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Skip to comments.Survivors of sexual abuse appalled by Penn State unrest
Posted on 11/11/2011 6:47:52 PM PST by Hoodat
How does a survivor of sexual abuse respond to students rioting at Penn State?
"You're not getting it. You just don't get it," said Dave Lorenz who was abused by a priest as a teen.
"It's just stupid youthfulness."
Earlier this week, legendary head football coach Joe Paterno was removed in the midst of a scandal involving sexual abuse allegations against a former defensive coordinator, Jerry Sandusky.
Watching footage of Penn State students rioting in the streets Wednesday night, Lorenzo shuddered, then hung his head.
What bothered Lorenz is that students "rallied around (Paterno's) house, cheering him up."
"The kids up there just don't understand what this does," he said.
"Stop thinking of the adult and start thinking of what happens to a child that goes through this. You love the adult, you may not know the kid. Start thinking of the kid and the horror they go through, because it's hell."
Kayla Garriott, a 22-year-old college student who was sexually abused as a child, said the open support for Paterno was disrespectful to survivors.
"That's the first thing people look at -- that their football team is without their head coach that's been there so many years. Nobody looks at the eight children."
The rioters are "never going to be in those children's shoes. It's not about football. It's about eight children who are never going to get back their lives back. They're going to live with this the rest of their lives. They might not get over that."
(Excerpt) Read more at cnn.com ...
So it's ok for you to pass moral value judgments on other people, but I'm not allowed to? That's a double standard worthy of any liberal. You're making an evaluation of me based on things I've said. I've simply done the same based on things McQueary and Paterno said.
Paterno could have redeemed a large part of his tattered reputation by telling the rioters to go home and be quiet, but his ego prevented him to do the right thing.
I just caught the exchange above.
This homo-rape and cover up is revealing a lot about people. Really a lot. Shows me the need to stock up on more ammo.
Yeah, and the first paragraph of any future biography will note his cover-ups of child rape. What a legacy.
Yeah...I've been amazed at some of the JoPologists and McScuses that have been surfacing.
/b>Very well said.
Maybe you should back away from that tree and put away your rope and horse, until such time as those guilty are found guilty by a jury of their peers. But then again... it seems you find our justice system just too liberal for your MORALITY?
ROTFLMAO...there's that double standard again. You condem me for "attacking fellow freepers", and in the very next sentence...attack me! You do know there is medication for bipolar disorder, don't you?
As for my belief in the Constitution, what percentage of you life have you spent under oath to defend it with your life? Care to match it against mine? Happy Veteran's Day :-)
That's not the whole statement. The first part of that was "With the benefit of hindsight."
As in, knowing now what kind of monster Sandusky is, he wishes he had done more. He had no idea at the time.
Looks like you are very angry about this story or something and are looking to win your argument, stand your ground (rope in hand, sturdy oak tree to hang the varmints)... okay... you win. Hang 'em high. I just choose not to be a part of your adoring crowd.
You tread thin ice FRiend....
Blame your most tolerant educators.
What accounts? You are suggesting that there is a vast conspiracy coming out of Penn State to protect a monster. Is this your statement? Are you seriously saying that a man whose wife and family didn't even know he was a serial child abuser was being protected by dozens or even hundreds of people?
You obviously aren't defending the Constitution today.
He didn't know it was going to unravel the way it did. That doesn't exactly mean he had no idea at the time. If that were the case why didn't he just say, "I had no idea at the time. If I did I would have done more," or something to that effect?
PSU is going down and "JOEPA" was a facilitator. His record is wiped out and it is a shame.
LOL...insults aren't enough?...you're up to threats? You going to have your buddy Sandusky come after me in the shower?
I'm not sure about who all is guilty at PSU. But I know that 99.9% of the institution is not.
Maybe Joe can scream "we are the 1%".
Child rape doesn't anger you?
Nothing supports the idea that Paterno was a facilitator.
People who believe this at this point are on par with 9/11 truthers.
He already said that he had no idea. Does he need to say it again?
I think Joe understands and wishes that he had done more. Even good men can err in judgment.
911 truther huh. Somebody that works for me that is scared of my power tells me one of my officers is raping boys isn't going into a vacuum. It goes to the police. Sorry
McQueary told him that Sandusky was naked in the shower. Joe told the grand jury he had been advised of horseplay or "something sexual" in the shower by McQueary...in 2002. How does that equate to, "no idea"?
He was playing good ole' boy while this guy set up a network of children to be molested with an on-going basis. The entire event is sick as hell.
Child rape is a horrible thing. I have personal experience with this from my own childhood. You don't know what you are dealing with here. There are many innocent people who don't see it because the pedophile is very sneaky, very clever and uses his/her power to conceal. You really should go away now and not post to me. You have no idea what you are speaking of, this crime destroys the innocent more than the guilty.
Paterno says that's not what was he told. Nonetheless, whatever he was told (and we will never know exactly what) was relayed by Paterno to his superior as well as the police commissioner. He put the actual witness in touch with them as well. Additionally, Sandusky was not an employee by the time Paterno had any idea.
Paterno took it to the police commissioner and put him in touch with the witness. What the hell else is he supposed to do? Why is this part of the story always lost or ignored?
Which is why I've been arguing that those who enable, give a tacit nod to, or fail to intercede are every bit as morally culpable as the rapist...even if they are not legally culpable.
For some reason you've been arguing against that point all night.
Shoot the messenger?
He, like Sandusky's FAMILY, did not know.
Why do you act like pedophiles prey on children in plain sight? It's a crime notoriously difficult to detect and prosecute because they are experts at hiding their behavior and the victims are easily manipulated.
Surely you can't be this naive.
Sadly, I think everybody else in the country is doing a perfectly good job of executing the messenger.
What police do you speak of? Why then did he and the president get the ax?
When Bill Clinton shamed his office, we didn't cast the blame on the entire nation. America was greater than the acts of small men. So is Penn State.
Give it up already. JOEPA AND THE PRESIDENT OF PSU HAVE BEEN FIRED! Are you the new counsel?
You do NOT have the FACTS! You are not JUDGE AND JURY! What part of that don't you understand? You are so thick-headed and "damned if you aren't right", no one could ever reason with you. YOU sir are ignorant when it comes to the subject of child rape. I am quite sure the pedophile in this case is laughing his ass off over the media scrutiny of his boss. What a crock. Meanwhile, the media uses this story to mask the criminal activity of the Obama administration. This story is done, they are all going to court for determination of justice. Like it or not this is our system of justice and it is actually quite the best in the world.
I hope so, but the financial hit will be enormous.
From the Grand Jury Report:
"Paterno called Tim Curley ("Curley"), Penn State Athletic Director and Paterno's immediate superior, to his home the very next day, a Sunday, and reported to him that the graduate assistant had seen Jerry Sandusky in the Lasch Building showers fondling or doing something of a sexual nature to a young boy." Was Paterno a direct witness? No. Did he have, "no idea"? I don't see how anybody could make that claim with a straight face.
Here's hoping that Nebraska beats the hell out of Ped State on Saturday.
Nebraska actually asked their fans to not wear their colors. This is one game I would avoid.
Actually, I've been trained to, and have actually investigated a number of child molestation cases and sat on family advocacy boards.
"Like it or not this is our system of justice and it is actually quite the best in the world."
I've been part of our justice system for 20+ years now, and while I agree it's the best in the world, it certainly has room for improvement. Individual morality and the ability for personal values to influence personal judgments is an even more fundamental human quality, and if more people exercised it more frequently, our justice system would need to be called into play with significantly less frequency.
Wow... finally a reasonable post from you. Kudos.
It's obvious somebody has to set the example for you.
Looking at your history ... you are no example, not for me and not for my children.
Of course not....you're children would be better off emulating Mike Mcqueary.
And so you prove my point once again.
Just returning the favor. You've been proving my points all night.
Gary Schultz was the commissioner of the University Park police. This was the sole reason he was called to that meeting.
I have no idea why Spanier and Paterno got fired. My guess is because the Politburo is trying to salvage their own imagine by firing the two most prominent figures available.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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text:
Carl Icahn
|Carl Icahn
|Carl Celian Icahn
February 16, 1936
New York City, New York, U.S.
|Alma mater
|Princeton University
New York University
|Founder of Icahn Enterprises
Chairman of Federal-Mogul
|Net worth
|$15.5 billion (October 2016)[1]
|Liba Trejbal (m. 1979–99)
Gail Golden (m. 1999)
|Brett (with Trejbal)
Michelle (with Trejbal)
|Business website
Personal website
Carl Celian Icahn (born February 16, 1936) is an American business magnate, investor, activist shareholder, and philanthropist. He is the founder and majority shareholder of Icahn Enterprises, a diversified conglomerate holding company based in New York City. He is also Chairman of Federal-Mogul, an American developer, manufacturer and supplier of powertrain components and vehicle safety products.
Early life[edit]
Icahn was raised in the Far Rockaway, Queens section of New York City, where he attended Far Rockaway High School.[2] His family was Jewish. [3][4] His father was a "dogmatic atheist"[5] and a frustrated opera singer who settled on being a cantor, before becoming a substitute teacher. His mother also worked as a schoolteacher.[6] Carl graduated from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1957 and then entered New York University School of Medicine, but he dropped out after two years to join the army.[5][7][8]
Business career and interests[edit]
Icahn began his career on Wall Street as a stockbroker in 1961; in 1968, he formed Icahn & Co., a securities firm that focused on risk arbitrage and options trading.[9][10] In 1978, he began taking controlling positions in individual companies.[2] He has taken substantial or controlling positions in various corporations including RJR Nabisco, TWA, Texaco, Phillips Petroleum, Western Union, Gulf & Western, Viacom, Uniroyal, Dan River, Marshall Field's, E-II (Culligan and Samsonite), American Can, USX, Marvel Comics, Revlon, Imclone, Federal-Mogul, Fairmont Hotels, Blockbuster, Kerr-McGee, Time Warner, Netflix, Motorola, and Herbalife.
Icahn developed a reputation as a ruthless "corporate raider" after his hostile takeover of TWA in 1985.[11] The result of that takeover was Icahn systematically selling TWA's assets to repay the debt he used to purchase the company, which was described as asset stripping. In 1988, Icahn took TWA private, gaining a personal profit of $469 million, and leaving TWA with a debt of $540 million. In 1991, Icahn sold TWA's prized London routes to American Airlines for $445 million.[12] Carl Icahn formed lowestfares.com to sell TWA tickets and acquired portions of Global Leisure Travel from Ramy El-Batrawi to merge into it.[13]
Icahn also attempted the grand prize of U.S. Steel, launching a hostile takeover for 89% of the industrial giant for $7 billion ($15.1 billion in 2015) in late 1986. He was finally rebuffed by CEO David Roderick on January 8, 1987.[14] On July 2001 Ramy El-Batrawi sourced acquisitions for Genesisintermedia and arranged $100 million in acquisition loan commitment from Carl Icahn's Riverdale, LLC for GenesisIntermedia, Inc. and got an option to purchase 2 million shares of the company.[15][16]
In 2004, Icahn purchased a large block of stock of Mylan Laboratories, after Mylan had announced a deal to acquire King Pharmaceuticals. Icahn threatened a proxy fight over the acquisition, on the ground that the deal required Mylan to overpay. In early 2005, Mylan gave up its efforts to acquire King, but according to the management, the decision was made after it had monitored relevant facts, not due to pressure from Icahn.
In 2007, Icahn and his affiliates owned majority positions in firms including ACF Industries, American Railcar Industries, XO Communications, Philip Services, and NYSE-listed Icahn Enterprises, formerly known as American Real Estate Partners.
Icahn made an attempted run as a major shareholder of Time Warner, owning about 3.3% of the company valued at billions of dollars. He has been actively seeking to influence the direction of Time Warner, often in conflict with its former chief executive, Richard Parsons. Although Time Warner recently sold 5% of its AOL division, Icahn has been pressing for additional action to increase shareholder value. On February 7, 2006, a group led by Icahn and Lazard Frères CEO Bruce Wasserstein unveiled a 343-page proposal calling for the breakup of Time Warner into four companies and stock buybacks totaling approximately $20 billion. On February 17, 2006, the Icahn-led group agreed with Time Warner to not contest the re-election of Time Warner's slate of board members at the 2006 shareholders meeting. In exchange for the Icahn group's cooperation, Time Warner would buy back up $20 billion of stock, nominate more independent members to the board of directors, cut $1 billion of costs by 2007, and continue discussions with the Icahn group over their proposal, particularly on the future of Time Warner Cable.
In 2008, Icahn showed interest in the takeover of Yahoo! and the ousting of Jerry Yang from his position as CEO to allow Microsoft to purchase the web company.[17]
Icahn sold his casino interests in Nevada on February 21, 2008. They included the Stratosphere, Arizona Charlie's Boulder, Arizona Charlie's Decatur, and Aquarius Casino Resort which are operated through American Entertainment Properties, a subsidiary of Icahn's major company, Icahn Enterprises. The sale price of $1.3 billion was roughly $1 billion more than he paid for the properties.
In June 2008, Icahn launched The Icahn Report which campaigns for shareholder rights. It hosts United Shareholders of America where individual investors can sign up and take part.
Icahn was a director of Blockbuster until January 2010 and the chairman of Imclone, Icahn Enterprises, XO Communications, WestPoint Home, Cadus, and American Railcar Industries. He is a beneficial owner of Adventrx Pharmaceuticals, Vector Group and has had significant holdings in Time Warner. Icahn tried to take over Marvel Comics, coming into conflict with Avi Arad, Ronald Perelman, and Isaac Perlmutter.[18] Marvel was instead acquired by The Walt Disney Company in late 2009.
Icahn's hedge funds currently own 5.6% of biotechnology company Biogen Idec. Beginning in 2007, Icahn has steadily increased his stake in Biogen, seeking to possibly acquire, break up, and/or sell off various parts of the company.[19] As of June 2009, Icahn has managed to seat two of his allies on Biogen's board with the apparent goal of splitting the company into two entities and possibly replacing CEO James C. Mullen, of whom he has been highly critical.[20][needs update]
In July 2010, Icahn acquired a 14 percent stake in Mentor Graphics. Based on this acquisition, Mentor Graphics signed a poison-pill provision. As of September 2010, Icahn owns just less than 15 percent of Mentor Graphics. On February 22, 2011 he made an offer to buy Mentor Graphics for about $1.86 billion in cash in a move to push other suitors to declare themselves. On October 31, 2012 Icahn bought 5.5 million shares of the internet video service provider Netflix taking a 10% stake in the company.[21]
In February 2013, Forbes listed Icahn as one of the 40 Highest-Earning hedge fund managers.[22]
In July 2013, Icahn started an attempt to acquire Dell Inc.
On August 13, 2013, Icahn announced that his new stock pick is Apple, and for the next few years was an outspoken proponent of the company. He sold all his shares in April 2016, citing concerns about Apple's relationship with China.[23]
In October 2013, Icahn acquired around 61 million shares in Talisman Energy prompting shares in the ailing Canadian oil producer to surge. He also announced he would seek a seat on the board of the company.[24]
In November 2013, Icahn disclosed he had acquired a 12.5% interest in Hologic, a medical device and diagnostics manufacturer. He subsequently influenced the board to increase its membership by two, which were filled by directors supported by Icahn (each newly appointed director is a managing director of one of Icahn's holding companies).
On October 10, 2016, Icahn closed the Trump Taj Mahal Casino in Atlantic City, citing a $350 million USD loss over a few years as well as being unable to reach a negotiation deal with union workers on strike. Nearly 3,000 workers lost their jobs. The Taj Mahal became the fifth casino in Atlantic City to go out of business in two years, bringing the total unemployement count to 11,000 since 2014.[25][26]
Business acquisition and investment timeline[edit]
- XO Holding in 2005 announced to sell the wired part of its business for $700 million to its majority shareholder and chairman Icahn himself to pay back its debts and buy back its preferred stock for about $600 million – all owned by Icahn himself. He would end up owning XO's traditional wired phone business outright, and still own his 60% stake in what would be left of XO. In the SEC filings, XO explained that a special committee of its board of directors weighed Icahn's bid and declared it to be in the best interest of shareholders. Investment bankers determined Icahn's offer to be "fair". And the stockholders would approve the transaction because Icahn owned 60% of the common stock and the directors, named by Icahn, hired the investment bankers to put their stamp of approval on his offer. However, R2 and other minority shareholders successfully defeated the attempt and the Delaware Court on March 31, 2008, entered a final judgment order: 1. Reduced by 1.5% of the interest on the debt held by Icahn; 2. Waived, through the due date of July 15, 2009 for any breach of the financial covenants with the Chairman; 3. Awarded $8 million to R2's and other minority shareholders' attorneys at Icahn's cost and other damages to the business caused by Icahn's self-dealing and/or conflict of interest.
- In August 2006, he bought stock in the video game publisher Take-Two Interactive. He increased his stake to 11.3% on December 21, 2009, making him the company's second largest shareholder.[27]
- In January 2007, he purchased a 9.2% stake in Telik, a biotech company engaged in cancer research, because he believed its shares were undervalued.
- On January 16, 2007, it was disclosed in a Securities and Exchange Commission filing that Icahn is the beneficial owner of 14.57%, or 6.1 million shares, of WCI Communities. In the filing Icahn indicated that he intends to contact WCI to discuss how to "unlock the inherent value" of its shares.
- On January 30, 2007, Motorola (now two separate entities: Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions) said it received notice that Icahn owns about 33.5 million shares, representing a 1.39% interest in the company and pressed for a seat on its board. But he was turned down by the majority of the stockholders in the election for Board of Directors which was held on May 8.
- On February 9, 2007, Lear Corporation's board of directors agreed to a $2.3 billion takeover offer from Icahn, pending a 45-day solicitation period for other offers, which it did not receive, and shareholder approval.[28][29]
- On February 27, 2007, Icahn invested $50 million in Motricity, a North Carolina-based provider of mobile content delivery technology.
- During April 2007, Icahn successfully pressured Medimmune (MEDI) to consider takeover bids. The company was bought out by AstraZeneca.
- On May 7, 2007, Icahn's quest for a board seat on Motorola was effectively ended, as the company announced the next day that in a preliminary count of the votes for board members Icahn did not have enough to be elected. Icahn stated that he would not sell his shares in the company.
- On September 14, 2007, Icahn disclosed his ownership of 8.5% of outstanding shares in business software company BEA Systems. BEA Systems shares rose more than 4% after Icahn disclosed his stake in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the filing, Icahn, known for forcefully pushing an agenda at companies where he acquires ownership, suggested that BEA Systems should put itself up for sale. By September 21, Icahn increased his stake to 9.88% of BEA, and on October 3, to 11.05%, and then to 13.22% on October 4, 2007.[30] On January 16, 2008, Oracle Corporation announced it was purchasing BEA Systems.[31]
- On February 21, 2008, Icahn sold his American Casino & Entertainment Properties, which owned four casinos in Southern Nevada (three in Las Vegas, and one in Laughlin). The announcement had been made on April 23, 2007. The purchaser was an affiliate of Goldman Sachs and the price was $1.3 billion.
- On March 9, 2008, a story about Icahn aired on American news program, 60 Minutes, with reporter Lesley Stahl.
- On March 21, 2008, Icahn appeared on Nightly Business Report and discussed his views on proxy fights.[32]
- On March 24, 2008, Icahn sued Motorola as part of his effort to gain four seats on Motorola's board and force a sale of its mobile business.[33]
- On May 13, 2008, Icahn purchased as many as 50 million shares of Yahoo, leaning toward launching a proxy contest.
- On May 15, 2008, Icahn confirmed that he would be commencing a proxy fight to remove Yahoo's board of directors in response to their "irrational" actions in rejecting Microsoft's takeover bid.[34]
- On June 18, 2008, Icahn launched The Icahn Report.
- On July 21, 2008, Icahn agreed to join Yahoo's board of directors in a deal that would end the proxy fight. The agreement called for the Yahoo board to expand by two directors to eleven members. Eight directors would stand for re-election while the remaining three seats would include Icahn and two nominees that Icahn recommended.[35]
- In September/October 2008 Icahn was involved in the attempted purchase of Imclone by Bristol Myers Squibb (which was turned down) and eventual sale of Imclone to Eli Lilly in an all-cash deal valued at $6.5 billion. Icahn had described Bristol Myers Squibb's upwardly revised offer of $62 per share as "absurd".[36]
- In December 2008, Icahn filed suit against Realogy over a proposed debt swap.[37]
- On April 20, 2009, Carl Icahn's proxy battle for Amylin was thought to be an attempt to engineer a sale to Lilly.[38]
- On September 28, 2009, XO Holdings (XOHO) rejected Icahn's offer to buy out the remaining shares of XO he did not own already for 55 cents a share, saying the offer "substantially undervalues" the company. Icahn previously attempted to buy the telecom assets from XO but dropped the bid because of shareholders opposition. A lawsuit filed by the hedge fund and minority shareholder R2 in August 2009 alleged Icahn as director and majority owner of XO hurt shareholders by refusing refinance of the debts owned by Icahn when capital was easily available and repeatedly denying acquiring attempts at prices several times higher than Icahn's offer. On October 26, 2009 Icahn raised his offer to 80 cents a share. The offer expired on the same day a filing disclosed its existence.
- On October 23, 2009, Icahn announced his resignation from the board of directors at Yahoo![39]
- On February 16, 2010, it was revealed that Icahn had reduced his equity stake in Yahoo! from a one-time high of 75 million shares to 12 million shares.[40]
- On February 18, 2010, Icahn, through a subsidiary of his Icahn Enterprises LP, acquired from Fontainebleau Las Vegas, LLC and certain affiliated entities the Fontainebleau property and improvements thereon located in Las Vegas, Nevada, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $150 million. Icahn expressed confidence in the acquisition of the 70% complete Fontainebleau property stating that "The acquisition of the Fontainebleau property was a great opportunity to purchase a distressed asset that I believe has considerable value."[41]
- On March 8, 2010, a group of lenders, headed by Icahn, closed on the purchase of Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, bringing the company out of bankruptcy for $200 million.
- On March 23, 2010, Lionsgate Films rejected a takeover bid.[42]
- On May 17, 2010, Icahn reported that he owns almost 12% of Hain Celestial Group Inc. (HAIN).[43]
- On May 25, 2010, Icahn reported that he bought an 8.54% stake in Lawson Software as of May 11. (LWSN).[44]
- On May 27, 2010, Icahn reported that he had accumulated a 6.9% stake in Mentor Graphics. (MENT).[45] On March 15, 2011, Mentor's board issued a strong warning to its shareholders against a proxy action by Icahn.[46]
- On February 11, 2011, Icahn reported that he had accumulated a 9.08% stake in The Clorox Company (CLX).[47] Shares jumped over 9% that day on the news.
- In January 2011, he again proposed to purchase all the XO Holder common stock he did not already own for $0.70 per share. The board hired JP Morgan for evaluation. On July 12, 2011, Icahn and his affiliates raised the price to $1.40. In addition to R2's suit, five class actions complained that the offer was inadequate and that Icahn's self-dealing had illegally depressed the stock price in order to take the company private cheaply and use the $3.5 billion NOLs by himself.
- On July 15, 2011, Icahn offered to purchase The Clorox Company for $76.50 a share in a deal worth $12.6 billion. He then stated that if the deal falls through, he will pay Clorox $100 million.[48]
- On September 27, 2011, Icahn was rumored to have purchased a stake in Canadian telecom company Research in Motion, sending their share price up by as much as 7%.[49] On October 17, 2011, Icahn denied the rumour.[50]
- On October 31, 2012, Icahn purchased a 10% stake in Netflix.[51]
- On November 26, 2012, Icahn revived his proxy battle over control of the Oshkosh Corp. board of directors, more than doubling up on his previous effort by nominating a slate of 13 directors, including himself.
- On April 2, 2013, Icahn disclosed that he owned a 9.2% stake in Nuance Communications, Inc. [NUAN], pushing entrenched management to "divest and restructure" its 1.4 billion dollar [net] debt and sell off non-performing assets.[52]
- On August 2, 2013, Icahn sued computer giant Dell and its board in an attempt to derail a $24.4 billion buyout bid by the CEO, Michael Dell, in favor of his own rumored forthcoming bid.[53]
- On August 13, 2013, Icahn "tweets" about his large stake in Apple Inc. (AAPL). He claims that the company is extremely undervalued and adds that he urges CEO Tim Cook for a larger share buyback.[54] As a result, AAPL shares surged 5% by the end of close on this day, and an additional 1.82% on August 14, 2013. This allowed AAPL stock to cross a key psychological resistance of $500.[55]
- On October 24, 2013, Icahn reinstates his interest in AAPL by disclosing a 4.7 million share position in the company through a letter to Cook, the CEO of Apple Inc., made public. He continues to urge for a $150 billion public and private share buyback in the company.[56]
- In October 2013 Icahn sold about 50% of his shares in Netflix for a profit in excess of 800 million in less than one year. This is believed to be one of the largest stock gains in history.
- On November 26, 2013 Icahn filed a shareholder proposal with Apple calling for a buyback of shares. Icahn believes the technology giant should share more of its wealth with stockholders. This was three days before the deadline for measures to be voted on at the company's next annual shareholders meeting.
- On January 22, 2014, Icahn proposes to eBay to spin off PayPal, an e-commerce business.
- On January 28, 2014, after Apple's shortcomings in quarterly revenue and depreciation on the stock market, Icahn bought another half-billion worth of Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares, stating they're "very cheap."[57]
- On April 10, 2014, Icahn settles his proxy fight with eBay, regarding the PayPal spin off.[58]
- On June 6, 2014, Icahn reveals he has acquired a 9.4 percent stake in Family Dollar, making him the biggest shareholder. He begins pressuring the company to do a takeover deal while at the same time, a restructure.
- On July 28, 2014 a deal is done for Family Dollar to be bought by Dollar Tree for $8.5 billion, which translates to a gain for Icahn on his investment of 25.6 percent. A day later Icahn begins selling shares, disposing of about a third of his stake, saying he is not going to wait for the deal to close or for a better offer.
- In October 2014, Icahn took a stake in Canadian energy company Talisman Energy. The company's stock then cratered 71% and he later sold his shares in December 2014.[59]
- On May 15, 2015, Icahn made a $100 million investment in the ride-sharing service Lyft.[60]
- On November 12, 2015, Icahn was looking to sell his stake in Fontainebleau Las Vegas, an unfinished resort and casino on the Las Vegas Strip. He has also hired CBRE Group Inc. to market the unfinished resort to potential buyers.[61]
- On November 16, 2015, Icahn swapped his entire stake of eBay for the same number of shares in PayPal Holdings.[62]
- On November 23, 2015, Icahn disclosed a 7.13% stake in Xerox, a company whose shares that he called "undervalued." This purchase makes him the second-largest investor in Xerox after The Vanguard Group.[63]
- On December 4, 2015 Icahn made a qualifying offer to purchase the auto-parts and maintenance chain Pep Boys for $15.50 a share, amounting to 12.12% stake of the entire company.[64]
- On December 7, 2015, Icahn raised his stake in the Houston-based energy company Cheniere Energy to 13.8 percent from 12.7 percent, making him the largest shareholder in the company.[65]
- On January 13, 2016 Icahn disclosed a 4.66% stake in Gannett Co. Inc.[66]
- On January 15, 2016 Autoparts maker Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp. owned by Icahn said on Friday that it has terminated a previously announced spinoff of its motorparts division.[67]
- On January 15, 2016, Icahn saw his shares in the liquid-natural gas company Cheniere Energy and gold and copper producer Freeport-McMoRan decline 57% and 50% respectively.[59]
- On April 28, 2016, Icahn sold his shares in Apple, whose relationship with China he thought potentially troubling.[23]
- On August 26, 2016, Icahn purchased 2,304,683 Herbalife shares worth of USD 136,690,749 and as of October 2016 he is reported to own over 19 million Herbalife shares worth of over USD 1.2 billion.[68]
Icahn endorsed Donald Trump for the 2016 US presidential election. He also announced the formation of a super PAC pledging $150 million to push for corporate tax reform. Icahn will target inversions, which occur when corporations leave the U.S. to take advantage of lower tax rates elsewhere.[69]
Upon becoming the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, Donald J. Trump announced that he would nominate Icahn for Treasury Secretary.[70]
Icahn was criticized by Bernie Sanders for his investment operations in Atlantic City. In response, Icahn issued a statement disputing Bernie Sanders' remarks while agreeing on the general income inequality issue.[71][72]
Personal life[edit]
Icahn has been married twice.
In 1979, he married Liba Trejbal, a ballerina from the former Czechoslovakia.[73][74][75] They separated in 1993 and divorced in 1999 after years of litigation. Liba had sought to invalidate a prenuptial agreement she had signed prior to their marriage claiming duress as she was pregnant at the time.[76] Liba originally fought Icahn's offer of roughly $1.5 million a year because he was worth billions at the time and eventually settled for an undisclosed amount.[75][77] They have two children, one of whom is Brett Icahn.[73]
In 1999, he married his longtime assistant and former broker, Gail Golden.[75] She has two children from a prior marriage.[73]
Icahn Stadium on Randall's Island in New York City is named after him, as is the Carl C. Icahn Center for Science and Icahn Scholar Program at Choate Rosemary Hall, a prep school in Connecticut. This organization pays for tuition, room and board, books, and supplies for 10 students every year for four years (freshman-senior), an expense that adds up to about $160,000 per student.
Icahn made a substantial contribution to his alma mater, Princeton University, to fund a genomics laboratory which bears his name, the Carl C. Icahn Laboratory at the University's Institute for Integrated Genomics. He also made large contributions to Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, of which he is a trustee, which in return not only named a building the Icahn Medical Institute designed by Davis Brody Bond, but also, in 2013, renamed the Mount Sinai School of Medicine as the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The genomics institute led by Eric Schadt was also renamed and is now the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology.
His foundation, the Children's Rescue Fund, built Icahn House in The Bronx, a 65-unit complex for homeless families consisting of single pregnant women and single women with children, and operates Icahn House East and Icahn House West, both of which are homeless shelters located in New York City.
Icahn has received numerous awards, including the Starlight Foundation's Founders Award and its 1990 Man of the Year Award. He was also named Guardian Angel 2001 Man of the Year. In 2004, he was honored by the Center for Educational Innovation – Public Education Association for his work with charter schools. In 2006, he was honored with the 100 Women in Hedge Funds Effecting Change Award for his outstanding contributions to improving education.
In 2010, Icahn joined the Giving Pledge list, pledging to give away more than half his fortune, yet has not decided on the specific beneficiaries.[78][79]
On January 30, 2016, Icahn donated $1,000,000 at a Des Moines, Iowa, fundraiser for US veterans groups held by Donald Trump.[80]
Thoroughbred horse racing[edit]
In 1985 Icahn established Foxfield Thoroughbreds, a horse breeding operation. At that year's Newstead Farm Trust sale run by Fasig-Tipton, he paid $4 million for Larida, a 6-year-old mare and a record $7 million for the 4-year-old bay mare Miss Oceana who was in foal to champion sire, Northern Dancer.
Icahn's Meadow Star won the 1990 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies and was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Two-Year-Old Filly. In 1992, Foxfield ended its racing operation and became a commercial breeder. Having bred more than 140 stakes horses, in 2004 Icahn shut down Foxfield, selling all his mares and weanlings without reserve at the Keeneland Sales November breeding stock auction.
- ^ "Carl Icahn - Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ a b About Me, The Icahn Report. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
- ^ "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 11-20". Jpost. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ Berrin, Danielle (March 19, 2010). "Jewish billionaire Carl Icahn wants to buy all of Lionsgate". JewishJournal. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ a b "About Me". Archived from the original on February 13, 2014.
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- ^ Grant, Elaine X. (October 2005), "TWA – Death Of A Legend", St Louis Magazine
- ^ Sale of portions of Global Leisure to Carl Icahn November 3, 1999
- ^ "Icahn Drops Bid For Usx Investor Group May Deal Directly With Steelmaker's Shareholders". Orlando Sentinel. Chicago. Chicago Tribune. 9 January 1987. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Carl Icahn's acquisition loan commitment July 2, 2001
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- ^ Herron, Jeremy (11 July 2008). "Schmidt: Independent Yahoo better for competition". phys.org. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Raviv, Dan (April 2002). "Comic Wars: About the Book". Broadway Books (Random House).
- ^ Wallack, Todd (28 August 2007). "Biogen Idec appears to be in Icahn's sights". Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Kouwe, Zachery (3 June 2009). "Icahn Places Two Allies on the Biogen Idec Board". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Boorstin, Julia (October 31, 2012). "Icahn Netflix Play Sends Stock Soaring". CNBC.
- ^ Vardi, Nathan (26 February 2013), "The 40 Highest-Earning Hedge Fund Managers & Traders 2013", Forbes
- ^ a b Hern, Alex; agencies (2016-04-28). "Billionaire investor Carl Icahn sells entire stake in Apple". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ^ Driver, Anna (8 October 2013). "Talisman Energy shares surge as Carl Icahn acquires stake". Reuters.
- ^ Gara, Antoine (October 10, 2016). "Billionaire Carl Icahn Closes The Trump Taj Mahal Casino After Union Standoff". Forbes.com. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- ^ Jeffery, Adam (October 10, 2016). "Trump Taj Mahal closes after 26 years; 5th casino casualty". cnbc.com. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- ^ Madway, Gabriel (21 December 2009). "Icahn stake raises chance of Take-Two buyout". Reuters.
- ^ Bailey, David (9 February 2007). "Lear agrees to Icahn buyout, may seek other offers". Reuters.
- ^ "Lear Announces Expiration of Solicitation Period for Alternative Acquisition Proposal" (Press release). Lear Corporation. 27 March 2007.
- ^ "Icahn further raises BEA stake to 13.22 percent", Reuters, 3 October 2007.
- ^ "Oracle to Buy BEA Systems for $8.5 Billion". Washington Post. PC World. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Nightly Business Report, PBS, 21 March 2008. Archived July 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.‹The template Wayback is being considered for merging.›
- ^ "Icahn sues Motorola for access to documents". Reuters.com. 25 March 2008.
- ^ Michael Liedtke (May 15). "Icahn to Yahoo board: Sell to Microsoft or leave". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Check date values in:
- ^ "Yahoo! Announces Settlement with Carl Icahn: Financial News - Yahoo! Finance".[dead link]
- ^ Eli Lilly to buy ImClone for more than $6B: Associated Press Archived October 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.‹The template Wayback is being considered for merging.›
- ^ Prasad, Sakthi (2008-12-03). "Icahn sues Realogy over debt deal". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
- ^ Staton, Tracy (April 20, 2009). "Amylin: Icahn aims for sale to Lilly". FiercePharma.
- ^ Eric Savitz. "Yahoo: Icahn Quits Board, Having Accomplished…Not Much". Barrons.
- ^ "Carl Icahn Selling Yahoo Shares - John Paczkowski - News - AllThingsD". AllThingsD.
- ^ "Icahn Enterprises Acquires Fontainebleau Property in Las Vegas - NEW YORK, February 18 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/". Nevada, New York: Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
- ^ "News Headlines". CNBC. 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
- ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100517-714743.html[dead link]
- ^ "Lawson Software's new shareholder: Carl Icahn". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
- ^ "Icahn Reports 6.9% Stake In Mentor Graphics, Seeks Mgmt Talks". The Wall Street Journal. 2010-05-27.[dead link]
- ^ "Mentor Graphics, Carl Icahn, EDA, Vendor | Mentor urges shareholders to nix Icahn proxy". Eetimes.com. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
- ^ "UPDATE 3-Icahn takes 9 pct stake in Clorox, shares soar". Reuters. February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Icahn makes a $10.2B bid for Clorox: It's more than bleach". USA Today. 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
- ^ "RIM Shares Jump Amid Rumors of Icahn Stake". The New York Times. 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
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- ^ "Netflix shares soar after Icahn reports 10 percent stake". yahoo.com. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
- ^ Krause, Reinhardt (April 2, 2013). "Carl Icahn Seen Pushing Nuance To Divest, Restructure". Investor's Business Daily.
- ^ Gupta, Poornima; Chan, Edwin (August 1, 2013). "Icahn sues Dell in latest attempt to foil buyout". Reuters.
- ^ "Carl Icahn Discloses 'Large' Stake in Apple in Tweet". Bloomberg.
- ^ Kim, Susanna (August 14, 2013). "Apple (AAPL) Stock Surges After Billionaire Carl Icahn's Tweets". ABC News.
- ^ Reuters (November 15, 2013). "Carl Icahn Owned 3.9 Million Shares Of Apple As Of September 30". Business Insider.
- ^ "As Apple shares fall, Icahn buys another $500 million". Reuters. January 28, 2014.
- ^ "eBay Inc. and Carl Icahn Settle Proxy Fight" (Press release). EbayInc.com. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b Crowe, Portia. "Carl Icahn's commodities bets are backfiring". Business Insider. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ Sai Sachin R and Sarah McBride (15 May 2015). "Carl Icahn invests $100 million in ride-sharing service Lyft". Reuters. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ Karman, Craig (11 November 2015). "Carl Icahn Looking to Sell the Fontainebleau Las Vegas". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ^ "Icahn exits eBay stake, opts for PayPal after spinoff". CNBC. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ "Carl Icahn picks 7.13% in Xerox, says it's undervalued". Venture Capital Post. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ Kevin Orland (7 December 2015). "Pep Boys Rises After Icahn Takes Stake With Eye Toward Deals". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ Jacob Pramuk (7 December 2015). "Carl Icahn raises Cheniere stake to 13.8% from 12.7%: DJ". CNBC. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "Carl Icahn discloses 4.66% stake in Gannett". Market Watch. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ "Carl Icahn's Federal-Mogul Won't Spin Off Motorparts Unit". The Wall Street Journal. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ "CARL C ET AL ICAHN Insider Trading Overview". www.insidermole.com. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ Maggie Haberman (21 October 2015). "Carl Icahn, Supporter of Donald Trump, Plans $150 Million 'Super PAC'". New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ Ana Swanson (September 29, 2015). "Donald Trump's first Cabinet pick is just as controversial as he is, and a lot richer". Washington Post.
- ^ "Carl Icahn on Twitter: "Carl Icahn Issues Statement in Response to Bernie Sanders Remarks"". 9 May 2016.
- ^ "Carl Icahn Issues Statement in Response to Bernie Sanders Remarks | Carl Icahn". 9 May 2016.
- ^ a b c Auletta, Ken (March 20, 2006). "Annals of Communications: The Raid". The New Yorker
- ^ Slater, Robert (1999). The Titans of Takeover. Washington: Beard Books. p. 83.
- ^ a b c "Icahn: The Once And Future Dealmaker", Business Week, 11 June 2000.
- ^ Brede, Scott (May 3, 1999). "A Wall Street Icon's Divorce War". The Connecticut Law Tribune.
- ^ Smith, Gayle Rosenwald (March 15, 1999). "Couples Take Divorce Out Of The Courtroom And Reinvent The Way It's Settled", Philly.com
- ^ "Carl Icahn Will Give Away Over $20 Billion. But When? And Where Will the Money Go?". Inside Philanthropy. April 6, 2015.
- ^ "The Giving Pledge List".
- ^ Chuck Ross (January 28, 2016). "Here Are The People Who Donated To Donald Trump's Fundraiser - The Daily Caller". The Daily Caller.
Further reading[edit]
- Stevens, Mark; Stevens, Carol Bloom (1993). King Icahn : the biography of a renegade capitalist. New York, New York: Dutton. ISBN 978-0525936138.
- Bruck, Connie. The Predators' Ball (1988); Chapter 8 ("Icahn-TWA: From Greenmailer to Manager-Owner")
External links[edit]
- 1936 births
- Living people
- 20th-century American businesspeople
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text:
19 years of experience
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9808 Venice Blvd
Culver City, CA 90232 Phone number & directions
Patient Reviews
Patient Reviews ? Write a Review
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Profoundly engaged with his patients! An outstanding doctor!
Had To Call Dr. Krivoy Office After Closing Hour - Left A Message - Received A Call Bac In Less 15 Minutes By The Dtr.
My wife and I really like this doctor
Dr. Krivoy is well-known in the ophthalmology community for his general excellence as well as surgical skill. What matters more? Surely patients complaining of wait times and rude staff (neither of which I experienced) are focused on the wrong things. When it's your eyes, you get the best care you can.
Dr Krivoy spends a lot of time explaining results of testing and options available. He patiently took the time to answer all my questions.
This glaucoma specialist was recommended to me by three different ophthalmologists as the "best in Los Angeles" for glaucoma. Dr. Krivoy takes the time to listen to all concerns, and explained surgical procedures carefully. A brilliant doctor and a good person, too. When someone's vision is at stake, they might prefer better front desk staff...but what really matters are the surgical skills and professionalism of the doctor.
While I found one particular woman at the front desk not very helpful, Dr Krivoy was very professional and caring. I felt secure in his diagnosis and treatment.


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This is the first of our brand new World Soccer blogs brought to you by Simon Trapp.
I first fell in love with soccer while a student at Indiana University long ago. Indiana became a soccer powerhouse contending for numerous national championships and is still a top five soccer school. Then it was on to Tampa, where I became a season ticket holder for the Tampa Bay Rowdies and the marvelous scoundrel known as Rodney Marsh.
I began watching the English Premier League in the mid 90's on Direct TV and what limited games we could get on ESPN. It is still the most exciting league in world soccer.
And yes, I may not be as attractive as Hope Solo, but I also know more about soccer than Brandi Chastain!
Clearly Onside
Chelsea continues their confidence under Robert DiMatteo's leadership…….Eden Hazard may be the best signing of the year……………..wait til he and Oscar play full time together……………………….but can Torres replace all of Drogba's goals in big games, he looks fit, but is he confident?………………………….Ivanovic is Chelsea's most underrated player
Man City shows how tough games will be for them with everyone gunning for them………………….still loads of talent…………………………..Nasri looked better in year two……………………….Kun Aguero will be missed if out awhile………………………Southampton showed they deserve to be here…………………………..love Nigel Adkins substitutions, Rickie Lambert scores after four minutes, Steven Davis after three minutes…………Rickie Lambert has led four lower leagues in scoring……………………..how has a bigger club not found him?
Loved Santi Cazorla for Arsenal, looked like a real Cesc replacement……………………Giroud looked active but fluffed his line…………………………Gervinho looked more confident, but needs to find the goal more often……………………Chelsea will regret loaning out Lukaku, he looks the part……………………..Demba Ba, Demba Ba………………………how does Fulham score that many goals without Clint Dempsey? ……………………Petric might be the real deal…………
Clearly Offside
Liverpool looks very middle of the pack-ish. Where will goals come from if Suarez can't score……………………..Brendan Rodgers better be as smart as he thinks he is…………………….Andy Carroll is a great player, why sell him?……………………………..all he needs is to see his name on the team sheet every game……………………….he was solid for England in the Euros, he is underrated as a passer and holds up the ball extremely well…………………………….terrible penalty miss by David Silva……………………..same old Arsenal, trying to pass it into the net with 70% possession……………….Kieran Gibbs is not a Premiership quality player, poor on defense and offense……………………………..the player Arsenal misses most is not Cesc, is not RVP, it's Jack Wilshere……………………………………..Aaron Ramsey, squad player……………….Jordan Henderson, a squad player, ………………….Stuart Downing, a squad player……………………Liverpool already misses Dirk Kuyt………………Tottenham looks middle of the pack also…………………………….Modric leaving has them in somewhat of a funk……………………..but he's way overrated by Madrid………………………………where's he gonna play, in place of Ozil – come on!……………………………..Arshavin was rubbish in his 10 minutes; get him to Moscow asap!………………………..the biggest offsides this week is that GOL TV lost the rights to La Liga and Serie A to a Qatari network…………………………….so long Phil Schoen and Ray Hudson and their magical goal calls (that little Leo is like a bag of snakes out there!). ………………………sadly no more early morning Sunday games, no more wonder goals from CRonaldo and Leo………………………sad…………………………
Water Carrier of the Week
(For those new to soccer, a water carrier is an endearing term; an unsung hero, someone who does the heavy lifting)
Samir Nasri
Once Aguero went out, it was as if Nasri said ok this is my team from now on. He never showed this ownership last year. He was creative, he held up play, he ran at everyone. Little dinks, shots from all angles, middle of the field, along the byline. Created goals and scored the winner. Made Silva look surplus until he got pulled off. Nasri can take over this team if Aguero is out for awhile.


text:
Jeff Danner is Tuesday's Hometown Hero.
For the past five years, Jeff has written the Common Science column on Chapelboro.com. Danner uses the column to explain the wonderful and complicated world of science in a way we all can understand.
Overall, Jeff Danner has written over 200 columns for Chapelboro. To celebrate, we took a look back five of his most popular Common Science columns.
Read more Common Science.
You can nominate your own Hometown Hero. WCHL has honored local members of our community everyday since 2002.
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Every week on Chapelboro.com, our resident science expert Jeff Danner writes a column called "Common Science." This year he's tackled everything from solar bees to microbiomes to cold fusion…and that's just scratching the surface. (Speaking of which, he also wrote about fracking.)
You can read Jeff's entire archive here – not just all of 2015, but nearly five years' worth of Common Science columns.
Last week on WCHL, Jeff Danner and Aaron Keck looked back on 2015 in Common Science. Listen to their conversation.
April 2015 will be the fourth anniversary for Common Science®. In each of the past three Decembers I have published a hyper-linked index for the columns from that year. This year I decided to do something different. Below is an index with links to all 185 columns I have published.
I have some new ideas for Common Science® for 2015. I've been writing for 3.5 years, doing the radio spot (Mondays at 4:32 on 1360 AM/97.9 FM WCHL, Chapel Hill, NC), and have been running a Twitter Feed, @commonscience, for about a year. Lately, I have been evaluating where to go next. I've written an outline for a book and also started to develop some materials to teach a class or workshop on some of the topics I have covered. My friend Robert has suggested that I start up a companion website for my columns on Chapelboro.com. I'm also developing a logo.
This comprehensive index has helped me to sort through my thoughts on possible new directions. For you, I hope it can serve as a bit of a reference e-book of easy-to-understand science explanations accompanied by my (hopefully) interesting, insights and commentaries.
I particularly enjoy receiving correspondence from readers at email@example.com. With rare exceptions, I respond to all of them. So if you have a comment or question on something I have written about or want to suggest a topic for a future column, shoot me a note.
Common Science Comprehensive Index
1 April 25, 2011 An Introduction to Your Host
2 April 25, 2011 Photosynthesis Part I: Oxygen Gets All the Press
3 April 27, 2011 Nothing Matters More than Oil, Nothing
4 May 5, 2011 Local Deal: 60% Off Hot Water
5 May 10, 2011 Dating an Engineer
6 May 16, 2011 Photosynthesis Part II: Glucose Needs a New Agent
7 May 20, 2011 Shelter from the Storm
8 June 1, 2011 Petroleum: 300 Million Years of Sunlight
9 June 5, 2011 Is Your Cell Phone Trying to Kill You?
10 June 11, 2011 Farewell to Brood XIX
11 June 18, 2011 Peak Oil in Five Paragraphs or Less
12 June 27, 2011 Lessons for Chapelboro from George Washington
13 July 4, 2011 Gas Prices and the Dow Jones
14 July 10, 2011 A Science Question for Michele Bachman
15 July 17, 2011 Fun with Fritz and Carl
16 July 29, 2011 Welcome to the Greenhouse
17 August 8, 2011 Electricity Production 101
18 August 14, 2011 To Frack or not to Frack
19 August 22, 2011 The World's Greatest Cheat Sheet
20 August 24, 2011 Earthquake!
21 September 5, 2011 It's a Theory that's Out There
22 September 11, 2011 Everything Comes from Oil, Everything
23 September 19, 2011 Flu Season Primer Part I: The Virus
24 September 25, 2011 Flu Season Primer Part II: The Immune System
25 October 2, 2011 Flu Season Primer Part III: The Flu
26 October 9, 2011 The Flu: Epilogue
27 October 16, 2011 Entropy and the Local Economy
28 October 20, 2011 The Saudi Arabia of Denial
29 October 30, 2011 iPads, Priuses, and Neodymium
30 November 7, 2011 It's Getting Crowded in Here
31 November 13, 2011 Your Mother the Plant
32 November 21, 2011 Carbon Monoxide – The Silent Killer
33 November 28, 2011 Advice to My Nephew on Whether to Study Science or Engineering
34 December 5, 2011 Biofuels Part I: Biodiesel Basics
35 December 12, 2011 Biofuels Part II: The Secret Life of Vegetable Oil
36 December 18, 2011 Biofuels Part III: Ethanol, It's not Just for Breakfast Anymore
37 December 27, 2011 "A Year from Now You Will Wish You Had Started Today"
38 January 9, 2012 Chapelboro 2050 Part I: Life on Two Wheels
39 January 16, 2012 Chapelboro 2050 Part II: A Farewell to Lawns
40 January 22, 2012 Yes, We Have no Bananas
41 January 29, 2012 Chapelboro 2050 Part III: Get into the Zone
42 February 6, 2012 Chapelboro 2050 Part IV: The Good Dirt
43 February 12, 2012 2012 The Year Without Winter
44 February 20, 2012 Keystone Controversy
45 February 27, 2012 What a Fracking Mess
46 March 5, 2012 Follow the Bouncing Rubber Ball
47 March 12, 2012 Water Part I: Is God a Mathematician?
48 March 19, 2012 Lessons from the Explosion in the iPad Factory in China
49 March 26, 2012 Water Part II: Water, Water Everywhere, Nor Any Drop to Drink
50 April 1, 2012 Water Part III: Get the Salt Out
51 April 9, 2012 Water Part IV: When the Well Runs Dry
52 April 23, 2012 Another Piece of the Fracking Puzzle
53 April 30, 2012 Water Part V: When Oil and Water Mix
54 May 7, 2012 Getting Ready for Summer with SPF
55 May 14, 2012 Yes This Really is a Column about Phosphorous
56 May 21, 2012 Fracking, What NPR Left Out
57 May 28, 2012 Gravity, Still a Mystery
58 June 4, 2012 The Transit of Venus
59 June 11, 2012 Bronze Age Part I: Intelligence versus Accumulated Knowledge
60 June 18, 2012 Bronze Age Part II: The Case of the Missing Copper
61 June 24, 2012 High Fructose Corn Syrup, One Lump or Two?
62 July 2, 2012 Don't Know Much Biology
63 July 9, 2012 The God Particle
64 July 16, 2012 Don't Sweat It
65 July 22, 2012 Welcome to the Greenhouse: Reprise
66 July 29, 2012 To Frack or not to Frack: Reprise
67 August 6, 2012 When the Lights Go Out
68 August 12, 2012 Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite
69 August 20, 2012 Marriage Advice from Common Science
70 August 26, 2012 The Science Behind WCHL, Your News, Talk, and FM Station
71 September 3, 2012 West Nile Virus
72 September 10, 2012 If We Mine it or Drill It, We're Going to Burn it
73 September 17, 2012 Nuclear Power Part I: The Science
74 September 24, 2012 Nuclear Power Part II: Waste, No Solution So Far
75 September 30, 2012 Nuclear Power Part III: Safety and Conclusion
76 October 8, 2012 Why This is an Important Year to Get Your Flu Shot
77 October 15, 2012 Deep Sea Vents, The Key to the Biggest Question in the Universe?
78 October 22, 2012 Political Non-Science Part I
79 October 28, 2012 Political Non-Science Part II: Calling Dr. Holdren
80 November 4, 2012 Nanotechnology
81 November 6, 2012 Why Ohio is not Close
82 November 12, 2012 Risky Business
83 November 19, 2012 Methane Hydrate Part I: The Science
84 November 26, 2012 Methane Hydrate Part II: All You Really Need to Know About Global Warming
85 November 30, 2012 Common Science Flash Post: Flu Season Update
86 December 3, 2012 The Greatest Invention of the 21st Century
87 December 10, 2012 An Ode to President Carter
88 December 16, 2012 The Lesson of Nylons
89 December 31, 2012 Common Science: The Year in Review
90 January 7, 2013 A Follow-Up Question for Mr. Skvarla
91 January 14, 2013 Hemp, George Washington Grew It
92 January 20, 2013 In Which I Reveal Myself to be a Luddite, At Least Partly
93 January 27, 2013 Perils of a Hyper Hygienic Existence
94 February 4, 2013 Bananas Will Never Grow in Barrow
95 February 10, 2013 Dear God What is that Smell?
96 February 18, 2013 Food Part I: Three Book Recommendations
97 February 24, 2013 Food Part II: The Science of the Stomach
98 March 4, 2013 Food Part IIIA: Wonder Bread is not Wonderful
99 March 11, 2013 Food Part IIIB: An Apple a Day Really Did Used to Keep the Doctor Away
100 March 18, 2013 Common Science Column 100
101 March 24, 2013 Food Part IV: The Chicken and the Egg
102 March 31, 2013 Food Part V: Conclusion and Some Politics
103 April 15, 2013 National Helium Shortage
104 April 21, 2013 Want to Grow the Local Economy? Hire More Engineers
105 April 29, 2013 Advice for Opponents to the Keystone XL Pipeline
106 May 6, 2013 Depleted Uranium
107 May 12, 2013 Cougars in Chapel Hill in 2035?
108 May 19, 2013 Ten Things You Should Know about CO2 Topping 400 PPM
109 May 26, 2013 Mentors
110 June 3, 2013 Hurricanes Part I: Hurricane Barry
111 June 10, 2013 Hurricanes Part II: Storm Surge
112 June 16, 2013 Hurricanes Part III: Frequency and Global Warming
113 June 23, 2013 Voyager I: Off to Interstellar Space
114 July 1, 2013 Empire of the Ants
115 July 8, 2013 No Where Else for the Rain to Go
116 July 21, 2013 The Power of Backpacking
117 July 29, 2013 Monkey Pox . . . Seriously?
118 August 5, 2013 Something is Rotten in the Province of Alberta
119 August 11, 2013 The Caterpillar Effect
120 August 19, 2013 Could Caesar Eat Peanuts?
121 August 25, 2013 The Rise and Fall of U.S. Infrastructure Part I: The Rise
122 September 1, 2013 The Rise and Fall of U.S. Infrastructure Part II: The Fall
123 September 8, 2013 The Rise and Fall of U.S. Infrastructure Part III: Conclusion
124 September 16, 2013 The Butterfly Effect
125 September 23, 2013 A World without Fossil Fuels
126 September 29, 2013 Bacteria and Obesity, A Surprising Link
127 October 6, 2013 Your Sister the Mushroom
128 October 13, 2013 Fungi of the Future
129 October 20, 2013 How Engineers Spend Their Spare Time
130 October 27, 2013 The Uncommon Core of the New Math
131 November 3, 2013 The Physics of Your Fireplace
132 November 10, 2013 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part I: The Heart
133 November 17, 2013 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part II: Heart Attack or Cardiac Arrest
134 November 24, 2013 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part III: First Aid
135 December 1, 2013 It's the Extraction, Not the Emissions, That Matter
136 December 8, 2013 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part IV: The Frozen Man
137 December 15, 2013 Smog, The Desolation of Shanghai
138 December 22, 2013 Common Science 2013 Index
139 January 5, 2014 2014 Predictions Part I: The Positive
140 January 12, 2014 2014 Predictions Part II: The Negative
141 January 19, 2014 We Can Afford More Math Textbooks
142 January 26, 2014 West Virginia Chemical Spill
143 February 2, 2014 My First PC Weighed 25 Pounds
144 February 10, 2014 Keystone Pipeline Update
145 February 16, 2014 A Tale of Two Spills
146 February 23, 2014 The Case of the Missing Propane
147 March 3, 2014 Checking In on Peak Oil
148 March 16, 2014 China, The Canary in the Coal Mine
149 March 23, 2014 3D Printing Part I: The Technology
150 March 31, 2014 The Birthday Problem
151 April 6, 2014 3D Printing Part II: The Future
152 April 13, 2014 3D Printing Part III: A UNC Connection
153 April 20, 2014 The Vanishing of the Bees Part I: Psychology
154 April 27, 2014 The Vanishing of the Bees Part II: Local Efforts
155 May 4, 2014 My Conflicting Thoughts on Beekeeping
156 May 12, 2014 Meanwhile, In the War on Science
157 May 18, 2014 Renewable Energy is Sort of like the Internet
158 May 26, 2014 Fracking Gag Rule Part I: Trade Secret?
159 June 1, 2014 Fracking Gag Rule Part II: The Real Reasons
160 June 8, 2014 Fracking Gag Rule Part III: Wastewater
161 June 29, 2014 Brazil and BBQ
162 July 6, 2014 Hello, Arthur
163 July 13, 2014 Chikungunya is Coming: Part I
164 July 20, 2014 Chikungunya is Coming: Part II
165 July 27, 2014 Soil Part I: Seaweed Fertilizer
166 August 3, 2014 Meanwhile in the Arctic
167 August 10, 2014 Soil Part II: An Optimistic Global Warming Column
168 August 17, 2014 Methane in the Water Part I: Toxicity
169 August 24, 2014 Methane in the Water Part II: Fires and Explosions
170 August 31, 2014 Why Solar Roads Are a Bad Idea
171 September 7, 2014 How to Teach an Engineer to Play Guitar
172 September 14, 2014 All About Electricity
173 September 21, 2014 Chikungunya Part III: The Epidemic Continues
174 September 28, 2014 Of Minerals and Men
175 October 5, 2014 Mercury Rising
176 October 12, 2014 The Case of the Disappearing Lakes
177 October 20, 2014 How Chemical Engineering is Like Calculus
178 October 26, 2014 Common Science Grab Bag
179 November 2, 2014 Spinal Cord Miracle?
180 November 9, 2014 Is the Toilet the Greatest Public Health Invention Ever?
181 November 16, 2014 Why are the Norwegians Burning Trash?
182 November 23, 2014 An Engineer on a Diet: Part I
183 November 30, 2014 An Engineer on a Diet: Part II
184 December 7, 2014 Fracking: A Raleigh-Riyadh Connection
185 December 14, 2014 Results of My 2014 Predictionshttp://chapelboro.com/columns/common-science/common-science-comprehensive-index
Below is my third annual index for Common Science on Chapelboro.com. I'd like to thank my readers for their support and for all of the interesting questions I have received from you at firstname.lastname@example.com. Just follow the hyperlinks below to read any of this year's stories. And if there is a topic you would like me to cover in 2014, send me an email.
Happy Holidays from Common Science!
1. A Follow-Up Question for Mr. Skvarla 1/6/13
An evaluation of the North Carolina Secretary of the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources' view that global warming is still an open question.
2. Hemp, George Washington Grew It 1/13/13
A review of the remarkable properties of the hemp plant and the history of why we stopped growing it.
3. In Which I Reveal Myself to Be a Luddite, at Least Partly 1/20/13
A personal confession regarding my affection for hand tools.
4. Perils of a Hyper Hygienic Existence 1/27/13
Some of the health challenges presented by trying to keep all bacteria out of our lives.
5. Bananas Will Never Grow in Barrow 2/3/13
An explanation of why plants will not be able to migrate fast enough to keep pace with global warming and the implications of this for the world's food supply.
6. Dear God What is That Smell? 2/10/13
The science behind women's superior sense of smell.
7. Food Part I: Three Book Recommendations 2/17/13
Book reviews on three recent books about our food supply.
8. Food Part II: The Science of the Stomach 2/24/13
How the digestive system deconstructs our food and conveys needed nutrients to the rest of our body.
9. Food Part IIIA: Wonder Bread is not Wonderful 3/3/13
A review of the aspects of the U.S. industrial food system which are making our diets less and less healthy.
10. Food Part IIIB: An Apple a Day Really Did Used to Keep the Doctor Away 3/10/13
The conclusion of Part III.
11. Common Science Column 100 3/17/13
A thank you column to my readers to mark my 100th column.
12. Food Part IV: The Chicken and the Egg 3/24/13
The shortcomings of factory chicken farms in providing us with healthy and nutritious food.
13. Food Part V: Conclusion and Some Politics 3/31/13
The conclusion of my series on food with advice for the individual, our local region, and our nation on how to improve our food system and live healthier lives.
14. National Helium Shortage 4/15/13
Reasons why elements do not obey the law of supply and demand, and the politics behind our helium shortage.
15. Want to Grow the Local Economy? Hire More Engineers. 4/22/13
An argument that the foundation of value creation is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods, and that more engineers are needed to boost this process.
16. Advice for Opponents of the Keystone Pipeline 4/29/13
An argument that the focus on pollution of water supplies by pipeline leaks is the wrong focus for those trying to stop the pipeline project.
17. Depleted Uranium 5/6/13
An explanation of what depleted uranium is, what it is used for, the health problems it creates, and the challenges of cleaning it up in Iraq.
18.Cougars in Chapel Hill in 2035 5/13/13
Using the data for the expansion of the range of the cougar from the Rockies to the Mississippi in conjunction with Fick's Law of Diffusion, I predict that Cougars will return to Chapel Hill, NC in 2035.
19. Ten Things You Should Know About CO2 Topping 400 PPM 5/20/13
An explanation of the significance of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reaching the 400 ppm milestone and the implications for the future.
20. Mentors 5/27/13
The story of three important mentors in my life and the lessons they gave me.
21. Hurricanes Part I: Hurricane Barry 6/3/13
The science behind hurricanes.
22. Hurricanes Part II: Storm Surge 6/10/13
An explanation of why most of the damage and loss of life from Hurricanes is the result of storm surge.
23. Hurricanes Part III: Frequency and Global Warming 6/17/13
An explanation of why warmer oceans may result in stronger hurricanes but not more frequent storms.
24. Voyager I: Off to Interstellar Space 6/23/13
After decades of travel, the first man-made object will be leaving our solar system and sending back data from interstellar space.
25. Empire of the Ants 7/1/13
The invasion of the Southeastern United States by the Tawny Crazy Ant.
26. No Where Else for the Rain to Go 7/8/13
An explanation of how outdated storm water systems contributed to the Great Chapel Hill Flood of 2013.
27. The Power of Backpacking 7/15/13
After returning from a recent hike on the Appalachian Trail, I calculate the power consumption required to lug a 30 pound backpack up hills over uneven ground.
28.Monkey Pox . . . Seriously? 7/22/13
Now that we have stopped giving the smallpox vaccine, monkey pox is on the rise.
29.Something is Rotten in the Province of Alberta 8/5/13
The details behind a "spill" from a tar sands well in Alberta and an explanation of why this type of event will continue to occur.
30.The Caterpillar Effect 8/12/13
We all plant flowers to attract butterflies, but what we are not doing is giving their caterpillars anything to eat.
31. Could Caesar Eat Peanuts 8/19/13
The surprising correlation between Caesarian birth and food allergies.
32. The Rise and Fall of U.S. Infrastructure Part I: The Rise 8/25/13
The history of the great investments in U.S. infrastructure from the 1800s through the 1970s.
33. The Rise and Fall of U.S. Infrastructure Part II: The Fall 9/1/13
The rapid deterioration of U.S. infrastructure which occurred since 1980, after investment as a function of gross domestic product significantly declined.
34.The Rise and Fall of U.S. Infrastructure Part III: Conclusion 9/8/13
A plan for building the infrastructure we need to succeed in the 21st Century.
35. The Butterfly Effect 9/15/13
An explanation of the difference between the Butterfly Effect and Chaos Theory.
36.A World Without Fossil Fuels 9/22/13
My vision of the state of the world today if the earth did not have fossil fuels.
37.Bacteria and Obesity, A Surprising Link 9/29/13
Use of antibiotics in young mammals limits the diversity of gastrointestinal tract bacteria for life, a key factor in the obesity epidemic.
38.Your Sister the Mushroom 10/6/13
An exploration of the commonality between humans and mushrooms due to their relationship on the tree of evolution.
39.Fungi of the Future 10/13/13
Some predictions on the key role that fungi will play in our lives during the 21st century.
40.How Engineers Spend Their Spare Time 10/20/13
My project to install a solar water heating system in my green house to grow tomatoes all year.
41. The Uncommon Core of the New Math 10/27/13
My critique of the new Common Core math curriculum.
42.The Physics of Your Fireplace 11/3/13
The surprising scientific sophistication of the gas fireplace.
43.Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part I: The Heart 11/10/13
The beginning of a series on the science of sudden cardiac arrest and the story of my father's remarkable survival of one.
44.Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part III: Heart Attack or Cardiac Arrest 11/17/13
The differences between a heart attack and a cardiac arrest and their symptoms.
45.Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part IV: First Aid 11/24/13
First aid for sudden cardiac arrest.
46.It's the Extraction, Not the Emissions, That Matters 12/1/13
Stories about carbon dioxide emissions from individual countries are inherently misleading. What truly matters in terms of global warming is global extraction of below-ground carbon atoms.
47.Sudden Cardiac Arrest Part IV: The Frozen Man 12/8/13
Conclusion of the Sudden Cardiac Arrest series, including the story of how and why therapeutic hypothermia saved my father's life.
48.Smog, The Desolation of Shanghai 12/15/13
The science behind the devastating smog in Shanghai, China.
Since personal obligations have kept me busy this week over Thanksgiving, I will not be publishing the conclusion of the "Sudden Cardiac Arrest" series until December 8th. This week, I am reprising a column from September, 2012, with this new introduction, which I hope will help to shed some light on two recent, but seemingly contradictory news stories. In 2013, carbon dioxide emissions in the United States were down by 3.7% compared to 2012. In stark contrast, gloggbal emissions, at a staggering 10 billion tons, were 2.1% higher than in 2012.
As I explained in "If We Mine it or Drill it, We're Going to Burn It," news stories which focus on carbon emissions are inherently misleading. Since the air in the atmosphere is all mixed together, it does not matter from which country the emissions originate. The parameter that truly matters is the rate at which we are extracting carbon, in the form of coal, oil, and natural gas, from below the ground.
The widespread utilization of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) combined with horizontal drilling in the U.S. has resulted in a significant increase in extraction of natural gas. Natural gas is difficult and expensive to export, so nearly all of this increased supply is being burned in domestic power plants to make electricity. As more electricity in the U.S. is being generated from natural gas, the amount produced by burning coal is decreasing. Generating an equivalent amount of electricity from natural gas rather than coal releases less carbon dioxide. Therefore, the shift towards natural gas for electricity production in the U.S. is the primary reason that carbon dioxide emissions from the U.S. have been reduced. As nice as this may sound, it doesn't really matter.
To understand why it doesn't matter, one need look no further than Appalachia, the heart of the U.S. coal mining industry, rumors of whose death have been greatly exaggerated. Despite the loss of a portion of the electricity market, U.S. coal extraction is at an all-time high. Since coal is easy to transport, it is being shipped all over the world, particularly China and India, to generate electricity there.
The end result of the natural gas "boom" from fracking and the increase in coal exports is an increase in the extraction of underground carbon from the U.S. This is the story that matters about the U.S. contribution to carbon dioxide emissions and global warming. We are making it worse, not better.
For more detail and the underlying science, follow the link above to my previous column. If you have a comment or question use the interface below or send me an email to email@example.com://chapelboro.com/columns/common-science/extraction-emissions-matters
I recently had the chance to read through my stack of the last several months of Scientific American® magazine. My curiosity was piqued a story in one of the issues about a study conducted by the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. The study reported that babies who had been born via Caesarian section (C-section) were five times more likely to develop food allergies than those born vaginally. Like many parents I know, I have a strong impression that childhood food allergies are far more prevalent now than in the 1970s when I grew up. I have no childhood memories of peanut-free classrooms or EpiPens.
A search of the CDC and NIH websites provided the data for the graph below.
C-section rates have been steadily rising in the United States, from around 5% of births in 1970 to nearly 33% today. The data for childhood peanut and overall food allergies show that not only are childhood food allergies on the rise, but the rate of rise is nearly identical to the rate of increase of C-sections.
We'll get back to the correlation been allergies and C-sections in a moment, but first permit me a brief aside to do a little math. I read several news reports on the Henry Ford Hospital study which all included the "five times more likely" statement, but omitted any absolute numbers. This is a key gap. For example, if C-sections increased the chance of developing a food allergy from 0.01% to 0.05%, it would probably not be significant enough to factor childbirth decisions.
However, using the data from the graph above and little algebra, it is not difficult to quantify the risks. If the 33% of children born via C-section are five times more likely to develop food allergies, and the total rate of allergies for all children is 5.1%, then the chance that a child born by C-section will develop a food allergy is 11.0% versus just 2.2% for a child born vaginally. This is a noteworthy difference and likely worthy of some consideration by expectant parents.
Getting back to the graph, we can see that childhood food allergies and rates of Caesarian births are closely correlated, but correlation does not necessarily demonstrate causation. The study at the Henry Ford Hospital addressed this issue and developed a convincing case for causation. While in-utero, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a child is bacteria free. Beneficial bacteria in your GI tract are essential both to digest food and to ward of disease. Therefore, newborn babies need to rapidly develop a large and diverse population GI tract bacteria.
During a vaginal birth, the baby's GI tract becomes populated with the mother's bacteria from the ingestion of fluids through the mouth. This "inoculation" of bacteria from the mother gives the child a tremendous head start towards developing a healthy digestive system. Babies born by C-section only start to populate their GI tract with bacteria from breast milk and/or from sticking their fingers in their mouths. This less efficient approach to establishing a healthy bacteria population appears to dramatically increase the incidence of food allergies. Food allergies may lack a scary-sounding name, but they are by no means a trivial circumstance. Sufferers can experience reduced quality of life, severe reactions, and, in extreme cases, death.
The parallels between this column and the issues I discussed in my recent column entitled "The Perils of a Hyper Hygienic Existence" are striking. Through the use of antibiotics some people have the population of healthy bacteria in their GI tract dramatically reduced in a sustained manner. This circumstance can bring about debilitating diarrhea and a variety of other serious GI tract problems. Recent studies have shown that these patients can experience remarkable improvement by introducing the bacterial flora from a healthy donor by a process rather unfortunately named fecal transplant.
When considering the correlation between Caesarian birth rates and food allergies I thought a similar solution might be appropriate. When Caesarian births are performed, I thought that a methodology might be considered which would introduce the mother's bacterial flora to the child's GI tract to help fend off food allergies. I found a recent study conducted in Venezuela which did just that. They gave the child the bacteria she needed with a simple mouth swab after the C-section. This simple procedure could dramatically reduce the incidence of food allergies in C-section babies.
Have a comment or question? Use the comment interface below or send me an email to firstname.lastname@example.com://chapelboro.com/columns/common-science/could-caesar-eat-peanuts
You may recall some excitement in Chapel Hill in December of 2008 when there was a reported cougar sighting near the UNC golf course. Like many cougar sightings in North Carolina, this one was not confirmed by state wildlife officials. But cougars are on the move eastward from the Rockies and are likely to return to the area some day. The question is when? Common Science is here to try to answer that question.
The discussion of cougars gets complicated by the many names given to the species including puma, mountain lion, and catamount. They are all the same. Prior to European colonization, cougars ranged through most of the United States and Canada, feeding primarily on deer, elk, and moose. Cougars, males in particular, are solitary, territorial, and nocturnal. Their maximum population densities average only four cougars for every 40 square miles, or 0.1 per square mile, a number to which we will refer back later. Therefore, even when cougars are at their normal population densities, sightings are usually rare.
When U.S. and Canadian settlers pushed westward, they considered the cougar to be a menace and a nuisance and killed them indiscriminately. Additionally, even though the losses of livestock were statistically low, farmers and ranchers successfully lobbied their respective state governments to pay bounties for dead cougars. By the 1950s, with the exception of a an isolated population in the Florida Everglades, all cougars east of the Mississippi river had been eliminated and the population between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains was nearly wiped out as well. By the 1960s and 1970s, most states repealed the bounties and imposed regulations against indiscriminate killing of cougars, allowing the populations to begin a slow rebound. At present, it is estimated that the cougar population in the U.S. is somewhere between 30,000 and 50,000.
The vanguard of a cougar migration consists of juvenile males who need to find available territories to avoid conflicts with older males. Occasionally a lone male will travel hundreds of miles out of range, which accounts for the infrequent but intriguing reports of cougars along the eastern seaboard, including a recent confirmed sighting in Connecticut. However, the re-establishment of a stable population in a new area must await the arrival of both genders. The eastward migration of the cougar is being tracked via confirmed sightings in midwest states, including Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, and Arkansas. Cougar sightings in these states grew from just two in 1990 to 34 in 2008, suggesting a noteworthy increase in population density during this time interval.
This brings me to the reason I find the phenomena of animal migrations to be interesting, and which will usher in the section of this column which is almost certain to differentiate it from any other column you encounter covering the return of the cougar to the eastern United States. The movement of animal populations can be modeled with diffusion equations, a tool often used by engineers like me. Diffusion equations are used to determine the rate of movement of materials from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. If you'd like to run your own diffusion experiment, put a drop of food dye into a glass of water and watch. Initially, the area where the drop landed will have high concentration of dye. With time, molecules of the dye will migrate away from the area of high concentration to zones of water in the glass which have low or no concentration of dye.
The dynamics of this simple kitchen experiment have a lengthy and elegant mathematical explanation which culminates in Fick's Law of Diffusion. I'm tempted to include a thorough explanation of the underlying mathematics of Fick's Law, but I'm not so sure you'd be tempted to read it. What I would like you to consider however, is that the migration of the cougar and the diffusion of the food dye are quite similar. In the case of the cougars, the area near the Rocky Mountains which contains 0.1 cougars per square mile is like the drop of food dye, and the area bereft of cougars east of the Rockies is like the rest of the water in the glass. Therefore, we can use Fick's Law to try to predict when the cougar will return to the southern part of heaven.
If you look at the map below, the western most dashed line runs approximately along the north-south axis of the Rocky Mountains. About 500 miles to the east, shown by the vertical dashed line called D1 (distance 1), the cougar population density was such that there were just 2 sightings in 1990. We don't know the exact population density of cougars along D1 in 1990, but we know it was low. In my calculations, I assigned it a value of 0.002 cougars per square mile. I can't know if this is correct, but as long as I am consistent with the assumption that a population density of 0.002 cougars per square mile will result in 2 sightings per year, the subsequent predictions will still work. (I need you to trust me on that one.) The line D2 on the map indicates the location of Chapel Hill, which is approximately 1400 miles east of the Rockies.
Now that I have the population density of cougars for two locations in 1990, the Rockies and the line D1, I can model the population density of cougars as a function of distance using Fick's Law. This is shown by the blue line on the graph below. By 2008, the number of sightings in the D1 area rose to 34 per year. Since sightings increased by a factor of 17, from 2 to 34, it is reasonable to assume that the population density increased by a factor of 17 as well. Using this assumption, the population density as a function of distance for 2008 is shown with the purple line. The curve for 2008 suggests that by this time cougars should have begun recapturing western Tennessee as part of their range. News reports conflict as usual, but there is strong anecdotal evidence that they did return to the Volunteer State around that time.
Using this model, I can calculate how long it should take for the population density in Chapel Hill to reach 0.002 cougars per square mile, the level at which we could expected to begin to see confirmed sightings from a resident population consisting of both males and females. This is shown on the graph with the green line, suggesting that in addition to jaguars, tigers, and wildcats (our high school mascots in case you missed the reference), Chapel Hill will have cougars in 2035. If we ever need to build a fourth High School, then the choice for a mascot is obvious.
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