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Methods of achieving and maintaining an appropriate caesarean section rate.
Robson, Michael
Caesarean section rates continue to increase worldwide. The appropriate caesarean section rate remains a topic of debate among women and professionals. Evidence-based medicine has not provided an answer and depends on interpretation of the literature. Overall caesarean section rates are unhelpful, and caesarean section rates should not be judged in isolation from other outcomes and epidemiological characteristics. Better understanding of caesarean section rates, their consequences and their benefits will improve care, and enable learning between delivery units nationally and internationally. To achieve and maintain an appropriate caesarean section rate requires a Multidisciplinary Quality Assurance Programme in each delivery unit, recognising caesarean section rates as one of many factors that determine quality. Women will always choose the type of delivery that seems safest to them and their babies. Professionals need to monitor the quality of their practice continuously in a standardised way to ensure that women can make the right choice.
Rising caesarean section rate: a matter of concern?
Sanjivani A. Wanjari
Methods: A one year observational study was done in a large government hospital receiving a large number of patients from urban as well as rural areas and also referrals from the periphery. An attempt was made to find out the caesarean section rate and to evaluate the indications that lead to a rise in caesarean section rate. Results: During the one year study period, there were total 14568 deliveries, out of which 5508 were caesarean sections giving a caesarean section rate of 37.8%. Repeat caesarean section after one prior caesarean delivery was the leading contributor of caesarean section rate and accounted for one in three caesarean sections carried out (32.80%. Other leading indications were foetal distress (9.36%, CPD (7.69%, PROM (7.31%, postdate pregnancy (6.62%, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (6.0%. Conclusions: Some of the measures that can reduce caesarean section rate can be 1 reduction in primary caesarean sections 2 giving the option of VBAC to women with one prior caesarean section 3 use of foetal heart tracings and scalp blood sampling for foetal monitoring 4 judicious use of oxytocin and plotting of the partogram for every labour. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2014; 3(3.000: 728-731
Assessment of competence for caesarean section with global rating scale
Objective: To establish as reliable and valid the nine-point global rating scale for assessing residents' independent performance of Caesarean Section. Methods: The validation study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aga Khan University Hospital, from April to December 2008, and comprised 15 residents during 40 Caesarean Sections over 9 months. Independently two evaluators rated each procedure and the difficulty of each case. Results: The observations per faculty ranged from 1-8 (mean 4.07+- 2.56). The Year 4 residents were observed the most i.e. 32 (40%), followed by Year 3, 30 (37.5%); Year 2; 14 (17.5%); and Year 1, 4 (5%). Mean time required for observation of the surgery was 43.81+-14.28 (range: 20-90) with a mode of 45 min. Mean aggregate rating on all items showed gradual progression with the year of residency. The assessment tool had an internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.9097 with low inter-rater reliability. Conclusion: The evaluation tool was found to be reliable and valid for evaluating a resident's competence for performing Caesarean Section. Training of the assessors is required for a better inter-rater agreement. (author)
International variation in caesarean section rates and maternal obesity.
O'Dwyer, V; Layte, R; O'Connor, C; Farah, N; Kennelly, M M; Turner, M J
This study examined variations in caesarean section (CS) rates associated with a woman's birthplace and differences in maternal adiposity. Women were enrolled in the 1st trimester. Maternal adiposity was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Irish women were compared with women born in the 14 countries who joined the European Union (EU) before 2004 (EU 14), and with those born in 12 countries who joined following enlargement (EU 12). Of the 2,811 women enrolled, 2,235 women were born in Ireland, 100 in EU 14 countries and 476 in EU 12 countries. Based on a BMI > 29.9 kg/m(2), maternal obesity was higher in Irish (19.8%; n = 443) and EU 14 women (19.0%; n = 19) compared with EU 12 women (9.5%; n = 45), p < 0.001. BIA of maternal body composition confirmed increased adiposity in both the Irish and EU 14 women. Variations in emergency CS rates in primigravidas based on the woman's birthplace were associated with maternal adiposity and induction of labour, both modifiable risk factors for CS. We recommend, therefore, that induction of labour in obese primigravidas should be undertaken only in carefully considered clinical circumstances. Our findings also suggest economic development in Europe may drive an increase in the CS rates mediated through increased levels of maternal obesity and, therefore, public health interventions should focus on optimising a woman's prepregnancy weight. PMID:23815198
A global reference for caesarean section rates (C-Model): a multicountry cross-sectional study
Souza, JP; Betran, AP; Dumont, A; de Mucio, B.; Gibbs Pickens, CM; Deneux-Tharaux, C.; Ortiz-Panozo, E; Sullivan, E; Ota, E.; Togoobaatar, G; Carroli, G; Knight, H; Zhang, J.; Cecatti, JG; Vogel, JP
ObjectiveTo generate a global reference for caesarean section (CS) rates at health facilities. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingHealth facilities from 43 countries. Population/SampleThirty eight thousand three hundred and twenty-four women giving birth from 22 countries for model building and 10045875 women giving birth from 43 countries for model testing. MethodsWe hypothesised that mathematical models could determine the relationship between clinical-obstetric characteristics and CS. The...
Rate and indications of elective and emergency caesarean section; a study in a tertiary care hospital of peshawar
The study was conducted to determine the rate and clinical indications for emergency and elective caesarean section. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from December 2010 to January 2011 in Gynaecology unit-A of Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Consecutive patients who gave birth in the hospital during the study period were included in the study. There were a total of 966 patients. Mode of delivery and basic demographics of the patients who underwent elective and emergency caesarean section were noted down. Clinical indications were recorded. Results: Out of 966 patients, 210 underwent caesarean section. Therefore, the rate of caesarean section was 21.7 per 100. Among those 78% (n=164) were emergency caesarean sections and others were elective caesarean sections. Top six indicators for caesarean sections were foetal distress 17.1 % (n=36), obstructive labour/failure to progress 16.1% (n=34), previous caesarean section 15.2% (n=32), breech presentation 9.5% (n=20), cephalopelvic disproportion 6.1% (n=13), failed induction 5.7% (n=12) and pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) 5.7% (n=12). Conclusion: The rate of caesarean section was only slightly higher than recommended by the WHO. Most of caesarean sections were emergency caesarean sections. (author)
What is the optimal caesarean section rate? An outcome based study of existing variation.
Joffe, M.; Chapple, J; Paterson, C.; Beard, R. W.
STUDY OBJECTIVE--To investigate the consequences of different levels of caesarean section (CS) rate in terms of fetal and maternal outcomes. DESIGN--Comparison of outcome variables between four categories of maternity units stratified according to CS rates. Data were collected concurrently. SETTINGS--All 17 maternity units in one health region. SUBJECTS--Data for the perinatal mortality analysis: all 221,867 deliveries in 1983-87 (excluding severe malformations) (1462 deaths); maternity infor...
National Variation in Caesarean Section Rates: A Cross Sectional Study in Ireland
Sinnott, Sarah-Jo; Brick, Aoife; Layte, Richard; Cunningham, Nathan; Turner, Michael J.
Objective Internationally, caesarean section (CS) rates are rising. However, mean rates of CS across providers obscure extremes of CS provision. We aimed to quantify variation between all maternity units in Ireland. Methods Two national databases, the National Perinatal Reporting System and the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry Scheme, were used to analyse data for all women delivering singleton births weighing ≥500g. We used multilevel models to examine variation between hospitals in Ireland for elective and emergency CS, adjusted for individual level sociodemographic, clinical and organisational variables. Analyses were subsequently stratified for nullipara and multipara with and without prior CS. Results The national CS rate was 25.6% (range 18.2% ─ 35.1%). This was highest in multipara with prior CS at 86.1% (range 6.9% ─ 100%). The proportion of variation in CS that was attributable to the hospital of birth was 11.1% (95% CI, 6.0 ─ 19.4) for elective CS and 2.9% (95% CI, 1.4 ─ 5.6) for emergency CS, after adjustment. Stratifying across parity group, variation between hospitals was greatest for multipara with prior CS. Both types of CS were predicted by increasing age, prior history of miscarriage or stillbirth, prior CS, antenatal complications and private model of care. Conclusion The proportion of variation attributable to the hospital was higher for elective CS than emergency CS suggesting that variation is more likely influenced by antenatal decision making than intrapartum decision making. Multipara with prior CS were particularly subject to variability, highlighting a need for consensus on appropriate care in this group. PMID:27280848
Parry, Richard; Asmussen, Tilo; Smith, Jason E
This review describes a simple approach to perimortem caesarean section (PMCS) that can be used by a doctor in the resuscitation room or prehospital environment when faced with a mother of more than 20 weeks gestation in cardiac arrest. It explores the indications for and contraindications to the procedure, the physiological rationale behind it, equipment needed, technical aspects of the procedure and reviews recent literature on maternal and fetal outcomes. Like other uncommon procedures such as emergency department thoracotomy, rehearsal and preparation for a PMCS is essential to give both mother and baby the best chance of survival. PMID:25714106
Evaluating the 'Focus on Normal Birth and Reducing Caesarean section Rates Rapid Improvement Programme': A mixed method study in England
Marshall, Joyce; Spiby, Helen; McCormick, Felicia
Background Caesarean section plays an important role in ensuring safety of mother and infant but rising rates are not accompanied by measurable improvements in maternal or neonatal mortality or morbidity. The 'Focus on Normal Birth and Reducing Caesarean section Rates Rapid Improvement Programme' was a facilitative initiative developed to promote opportunities for normal birth and reduce Caesarean section rates in England. Objective To evaluate the 'Focus on Normal Birth and Reduc...
A cross sectional study of rate, indications and complications of primary caesarean section
Mahima Jain
Conclusions: From this tudy, we concluded that overall CS rate is 18.5% and rate of vaginal delivery is 82.1% of the present study from 1st April 2014 to 31st March 2015. While primary cesarean section rate is 55.8%, more in primipara as compared to multipara. The malpresentation was the major indication in primary cesarean section, in both primipara and multipara women in our community, while APH is still a major problem of the multiparity. Anemia, malpresentation, eclampsia and preeclampsia were more common antenatal complications in primipara while APH was antenatal complication in multiparity. Malpresentation (34.3% was the commonest indication for cesarean section in both the groups. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2016; 5(6.000: 1814-1819
Neonatology and the caesarean section.
Zanini, R; Minghetti, D
The origins of the use of the Caesarean section date far back in human history. Traces of this procedure can be found in Greek mythology and in the history of Ancient Rome. Many documents about the history of religion make reference to a delivery from the abdomen. PMID:22958012
Effects of Recruiting Midwives into a Family Physician Program on Women's Awareness and Preference for Mode of Delivery and Caesarean Section Rates in Rural Areas of Kurdistan
Hajizadeh, Shayesteh; Tehrani, Fahimeh Ramezani; Simbar, Masoumeh; Farzadfar, Farshad
Background The accepted rate rate of caesarean section is 15%. It is expected that an increase in the density of midwives in the family physician program lead to a decrease in this indicator. This study aimed to compare the rates of caesarean section and women's awareness and preference for mode of delivery before and after the implementation of the family physician program in health centres with and without an increase in midwives density. Methods In this cross-sectional study, using multistage cluster sampling method a total of 668 mothers with two-month-old children were selected from among all mothers with two-month-old children who were living in rural areas of Kurdistan province. Using the difference-in-differences model and Matchit statistical model, the factors associated with caesarean section rates and women's awareness and preference for mode of delivery were compared in centres with and without an increase in midwives density after the implementation of the family physician program. To compare the changes before and after the program, we used the data collected from the same number of women in 2005 as the baseline. Results After adjusting for baseline data collected in 2005, the resutls showed no significant change in caesarean section rates and women's awareness and preference for mode of delivery in the centres with and without an increase in midwives density after the implementation of the family physician program. The Matchit model showed a significant mean increase 14%(0.03–0.25) in women's awareness of the benefits of natural childbirth between 2005 and 2013 in health centres where the density of midwives increased compared with health centres where it did not. The difference-in-differences model showed that the odds ratio of women's preference for caesarean section decreased by 41% among participants who were aware of the benefits of natural childbirth, (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: (0.22–0.85); P>0.001). Conclusions The results of this study
Adhesive bowel strangulation after caesarean section, the rare puerperal complication.
Záhumenský, J; Zmrhalová, B; Sottner, O; Maxová, K; Brtnická, H; Horák, J; Binder, T; Halaska, M
Caesarean section is the most frequent abdominal operation carried out in obstetric practice. Parturients undergoing this operation are still exposed to a substantial rate of short- and long-term complications. The incidence of re-laparotomy after caesarean section is 0.12-0.70%. The most common indication for re-laparotomy is intra-abdominal bleeding, uterine atony, eventration, haematoma in the muscle and intra-abdominal abscesses. We present the case report of an unusual life-threatening complication of caesarean section that led to re-laparotomy. Caesarean section rate has been continually increasing globally in the last few decades, thus we also have to take into account unusual complications e.g. intestinal complication. PMID:20359439
Psychiatric illness in women requesting caesarean section
Sydsjö, Gunilla; Möller, Louise; Lilliecreutz, Caroline; Bladh, Marie; Andolf, E; Josefsson, Ann
Objective To compare psychiatric in-and outpatient care during the 5 years before first delivery in primiparae delivered by caesarean section on maternal request with all other primiparae women who had given birth during the same time period. Design Prospective, population-based register study. Setting Sweden. Sample Women giving birth for the first time between 2002 and 2004 (n = 64 834). Methods Women giving birth by caesarean section on maternal request (n = 1009) were compared with all ot...
Caesarean section survey in Galway--1973 through 1987.
Bolaji, I I; Meehan, F P
We review the trend, indications and maternal mortality with caesarean section at University College Hospital Galway from 1973 to 1987. The caesarean section rate (CSR) rose from 6.06% in 1973 to 10.18% in 1987, primary sections from 3.58% to 6.51% and repeat sections from 2.49% to 3.67% during the same interval. The four major indications for section were cephalopelvic disproportion, foetal distress, previous section and malpresentations. Lower segment caesarean section was the commonest operation and a slight increase in the classical operation was noted due to an increased intervention in prematurity. The maternal mortality rate was 11.2/10,000 in the 15-year period and the complications leading to death were ultimately ascribable to primary postpartum haemorrhage. Strategies for reduction in the CSR are discussed. PMID:8449255
Stress, sleep quality and unplanned Caesarean section in pregnant women.
Ko, Yi-Li; Lin, Pi-Chu; Chen, Shu-Chuan
This study examines the relationship among prenatal maternal stress, sleep quality and unplanned Caesarean delivery. For this research, we adopted a prospective survey design and a sample of 200 women in the early stages of labour. The findings were as follows: (i) 11.5% of the participants underwent unplanned Caesarean sections; (ii) based on a Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index split point of 5, approximately 90.5% of the participants experienced poor sleep quality; and (iii) the odds ratio for primiparas undergoing an unplanned Caesarean section was 4.183 times that for multiparas (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.177 to 14.864), indicating a statistically significant difference. The results also showed that stress was a significant factor related to unplanned Caesarean sections; a 1-point increase on the Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale was associated with a 1.033-fold higher probability of undergoing an unplanned Caesarean section (95% CI = 1.002 to 1.065). Furthermore, prenatal stress was a significant variable that can be used to predict unplanned Caesarean deliveries. PMID:24754483
[Caesarean section in the context of free policy in Benin].
Mahieu, Céline
Caesarean section was well appreciated by most beneficiaries. However, an audit of caesarean sections would ensure compliance with the principles of free care and better management of women at all levels of the health system.. PMID:27531438
'What about the Mother?' : Rising Caesarean Section Rates and their Association with Maternal Near-Miss Morbidity and Death in a Low-Resource Setting
Litorp, Helena
In recent decades, there has been a seemingly inexhaustible rise in the use of caesarean section (CS) worldwide. The overall aim with this thesis is to explore the effects of and reasons for an increase in the CS rate at a university hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Study I, we analysed time trends in CS rates and maternal and perinatal outcomes between 2000 and 2011 among different obstetric groups. In Study II, we documented the occurrence and panorama of maternal 'near-miss' morbidi...
Intervention for postpartum infections following caesarean section
Hyldig, Nana; Bille, Camilla; Kruse, Marie; Bøgeskov, Renee Anita; Jørgensen, Jan Stener
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect on wound healing using Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) compared with conventional wound treatment in women, who experience spontaneous dehiscence or reoperation for postoperative infection after caesarean section (CS). In addition the study seeks to elucidate the health economic cost and consequences of this type of infection and treatment.Background: Obesity is an increasing problem in the health care system. Today more than 12% of al...
Thromboprophylaxis for women undergoing caesarean section.
Kennedy, C
Thromboprophylaxis for women undergoing caesarean section (CS) was introduced in the hospital in 1995. This study audited the use of tinzaparin prophylaxis in a nested cohort of women who screened negative for diabetes mellitus at 28 weeks gestation. All the women had their weight measured and BMI calculated at the first antenatal visit. Of the 284 women, 68 (24%) had a CS and all received tinzaparin. Of the 68, however, 94% received a dose lower than recommended. Compliance with prophylaxis was complete but compliance with the recommended dosage was suboptimal, which may result in venous thromboembolism after CS despite thromboprophylaxis.
Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Within few years' number of caesarean sections increased dramatically in our hospital. This study was done to find out whether increasing the number of caesarean sections were due to improving patients transportation and maternal and child welfare program or it was due to caesarean section were performed for improper indication. METHOD AND MATERIAL: It is a retrograded study conducted on the bases of caesarean section performed in Bundelkhand Medical college associated hospital from October 2013 to September 2014. 1536 caesarean section were performed of this 1104 (71.87% were nulliparous and 432 (23.43% were multiparous. During this period only 5 cases of rupture uterus were reported. All are multiparous women with no history of previous section. RESULT: The most common indication of caesarean section among nulliparous women (23.43% was cephalo-pelvic disproportion with other complications like fetal distress, premature rupture membrane, PIH, mal-presentation. Among multiparous women the most common indication for caesarean section was previous caesarean section with Cephalo-pelvic disproportion (26.62% CONCLUSION: In our hospital majority of caesarean sections were compulsory for maternal and fetal wellbeing. Minority of cases there may be difference of opinion or error of judgment. But attempts should be made to decrease even these minorities of cases by critical evaluation of decision to perform caesarean section especially in nulliparous women. First caesarean section itself an indication for subsequent caesarean section but in these cases also presence of other risk factors should identified and if possible careful trial of labour should perform.
VBAC Scoring: Successful vaginal delivery in previous one caesarean section in induced labour
Objective: To develop a scoring system for the prediction of successful vaginal birth after caesarean section, following induction of labour with intra-vaginal E2 gel (Glandin). Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2010 to August 2011, at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences in Islamabad. Trial of labour in previous one caesarean section, undergoing induction with intra-vaginal E2 gel, was attempted in 100 women. They were scored according to six variables; maternal age; gestation; indications of previous caesarean; history of vaginal birth either before or after the previous caesarean; Bishop score and body mass index. Multivariate and univariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop the scoring system. Results: Of the total, 67 (67%) women delivered vaginally, while 33 (33%) ended in repeat caesarean delivery. Among the subjects, 55 (55%) women had no history of vaginal delivery either before or after previous caesarean section; 15 (15%) had history of vaginal births both before and after the previous caesarean; while 30 (30%) had vaginal delivery only after the previous caesarean section. Rates of successful vaginal birth after caesarean increased from 38% in women having a score of 0-3 to 58% in patients scoring 4-6. Among those having a score of 7-9 and 10-12, the success rates were 71% and 86% respectively. Conclusion: Increasing scores correlated with the increasing probability of vaginal birth after caesarean undergoing induction of labour. The admission VBAC scoring system is useful in counselling women with previous caesarean for the option of induction of labour or repeat caesarean delivery. (author)
Intervention for Postpartum Infections following Caesarean Section
Hyldig, Nana; Bille, Camilla; Kruse, Marie;
Purpose: To examine the effect on wound healing, using Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) compared with standard wound dressings in women, who experience spontaneous dehiscence or reoperation due to infection or hematoma after caesarean section. In addition, an analysis of the health economic...... cost and consequences of NPWT is planned. Methods: A randomized controlled trial. The study will be performed at two large obstetrical units in Denmark. Data will be collected prospectively. We expect to include 50 women, of whom two-thirds will be randomized to NPWT. The primary endpoint is the...... treatment for one change with NPWT to be cost effective. Concussion: The preliminary results indicate that NPWT reduce the risk of re-rupture significantly. The benefit of the treatment is expected to be twofold: a) A reduction in health care costs (inpatient bed days and readmissions) b) An increase in the...
Effective education to decrease elective caesarean section
Objective: To examine the effect of education on deciding about natural delivery in women opting for elective caesarean section. Methods: The quasi-experimental study was carried out between January and March 2012 and comprised a sample of 200 women in their third trimester of pregnancy attending women's clinics of Imam Ali Hospital, Zahedan, Iran, with the intention of having elective caesarean section. The subjects were voluntarily classified into three groups: one group received an educational package; the other had educational package along with group discussion, and the last one without any intervention was considered the control group. Post-test was conducted a month after intervention. Data were analysed using Kruskal Wallis, and logistic regression tests. Results: Group A represented the controls and had 100 (50%) women; Group B with the educational package had 40 (20%), while there were 60 (30%) women in Group C who had exposure to the educational package as well as group discussion. There were significant changes in behaviour in Group B and C (p <0.01) but no change among the controls in Group A. In Group C, 25 (42%) women decided to go for natural delivery, while 1 (2.5%) woman had a change of opinion in Group B. Four (4%) women in the control Group A had ultimately natural delivery, but they were all emergency cases. Conclusion: The two educational methods increased model construct scores, including awareness, attitude, perceived behaviour control, subjective norms and behavioural intention. Nevertheless, educational package in conjunction with group discussion was more effective in influencing the choice towards natural delivery. (author)
Predictors of post-caesarean section pain and analgesic consumption
Luana Buhagiar
Full Text Available Background: Ideally, the intensity of postoperative pain should be predicted so as to customize analgesia. The objective of this study was to investigate whether preoperative electrical and pressure pain assessment can predict post-caesarean section pain and analgesic requirement. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 subjects scheduled for elective caesarean section, who gave written informed consent, were studied. Preoperatively, PainMatcher® was used to evaluate electrical pain threshold, while manual PainTest™ FPN 100 Algometer and digital PainTest™ FPX 25 Algometer determined pressure pain threshold and tolerance. Postoperatively, numerical rating scales were used to assess pain at regular time intervals. Patients received intramuscular pethidine (100mg, 6 hourly, rectal diclofenac (100mg, 12 hourly, and oral paracetamol (1g, p.r.n. for pain relief. Statistical analysis was conducted using PASW Statistics 18 software. Results: Preoperative electrical pain threshold correlated significantly with post-caesarean pain scores at 6 and 24 hours (r = -0.26, P < 0.02; r = -0.23, P < 0.04, respectively, and with the quantity of paracetamol consumed by the patient within 48 hours of surgery (r = -0.33, P < 0.005. Preoperative pressure pain tolerance measured by PainTest™ FPX 25 Algometer was significantly correlated with pain scores 6 hours postsurgery (r = -0.21, P < 0.05. Pain scores 6 hours post-caesarean section correlated significantly with anesthesia--general or spinal (F = 4.22, v 1 = 1, v 2 = 63, P < 0.05. Conclusions: The predictive methods proposed may aid in identifying patients at greater risk for postoperative pain. Electrical pain threshold could be useful in personalizing the postoperative analgesic protocol.
Rising rates of caesarean deliveries at full cervical dilatation: a concerning trend.
Unterscheider, J
To audit caesarean sections performed at full cervical dilatation over a three year period in a tertiary referral centre in Ireland. To evaluate (i) the rate of caesarean deliveries in the second stage of labour, (ii) the indication for delivery and (iii) the associated fetal and maternal morbidity in this cohort of women.
Inconsistencies in clinical guidelines for obstetric anaesthesia for Caesarean section
Winther, Lars; Mitchell, A U; Møller, Ann
Anaesthetists need evidence-based clinical guidelines, also in obstetric anaesthesia. We compared the Danish, English, American, and German national guidelines for anaesthesia for Caesarean section. We focused on assessing the quality of guideline development and evaluation of the guidelines...
Caesarean section scar ectopic pregnancy following postcoital contraception.
Fabunmi, Laura; Perks, Nigel
This is believed to be the first reported case of an ectopic pregnancy following failed progestogen-only emergency contraception. The ectopic pregnancy was at the site of a previous caesarean section scar and was managed conservatively. PMID:16259837
Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section
Mackeen, A Dhanya; Berghella, Vincenzo; Larsen, Mie-Louise
Caesarean section is a common operation with no agreed upon standard regarding certain operative techniques or materials to use. With regard to skin closure, the skin incision can be re-approximated by a subcuticular suture immediately below the skin layer, by an interrupted suture, or by staples....... A great variety of materials and techniques are used for skin closure after caesarean section and there is a need to identify which provide the best outcomes for women....
Preference for Institutional Delivery and Caesarean Sections in Bangladesh
Kamal, S M Mostafa
In Bangladesh, preference for place of delivery and socioeconomic factors associated with caesarean section are not well-understood. This paper examines the socioeconomic correlates of preference for institutional delivery and caesarean sections in Bangladesh. The study used data from the nationally-representative 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Both bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect of sociodemographic factors on...
Challenges in the Caesarean Section of a Severely Kyphotic Parturient
Manisha Chhetry; Basudeb Banerjee; Shanti Subedi; Narayan Bahadur Gharti Chhetri; Yogendra Gupta
Caesarean section in a severely kyphotic patient presents with unique challenges. We report a case of obstructed labor in case of a pregnant lady with severe kyphosis of spine that was managed by caesarean section. Lateral recumbent position with adequate assistance and paramedian or vertical skin incision was used and found to provide good exposure. Baby was delivered by lower segment uterine incision by reverse breech extraction. Postpartum hemorrhage was managed with uterotonics and bilate...
Scar endometriosis following caesarean section: a rare case report
Manisha Sharma; Ruchira Nautiyal; Jaya Chaturvedi; Surbhi Bhargava
Endometriosis is presence of functioning endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis can sometimes occur in previous surgical scar. Scar endometriosis is rare and difficult to diagnose. It mostly follows obstetrical and gynaecological surgeries. We present here a case report of a patient who developed scar endometriosis following a caesarean section which was dealt adequately in the subsequent caesarean section. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2015...
Caesarean section in Ancient Greek mythology.
Lurie, Samuel
The narrative of caesarean birth appears on several occasions in Greek mythology: in the birth of Dionysus is the God of the grape harvest and winemaking and wine; in the birth of Asclepius the God of medicine and healing; and in the birth of Adonis the God of beauty and desire. It is possible, however not obligatory, that it was not solely a fantasy but also reflected a contemporary medical practice. PMID:26203550
Real increasing incidence of hysterectomy for placenta accreta following previous caesarean section.
Higgins, Mary F
Placenta accreta, morbid adherence to the uterus to the myometrium, is commonest in association with placenta previa in women previously delivered by caesarean section (CS). It has become proportionally a greater cause of major maternal morbidity and mortality as the frequency of other serious obstetric complications has declined. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of placenta accreta in the context of a rising caesarean delivery rate.
Challenges in the Caesarean Section of a Severely Kyphotic Parturient.
Chhetry, Manisha; Banerjee, Basudeb; Subedi, Shanti; Gharti Chhetri, Narayan Bahadur; Gupta, Yogendra
Caesarean section in a severely kyphotic patient presents with unique challenges. We report a case of obstructed labor in case of a pregnant lady with severe kyphosis of spine that was managed by caesarean section. Lateral recumbent position with adequate assistance and paramedian or vertical skin incision was used and found to provide good exposure. Baby was delivered by lower segment uterine incision by reverse breech extraction. Postpartum hemorrhage was managed with uterotonics and bilateral uterine artery ligation. Tubal ligation though advised was refused by the patient. Prolonged catheterization was done in view of obstructed labor. Postoperative period was uneventful. PMID:27066281
Challenges in the Caesarean Section of a Severely Kyphotic Parturient
Manisha Chhetry
Full Text Available Caesarean section in a severely kyphotic patient presents with unique challenges. We report a case of obstructed labor in case of a pregnant lady with severe kyphosis of spine that was managed by caesarean section. Lateral recumbent position with adequate assistance and paramedian or vertical skin incision was used and found to provide good exposure. Baby was delivered by lower segment uterine incision by reverse breech extraction. Postpartum hemorrhage was managed with uterotonics and bilateral uterine artery ligation. Tubal ligation though advised was refused by the patient. Prolonged catheterization was done in view of obstructed labor. Postoperative period was uneventful.
Oral microflora in infants delivered vaginally and by caesarean section
Nelun Barfod, Mette; Magnusson, Kerstin; Lexner, Michala Oron;
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011 Background. Early in life, vaginally delivered infants exhibit a different composition of the gut flora compared with infants delivered by caesarean section (C-section); however, it is unclear whether this also applies to the oral cavity. Aim. To...
Caesarean Section and Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Kristensen, Kim; Fisker, Niels; Haerskjold, Ann;
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:: Hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and asthma share common determinants, and meta-analyses indicate that children delivered by caesarean section (CS) are at increased risk of asthma. We aimed to investigate whether birth by CS is associated ...
Evidence-based surgical techniques for caesarean section
Aabakke, Anna J M; Secher, Niels Jørgen; Krebs, Lone
Caesarean section (CS) is a common surgical procedure, and in Denmark 21% of deliveries is by CS. There is an increasing amount of scientific evidence to support the different surgical techniques used at CS. This article reviews the literature regarding CS techniques. There is still a lack of evi...
Ectopic Pregnancy in caesarean section scar: A case report
Rajarshi Aich, MBBS
Full Text Available We report a rare case of ectopic pregnancy occurring in the scar of a previous caesarean section, diagnosed by ultrasonography and confirmed by 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging of pelvis. We present the clinical details and imaging findings, followed by discussion of the etiology, pathogenesis, and imaging of this condition.
Full Text Available OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To identify maternal and foetal factors responsible for the success or the failure of VBAC. 2. To study maternal and perinatal outcome while giving a trial of scar. METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA Study was conducted at P K Das Institute of Medical Sciences hospital. 50 cases obtained during the period of January 2013 to December 2013 were studied. Inclusion Criteria 1. Multigravida with previous one lower segment caesarean section at term in early labour. 2. Singleton pregnancy. 3. Cephalic presentation. 4. Who are willing for VBAC. 5. Well-informed subjects. Exclusion Criteria 1. Known classical scar and 2 or >caesarean sections. 2. Unknown uterine scar. 3. Multiple gestation. 4. Malpresentations. 5. Cephalopelvic disproportion. 6. Subjects with medical complication/obstetric risk factors. Cases are monitored with a partogram and continuous foetal monitor. METHODOLOGY Informed consent is taken after explaining the risks, benefits and potential complications in patients' own language while giving a trial of scar. After the exclusion criteria, patients selected for VBAC is given a trial of scar. 1. Maternal monitoring of blood pressure and pulse rate every 15 minutes is done. 2. Continuous foetal monitoring in the active phase of labour. 3. Contraction stress test will be done in the active phase of labour. Uterine contractions are monitored every 30 minutes. Partogram is used to ensure adequate progress with respect to descent of the head, cervical dilatation, moulding and caput. 4. Pelvic examination every one hour to assess the progress of labour. 5. If labour has to be induced, done with great care particularly with prostaglandins – PGE 2 gel. Progress of labour should be assessed by a senior obstetrician, particularly in an unfavourable cervix. 6. Cross-matched blood is kept ready and a good intravenous line is established. 7. Oxytocin may be used with caution, as in any labour, for induction or augmentation. 8
Patterns of caesarean-section delivery in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mashalla, Yohana J.S.; Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, Gloria
Setting The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Specifically, it was conducted in all healthcare facilities offering maternity and obstetric services. Objective The objective of the study was to explore the patterns of caesarean-section (CS) delivery in Addis Ababa. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out between December 2013 and January 2014. The population for the study were women aged between 15 and 19 years of age who had given birth in the last 1–3 years before the date of data collection. The Census and Survey Processing System software was used for data capturing and analysing both descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results Amongst the 835 women who delivered at health facilities, 19.2% had given birth by CS. The prevalence of CS based on medical indication was 91.3%. However, 6.9% of CS performed had no medical indication. Private health facilities performed more CSs than public health facilities, 41.1% and 11.7% respectfully. CS was high amongst women of higher socio-economic standing. Conclusion Overall, CS deliveries rate in Ethiopia is above the rate recommended by the World Health Organisation. Because socio-economic factors influence CS delivery, governments should play a key role in regulating performance of CSs in private institutions.
An observational study on extraperitoneal caesarean section in present era
Sudhanshu Sekhara Nanda
Full Text Available Background: This study was designed to find out the maternal and perinatal outcome in cases of extraperitoneal caesarean section. Total 100 women undergoing extraperitoneal cesarean section were included in the study. Methods: A detailed history taking, examination done and intra and post-operative parameters as per protocols were noted. Results: Success rate of extra peritoneal CS was 79.63%, Time taken from incision to delivery was and #8804;5 minutes in 60% cases, time taken from incision to closure was between 31-45 min in 67% cases, blood loss and #8804;500 ml in 58% cases, return of bowel function between 5-8 hours in 52%, mobilization within 24 hours in 52%, neonatal one minute APGAR score and #8805;7 in 90.91%. Conclusions: Extraperitoneal cesarean section can be applied as a surgical form of infection prophylaxis. Since it possesses a rational basis for the avoidance of serious post-operative pelvic infectious complications, this operation deserves reconsideration in the modern era. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2014; 3(3.000: 724-727
Ectopic pregnancy in a Caesarean section scar: a case study
Piotr Niziurski
Full Text Available Implantation of a pregnancy in a scar after Caesarean section is one of the rarest locations of ectopic pregnancies. A diagnosis and/or treatment which is too late may lead to a uterine rupture, the necessity to remove the uterus and a significant increase in morbidity among mothers. The study presents a diagnostically difficult case of a 29-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with pregnancy in its seventh week, located in a scar after a Caesarean section, with highly increased values of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG concentration in blood serum. The pregnancy was removed and the wound was stitched during laparotomy, without a need to remove the uterus.
Prolonged labour as indication for emergency caesarean section
Maaløe, N; Sørensen, Bjarke Lund; Onesmo, R;
OBJECTIVE: To audit the quality of obstetric management preceding emergency caesarean sections for prolonged labour. DESIGN: A quality assurance analysis of a retrospective criterion-based audit supplemented by in-depth interviews with hospital staff. SETTING: Two Tanzanian rural mission hospitals....... Amongst the hospital staff interviewed, the awareness of evidence-based guidelines was poor. Word of mouth, personal experience, and fear, especially of HIV transmission, influenced management decisions. CONCLUSION: The lack of use and awareness of evidence-based guidelines led to misinterpretation of....... POPULATION: Audit of 144 cases of women undergoing caesarean sections for prolonged labour; in addition, eight staff members were interviewed. METHODS: Criteria of realistic best practice were established, and the case files were audited and compared with these. Hospital staff were interviewed about what...
Can classic metaphyseal lesions follow uncomplicated caesarean section?
O' Connell, AnnaMarie [Children' s University Hospital, Radiology Department, Dublin 1 (Ireland); Donoghue, Veronica B. [Children' s University Hospital, Radiology Department, Dublin 1 (Ireland); National Maternity Hospital, Radiology Department, Dublin (Ireland)
Classic metaphyseal lesion (CML) is the term given to a fracture that most often occurs in the posteromedial aspect of the distal femur, proximal tibia, distal tibia, and proximal humerus in infants; this finding is strongly associated with non-accidental injury. To demonstrate that the CML may occur following simple lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). A review of 22 years of an obstetric practice that delivers 8,500 babies per year. We identified three neonates born by elective LSCS, each with distal femoral metaphyseal fractures on postpartum radiographs. All caesarean sections were elective and uncomplicated. External cephalic version was not employed preoperatively. Postpartum radiographs demonstrated a fracture of the distal femoral metaphysis in each neonate, typical of a CML. We propose that a CML can occur in the setting of a simple, elective and uncomplicated LSCS where no external cephalic version is employed. (orig.)
Anaesthetic Management of Caesarean Section in an Achondroplastic Dwarf
Kirti N Saxena
A twenty year old parturient with short stature presented to the hospital in early labour. An elective lower segment caesarean section(LSCS was planned in view of cephalopelvic disproportion. She had papers which suggested that she had been diagnosed as a case of achondroplasia though details were not available. Combined spinal epidural(CSE anaesthesia was planned in the patient in view of the death of her first baby following caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Repeatedly dry taps were achieved on attempting dural puncture. Dural puncture was abandoned and an 18 G epidural catheter was threaded via the Tuohy needle. Sensory block till T 6 was achieved with 6ml of local anaesthetic solution. The patient was stable during the intraoperative and postoperative period.
Third caesarean section in patient with myasthenia gravis
A Pizzo; R De Dominici; I Borrielli; FV Ardita; I Lo Monaco; E Sturlese
Myasthenia gravis(MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease, characterised by muscle weakness and fatigability of the voluntary muscles, it affects young women in the second and third decade of life.We report a case of30 years old multigravida woman with myasthenia gravis submitted to third iterative caesarean section with no adverse neonatal and maternal outcome. The course myathenia is highly variable and unpredictable during gestation and can change in subsequent pregnancies.Delivery specially, through caesarean section is very stressful and may cause severe myasthenic crisis.Although pregnancy and delivery represent particular events, that require more attention in these patients, they are not associated, in most cases, with higher risks of complications compared to normal pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period.According our experiences, in the management of myasthenic pregnant woman is necessary cooperation in a multidisciplinary team between obstetricians, neurologist, anaesthetist, and neonatologist for ensure an optimum outcome.
Emergency caesarean section in low risk nulliparous women
Haerskjold, Ann; Hegaard, H K; Kjaergaard, H
The rising incidence of caesarean section (CS), including emergency caesarean section (ECS) in nulliparas is of concern. Previous CS may have implications for future pregnancies and deliveries. This article describes the prevalence and indications for ECS in a cohort of low risk nulliparas and...... association between risk factors and indications for ECS. Smoking during pregnancy (OR 2.33; CI 1.18-4.61) and BMI ≥ 30 (OR 2.87, CI 1.34-6.16) were associated with increased risk of ECS due to SFD. Birth weight (BW) ≥ 4,000 (OR 2.95; CI 1.92-4.53) and smoking cessation during pregnancy (OR 2.02; CI 1...
Caesarean Section, Vaginal Delivery and Post Natal Depression
MH Baghianimoghadam; D Shodjaee zadeh; AH Aminian
"nBackground: Depression is a kind of sorrow that decreases the level of juiciness. Most studies have maintained that psychological risk factors have the most profound effect on the development of postnatal depression (PND). We compared the postnatal depression among the women with elective caesarean and vaginal delivery. "nMethods: This cross- sectional study was carried out on 120 women 1-4 months after their delivery. Samples were divided in two groups (60 mothe...
Caesarean section in a parturient with a spinal cord stimulator.
Sommerfield, D
A 35-year-old G2P1 parturient at 32 weeks of gestation with an implanted spinal cord stimulator was admitted for urgent caesarean section. Spinal anaesthesia was performed below the spinal cord stimulator leads at the L4-5 level, and a healthy female infant was delivered. A basic description of the technology and resulting implications for the parturient are discussed.
Fetal circulation during epidural analgesia for caesarean section.
Lindblad, A; Marsál, K; Vernersson, E; Renck, H
Fetal blood flow was examined during epidural analgesia in six women with uncomplicated pregnancies undergoing elective caesarean section. A non-invasive, ultrasonic technique was used to measure blood flow in the fetal descending aorta and intra-abdominal part of the umbilical vein before induction of analgesia with etidocaine and bupivacaine and 15 and 30 minutes afterwards. No appreciable change in fetal blood flow was observed.
Prediction of successful trial of labour in patients with a previous caesarean section
Objective: To determine the prediction rate of success in trial of labour after one previous caesarean section. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cantonment General Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January 1, 2012 to January 31, 2013, and comprised women with one previous Caesarean section and with single alive foetus at 37-41 weeks of gestation. Women with more than one Caesarean section, unknown site of uterine scar, bony pelvic deformity, placenta previa, intra-uterine growth restriction, deep transverse arrest in previous labour and non-reassuring foetal status at the time of admission were excluded. Intrapartum risk assessment included Bishop score at admission, rate of cervical dilatation and scar tenderness. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of a total of 95 women, the trial was successful in 68 (71.6%). Estimated foetal weight and number of prior vaginal deliveries had a high predictive value for successful trial of labour after Caesarean section. Estimated foetal weight had an odds ratio of 0.46 (p<0.001), while number of prior vaginal deliveries had an odds ratio of 0.85 with (p=0.010). Other factors found to be predictive of successful trial included Bishop score at the time of admission (p<0.037) and rate of cervical dilatation in the first stage of labour (p<0.021). Conclusion: History of prior vaginal deliveries, higher Bishop score at the time of admission, rapid rate of cervical dilatation and lower estimated foetal weight were predictive of a successful trial of labour after Caesarean section. (author)
控制剖宫产率对高龄初产母婴结局影响的研究%Pregnancy outcomes in advanced maternal age pregnancies after taking measures to reduc-ing caesarean section rate
曹冬如; 张小燕; 包狄
Objective To compare pregnancy outcomes in advanced maternal age pregnancies after taking measures to reducing caesarean section rate. Method A total of 1062 pregnant women aged 35 years or older who gave birth in beijing haidian district maternal and children healthcare hospital from 2013 to 2014 were retrospectively studied. 490 Pregnant women aged 35 years and over delivered in 2014 were included in study group and those 572 patients delivered in 2013 were included in the control group. Pregnant complications,delivery mode,postpartum hemorrhage rate,neonatal asphyxia rate were compared in both groups. Result ①No statistically significant difference was ob-served in the frequency of premature rupture of membrane,gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa,uterine my-oma,hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, or macrosomia in both groups;②The caesarean section rate in study group was statistically significantly lower than that in the control group(51. 63%vs 68. 88%,P0. 05). Conclusion With the measures of strengthening prenatal and intrapartum care, it is possible to reducing the caesarean section rate in advanced maternal aged pregnancies.%目的:探讨采取控制剖宫产率相关措施对高龄初产妇母婴结局的影响。方法回顾性分析1062例高龄初产孕产妇临床资料,2014年分娩的490例高龄初产妇作为研究组,2013年分娩的高龄初产妇572例作为对照组,比较两组妊娠并发症、分娩方式、产后出血率、新生儿窒息率。结果①两组胎膜早破、妊娠期糖尿病、前置胎盘、子宫肌瘤、妊娠期高血压疾病、早产、巨大儿发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05);②研究组和对照组剖宫产率分别为51.63%、68.88%,两者比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论综合孕期和产时管理,将高龄初产孕妇剖宫产率控制在较合理的水平是可能的。
South African mothers' coping with an unplanned Caesarean section.
van Reenen, Samantha; van Rensburg, Esmé
In this study, researchers explored mothers' coping strategies in dealing with birth by unplanned Caesarean section. Mothers' experiences of a traumatic birth could be influenced by perceived strengths when coping with the stress related to the incident. Coping strategies resulted in reassessment of the birth process and were associated with a more positive and memorable experience. In-depth interviews with 10 women explored their lived experiences of childbirth. Data were analyzed thematically. Phenomenological theory served as a framework for the structuring, organizing, and categorizing of data. Mothers described several factors and coping strategies that they perceived to be effective in reducing the impact of their traumatic birth experiences. PMID:24313379
Vaginal prostaglandin gel to induce labour in women with one previous caesarean section.
Agnew, G
This retrospective study reviewed the mode of delivery when vaginal prostaglandins were used to induce labour in women with a single previous lower segment caesarean section. Over a 4-year period, PGE 2 gel was used cautiously in low doses in 54 women. Induction with PGE 2 gel was associated with an overall vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) rate of 74%, which compared favourably with the 74% VBAC rate in women who went into spontaneous labour (n = 1969). There were no adverse outcomes recorded after the prostaglandin inductions but the number reported are too small to draw any conclusions about the risks, such as uterine rupture. We report our results because they may be helpful in assessing the chances of a successful VBAC in the uncommon clinical circumstances where prostaglandin induction is being considered.
Clinical study of primary caesarean section in multiparous women in a tertiary care hospital
Rupal Samal; Pallavee Palai; Seetesh Ghose
Background: The objective of this study was to find the incidence and indications of primary caesarean section in parous women and evaluate the maternal and perinatal outcomes there from. Methods: Prospective study of primary caesarean sections in parous women at our institute from June 2013 to May 2014 was done. Age, indications and the maternal as well as perinatal outcomes were analyzed. Data was expressed as number and percentage. Results: Out of 1124 caesarean deliveries, 68 primar...
Evaluating trial of scar in patients with a history of caesarean section
Aliya Islam
Full Text Available Aims: To analyze the outcome of trial of scar in patients with previous caesarean section and to assess the fetal and maternal complications after trial of scar. Patients and Methods : The study was conducted at Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, with 375 pregnant patients who had a previous delivery by caesarean and who had regular antenatal checkup. Data were recorded on special pro-forms designed for the purpose. Results : The results from the 375 patients who had one previous lower segment caesarean section due to non-recurrent causes were analyzed and compared with national and international studies. Indications of previous caesarean section (non-recurrent causes included malpresentations, fetal distress/cord prolapse, failure to progress, severe pregnancy-induced hypertension/eclampsia and twins with abnormal lie of the first twin. 0 218 patients reported spontaneous labor. Among these patients, 176 delivered vaginally and 42 patients had repeat caesarean sections. There were a total of 157 patients who experienced induction of labor. 97 patients were induced by cervical ripening with mechanical method, followed by artificial rupture of membranes and augmentation (if required with syntocinon infusion. 60 patients were induced with prostaglandin E 2 vaginal tablet. Conclusion : This study concludes that females with a prior caesarean are at increased risk for subsequent caesareans, regardless of mode of delivery. Eliminating vaginal-birth-after-caesarean will not eliminate the risk. Therefore, vaginal birth after caesarean should be encouraged in selected cases from obstetric units to reduce the risks of repeated caesarean sections. Failed vaginal-birth-after-caesarean can result in increased morbidity than that with elective caesarean section.
Management of pregnancy with previous lower segment caesarean section in Modern obstetric practice
Rajita Jani
of labour. Out of 20 patients who were given trial of labour, 12 patients had vaginal delivery and repeat LSCS was done in 8 patients Out of 50 patients, 12 patients delivered withvaginal delivery while 38 patients underwent repeat LSCS. Repeat LSCS rate is higher due to trend towards less trial of labour and early decision of repeat LSCS. Indication of previous LSCS plays an important role in taking decisions and an outcome in present pregnancy. Patients with non-recurrent indication had more chance of delivering vaginally as compared to those with recurrent indications. In present study, commonest indication for repeat LSCS was previous two LSCS followed by CPD and fetal distress. Vaginal delivery is more likely when there is past history of vaginal delivery before and after previous LSCS. Abandoning of a trial was mainly due to fetal distress and non-progress of labour in majority of cases.Conclusion: For successful delivery after a previous cesarean section, the obstetrician requires to have the expertise to carefully select the patients, for trial of vaginal birth because rupture of scar can endanger the life of the mother and the child. VBAC should be considered in cases of previous one caesarean section done for non recurrent indications. Repeat LSCS rate is higher due to trend towards less trial of labour and early decision of repeat LSCS
Management of pregnancy with previous lower segment caesarean section in Modern obstetric practice
Rajita Jani; Devangi Munshi
Objective: In today's obstetric practice we encounter increasing number of post caesarean pregnancies because of rise in primary caesarean due to multi factorial reasons. There is increasing concern by obstetricians for managing these cases for medical and legal point of view. Present study was undertaken to decide appropriate mode of delivery and to conduct the proper management of patients with previous lower segment caesarean section.Study design: This is a prospective study carried out on...
Comparison of transversus abdominis plane block vs spinal morphine for pain relief after Caesarean section.
McMorrow, R C N
Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an alternative to spinal morphine for analgesia after Caesarean section but there are few data on its comparative efficacy. We compared the analgesic efficacy of the TAP block with and without spinal morphine after Caesarean section in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.
Is a planned caesarean section in women with cardiac disease beneficial?
Ruys, Titia P. E.; Roos-Hesselink, Jolien W.; Pijuan-Domenech, Antonia; Vasario, Elena; Gaisin, Ilshat R.; Iung, Bernard; Freeman, Leisa J.; Gordon, Elaine P.; Pieper, Petronella G.; Hall, Roger; Boersma, Eric; Johnson, Mark R.
Objectives In the general population, planned caesarean section is thought to be safer in high-risk situations as it avoids the greater risk of an emergency caesarean section. Only limited data exist on the optimal mode of delivery in women with structural heart disease. We investigated the relation
The CORONIS Trial. International study of caesarean section surgical techniques: a randomised fractional, factorial trial
Full Text Available Abstract Background Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed operations on women throughout the world. Rates have increased in recent years – about 20–25% in many developed countries. Rates in other parts of the world vary widely. A variety of surgical techniques for all elements of the caesarean section operation are in use. Many have not yet been rigorously evaluated in randomised controlled trials, and it is not known whether any are associated with better outcomes for women and babies. Because huge numbers of women undergo caesarean section, even small differences in post-operative morbidity rates between techniques could translate into improved health for substantial numbers of women, and significant cost savings. Design CORONIS is a multicentre, fractional, factorial randomised controlled trial and will be conducted in centres in Argentina, Ghana, India, Kenya, Pakistan and Sudan. Women are eligible if they are undergoing their first or second caesarean section through a transverse abdominal incision. Five comparisons will be carried out in one trial, using a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 fractional factorial design. This design has rarely been used, but is appropriate for the evaluation of several procedures which will be used together in clinical practice. The interventions are: • Blunt versus sharp abdominal entry • Exteriorisation of the uterus for repair versus intra-abdominal repair • Single versus double layer closure of the uterus • Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum (pelvic and parietal • Chromic catgut versus Polyglactin-910 for uterine repair The primary outcome is death or maternal infectious morbidity (one or more of the following: antibiotic use for maternal febrile morbidity during postnatal hospital stay, antibiotic use for endometritis, wound infection or peritonitis or further operative procedures; or blood transfusion. The sample size required is 15,000 women in total; at least 7,586 women
Gurpreet Kaur
Full Text Available Previous caesarean section sparks an area of controversy in Obstetrics. The management of women with previous caesarean section regarding the mode of delivery whether to opt for repeat caesarean section or vaginal delivery, is an area of debate. Very often the decision on management is not made on Principle of sound reasoning and many who choose the elective repeat caesarean section do so to circumvent the anxious moment that arise during conduct ion of labour. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the maternal and fetal outcome in relation to type of delivery . MATERIALS AND METHOD S: A 18 month prospective observational study was conducted where in 150 patients who had a term pregnancy with a history of prior LSCS were included after obtaining their consent for participation. The obstetric and fetal outcomes of these patients in the present pregnancy were analyzed by Z test. RESULTS: Out of the 150 subjects 78 ( 52% were in age group of 26 - 30 years, 106 ( 70.67% patients belonged to the urban population, 116 ( 77.33% were booked patie nts, 107 ( 71.33% were housewives, 122 ( 81.33% belonged to middle class and 22 ( 14.67% were from high socio economic status. 67 ( 44.67% were second gravid, 112 ( 74.67% were para 1. Out of total 134 patients 29 ( 21.64% had elective caesarean section and 5 ( 3 .73% patients came as emergency admission and underwent caesarean section. Out of 134 patients, with one previous caesarean section. 32 had spontaneous onset of labour. Out of which 20 ( 68.97% had vaginal delivery and 9 ( 31.03% had repeat caesarean section. 13 patients had augmentation, 11 ( 84.62% had vaginal delivery and 2 ( 15.38% had caesarean section. In 58 patients labour was induced 29 ( 50% had section. 14 patients out of 50 who had previous 2 caesarean section only 1 ( 7.69% patient had spontane ous onset of labour and had caesarean section. 3 ( 92.86% patients had elective caesarean section. There were only 2 patients with previous 3 caesarean
Effect of caesarean section on maternal and foetal outcomes in acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, Hong-Yan; Jiang, Qing; Shi, Hao; Xu, Yun-Qing; Shi, Ai-Chao; Sun, Yuan-Li; Li, Jian; Ning, Qin; Shen, Guan-Xin
Several studies have reported a positive association between caesarean section for expeditious pregnancy termination and perinatal outcomes in acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP); however, the risks remain unclear and independent studies have reported conflicting findings. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to confirm the relationship between caesarean section and perinatal outcomes in AFLP. The PubMed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched (until July 17, 2015) for observational clinical studies focusing on the association between caesarean section and perinatal outcomes in AFLP. Data were extracted and processed independently by 2 authors. We also compared caesarean section with vaginal delivery to further investigate this relationship. We observed that 2 of the 3 primary outcomes in caesarean section exhibited positive effects—the maternal mortality rate was 44% lower (relative risk [RR], 0.56 [0.41–0.76]) and perinatal mortality rate was also reduced (RR, 0.52 [0.38–0.71]), compared to those for vaginal delivery. We did not find any associations between caesarean section and perinatal outcomes in AFLP in terms of neonatal mortality type and maternal multiple organ complications. These findings emphasise the significant prognostic value and clinical implications of caesarean section in AFLP, and suggest that the adverse outcomes should be reduced. PMID:27387594
Attitude of pregnant women in south western Nigeria towards caesarean section as a method of birth
Adenike Funmilola Faremi
Full Text Available Background: Choice of the method of birth is an essential decision for pregnant women and the spouse. This choice is sometimes based on a number of factors. This study assesses knowledge of pregnant women about caesarean section, their attitude towards it and level of acceptance of the methods of birth among women. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in a government owned hospital in south western Nigeria. Respondents were selected using accidental sampling techniques. Questionnaire whose validity and reliability has been previously ascertained was the instrument used for data collection. Data generated was analysed using SPSS. Results: Results show that 17.1% of the women have good knowledge of caesarean section as a method of birth. Majority of the respondents agreed that vaginal delivery creates more mother-baby relationship than caesarean section. 69.5% of the respondents agreed that caesarean section is preferable to vaginal delivery as the pain in vaginal delivery is usually unpleasant, 66.0% disagreed that babies born through caesarean section are more healthy than their other counterpart that are born through vaginal delivery. Only 6.9% accept caesarean section. Conclusions: Mothers should therefore be educated on the process involved in caesarean birth and the advantage of this method of birth over other birth method. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2014; 3(3.000: 709-714
Decisions to Perform Emergency Caesarean Sections at a University Hospital
Pillai, Silja A.; Vaidyanathan, Gowri; Al-Shukri, Maryam; Al-Dughaishi, Tamima R.; Tazneem, Shahila; Khan, Durdana; El-Tayeb, Saniya; Mathew, Mariam
Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the degree of agreement amongst obstetricians regarding decisions to perform emergency Caesarean section (CS) procedures at a university hospital. Methods: This retrospective clinical audit was carried out on 50 consecutive emergency CS procedures performed between November 2012 and March 2013 on women with singleton pregnancies at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Muscat, Oman. Data on each procedure were collected from electronic patient records and independently reviewed by six senior obstetricians to determine agreement with the decision. Results: Of the 50 women who underwent CS procedures, the mean age was 28.9 ± 5.1 years and 48% were primigravidae. A total of 65% of the CS procedures were category I. The most common indications for a CS was a non-reassuring fetal heart trace (40%) and dystocia (32%). There was complete agreement on the decision to perform 62% of the CS procedures. Five and four obstetricians agreed on 80% and 95% of the procedures, respectively. The range of disagreement was 4–20%. Disagreement occurred primarily with category II and III procedures compared to category I. Additionally, disagreement occurred in cases where the fetal heart trace pattern was interpreted as an indication for a category II CS. Conclusion: The majority of obstetricians agreed on the decisions to perform 94% of the emergency CS procedures. Obstetric decision-making could be improved with the implementation of fetal scalp pH testing facilities, fetal heart trace interpretation training and cardiotocography review meetings. PMID:26909212
Service Quality of Delivered Care from the Perception of Women with Caesarean Section and Normal Delivery
Jafar S Tabrizi; Samira Askari; Zahra Fardiazar; Hossein Koshavar; Kamal Gholipour
Background: Our aim was to determine the service quality of delivered care for people with Caesarean Section and Normal Delivery. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 people who had caesarean section and normal delivery in Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital in Tabriz, north western Iran. Service quality was calculated using: Service Quality = 10 – (Importance × Performance) based on importance and performance of service quality aspects from the postpartum women"s...
Caesarean section in a patient with varicella: Anaesthesia considerations and clinical relevance
Nandini M Dave
Full Text Available A primigravida with chicken pox was posted for an emergency caesarean section. General anaesthesia was administered. Key issues in anaesthesia management and the clinical implications are discussed.
Comparison of peritoneal closure versus non-closure during caesarean section
In modern obstetrics caesarean sections are commonly used and in all caesarean sections either peritoneal closure is done or not. This cases series was conducted to record outcomes in our setup. Methods: Cases of caesarean sections were followed for adhesions and non-adhesions in peritoneal closure and non-closure cases from 1st January to December 2011 at DHQ Hospital Haripur. In non-peritoneal closure cases adhesions were marked as compare to non-adhesions in eritoneal closure cases. Results: Sixty-five cases of peritoneal closure and 30 cases of non-peritoneal closure were followed up. There were more cases of adhesions in non-closure group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Peritoneal closure is beneficial in routine caesarean sections. (author)
Fear of childbirth and emergency caesarean section in low-risk nulliparous women
Jespersen, Cecilie; Hegaard, Hanne Kristine; Schroll, Anne-Mette;
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between fear of childbirth (FOC) and emergency caesarean section. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of low-risk nulliparous women at term. SETTING: Nine obstetric departments in Denmark, May 2004-July 2005. POPULATION: A total of 2598 nulliparous women in...... recorded by the attending staff. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of emergency caesarean section in women who feared childbirth. RESULTS: FOC (W-DEQ sum score ≥ 85 and DFS sum score ≥ 70) was not associated with...... emergency caesarean section: adjusted OR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.48-1.36) and OR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.55-1.71), respectively. CONCLUSION: In this prospective observational study, women with FOC did not have an increased risk of emergency caesarean section compared to women with no such fear....
The impact of hospital revenue on the increase in Caesarean sections in Norway. A panel data analysis of hospitals 1976-2005
Hagen Terje P
Full Text Available Abstract Background There has been a marked increase in the number of Caesarean sections in many countries during the last decades. In several countries, Caesarean sections are carried out in more than 20 per cent of births. These high Caesarean section rates give cause for concern, both from an economic and a medical perspective. A general opinion among epidemiologists is that the increase in the number of Caesarean sections during the last decade has been greater than could be expected in relation to medical risk factors. Therefore, other explanations must be sought. We studied one potential explanation; the effect that the increase in hospital revenue per bed during the period 1976-2005 has had on the Caesarean section rate in Norway. During this period, hospital revenue increased by about 260% (adjusted for inflation. Methods The analyses were carried out using data from the Medical Birth Registry 1976-2005 from Norway. The data were merged with data about hospital revenue, which were obtained from Statistics Norway. The analyses were carried out using annual data from 46 hospitals. A fixed effect regression model was estimated. Relevant medical control variables were included. Results The elasticity of the Caesarean section rate with respect to hospital revenue per bed was 0.13 (p Conclusion The increase in hospital revenue explains only a small part of the increase in the Caesarean section rate in Norway during the last three decades. The increase in the Caesarean section rate is considerably greater than could be expected, based on the increase in hospital revenue alone. The strength of our study is that we have estimated a cause and effect relationship. This was done by using fixed effects for hospitals, a lagged revenue variable and by including an extensive set of control variables for the risk factors of the mother and the baby.
Maternal height as a risk factor for Caesarean section due to failure to progress in labour.
McGuinness, B J; Trivedi, A N
We examined for a regional sample of the New Zealand population, the relationship between maternal height and an increased risk of emergency Caesarean section due to arrested labour, to identify a height below which the risk of Caesarean section increases markedly and to quantify the risk of a Caesarean section for a range of maternal heights. The data of nulliparous singleton pregnancies over the period 1994-1998 was sorted into 2 study groups, one resulting in emergency Caesarean section for arrested labour and the other a group of women who had normal vaginal delivery requiring no intervention. The means and standard deviations of these 2 groups were found and 99% confidence intervals calculated. They were analysed for statistical difference and then a logistical regression calculation tried to identify a height at which the risk of a Caesarean section increased suddenly. There were 81 women in the Caesarean section group and 997 in the normal vaginal delivery group. Mean heights and confidence intervals were 161.0 cm (158.9-163.1) and 164.6 cm (164.0-165.2) respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between these means (plogistic regression analysis showed that risk of Caesarean section increased gradually with decreasing height, and even then did not reach more than 30% risk until a height of less than 140 cm. Low maternal height was associated with increased risk of Caesarean section due to labour arrest. Because the likelihood of having a normal vaginal delivery was still very good (>80 %) at modest degrees of short stature, this risk factor alone is unlikely to affect management. However the combination of other risk factors with maternal height may be of clinical use. PMID:10755767
Use of a computerised maternity information system to improve clinical effectiveness: thromboprophylaxis at caesarean section
Taylor, G.; Mckenzie, C.; Mires, G.
An audit of the introduction of a protocol for thromboprophylaxis at caesarean section revealed over treatment of low risk women and the under treatment of high risk women. A routine computer generated risk assessment profile was introduced as part of a maternity information system. Reaudit showed a significant improvement in adherence to the thromboprophylaxis protocol in all risk groups. Keywords: thromboprophylaxis; caesarean section; computerised assessment
Asthma at 8 years of age in children born by caesarean section.
Roduit, C.; Scholtens, S.; Jongste, de, J.C.; Wijga, A H; Gerritsen, J.; Postma, D. S.; Brunekreef, B; Hoekstra, M.O.; Aalberse, R; Smit, H. A.
BACKGROUND: Caesarean section might be a risk factor for asthma because of delayed microbial colonisation, but the association remains controversial. A study was undertaken to investigate prospectively whether children born by caesarean section are more at risk of having asthma in childhood and sensitisation at the age of 8 years, taking into account the allergic status of the parents. METHODS: 2917 children who participated in a birth cohort study were followed for 8 years. The definition of...
Comparison of suture material and technique of closure of subcutaneous fat and skin in caesarean section
Aliya Islam; Ambreen Ehsan
Background : A large number of women undergo caesarean section throughout the world. These women pass through a period of post operative pain and a morbidity period. These women translate into a substantial portion of population and hence there is a load on the financial resources of healthcare system. Use of the appropriate technique to approximate the wound after caesarean section would not only avoid financial load but also help in early recovery of the patient. Aim : The aim of this study...
Double balloon device compared to oxytocin for induction of labour after previous caesarean section
José García-Adanez; Irene Diez-Itza; Miren Arrue Gabilondo; Estefanía Rodríguez Ferradas; Izaskun Lasa Alvarado
Objective: To assess cervical changes, duration of oxytocin infusion, mode of delivery and complications after cervical ripening using a double balloon device in women with a previous caesarean section. Methods: Longitudinal study including 80 women with a previous caesarean section, no previous vaginal delivery and an unfavourable cervix (Bishop score < 4). Two groups were established: a double balloon device was used with 32 women (exposed) and not with the others (non-exposed) (48). Stati...
After surgery: the effects of life-saving caesarean sections in Burkina Faso
Filippi, Véronique; Ganaba, Rasmané; Calvert, Clara; Murray, Susan F.; Storeng, Katerini T.
Background In African countries, caesarean sections are usually performed to save mothers and babies' lives, sometimes in extremis and at considerable costs. Little is known about the health and lives of women once discharged after such surgery. We investigated the long-term effects of life-saving caesarean section on health, economic and social outcomes in Burkina Faso. Methods We conducted a 4 year ...
Behavioural, educational and respiratory outcomes of antenatal betamethasone for term caesarean section (ASTECS trial)
Stutchfield, Peter Roy; Whitaker, Rhiannon; Gliddon, Angela E; Hobson, Lucie; Kotecha, Sailesh; Doull, Iolo J M
Objectives To determine whether antenatal betamethasone prior to elective term caesarean section (CS) affects long term behavioural, cognitive or developmental outcome, and whether the risk of asthma or atopic disease is reduced. Design A questionnaire based follow-up of a multicentre randomised controlled trial (Antenatal Steroids for Term Elective Caesarean Section, BMJ 2005). Setting Four UK study centres from the original trial. Participants 862 participants from the four largest recruiti...
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of fetal scalp blood lactate measurement to reduce caesarean sections during labour: the Flamingo trial [ACTRN12611000172909
East, Christine E.; Stefan C. Kane; Davey, Mary-Ann; Kamlin, C. Omar; Brennecke, Shaun P.; ,
Background The rate of caesarean sections around the world is rising each year, reaching epidemic proportions. Although many caesarean sections are performed for concerns about fetal welfare on the basis of abnormal cardiotocography, the majority of babies are shown to be well at birth, meaning that the operation, with its inherent short and long term risks, could have been avoided without compromising the baby's health. Previously, fetal scalp blood sampling for pH estimation was performed i...
Comparison of suture material and technique of closure of subcutaneous fat and skin in caesarean section
Aliya Islam
Full Text Available Background: A large number of women undergo caesarean section throughout the world. These women pass through a period of post operative pain and a morbidity period. These women translate into a substantial portion of population and hence there is a load on the financial resources of healthcare system. Use of the appropriate technique to approximate the wound after caesarean section would not only avoid financial load but also help in early recovery of the patient. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of alternative techniques for closure of subcutaneous fat and skin on maternal health and use of healthcare resources in caesarean section. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing Caesarean section were divided in two groups of one thousand patients each. Patients with hematological disorders or a malignancy, diabetes, septicemia or chorioamnionitis were excluded from the study. In all the patients, after stitching the uterus, the rectus sheath was stitched with thread vicryl No.1 (synthetic absorbable braided sutures with polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone and calcium stearate coating, using a round body needle. Then the patients were divided into two groups. In group I, vicryl No.1 thread used in stitching of the rectus sheath was continued into the skin with application of subcuticular stitches, after securing the edges with a knot. In group II, after stitching the rectus sheath with vicryl No. 1, the thread was cut and interrupted sutures were applied in subcutaneous fat with thread vicryl No. 2. Skin was stitched with subcuticular stitches using proline 2, a non-absorbable propylene suture. The two groups of patients were observed for the duration of surgery, post-operative pain in stitches, patient satisfaction about removal of stitches, evidence of wound infection or seroma, and cosmetic results. Results: It was noted that the duration of surgery in group I was on average 7.5 minutes less as compared to the duration in
Comparison of suture material and technique of closure of subcutaneous fat and skin in caesarean section
Aliya Islam
Full Text Available Background : A large number of women undergo caesarean section throughout the world. These women pass through a period of post operative pain and a morbidity period. These women translate into a substantial portion of population and hence there is a load on the financial resources of healthcare system. Use of the appropriate technique to approximate the wound after caesarean section would not only avoid financial load but also help in early recovery of the patient. Aim : The aim of this study is to compare the effects of alternative techniques for closure of subcutaneous fat and skin on maternal health and use of healthcare resources in caesarean section. Materials and Methods : Patients undergoing Caesarean section were divided in two groups of one thousand patients each. Patients with hematological disorders or a malignancy, diabetes, septicemia or chorioamnionitis were excluded from the study. In all the patients, after stitching the uterus, the rectus sheath was stitched with thread vicryl No.1 (synthetic absorbable braided sutures with polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone and calcium stearate coating, using a round body needle. Then the patients were divided into two groups. In group I, vicryl No.1 thread used in stitching of the rectus sheath was continued into the skin with application of subcuticular stitches, after securing the edges with a knot. In group II, after stitching the rectus sheath with vicryl No. 1, the thread was cut and interrupted sutures were applied in subcutaneous fat with thread vicryl No. 2. Skin was stitched with subcuticular stitches using proline 2, a non-absorbable propylene suture. The two groups of patients were observed for the duration of surgery, post-operative pain in stitches, patient satisfaction about removal of stitches, evidence of wound infection or seroma, and cosmetic results. Results : It was noted that the duration of surgery in group I was on average 7.5 minutes less as compared to the duration in
Midwife-led Care Model for Reducing Caesarean Rate: A Novel Concept for Worldwide Birth units where Standard Obstetric Care Still Dominates
Hong Zhou
Full Text Available Caesarean rate has been increasing year by year in China and other countries in the world. In fact, caesarean section is associated with increased risk of maternal mortality and serious foetal pulmonary morbidity. To reduce caesarean rate, obstetricians in physician-based birth units get used to take early intervention for any delay in labour progress that could cause dystocia. However, standard obstetric care enhanced by obstetric power has not consistently been shown to reduce rate of caesarean delivery. Other than physician-based model, midwife-led model of care is aiming to promote normal birth by use of midwives' skills as well as continuous support rather than augmentation of labour through excessive medical treatment. Midwife-led care model is novel to worldwide birth units where standard obstetric care still dominates. It has made some headway in efforts to reduce caesarean rate. The fact that standard obstetric care of childbirth have not consistently reduced rate of caesarean delivery encourages us for creating the hypotheses that midwife-led care model satisfying puerpera with care and support could minimise unnecessary obstetric intervention and facilitate vaginal birth, and finally reduces caesarean rate. This hypothesis, if confirmed, might have the potential to be disseminated elsewhere in the world, where most women still take standard obstetric care. Moreover, it has political implications for the national health-care policymaking.
Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section: short- and long-term outcomes
Bamigboye, Anthony A; Hofmeyr, G Justus
Background Caesarean section is a very common surgical procedure worldwide. Suturing the peritoneal layers at caesarean section may or may not confer benefit, hence the need to evaluate whether this step should be omitted or routinely performed. Objectives The objective of this review was to assess the effects of non-closure as an alternative to closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section on intraoperative and immediate- and long-term postoperative outcomes. Search methods We searched the ...
Effect of phenylephrine vs. ephedrine on frontal lobe oxygenation during caesarean section with spinal anesthesia
Foss, Visti T; Christensen, Robin; Rokamp, Kim Z;
phenylephrine reduced ScO2 (-8.6 ± 2.8%; p = 0.005) with a 10.7% difference in ScO2between groups (p = 0.0106). Also maternal heart rate was maintained with ephedrine (+3 ± 3 bpm) but decreased with phenylephrine (-11 ± 3 bpm); difference 14 bpm (p = 0.0053), but no significant difference in mean arterial...... pressure (p = 0.1904) or CO (p = 0.0683) was observed between groups. The two drugs also elicited an equal increase in fetal heart rate (by 19 ± 3 vs. 18 ± 3 bpm; p = 0.744). CONCLUSION: In the choice between phenylephrine and ephedrine for maintenance of blood pressure during caesarean section with spinal...
Post-caesarean section surgical site infections at a Tanzanian tertiary hospital: a prospective observational study.
De Nardo, P; Gentilotti, E; Nguhuni, B; Vairo, F; Chaula, Z; Nicastri, E; Nassoro, M M; Bevilacqua, N; Ismail, A; Savoldi, A; Zumla, A; Ippolito, G
Few data are available on the determinants and characteristics of post-caesarean section (CS) surgical site infections (SSIs) in resource-limited settings. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study to evaluate the rates, determinants, and microbiological characteristics of post-CS SSI at the Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department in Tanzania. Spanning a three-month period, all pregnant women who underwent CS were enrolled and followed up for 30 days. SSI following CS occurred in 224 (48%) women. Only 10 (2.1%) women received pre-incision antibiotic prophylaxis. Urgent intervention is needed to prevent and control infections and contain the rising rate of post-CS SSI at the DRRH. PMID:27125664
An audit of caesarean sections for very low birth weight babies.
Khalifeh, A
This study reviewed caesarean sections for very low birth weight babies in a tertiary referral maternity hospital. Maternal and neonatal complications were recorded and classified according to uterine incision type. We reviewed medical records of 89 women over a period of 2 years. The indication for the caesarean section influenced the type of uterine incision made (p = 0.004). Women who had antepartum haemorrhage were more likely to need a vertical incision. There was also a higher incidence of vertical incisions for gestations <28 weeks (p = 0.029). Surprisingly, when the computerised discharge summaries were reviewed retrospectively, all the vertical uterine incisions were recorded as lower segment caesarean sections. This would have a clinical impact on those women in future pregnancies, especially in a highly mobile population.
The respiratory consequences of early-term birth and delivery by caesarean sections.
Kotecha, Sarah J; Gallacher, David J; Kotecha, Sailesh
In England and Wales, 19% of live births in 2012 were at 37-38 weeks' gestation, equating to nearly 140 000 early-term births each year. Since caesarean sections (CS) are often performed at early-term gestations, this accounts for some of the increased proportion of the early-term births. Infants born early-term are at an increased risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity particularly if they are delivered by caesarean section. The long term lung function data are limited but available data suggest that early-term delivery is associated with respiratory morbidity in childhood. CS also appears to be associated with increased neonatal morbidity and future development of respiratory symptoms. However, future studies need to confirm the independent effects of caesarean sections and early-term deliveries particularly for long term outcomes as both are likely to affect the respiratory system differently. PMID:26810083
Implementation of guidelines on oxytocin use at caesarean section: a survey of practice in Great Britain and Ireland.
Sheehan, Sharon R
OBJECTIVE: Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed major operations on women worldwide. Operative morbidity includes haemorrhage, anaemia, blood transfusion and in severe cases, maternal death. Various clinical guidelines address oxytocin use at the time of caesarean section. We previously reported wide variation in practice amongst clinicians in the United Kingdom in the use of oxytocin at caesarean section. The aim of this current study was to determine whether the variation in approach is universal across the individual countries of Great Britain and Ireland and whether this reflects differences in interpretation and implementation of clinical practice guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a survey of practice in the five individual countries of Great Britain and Ireland. A postal questionnaire was sent to all lead consultant obstetricians and anaesthetists with responsibility for the labour ward. We explored the use of oxytocin bolus and infusion, the measurement of blood loss at caesarean section and the rates of major haemorrhage. Existing clinical guidelines from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) and ALSO (Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics) were used to benchmark reported practice against recommended practice for the management of blood loss at caesarean section. RESULTS: The response rate was 82% (391 respondents). Use of a 5 IU oxytocin bolus was reported by 346 respondents (85-95% for individual countries). In some countries, up to 14% used a 10 IU oxytocin bolus despite recommendations against this. Routine use of an oxytocin infusion varied greatly between countries (11% lowest-55% highest). Marked variations in choice of oxytocin regimens were noted with inconsistencies in the country-specific recommendations, e.g. NICE (which covers England and Wales) recommends a 30 IU oxytocin infusion over 4h, but only 122 clinicians (40%) used this. CONCLUSIONS
The half-life and exposure of Cefuroxime varied in newborn infants after a Caesarean section
Zachariassen, G; Hyldig, N; Joergensen, J S;
AIM: No information was available on how fast intravenous cefuroxime administered to pregnant women before a Caesarean section was cleared in newborn infants. This study investigated the drug's half-life and the exposure of healthy newborn infants after their mothers received the drug. METHODS......: Healthy mothers received a single dose of cefuroxime 15 to 60 minutes before skin incision. One blood sample was drawn from the umbilical cord and two blood samples were drawn from the infant after delivery. Total plasma cefuroxime (μg/ml) was measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS......: Cefuroxime was given to 22 mothers, including two who had twins. The concentration of cefuroxime varied significantly among infants (p<0.001), while the rate of decline did not (p=0.24). The median cefuroxime half-life was 3.5 hours (range 2.9-5.5), which was approximately three times longer than in normal...
Caesarean section on maternal request in north-eastern Nigeria: Women's knowledge, perception and attitude
Bukar M
Full Text Available Background: Caesarean delivery is the most widely performed major obstetric surgery globally and the incidence is rising. Aim: To document the views of pregnant women in two tertiary institutions in Nigeria towards caesarean delivery on maternal request. Methods: A cross-sectional study of pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinics of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and Federal Medical Centre, Yola from August to October 2009. Results: A total of 254 women were interviewed. The age ranged from 18-43 years with a mean of 28.56+5.60 years. The mean parity was 2.71+1.96. Majority, 204 (80.3% respondents were aware of caesarean delivery with 90 (44.1% of the information obtained from friends. Sixteen (6.3% believed that having caesarean section was due to failure of reproductive function of a woman, with 106 (41.7% citing destiny as reason for caesarean delivery. Most, 226 (89.0%, would not request for caesarean section. The commonest reason for caesarean section on maternal request was avoidance of labour pain, 16 (57.1%. Education (2 =33.561, P=0.000 and occupation (2 =26.205, P=0.003 had influence on knowledge of caesarean delivery. Education however, had no influence on maternal request for caesarean delivery (2 =5.810, P=0.121. Although majority (2 =2.589, P=0.000 would prefer vaginal delivery, none of the respondents would decline caesarean delivery if indicated. Conclusion: The knowledge, perception and attitude toward caesarean delivery are encouraging. The low number of maternal request for caesarean will serve as a benchmark for the future especially with the increasing penchant for smaller family sizes among the urban educated elites.
The effect of alfentanil on maternal haemodynamic changes due to tracheal intubation in elective caesarean sections under general anaesthesia
Seyedeh Masoumeh Hosseini Valami
Full Text Available Background and Aims: Endotracheal intubation can produce severe maternal haemodynamic changes during caesarean sections under general anaesthesia. However, administration of narcotics before endotracheal intubation to prevent these changes may affect the Apgar score in neonates. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of intravenous alfentanil on haemodynamic changes due to endotracheal intubation in elective caesarean sections performed under general anaesthesia. Methods: Fifty parturients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Patients in the first group received alfentanil 10 μg/kg and in the second group received placebo intravenously 1 min before induction of anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Haemodynamic parameters and bispectral index system (BIS in mothers, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO 2 and Apgar score in the newborn were assessed. Results: Changes in systolic blood pressure were significant at 1, 5 and 10 min after intubation between two groups. Changes in diastolic blood pressure were significantly less in alfentanil group, 1 min after induction of anaesthesia and 1 min after endotracheal intubation. Mean heart rate at 1 min after induction and at 1 and 5 min after intubation also reduced significantly in this group. Conclusion: Alfentanil use was associated with decreases or minimal increases in maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate after endotracheal intubation.
Anaesthetic Management of Two Patients with Pompe Disease for Caesarean Section
I. J. J. Dons-Sinke
Full Text Available The introduction of enzyme replacement therapy and the resultant stabilisation or improvement in mobility and respiratory muscle function afforded to patients with late-onset Pompe may lead to an increased number of Pompe patients prepared to accept the challenges of parenthood. In this case report, we describe our anaesthetic management of two patients with Pompe disease for a caesarean section.
Trends in Caesarean Section Use from 1955-1999 in a Regional Perinatology Centre
Hájek, Z.; Reissigová, Jindra; Haaková, L.; Kolařík, D.; Binder, T.; Živný, J.
Roč. 7, č. 2 (2001), s. 55-58. ISSN 1505-0580 R&D Projects: GA MZd NH4837 Institutional research plan: AV0Z1030915 Keywords : caesarean sections * increasing frequency * indications Subject RIV: BB - Applied Statistics, Operational Research
Bioethical considerations: Caesarean section at the request of the patient and autonomy
Rogelio González Pérez
A doctor who has to perform an on demand Caesarean section instead of a vaginal birth, without any medical need, must analyze several ethical elements to accept this request. To review and reflect on the principles of medical ethic can guide the physician to prioritize a medical-based decision, ensuring the best result possible for the mother and for the unborn child.
Elective caesarean section and respiratory morbidity in the term and near-term neonate
Hansen, Anne Kirkeby; Wisborg, Kirsten; Uldbjerg, Niels;
AIM: The aim of this review was to assess the relationship between delivery by elective caesarean section and respiratory morbidity in the term and near-term neonate. METHODS: Searches were made in the MEDLINE database, EMBASE, Cochrane database and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studie...
Costs of vaginal delivery and Caesarean section at a tertiary level public hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan
Zaman Shakila
Full Text Available Abstract Background Public hospitals in developing countries, rather than the preventive and primary healthcare sectors, are the major consumers of healthcare resources. Imbalances in rational, equitable and efficient allocation of scarce resources lie in the scarcity of research & information on economic aspects of health care. The objective of this study was to determine the average cost of a spontaneous vaginal delivery and Caesarean section in a tertiary level government hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan and to estimate the out of pocket expenditures to households using these services. Methods This hospital based cost accounting cross sectional study determines the average cost of vaginal delivery and Caesarean section from two perspectives, the patient's and the hospital. From the patient's perspective direct and indirect expenditures of 133 post-partum mothers (65 delivered by Caesarean section & 68 by spontaneous vaginal delivery admitted in the maternity general ward were determined. From the hospital perspective the step down methodology was adopted, capital and recurrent costs were determined from inputs and cost centers. Results The average cost for a spontaneous vaginal delivery from the hospital's side was 40 US$ (2688 rupees and from the patient's perspective was 79 US$ (5278 rupees. The average cost for a Caesarean section from the hospital side was 162 US$ (10868 rupees and 204 US$ (13678 rupees from the patient's side. Average monthly household income was 141 ± 87 US$ for spontaneous vaginal delivery and 168 ± 97 US$ for Caesarean section. Three fourth (74% of households had a monthly income of less than 149 US$ (10000 rupees. Conclusion The apparently "free" maternity care at government hospitals involves substantial hidden and unpredicted costs. The anticipated fear of these unpredicted costs may be major factor for many poor households to seek cheaper alternate maternity healthcare.
The risk of caesarean section in obese women analysed by parity.
O'Dwyer, Vicky
OBJECTIVE: This study looked at the association between caesarean section (CS) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in primigravidas compared with multigravidas. STUDY DESIGN: We enrolled women at their convenience, in the first trimester after an ultrasound examination confirmed an ongoing pregnancy. Weight and height were measured digitally and BMI calculated. After delivery, clinical details were again collected from the Hospital\\'s computerised database. RESULTS: Of the 2000 women enrolled, there were 50.4% (n=1008) primigravidas and 49.6% (n=992) multigravidas. Of the 2000 8.5% were delivered by elective CS and 13.4% were delivered by emergency CS giving an overall rate of 21.9%. The overall CS rate was 30.1% in obese women compared with 19.2% in the normal BMI category (p<0.001). In primigravidas the increase in CS rate in obese women was due to an increase in emergency CS (p<0.005) and in multigravidas the increase was due to an increase in elective CS (p<0.01). In obese primigravidas 20.6% had an emergency section for fetal distress. In obese multigravidas 17.2% had a repeat elective CS. CONCLUSION: The influence of maternal obesity on the increase in CS rates is different in primigravidas compared with multigravidas.
Clinician-centred interventions to increase vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC): a systematic review.
Lundgren, Ingela
BackgroundThe number of caesarean sections (CS) is increasing globally, and repeat CS after a previous CS is a significant contributor to the overall CS rate. Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) can be seen as a real and viable option for most women with previous CS. To achieve success, however, women need the support of their clinicians (obstetricians and midwives). The aim of this study was to evaluate clinician-centred interventions designed to increase the rate of VBAC.MethodsThe bibliographic databases of The Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsychINFO and CINAHL were searched for randomised controlled trials, including cluster randomised trials that evaluated the effectiveness of any intervention targeted directly at clinicians aimed at increasing VBAC rates. Included studies were appraised independently by two reviewers. Data were extracted independently by three reviewers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the quality assessment tool, `Effective Public Health Practice Project¿. The primary outcome measure was VBAC rates.Results238 citations were screened, 255 were excluded by title and abstract. 11 full-text papers were reviewed; eight were excluded, resulting in three included papers. One study evaluated the effectiveness of antepartum x-ray pelvimetry (XRP) in 306 women with one previous CS. One study evaluated the effects of external peer review on CS birth in 45 hospitals, and the third evaluated opinion leader education and audit and feedback in 16 hospitals. The use of external peer review, audit and feedback had no significant effect on VBAC rates. An educational strategy delivered by an opinion leader significantly increased VBAC rates. The use of XRP significantly increased CS rates.ConclusionsThis systematic review indicates that few studies have evaluated the effects of clinician-centred interventions on VBAC rates, and interventions are of varying types which limited the ability to meta-analyse data. A further limitation is that
User fee exemptions and equity in access to caesarean sections: an analysis of patient survey data in Mali
El-Khoury Marianne
Full Text Available Abstract Introduction Little rigorous evidence exists on how health service utilization varies across socioeconomic groups after a user fee exemption policy has been implemented, and the evidence that does exist is mixed. In this paper, we estimate the distribution of caesarean section deliveries across socioeconomic groups following Mali's implementation of a fee exemption policy for caesareans in 2005. Methods We conducted a patient survey in 2010 to collect socioeconomic data from 2,477 women who had caesareans in a representative sample of 25 facilities across all regions of Mali. We used these data along with data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey to construct a wealth index and classify women into population-based wealth groupings. We compared the wealth distribution of women delivering via caesarean section to that of a nationally representative sample of women giving birth. Results We found that wealthier women make up a disproportionate share of those having free caesareans, five years after implementation of the fee exemption policy. Women in the richest two quintiles accounted for 58 percent of all caesareans, while women in the poorest two quintiles accounted for 27 percent of all caesareans. Fewer women in the poorest two-fifths of the population are receiving caesareans than what we would expect given their share in the population of women giving birth. Conclusions While fee exemptions remove important financial barriers to accessing priority maternal health services, they are insufficient to ensure equal access among wealth groups.
Unusual case of persistent Horner′s syndrome following epidural anaesthesia and caesarean section
Shubhra Goel; Cat Nguyen Burkat
This is a rare case of persistent Horner's syndrome following epidural anesthesia and Caesarean section. A 33-year-old female presented with persistent ptosis and miosis following epidural anesthesia and Caesarian section several months prior. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of head, neck, and chest were unremarkable. Medline search using terms Horner's, epidural, spinal anesthesia, delivery, childbirth, Caesarian, and pregnancy identified 31 articles des...
Unusual case of persistent Horner′s syndrome following epidural anaesthesia and caesarean section
Shubhra Goel
Full Text Available This is a rare case of persistent Horner′s syndrome following epidural anesthesia and Caesarean section. A 33-year-old female presented with persistent ptosis and miosis following epidural anesthesia and Caesarian section several months prior. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA of head, neck, and chest were unremarkable. Medline search using terms Horner′s, epidural, spinal anesthesia, delivery, childbirth, Caesarian, and pregnancy identified 31 articles describing Horner′s syndrome in obstetric epidural anesthesia, of which 11 were following Caesarean section. The increased incidence of Horner′s syndrome in the setting of epidural anesthesia in pregnancy may be related to epidural venous engorgement and cephalic spread of the local anaesthetic, with disruption in the oculosympathetic pathway. It is important to include recent epidural anesthesia within the differential diagnosis of acute Horner′s syndrome in a postpartum female. Rarely, the ptosis may be permanent and require surgical intervention.
The Hidden Costs of a Free Caesarean Section Policy in West Africa (Kayes Region, Mali).
Ravit, Marion; Philibert, Aline; Tourigny, Caroline; Traore, Mamadou; Coulibaly, Aliou; Dumont, Alexandre; Fournier, Pierre
The fee exemption policy for EmONC in Mali aims to lower the financial barrier to care. The objective of the study was to evaluate the direct and indirect expenses associated with caesarean interventions performed in EmONC and the factors associated with these expenses. Data sampling followed the case control approach used in the large project (deceased and near-miss women). Our sample consisted of a total of 190 women who underwent caesarean interventions. Data were collected from the health workers and with a social approach by administering questionnaires to the persons who accompanied the woman. Household socioeconomic status was assessed using a wealth index constructed with a principal component analysis. The factors significantly associated with expenses were determined using multivariate linear regression analyses. Women in the Kayes region spent on average 77,017 FCFA (163 USD) for a caesarean episode in EmONC, of which 70 % was for treatment. Despite the caesarean fee exemption, 91 % of the women still paid for their treatment. The largest treatment-related direct expenses were for prescriptions, transfusion, antibiotics, and antihypertensive medication. Near-misses, women who presented a hemorrhage or an infection, and/or women living in rural areas spent significantly more than the others. Although abolishing fees of EmONC in Mali plays an important role in reducing maternal death by increasing access to caesarean sections, this paper shows that the fee policy did not benefit to all women. There are still barriers to EmONC access for women of the lowest socio-economic group. These included direct expenses for drugs prescription, treatment and indirect expenses for transport and food. PMID:25874875
Delivery by caesarean section and risk of childhood obesity: analysis of a Peruvian prospective cohort
Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco
Full Text Available Objectives. We aimed to assess if Caesarean section is a risk factor for overnutrition in early- and late-childhood, and to assess the magnitude of the effect of child- versus family-related variables in these risk estimates. Methods. Longitudinal data from Peruvian children from the Young Lives Study was used. Outcomes assessed were overweight, obesity, overnutrition (overweight plus obesity, and central obesity (waist circumference at the age 5 (first follow-up and 7 (second follow-up years. The exposure of interests was delivery by Caesarean section. Relative risks (RR and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI were calculated using multivariable models adjusted for child-related (e.g., birth weight and family-related (e.g., maternal nutritional status variables. Results. At baseline, mean age was 11.7 (± 3.5 months and 50.1% were boys. Children born by Caesarean section were 15.6%. The 10.5% of the children were overweight and 2.4% were obese. For the obesity outcome, data from 6,038 and 9,625 children-years was included from baseline to the first and second follow-up, respectively. Compared to those who did not experience Caesarean delivery, the risk of having obesity was higher in the group born by Caesarean: RRs were higher at early-childhood (first follow-up: 2.25; 95% CI [1.36–3.74] than later in life (second follow-up: 1.57; 95% CI [1.02–2.41]. Family-related variables had a greater effect in attenuating the risk estimates for obesity at the first, than at the second follow-up. Conclusion. Our results suggest a higher probability of developing obesity, but not overweight, among children born by Caesarean section delivery. The magnitude of risk estimates decreased over time, and family-related variables had a stronger effect on the risk estimates at early-childhood.
Cervical tourniquet in case of uncontrollable haemorrhage during caesarean section owing to a placenta accreta.
Huijgen, Q C A; Gijsen, A F; Hink, E; Van Kesteren, P J M
This case report describes a 38-year-old woman in whom a primary caesarean section for placenta previa was complicated by postpartum haemorrhage due to a placenta accreta. Despite tamponade with a Bakri balloon and placement of a B-Lynch suture, the amount of blood loss could not be effectively reduced. The blood loss was eventually minimised by the placement of a Penrose drain around the cervix as a cervical tourniquet. We think that a cervical tourniquet is an effective method of stopping haemorrhage during caesarean section, as shown in this case report, and we consider this technique to be a valuable addition to several existing methods through which fertility is preserved by preventing emergency hysterectomy. PMID:23608864
Risk of respiratory morbidity in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section: cohort study
Hansen, Anne Kirkeby; Wisborg, Kirsten; Uldbjerg, Niels;
tachypnoea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn) and serious respiratory morbidity (oxygen therapy for more than two days, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, or need for mechanical ventilation). RESULTS: 2687 infants were delivered by...... 39 weeks' gestation (1.9, 1.2 to 3.0). The increased risks of serious respiratory morbidity showed the same pattern but with higher odds ratios: a fivefold increase was found at 37 weeks (5.0, 1.6 to16.0). These results remained essentially unchanged after exclusion of pregnancies complicated by...... diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth retardation, or by breech presentation. CONCLUSION: Compared with newborns delivered vaginally or by emergency caesarean sections, those delivered by elective caesarean section around term have an increased risk of overall and serious respiratory morbidity...
Full Text Available Anesthesia for emergency caesarean section for a pregnant patient with severe dorsolumbar kyphoscoliosis and severe anemia is associated with potential risks for both mother and the fetus due to alterations in maternal physiology and the pathological changes associated with kyphoscoliosis. In an emergency situation, the anesthesiologist has to quickly choose the anesthetic technique depending on the cardiopulmonary status of the patient and feasibility. We present a case of a 20 year old parturient in labour with severe kyphoscoliosis and severe anemia who was posted for emergency caesarean section. In view of severe anemia, anticipated technical difficulties with central neuraxial blocks and emergency situation, she was administered general anesthesia (GA with uneventful recovery.
Anaesthetic Management of Caesarean Section in a Patient with Large Mediastinal Mass
Pregnancy is associated with both anatomical and physiological changes in the body, especially in cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Patients with anterior and middle mediastinal masses are recognized to be at risk for cardiorespiratory compromise. Likewise, pregnancy has a widely known constellation of potential complications that confront the anaesthesiologist. The combination of both (pregnancy and mediastinal mass) in a single patient presents an unusual anaesthetic challenge. Caesarean sections are usually the mode of delivery, therefore, the cardio-respiratory stability is very important. The following is the report of a 31 weeks pregnant patient with a large, symptomatic anterior and middle mediastinal mass, who required anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section. The anaesthetic management entailed Combined Spinal and Epidural (CSE) technique with safe feto-maternal outcome. (author)
Anaesthetic management of caesarean section in a patient with large mediastinal mass.
Kashif, Sanum; Saleem, Jodat
Pregnancy is associated with both anatomical and physiological changes in the body, especially in cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Patients with anterior and middle mediastinal masses are recognized to be at risk for cardiorespiratory compromise. Likewise, pregnancy has a widely known constellation of potential complications that confront the anaesthesiologist. The combination of both (pregnancy and mediastinal mass) in a single patient presents an unusual anaesthetic challenge. Caesarean sections are usually the mode of delivery, therefore, the cardio-respiratory stability is very important. The following is the report of a 31 weeks pregnant patient with a large, symptomatic anterior and middle mediastinal mass, who required anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section. The anaesthetic management entailed Combined Spinal and Epidural (CSE) technique with safe feto-maternal outcome. PMID:25703761
Short and long term effects of caesarean section and vaginal delivery
Larsson, Christina
The aim of this thesis was to study short and long term effects after caesarean section (CS) and vaginal delivery. We also studied the difficulty in estimating blood loss at delivery and birth experience estimated nine months after delivery. In Study I blood loss during delivery was measured in two ways, visually, according to the routine of the hospital, and with a laboratory method, the alkaline hematin method. The visual estimation tended to over-estimate the bleeding. ...
CORONIS - International study of caesarean section surgical techniques: the follow-up study.
Abalos, E.; Oyarzun, E; Addo, V; Sharma, JB; Matthews, J.; Oyieke, J.; Masood, SN; El Sheikh, MA; Brocklehurst, P; Farrell, B; Gray, S.; Hardy, P.; N. Jamieson; Juszczak, E; Spark, P
BACKGROUND: The CORONIS Trial was a 2×2×2×2×2 non-regular, fractional, factorial trial of five pairs of alternative caesarean section surgical techniques on a range of short-term outcomes, the primary outcome being a composite of maternal death or infectious morbidity. The consequences of different surgical techniques on longer term outcomes have not been well assessed in previous studies. Such outcomes include those related to subsequent pregnancy: mode of delivery; abnormal placentation (e....
Bioethical considerations: Caesarean section at the request of the patient and autonomy
Rogelio González Pérez
Full Text Available A doctor who has to perform an on demand Caesarean section instead of a vaginal birth, without any medical need, must analyze several ethical elements to accept this request. To review and reflect on the principles of medical ethic can guide the physician to prioritize a medical-based decision, ensuring the best result possible for the mother and for the unborn child.
Anaesthetic Management of Parturient with Acute Atrial Fibrillation for Emergency Caesarean Section
Madhu Gupta; Shalini Subramanian; Preeti Adlakha
A 31-year-antenatal lady with critical mitral stenosis presented for emergency caesarean section with fetal distress. She had acute onset atrial fibrillation. She was given a combined spinal epidural (CSE) anaesthesia and her arrhythmia was successfully managed after delivery of the baby with intravenous calcium channel blocker. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease complicating pregnancy in developing countries. The physiological changes during pregnancy may exacerbate th...
Birth after emergency caesarean section: Women's perspectives on the factors influencing their decision making
Hughes, Laura Jane
The study explored the decisions women made in relation to mode of birth following a previous emergency lower segment caesarean section (emLSCS), particularly focusing on what different factors influenced women to choose a particular mode of birth and what they described as the rationale underpinning that decision. Participants were recruited from a population of students and staff within the School of Human and Health Sciences at a university in the north of England. Sixteen individuals...
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Surgical Site Infections in Women Undergoing Elective Caesarean Sections: A Pilot RCT
Wendy Chaboyer; Vinah Anderson; Joan Webster; Anne Sneddon; Lukman Thalib; Gillespie, Brigid M
Obese women undergoing caesarean section (CS) are at increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI). Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is growing in use as a prophylactic approach to prevent wound complications such as SSI, yet there is little evidence of its benefits. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed the effect of NPWT on SSI and other wound complications in obese women undergoing elective caesarean sections (CS) and also the feasibility of conducting a defi...
Anaesthetic Management of Parturient with Acute Atrial Fibrillation for Emergency Caesarean Section
Madhu Gupta
Full Text Available A 31-year-antenatal lady with critical mitral stenosis presented for emergency caesarean section with fetal distress. She had acute onset atrial fibrillation. She was given a combined spinal epidural (CSE anaesthesia and her arrhythmia was successfully managed after delivery of the baby with intravenous calcium channel blocker. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease complicating pregnancy in developing countries. The physiological changes during pregnancy may exacerbate their cardiac symptoms. They may present with complications like congestive cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation, or pulmonary thromboembolism during the antenatal, intrapartum, or postpartum period. Here we discuss the management of parturient woman with high maternal and fetal risk presenting for emergency caesarean. The merits of regional anaesthesia and the importance of invasive monitoring are also discussed.
Intrapartum caesarean rates differ significantly between ethnic groups--relationship to induction.
Ismail, Khadijah I
OBJECTIVE: Given international variation in obstetric practices and outcomes, comparison of labour outcomes in different ethnic groups could provide important information regarding the underlying reasons for rising caesarean delivery rates. Increasing numbers of women from Eastern European countries are now delivering in Irish maternity hospitals. We compared labour outcomes between Irish and Eastern European (EE) women in a large tertiary referral center. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective consecutive cohort study encompassing a single calendar year. The cohort comprised 5550 Irish and 867 EE women delivered in a single institution in 2009. Women who had multiple pregnancies, breech presentation, and elective or pre-labour caesarean sections (CS) were excluded. Data obtained from birth registers included maternal age, nationality, parity, gestation, onset of labour, mode of delivery and birth weight. RESULTS: The overall intrapartum CS rate was 11.4% and was significantly higher in Irish compared to EE women (11.8% vs. 8.8%; p=0.008). The proportion of primiparas was lower in Irish compared to EE women (44.8% vs. 63.6%; p<0.0001). The intrapartum CS rate was almost doubled in Irish compared to EE primiparas (20.7% vs. 11.0%; p<0.0001). Analysis of primiparas according to labour onset revealed a higher intrapartum CS rate in Irish primiparas in both spontaneous (13.5% vs. 7.2%; p<0.0001) and induced labour (29.5% vs. 19.3%; p=0.005). Irish women were older with 19.7% of primiparas aged more than 35, compared to 1.6% of EE women (p<0.0001). The primigravid CS rate in Irish women was significantly higher in women aged 35 years or older compared women aged less than 35 (30.6% vs. 18.3%; p<0.0001) consistent in both spontaneous and induced labour. The primiparous induction rate was 45.4% in Irish women compared to 32% in EE women, and more Irish women were induced before 41 weeks gestation. CONCLUSION: The results highlight that primigravid intrapartum CS rates were
Full Text Available Conjoined twins, commonly referred to as Siamese twins, are babies connected physically to each other. Depending upon the point of connection, there are different types of conjoined twins. A targeted sonographic examination at midpregnancy can diagnose the entity in most cases. Fetal prognosis depends on the period of gestation at delivery, birth weight, extent of organ sharing by the fetuses and possibility of surgical separation. Viable conjoined twins should be delivered by caesarean section. Here we present a case of thoracopagus twin pregnancy where the fetuses were born alive by C Section but expired soon after delivery probably because of extreme prematurity and low birth weight
Influence of anesthesia techniques of caesarean section on memory, perception and speech
Volkov O.O.
Full Text Available In obstetrics postoperative cognitive dysfunctions may take place after caesarean section and vaginal delivery with poor results both for mother and child. The goal was to study influence of anesthesia techniques following caesarian section on memory, perception and speech. Having agreed with local ethics committee and obtained informed consent depending on anesthesia method, pregnant women were divided into 2 groups: 1st group (n=31 had spinal anesthesia, 2nd group (n=34 – total intravenous anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia: 1.8-2.2 mLs of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine. ТIVА: Thiopental sodium (4 mgs kg-1, succinylcholine (1-1.5 mgs kg-1. Phentanyl (10-5-3 µgs kg-1 hour and Diazepam (10 mgs were used after newborn extraction. We used Luria's test for memory assessment, perception was studied by test "recognition of time". Speech was studied by test "name of fingers". Control points: 1 - before the surgery, 2 - in 24h after the caesarian section, 3 - on day 3 after surgery, 4 - at discharge from hospital (5-7th day. The study showed that initially decreased memory level in expectant mothers regressed along with the time after caesarean section. Memory is restored in 3 days after surgery regardless of anesthesia techniques. In spinal anesthesia on 5-7th postoperative day memory level exceeds that of used in total intravenous anesthesia. The perception and speech do not depend on the term of postoperative period. Anesthesia technique does not influence perception and speech restoration after caesarean sections.
Utilization of antenatal ultrasound scan and implications for caesarean section: a cross-sectional study in rural Eastern China
Huang Kun
Full Text Available Abstract Background Antenatal ultrasound scan is a widely accepted component of antenatal care. Studies have looked at the relationship between ultrasound scanning and caesarean section (CS in certain groups of women in China. However, there are limited data on the utilization of antenatal ultrasound scanning in the general population, including its association with CS. The purpose of this study is to describe the utilization of antenatal ultrasound screening in rural Eastern China and to explore the association between antenatal ultrasound scan and uptake of CS. Methods Based on a cluster randomized sample, a total of 2326 women with childbirth participated in the study. A household survey was conducted to collect socio-economic information, obstetric history and utilization of maternal health services. Results Coverage of antenatal care was 96.8% (2251/2326. During antenatal care, 96.1% (2164/2251 women received ultrasound screening and the reported average number was 2.55. 46.8% women received at least 3 ultrasound scans and the maximum number reached 11. The CS rate was found to be 54.8% (1275/2326. After adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical variables, it showed a statistically significant association between antenatal ultrasound scans and uptake of CS by multivariate logistic regression model. High husband education level, high maternal age, having previous adverse pregnant outcome and pregnancy complications during the index pregnancy were also found to be risk factors of choosing a CS. Conclusions A high use of antenatal ultrasound scan in rural Eastern China is found and is influenced by socio-demographic and clinical factors. Evidence-based guidelines for antenatal ultrasound scans need to be developed and disseminated to clinicians including physicians, nurses and sonographers. Guidance about the appropriate use of ultrasound scans should also be shared with women in order to discourage unreasonable expectations and demands. It
Full Text Available BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Anesthesia for Pregnancy with pituitary tumours is a challenge to an Anesthesiologist , requires careful preoperative assessment and meticulous perioperative management to achieve optimal safety of mother and fetus. There are very limited studies in literature to guide the anaesthetic management of such patients. Here we report the successful Anaesthetic management of a parturient with pituitary tumour with epilepsy posted for emergency caesarean section. PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT: A 25 year young woman, G2P1L1, a known epileptic, diagnosed with pituitary macroadenoma presented at 40 weeks of gestation with severe Oligohydramnios (AFI - 4cm was posted for an emergency caesarean section. Following consultation with the obstetrician, neonato logist and the neurosurgeon the decision was made to proceed with caesarean section under general anesthesia. Rapid sequence induction and intubation was performed with inj Thiopentone sodium and inj Rocuronium and was maintained with Isoflurane, titrated to maintain the stability of mean arterial pressure until extraction. A live 4. 25kgs male child was born with Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 mins respectively. Following extraction 10U run as infusion in Ringers lactate. Intraoperative analgesia was a dministered after extraction. Dexmedetomedine infusion was used. Postoperative period was uneventful. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: Management of obstetric patients with pituitary tumour is complex, requiring knowledge of the physiological effects of pregnancy on tumour size and labour on intracranial pressure. General anesthesia combined with multimodal balanced analgesia is associated with a favorable outcome. General anaesthesia using Thiopentone, Fentanyl, Dexmedetomedine and titrated dose of Isoflurane was used in our case were found to be safe with adequate hemodynamic stability and postoperative pain control. A team approach involving the Anaesthethesiologist
Anaesthetic management for caesarean section in a case of previously operated with residual pituitary tumour
Prerana N Shah
Full Text Available Successful anaesthetic management for caesarean section in a case with previous pituitary tumour resection, with residual tumour, is reported. The pituitary gland undergoes global hyperplasia during pregnancy. Functional pituitary tumours may exhibit symptomatic enlargement during pregnancy. Growth hormone secreting tumour is associated with acromegaly which has associated anaesthetic implications of difficult airway, systemic hypertension, and diabetes and electrolyte imbalance. Intracranial space occupying lesions can increase intra cranial pressure and compromise cerebral perfusion or cause herniation. We report management of this case.
Cervical tourniquet in case of uncontrollable haemorrhage during caesarean section owing to a placenta accreta
Huijgen, Q C A; Gijsen, A F; Hink, E; Van Kesteren, P J M
This case report describes a 38-year-old woman in whom a primary caesarean section for placenta previa was complicated by postpartum haemorrhage due to a placenta accreta. Despite tamponade with a Bakri balloon and placement of a B-Lynch suture, the amount of blood loss could not be effectively reduced. The blood loss was eventually minimised by the placement of a Penrose drain around the cervix as a cervical tourniquet. We think that a cervical tourniquet is an effective method of stopping h...
Anaesthetic management for emergency caesarean section in a patient with an untreated recently diagnosed phaeochromocytoma
Anil Agarwal
Full Text Available Phaeochromocytoma is a rare cause of hypertension during pregnancy with potentially fatal consequences. If not detected and treated early in pregnancy, it is catastrophic for both the mother and the baby. Management requires close co-ordination between the obstetrician, anaesthesiologist, paediatrician and the endocrinologist. Perioperative management for an emergency caesarean section in a parturient with untreated phaeochromocytoma is an anaesthetic challenge and no standard recommendations have been reported till date. In this case report, we present anaesthetic management in such a case with successful maternal and foetal outcome.
Using a Caesarean Section Classification System based on characteristics of the population as a way of monitoring obstetric practice
Milanez Helaine M
Full Text Available Abstract Objective to compare the distribution of caesarean rates in the Robson's 10 groups classification in order to see if any change occurred after the implementation of an audit and feedback intervention. Design: cross sectional, before and after an audit and feedback study. Setting: a university hospital in Brazil. Methods clinical records of all births during two three months-periods were evaluated. Each case of CS was classified into one of ten mutually exclusive categories according to obstetric characteristics. The proportion of CS in each group was compared in both periods. Results total number of deliveries and the high rate of CS were similar in both periods. Group 3 (multiparous excluding previous CS, single, cephalic, ≥ 37 weeks, spontaneous labour accounted for the largest proportion of deliveries, 28.5 and 26.8% in both periods. Group 1 (nulliparous, single, cephalic, ≥ 37 weeks, spontaneous labour was the second largest one, while Group 5 (previous caesarean section, single, cephalic, and ≥ 37 weeks was the third but the largest contributor to CS, accounting for 16.6 and 14.9% among all deliveries in both periods. Groups 2 (nulliparous, single, cephalic, ≥ 37 weeks, induction or CS before labour and 4 (multiparous excluding previous CS, single, cephalic, ≥ 37 weeks, induction or CS before labour were less prevalent, however had higher rates of CS. Only in Group 10 (All single, cephalic, ≤ 36 weeks, including previous CS, there was a significant decrease of CS rate from 70.5 to 42.6% between periods. Conclusion Robson's classification did not identify any significant change in the pattern of CS rates with the audit and feedback process, but showed to be useful for comparing trends among similar obstetric populations.
Comparison of ephedrine versus fluid preload in prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
Objective: To compare the effect of crystalloid preload versus prophylactic ephedrine on blood pressure after spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section. Study Design: Randomized control trails (RCT). Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, which is a tertiary care hospital from January 2007 to January 2008. Methodology: One hundred patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for this study and randomly divided into two groups of 50 each. Patients of group A were preloaded with Hartman's solution 15ml/kg body weight. Patients in group B received prophylactic intravenous ephedrine 0.25mg/kg body weight just before administration of spinal anesthesia. Blood pressure was recorded before and 03 minutes after administration of spinal anesthesia. Results: The mean age in group A was 25.54 +- 3.06 years and in group B was 25.34+-2.94 years. In group A, there were 6(12%) patients with no/mild hypotension 10(20%) patients of moderate while 34(68%) patients had severe hypotension. In group B 24(48%) patients had no/mild hypotension. Ten (20%) patients had moderate while 16(32%) patients had severe hypotension (p=0.001). Conclusion: Prophylactic administration of ephedrine is better than crystalloid preload in prevention of significant hypotension in spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section. (author)
Immediate or early skin-to-skin contact after a Caesarean section: a review of the literature.
Stevens, Jeni; Schmied, Virginia; Burns, Elaine; Dahlen, Hannah
The World Health Organization and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund recommends that mothers and newborns have skin-to-skin contact immediately after a vaginal birth, and as soon as the mother is alert and responsive after a Caesarean section. Skin-to-skin contact can be defined as placing a naked infant onto the bare chest of the mother. Caesarean birth is known to reduce initiation of breastfeeding, increase the length of time before the first breastfeed, reduce the incidence of exclusive breastfeeding, significantly delay the onset of lactation and increase the likelihood of supplementation. The aim of this review is to evaluate evidence on the facilitation of immediate (within minutes) or early (within 1 h) skin-to-skin contact following Caesarean section for healthy mothers and their healthy term newborns, and identify facilitators, barriers and associated maternal and newborn outcomes. A range of electronic databases were searched for papers reporting research findings published in English between January 2003 and October 2013. Seven papers met the criteria. This review has provided some evidence that with appropriate collaboration skin-to-skin contact during Caesarean surgery can be implemented. Further evidence was provided, albeit limited, that immediate or early skin-to-skin contact after a Caesarean section may increase breastfeeding initiation, decrease time to the first breastfeed, reduce formula supplementation in hospital, increase bonding and maternal satisfaction, maintain the temperature of newborns and reduce newborn stress. PMID:24720501
Caesarean section combined with temporary aortic balloon occlusion followed by uterine artery embolisation for the management of placenta accreta
Aim: To determine the efficacy and safety of caesarean section combined with temporary aortic balloon occlusion followed by uterine artery embolisation (UAE) for the treatment of patients with placenta accreta. Materials and methods: This retrospective study involved 42 patients with placenta accreta. All patients underwent caesarean section combined with temporary aortic balloon occlusion followed by UAE through the right femoral approach. Results: All patients were confirmed to have placenta praevia and accreta, including five patients with placenta percreta, at the time of delivery. The technical success rate of the combined treatment was 97.6% (41/42). Forty-one patients underwent successful caesarean section with conservation of the uterus. Hysterectomy was required in one (3.1%) patient. The amount of blood loss and blood transfusion, and the operation time were was 586 ± 355 ml, 422 ± 83 ml and 65.5 ± 10.6 minutes, respectively. The mean postoperative hospital stay, occlusion time and fetal radiation dose were 5.5 ± 2.6 days, 22.4 ± 7.2 minutes and 4.2 ± 2.9 mGy, respectively. There were no significant changes before and 7 days after the endovascular procedure in creatinine levels (56.8 ± 13.8 μmol/l versus 63.4 ± 16.7 μmol/l, p = 0.09) or urea nitrogen (6.3 ± 2.5 μmol/l versus 7.4 ± 3.8 μmol/l, p = 0.17). There were no access-site complications after the endovascular procedure and no complications related to the intervention during follow-up. Conclusion: Temporary aortic balloon occlusion followed by UAE can effectively control postpartum haemorrhage during placental dissection, and reduce transfusion requirements, hysterectomy rate, and operation time in patients with placenta accreta. -- Highlights: •Aortic balloon occlusion can overcome the collateral flow from other arteries. •UAE can effectively manage secondary postpartum haemorrhage. •The aortic balloon can rapidly and easily insert. •The mean
Study protocol. ECSSIT - Elective Caesarean Section Syntocinon Infusion Trial. A multi-centre randomised controlled trial of oxytocin (Syntocinon) 5 IU bolus and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5 IU bolus and 40 IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section.
Murphy, Deirdre J
BACKGROUND: Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed major operations in women throughout the world. Rates are escalating, with studies from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, China and the Republic of Ireland reporting rates between 20% and 25%. Operative morbidity includes haemorrhage, anaemia, blood transfusion and in severe cases, maternal death. The value of routine oxytocics in the third stage of vaginal birth has been well established and it has been assumed that these benefits apply to caesarean delivery as well. A slow bolus dose of oxytocin is recommended following delivery of the baby at caesarean section. Some clinicians use an additional infusion of oxytocin for a further period following the procedure. Intravenous oxytocin has a very short half-life (4-10 minutes) therefore the potential advantage of an oxytocin infusion is that it maintains uterine contractility throughout the surgical procedure and immediate postpartum period, when most primary haemorrhages occur. The few trials to date addressing the optimal approach to preventing haemorrhage at caesarean section have been under-powered to evaluate clinically important outcomes. There has been no trial to date comparing the use of an intravenous slow bolus of oxytocin versus an oxytocin bolus and infusion. METHODS AND DESIGN: A multi-centre randomised controlled trial is proposed. The study will take place in five large maternity units in Ireland with collaboration between academics and clinicians in the disciplines of obstetrics and anaesthetics. It will involve 2000 women undergoing elective caesarean section after 36 weeks gestation. The main outcome measure will be major haemorrhage (blood loss >1000 ml). A study involving 2000 women will have 80% power to detect a 36% relative change in the risk of major haemorrhage with two-sided 5% alpha. DISCUSSION: It is both important and timely that we evaluate the optimal approach to the management of the third stage at
Study protocol. ECSSIT - Elective Caesarean Section Syntocinon Infusion Trial. A multi-centre randomised controlled trial of oxytocin (Syntocinon) 5 IU bolus and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5 IU bolus and 40 IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section.
Murphy, Deirdre J
BACKGROUND: Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed major operations in women throughout the world. Rates are escalating, with studies from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, China and the Republic of Ireland reporting rates between 20% and 25%. Operative morbidity includes haemorrhage, anaemia, blood transfusion and in severe cases, maternal death. The value of routine oxytocics in the third stage of vaginal birth has been well established and it has been assumed that these benefits apply to caesarean delivery as well. A slow bolus dose of oxytocin is recommended following delivery of the baby at caesarean section. Some clinicians use an additional infusion of oxytocin for a further period following the procedure. Intravenous oxytocin has a very short half-life (4-10 minutes) therefore the potential advantage of an oxytocin infusion is that it maintains uterine contractility throughout the surgical procedure and immediate postpartum period, when most primary haemorrhages occur. The few trials to date addressing the optimal approach to preventing haemorrhage at caesarean section have been under-powered to evaluate clinically important outcomes. There has been no trial to date comparing the use of an intravenous slow bolus of oxytocin versus an oxytocin bolus and infusion. METHODS AND DESIGN: A multi-centre randomised controlled trial is proposed. The study will take place in five large maternity units in Ireland with collaboration between academics and clinicians in the disciplines of obstetrics and anaesthetics. It will involve 2000 women undergoing elective caesarean section after 36 weeks gestation. The main outcome measure will be major haemorrhage (blood loss >1000 ml). A study involving 2000 women will have 80% power to detect a 36% relative change in the risk of major haemorrhage with two-sided 5% alpha. DISCUSSION: It is both important and timely that we evaluate the optimal approach to the management of the third stage at
Comparison of transversus abdominis plane block vs spinal morphine for pain relief after Caesarean section.
McMorrow, R C N
BACKGROUND: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an alternative to spinal morphine for analgesia after Caesarean section but there are few data on its comparative efficacy. We compared the analgesic efficacy of the TAP block with and without spinal morphine after Caesarean section in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Eighty patients were randomized to one of four groups to receive (in addition to spinal anaesthesia) either spinal morphine 100 microg (S(M)) or saline (S(S)) and a postoperative bilateral TAP block with either bupivacaine (T(LA)) 2 mg kg(-1) or saline (T(S)). RESULTS: Pain on movement and early morphine consumption were lowest in groups receiving spinal morphine and was not improved by TAP block. The rank order of median pain scores on movement at 6 h was: S(M)T(LA) (20 mm)
Caesarean section. The addition of TAP block with bupivacaine 2 mg kg(-1) to spinal morphine did not further improve analgesia.
Multidisciplinary team training reduces the decision-to-delivery interval for emergency Caesarean section
Fuhrmann, Lone; Pedersen, T H; Atke, A;
BACKGROUND: Emergency Caesarean section is performed when the life of the pregnant woman and/or the foetus is considered at risk. A 30-min standard for the decision-to-delivery interval (DDI) is a common practice and is supported by national organisations including The Danish Society of Obstetrics...... study aims to evaluate the effect of a simulation-based team training programme on the proportion of ECSs achieved within a 30-min time frame. METHOD: We performed an interventional before-and-after study. We evaluated a total of one hundred 30-min ECSs before and after the intervention. The primary...... outcome of interest was the proportion of 30-min ECSs achieved within a 30-min time frame. RESULTS: A total of 20 team training courses were held during May/June 2013. These courses trained 239 of 252 team members (comprised of: 36 obstetricians, 45 scrub nurses, 83 midwives, 38 anaesthesiologists, 37...
Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome following acute neurological deterioration.
Tadrous, R
Sturge-Weber syndrome consists of facial capillary malformation (port-wine stain) and abnormal blood vessels in the brain or eye. Seizures, developmental delay and intracranial and airway angiomata are principal concerns. We report a 28-year-old primiparous woman at 41 weeks of gestation with Sturge-Weber syndrome who developed unilateral weakness, aphasia, blurred vision and confusion. Preeclampsia was excluded. Neuroimaging showed left sided cerebral oedema and a right parieto-occipital lesion, most likely an angioma. Caesarean section was planned to avoid the risk of angioma rupture during labour. General anesthesia was avoided due to the haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and reports of seizure-related mortality. Despite the possibility of raised intracranial pressure and precipitation of cerebral herniation, a lumbar epidural block was administered but failed. A subarachnoid block was successfully performed and a healthy infant delivered. The choice of anaesthesia was strongly influenced by detailed radiological investigations and multidisciplinary participation.
Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome following acute neurological deterioration.
Tadrous, R
Sturge-Weber syndrome consists of facial capillary malformation (port-wine stain) and abnormal blood vessels in the brain or eye. Seizures, developmental delay and intracranial and airway angiomata are principal concerns. We report a 28-year-old primiparous woman at 41 weeks of gestation with Sturge-Weber syndrome who developed unilateral weakness, aphasia, blurred vision and confusion. Preeclampsia was excluded. Neuroimaging showed left sided cerebral oedema and a right parieto-occipital lesion, most likely an angioma. Caesarean section was planned to avoid the risk of angioma rupture during labour. General anesthesia was avoided due to the haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and reports of seizure-related mortality. Despite the possibility of raised intracranial pressure and precipitation of cerebral herniation, a lumbar epidural block was administered but failed. A subarachnoid block was successfully performed and a healthy infant delivered. The choice of anaesthesia was strongly influenced by detailed radiological investigations and multidisciplinary participation.
Uteroplacental blood flow measured by placental scintigraphy during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section
The uteroplacental blood flow was measured before and during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section in 11 woman. The blood flow was measured with dynamic placental scintigraphy. After an i.v. injection of indium-113m chloride, the gamma radiation over the placenta was recorded with a computer-linked scintillation camera. The uteroplacental blood flow could be calculated from the isotope accumulation curve. The anaesthesia was performed with bupivacaine plain 0.5%, 18-22 ml and a preload of a balanced electrolyte solution 10 ml/kg b.w. was given. The placental blood flow decreased in eight patients and increased in three with a median change of -21%, not being statistically significant. No correlation between maternal blood pressure and placental blood flow was found. (author)
Uteroplacental blood flow measured by placental scintigraphy during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section
Skjoeldebrand, A.; Eklund, J.; Johansson, H.; Lunell, N.-O.; Nylund, L.; Sarby, B.; Thornstroem, S. (Departments of Anaesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medical Physics, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm (Sweden))
The uteroplacental blood flow was measured before and during epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section in 11 woman. The blood flow was measured with dynamic placental scintigraphy. After an i.v. injection of indium-113m chloride, the gamma radiation over the placenta was recorded with a computer-linked scintillation camera. The uteroplacental blood flow could be calculated from the isotope accumulation curve. The anaesthesia was performed with bupivacaine plain 0.5%, 18-22 ml and a preload of a balanced electrolyte solution 10 ml/kg b.w. was given. The placental blood flow decreased in eight patients and increased in three with a median change of -21%, not being statistically significant. No correlation between maternal blood pressure and placental blood flow was found. (author).
Patient-controlled oral analgesia versus nurse-controlled parenteral analgesia after caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial.
Bonnal, A; Dehon, A; Nagot, N; Macioce, V; Nogue, E; Morau, E
We assessed the effectiveness of early patient-controlled oral analgesia compared with parenteral analgesia in a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial of women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia. Seventy-seven women received multimodal paracetamol, ketoprofen and morphine analgesia. The woman having patient-controlled oral analgesia were administered four pillboxes on the postnatal ward containing tablets and instructions for self-medication, the first at 7 h after the spinal injection and then three more at 12-hourly intervals. Pain at rest and on movement was evaluated using an 11-point verbal rating scale at 2 h and then at 6-hourly intervals for 48 h. The pre-defined non-inferiority limit for the difference in mean pain scores (patient-controlled oral analgesia minus parenteral) was one. The one-sided 95% CI of the difference in mean pain scores was significantly lower than one at all time-points at rest and on movement, demonstrating non-inferiority of patient-controlled oral analgesia. More women used morphine in the patient-controlled oral analgesia group (22 (58%)) than in the parenteral group (9 (23%); p = 0.002). The median (IQR [range]) number of morphine doses in the patient-controlled oral analgesia group was 2 (1-3 [1-7]) compared with 1 (1-1 [1-2]); p = 0.006) in the parenteral group. Minor drug errors or omissions were identified in five (13%) women receiving patient-controlled oral analgesia. Pruritus was more frequent in the patient-controlled oral analgesia group (14 (37%) vs 6 (15%) respectively; p = 0.03), but no differences were noted for other adverse events and maternal satisfaction. After elective caesarean section, early patient-controlled oral analgesia is non-inferior to standard parenteral analgesia for pain management, and can be one of the steps of an enhanced recovery process. PMID:26931110
6. Pattern of antimicrobial use in caesarean section in a tertiary care hospital in rural south India
J. Heethal
Full Text Available Use of antimicrobials in caesarean section has become an accepted practice to minimize the incidence of post operative complications. Not many studies are available in India regarding the use of antimicrobial in caesarean section, hence this study. The study aims at finding the pattern of use of antimicrobial prophylaxis in caesarean section and also the frequency of post operative morbidity. This study is a retrospective case series analysis which included seventy five patients undergoing caesarean section admitted to the obstetrics and gynaecology department of Sri R.L.Jalappa hospital and research centre. Relevant information on each patient was collected according to the proforma designed for the study. Antimicrobial used, their dose dosage schedule were recorded. Investigations like pus, blood and urine culture and sensitivity was recorded for patients with post operative complications. Change of antimicrobial following culture sensitivity report was noted. In our analysis, most of the patients came from low socioeconomic status. We observed the use of third generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone or cefotaxime and metronidazole in most of the patients. Two drugs or three drug combinations were used which commonly included third generation cephalosporin and metronidazole with gentamicin being added in three drug combinations. Thirty patients had post operative complications which included wound infection, urinary tract infection and fever. E. coli were the common organism isolated which was resistant to third generation cephalosporin and sensitive to amikacin. In conclusion, periodic surveillance of antimicrobial prophylaxis is essential to detect the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
Study of adequacy of informed consent in caesarean section in a tertiary care, teaching and research institute of Northern India
Conclusions: Majority of the caesarean sections were performed due to some emergency indications. It was found that overall patients were well informed about the procedure and the related consequences. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2015; 4(3.000: 780-784
The effect of distant reiki on pain in women after elective Caesarean section: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial
vanderVaart, Sondra; Berger, Howard; Tam, Carolyn; Goh, Y. Ingrid; Gijsen, Violette M G J; de Wildt, Saskia N.; Taddio, Anna; Koren, Gideon
Introduction Approximately 25% of all babies in North America are delivered via Caesarean section (C-section). Though a common surgical procedure, C-section recovery can be painful. Opioids, specifically codeine, are commonly used to ease pain; however, its active metabolite, morphine, passes into breast milk, and may produce unwanted side effects in neonates; therefore, alternatives to opioids are being sought. Reiki is an ancient Japanese form of healing where practitioners transfer healing...
Modest Rise in Caesarean Section from 2000-2010: The Dutch Experience
Zhao, Yanjun; Zhang, Jun; Hukkelhoven, Chantal; Offerhaus, Pien; Zwart, Joost; de Jonge, Ank; Geerts, Caroline
Background The caesarean delivery (CD) rate has risen in most countries over the last decades, but it remains relatively low in the Netherlands. Our objective was to analyse the trends of CD rates in various subgroups of women between 2000 and 2010, and identify the practice pattern that is attributable to the relative stability of the Dutch CD rate. Methods A total of 1,935,959 women from the nationwide Perinatal Registry of the Netherlands were included. Women were categorized into ten groups based on the modified CD classification scheme. Trends of CD rates in each group were described. Results The overall CD rate increased slightly from 14.0% in 2000–2001 to 16.7% in 2010. Fetal, early and late neonatal mortality rates decreased by 40–50% from 0.53%, 0.21%, 0.04% in 2000–2001 to 0.29%, 0.12%, 0.02% in 2010, respectively. During this period, the prevalence of non-vertex presentation decreased from 6.7% to 5.3%, even though the CD rate in this group was high. The nulliparous women with spontaneous onset of labor at term and a singleton child in vertex presentation had a CD rate of 9.9%, and 64.7% of multiparous women with at least one previous uterine scar and a singleton child in vertex presentation had a trial of labor and the success rate of vaginal delivery was 45.9%. Conclusions The Dutch experience indicates that external cephalic version for breech presentation, keeping the CD rate low in nulliparous women and encouraging a trial of labor in multiparous women with a previous scar, could help to keep the overall CD rate steady. PMID:27192534
Spontaneous Expulsion of Intramural Fibroid Six Weeks after Emergency Caesarean Section.
Sagoo, Balvinder; Ng, Ka Ying Bonnie; Ghaleb, G; Brown, Heather
We present a thirty-six-year-old woman with a high risk pregnancy, complicated by multiple congenital anomalies, severe hyperemesis, a pulmonary embolus, and a large intramural fibroid. This fibroid grew in size during the pregnancy. At 34 + 5 weeks, there were reduced fetal movements and a pathological CTG. A live infant was delivered by an emergency cesarean section. Five weeks postpartum, she presented with abdominal pain, offensive vaginal discharge, and fevers. She was given antibiotics and ferrous sulphate. An abdominal ultrasound showed an 11 × 12 × 9 cm fibroid with a coarse degenerative appearance. Clinically, she showed signs of sepsis; a CT scan and laparotomy performed under general anesthetic did not find any collections as a source of sepsis. When stable, she was discharged. She re-presented two days later with a large mass (necrotic fibroid) in her vagina. This is the first case of spontaneous expulsion of fibroid six weeks after caesarean section. Presentation of pain and fever after the delivery may be due to red degeneration of the fibroid, caused by diminished blood supply, ischaemia, and necrosis. This case highlights the importance of considering fibroids as a cause for abdominal pain during and after pregnancy, even up to 6 weeks after delivery. PMID:26380133
Spontaneous Expulsion of Intramural Fibroid Six Weeks after Emergency Caesarean Section
Balvinder Sagoo
Full Text Available We present a thirty-six-year-old woman with a high risk pregnancy, complicated by multiple congenital anomalies, severe hyperemesis, a pulmonary embolus, and a large intramural fibroid. This fibroid grew in size during the pregnancy. At 34 + 5 weeks, there were reduced fetal movements and a pathological CTG. A live infant was delivered by an emergency cesarean section. Five weeks postpartum, she presented with abdominal pain, offensive vaginal discharge, and fevers. She was given antibiotics and ferrous sulphate. An abdominal ultrasound showed an 11 × 12 × 9 cm fibroid with a coarse degenerative appearance. Clinically, she showed signs of sepsis; a CT scan and laparotomy performed under general anesthetic did not find any collections as a source of sepsis. When stable, she was discharged. She re-presented two days later with a large mass (necrotic fibroid in her vagina. This is the first case of spontaneous expulsion of fibroid six weeks after caesarean section. Presentation of pain and fever after the delivery may be due to red degeneration of the fibroid, caused by diminished blood supply, ischaemia, and necrosis. This case highlights the importance of considering fibroids as a cause for abdominal pain during and after pregnancy, even up to 6 weeks after delivery.
Decisions to Perform Emergency Caesarean Sections at a University Hospital; Do obstetricians agree?
Gowri Vaidyanathan
Full Text Available Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the degree of agreement amongst obstetricians regarding decisions to perform emergency Caesarean section (CS procedures at a university hospital. Methods: This retrospective clinical audit was carried out on 50 consecutive emergency CS procedures performed between November 2012 and March 2013 on women with singleton pregnancies at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Muscat, Oman. Data on each procedure were collected from electronic patient records and independently reviewed by six senior obstetricians to determine agreement with the decision. Results: Of the 50 women who underwent CS procedures, the mean age was 28.9 ± 5.1 years and 48% were primigravidae. A total of 65% of the CS procedures were category I. The most common indications for a CS was a non-reassuring fetal heart trace (40% and dystocia (32%. There was complete agreement on the decision to perform 62% of the CS procedures. Five and four obstetricians agreed on 80% and 95% of the procedures, respectively. The range of disagreement was 4–20%. Disagreement occurred primarily with category II and III procedures compared to category I. Additionally, disagreement occurred in cases where the fetal heart trace pattern was interpreted as an indication for a category II CS. Conclusion: The majority of obstetricians agreed on the decisions to perform 94% of the emergency CS procedures. Obstetric decision-making could be improved with the implementation of fetal scalp pH testing facilities, fetal heart trace interpretation training and cardiotocography review meetings.
Comparison of epidural oxycodone and epidural morphine for post-caesarean section analgesia: A randomised controlled trial
Sng, Ban Leong; Kwok, Sarah Carol; Mathur, Deepak; Ithnin, Farida; Newton-Dunn, Clare; Assam, Pryseley Nkouibert; Sultana, Rehena; Sia, Alex Tiong Heng
Background and Aims: Epidural morphine after caesarean section may cause moderate to severe pruritus in women. Epidural oxycodone has been shown in non-obstetric trials to reduce pruritus when compared to morphine. We hypothesised that epidural oxycodone may reduce pruritus after caesarean section. Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted in pregnant women at term who underwent caesarean section with combined spinal-epidural technique initiated with intrathecal fentanyl 15 μg. Women received either epidural morphine 3 mg or epidural oxycodone 3 mg via the epidural catheter after delivery. The primary outcome was the incidence of pruritus at 24 h after caesarean section. The secondary outcomes were the pruritus scores, treatment for post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), pain scores and maternal satisfaction. Results: One hundred women were randomised (group oxycodone O = 50, morphine M = 50). There was no difference between Group O and M in the incidence of pruritus (n [%] 28 [56%] vs. 31 [62%], P = 0.68) and the worst pruritus scores (mean [standard deviation] 2.6 (2.8) vs. 3.3 [3.1], P = 0.23), respectively. Both groups had similar pain scores at rest (2.7 [2.3] vs. 2.0 [2.7], P = 0.16) and sitting up (5.0 [2.3] vs. 4.6 [2.4], P = 0.38) at 24 h. Pruritus scores were lower at 4–8, 8–12 and 12–24 h with oxycodone, but pain scores were higher. Both groups had a similar need for treatment of PONV and maternal satisfaction with analgesia. Conclusion: There was no difference in the incidence of pruritus at 24 h between epidural oxycodone and morphine. However, pruritus scores were lower with oxycodone between 4 and 24 h after surgery with higher pain scores in the same period. PMID:27053782
Is vaginal delivery or caesarean section the safer mode of delivery in patients with adult congenital heart disease?
Asfour, Victoria; Murphy, Michael O; Attia, Rizwan
A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: is vaginal delivery or caesarean section (CS) the safer mode of delivery in patients with adult congenital heart disease? Of the 119 studies, 13 papers represented the best evidence on the topic. Recommendations are based on 29 262 patients. Those having undergone successful corrective or palliative cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease, in addition to patients with unop...
Caesarean-sections in the Press: the said and the not said.
Tatiana Augustinho Rocha
Full Text Available This paper aimed at knowing the cultural caesarean representations present in magazines addressed to the laic public. One of the attributions of the nurse is health education. The press is source of informal education. So, the nurse must provide women with subsidies so that they can make decisions with autonomy and knowledge, demystifying or incrementing what is thought about the surgical delivery. Upon analyzing editions of Revista Crescer, two themes have arisen: the "said" and the "not said" about caesarean. Regarding the "said" category, the articles appraise pathologies in the gestation and their inter-occurrences with explicit association between pathologies and the caesarean; the magazine searched for the adequacy of the woman to the hospital routine and softened the caesarean consequences. As to the "not said" category, the magazine did not emphasize the control and prevention of the complications that are inherent to pregnancy and, somehow, led women to opt for the caesarean as the safest mode of delivery.
Evaluation of blood reservation and use for caesarean sections in a tertiary maternity unit in south western Nigeria
Oshodi Yussuf A
Full Text Available Abstract Background Haemorrhage from obstetric causes is the most common cause of maternal mortality in the developing world. Prevention of mortality from haemorrhage will necessarily involve prompt blood transfusions among other life saving measures. There are however limited stocks of fresh or stored blood in many health care facilities in Sub Saharan Africa. Caesarean section has been identified as a common indication for blood transfusion in obstetrics practice and its performance is often delayed by non availability of blood in our centre. An evaluation of blood reservation and use at caesarean sections in a tertiary maternity unit in Lagos, south western Nigeria should therefore assist in formulating the most rational blood transfusion policies. Methods Case records of 327 patients who had elective and emergency caesarian sections at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital between 1st October and 31st December 2007 were reviewed. Data pertaining to age, parity, booking status, type and indication for Caesarean section, pre- and post-operative packed cell volume, blood loss at surgery, units of blood reserved in the blood bank, unit(s of blood transfused and duration of hospital stay was extracted and the data analysed. Results There were 1056 deliveries out of which 327 (31% were by Caesarean section. During the study period, a total of 654 units of blood were reserved in the blood bank and subsequently made available in theatre. Out of this number, only 89 (13.6% were transfused to 41 patients. Amongst those transfused, twenty-six (54% were booked and 31 (75.6% had primary caesarian section. About 81% of those transfused had emergency caesarean section. The most common indication for surgery among those transfused were placenta praevia (9 patients with 21 units of blood and cephalo-pelvic disproportion (8 patients with 13 units. Conclusion Even though a large number of units of blood was reserved and made available in the theatre at
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Intrathecal adjuvants has gained popularity with the aim of prolonging the duration of block, quality of block and decreased resource utilization compared with general anaesthesia. However they are not free from side effects. We evaluated the effect of addition of intrathecal clonidine (45 micgm to hyperbaric bupivacaine on perioperative and neonatal outcome following lower segment caesarean section. Study period: January –July 2012. METHODS: 60 female Patients undergoing elective cesarean section (LSCS were randomly allocated to two groups of 30 each to receive intrathecally either 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine alone(group B or 45 µg of clonidine (group C, added to 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine. The onset time to reach T 6 sensory and Bromage 3 motor level, the regression time for L1 sensory and Bromage 0 motor block, Sedation scores, hemodynamic changes, APGAR score and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: Onset of bromage 3 motor block and time to reach T 6 sensory dermatome level was statistically similar between group B and group C. The time for regression of sensory block to L1 dermatome was increased by addition of clonidine (p <0.001 B vs. C. The duration of postoperative analgesia was 164.42±24.64 min in group B and 260.71±38.46 min in group C which was statistically significant. (P<0.001. New born apgar score shows that addition of clonidine is safe for new borns. CONCLUSION: Addition of 45 μg clonidine to hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for LSCS significantly prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia without any increase in maternal and neonatal side effects.
The Effect of Music Therapy on Pain The Level of Postoperative Patients' with Caesarean Section at Islamic Hospital A.Yani, Surabaya
Nanik Handayani
Pain is the most common effects in patients after undergoing surgery of Caesarean section. Pain management using pharmacological and non pharmacological management, one of non-pharmacological management is using music therapy The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of music therapy on pain level of postoperative patients' with Caesarean section. The type of study is analytic with True Experimental type with Pre Post Test Control Group Design done by Random Allocation. The study po...
Caesarean section: could different transverse abdominal incision techniques influence postpartum pain and subsequent quality of life? A systematic review.
Salvatore Gizzo
Full Text Available The choice of the type of abdominal incision performed in caesarean delivery is made chiefly on the basis of the individual surgeon's experience and preference. A general consensus on the most appropriate surgical technique has not yet been reached. The aim of this systematic review of the literature is to compare the two most commonly used transverse abdominal incisions for caesarean delivery, the Pfannenstiel incision and the modified Joel-Cohen incision, in terms of acute and chronic post-surgical pain and their subsequent influence in terms of quality of life. Electronic database searches formed the basis of the literature search and the following databases were searched in the time frame between January 1997 and December 2013: MEDLINE, EMBASE Sciencedirect and the Cochrane Library. Key search terms included: "acute pain", "chronic pain", "Pfannenstiel incision", "Misgav-Ladach", "Joel Cohen incision", in combination with "Caesarean Section", "abdominal incision", "numbness", "neuropathic pain" and "nerve entrapment". Data on 4771 patients who underwent caesarean section (CS was collected with regards to the relation between surgical techniques and postoperative outcomes defined as acute or chronic pain and future pregnancy desire. The Misgav-Ladach incision was associated with a significant advantage in terms of reduction of post-surgical acute and chronic pain. It was indicated as the optimal technique in view of its characteristic of reducing lower pelvic discomfort and pain, thus improving quality of life and future fertility desire. Further studies which are not subject to important bias like pre-existing chronic pain, non-standardized analgesia administration, variable length of skin incision and previous abdominal surgery are required.
Evaluation of timings and outcomes in category-one caesarean sections: A retrospective cohort study
Dunn, Clare Newton; Zhang, Qianpian; Sia, Josh Tjunrong; Assam, Pryseley Nkouibert; Tagore, Shephali; Sng, Ban Leong
Background and Aims: A decision-to-delivery interval (DDI) of 30 min for category-one caesarean section (CS) deliveries is the standard of practice recommended by clinical guidelines. Our institution established a protocol for category-one ('crash') CS to expedite deliveries. The aim of this study is to evaluate DDI, factors that affect DDI and the mode of anaesthesia for category-one CS. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 390 women who underwent category-one CS in a tertiary obstetric centre. We analysed the factors associated with DDI, mode of anaesthesia and perinatal outcomes. Summary statistics were performed for the outcomes. The association factors were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The mean (standard deviation) DDI was 9.4 (3.2) min with all deliveries achieved within 30 min. The longest factor in the DDI was time taken to transfer patients. A shorter DDI was not significantly associated with improved perinatal outcomes. The majority (88.9%) of women had general anaesthesia (GA) for category-one CS. Of those who had an epidural catheter already in situ (34.4%), 25.6% had successful epidural extension. GA was associated with shorter DDI, but worse perinatal outcomes than regional anaesthesia (RA). Conclusions: Our 'crash' CS protocol achieved 100% of deliveries within 30 min. The majority (88.9%) of the patients had GA for category-one CS. GA was found to be associated with shorter anaesthesia and operation times, but poorer perinatal outcomes compared to RA. PMID:27601736
Evaluation of timings and outcomes in category-one caesarean sections: A retrospective cohort study
Clare Newton Dunn
Full Text Available Background and Aims: A decision-to-delivery interval (DDI of 30 min for category-one caesarean section (CS deliveries is the standard of practice recommended by clinical guidelines. Our institution established a protocol for category-one (′crash′ CS to expedite deliveries. The aim of this study is to evaluate DDI, factors that affect DDI and the mode of anaesthesia for category-one CS. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 390 women who underwent category-one CS in a tertiary obstetric centre. We analysed the factors associated with DDI, mode of anaesthesia and perinatal outcomes. Summary statistics were performed for the outcomes. The association factors were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The mean (standard deviation DDI was 9.4 (3.2 min with all deliveries achieved within 30 min. The longest factor in the DDI was time taken to transfer patients. A shorter DDI was not significantly associated with improved perinatal outcomes. The majority (88.9% of women had general anaesthesia (GA for category-one CS. Of those who had an epidural catheter already in situ (34.4%, 25.6% had successful epidural extension. GA was associated with shorter DDI, but worse perinatal outcomes than regional anaesthesia (RA. Conclusions: Our ′crash′ CS protocol achieved 100% of deliveries within 30 min. The majority (88.9% of the patients had GA for category-one CS. GA was found to be associated with shorter anaesthesia and operation times, but poorer perinatal outcomes compared to RA.
Birth by Caesarean Section and the Risk of Adult Psychosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
O'Neill, Sinéad M; Curran, Eileen A; Dalman, Christina; Kenny, Louise C; Kearney, Patricia M; Clarke, Gerard; Cryan, John F; Dinan, Timothy G; Khashan, Ali S
Despite the biological plausibility of an association between obstetric mode of delivery and psychosis in later life, studies to date have been inconclusive. We assessed the association between mode of delivery and later onset of psychosis in the offspring. A population-based cohort including data from the Swedish National Registers was used. All singleton live births between 1982 and 1995 were identified (n= 1,345,210) and followed-up to diagnosis at age 16 or later. Mode of delivery was categorized as: unassisted vaginal delivery (VD), assisted VD, elective Caesarean section (CS) (before onset of labor), and emergency CS (after onset of labor). Outcomes included any psychosis; nonaffective psychoses (including schizophrenia only) and affective psychoses (including bipolar disorder only and depression with psychosis only). Cox regression analysis was used reporting partially and fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sibling-matched Cox regression was performed to adjust for familial confounding factors. In the fully adjusted analyses, elective CS was significantly associated with any psychosis (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03, 1.24). Similar findings were found for nonaffective psychoses (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99, 1.29) and affective psychoses (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05, 1.31) (χ(2)for heterogeneityP= .69). In the sibling-matched Cox regression, this association disappeared (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.78, 1.37). No association was found between assisted VD or emergency CS and psychosis. This study found that elective CS is associated with an increase in offspring psychosis. However, the association did not persist in the sibling-matched analysis, implying the association is likely due to familial confounding by unmeasured factors such as genetics or environment. PMID:26615187
Caesarean Section: Could Different Transverse Abdominal Incision Techniques Influence Postpartum Pain and Subsequent Quality of Life? A Systematic Review
Gizzo, Salvatore; Andrisani, Alessandra; Noventa, Marco; Di Gangi, Stefania; Quaranta, Michela; Cosmi, Erich; D'Antona, Donato; Nardelli, Giovanni Battista; Ambrosini, Guido
The choice of the type of abdominal incision performed in caesarean delivery is made chiefly on the basis of the individual surgeon's experience and preference. A general consensus on the most appropriate surgical technique has not yet been reached. The aim of this systematic review of the literature is to compare the two most commonly used transverse abdominal incisions for caesarean delivery, the Pfannenstiel incision and the modified Joel-Cohen incision, in terms of acute and chronic post-surgical pain and their subsequent influence in terms of quality of life. Electronic database searches formed the basis of the literature search and the following databases were searched in the time frame between January 1997 and December 2013: MEDLINE, EMBASE Sciencedirect and the Cochrane Library. Key search terms included: "acute pain", "chronic pain", "Pfannenstiel incision", "Misgav-Ladach", "Joel Cohen incision", in combination with "Caesarean Section", "abdominal incision", "numbness", "neuropathic pain" and "nerve entrapment". Data on 4771 patients who underwent caesarean section (CS) was collected with regards to the relation between surgical techniques and postoperative outcomes defined as acute or chronic pain and future pregnancy desire. The Misgav-Ladach incision was associated with a significant advantage in terms of reduction of post-surgical acute and chronic pain. It was indicated as the optimal technique in view of its characteristic of reducing lower pelvic discomfort and pain, thus improving quality of life and future fertility desire. Further studies which are not subject to important bias like pre-existing chronic pain, non-standardized analgesia administration, variable length of skin incision and previous abdominal surgery are required. PMID:25646621
Comparison of colloid (polygeline) over crystalloid (lactated ringer) preloading in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing caesarean-section under spinal anaesthesia
Objective: To assess efficacy of colloid (Polygeline) over crystalloid (Lactated Ringer) preloading in preventing hypotension in patients undergoing caesarean-section under spinal anaesthesia. Study design: Randomized control trial. Settings: The study was conducted in department of Anesthesiology and Intensive care Combined Military Hospital Peshawar over a period of 6 months from 01 March 2007 to 31 August 2007. Material and Methods: One hundred patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for study and divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A was given 500 ml Polygeline as preloading solution while group B received 1 liter of Ringer's Lactate as preloading solution just before administration of spinal anaesthesia. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were recorded at 01 min, 05 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins and 45 mins after the performance of spinal block. Dose of ephedrine given to treat hypotension after the block was also recorded. Results: There was significant difference in terms of heart rate and systolic arterial pressure 1 and 5 minutes after block between both the groups. There was also significant difference in terms of dose of ephedrine between both the groups. Conclusion: Polygeline is more effective than Ringer's Lactate as preloading fluid in preventing hypotension for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. (author)
Laparoscopic excision of rudimentary horn pregnancy in a patient with previous caesarean section.
Jihong, Lu; Siow, Anthony; Chern, Bernard
A rudimentary uterine horn is extremely rare and often difficult to diagnose. The frequency of this pathology is approximately 1:100,000. The diagnosis is sometimes elusive even at surgery. We present a case report of pregnancy in a rudimentary horn in the patient with one caesarean and one normal vaginal delivery, and we successfully conduct a removal of the rudimentary horn pregnancy laparoscopically. PMID:18629528
Observational study comparing non-invasive blood pressure measurement at the arm and ankle during caesarean section.
Drake, M J P; Hill, J S
Upper-arm non-invasive blood pressure measurement during caesarean section can be uncomfortable and unreliable because of movement artefact in the conscious parturient. We aimed to determine whether ankle blood pressure measurement could be used instead in this patient group by comparing concurrent arm and ankle blood pressure measured throughout elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia in 64 term parturients. Bland-Altman analysis of mean difference (95% limits of agreement [range]) between the ankle and arm was 11.2 (-20.3 to +42.7 [-67 to +102]) mmHg for systolic arterial pressure, -0.5 (-21.0 to +19.9 [-44 to +91]) mmHg for mean arterial pressure and -3.8 (-25.3 to +17.8 [-41 to +94]) mmHg for diastolic arterial pressure. Although ankle blood pressure measurement is well tolerated and allows greater mobility of the arms than measurement from the arm, the degree of discrepancy between the two sites is unacceptable to allow routine use of ankle blood pressure measurement, especially for systolic arterial pressure. However, ankle blood pressure measurement may be a useful alternative in situations where arm blood pressure measurement is difficult or impossible. PMID:23480469
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Surgical Site Infections in Women Undergoing Elective Caesarean Sections: A Pilot RCT
Wendy Chaboyer
Full Text Available Obese women undergoing caesarean section (CS are at increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT is growing in use as a prophylactic approach to prevent wound complications such as SSI, yet there is little evidence of its benefits. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT assessed the effect of NPWT on SSI and other wound complications in obese women undergoing elective caesarean sections (CS and also the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial. Ninety-two obese women undergoing elective CS were randomized in theatre via a central web based system using a parallel 1:1 process to two groups i.e., 46 women received the intervention (NPWT PICO™ dressing and 46 women received standard care (Comfeel Plus® dressing. All women received the intended dressing following wound closure. The relative risk of SSI in the intervention group was 0.81 (95% CI 0.38–1.68; for the number of complications excluding SSI it was 0.98 (95% CI 0.34–2.79. A sample size of 784 (392 per group would be required to find a statistically significant difference in SSI between the two groups with 90% power. These results demonstrate that a larger definitive trial is feasible and that careful planning and site selection is critical to the success of the overall study.
The role of interventional radiology in reducing haemorrhage and hysterectomy following caesarean section for morbidly adherent placenta
Aim: To report experience of prophylactic occlusion balloon catheters (POBCs) in both internal iliac arteries before caesarean section, with or without embolization, to preserve the uterus and reduce haemorrhage. Methods and materials: Twenty-seven women diagnosed with morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) and with suspected placenta percreta underwent POBC placement before caesarean section. The balloons were inflated immediately after delivery of the baby. The patients' case notes were reviewed retrospectively for histological grading of MAP, blood loss, transfusion, requirement of uterine artery embolization (UAE), or hysterectomy, radiation dose, and infant or maternal morbidity and mortality. Results: MAP was confirmed histologically as percreta in 17, accreta in eight, and increta in two women. Mean blood loss was 1.92 l (range 0.5–12 l). Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) occurred in nine patients. Eight were referred for UAE, which was successful in six. Immediate peri-partum hysterectomy was performed in one patient. Three women in total required hysterectomy, two after recurrent haemorrhage after UAE. No foetal morbidity or mortality occurred. No maternal mortality occurred. There was one case of iliac artery thrombosis, which resolved with conservative therapy. Conclusion: POBC, with or without UAE, contributes to reduction of blood loss and preservation of the uterus in women with MAP. - Highlights: • Management of morbidly adherent placenta requires a multidisciplinary team approach. • Prophylactic occlusion balloon catheters reduce blood loss and help avoid hysterectomy. • Protocols ensure correct management of placenta percreta patients and minimise risk
Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill in assessing technical competence to carry out caesarean section with increasing seniority.
Landau, Alex; Reid, Wendy; Watson, Andrew; McKenzie, Clare
Since the incorporation of workplace-based assessment within the specialty training programme in obstetrics and gynaecology, the assessment of technical competence to carry out caesarean section has been undertaken by the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill tool. This requirement has been formalised in the Matrix of Educational Progression, ensuring that the tool must assess trainees' technical competence in caesarean section procedures of varying levels of complexity throughout training. Trainee feedback suggests that the effectiveness of the tool diminishes as the seniority of the trainee increases, with technical competence assessed less effectively in more complex procedures. This seems to be a result of the generic design of the tool and insufficient training on the part of assessors. Both of these are due to be addressed within a division of the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill tool into explicitly formative and summative assessments of technical skill, following a General Medical Council-led consultation on the future of workplace-based assessment. PMID:23062591
Intramuscular adrenaline does not reduce the incidence of respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia in neonates delivered by elective caesarean section at term
Pedersen, Pernille; Avlund, O L; Pedersen, B L;
AIM: To test whether intramuscular injection of 30 microg adrenaline decreased the incidence of respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section before active labour. METHOD: The study was randomised and double-blinded. A total of 270 neonates were...... assigned to intramuscular treatment with saline (0.30 ml) or 30 microg adrenaline (0.30 ml) immediately after birth. The primary endpoint was referral to the neonatal ward because of respiratory distress or a blood glucose level ... with pulse oximetry to disclose potential side effects. RESULTS: Pulse-oximetry recordings revealed a modest systemic effect by intramuscular adrenaline as the heart rate and the haemoglobin oxygen saturation were significantly higher in infants who received adrenaline. In contrast, the incidence...
Full Text Available : Spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section has many advantages in that it is simpler to perform, provides a more certain endpoint& has a higher degree of success than epidural anaesthesia as it provides more profound block than epidural anaesthesia. As the dose of local anaesthetics used with spinal anaesthesia is small, there is little chance of maternal toxicity & placental transfer of drugs. Bupivacaine 0.5% is the most popular drug used for spinal anaesthesia in caesarean section. Many adjuvant drugs are added intrathecally along with Bupivacaine to increase the duration and intensity of analgesia. Intrathecal Clonidine (an α2 agonist is being extensively evaluated as an alternative to neuraxial opioid along with local anaesthetic agents. We evaluated the efficacy of clonidine added to 0.5% bupivacaine in prolonging the analgesia produced by intrathecal bupivacaine in parturients undergoing elective lower segment caesarean section (LSCS. 60 parturients between 20-30 years of age weighing 50-70 Kgs belonging to ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists grading I & II were prospectively randomised to two groups. 30 parturients of Group B (control group received 2.0 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally alone and 30 parturients of Group BC received 1.75 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine +0.25 ml (37.5mcg of preservative free clonidine. The time taken for onset of sensory and motor blockade duration of postoperative analgesia and the duration of motor blockade were noted. The mean time of onset of sensory blockade in Group B was 57.16±9.9 seconds and Group BC was 62.8±6.80 seconds (p < 0.05. The meantime taken for onset motor block was 66.00±5.15 seconds in Group B and 81.33±8.89 seconds in Group BC (p = 0.000 with the grade of motor blockade was similar in both groups. The mean duration of analgesia was 152.77±11.79 minutes in B group and 288.16±16.73 in BC group (p = 0.000. The mean duration of motor blockade was 93.33±8
Full Text Available : INTRODUCTION: To reduce maternal mortality and morbidity caused by bleeding, it is important to reduce the amount of bleeding during and after lower segment caesarean section (LSCS. Tranexamic acid helps to reduce bleeding during and after LSCS. OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy and safety of Tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during and after Lower segment Caesarean Section (LSCS. METHODS: A randomized case controlled prospective study was conducted on 200 women undergoing lower segment cesarean section. Hundreds of them that were given tranexamic acid immediately before LSCS were compared to hundred others to whom tranexamic acid was not given. Blood loss was collected and measured during the two periods, from plancental delivery to end of LSCS and second from end of LSCS to two hours postpartum. RESULTS: Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the quantity of blood loss from placental delivery to end of LSCS, 202.25ml in the study group vs392.20 ml in the control group (p<0.001; from the end of LSCS, to 2 hours postpartum 3.80ml in the study group versus 112.25ml in the control group (p<0.001; In totality, it significantly reduced the quantity of blood loss from placental delivery to two hours postpartum i.e. 27.05ml in the study group versus 510.45ml in the control group (p < 0.001. No complications or side effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the amount of blood loss during and after LSCS. Tranexamic acid can be used prophylactically; moreover it is safer and effective in women undergoing LSCS.
Las cesáreas en México: tendencias, niveles y factores asociados Caesarean sections in Mexico: tendencies, levels and associated factors
Esteban Puentes-Rosas
ón precisa de las razones para llevarla a cabo y el monitoreo de los porcentajes individuales de cesáreas entre los obstetras de los hospitalesOBJECTIVE: To describe the rate of caesarean sections in Mexico in the last 10 years and evaluate its relationship with several socioeconomic variables, type of health care services, and specialists' availability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Ministry of Health's register of births was used as source of information. The dependent variable was the type of delivery (vaginal or caesarean. The independent variables were: gross domestic product, human development index, illiteracy percentage among women, social exclusion index and, gynecology and obstetrics specialists supply. Correlations between variables were evaluated using Pearson's parametric test and Spearman range test. A lineal multiple regression was used to model the national caesarean data of 1999. RESULTS: National caesarean percentage increased in the last 10 years at an annual rate of 1%. It was considerably higher in social security institutions and the private sector. Caesareans percentages in 1999 were slightly above 35%. The highest values were those of the private sector with 53%, followed by social security institutions, with 38.2%. The variables more strongly associated with C sections were GDP, specialists' availability and human development index. CONCLUSIONS: It seems reasonable to advocate for a widespread descent in caesarean sections in Mexico. Important declines in certain contexts have been witnessed by implementing measures such as a second opinion before any C-section, a precise definition of the reasons for using it, and the monitoring of individual caesarean percentage among hospital obstetricians.
Carbetocin in comparison with oxytocin in several dosing regimens for the prevention of uterine atony after elective caesarean section in the Netherlands
Holleboom, C. A. G.; van Eyck, J.; Koenen, S. V.; Kreuwel, I. A. M.; Bergwerff, F.; Creutzberg, E. C.; Bruinse, H. W.
Purpose The aim of the study was to compare the prophylactic effects of carbetocin with those of oxytocin for the prevention of uterine atony in patients undergoing elective caesarean section (CS) in the Netherlands. The primary endpoint was the need for additional uterotonic medication. Methods Eac
The Effect of Musical Therapy on Postoperative Pain after Caesarean Section
Ali Sizlan
Full Text Available AIM: We reasoned that addition of musicotherapy -a simple and convenient method with no adverse effects- in the preoperative period would have favorable effects pertaining to postoperative pain. METHODS: One hundred patients, between the ages of 20-40 years, who were undergoing elective caesarean delivery under general anaesthesia, were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups (with 50 patients in each and in group 1, patients listened to music through a headphone for one hour immediately before surgery whereas in group 2, patients did not listen to any music during the same period. The anaesthetic technique was standardized. All neonates were also assessed and Apgar scores were recorded. In the postanaesthesia care unit, patients were connected to i.v.-PCA device when they were able to respond to commands. The patients level of satisfaction with perioperative care was assessed by a 10-cm visual analogue scale and the severity of postoperative pain was assessed with VAS. RESULTS: Postoperative tramadol consumption, total amount of tramadol consumption, additional analgesic use and all VAS values were lower in group 1 (p<0.05. Apgar scores were significantly greater in group 1. CONCLUSION: We imply that music therapy given before surgery decreases postoperative pain and analgesic requirement. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2009; 8(2.000: 107-112
Analysis of the current status and related factors of caesarean section in Zhangjiagang%张家港市剖宫产现状与相关因素分析
查建梅; 褚光萍
Objective To analyze the current status and influencing factors of caesarean section in Zhangjiagang and to provide evidence for controlling caesarean section .Methods Retrospective study was conducted to understand the situation of caesarean section and the changes of caesarean section indications in Zhangjiagang from 2008 to 2012 with the monitoring data of delivery in maternal and child health annual report and questionnaires allocated randomly to pregnant women and medical staff .Results The rate of caesarean section in Zhangjiagang was always high, however, the high rate of caesarean section did not reduce prenatal mortality rate (r=0.500, P>0.05).The first 6 indications for cesarean section were social factors , scar uterus , intrauterine fetal distress , cephalopelvic disproportion , premature rupture of fetal membranes and umbilical cord around neck .Of all these factors , social factors came first .Survey among pregnant women showed significant differences between women with different delivery modes in the aspect of cognition on benefit of vaginal delivery (χ2 =15.225, P<0.01), support of family members on vaginal delivery (χ2 =73.569, P<0.01), mastering of nutrition knowledge during pregnancy (χ2 =11.367,P<0.05) and participating in natural delivery course (χ2 =13.300,P<0.01).Survey among medical staff showed that little understanding of long-term harm of caesarean section and social factors resulted in high rate of caesarean section .Conclusion The rate of caesarean section in Zhangjiagang has been at a relative high level .We should put more emphasis on health education among pregnant women, improving professional quality of medical staff and seeking for governmental support and social participation to reduce the rate of caesarean section so as to protect maternal and infant health .%目的:分析张家港市剖宫产现状及其影响因素,提出相关控制措施。方法采用张家港市2008至2012年的妇幼卫生年报分娩情况监测�
Comparison of the effects of general and epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section on the neurobehavioural responses of newborn infants.
Kangas-Saarela, T; Koivisto, M; Jouppila, R; Jouppila, P; Hollmén, A
Thirty-one neonates delivered by elective caesarean section were evaluated at the ages of 3 h, 1 day, 2 days and 4-5 days using Scanlon's Early Neonatal Neurobehavioural Scale and tests for orientation. Thirteen of the mothers received general anaesthesia and 18 epidural anaesthesia. All the mothers were healthy and not in labour. All the neonates weighed 2500 g or more and had Apgar scores of 7 or more at 1, 5 and 15 min. The neonates delivered with epidural anaesthesia scored significantly lower on rooting at the age of 3 h than those delivered with general anaesthesia, but the latter scored significantly lower on habituation to sound and orientation to both animate and inanimate visual stimuli. General anaesthesia seemed to depress the infants' interactive processes (orientation items), and their ability to make an appropriate response to repetitive stimuli (habituation) more than did epidural anaesthesia, indicating greater global depression. This depression was short-lived, however, and there were no differences between the groups on any of the parameters after 24 h. PMID:2718708
The effect of the use of a new type of partogram on the cesarean section rates
Vlachos, Georgios; Tsikouras, Panagiotis; Manav, Bachar; Trypsianis, Grigorios; Liberis, Vasileios; Karpathios, Sakellarios; Galazios, Georgios
Objective To assess the contribution of a new type of partogram, used in labor monitoring, in caesarean section rates. Material and Methods The study included term singleton uncomplicated pregnancies divided into two groups. Two types of partogram were used in labor monitoring. In the first group, the classical WHO partogram (A) was used. In the second group, a new type of partogram, in which cervical dilatation and the position of descending head (B) (one line) were estimated and reported, was used. The labor duration and caesarean section rates were calculated and compared in the two groups. Results A statistically significant decrease in labor duration (from the initiation of the active phase of labor to the delivery time) (dt1+dt2+dt3) (p<0.001, A: median: 318.4±10.4 min, B: 246.56±8.28 min) and in caesarean section rates was noted (p<0.001, A: 89 vs B: 49). Conclusion The new type of partogram seems to have potential benefits such as reducing the incidence of prolonged labor and decreasing the caesarean section rates. PMID:26401106
Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Delivery in India: Role of Medicalisation of Maternal Health
Sancheeta Ghosh
The paper tries to throw light on the current trends in c-section delivery in India. In developed and developing countries, including India, increasing use of medical technologies during childbirth is a matter of concern. It is evident that the development and application of reproductive technologies is creating contradictory possibilities for women. With the increasing numbers of institutionalised births in India, the trend of c-section delivery is also sharply rising. The objectives of the ...
Intramuscular adrenaline does not reduce the incidence of respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia in neonates delivered by elective caesarean section at term
Pedersen, Pernille; Avlund, O L; Pedersen, B L; Pryds, Ole
AIM: To test whether intramuscular injection of 30 microg adrenaline decreased the incidence of respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section before active labour. METHOD: The study was randomised and double-blinded. A total of 270 neonates were...... respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia was 14% among infants treated with adrenaline compared with 7% in those who received saline injection (p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: Intramuscular injection of 30 microg adrenaline does not reduce the incidence of respiratory distress or hypoglycaemia after elective caesarean...... assigned to intramuscular treatment with saline (0.30 ml) or 30 microg adrenaline (0.30 ml) immediately after birth. The primary endpoint was referral to the neonatal ward because of respiratory distress or a blood glucose level <1.8 mmol/l measured 2 h after birth. The first 50 infants were monitored with...
Caries prevalence in Danish pre-school children delivered vaginally and by caesarean section
Barfod, Mette Nelun; Christensen, Lisa Bøge; Twetman, Svante Henrik Agardh;
-section). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study had an observational cohort protocol based on extracted information from governmental databases and nationwide registers concerning birth, social and educational levels and dental status. Children born at the Copenhagen University Hospital in 2005 were eligible and the final...
OBJECTIVE To determine advantage of non-closure of peritoneum at LSCS over of closure of peritoneum with regard to postoperative complications. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized controlled trial. SETTING Tripura Medical College and Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital, Hapania, Tripura. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Three hundreds term pregnant women undergoing first cesarean section were divided into 2 groups (N = 150). Group I: Non-closure of both visceral ...
Rubio-Hoyos Sandra M
Full Text Available Introduction: the World Health Organization (WHO recommends that the incidence of cesarean must not exceed 15%; however, its use has increased in the last two decades, which implies a public health problem. Objective: to characterize the maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes of caesarean in the Clínica Maternidad Rafael Calvo (CMRC,Cartagena-Colombia. Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study, where after cesarean maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes were characterized. Results: 1.804 cesarean sections (46.5% and 2.073 vaginal deliveries (53.5% were performed. The most common indications for cesarean section were before cesarean (35.5%, cephalo pelvic disproportion (30.6% and oligoamnios (10.8%. The most common adverse maternal outcomes were bleeding requiring transfusion (9.17%, surgical wound hematoma (3.28% and admission to ICU (1.5%. The most common adverse neonatal outcomes were APGAR <7 per minute (21.3%, transient tachypnea of the newborn (9.6% and Apgar <7 at 5 '(4.3%. Prenatal care (PNC was protective factor for uterine bleeding requiring transfusion (OR crude 0.54, CI 0.38 to 0.76, OR adjusted 0.53 IC 0.38 to 0.76, uterine bleeding which required hysterectomy (OR crude 0.20, CI 0.01 to 0.72, OR adjusted 0.11, IC: 0.11 to 0.72, obstetric shock (OR crude 0.06, IC: 0.00 to 0.55 ,OR adjusted 0.04, CI 0.04 to 0.38 and destination (rooming (OR 0.66, IC 0.49 to 0.90, APGAR <7 at 1 '( OR 0.78 IC 0.44 to 0.72, Apgar <7 at 5 '(adjusted OR 0.48, IC 0.28 to 0.82 and the presence of respiratory distress (OR crude 0,28 IC, 0.15 to 0.51; OR adjusted 0.53, IC 0.28 to 0.98 Conclusions: the proportion of cesarean sections performed in the CMRC (46.5% is above 15% recommended by WHO. Cesarean section leads to increased maternal and fetal morbidity. The CNP acted as a protective factor against the occurrence of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2015;6(2:241-250 KEYWORDS Cesarean; Obstetric; Hemorrhage.
术中应用保温措施防止剖宫产产妇寒颤%Intraoperative body-temperature maintenance to prevent shivering during Caesarean section
陈少娟; 郭雅梅; 赖梅; 黄素娟; 张莹
目的 探讨术中应用积极的保温措施对防止剖宫产产妇低体温寒颤的影响.方法 选取拟行剖宫产产妇100例,随机分为保温组和对照组,每组50例.对照组术中按传统护理常规进行护理,保温组采用多种积极的综合保温措施.结果 低体温寒颤发生率对照组为60%,保温组16%,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 术中采取积极有效的保温措施有助于预防剖宫产产妇低体温寒颤的发生.%Objective To explore the effect of aggressive intraoperative body-temperature maintenance on prevention of hypothermia-induced shivering in puerperas during Caesarean section.Methods 100 puerperas undergoing Caesarean section were randomly assigned to receive routine intraoperaive nursing (50 puerperas, control group)or various aggressive approachs for body-temperature maintenance (50 puerperas, study group). Results The rate of hypothermia-induced shivering differed significantly between the control group and the study group (60% vs. 16%, P< 0.05). Conclusions Aggressive intraoperative body-temperature maintenance is helpful for preventing the occurrence of hypothermia-induced shivering in puerperas undergoing Caesarean section.
Recurarization in a successfully managed case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) for emergency caesarean section.
Parikh, Suchita; Tavri, Snehlata; Mohite, Shubha
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinicoradiologic syndrome of headache, visual changes, altered mental status and seizures with radiologic findings of posterior cerebral white matter edema. It is seen in hypertensive encephalopathy, renal failure, and autoimmune disorders or in patients on immunosuppressants. We report a case of 24-year-old primigravida who presented at term with sudden onset hypertension, neurological deficits, and an episode of the visual blackout. Magnetic resonance imaging showed features suggestive of PRES. She was posted for emergency lower segment cesarean section. General anesthesia was administered and blood pressure managed with antihypertensives. Postoperatively, she developed acute respiratory depression after prophylactic administration of injection magnesium sulfate. This case highlights that good clinical acumen along with early neuroimaging helps in prompt diagnosis, treatment and prevention of long-term neurological sequelae in PRES and the anesthetic implications of administering magnesium sulfate in the immediate post neuromuscular block reversal phase. PMID:27212776
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Pain free postoperative period and early ambulation are the need of the day for mothers and their neonates for early initiation of breast feeding. It is moral responsibility of Anaesthesiologist to provide a safe and pain free postoperative period with use of various techniques and drug combinations. Spinal anaesthesia has been widely used for caesarean section in normalas well as preeclamptic parturients and has been found to be efficaciousand safe. The present study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effect profile of intrathecal Bupivacaine with Fentanyl and Bupivacaine with Clonidine in cesarean section of parturients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH. METHODS: 50 full term parturients with pregnancy induced hypertension scheduled for cesarean section were randomized into 2 groups of 25 each. GROUP BF (Bupivacaine with Fentanyl received 7.5mg of 0.5% hyperbaric Bupivacaine and 20µg Fentanyl intrathecally. GROUP BC (Bupivacaine with Clonidine received 7.5mg of 0.5% hyperbaric Bupivacaine and 60µg clonidine intrathecally. RESULTS: Patients in group BC showed long lasting analgesia compared to group BF (p value<0.05. Both the groups had satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability, however the incidence of hypotension and vasopressor requirement was more in group BC compared to BF. Incidence of pruritus was exceptionally seen in group BF, however more patients were sedated and complained of dry mouth in group BC. Both the groups had comparable APGAR scores with no adverse neonatal effects. CONCLUSION: We conclude use of intrathecal clonidine 60µg and Fentanyl 20µg both provide excellent sensory and motor blockage with lower dose of bupivacaine. Both drugs improved intraoperative analgesia and prolonged the duration of effective analgesia without any adverse effect on neonate neurobehaviour. Fairly good analgesia with less sedation and better haemodynamic stability is observed with 20μg fentanyl
Development and Measurement of Guidelines-Based Quality Indicators of Caesarean Section Care in the Netherlands: A RAND-Modified Delphi Procedure and Retrospective Medical Chart Review.
Sonja Melman
Full Text Available There is an ongoing discussion on the rising CS rate worldwide. Suboptimal guideline adherence may be an important contributor to this rise. Before improvement of care can be established, optimal CS care in different settings has to be defined. This study aimed to develop and measure quality indicators to determine guideline adherence and identify target groups for improvement of care with direct effect on caesarean section (CS rates.Eighteen obstetricians and midwives participated in an expert panel for systematic CS quality indicator development according to the RAND-modified Delphi method. A multi-center study was performed and medical charts of 1024 women with a CS and a stratified and weighted randomly selected group of 1036 women with a vaginal delivery were analysed. Quality indicator frequency and adherence were scored in 2060 women with a CS or vaginal delivery.The expert panel developed 16 indicators on planned CS and 11 indicators on unplanned CS. Indicator adherence was calculated, defined as the number of women in a specific obstetrical situation in which care was performed as recommended in both planned and unplanned CS settings. The most frequently occurring obstetrical situations with low indicator adherence were: 1 suspected fetal distress (frequency 17%, adherence 46%, 2 non-progressive labour (frequency 12%, CS performed too early in over 75%, 3 continuous support during labour (frequency 88%, adherence 37% and 4 previous CS (frequency 12%, with adequate counselling in 15%.We identified four concrete target groups for improvement of obstetrical care, which can be used as a starting point to reduce CS rates worldwide.
A randomised controlled trial of opioid only versus combined opioid and non-steroidal anti inflammatory analgesics for pain relief in the first 48 hours after Caesarean section
Natalia Adamou
Full Text Available Background: Post-Caesarean section pain is complex in nature, requiring a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Effective management of postoperative pain will reduce postoperative morbidity, hospital stay and cost. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and adverse effects of a combination of non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX inhibitor (Diclofenac sodium 50 mg and opioid (Pentazocine 60 mg to opiod only (Pentazocine 60 mg for pain management after Caesarean section (CS at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH. Materials and Methods: This was a randomised double-blind controlled study conducted at AKTH, Kano, Nigeria. A total of 166 patients scheduled to undergo either emergency or elective Caesarean section were studied. Group I received a combination of COX inhibitor and opiod while Group II received opiod only for pain management after CS. Results: The average age of the patients was 28.35 years (SD ± 6.426 in the group I and 26.9(SD ± 6.133 in group II. The mean parity was 3.27(SD ± 2.67 and 2.75(SD ± 2.14 while the mean gestational age at admission was 37.68(SD ± 2.69 and 38.18(SD ± 2.63 weeks in the first and second groups, respectively. Comparison of the level of pain experienced and patients satisfaction during the first 48 hours postoperatively revealed that the level of pain was statistically significantly less and patient′s satisfaction significantly better in group I compared to group II (P-value 0.00001. Conclusion: The use of combined compared to single agent analgesia is safe, significantly reduced pain and improved patient satisfaction after a caesarian section (CS.
The pregnant woman and the good Samaritan: can a woman have a duty to undergo a caesarean section?
Scott, R
Although a pregnant woman can now refuse any medical treatment needed by the fetus, the Court of Appeal has acknowledged that ethical dilemmas remain, adverting to the inappropriateness of legal compulsion of presumed moral duties in this context. This leaves the impression of an uncomfortable split between the ethics and the law. The notion of a pregnant woman refusing medical treatment needed by the fetus is troubling and it helps little simply to assert that she has a legal right to do so. At the same time, the idea that a pregnant woman fails in her moral duty unless she accepts any recommended treatment or surgery--however great the burden--is also not without difficulty. This article seeks to find a way between these two somewhat polarized positions by arguing that, instead of being a question primarily about whether legally to enforce moral obligations, the 'maternal-fetal conflict' begins with previously unrecognized difficulties in determining when a woman's prima facie moral rights invoked in the treatment context should 'give way' to the interests of the fetus. This difficulty is mirrored within the law. Thus, how can we tell when a pregnant woman has the moral or legal duty to submit to a caesarean section? Seen in this way, the conflict is a problem which lies at the interface between moral and legal rights and duties, showing that there are important conceptual links between the ethics and the law. Against this background, this article explores the limits of a pregnant woman's right to bodily integrity by focusing upon the idea of her moral duty to aid the fetus through her body. Here we find difficulties in determining the existence and extent of this somewhat extraordinary duty. Such a duty is contrasted with both negative and positive duties toward others in the course of 'general conduct.' Attention to the social context of pregnancy and the refusal of treatment within this is also instructive. Overall, the purpose is to foster understanding and
A systematic review of the Robson classification for caesarean section: what works, doesn't work and how to improve it.
Ana Pilar Betrán
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Caesarean sections (CS rates continue to increase worldwide without a clear understanding of the main drivers and consequences. The lack of a standardized internationally-accepted classification system to monitor and compare CS rates is one of the barriers to a better understanding of this trend. The Robson's 10-group classification is based on simple obstetrical parameters (parity, previous CS, gestational age, onset of labour, fetal presentation and number of fetuses and does not involve the indication for CS. This classification has become very popular over the last years in many countries. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize the experience of users on the implementation of this classification and proposed adaptations. METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched. A three-step thematic synthesis approach and a qualitative metasummary method were used. RESULTS: 232 unique reports were identified, 97 were selected for full-text evaluation and 73 were included. These publications reported on the use of Robson's classification in over 33 million women from 31 countries. According to users, the main strengths of the classification are its simplicity, robustness, reliability and flexibility. However, missing data, misclassification of women and lack of definition or consensus on core variables of the classification are challenges. To improve the classification for local use and to decrease heterogeneity within groups, several subdivisions in each of the 10 groups have been proposed. Group 5 (women with previous CS received the largest number of suggestions. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Robson classification is increasing rapidly and spontaneously worldwide. Despite some limitations, this classification is easy to implement and interpret. Several suggested modifications could be useful to help facilities and countries as they work towards its implementation.
A decade of inequality in maternity care: antenatal care, professional attendance at delivery, and caesarean section in Bangladesh (1991–2004
Ronsmans Carine
Full Text Available Abstract Background Bangladesh is committed to the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG-5 target of reducing its maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since the early 1990s, Bangladesh has followed a strategy of improving access to facilities equipped and staffed to provide emergency obstetric care (EmOC. Methods We used data from four Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1993 and 2004 to examine trends in the proportions of live births preceded by antenatal consultation, attended by a health professional, and delivered by caesarean section, according to key socio-demographic characteristics. Results Utilization of antenatal care increased substantially, from 24% in 1991 to 60% in 2004. Despite a relatively greater increase in rural than urban areas, utilization remained much lower among the poorest rural women without formal education (18% compared with the richest urban women with secondary or higher education (99%. Professional attendance at delivery increased by 50% (from 9% to 14%, more rapidly in rural than urban areas, and caesarean sections trebled (from 2% to 6%, but these indicators remained low even by developing country standards. Within these trends there were huge inequalities; 86% of live births among the richest urban women with secondary or higher education were attended by a health professional, and 35% were delivered by caesarean section, compared with 2% and 0.1% respectively of live births among the poorest rural women without formal education. The trend in professional attendance was entirely confounded by socioeconomic and demographic changes, but education of the woman and her husband remained important determinants of utilization of obstetric services. Conclusion Despite commendable progress in improving uptake of antenatal care, and in equipping health facilities to provide emergency obstetric care, the very low utilization of these facilities, especially by poor women, is a
Full Text Available BACKGROUND : In this randomized, double - blind, prospective study, we have evaluated the effect of i.v. infusion of magnesium sulphate during spinal anaesthesia, for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section. AIM : A comparative evaluation of intravenous magnesium sulphate for prevention of postoperative pain relief in lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia" . METHODS AND MATERIAL S : 60 female patients of ASA grade I and II of the age group 20 - 40 yrs., posted for lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were selected after pre anaesthetic fitness. Randomly patient were divided into two groups (n=30 patients each group NS, and group MS to receive 100ml of 0.9% Normal saline and Magnesium sulphate 50mg kg - 1 in 100ml of 0.9% Normal saline respectively to be given over 15 min, 60min after performing spinal anaesthesia. After surgery, rescue analgesia in form of inj. tramadol 100 mg i.v was provided for the patients. The Postoperative pain scores, Rescue analgesic consumption, and incidences of sedation, shivering, dysrhythmia, bradycardia, and hypotension evaluated immediately after surgery, and at 30 min, 1, 2, 3, hrs. After surgery. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: IV Magnesium sulphate 50 mg kg - 1 bolus significantly prolonged duration of analgesia, superior quality of analgesia ( L ower VAS and significant reduction in postoperative analgesic requirement than normal saline under spinal anaesthesia. No significant hemodynamic and respiratory instability occurred with Magnesium Sulphate use. CONCLUSION: I.V. magnesium sulphate administration during spinal anaesthesia improves postoperative analge sia without any notable complications.
The Effect of Music Therapy on Pain The Level of Postoperative Patients' with Caesarean Section at Islamic Hospital A.Yani, Surabaya
Nanik Handayani
Full Text Available 800x600 Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} Pain is the most common effects in patients after undergoing surgery of Caesarean section. Pain management using pharmacological and non pharmacological management, one of non-pharmacological management is using music therapy The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of music therapy on pain level of postoperative patients' with Caesarean section. The type of study is analytic with True Experimental type with Pre Post Test Control Group Design done by Random Allocation. The study population is post-operative Caesarean section mothers who are hospitalized in Surabaya Islamic Hospital Surabaya Jl. A Yani since May 2011. The Sample are some populations above mentioned with amount of 24 respondents, 12 respondents as a control and 12 respondents were given music therapy. The Sampling technique uses Consecutive Sampling. Independent variable is music therapy and dependent variable is pain level. The instrument used to measure the independent variables is a check sheet lists while the dependent variable is Descriptive Pain Intensity Scale. To analyze the changes of pain level in the control group and the treatment used Paired T Test, the result showed that values of ρ is 0.166 or (ρ > 0.05, so there is no significant change of pain level on a pre test and post test control group, whereas in treatment group obtained value of ρ is 0.000 or (ρ < 0.05, so there is a significant change of pain level on a pre test and post test. To analyze differences of pain
Asthma and atopy in children born by caesarean section: effect modification by family history of allergies – a population based cross-sectional study
Kolokotroni Ourania
Full Text Available Abstract Background Studies on the association of birth by caesarean section (C/S and allergies have produced conflicting findings. Furthermore, evidence on whether this association may differ in those at risk of atopy is limited. This study aims to investigate the association of mode of delivery with asthma and atopic sensitization and the extent to which any effect is modified by family history of allergies. Methods Asthma outcomes were assessed cross-sectionally in 2216 children at age 8 on the basis of parents' responses to the ISAAC questionnaire whilst skin prick tests to eleven aeroallergens were also performed in a subgroup of 746 children. Adjusted odds ratios of asthma and atopy by mode of delivery were estimated in multivariable logistic models while evidence of effect modification was examined by introducing interaction terms in the models. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, children born by C/S appeared significantly more likely than those born vaginally to report ever wheezing (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.07-1.71, asthma diagnosis (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09-1.83 and be atopic (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.08-2.60. There was modest evidence that family history of allergies may modify the effect of C/S delivery on atopy (p for effect modification=0.06 but this was not the case for the asthma outcomes. Specifically, while more than a two-fold increase in the odds of being a topic was observed in children with a family history of allergies if born by C/S (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.38-5.00, no association was observed in children without a family history of allergies (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.64-2.11. Conclusions Birth by C/S is associated with asthma and atopic sensitization in childhood. The association of C/S and atopy appears more pronounced in children with family history of allergies.
SIMPLE: implementation of recommendations from international evidence-based guidelines on caesarean sections in the Netherlands. Protocol for a controlled before and after study
Melman Sonja
Full Text Available Abstract Background Caesarean section (CS rates are rising worldwide. In the Netherlands, the most significant rise is observed in healthy women with a singleton in vertex position between 37 and 42 weeks gestation, whereas it is doubtful whether an improved outcome for the mother or her child was obtained. It can be hypothesized that evidence-based guidelines on CS are not implemented sufficiently. Therefore, the present study has the following objectives: to develop quality indicators on the decision to perform a CS based on key recommendations from national and international guidelines; to use the quality indicators in order to gain insight into actual adherence of Dutch gynaecologists to guideline recommendations on the performance of a CS; to explore barriers and facilitators that have a direct effect on guideline application regarding CS; and to develop, execute, and evaluate a strategy in order to reduce the CS incidence for a similar neonatal outcome (based on the information gathered in the second and third objectives. Methods An independent expert panel of Dutch gynaecologists and midwives will develop a set of quality indicators on the decision to perform a CS. These indicators will be used to measure current care in 20 hospitals with a population of 1,000 women who delivered by CS, and a random selection of 1,000 women who delivered vaginally in the same period. Furthermore, by interviewing healthcare professionals and patients, the barriers and facilitators that may influence the decision to perform a CS will be measured. Based on the results, a tailor-made implementation strategy will be developed and tested in a controlled before-and-after study in 12 hospitals (six intervention, six control hospitals with regard to effectiveness, experiences, and costs. Discussion This study will offer insight into the current CS care and into the hindering and facilitating factors influencing obstetrical policy on CS. Furthermore, it will allow
Delivery times for caesarean section at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: is a 30-minute 'informed to start of operative delivery time' achievable?
O'Regan, M
A timesheet questionnaire was used to assess the time it took from informing the anaesthetist about a case to the start of operative delivery in 78 consecutive patients undergoing caesarean section. Median (IQR [range]) times for grade-1 cases (immediate threat to the life of the mother or fetus) and grade-2 cases (fetal or maternal compromise without immediate threat to life) were 20 (17-35 [6-75]) min and 41 (27-60 [17-136]) min, respectively. Delays occurred in all the component time intervals examined. The primary avoidable delay was the patient's late arrival in theatre. Many significant delays were apparently not perceived by the anaesthetist. In nine (69%) grade-1 cases, the 30-min target decreed by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland and the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association was achieved. PMID:12859467
Successful Delivery of Twin Pregnancy in Class U3b/C2/V1 Uterus by Bilateral Caesarean Section after Spontaneous Conception
Yasmine El-Masry
Full Text Available A case of a 19-year-old female with class U3b/C2/V1 uterus conceived a twin pregnancy with a fetus in each horn after spontaneous conception. She referred to our department with presentation of premature rupture of membranes, with a history of cesarean delivery of a single full term living fetus a year and a half before this delivery. Examination revealed two completely separate uterine horns with a fetus in each horn, two distinct externally rounded cervices, and a single vagina with a short nonobstructing vaginal septum in the upper part of the vagina. And as the appropriate mode of delivery is still unclear, each case should be managed as the condition requires, and in our case urgent bilateral caesarean sections were performed.
Reduction of severity of pruritus after elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia with subarachnoid morphine: a randomised comparison of prophylactic granisetron and ondansetron.
Tan, T
BACKGROUND: The incidence of pruritus after elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia with subarachnoid morphine may be 60-100%, and is a common cause of maternal dissatisfaction. Ondansetron has been shown to reduce pruritus but the effect is short-lived. The objective of this randomized double-blind trial was to evaluate the anti-pruritic efficacy of granisetron compared with ondansetron. METHODS: Eighty ASA I or II women undergoing elective caesarean section received spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg, fentanyl 25 microg and preservative-free morphine 150 microg. After delivery of the baby and clamping of the umbilical cord, they were randomised to receive granisetron 3mg i.v. (group G) or ondansetron 8 mg i.v. (group O). RESULTS: The two groups were similar for age, gestational age, height and weight. According to visual analogue pruritus scores, patients in group G experienced less pruritus at 8h (P=0.003) and 24h (P=0.01). Fewer patients in group G (n=8) than group O (n=18) required rescue anti-pruritic medication (P=0.03). Satisfaction scores were also higher in group G than in group O (P=0.03). There was no difference in overall incidence of pruritus, nausea and vomiting, and visual analogue pain scores between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of granisetron 3mg i.v. reduces the severity of pruritus and the use of rescue anti-pruritic medication, and improves satisfaction but does not reduce the overall incidence of pruritus in women who have received subarachnoid morphine 150 microg compared to ondansetron 8 mg i.v.
Full Text Available ABSTRACT: CONTEXT: Infectious complications after caesarean deliveries are an important and substantial cause of maternal morbidity and inc rease in the hospital stay and cost of treatment. Routine prophylaxis with antibiotics may reduce this risk. AIMS: To determine whether prophylactic antibiotic administration using ceftriaxone at the time of caesarean section significantly reduces maternal and neonatal infectious complications . SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospi tal of eastern India during March 2011 to October 2011. It was a prospective, double-b lind randomised placebo-controlled trial. METHODS AND MATERIAL: After exclusion due to different reasons, 288 patien ts were enrolled in study group and received prophylactic inje ction ceftriaxone. 293 patients were enrolled in control group who received placebo. Patie nts were randomly selected according to computerized randomization protocol. Postpartum infect ious complications were recorded, as were the duration of hospital stay and neonatal compl ications. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Analysis of statistical data was done by using stat istical software Open Epi, 8version 2.3.1. RESULTS: Wound indurations, discharge, erythema were 2.43% a nd 5.80% in study and control group respectively and it was statistically significa nt with p value 0.043 (RR=0.419, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.405. Endomyometritis was more in control group (1.04% vs. 3.75% with p value 0.036 and RR=0.279 and CMLE OR= 0.272. No significant relationship with neonatal morbidities was found. Maternal stay in ho spital was significantly more with p=0.01 in control group. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to skin incision of caes arean sections resulted in better maternal outcome when i nfectious morbidity and postoperative hospital stay were concerned, without influencing th e neonatal outcome.
Post dural puncture headache after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a comparison of 25G quince, 27G quince and 27G whitacre spinal needles
To compare the frequency and severity of post dural puncture headache in obstetric patients using 25G Quincke, 27G Quincke and 27G Whitacre spinal needles. Comparative, randomized, double-blind, interventional study. 480 ASA I-II full term pregnant women, 18 to 45 years of age, scheduled for elective Caesarean section, under spinal anaesthesia, were randomized into three groups: Group I (25G Quincke spinal needle: n=168), Group II (27G Quincke spinal needle: n=160) and Group III (27G Whitacre spinal needle: n=152). Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 1.5-2.0 ml 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine using 25G Quincke spinal needle (Group I), 27G Quincke spinal needle (Group II) and 27G Whitacre spinal needle (Group III) at L3-4 inter-vertebral space. Each patient was assessed daily for four consecutive days following Caesarean section. Frequency and severity and of postdural puncture headache (PDPH) were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS-11. Frequency of PDPH following the use of 25G Quincke (Group I), 27G Quincke (Group II) and 27G Whitacre (Group III) spinal needles was 8.3% (14/168), 3.8% (6/160) and 2.0% (3/152) respectively. In Group I, PDPH was mild in 5 patients, moderate in 7 patients and severe in 2 patients. In Group II, it was mild in 2, moderate in 3 and severe in 1 patient. In group III, it was mild in 2 and moderate in 1 patient. Severe PDPH did not occur in Group III. Most of the patients with PDPH developed it on 1st and 2nd postoperative day. When using a 27G Whitacre spinal needle, the frequency and severity of PDPH was significantly lower than when a 25G Quincke or 27G Quincke needle was used. (author)
Impact of alternative reimbursement strategies in the new cooperative medical scheme on caesarean delivery rates: a mixed-method study in rural China
Huang Kun
Full Text Available Abstract Background The rate of caesarean delivery (CD in rural China has been rapidly increasing in recent decades. Due to the exorbitant costs associated with CD, paying for this expensive procedure is often a great challenge for the majority of rural families. Since 2003, the Chinese government has re-established the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS, aimed to improve the access of essential healthcare to rural residents and reduce financial burden owing to high out of pocket payments. This paper seeks to test the hypothesis that NCMS may provide service users and providers with financial incentives to select CD. It also assesses the effect of different health insurance reimbursement strategies of NCMS on CD rates in rural China. Methods Mixed quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for data collection. Two cross-sectional household surveys were conducted with women having babies delivered in 2006 and 2009; 2326 and 1515 women, respectively, from the study sites were interviewed using structured questionnaires, to collect demographic and socio-economic data, maternal and child care characteristics and health-related expenditures. Focus group discussions (FGDs and in-depth key informant interviews (KIIs were undertaken with policy makers, health managers, providers and mothers to understand their perceptions of the influence of NCMS on the choices of delivery mode. Results The CD rates in the two study counties were 46.0 percent and 64.7 percent in 2006, increasing to 63.6 percent and 82.1 percent, respectively, in 2009. The study found that decisions on the selection of CD largely came from the pregnant women. Logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for socio-economic, maternal and fetal characteristics, did not indicate a significant effect of either proportional reimbursement or fixed amount reimbursement on the choice of CD for both study years. Interviews with stakeholders reflected that different reimbursable rates for
Nursing Experience and Comprehensive Nursing Intervention after Caesarean Section%剖腹产术后的护理体会和综合护理干预
Objective To explore the cesarean section postoperative application of the method and the ef ect of comprehensive nursing intervention.Methods Selection in February of 2012 ~ 2013 in our hospital in February 2013 underwent cesarean section of maternal as the research object, were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 60 cases;Postoperative nursing were given conventional cesarean section and comprehensive nursing intervention measures; The indicators on two groups of maternal satisfaction with care and comparison.Results Observation group, the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and maternal postpartum depression were significantly lower than control group ( <0.05), maternal breastfeeding rate of observation group was obviously higher than that of control group ( <0.05); In addition, the observation group of maternal care (98.33%) of total satisfaction is significantly higher than the control group (68.33%). Two groups of data dif er significantly ( <0.05).Conclusion Implement comprehensive nursing intervention for caesarean section maternal postoperative ef ect significantly, can reduce maternal postpartum hemor hage, postpartum depression, and pain, increase the rate of breastfeeding, while increasing maternal satisfaction of nursing.%目的探究在剖腹产术后应用综合护理干预的方法及效果。方法选取2012年2月~2013年2月我院收治的120例行剖腹产术的孕产妇作为研究对象,随机分为观察组与对照组,各60例;分别给予常规剖腹产术后护理与综合护理干预措施;对两组孕产妇各项指标以及对护理的满意度进行比较。结果观察组产妇产后出血与产后忧郁症的发生率均明显低于对照组(<0.05),观察组产妇母乳喂养率明显高于对照组(<0.05);另外,观察组产妇对护理的总满意度(98.33%)明显高于对照组(68.33%);两组数据差异显著(<0.05)。结论对剖腹产术后产妇实施综合护理干预效果显著,能�
异丙酚对剖宫产术硬膜外麻醉后寒战的疗效观察%Clinical effect of propofol in the treatment of shivering after epidural anesthesia during caesarean section
目的:研究异丙酚对剖宫产术硬膜外麻醉后寒战的疗效。方法将剖宫产术硬膜外麻醉后出现寒战的产妇随机分为A、B、C三组。三组产妇采取相同硬膜外麻醉及体温护理措施。A组产妇给予异丙酚治疗,B组产妇给予右美托咪定治疗,C组产妇给予等量生理盐水。比较围术期三组产妇生理指标及抗寒战效果。结果三组产妇围术期各时刻平均动脉压、心率及血氧饱和度比较无显著差异(P>0.05),寒战不同分级分布亦无显著差异(P>0.05);A组产妇抗寒战治疗有效率高于B组(P<0.05),且寒战持续时间明显短于B组(P<0.01)。结论对于剖宫产术硬膜外麻醉后寒战,异丙酚具有与右美托咪定相近的安全性,但其抗寒战效果及起效时间优于右美托咪定。%ObjectiveTo explore the clinical effect of propofol in the treatment of shivering after epidural anesthesia during caesarean section.MethodThe parturients who were shivering after epidural anesthesia during caesarean section were randomly divided into A, B, C group. All parturients were taken the same epidural anesthesia and temperature nursing care. Parturients in group A were taken propofol, parturients in group B were taken dexmedetomidine, parturients in group C were taken same volume of saline, the physiologic index during caesarean section and the clinical effect for the shivering were compared among the three groups.ResultThere were no signiifcant differences at the MAP, HR and SpO2 among the three groups (P>0.05), and it didn't showed signiifcant difference at shivering in different grade distribution among the three groups (P>0.05). The total effective rate in group A was higher than group B (P>0.05), and shiver lasting time in group A was obiviously shorter than group B (P<0.01).ConclusionPropofol is safe for parturients with shivering after epidural anesthesia during caesarean section as same as dexmedetomidine, and
Patterns and Associated Factors of Caesarean Delivery Intention among Expectant Mothers in China: Implications from the Implementation of China's New National Two-Child Policy
Wang, Lianlian; Xu, Xianglong; Baker, Philip; Tong, Chao; Zhang, Lei; Qi, Hongbo; Zhao, Yong
Objective: This study explores the basic demographic characteristics of expectant mothers in the context of their intentions regarding mode of delivery, in particular, the preference for caesarean delivery, and analyzes the social and psychological factors that influence delivery preference. Method: A cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted during June to August in 2015. This study adopted a stratified sampling method, and 16 representative hospitals in five provinces of China were included. Results: 1755 and 590 of expectant mothers in their first and second pregnancies, respectively, were enrolled in this study. 354 (15.10%) intended to deliver by caesarean section and 585 (24.95%) participants were uncertain prior to delivery. 156 (8.89%) of expectant mothers in their first pregnancy and 198 (33.56%) expectant mothers in their second pregnancy intended to deliver by caesarean section. Ordinal logistic regression analysis found that nationality, parity, trimester of pregnancy, and advanced maternal age were factors associated with intention to deliver by caesarean (ordered logistic regression/three-level caesarean delivery intention criterion; odds ratios p < 0.05). Conclusions: 8.89% of first pregnancy expectant mothers and 33.56% of second pregnancy expectant mothers intended to deliver by caesarean section. Any intervention program to reduce the rate of Caesarean delivery should focus on the Han population, older pregnant women, and expectant mothers in their second pregnancy, at an early gestation. PMID:27399752
Clinical analysis of 39 cases of ectopic pregnancy in caesarean section scar%剖宫产疤痕部位妊娠39例诊治分析
赵松兰; 刘晓健; 李飞; 于红凤
Objective To study the clinical characteristics, early diagnosis and effective treatment of pregnancy in caesarean section scar. Methods 39 cases of pregnancy in caesarean section scar treated in Jiangsu University Attached People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results All of the patients had undergone caesarean section at least once before pregnancy in caesarean scar, and they suffered vaginal bleeding of different severity after menolipsis. Pregnancy in caesarean section scar was suspicious by B-ultrasonography. There were 5 cases of hysterectomy, 15 cases of methotrexate chemotherapy, 6 cases of intervention and methotrexate chemotherapy, 6 cases of intervention, wedge resection of scar lesions in lower uterine segment and uterus neoplasty, and 7 cases of intervention, methotrexate chemotherapy, wedge resection of scar lesions in lower uterine segment and uterus neoplasty. Conclusion Once pregnancy in caesarean section scar is diagnosed, it should be interrupted in time so as to reduce the harmfulness of adverse pregnancy. Personalized treatment should be provided for different patients.%目的 探讨剖宫产疤痕部位妊娠的临床特点、早期诊断及适当的治疗方法.方法 分析就诊于江苏大学附属人民医院的39例剖宫产疤痕部位妊娠患者的临床资料及治疗结果.结果 39例患者均有剖宫产史,并都有不同程度停经后阴道流血史;患者经彩超检查显示有剖宫产疤痕部位妊娠可能.39例中有5例行子宫全切除术,15例行甲氨蝶呤化疗,6例行介入+甲氨蝶呤化疗,6例行介入+子宫下段疤痕病灶楔形切除术+子宫修补术,7例行介入+甲氨蝶呤化疗+子宫下段疤痕病灶楔形切除术+子宫修补术.结论 剖宫产疤痕部位妊娠的诊断一旦确认,应及时中止妊娠,从而降低不良妊娠带来的危害;并且要根据患者的具体情况给予个性化治疗.
Propensity score matching with clustered data. An application to the estimation of the impact of caesarean section on the Apgar score.
Arpino, Bruno; Cannas, Massimo
This article focuses on the implementation of propensity score matching for clustered data. Different approaches to reduce bias due to cluster-level confounders are considered and compared using Monte Carlo simulations. We investigated methods that exploit the clustered structure of the data in two ways: in the estimation of the propensity score model (through the inclusion of fixed or random effects) or in the implementation of the matching algorithm. In addition to a pure within-cluster matching, we also assessed the performance of a new approach, 'preferential' within-cluster matching. This approach first searches for control units to be matched to treated units within the same cluster. If matching is not possible within-cluster, then the algorithm searches in other clusters. All considered approaches successfully reduced the bias due to the omission of a cluster-level confounder. The preferential within-cluster matching approach, combining the advantages of within-cluster and between-cluster matching, showed a relatively good performance both in the presence of big and small clusters, and it was often the best method. An important advantage of this approach is that it reduces the number of unmatched units as compared with a pure within-cluster matching. We applied these methods to the estimation of the effect of caesarean section on the Apgar score using birth register data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID:26833893
A randomised controlled trial of oxytocin 5IU and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5IU and 30IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section--pilot study. ISRCTN 40302163.
Murphy, Deirdre J
OBJECTIVE: To compare the blood loss at elective lower segment caesarean section with administration of oxytocin 5IU bolus versus oxytocin 5IU bolus and oxytocin 30IU infusion and to establish whether a large multi-centre trial is feasible. STUDY DESIGN: Women booked for an elective caesarean section were recruited to a pilot randomised controlled trial and randomised to either oxytocin 5IU bolus and placebo infusion or oxytocin 5IU bolus and oxytocin 30IU infusion. We wished to establish whether the study design was feasible and acceptable and to establish sample size estimates for a definitive multi-centre trial. The outcome measures were total estimated blood loss at caesarean section and in the immediate postpartum period and the need for an additional uterotonic agent. RESULTS: A total of 115 women were randomised and 110 were suitable for analysis (5 protocol violations). Despite strict exclusion criteria 84% of the target population were considered eligible for study participation and of those approached only 15% declined to participate and 11% delivered prior to the planned date. The total mean estimated blood loss was lower in the oxytocin infusion arm compared to placebo (567 ml versus 624 ml) and fewer women had a major haemorrhage (>1000 ml, 14% versus 17%) or required an additional uterotonic agent (5% versus 11%). A sample size of 1500 in each arm would be required to demonstrate a 3% absolute reduction in major haemorrhage (from baseline 10%) with >80% power. CONCLUSION: An additional oxytocin infusion at elective caesarean section may reduce blood loss and warrants evaluation in a large multi-centre trial.
Should the visceral peritoneum at the bladder flap closed at caesarean sections a post partum sonographic and clinical assessment?
Malvasi, A; Tinelli, A; M. Guido; Zizza, Antonella; Farine, D.; Stark, M.
Objective. To compare cesarean section (CS) using open or closed visceral peritoneum of the bladder flap (BF) in relation to fluid collection in vesico-uterine space (VUS) by ultrasound (US) and clinical outcome. Material and methods. A prospective cohort of repeat CS in 474 in advanced first and second stage of labor was studied. All women underwent a Misgav Ladach CS, in local combined anesthesia. These were divided into two groups by surgical management of the BF at the time of CS: Group I...
Pre-operative ondansetron vs. metoclopramide for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting in elective lower-segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia
Vasantha Kumar J
Full Text Available Background: The problem of nausea and vomiting is a very old but a less thought of problem. Nausea and vomiting are the most common distressing symptom in the postoperative period. Antiemetic drugs play an important role in therapy of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV. Though many drugs have been tried as prophylaxis and treatment of PONV, no drug has been proved significantly effective and hence, the present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and safety of IV metoclopramide and IV Ondansetron as prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting in lower-segment caesarean section (LSCS under spinal anaesthesia. Methods: After institutional approval and informed consent 100 ASA I & II patients undergoing non emergent LSCS taken for study. The patients were divided randomly into 2 groups of 50 each. Group I received IV metoclopramide 10mg and Group II received IV. Ondansetron 4mg. Anaesthetic management was standardized. The incidence of vomiting and retching as number of episodes was studied. Nausea was graded depending on the severity and data derived. Results: The mean age, weight and duration of surgery was not significantly different when compared group-1 parturiants with group-2. The mean episodes of emesis, nausea and retching at different postoperative duration were significantly decreased (p<0.05 in Ondansetron group when compared to metoclopramide group as postoperative time progresses. Conclusions: Injection ondansetron 4mg provided decrease in the incidence of PONV than metoclopramide as the side effects with these drugs were minimal. [Int J Res Med Sci 2014; 2(1.000: 175-179
Impact of caesarean section on mode of delivery, pregnancy-induced and pregnancy-associated disorders, and complications in the subsequent pregnancy in Germany
Jacob, Louis
Full Text Available Objectives: To analyze the impact of caesarean section (CS on mode of delivery, pregnancy-induced and pregnancy-associated disorders, as well as complications in the subsequent pregnancy within German gynecological practices.Methods: 1,801 women with CS and 1,801 matched women with vaginal delivery (VD from the IMS Disease Analyzer database were included. The impact of previous CS on the mode of delivery and pregnancy-associated disorders as well as complications prior to or during birth in the subsequent pregnancy were analyzed. Cox regressions were used to determine the influence of CS with regard to these outcomes.Results: Medical abortion and single spontaneous delivery were significantly less frequent in women with a history of CS compared to VD (OR equal to 0.52 and 0.04 respectively, whereas CS after CS was the significantly more common mode of delivery (79.0% versus 9.3%, OR=36.47. Gestational hypertension without significant proteinuria, gestational hypertension with significant proteinuria, and polyhydramnios were more frequent in women with CS than in women with VD (OR equal to 6.80, 1.71, and 2.29. Hemorrhage and maternal care for known or suspected disproportion were more common in the CS group than in the VD group (OR equal to 1.34 and 3.75. Prolonged pregnancy, preterm labor, abnormalities arising from forces of labor, and perineal laceration during delivery were significantly less frequent in women with CS than in women with VD (OR between 0.32 and 0.75, whereas long labor was more common (OR=2.09.Conclusion: Women with CS were more likely to undergo further CS and to develop major pregnancy-associated diseases in the following pregnancy compared to women with VD.
剖宫产子宫切除术相关情况分析%The Analysis of Cesarean Hysterectomy during Caesarean Section
Objective To investigate the related factors of cesarean hysterectomy during caesarean section. Methods From January 2003 to December 2012,a total of 14 601 women had delivery at department of obstetrical and gynecology in Bei-jing Chaoyang Hospital,among whom 7 178 momen received cesarean section,13 cases received cesarean hysterectomy during cesarean section,the general information,postpartum blood lossing,postoperative complications,and prognosis of mother and infant were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among 7 178 momen who received cesarean section during past 10 years,there were totally 13 cases who received cesarean hysterectomy,the incidence was 0. 18% ,10 cases received total hysterectomy,3 cases received subtotal hysterectomy. The indications of operation include placental factor(9 cases),hemorrhage and dissemi-nated intravascular coagulation(3 cases),and uterine atony(1 case). The postpartum hemorrhage was 600 to 12 600 ml(av-erage 3 800 ml). The postpartum hemorrhage,post - operative hospitalization duration,the proportion of cases with postopera-tive complications,and the proportion of cases who were transferred to ICU after operation of cases whose quantity of blood lossing≤1 500 ml when making the hysterectomy decision were significantly less than those of cases whose quantity of blood lossing >1 500 ml when making the hysterectomy decision(P 1500 ml 者产后出血量、术后住院日减少,术后并发症发生率及转 ICU 比例降低(P <0.05)。2例产妇分别于孕20周及孕24周因瘢痕子宫胎盘因素大量出血急诊行剖宫产术终止妊娠,其余11例进入围生期。13例产妇均治愈出院;11例围生儿中,早产儿7例,胎死宫内2例,新生儿重度窒息1例家属放弃抢救后死亡,轻度窒息1例。结论剖宫产子宫切除术胎盘因素是主要手术指征,剖宫产术中各种止血措施无效时应及时切除子宫。
Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery
Affolter, Michael; Garcia-Rodenas, Clara L.; Vinyes-Pares, Gerard; Jenni, Rosemarie; Roggero, Iris; Avanti-Nigro, Ornella; de Castro, Carlos Antonio; Zhao, Ai; Zhang, Yumei; Wang, Peiyu; Thakkar, Sagar K.; Favre, Laurent
Human breast milk (BM) protein composition may be impacted by lactation stage or factors related to geographical location. The present study aimed at assessing the temporal changes of BM major proteins over lactation stages and the impact of mode of delivery on immune factors, in a large cohort of urban mothers in China. 450 BM samples, collected in three Chinese cities, covering 8 months of lactation were analyzed for α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin, total caseins, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) and transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and β2 content by microfluidic chip- or ELISA-based quantitative methods. Concentrations and changes over lactation were aligned with previous reports. α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, IgA, IgM and TGF-β1 contents followed similar variations characterized by highest concentrations in early lactation that rapidly decreased before remaining stable up to end of lactation. TGF-β2 content displayed same early dynamics before increasing again. Total caseins followed a different pattern, showing initial increase before decreasing back to starting values. Serum albumin and IgG levels appeared stable throughout lactation. In conclusion, BM content in major proteins of urban mothers in China was comparable with previous studies carried out in other parts of the world and C-section delivery had only very limited impact on BM immune factors. PMID:27548208
Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery
Michael Affolter
Full Text Available Human breast milk (BM protein composition may be impacted by lactation stage or factors related to geographical location. The present study aimed at assessing the temporal changes of BM major proteins over lactation stages and the impact of mode of delivery on immune factors, in a large cohort of urban mothers in China. 450 BM samples, collected in three Chinese cities, covering 8 months of lactation were analyzed for α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin, total caseins, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG and transforming growth factor (TGF β1 and β2 content by microfluidic chip- or ELISA-based quantitative methods. Concentrations and changes over lactation were aligned with previous reports. α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, IgA, IgM and TGF-β1 contents followed similar variations characterized by highest concentrations in early lactation that rapidly decreased before remaining stable up to end of lactation. TGF-β2 content displayed same early dynamics before increasing again. Total caseins followed a different pattern, showing initial increase before decreasing back to starting values. Serum albumin and IgG levels appeared stable throughout lactation. In conclusion, BM content in major proteins of urban mothers in China was comparable with previous studies carried out in other parts of the world and C-section delivery had only very limited impact on BM immune factors.
Psychosocial Factors for Women Requesting Cesarean Section
Yajuan Zhao; Shuangyun Chen
Background: Rates of caesarean section are progressively increasing in many parts of the world. As a result of psychosocial factors, there has been an increasing tendency for pregnant women without justifiable medical indications for caesarean section to ask for this procedure in China. The psychosocial factors for requesting cesarean section were analyzed in our study. Methods: A self-made questionnaire and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were ...
Per-operative cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) predicts maternal hypotension during elective caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia
Berlac, P A; Rasmussen, Yvonne Hovmann
BACKGROUND: Spinal anaesthesia-induced maternal hypotension is common during elective caesarean section. This study evaluated whether cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy predicts maternal hypotension, defined as a 25% reduction in systolic blood pressure or heart rate or presentation of clinical...... symptoms. METHOD: Thirty-eight ASA I-II parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section with spinal anaesthesia were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy for changes in cerebral oxygenation (ScO(2)) with the recordings blinded to the anaesthesiologist. RESULTS: There was a 5% decrease in ScO(2......-infrared spectroscopy to predict hypotension was 1.00, with a specificity 0.85 and a predictability of 0.91. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate a relationship between ScO(2) and impending hypotension during low-dose spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. We suggest that immediate measures are taken to...
Caesarean delivery and risk of developing asthma in the offspring
Werner, Anette; Ramlau-Hansen, Cecilia Høst; Jeppesen, Simone K;
AIM: To evaluate the association between caesarean section and risk of developing asthma. METHOD: We evaluated this association in a Danish cohort, comprising of 11,147 mothers and their babies of which 7119 mother-child pairs were included in the analyses. The mothers' reported asthma data on...... their children were linked to hospitalization records on mode of delivery. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for developing asthma was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.88-1.39) for caesarean sections versus vaginal births. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that children being delivered by caesarean section have an...
The right to informed choice. A study and opinion poll of women who were or were not given the option of a sterilisation with their caesarean section.
Douwe A Verkuyl
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: In The Netherlands, caesarean sections (CSs are rarely combined with tubal occlusion (TO, partly because discussing CS/TO near delivery is considered unethical and earlier hypothetical counselling--i.e. suppose you happen to need a CS--is rare. This results in more unintended pregnancies and is inconsistent with informed choice. We explored whether TO should indeed not be made routinely available to eligible women. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A questionnaire was mailed to 515 Para ≥2 who underwent in the past ≥1 CS. 498 (96.7% responded. They were on average 35.3 years old, had 2.5 children, had undergone 1.6 CSs, and 3.3 years had passed since their index delivery, either a CS (393 or vaginal birth (105 after a previous CS. 87% of the 498 believed that pregnant mothers with ≥1 children should be routinely counselled about CS/TO. Indeed, 58% and 85% respectively, thought women/couples expecting their second or third child should still be given the TO option days before delivery, if omitted earlier. Counselled women, 138/498 (27.8%, were far more often satisfied than those without CS/TO option. 33/393 had a CS/TO. None indicated regret in the questionnaire. Another 119 also would have elected a CS/TO if given that option. Therefore, 152 (38.7% of 393 Para ≥2 had or would have liked a concurrent TO. 118/119 wrote they still regretted missing this opportunity. The exception's husband had had a vasectomy. 100/119 were good TO candidates: they were ≥28 years when they delivered an apparently healthy baby of ≥37 weeks. The current contraceptive use of these 100 suggests that this group will have at least 8 unintended pregnancies before age 50. CONCLUSION: The experiences and opinions of previous potential candidates for a CS/TO do not support the reluctance of Dutch obstetricians to counsel pregnant Para ≥1 about the TO option for a (potential CS.
The DiAMOND trial protocol: a randomised controlled trial of two decision aids for mode of delivery among women with a previous caesarean section [ISRCTN84367722
Montgomery Alan A
Full Text Available Abstract Background Caesarean section (CS has become an increasingly common method of delivery worldwide, rising in the UK from 9% of deliveries in 1980 to over 21% 2001. This increase, and the question of whether CS should be available to women on request, has been the subject of considerable debate, and national reports and guidelines have specifically highlighted the importance of patient choice in the decision making process. For women who have already experienced CS, the UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommends that the decision should consider maternal preferences and priorities in addition to general discussion of the overall risks and benefits of CS. Decision aids for many different medical treatment and screening decisions have been developed and evaluated, but there is relatively little evidence for the use of decision aids for choice of mode of delivery among women with a previous CS. The aim of the study is to evaluate two interventions to assist decision making about mode of delivery among pregnant women with one previous CS. Methods/design Women with one previous CS are recruited to the trial during their booking visit at approximately 12–20 weeks' gestation in participating maternity units in Bristol, Weston and Dundee. Using central randomisation, women are allocated to one of three arms: information programme and website; decision analysis; usual care. Both interventions are computer-based, and are designed to provide women with detailed information about the potential outcomes for both mother and baby of planned vaginal delivery, planned CS and emergency CS. The decision analysis intervention additionally provides a recommended 'preferred option' based on maximised expected utility. There are two primary outcomes (decisional conflict and actual mode of delivery, and five secondary outcomes (anxiety, knowledge, perceptions of shared decision making; satisfaction with decision making process, proportion of women
小剂量硫酸镁预防剖宫产术中寒战发生的临床观察%Clinical Observation of Low Dosage Magnesium Sulfate in Preventing Shivering in Caesarean Section
Objective: To observe the effects of low dosage magnesium sulfate in preventing shivering in caesarean section. Method : Totally 60 patients scheduled for caesarean section with ASA grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ were enrolled and randomly divided into the magnesium sulfate group and the control group with 30 cases in each group. 25% magnesium sulfate with the dosage of 10 mg·kg-1 was intravenously administered ( lasting for 2 minutes ) in the magnesium sulfate group, while the same amount of normal saline was injected in the control group. Incidence and severity of shivering were observed in the both groups, Apgar scores in the first and 5th minute after the neonate expulsion were recorded, and the changes in BP and heart rate of the parturients during the operation were observed. Result: The severity of shivering in the magnesium sulfate group was lower than that in the control group,while there was no statistical significance in the incidence of shivering between the two groups( 23. 3% vs 40. 0% ). The heart rate in the magnesium sulfate group after the neonate expulsion was slower than that in the control group ( 87 ± 9 vs 96 ± 6, P<0. 05 ), however, there was no statistical significance in Apgar scores in the first and 5th min after the neonate expulsion and the neural adaptation in the 15th min between the two groups. Conclusion: Low dosage magnesium sulfate( 10 mg·kg-1 )is safe and effective in reducing the severity of shivering.%目的:观察小剂量硫酸镁预防剖宫产术中寒战发生的临床效果.方法:选择择期剖宫产,ASA分级 I~Ⅱ级患者60例.随机分成硫酸镁组和对照组各30例,麻醉平面固定后,硫酸镁组静脉缓慢注射25%硫酸镁10 mg·kg-1(2 min),对照组给予相同剂量的0.9%氯化钠注射液.观察两组寒战发生率和寒战程度,并记录新生儿娩出后1 min和5 min时的Apgar评分,监测产妇术中血压和心率的变化.结果:硫酸镁组寒战反应程度低于对照组(P<0.05),两组寒战发�
陈皮汤和枳术汤对剖宫产后排气的影响观察%Clinical effect of dried orange peel soup and Zhizhu soup in promoting exhaust after caesarean section
目的 观察陈皮汤和枳术汤在剖宫产术后的助排气临床效果.方法 选取我院120例剖宫产术后产妇平均分为三组,其中分别服用陈皮汤、枳术汤的归为观察组,未服用的归为对照组.对比三组产妇自诉首次排气、排便时间,观察腹胀程度.结果 记录三组剖宫产术后排气时间和排便时间数据,观察组对比对照组在产妇术后排气时间、排便时间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组观察组之间在排气时间、排便时间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组腹胀程度均为不明显.服用枳术汤的观察组对促剖宫产后排气效果稍优.结论 服用枳术汤有利于剖宫产术后产妇胃肠道功能恢复,明显缩短肛门排气、排便时间,帮助产妇更快恢复正常饮食,利于产妇恢复,利于母乳喂养.%Objective To observe the clinical effect of dried orange peel soup and Zhizhu soup in promoting exhaust after caesarean section.Methods 120 puerperae who had underwent caesarean section in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into three groups.Group A took dried orange peel soup,group B took Zhizhu soup,group C as a control.Compared the time of first exhaust,defecation of three groups,observed abdominal distension degree.Results The time of first exhaust,defecation of group A,B were shorter than those of group C (P<0.05),while there were no statistically significant differences in the time of first exhaust,defecation between group A and B (P>0.05).There was no obvious abdominal distension in three groups.Zhizhu soup had better effect in promoting exhaust after caesarean section.Conclusions Zhizhu soup is helpful to the recovery of gastrointestinal function in puerperae who have underwent caesarean section,which can significantly shorten anus exhaust and defecation time,helps puerperae to return to normal diet as soon as possible,is helpful to body rehabilitation and breastfeeding.
Impact of change in maternal age composition on the incidence of Caesarean section and low birth weight: analysis of delivery records at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania, 1999–2005
Kidanto Hussein L
Full Text Available Abstract Background Previous studies on change in maternal age composition in Tanzania do not indicate its impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to establish temporal changes in maternal age composition and their impact on annual Caesarean section (CS and low birth weight deliveries (LBWT at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. Methods We conducted data analysis of 91,699 singleton deliveries that took place in the hospital between 1999 and 2005. The data were extracted from the obstetric data base. Annual proportions of individual age groups were calculated and their trends over the years studied. Multiple logistic analyses were conducted to ascertain trends in the risks of CS and LBWT. The impact of age composition changes on CS and LBWT was estimated by calculating annual numbers of these outcomes with and without the major changes in age composition, all others remaining equal. In all statistics, a p value Results The proportion of teenage mothers (12–19 years progressively decreased over time while that of 30–34 years age group increased. From 1999, the risk of Caesarean delivery increased steadily to a maximum in 2005 [adjusted OR = 1.7; 95%CI (1.6–1.8] whereas that of LBWT declined to a minimum in 2005 (adjusted OR = 0.76; 95% CI (0.71–0.82. The current major changes in age trend were responsible for shifts in the number of CS of up to206 cases per year. Likewise, the shift in LBWT was up to 158 cases per year, but the 30–34 years age group had no impact on this. Conclusion The population of mothers giving birth at MNH is progressively becoming older with substantial impact on the incidence of CS and LBWT. Further research is needed to estimate the health cost implications of this change.
A quality improvement tool - driver diagram: a model of driver diagram to reduce primary caesarean section rates
Naima Fathima
Background: Quality improvement in health care is emerging as a science with proven, effective tools and methodologies. This article aims at presenting the importance of adopting one of the effective and simple methodologies and gives an example of a Driver Diagram in obstetrics. Methods: Usefulness of driver diagram in understanding the aim and the interventions or changes. Results: Various quality improvement tools can be used in the clinical context. Among them, driver diagram is mo...
Effects of Sufentanil on Shivering after Caesarean Section%舒芬太尼对剖腹产寒颤的影响
张惠珍; 于振峰
目的观察舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术中寒颤的变化情况。方法选择200例行剖宫产患者,随机分为A、B两组(n=100)。A组在术中胎儿安全取出后给予舒芬太尼0.2 ug/Kg而B组在术中未做任何处理,比较两组术中寒战情况。结果 A组100例产妇中有5例发生轻度寒战而没有重度寒颤发生者,寒颤发生率约为5%;B组100例产妇中有轻度寒颤38例,重度寒颤22例,寒颤发生率为60%,两组比较,A组寒颤发生显著低于B组(<0.01)。结论舒芬太尼可明显减少患者术中寒颤的发生及严重程度,减少并发症的发生,使患者更加舒适,进而配合医生尽快完成手术,值得临床推广应用。%Objective To observe the changes of sufentanil for cesarean section in the shivering. Methods 200 cases of cesarean section patients, randomly divided into A, B two group (n=100). A group in the operation safety after take out the fetal given sufentanil 0.2ug/kg and group B in patients without any treatment, the two groups were compared intraoperative shivering. Results 5 patients had mild chil s and no severe chil s occurred in A group 100 cases of maternal, shivering occurrence rate is about 5%; 100 cases in group B were slightly shivering in 38 cases, 22 cases of severe chil s, chil s, the incidence rate was 60%, the two groups, A group was significantly lower than that in B group (shivering during <0.01). Conclusion Sufentanil can obviously reduce and the severity of shivering during operation in patients, reduce the incidence of complications, make the patient more comfortable, and cooperate with the doctor as soon as possible to complete the operation, it is worthy of clinical application.
Effect of Planned Early Recommended Ambulation Technique on Selected Post caesarean Biophysiological Health Parameters
Jyoti V. Dube
Full Text Available Background: Caesarean section has been a part of human culture since ancient times. It has been used effectively throughout the 20th century and among the major abdominal surgeries, it is the most common, oldest worldwide surgery performed in obstetrics. Despite the life saving advantages, there are several adverse consequences of caesarean delivery for a woman and to her household. The rate and risk of these complications increases due to the increasing incidence mainly in countries like India. The role of nurse midwife is to act in the best interest of patient and newborn and make the patient independent in carrying out the activities of daily living as soon as possible. This can lead to a faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. Also it can indirectly help in reducing the complications associated with prolonged bed rest and can improve the maternal newborn bonding. Aim and Objectives: The present study was done to evaluate the effect of planned early ambulation on selected biophysiological health parameters of post caesarean patients. Material and Methods: The study included total 500 study subjects, 250 in experimental and 250 in control group. Quasi experimental approach with multiple time series design was adopted for the study. The experimental group was given an early planned recommended ambulation technique starting from the day of surgery. This consisted of deep breathing exercise, cough exercise, leg exercise and early mobilization. Over and above, the routine general health care was given by the doctors and nurses. The control group received only by routine general care by doctors and nurses and mobilization on third post operative day as per strategy adopted by the hospital. The deep breathing exercises, coughing exercises and leg exercises were not given routinely and hence were not given to the control group. Post caesarean biophysiological parameters chart was used to assess the selected parameters for first five post operative
Increase in caesarean deliveries after the Australian Private Health Insurance Incentive policy reforms.
Kristjana Einarsdóttir
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The Australian Private Health Insurance Incentive (PHII policy reforms implemented in 1997-2000 increased PHI membership in Australia by 50%. Given the higher rate of obstetric interventions in privately insured patients, the reforms may have led to an increase in surgical deliveries and deliveries with longer hospital stays. We aimed to investigate the effect of the PHII policy introduction on birth characteristics in Western Australia (WA. METHODS AND FINDINGS: All 230,276 birth admissions from January 1995 to March 2004 were identified from administrative birth and hospital data-systems held by the WA Department of Health. Average quarterly birth rates after the PHII introduction were estimated and compared with expected rates had the reforms not occurred. Rate and percentage differences (including 95% confidence intervals were estimated separately for public and private patients, by mode of delivery, and by length of stay in hospital following birth. The PHII policy introduction was associated with a 20% (-21.4 to -19.3 decrease in public birth rates, a 51% (45.1 to 56.4 increase in private birth rates, a 5% (-5.3 to -5.1 and 8% (-8.9 to -7.9 decrease in unassisted and assisted vaginal deliveries respectively, a 5% (-5.3 to -5.1 increase in caesarean sections with labour and 10% (8.0 to 11.7 increase in caesarean sections without labour. Similarly, birth rates where the infant stayed 0-3 days in hospital following birth decreased by 20% (-21.5 to -18.5, but rates of births with >3 days in hospital increased by 15% (12.2 to 17.1. CONCLUSIONS: Following the PHII policy implementation in Australia, births in privately insured patients, caesarean deliveries and births with longer infant hospital stays increased. The reforms may not have been beneficial for quality obstetric care in Australia or the burden of Australian hospitals.
咪达唑仑对剖宫产术初产妇情绪和记忆的影响%Emotion and memory effects of midazolam on primipara undergoing caesarean section
谭菁瑜; 董庆龙; 欧阳葆怡
目的 探讨咪达唑仑对剖宫产手术产妇情绪和记忆的影响.方法 72例择期剖宫产术产妇随机分成4组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组麻醉前30 min分别肌注咪达唑仑0.05、0.06和0.07 mg/kg,Ⅳ组肌注生理盐水1.5 ml,同时肌肉注射阿托品0.01 mg/kg.于注药前和注药后30 min进行焦虑视觉类比试验(AVAT)、状态焦虑问卷(SAI)测试及Ramsay镇静水平评估.将麻醉准备到手术结束过程分为5阶段,每项告知产妇,记录剖宫产术后4 h产妇能准确回忆的项目.结果 注药后30 min时,Ⅰ~Ⅲ组AVAT分别下降36.4%、43.2%和43.1%;SAI分别下降20.9%、24.8%和26.9%,均获得Ramsay 2~4级镇静水平.Ⅰ~Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组比较记忆保留组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01).Ⅰ~Ⅲ组以遗忘静脉穿刺过程的居多,4组产妇对椎管内麻醉穿刺和新生儿娩出后性别识别两过程全部记忆完觋整.结论 剖宫产手术前给予咪达唑仑0.05~0.07 mg/kg,对产妇有良好的镇静和抗焦虑作用,对外显记忆有一定程度的影响,其中对信息量小和关注程度低的信息能产生顺行性遗忘作用,能保留信息量大和关注程度高的信息的完整记忆.%Objective To investigate the emotion and memory effects of midazolam as a premedication on primipara undergoing caesarean section. Methods Seventy-two primiparous women scheduled for elective caesarean section were randomly divided into four groups. In group Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ,intramuscular midazolam 0.05 mg/kg,0.06 mg/kg and 0.07 mg/kg were given respectively. The primiparae in group Ⅳ were given intramuscular normal saline 1.5 ml. Anxiety vision analogy test(AVAT) , state anxiety index testing(SAIT) and Ramsay score were evaluated before and 30 min after injection of above drugs. The primiparae were informed when several stages of anesthesia and surgery began. Four hours after the caesarean section they would recall those stages. Accurate remembrance was recorded. Results Thirty minutes
At what price? A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing trial of labour after previous Caesarean versus elective repeat Caesarean delivery.
Fawsitt, Christopher G
Elective repeat caesarean delivery (ERCD) rates have been increasing worldwide, thus prompting obstetric discourse on the risks and benefits for the mother and infant. Yet, these increasing rates also have major economic implications for the health care system. Given the dearth of information on the cost-effectiveness related to mode of delivery, the aim of this paper was to perform an economic evaluation on the costs and short-term maternal health consequences associated with a trial of labour after one previous caesarean delivery compared with ERCD for low risk women in Ireland.
Caesarean birth: consumption, safety, order, and good mothering.
Bryant, Joanne; Porter, Maree; Tracy, Sally K; Sullivan, Elizabeth A
This article draws on qualitative data to explore the beliefs through which decisions about caesarean birth are made and to consider how these might contribute to the increasing rate of caesarean birth. A total of 36 interviews were conducted in Australia, including 12 hospital-based midwives, 6 obstetricians, and 18 women who had experienced caesarean birth within the 2 years prior to the research interview. Data reveal a belief derived from the pervasive discourse of neo-liberalism that women are self-governing autonomous subjects in their birth experience, with entitlement to the consumption of birthing information and services, as guided by obstetricians. Feeding into this belief are coexisting discourses that serve to organise 'free choice' in terms of safe/unsafe, order/disorder, life/death; and with ontological meanings, by structuring women's mothering identities as good/bad. The neo-liberal obligation to manage risk and pursue success for both mothers and babies means that women (and others) are obliged to choose what is set up as the most obvious and sensible option: safe, ordered caesareans. The structuring of discourses in this way shows how caesareans can be positioned as a preferential means of birth. PMID:17590252
A comparative study of the antibiotic utilization during the normal and caesarean section deliveries at Jawaharlal Nehru institute of medical sciences hospital, Imphal, Manipur, India
Joychandra Singh Oinam
Conclusions: Pregnancy is just a natural process (not a disease or a medical condition and external intervention should occur only for sound medical conditions C section delivery cannot replace normal delivery in terms of low maternal mortality and neonatal morbidity and less cost. Prescribing antibiotics to mother of normal delivery may also be avoided if the complete sterilization process during and after the delivery is assured. [Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2016; 5(3.000: 794-797
Determinants of Caesarean Risk Factor in Northern Region of Bangladesh: A Multivariate Analysis.
Mostafizur Rahman
Full Text Available Caesarean section (c-section rates have been increasing dramatically in the past decades around the world. This increase has been attributed to multiple factors such as maternal, socio-demographic and institutional fac-tors. Therefore, this study examines the impact of maternal, socio-demographic and relevant characteristics on caesar-ean delivery in the northern region of Bangladesh.This study is based on a total of 1142 delivery cases from four private hospitals and four public hospitals during the period of January to March 2010. The study was carried out using a cross-sectional design where data were collected by simple random sampling. In order to data analysis, first, an initial bivariate analysis was performed by the chi-square and Fisher exact test. Secondly, the risk factors which are associated with c-section identify by logistic re-gression model. Finally, a stepwise regression analysis was carried out to isolate the most influential risk factors.Among the 17 risk factors, nine were found significantly associated with type of delivery. Eight of the risk factors i.e. previous c-section, pregnancy-induced swollen of leg, prolonged labour, maternal education status, mater-nal age more than 25 years, low birth order, length of baby more than 45cm and irregular intake of a balanced diet remained independently significant for caesarean delivery. The value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Maternal complications were found to be more significant in public hospitals than in private ones and conversely for the demographic characteristics.The findings of this study suggested that the above factors may influence the health-seeking behaviour of women in the northern region of Bangladesh.
A randomized study comparing rectally administered misoprostol after spinal anesthesia versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in caesarean section
Madhuri Alwani
Methods: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 200 pregnant women who had cesarean sections were assigned into two groups: to receive either oxytocin intramuscularly or misoprostol rectally after spinal anesthesia. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups about change in postpartum hemoglobin, need for blood transfusion and incidence of PPH. We also did not observe any significant difference in any side effects. Conclusions: Misoprostol may be considered as an alternative for oxytocin in low resource clinical settings. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2014; 3(3.000: 512-515
Intervention for postpartum infections following caesarean section
Hyldig, Nana; Bille, Camilla; Kruse, Marie;
seeks to elucidate the health economic cost and consequences of this type of infection and treatment. Background: Obesity is an increasing problem in the health care system. Today more than 12% of all pregnant women in Denmark are obese (BMI >30). There is a significant association between obesity in...... pregnant women and the risk of CS. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications such as wound infection, spontaneously dehiscence or reoperation due to infection and prolonged wound healing. Postoperative complications lead to higher costs in the health care sector, including...... time of health professionals, prolonged hospitalization, medications, blood samples and -cultures, reoperations and visits to the general practitioner. Complications may also lead to productivity losses and reduced quality of life. At Odense University Hospital (OUH), Denmark, the conventional...
Evaluation of the perceived quality regarding pain management after obstetric surgery in female undergoing caesarean operation
Isabel Mª García Sánchez
Appropriate pain management is closely related to the patient wellbeing, which is a main objective in any nursing intervention. This study is aimed to analyse the satisfaction of females undergoing caesarean, focusing on the effectiveness of the analgesic protocol used at Reanimation Ward as well as on identifying factors affecting the perception of pain.Methodology: Cross-sectional study including female admitted in a Reanimation ward of a University hospital after caesarean. A multiple choi...
Clinical Analysis of 45 Cases of Caesarean Scar Pregnancy
Hong SHI; Ai-hua FANG; Qin-fang CHEN
Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of caesarean scar pregnancy and to investigate its treatment.Methods Clinical case records of 45 cases of caesarean scar pregnancy from June 2003 to September 2007 were reviewed.The characteristics and management of cases were analyzed.Results The women's average age was 32.8±5.1 years.All cases had amenorrhoea.and 27 cases had vaginal bleeding from spotting to morderate.Seven cases were misdiagnosed as normal early intrauterine pregnancy or inevitable miscarriage before dilation and curettage(D & C).In case of massive bleeding,caesarean scar pregnancy was diagnosed after D & C.Bleeding was controlled and uterus was conserved in 6 cases,and 1 case underwent hysterectomy because of uncontrollable bleeding.The remaining 38 cases had ultrasound scan,which indicated scar pregnancy before primary treatment.Eight cases were primarily treated with dilation and curettage,in which only 2 cases had slight bleeding in the operation and no further treatment.Nineteen cases were primarily treated with dilation and curettage after uterine artery embolization.in which 17 cases needed no further treatment and had no complications.The success rate was 89.4%(17/19).Eleven cases were primarity treated with trichosanthin 1.2 mg intramuscular.No one encountered massive bleeding,but 7 cases of these 11 cases needed extra treatment.Conclusion Caesarean scar pregnancy must be cautious of,especially in cases of inevitable miscarriage.Dilation and curettage followed uterine artery embolization can be used as the primary treatment for caesarean scar pregnancy.
Analysis of awareness, acceptance, safety and continuation rate of post-placental and intra-caesarean insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device
Shivani Barala
Conclusions: PPIUCD was demonstrably safe, effective and high retention rate (92%.The expulsion rate was not very high (2%. Awareness of PPIUCD among Indian women was very poor. Myths and misconception among community, limited access to skilled service providers and poor awareness among people were the reasons for low acceptance levels. Increasing awareness of benefits of PPIUCD will surely ensure the change in the acceptance rate. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2016; 5(6.000: 1974-1980
应用LiDCOrapid监测缩宫素所致产妇血流动力学变化的临床观察%The application of LiDCOrapid system in observation of oxytocin induced-hemodynamic changes in obstetric patients undergoing caesarean section
段庆芳; 肖玮; 张希峣; 王天龙
目的 探讨LiDCOrapid提供的血流动力学指标能否在剖宫产手术患者中及时、有效地反映缩宫素引起的血流动力学改变.方法 选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ级,择期剖宫产手术20例,患者入室后应用LiDCOrapid指套、袖带建立无创血压监测(continuous noninvasive arterial blood pressure measurement,CNAP).记录患者入室、胎儿娩出、给予缩宫素后即刻、给药后每间隔10s记录至给药后180 s时患者的血流动力学指标:收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolicblood pressure,DBP)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、心排血量(cardiac output,CO)、每搏量(stroke volume,SV).记录患者缩宫素相关副作用.结果 给予缩宫素后,LiDCOrapid记录到患者HR、CO、SV增高,同时SBP、DBP、MAP下降,这与国外应用LiDCOplus建立有创动脉压监测所得血流动力学变化趋势一致.以胎儿娩出时血流动力学指标为基础值,SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、CO、SV均于给药后40 s~60 s达峰,达峰时相对基础值百分比分别为(89±12)%、(73±14)%、(81±12)%、(116±12)%、(174±35)%、(150±27)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 LiDCOrapid与LiDCOplus比较,二者具有一致性,均可及时、有效地反映剖宫产手术中缩宫素引起的快速血流动力学变化.健康产妇给予10单位负荷剂量缩宫素后,SBP、DBP、MAP下降,而HR、CO、SV升高.%Objective To validate whether the application of LiDCOrapid system could provide timely and effective monitoring in oxytocin-induced hemodynamic changes in obstetric patients undergoing caesarean section.Methods Twenty ASA Ⅰ obstetric patients undergoing elective caesarean section were set the continuous noninvasive arterial blood pressure measurement (CNAP) using the LiDCOrapid monitor in operating room.The real-time hemodynamic parameters,including systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP
Anaesthetic management of a patient with Liddle's syndrome for emergency caesarean hysterectomy.
Hayes, N E
We describe the anaesthetic management of a patient with Liddle\\'s syndrome during caesarean section and emergency hysterectomy for placenta accreta associated with significant intrapartum haemorrhage. Liddle\\'s syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by early onset arterial hypertension and hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. Additional issues were the presence of short stature, limb hypertonicity and preeclampsia. Initial management with a low-dose combined spinal-epidural technique was subsequently converted to general anaesthesia due to patient discomfort. The management of Liddle\\'s syndrome in the setting of neuraxial and general anaesthesia in a patient undergoing caesarean section is discussed.
Anaesthetic management of a patient with Liddle's syndrome for emergency caesarean hysterectomy.
Hayes, N E
We describe the anaesthetic management of a patient with Liddle\\'s syndrome during caesarean section and emergency hysterectomy for placenta accreta associated with significant intrapartum haemorrhage. Liddle\\'s syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by early onset arterial hypertension and hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. Additional issues were the presence of short stature, limb hypertonicity and preeclampsia. Initial management with a low-dose combined spinal-epidural technique was subsequently converted to general anaesthesia due to patient discomfort. The management of Liddle\\'s syndrome in the setting of neuraxial and general anaesthesia in a patient undergoing caesarean section is discussed.
Pregnancy in uterus didelphys delivered by caesarean delivery: case report
Sneha S. Rao
Full Text Available Uterus didelphys represents a uterine malformation where the uterus is present as paired organ. There is presence of double uterine bodies with two separate cervices and often a double or septate vagina. Women with congenital malformations of uterus usually have higher incidence of complications during pregnancy and delivery. We report the case in our institute of a pregnancy in the left sided body of a didelphys uterus delivered by caesarean section. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2016; 5(7.000: 2434-2437
Conventional laparotomy for management of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: a case report
Nilesh C. Mhaske
Full Text Available Increase in the rates of caesarean deliveries has led to a concurrent rise in the number of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies (CSEP. With recent advances, diagnosis can be made at an early gestational age, hence facilitating a prompt intervention. With the varied treatment options available, choosing the right one may possess a clinical dilemma. However, in a low resource setting, conventional laparotomy may be the only option feasible. A case of CSEP managed with laparotomy is presented. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2015; 4(5.000: 1581-1584
Outcomes Assessment of Pain Relief Techniques Used in Labour in Order to Increase Painless Normal Delivery Rate
Sharareh Khanahmadi
Full Text Available Statistics of world health organization show caesarean section rate has been growing worldwide. According to policy of World Health Organization (W.H.O, the reasonable percentage of caesarean section (C/S is 10-15% worldwide; however, increased rates of c/s are related to additional caesarean deliveries for 0.8 -3.2 million in low-income countries and for 4.0-6.2 million in middle and high-income countries. C/S rate is above 15% for 50% of countries on the average (1, 2. Although caesarean section must be just performed based on medical indications, elective caesarean rate is rising. Fear of childbirth is one the most important factors causing women especially nulliparous women to be interested in elective C/S. The amount of this fear depends on many factors, e.g. personality, history and experiences. Since this fear is not decreased even after psychological counselling, it is necessary to relieve the pain of normal delivery by offered methods (3. These pain relief techniques classify as pharmacological and non-pharmacological groups; non-pharmacological group includes methods helping women to cope with pain in labour and pharmacological methods are for relieving the labour pain.
First trimester caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy evaluation using MRI
Aim: To determine the features of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSP) by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the first trimester. Materials and methods: Thirty-nine women with CSP in the first trimester were initially selected and underwent transvaginal ultrasound and MRI examinations. Thirty-five patients with CSP were finally included in this study. Results: The CSPs were categorized into three groups: type I, in which a thin-walled diverticulum is present at the caesarean section scar (CSS) defect and the gestational sac (GS) is embedded in the diverticulum; type II, in which a thin-walled diverticulum is present at the CSS defect and the GS is partially embedded in the diverticulum; type III, in which a niche is present in the CSS defect and the GS is mainly embedded in the isthmus. Types I, II, and III CSP occurred in 40, 46, and 14% of the women, respectively. There was no significant difference between the three types in the minimum thickness of the CSS defect. In types I and II, there was a positive correlation in the maximum inlet diameter of the CSS defect and the approximate area of the GS. Conclusion: Using MRI, most CSPs present as a diverticulum at the CSS defect, and the CSS defect becomes weaker with the growth of the GS. MRI showed detailed features of the CSP
Full Text Available ... you will experience the miracle of birth during a live Internet broadcast from Shawnee Mission Medical Center ... hour, operating surgeon Dr. Leah Ridgway will perform a caesarean section delivery while Dr. Reagan Wittek will ...
Application effect comparison of pentazocine for intravenous analgesia and epidural analgesia after caesarean section%喷他佐辛在剖宫产术后静脉镇痛与硬膜外镇痛中的应用效果比较
罗新萍; 尹新武; 罗芳; 周生智
Objective To compare the application effect of pentazocine on patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) after caesarean section. Methods 120 patients who needed postoperative analgesia after caesarean section in our hospital from November 2013 to April 2014 were selected and evenly divided into PCIA group and PCEA group in random.In PCEA group,90 mg pentazocine,215 mg ropivacaine,5 mg tropisetron,and normal saline were mixed to 100 ml,while in PCIA group,90 mg pentazocine,2 mg propacetamol,5 mg tropisetron,and normal saline were mixed to 100 ml.Fifteen minutes before the end of surgery,disposable patient-controlled analgesia pump (PCA) was connected in both groups.The mode of LCP referred to 5 ml load dosage,2 ml con-tinuous infusion dosage,and 2 ml self-controlled bolus for 15 set minutes.Scores of analgesia and sedation 6 h,12 h,24 h,36 h,and 48 h after surgery were observed.The adverse reactions like nausea,vomiting,respiratory depression,retention of urine after surgery,postoperative pump dropping,and numbness of lower limb were also observed in order to know pa-tient's satisfaction. Results There was no significant difference about score of analgesia between the two groups (P>0.05).Within 24-hour application of PCA pump,there was significant difference in Ramsay sedation score between the two groups (P0.05)。在自控镇痛泵使用24 h内,两组Ramsay镇静评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 PICA组患者对镇痛泵的满意度为95%,高于PCEA组的85%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论喷他佐辛用于剖宫产PCEA和PCIA镇痛效果相当,但PCIA还具有携带方便、操作简单等优点,可避免留置硬膜外导管可能发生的并发症,患者的满意度较高,PICA更适合剖宫产手术,值得推广。
Morbidity of caesarean delivery: a comparative study between early and advanced stages of labour in an Indian tertiary care center
Amrutha Ramachandran
Methods: A retrospective analysis of 131 women with singleton term pregnancies who underwent emergency caesarean section. The study was done in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. In this study advanced labour was defined as one with cervical dilatation 8 cm or more at the time of caesarean section. The primary outcome variables were a maternal composite morbidity and a neonatal composite morbidity. Categorical data were compared using chi square test or Fischers exact test. Results: 73 women (56% underwent caesarean delivery in the early labour and 58(44% in advanced labour. 12/73 (16.4% patients in early stage of labour had at least one maternal complication (Composite maternal morbidity compared to 18/58 (31% women who had caesarean in advanced stage (p = 0.048. Seven patients out of 73 in the early labour and 14/58 in the advanced labour (p = 0.024 had at least one neonatal complication (Composite neonatal morbidity. Conclusions: The morbidity of primary caesarean sections done in the advanced stage of labour is associated with increased maternal and neonatal morbidity compared to that done in the early stage. A larger study will be needed to establish the inference. [Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2(4.000: 646-650
Fayaz Ahmad
Full Text Available BACKGROUND The optimal dose of oxytocin at Caesarean section is unclear. Oxytocin may cause adverse cardiovascular effects including tachycardia and hypotension, whereas an inadequate dose can result in increased uterine bleeding. We compared the effects of two doses of oxytocin in a randomized double-blind trial. METHODS 80 patients undergoing emergency Caesarean section received an IV bolus of either 2 or 5 units (u of oxytocin after delivery, followed by an oxytocin infusion of 10 uh-1 . All patients received spinal anaesthesia with mean arterial pressure maintained by injection ephedrine. We compared changes in Heart Rate (HR, Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP, blood loss, uterine tone, the need for additional uterotonic drugs and antiemetics. RESULTS There was a greater increase in mean (SD HR in patients who received 5u of oxytocin [32 (17 beats min-1 ] than in those who received 2 u [24 (13 beats min-1 ] (P=0.015. There was a larger decrease in MAP in patients who received 5 u [13 (15 mmHg] than in those who received 2 u [6 (10 mmHg] (P=0.030. The frequency of nausea and antiemetic use was higher after 5 u (32.5% than 2 u (5% (P=0.003. There were no differences in blood loss, uterine tone or requests for additional uterotonic drugs (17.5% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS In emergency Caesarean section, a 2 u bolus of oxytocin results in less haemodynamic change than 5 u with less nausea and no difference in the need for additional uterotonics.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum in Two Successive Pregnancies Complicating Caesarean Wound
Sapna Vinit Amin
Full Text Available Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG is a rare ulcerative cutaneous disorder with tendency to recur in the injured area. Though most of the time is associated with chronic systemic conditions, it can occur in isolation and can be a diagnostic dilemma. The aetiology is poorly understood. The diagnosis is based on clinical features and excluding other causes of skin ulcers, as it does not have characteristic histopathology or laboratory findings. Lesions can develop after surgery, after trauma or de novo. We are reporting a 32-year-old pregnant lady with two previous instances of pyoderma gangrenosum in the previous pregnancy, who in postoperative period following caesarean section developed the same condition for the third time. She responded well to local wound care, oral Prednisolone, and Dapsone and made a good recovery. Pregnancy being an immunologically altered status can play a role in development of pyoderma gangrenosum and one should always rule out its possibility when there is a delayed wound healing.
Maternal obesity and postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal and caesarean delivery among nulliparous women at term: a retrospective cohort study
Fyfe Elaine M
Full Text Available Abstract Background Increasing rates of postpartum haemorrhage in developed countries over the past two decades are not explained by corresponding changes in risk factors and conjecture has been raised that maternal obesity may be responsible. Few studies investigating risk factors for PPH have included BMI or investigated PPH risk among nulliparous women. The aim of this study was to determine in a cohort of nulliparous women delivering at term whether overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for major postpartum haemorrhage (PPH ≥1000ml after vaginal and caesarean section delivery. Methods The study population was nulliparous singleton pregnancies delivered at term at National Women's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand from 2006 to 2009 (N=11,363. Multivariable logistic regression was adjusted for risk factors for major PPH. Results There were 7238 (63.7% women of normal BMI, 2631 (23.2% overweight and 1494 (13.1% obese. Overall, PPH rates were increased in overweight and obese compared with normal-weight women (n=255 [9.7%], n=233 [15.6%], n=524 [7.2%], p Conclusion Nulliparous obese women have a twofold increase in risk of major PPH compared to women with normal BMI regardless of mode of delivery. Higher rates of PPH among obese women are not attributable to their higher rates of caesarean delivery. Obesity is an important high risk factor for PPH, and the risk following vaginal delivery is emphasised. We recommend in addition to standard practice of active management of third stage of labour, there should be increased vigilance and preparation for PPH management in obese women.
A case of spontaneous tubal pregnancy with caesarean scar pregnancy
Zhu, Jie; Shen, Yue-Ying; ZHAO, YU-QING; Lin, Ru; Fang, Fang
Tubal pregnancy with caesarean scar pregnancy is rare. Early, accurate diagnosis and treatment for this kind of ectopic pregnancy can lead to a decrease of maternal morbidity and mortality. Here, we report a rare case of spontaneous tubal pregnancy co-existing with caesarean scar pregnancy. After timely emergency laparoscopy and curettage, the patient was cured.
Clinical Efficacy Comparion of Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine for Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia(CSEA) on Caesarean Section%罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腰硬联合麻醉剖宫产的临床效果对比
目的:探讨罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腰硬联合麻醉剖宫产的临床效果.方法:采用随机双盲对照试验设计,将60 例择期行腰硬膜联合麻醉剖宫产产妇按照1:1 的比例随机分为罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组.罗哌卡因组:0.75% 罗哌卡因2ml,布比卡因组:0.75% 布比卡因2ml 用脑脊液稀释到3ml 注药2ml.结果:两组最高感觉阻滞平面、到达最高阻滞平面时间、感觉恢复时间、麻醉效果无显著性差异(P>0.05),罗哌卡因组感觉起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间明显晚于布比卡因组(P<0.05),运动恢复时间明显快于布比卡因组(P<0.05);罗哌卡因组低血压、心动过缓、恶心呕吐和头晕均少于布比卡因组,其中低血压有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:与布比卡因比较,罗哌卡因麻醉效能相似,但运动恢复更快,利于早期下床活动,且不良反应少,更适用于腰硬联合麻醉剖宫产.%Objective: To investigation the of ropivacaine and levobupivacaine for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA) on caesarean section.Methods: Use randomized double-blind controlled trial design,sixty primiparae schedualed for caesarean section were divided into ropivacaine group and bupivacaine group in 1:1 proportion.Ropivacaine group: 0.75% ropivacaine 2ml, bupivacaine group: 0.75% bupivacaine 2ml was diluted to 3ml with cerebrospinal fluid,injection 2ml.Results: There were no significant difference on the highest sensory block plane, reach the maximum block plane time, sensory recovery time, anesthesia effect in the two groups (P> 0.05), sensory onset time, motor block onset time of ropivacaine group was significantly later than that of bupivacaine group (P<0.05), motor recovery was significantly faster than the bupivacaine group (P<0.05); the cases of hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting and dizziness in ropivacaine group were less than the bupivacaine group, the hypotension cases has significantly differences (P<0
Rising frequency of placenta previa and associated morbidity in women with previous casearean section
To determine rising frequency of placenta previa and its associated morbidity in women with previous caesarean section. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at CMH Kohat from Jul 2010 to Jun 2011. Patients and Methods: This study included all pregnant women undergoing repeat caesarean sections. Of these, total 74 patients were admitted with placenta previa. The frequency and associated morbidity were determined. Results: In our study 74 patients with placenta previa were included. 71.62% were less than 35 yrs of age, while 28.38% were equal to or more than 35 years. The gestational age at presentation was 24-36 weeks in 74.3% and 37 + weeks in 5.7% at presentation, 89% patients were symptomatic and 11% were asympyomatic. The morbidities observed were placenta accrete 47%, urinary tract trauma in 63.51%, caesarean hysterectomy in 62.16%, post operative febrile morbidity in 77.03%, maternal mortality was nil, paralytic ileus in 28.38%, PPH in 82.43%, surgical site infection in 16.21%. Conclusion: Frequency of placenta previa and its associated morbidity was raised due to repeated caesarean section rate which must be reduced to decrease maternal morbidity and mortality. (author)
What Determines the Nominal Exchange Rate? Some Cross Sectional Evidence
Philip Lane
In this paper, the determination of long-run movements in nominal exchange rates across countries are examined. The author models the long-run movement in the nominal exchange rate as depending on (1) the long-run inflation differential and (2) the long-run change in the real exchange rate. He argues that the former depends on country characteristics such as openness, country size, the level of outstanding government debt, and central bank independence, and the latter on the rate of economic ...
Study of patient satisfaction and self-expressed problems after emergency caesarean delivery under subarachnoid block
V R Hemanth Kumar
Full Text Available Background and Aims: Subarachnoid block is one of the common modes of anaesthesia opted for emergency caesarean section, if the maternal and foetal conditions are favourable. Various factors influence the quality of care administered during the procedure. This questionnaire based study was undertaken to look for self-expressed problems in peri-operative period in patients undergoing emergency caesarean surgery under subarachnoid block. Methods: All the parturients who underwent emergency caesarean section under subarachnoid block during 6 months period were distributed a questionnaire in post-operative period. They were encouraged to fill and return the form within 15 days. Patient satisfaction and the self-expressed problems were analysed at the end of 6 months. Results: One hundred and seventy five out of 220 parturients responded. 58.3% of them said that they were explained about the anaesthesia prior to surgery and 85.3% overall remained anxious. With people around them, 93.1% of them felt comfortable and 91.4% expressed that they were made comfortable inside the theatre. The self-expressed problems were shivering (43.4%, breathlessness (21.7%, pain (20%, post-operative headache (15.4% and backache (19.4%. Parturients who heard their babies cry was 85.1%. After their babies were shown after delivery, 77.1% mothers slept well; 86.9% fed their babies within 4 h of delivery. Conclusion: Pre-operative communication in emergency caesarean section by health personnel did not reduce the anxiety level, which shows that communication was ineffective. Intra-operative psychological support like making the patient comfortable, showing baby to mother and early breast feeding improve bonding between child and mother and essentially contribute to patient satisfaction.
Evaluation of different hemostatic methods during caesarean section with pernicious placenta previa ;and placenta accreta%凶险型前置胎盘伴胎盘植入剖宫产术中止血方式评价
金日男; 钟永红
目的:探讨以子宫下段横行环状压迫缝合术联合子宫下段修补术为主的子宫外压迫止血法在凶险型前置胎盘伴胎盘植入剖宫产术中的止血效果及临床应用价值。方法收集广东省韶关市粤北人民医院自2012年1月至2014年6月收治的46例凶险型前置胎盘患者的临床资料,对胎盘植入发生率、诊断、处理方法及随诊情况进行回顾性分析。结果(1)46例凶险型前置胎盘中并发胎盘植入17例,发生率36.96%;穿透性胎盘植入9例,发生率19.57%。(2)术前彩色多普勒超声诊断胎盘植入7例,诊断率70.00%(7/10);术前行MR检查诊断胎盘植入8例,诊断率为88.89%。(3)保留子宫38例(82.61%),切除子宫8例,子宫切除率17.39%。(4)术后42~61 d随访8例胎盘植入保留子宫患者,均恶露干净、子宫复旧良好。结论彩色多普勒检查和盆腔MR 检查可提高凶险型前置胎盘伴胎盘植入的诊断率;剖宫产术中采用以子宫下段横行环状压迫缝合术联合子宫下段修补术为主的子宫外压迫止血法,可迅速有效地减少剖宫产术中出血量,缩短手术时间,降低子宫切除率。%Objective To evaluate the hemostatic effect of transverse annular compression sutures combined surgical repair in the lower uterine segment and its value on clinical application to control postpartum Hemorrhage at cesarean delivery for pernicious placenta previa with placenta accreta. Methods We conducted a retrospective study at 46 pregnant women with pernicious placenta previa, who were treated at the Affiliated Yuebei People's Hospital of Shantou University Medical College from January 2008 to June 2012. This study reviewed the incidence rates, diagnosis and treatment. Results Among the 46 patients, 17 were diagnosed pernicious placenta praevia with placenta accreta; the incidence rate was 36.5%;while 9 patients were pernicious placenta praevia with placenta
Perspectives of cesarean section in buffaloes
G N Purohit; Mitesh Gaur; Amit Kumar; Chandra Shekher; Swati Ruhil
Cesarean section in buffaloes is an emergency operative procedure being performed prinicipally for uncorrectable uterine torsions and for delivery of fetal monsters. Left paramedian (lateral and parallel to the milk vein) and oblique ventrolateral (above arcus cruralis) are the two common operative sites used for buffalo caesarean section. Although many anesthetic combinations including intravenous and inhalation anesthetic procedures have been experimented in the buffalo species yet most caesarean sections in buffaloes are satisfactorily performed in right lateral recumbency under mild sedation and local infiltration analgesia or paravertebral nerve blocks. The history, indications, anesthesia, operative procedures, post operative complications and future fertility following caesarean section in buffalo are described.
On Fluctuations in the Cross-Sectional Distribution of Unemployment Rates
Fariba Hashemi
The cross-sectional distribution of unemployment rates has been relatively neglected compared to the study of unemployment rate differences across countries over time. This paper helps fill the gap. A drift-diffusion model is proposed to describe the dynamics of the cross-sectional distribution of unemployment rates. The model is fitted to the evolution of unemployment rate distribution across five regions, to estimate the natural rates and speeds of convergence to natural rates once an econo...
Caesarean section in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus
Varsha Vyas; Deepika Shukla; Surekha Patil; Shubha Mohite
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease most frequently found in women of child bearing age and may co-exist with pregnancy. Disease exacerbation, increased foetal loss, neonatal lupus and an increased incidence of pre-eclampsia are the major challenges. Its multisystem involvement and therapeutic interventions like anticoagulants, steroids and immunosuppressive agents pose a high risk for both surgery and anaesthesia. We describe successful management of an antinuclear an...