way. Headline images, fine art photography, and advertisements all rely to some extent on image editing software. Many of these manipulations are so subtle that they're nearly imperceptible: Slight cropping, adjusting contrast, and color correction are all standard procedures. Others are more drastic, like altering shapes and removing (or inserting) certain elements.
Open-source Bluetooth sensor beacon offers "IoT for everyone"
Finnish startup Ruuvi Innovations has successfully crowdfunded the first fully open-sourced Bluetooth Smart (Bluetooth 5 ready) sensor beacon. The device, RuuviTag, is claimed to be the only sensor beacon with a one kilometer open-air range and offers unlimited possibilities for makers, developers, Internet of Things (IoT) companies and educational institutions.
Security advisories for Thursday
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Wednesday 13th of July 2016 10:02:04 PM Filed under
PC Shipments Rose in the U.S. During Q2
Chromebooks performed strongly in the education market, noted IDC research director Linn Huang.
Linus Torvalds Is Again Mad Over "Sh!t Code", Calls Some Linux Devs "Brain-damaged"
Linux Torvalds is again mad over some developers due to their "disturbing" coding style. He has bashed the networking developers by pointing out their "brain-damaged" commenting syntax and listed out the styles that a Linux kernel developer should use.
Dump Scratch — Use Blockly or Snap! instead
The people who make Scratch have migrated it to Flash. This is the most bonkers, hare-brained, backward idea they could have had. Migrating to a proprietary, platform-dependent, insecure, soon-to-be-extinct framework dooms Scratch to oblivion. Not to worry: we know of several excellent alternatives.
If you're even only vaguely interested in software for education, you're sure to have come across Scratch. It's the colourful programming language that allows kids to to assemble programs using lego-like blocks.
LFCE Prep Course: OSI Network Model (Part 2)
#28: GSoC with KDE Now – 6
Windows version of LabPlot is comming (soon)
Gsoc 2016 Neverland #6
Pre-test "setup" and wrap-up interview
As I am preparing for the final usability test, I put together a pre-test script and a wrap-up interview that will help me provide some necessary details to each participant, and also get their feedback. In my pre-test script I will talk about usability testing and GNOME, and afterwards I will be doing the short post-test interview on the overall experience of the testing process, and using GNOME.
Another Small Linux Computer With Pi In Its Name
Since the introduction of the Raspberry Pi, the embedded Linux scene has been rocked by well supported hardware that is produced in quantity, a company that won't go out of business in six months, and a huge user base. Yes, there are a few small problems with the Raspberry Pi and its foundation – some stuff is still closed source, the Foundation itself plays things close to their chests, and there are some weird binary blobs somebody will eventually reverse engineer. Viewed against the competition, though, nothing else compares.
Skype for Linux Alpha and calling on Chrome & Chromebooks
Skype Announce Brand New Linux Client, Now In Alpha
Skype Releases Brand New Linux Client Making Use Of WebRTC
Google's Lead Kubernetes Engineer Joins Microsoft
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Wednesday 13th of July 2016 10:25:28 AM Filed under
GUI comes in For Proxies
My last post was an overview of how this project is designed to offer proxy features through NetworkManager. NM is the server part (which configures PacRunner) and PacRunner is there inside to act as an engine for doing all stuff (Interpreting, downloading PAC File etc) Applications can call FindProxyForURL() DBus method on PacRunner DBus interface org.pacrunner.Client .
Pulp 2.9.0 Generally Available
22 open source tools for creatives
Whether it's visuals, audio, writing, or design, there's an open source tool out there to help get the job done.
"It's absolutely possible to go from concept to finished, polished products, using free and open source software," said Jason.
Tackling spam comments on SUSE Gallery
Slackware notes
This is mostly a followup to my earlier post on testing Slackware 14.2. Since then, I have spent a little time using the installed slackware. So here are some of my notes.
Debian: Reproducible builds, Outreachy, and I
As some of you are aware, my world has had some significant changes since I began my Outreachy adventure.
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Tuesday 12th of July 2016 03:58:15 PM Filed under
Linux Kernel 4.7 got a delay in release
libinput 1.3.901
The first RC for libinput 1.4 is now available.
Libinput 1.4 Release Candidate
Peter Hutterer has announced the first release candidate of the upcoming libinput 1.4 release for this input handling library used by X.Org, Wayland, and Mir systems.
Meet me halfway [of GSoC with Pitivi]
RProtoBuf 0.4.4, and new JSS paper
KDE Plasma 5.7 Desktop Users Complain About Multi-Screen Support, Fixes Incoming
The KDE Plasma 5.7 desktop environment arrived last week, on July 5, and it already landed in the main software repositories of various GNU/Linux operating systems, including Arch Linux, Gentoo, and KDE Neon.
KDE Plasma 5.7 brought numerous new features and improvements, along with the usual bug fixes, and it also promised improved multi-screen support. However, it appears that for many users who have already tried the new KDE Plasma desktop on their distributions, multi-screen support fails to work as expected.
Bodhi 4.0.0 Time Lines and June 2016 Donation Totals
Last month I hinted at the first Bodhi 4.0.0 pre-release happening soon, but then June came and went with no more news. One of my goals for the 4.0.0 release is to realign our core Enlightenment Foundation Libraries with the latest upstream release. Their 1.18 release has been pushed back for several weeks due to the number of things it is integrating (namely the Elementary widgets are part of the core toolkit now) and ideally I would like to include this release by default in Bodhi 4.0.0.
Steps the Python community and Dropbox are taking to increase diversity
At the Red Hat Summit in San Francisco last month, DeLisa Alexander, executive vice president and chief people officer at Red Hat, announced the winners of the company's second annual Women in Open Source Award. Jessica McKellar, director of engineering and chief of staff to the vice president of engineering at Dropbox, and Preeti Murthy, a graduate student at Carnegie Mellon University, won the 2016 Women in Open Source Award.
7 characteristics of open leaders
Zacks Growth Score On Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE:RHT)
Linux Mint 18 reviews roundup
Hectic Geek's review is quite thorough and includes some interesting performance comparisons between Ubuntu 16.04 and Linux Mint 18. The site was impressed with Linux Mint 18's performance.
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Monday 11th of July 2016 07:20:43 PM Filed under
Linux Kernel Development - Greg Kroah-Hartman
This week we are moving on to Creating the scenario tasks for GNOME programs. After a discussion with Jim Hall(my mentor), Allan and Jakub(GNOME design team),we decided to look back at the usability test results from the last round of Outreachy, and focus on the tasks that the participants struggled to accomplish. For example: Finding the zoom button in Image Viewer (header bar button), changing the month/year in Calendar (header bar buttons), searching (header bar button) and copying in Characters (primary window button), annotating and bookmarking in Evince (header bar menus), and other tasks in Nautilus (several were header bar menus). Re-using these scenario tasks will allow us to compare how the design patterns have improved over time.
Getting ready for usability tests
In this test, Diana will ask testers to simulate an "unboxing" of a new system. The tester will turn on the laptop or computer, watch the computer start up, and login to a fresh "test" account so they get first-user experience.
New install medium 2016.07.09
Dual architecture (i686 and x86_64):
Main ISO - Live ISO image for installation and recovery.
MATE desktop ISO - Live ISO image for installation and recovery (with MATE Desktop Environment).
TalkingParabola ISO - Live ISO image for installation and recovery (adapted for blind and visually impaired users).
Google Summer of Code student focuses on next steps
Week 5&6 Report
During week 5 and 6, I have been to the debian conference 2016. It was really interesting meeting with a lot of people all so involved in Debian.
Linux Mint 18 is here, but Linux Mint 17.3 users can't upgrade just yet
The Linux Mint project released the final version of Linux Mint 18 "Sarah" on June 30. The project is now working on an upgrade path for Linux Mint 17.3 users.
Tata Elxsi to demonstrate Automotive Grade Linux-based infotainment and instrument cluster solutions at the Automotive Linux Summit 2016
Automotive OEMs, across the world are increasingly focusing on owning the infotainment software functionality to drive a better infotainment experience, enable faster time-to-market and feature updates, to effectively address key trends such as connected and integrated infotainment systems, multi-modal interfaces and HMI design to avoid driver distraction / information overload.
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Monday 11th of July 2016 07:32:05 AM Filed under
MPlayer-Based MPV Video Player Won't Work Anymore with Different FFmpeg Versions
MPV maintainer Martin Herkt released today, July 10, 2016, a new point release of the MPV 0.18.x series, bringing a handful of new features, small improvements to options and commands, and many bug fixes.
However, there's one major change in the MPV 0.18.1 that would interest many OS vendors, namely the fact that MPV now requires the versions of the FFmpeg or Libav libraries which with the open-source, MPlayer-based video player application was compiled.
Of course, this translates to the fact that if MPV 0.18.1 was compiled against FFmpeg 3.1.1 "Laplace," which is the latest version at the moment of writing this article, the maintainers of the GNU/Linux distribution you're using will need to update the FFmpeg package as well when they are adding MPV 0.18.1 to their repositories.
Is 32-bit Nearing End-of-Life at Some Linux Distros?
At least three Linux distros have already quit releasing 32-bit versions, and Ubuntu seems to be standing in line to do the same. Is the end at hand for 32-bit mainstream distros?
Now You Can Run Full Ubuntu Linux With Unity On Windows 10
Ubuntu's Unity desktop environment can run in Windows 10
Bug smashing, birthday celebrations, and more OpenStack news
Oracle says it is 'committed' to Java EE 8 – amid claims it quietly axed future development
Oracle has told The Register it is "committed" to Java amid growing fears the IT giant had all but given up on Java EE – aka Java Platform, Enterprise Edition.
The Redwood City titan said it will present fresh plans for the future of Java EE 8 at its JavaOne conference in San Francisco in September.
Open Source Solar
What's the size of a standard euro-palette, goes together in 15 minutes, and can charge 120 mobile phones at one time? At least one correct answer is Sunzilla, the open source solar power generator. The device does use some proprietary components, but the entire design is open source. It contains solar panels, of course, as well as storage capacity and an inverter.
Open Standards Simplify Integration And Enhance Performance Of Cloud-Based Access Control Systems
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Sunday 10th of July 2016 09:14:13 AM Filed under
Download Linux Voice issue 20
Issue 20 of Linux Voice is nine months old, so we're releasing it under the Creative Commons BY-SA license. You can share and modify all content from the magazine (apart from adverts), providing you credit Linux Voice as the original source and retain the same license.
Linux Desktop Operating System Share Crosses 2% For The First Time Ever [Ed: Linux at 2% is nonsense, especially if one counts everything (like ChromeOS). Microsoft connections to the source noteworthy.]
According to the latest June 2016 numbers released by a data analytics firm, for the first time ever, Linux distributions have crossed 2% marketshare on the desktop. While this number remain controversial, it's no denying the fact that Linux is continuously gaining ground and making new users.
A checklist for Docker in the Enterprise
Docker is extremely popular with developers, having gone as a product from zero to pretty much everywhere in a few years.
I started tinkering with Docker three years ago, got it going in a relatively small corp (700 employees) in a relatively unregulated environment. This was great fun: we set up our own registry, installed Docker on our development servers, installed Jenkins plugins to use Docker containers in our CI pipeline, even wrote our own build tool to get over the limitations of Dockerfiles.
I now work for an organisation working in arguably the most heavily regulated industry, with over 100K employees. The IT security department itself is bigger than the entire company I used to work for.
Ubuntu on Macbook Black Screen
Monthly link collections with staticsite
SketchUp running on Ubuntu 16.04 - Tutorial
Overall, I am pleased with this effort. PlayOnLinux has never really captivated my imagination and sympathy, but it does have its merits, and one of them is that it allows you, with a fairly okay level of certainty and stability, to run SketchUp in Linux. For those who seek this path to enlightenment, it's quite good.
There are some small problems, and a random crash or two will always be your nemesis in a situation like this. All in all, you do have hardware acceleration, the functionality is just like in Windows, the performance is pretty good, and the program works fairly well. The setup is seamless, thanks to PlayOnLinux, and as a result of this guide, it has earned itself a second chance in the Dedoimedo testing furnace. I hope you find this little tutorial useful to your artistic needs. See you around, and do let me know if you have any other requests on testing Windows stuff on Linux, and similar tools and programs that can help us achieve this. Successfully, of course.
Alienware do a pretty nice job of advertising their Steam Machine & SteamOS in this new video
A new promotional video from Alienware showing off their Steam Machine has surfaced recently and it's a pretty nice video.
It does still highlight an issue with SteamOS showing non-SteamOS games on the store. Valve are being far too slow to act on this issue. It should show only SteamOS compatible games everywhere by default, Windows games should be the checkbox, not the other way around. I've mentioned this many times before, but it's a real shame it's still an issue.
It's as dumb as showing Xbox games on a PS4, it just shouldn't happen.
I do love the look of the Alienware Steam Machine, but their new editions are a bit on the pricey side.
How to recover deleted text messages on your Android smartphone
Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Gets Android 6.1 Marshmallow Update
Nice Concept, Shame About The Hardware And Software
Edsger Dijkstra (or Donald Knuth or maybe someone else) noted that testing can only confirm the presence of bugs. It has also been noted that software wears in rather than wears out. So, would you rather run software which was written last week by an obnoxious kid or would you rather run software which has been run on five million computers for 10 years? The latter reduces problems by at least a factor of 10. Although, the remainder can surprise. As examples, a critical Microsoft Windows bug was found after 15 years and a severe GNU bug was found after 18 years. Some of the innocuous but more numerous bugs may hang around for more than 25 years before being fixed.
Red Hat open source awards for two women
Red Hat has made presentations to two women under its Women in Open Source Award initiative which was started by the company last year.
This year's awards were given to Jessica McKellar, director of engineering and chief of staff to the vice-president of engineering at Dropbox, and Preeti Murthy, a graduate student at Carnegie Mellon University.
DebConf17 Debian Conference to Take Place August 6-12, 2017 in Montréal, Canada
Today, July 9, 2016, Laura Arjona Reina from the Debian Project informed the Debian GNU/Linux community that the DebConf16 developer conference is now over, and the dates for the next year's DebConf17 event have been set.
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Saturday 9th of July 2016 12:32:58 PM Filed under
Initial Open-Source GeForce GTX 1000 "Pascal" Nouveau Driver Support
While there isn't yet any 3D/hardware acceleration support, the first milestone of open-source bring-up for the latest-generation NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1000 "Pascal" graphics processors is now available for Nouveau.
Nouveau DRM maintainer Ben Skeggs has managed to publish initial open-source, reverse-engineered graphics driver support for Pascal (GP100 series) GPUs. Ben Skeggs at Red Hat continues to do this without official documentation from NVIDIA Corp but rather just receiving hardware samples and the hard process of reverse engineering.
Microsoft Teases "Exciting News for Linux Users" [Ed: Still suing Linux with patents]
Microsoft's perception of Linux has changed completely in the last couple of years and with the open-source world growing at a fast pace, Redmond had no other option than to adapt and look into ways to get closer to this continuously expanding community.
How graphical installers introduced the user
Last weekend, I was exploring GuixSD, the distribution that introduces a universal package manager developed by The GNU Project. Part of the novelty was the lack of a graphical installer, a luxury that most Linux users expect today, but was once controversial, as well as Linux's first encounter with user experience.
openSUSE Tumbleweed – Review of the Week 2016/27
Summer holiday is here (at least in the northern hemisphere) – and we can see a slightly reduced beat for new snapshots. I can 'only' report 3 instead of the usual 4 releases for this week (0701, 0703 and 0705), but the changes were still rather substantial. The slowness seems to be less an issue of package submissions as compared to OBS having trouble getting the stagings completely built. There seem to be a couple PowerPC workers missing.
Revenue Estimates Analysis: Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE:RHT)
What's Zacks EPS Estimate For Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE:RHT)?
The Linux Setup - Cassidy James Blaede, elementary OS/System76
Cassidy works for elementary OS AND System76, so he's what those of us in the business call a double threat. I haven't spent much time with elementary, so it's nice to hear about someone using it for so much day-to-day work. It's also nice to hear how good System76's hardware is. It's an important reminder for people looking to have Linux easily installed while also supporting the Linux economy.
Qualcomm Told Google About The Android Encryption Flaw In 2014, So Why The Delay To Patch It?
AOSP Changelogs Posted For July's Android 6.0.1 Security Updates
Video: hands-on with Android apps and the Play Store on Chrome OS
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Friday 8th of July 2016 09:34:53 AM Filed under
LQ Turns 16 so We Talk With Founder Jeremy Garcia
LinuxQuestions.org (LQ) recently turned 16, which means we can sing the Chuck Berry song "Sweet Little Sixteen" to it. Even better, this means the site is old enough to drive in most states. Hot stuff! And today's interviewee, Jeremy Garcia, is the founder and still head LQ-er. In this video, he'll tell you how he once expected to get *maybe* 100 members, and talks about how he would (or wouldn't) do things differently if he was starting LQ today.
Will Linux run well on a MacBook?
When you think of Linux, you probably don't think of Apple or its products. But some Linux users actually prefer to run it on Apple's MacBook laptops. A MacBook owner recently asked if Linux would run well on his laptop, and he got some interesting responses in the Linux subreddit.
Kubernetes 1.3 Steps Up for Hybrid Clouds
The Kubernetes community on Wednesday introduced Version 1.3 of its container orchestration software, with support for deploying services across multiple cloud platforms, including hybrid clouds.
Kubernetes 1.3 improves scaling and automation, giving cloud operators the ability to scale services up and down automatically in response to application demand, while doubling the maximum number of nodes per cluster, to 2,000, says Google (Nasdaq: GOOG) Product Manager Aparna Sinha in a post on the Kubernetes blog. "Customers no longer need to think about cluster size, and can allow the underlying cluster to respond to demand," Sinha says.
Container Trends: Plans, Orchestration and CI – A Dataset from Bitnami
Once again the level of manual deployment, be it either with a CI system or as a completely manual approach was very surprising, looking further into this data, we did a breakdown across the main orchestration tools, and looked at which CI tools participants are using in conjunction with the various orchestration tools.
uTidylib 0.3
Several years ago I've complained about uTidylib not being maintained upstream. Since that time I've occasionally pushed some fixes to my GitHub repository with uTidylib code, but without any clear intentions to take it over.
Time has gone and there was still no progress and I started to consider becoming upstream maintainer as well. I quickly got approval from Cory Dodt, who was the original author of this code, unfortunately he is not owner of the PyPI entry and the claim request seems to have no response (if you know how to get in touch with "cntrlr" or how to take over PyPI module please let me know).
GPS for Linux
After a typically long period of deliberation, I finally decided to buy myself a proper GPS tracker for recording my MTB rides. I have had a GPS tracker/mapper on my phone for some time now, but with the possibility for ranging further a field on a potential bike-packing trip in future, I did not want to rely on my mobile phone. I also wanted to get a wireless HRM that would work with the GPS tracker so that I could understand how hard I was working on my various routes.
Bluetooth LED bulbs
The best known smart bulb setups (such as the Philips Hue and the Belkin Wemo) are based on Zigbee, a low-energy, low-bandwidth protocol that operates on various unlicensed radio bands. The problem with Zigbee is that basically no home routers or mobile devices have a Zigbee radio, so to communicate with them you need an additional device (usually called a hub or bridge) that can speak Zigbee and also hook up to your existing home network. Requests are sent to the hub (either directly if you're on the same network, or via some external control server if you're on a different network) and it sends appropriate Zigbee commands to the bulbs.
DIY Mobile Backup Device for Photographers
Backup anxiety syndrome is not a real medical condition, but as a photographer, you might be familiar with the main symptom all too well: the constant worry about keeping your photos safe, especially when you are traveling. So what can you do to alleviate this debilitating condition? Besides the obvious, but far from practical, solution of lugging your laptop around as a glorified backup device, you have two options: splurge on something like WD My Passport Wireless Pro or build a backup device yourself. Going with the former option seems like a no-brainer: a simple financial transaction gives you a decent, albeit expensive, backup solution. So why bother wasting time and effort on reinventing the wheel and building a DIY backup device from scratch? Because it's neither difficult nor time-consuming.
Android malware being created faster than it can be patched [Ed: This article is mixing two things: malware, which users have to actually install, and flaws that need patching]
today's leftoversSubmitted by Roy Schestowitz on Thursday 7th of July 2016 03:15:17 PM Filed under
Poppins 0.2 beta released
We are proud to announce the new release of Poppins 0.2 beta. This release is a big improvement including new features and bug fixing.
Vanguard Princess, a 2D fighting game that features an all-female cast is coming to Linux
Proper fighting games is something we lack, so it's really great to see that Vanguard Princess is coming to Linux!
It's a two on two battle system, so that alone has me interested to see how it plays out.
Parkitect updated with new rides, new sounds and more
Parkitect is a very cool Early Access theme park building sim and the latest alpha is now available with Linux support.
Why do we keep building rotten foundations?
No! DO NOT WANT! It's bad enough having Gtk 2 and Gtk 3 (thankfully Gtk 1 is long gone), and you want me to have to litter my system with even more Gtk-sized turds… Please, no.
Releasing our own source code, Free as in Freedom
Today we release all of our own source code as Free/Open Source Software.
Wise Awards 2016: Why we need more women in open source
GIMP at Texas LinuxFest
I'll be at Texas LinuxFest in Austin, Texas this weekend. Friday, July 8 is the big day for open source imaging: first a morning Photo Walk led by Pat David, from 9-11, after which Pat, an active GIMP contributor and the driving force behind the PIXLS.US website and discussion forums, gives a talk on "Open Source Photography Tools". Then after lunch I'll give a GIMP tutorial. We may also have a Graphics Hackathon/Q&A session to discuss all the open-source graphics tools in the last slot of the day, but that part is still tentative. I'm hoping we can get some good discussion especially among the people who go on the photo walk.
Tor Privacy settings coming to Firefox
Mozilla works on uplifting privacy settings of the Tor browser project to the Firefox web browser to provide privacy conscious users with additional privacy-related options.
While the Tor browser is based on Firefox ESR, it is modified with additional privacy and security settings to protect users of the browser while using the program.
Apple Open-Sources its New Compression Algorithm LZFSE
Apple Opened Up Its LZFSE Compression Library
Bulgaria passes law requiring all government-developed software to be open source
Bulgaria has signed into law a new rule that will require all software developed for, and used by, the government to be open source.
Bozhidar Bozhanov, a software engineer who has been advising the deputy prime minister, blogged that the Electronic Governance Act has been amended to state that "all software written for the government [is] to be open source and developed as such in a public repository".
Bozhanov continued: "That does not mean that the whole country is moving to Linux and LibreOffice, neither does it mean the government demands that Microsoft and Oracle give the source to their products.
Thursday's security advisories
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GitHub open-sources tool to track and preview Puppet changes
If tweaks to your Puppet setups are causing breakage across your deployments, GitHub's Octocatalog-diff ensures that new Puppet settings don't wreck old ones
The Linux Foundation Technical Advisory Board election
The Linux Foundation's Technical Advisory Board provides the development community (primarily the kernel development community) with a voice in the Foundation's decision-making process. Among other things, the TAB chair holds a seat on the Foundation's board of directors. The next TAB election will be held on November 2 at the Kernel Summit in Santa Fe, NM; five TAB members (½ of the total) will be selected there. The nomination process is open until voting begins; anybody interested in serving on the TAB is encouraged to throw their hat into the ring.


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Despite David Stern's best efforts to turn the NBA into a family-friendly, PG affair, there are still a handful of legitimate bad boys reminding fans of a time when the league had a little bit of an edge.
There are loose cannons like Metta World Peace, scrappers like Rajon Rondo and legitimately scary dudes like Zach Randolph keeping the tough-guy legacy alive in an ever-softening league.
Sure, it's better for the NBA's mass appeal if fans and families have assurances that wild-eyed giants won't come barreling into the stands looking for trouble. But from a pure entertainment perspective, it's always nice to have an element of unpredictability around.
The "bad boys" on our list have earned their stripes in a variety of different ways, but they all share a reputation as players you really don't want to mess with. Put another way, if you're heading down a dark alley, you'd much rather have these guys with you than against you.
Nobody here is afraid of giving a hard foul, cursing out an official or coming to blows on the court.
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MADISON, Alabama -- It is an exciting day for seniors in Madison as both of the city's high schools hold their graduation ceremonies today.
The James Clemens High School commencement begins at 4 p.m. and the Bob Jones High School graduation starts at 7 p.m. Both ceremonies will be held at the Von Braun Center.
Friends and family members that can't make the events can still share in the excitement by watching the live stream on the Madison City Schools webpage. The webpage can be found at madisoncity.k12.al.us.
The links to each ceremony are near the top of the page.Crystal Bonvillian can be reached at 256-532-2630 or at email@example.com.
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Why Speeding Go Karts Is More Fascinating Inside
There is no question that go kart racing is fun for the whole family. Tracks are springing up across the country and it is not uncommon for birthday parties, corporate events and even date nights to be planned at these locations.
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When choosing where to go the option will often be whether to choose an indoor or an outdoor track. Here are few reasons why indoor go kart racing is the best choice.
Avoid Dirt and Insects
Inside tracks mean avoiding the flies, mosquitoes and other nasty pests that live outside. This may not be a big deal when racing, but to the spectators and in-between races it does matter. The lack of insects is a benefit, but so is the complete absence of dust that is often found at outdoor tracks. Dust-free environments make it easier to breathe, and are much cleaner than outdoor racing. Without pests and dust it is much more enjoyable to have lunch or dinner at the track too.
Stop Worrying about Weather
Racing outdoors can be delayed or canceled for a number of weather issues. Rain, snow or heat can all derail the plans. A windy day can take away some of the fun, and trying to keep track of younger children can be difficult when the sun sets. With indoor go kart racing Huntsville residents will know the date will never need to be rescheduled because an indoor track is always bright and climate controlled.
Electric Karts are Cleaner
Using an indoor go kart Huntsville customers get will have a fume-free ride that is easier to enjoy. Outdoor tracks often utilize gas karts that are odorous and release fumes that can irritate some people. Inside tracks need electric karts to prevent any dangerous fumes from accumulating inside. This makes these centers more efficient, earth friendly and cleaner. They are also just as fast and fun as any gas-powered kart.
Indoor tracks offer all of the benefits found at outside tracks, and much more. With go cart racing Huntsville residents have the opportunity to enjoy an active, safe sport that appeals to people of all ages. It is an event that is exciting and fun for both males and females. There are team building
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divisions for individuals who want to feel the excitement of competition. It can be done once, or become a weekly family tradition. Find out more to see why so many people are taking up the racing hobby.