text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|5 Jun 2007
|Filing date
|4 Jun 2003
|Priority date
|4 Jun 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mark R. Prausnitz, Mark G. Allen, Inder-Jeet Gujral
|Original Assignee
|Georgia Tech Research Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (88), Non-Patent Citations (38), Referenced by (111), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/452,979, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,707, filed Dec. 2, 1999, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/137,621, filed Jun. 4, 1999, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
A common technique for delivering drugs across or into biological tissue is the use of a needle, such as those used with standard syringes or catheters, to transport drugs across (through) the skin. While effective for this purpose, needles generally cause pain; local damage to the skin at the site of insertion; bleeding, which increases the risk of disease transmission; and a wound sufficiently large to be a site of infection. Needle techniques also generally require administration by one trained in its use. The needle technique also is undesirable for long term, controlled continuous drug delivery.
An alternative delivery technique is the transdermal patch, which usually relies on diffusion of the drug across the skin. However, this method is not useful for many drugs, due to the poor permeability (i.e. effective barrier properties) of the skin. The rate of diffusion depends in part on the size and hydrophilicity of the drug molecules and the concentration gradient across the stratum corneum. Few drugs have the necessary physiochemical properties to be effectively delivered through the skin by passive diffusion. Iontophoresis, electroporation, ultrasound, and heat (so-called active systems) have been used in an attempt to improve the rate of delivery. While providing varying degrees of enhancement, these techniques are not suitable for all types of drugs, failing to provide the desired level of delivery. In some cases, they are also painful and inconvenient or impractical for continuous controlled drug delivery over a period of hours or days.
Attempts have been made to design alternative devices for active transfer of drugs, but there remains a need for better drug delivery devices, which make smaller incisions, deliver drug with greater efficiency (greater drug delivery per quantity applied) and less variability of drug administration, and/or are easier to use.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a microneedle device for relatively painless, controlled, safe, convenient transdermal delivery of a variety of drugs.
Simple microneedle devices are provided for delivery of drugs across or into biological tissue, particularly the skin. The microneedle devices permit drug delivery at clinically relevant rates across or into skin or other tissue barriers, with minimal or no damage, pain, or irritation to the tissue.
The devices include a plurality of hollow microneedles, which are attached to or integrated into a substrate, and at least one reservoir selectably in communication with the microneedles, wherein the volume or amount of drug to be delivered can be selectively altered. The reservoir contains the drug to be delivered. In one embodiment, the reservoir is formed of a deformable, preferably elastic, material.
The device also can include means for compressing the reservoir to drive the drug from the reservoir through the microneedles. The means can include a plunger or osmotic pump. In one embodiment, the reservoir is a syringe or pump connected to the substrate.
The device also can include a sealing mechanism to contain the drug in one or more of the reservoirs until it is ready to be delivered or mixed with a liquid carrier. In one embodiment, the sealing mechanism is a fracturable barrier interposed between the reservoir and the substrate.
In one embodiment, the device includes a means for providing feedback to the user to indicate that delivery has been initiated and/or completed. An example of the feedback means is a color change.
In another embodiment, the microneedle device further includes a rate control means, such as a semi-permeable membrane, to regulate the rate or extent of drug which flows through the microneedles.
The microneedle devices preferably are provided with means for preventing undesired reuse of or contact with the microneedles. These means can include protective packaging, such as a peelable liner that temporarily covers the tips of the microneedles. The packaging also can be used to shear off the microneedles following their intended use, thereby preventing their reuse.
The microneedle devices include at least three components: at least one, more preferably more, microneedle(s); a substrate to which the base of the microneedle(s) are secured or integrated; and at least one reservoir that is selectably in fluid connection with one or more of the microneedles. Preferably, the microneedles are provided as a multi-dimensional array, in contrast to a device with a single microneedle or single row of microneedles. The microneedle device can be adapted to be a single-use, disposable device, or can be adapted to be fully or partially reusable.
The microneedles are hollow; that is, each contains at least one substantially annular bore or channel having a diameter large enough to permit passage of a drug-containing fluid and/or solid materials through the microneedle. The hollow shafts may be linear, i.e. extend upwardly from needle base to needle tip, or they may take a more complex path, e.g. extend upwardly from the needle base, but then lead to one or more 'portholes' or 'slits' on the sides of the needles, rather than an opening at the needle tip.
The microneedles can be constructed from a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, semiconductors, organics, polymers, and composites. Preferred materials of construction include pharmaceutical grade stainless steel, gold, titanium, nickel, iron, tin, chromium, copper, palladium, platinum, alloys of these or other metals, silicon, silicon dioxide, and polymers. Representative biodegradable polymers include polymers of hydroxy acids such as lactic acid and glycolic acid polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, and copolymers with PEG, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polyurethanes, poly(butyric acid), poly(valeric acid), and poly(lactide-co-caprolactone). Representative non-biodegradable polymers include polycarbonate, polyester, and polyacrylamides.
The microneedles should have the mechanical strength to remain intact while being inserted into the biological barrier, while remaining in place for up to a number of days, and while being removed. In embodiments where the microneedles are formed of biodegradable polymers, the microneedle must to remain intact at least long enough for the microneedle to serve its intended purpose (e.g., its conduit function for delivery of drug). The microneedles should be sterilizable using standard methods such as ethylene oxide or gamma irradiation.
The microneedles can have straight or tapered shafts. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the microneedle is greatest at the base end of the microneedle and tapers to a point at the end distal the base. The microneedle can also be fabricated to have a shaft that includes both a straight (untapered) portion and a tapered portion. The needles may also not have a tapered end at all, i.e. they may simply be cylinders with blunt or flat tips. A hollow microneedle that has a substantially uniform diameter, but which does not taper to a point, is referred to herein as a "microtube." As used herein, the term "microneedle" includes both microtubes and tapered needles unless otherwise indicated.
The microneedles can be oriented perpendicular or at an angle to the substrate. Preferably, the microneedles are oriented perpendicular to the substrate so that a larger density of microneedles per unit area of substrate can be provided. An array of microneedles can include a mixture of microneedle orientations, heights, or other parameters.
The microneedles can be formed with shafts that have a circular cross-section in the perpendicular, or the cross-section can be non-circular. For example, the cross-section of the microneedle can be polygonal (e.g. star-shaped, square, triangular), oblong, or another shape. The shaft can have one or more bores. The cross-sectional dimensions typically are between about 1 μm and 500 μm, and preferably between 10 and 100 μm. The outer diameter is typically between about 10 μm and about 100 μm, and the inner diameter is typically between about 3 μm and about 80 μm.
In one embodiment the cross-sectional dimensions are designed to leave a residual hole (following microneedle insertion and withdrawal) of less than about 0.2 μm, to avoid making a hole which would allow bacteria to enter the penetration wound. The actual microneedle diameter will typically be in the few micron range, since the holes typically contract following withdrawal of the microneedle. Larger diameter and longer microneedles are acceptable, so long as the microneedle can penetrate the biological barrier to the desired depth.
The length of the microneedles typically is between about 10 μm and 1 mm, preferably between 100 μm and 500 μm, and more preferably between 150 μm and 350 μm. The length is selected for the particular application, accounting for both an inserted and uninserted portion. An array of microneedles can include a mixture of microneedles having, for example, various lengths, outer diameters, inner diameters, cross-sectional shapes, and spacings between the microneedles. In transdermal applications, the "insertion depth" of the microneedles is preferably less than about 100–150 μm, so that insertion of the microneedles into the skin does not penetrate into the dermis, thereby avoiding contacting nerves which may cause pain. In such applications, the actual length of the microneedles typically is longer, since the portion of the microneedles distal the tip may not be inserted into the skin; the uninserted length depends on the particular device design and configuration. The actual (overall) height or length of microneedles should be equal to the insertion depth plus the uninserted length.
The substrate of the device can be constructed from a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, semiconductors, organics, polymers, and composites. The substrate includes the base to which the microneedles are attached or integrally formed. The substrate can be adapted to fit a Luer-Lock syringe or other conventionally used drug delivery device that currently uses hypodermic needles as the barrier penetration method.
In one embodiment of the device, the substrate, as well as other components, are formed from flexible materials to allow the device to fit the contours of the biological barrier, such as the skin, vessel walls, or the eye, to which the device is applied. A flexible device may facilitate more consistent penetration of some biological barriers, because penetration can be limited by deviations in the attachment surface. For example, the surface of human skin is not flat due to dermatoglyphics (i.e. tiny wrinkles) and hair. However, for some biological barriers, a rigid substrate may be preferred.
The reservoir is selectably in connection with the microneedle bore, such that the reservoir contents can flow from the reservoir and out through the microneedle tip, into the target tissue. Typically, it is attached to, or integrated into, the substrate, either integrally (as in a one-piece device) or at the moment of drug delivery (as with a Luer-lock type device). The reservoir is to provide suitable, leak-free storage of the drug composition before it is to be delivered. The reservoir should keep the drug composition free of contaminants and degradation-enhancing agents. For example, the reservoir should exclude light when the drug composition contains photo-sensitive materials, and should include an oxygen barrier material in order to minimize exposure of drugs sensitive to oxidation. Also, the reservoir should keep volatile materials inside the reservoir, for example, to prevent water from evaporating, causing the drug composition to dry out and become undeliverable.
The drug reservoir can be substantially rigid or readily deformable. The reservoir can be formed from one or more polymers, metals, ceramics, or combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the reservoir includes a volume surrounded by one or more walls, or includes a porous material, such as a sponge, which can retain, for example, the drug liquid until the material is compressed.
In a preferred embodiment, the reservoir is formed of an elastic material, such as an elastomeric polymer or rubber. For example, the reservoir can be a balloon-like pouch that is stretched (in tension) when filled with a fluid drug composition to be delivered.
The reservoir of a single microneedle device can include a plurality of compartments that are isolated from one another and/or from a portion of the microneedles in an array. The device can, for example, be provided to deliver different drugs through different needles, or to deliver the same or different drugs at different rates or at different times (
Methods for Manufacture of the Devices
The microneedle and substrate are made by methods known to those skilled in the art. Examples include microfabrication processes, by creating small mechanical structures in silicon, metal, polymer, and other materials. Three-dimensional arrays of hollow microneedles can be fabricated, for example, using combinations of dry etching processes; micromold creation in lithographically-defined polymers and selective sidewall electroplating; or direct micromolding techniques using epoxy mold transfers. These methods are described, for example, in U.S. Ser. No. 09/095,221, filed Jun. 10, 1998; U.S. Ser. No. 09/316,229, filed May 21, 1999; Henry, et al., "Micromachined Needles for the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs," Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 494–98 (Jan. 26–29, 1998).
Preferred embodiments of the microneedle device are shown in
The sealing mechanism 18 can be, for example, an adhesive material or gasket. The sealing mechanism 18 can further function as or include a fracturable barrier or rate controlling membrane overlaying the surface of the substrate. In this embodiment, nothing can be released until a seal or peel-off strip covering is removed.
Another preferred embodiment of the microneedle device is shown in
A further preferred embodiment of the microneedle device is shown in
Attachment Feature
In a preferred embodiment, the microneedle device includes an adhesive material to secure the microneedle device to the skin, temporarily immobilizing the microneedles while inserted into the skin to deliver the drug. The adhesive agent typically is applied to the substrate (in between the microneedles at their base) or to an attachment collar or tabs adjacent the microneedles.
Care must be taken so that any adhesive agent does not plug the bores of hollow microneedles. For example, the adhesive agent can be applied in a liquid solution by flooding the top of the substrate below the tips of the microneedles, such as from the side of an array of microneedles, or by using a three-dimensional printing process. The solvent can then be evaporated from the adhesive agent solution, thereby precipitating or gelling the adhesive agent to yield a tacky surface. An alternate method of keeping the tips free of an applied adhesive agent is to choose materials of construction having a hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity to control the wetting of the surface to the microneedle tips.
Initiating Delivery
In a preferred embodiment, delivery of the drug from the reservoir is initiated by applying a force, such as by pressing the top of the reservoir, to cause the reservoir contents (i.e. a drug containing composition) to flow out through the microneedles—an active or dynamic process. For example, the user can apply finger-pressure directly to a deformable reservoir "bubble," (
A variation of this embodiment utilizes a balloon-like reservoir in tension to provide the force. Then, when an opening is formed in the balloon reservoir, the contents are forced out of the reservoir as the balloon contracts to its relaxed state. The contraction is selectively triggered to provide the driving force for delivery.
In a preferred embodiment, the force ruptures a fracturable barrier between the reservoir contents and the inlet of the microneedle. Representative barriers include thin foil, polymer, or laminant films. In another preferred embodiment, the microneedles tips are blocked until immediately before use. The blocking material can be, for example, a peelable adhesive or gel film, which will not clog the openings in the microneedle tip when the film is removed from the device.
Delivery also can be initiated by opening a mechanical gate or valve interposed between the reservoir outlet and the microneedle inlet. For example, a thin film or plate can be slid or peeled away from the back of the substrate.
In an alternate embodiment, delivery is initiated by changing the physical or chemical properties of the drug composition and/or of a barrier material. For example, the barrier can be a porous membrane having a porosity that can be selectably altered to permit flow, or the drug composition can be selected to change from a solid or semi-solid state to a fluid state, for example as the temperature is increased from ambient to that of body temperature. Such a drug composition can be prepared, for example, by combining the drug with a biodegradable polymeric material.
A preferred embodiment of the microneedle device is shown in
Delivery also can be initiated by activating an osmotic pump, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,758 to Eckenhoff, which has been adapted to the substrate of the microneedle device. For example, the reservoir/osmotic pump includes an inner flexible bag that holds the drug charge, an intermediate layer of an osmotically effective solute composition, such as an inorganic salt, that encapsulates the bag, and an outer shape-retaining membrane that is at least in part permeable to water and that encapsulates both the layer of osmotically effective solute composition and the bag. In operation, the bag filled with the fluid drug compositions is exposed to an aqueous environment, so that water is imbibed from the environment by the osmotically effective solute through the membrane into the space between the inner flexible bag and the membrane. Since the bag is flexible and the membrane is rigid, the imbibed water squeezes the bag inwardly, thereby displacing drug out the microneedles.
In an alternate embodiment, delivery is initiated by opening the pathway between the reservoir and the microneedle tip, or unblocking the tip openings, and simply allowing the drug to be delivered by diffusion, that is, a passive process.
Feedback About Delivery
In a preferred embodiment, the microneedle device includes a feedback means so that the user can (1) determine whether delivery has been initiated; and/or (2) confirm that the reservoir has been emptied, that is delivery complete. Representative feedback means include a sound, a color (change) indicator, or a change in the shape of a deformable reservoir. In a preferred embodiment, the feedback for completion of delivery is simply that the reservoir is pressed flat against the back of the substrate and cannot be further deformed.
Feedback About Penetration of the Microneedles into the Tissue
The user of the microneedle device typically can Determine if the microneedles have been properly inserted into the skin or other tissue through visual or tactile means, that is assessing whether the substrate has been pressed essentially flush to the tissue surface. For example, if a puddle of liquid drug composition appears near the device, then the user may infer that the microneedles are not fully inserted, suggesting that the device needs to be reapplied. The liquid drug compositions can include a coloring agent to enhance the visual feedback.
In a more complex embodiment, an electrical or chemical measurement is adapted to provide the feedback. For example, penetration can be determined by measuring a change in electrical resistance at the skin or other tissue, or a pH change. Alternately, needle-to-needle electrical resistance can be measured. In a preferred embodiment, the microneedle device includes a disposable cartridge containing the microneedles. In these devices, an LED (e.g. green light/red light) or liquid crystal display can be provided with the reusable portion of the device.
Controlling the Delivery Rate
The microneedle device must be capable of transporting drug across or into the tissue at a useful rate. For example, the microneedle device must be capable of delivering drug at a rate sufficient to be therapeutically useful. The rate of delivery of the drug composition can be controlled by altering one or more of several design variables. For example, the amount of material flowing through the needles can be controlled by manipulating the effective hydrodynamic conductivity (the volumetric through-capacity) of a single device array, for example, by using more or fewer microneedles, by increasing or decreasing the number or diameter of the bores in the microneedles, or by filling at least some of the microneedle bores with a diffusion-limiting material. It is preferred, however, to simplify the manufacturing process by limiting the needle design to two or three "sizes" of microneedle arrays to accommodate, for example small, medium, and large volumetric flows, for which the delivery rate is controlled by other means.
Other means for controlling the rate of delivery include varying the driving force applied to the drug composition in the reservoir. For example, in passive diffusion systems, the concentration of drug in the reservoir can be increased to increase the rate of mass transfer. In active systems, for example, the pressure applied to the reservoir can be varied, such as by varying the spring constant or number of springs or elastic bands.
In either active or passive systems, the barrier material can be selected to provide a particular rate of diffusion for the drug molecules being delivered through the barrier at the needle inlet.
Essentially any drug can be delivered using the microneedle devices described herein. As used herein, the term "drug" refers to an agent which possesses therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic properties in vivo, for example when administered to an animal, including mammals, such as humans. Examples of suitable therapeutic and/or prophylactic active agents include proteins, such as hormones, antigens, and growth factors; nucleic acids, such as antisense molecules; and smaller molecules, such as antibiotics, steroids, decongestants, neuroactive agents, anesthetics, and sedatives. Examples of suitable diagnostic agents include radioactive isotopes and radioopaque agents, metals, gases, labels including chromatographic, fluorescent or enzymatic labels.
The drug can be or include a peptide, protein, carbohydrate (including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides), nucleoprotein, mucoprotein, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, nucleic acid molecules (including any form of DNA such as cDNA, RNA, or a fragment thereof, oligonucleotides, and genes), nucleotide, nucleoside, lipid, biologically active organic or inorganic molecules, or combination thereof.
The amount of drug can be selected by one of skill in the art, based, for example on the particular drug, the desired effect of the drug at the planned release levels, and the time span over which the drug should be released.
Multi-Cartridge Microneedle Device
A modification of the disposable, single use microneedle device utilizes a reusable triggering device (e.g., a plunger) in combination with a cartridge containing one or more, preferably a plurality, of single-use microneedle devices. For example, the cartridge can be a circular disk having 10 or 12 microneedle arrays connected to a single-dose reservoir, wherein the cartridge can be loaded into and unloaded from the triggering device. The triggering device can, for example, be designed to move a new dose into position for delivery, compress the reservoir to deliver the drug, and then eject or immobilize the used array. This type of reusable triggering device also can include a power source, such as a battery, used to operate a built-in measurement device, for example, for analyte measurement of interstitial fluids or electrical verification of needle penetration into skin, as described earlier in this document.
Microneedle Device Packaging
In a preferred embodiment following manufacture of the microneedle device, it is packaged for storage, shipment, and sale before use. The packaging should prevent contamination and damage. The packaging also should prevent premature triggering or release of any drug or vehicle contents from the reservoir.
It is particularly important that, the microneedle device is provided with a removable protective cover or cushion that protects the microneedles from damage. The protective cover also can function to keep the drug material from prematurely leaking out of the microneedles. In a preferred embodiment, an adhesive material or gel film used to selectively secure the cover over the microneedles. In an alternate embodiment, the film is antiseptic, and following removal can serve as a wipe to prepare the skin surface before insertion of the microneedles.
The packaging also can be adapted to serve as a vessel for safely disposing of the used microneedle device. In a preferred embodiment, the single-use microneedles are provided a device or material to shear the needles from the substrate or plug the microneedles, so as to prevent undesirable reuse of the device. In one embodiment, the inner back of the reservoir is provided with a tacky substance. When the reservoir is compressed against the back of the substrate following delivery of the reservoir contents, the tacky substance is driven into the opening of the microneedles, plugging them. In one embodiment of this device, the tacky material dries and hardens so that the substance cannot readily be removed.
Publications cited herein and the material for which they are cited are specifically incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
Modifications and variations of the methods and devices described herein will be obvious to those skilled in the art from the foregoing detailed description. Such modifications and variations are intended to come within the scope of the appended claims.
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text:
Saturday, October 1, 2016
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Moonscoop is bringing back its art-based preschooler series Ava Riko Teo for a second season. The order will see the production of 39 seven-minute episodes, with delivery set for the ... Continue Reading →

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Westin Verasa Napa
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- Room service
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TravelPod Member ReviewsThe Westin Verasa Napa
This is truly a 5 start hotel. Very clean, friendly helpful staff, huge rooms. The pool needs to upgrade their lounges but other than that it's great. They offer a wine tasting and small bite every day between 5 and 7 a nice add on. Our room backs on to the river which we can look at while sitting on our deck.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
Did the job... nothing special to write home about.
Conveniently located.
Bell-boy VERY knowledgable
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews The Westin Verasa Napa
Travel Blogs from Napa
Rails, Trails, Wines and Vines in Napa!
We are now on a pretty busy schedule as we are making two day stops in a number of places in Northern California and Oregon over the next two weeks. Our first stop was for two days in Napa, California. Napa is the most prominent wine producing region in the United States. Since it is spring, it is not crazy busy right now which makes it nice for getting around. A local said it is like Costco on Saturday in the summertime so I guess we are here at a ...
Arrival in Mongolia
... Nazi invasion just prior to the Second World War. The scenes created with small ceramic tiles are quite beautiful and depict both military and family aspects of the cultures. Perhaps even more important though, were the general impressions I gleaned during this first day. - Why are the bodies of the cars not rusted out like they are in Saskatchewan (a result of using salt to cut the ice on city streets in the winter time)? - There is a tremendous amount of ...
Almost like France
... leads down to the Golden Gate Bridge. (We drive about 20 minutes to catch the ferry and can be in San Francisco in an hour). We are on 40 acres of lovely gardens, lemon and orange trees, vast meadows with grasses so tall I could drown in them, old pines and ...
... Bali leg, and then found the transit hotel. None of us were really sure what time it was; Olivia dropped off immediately, then Cindy and I. Elias bopped around some but eventually keeled over. I woke up around 6AM, tired but remarkably feeling as though it was 6AM; the combination of flight timing and the stay in the transit hotel seemed to have beaten most of the jet lag. We got up, showered, watched the planes taxiing across the bridge over the highway, ...
Home! Vancouver to Berkeley...
... our flight back to San Francisco, and since I hadn't been able to face research-it/travel-it for Vancouver, we took a bus tour of the city, got a taste of what it's about (highrise condominiums to the MAX, plus enviable Stanley Park), and the driver delivered us to the airport afterward. Where we waited and waited to leave. Took the edge of the mellow post-cruise mood.


text:
MMA Forum - UFC Forums - UFC Results - MMA Videos (http://www.mmaforum.com/forumindex.php)
- Gear & Equipment (http://www.mmaforum.com/gear-equipment/)
- - Which gloves? (http://www.mmaforum.com/gear-equipment/83529-gloves.html)
Which gloves?
Bad boy mma gloves 54$
UFC Official Fight Gloves 50$
I feel like getting the Ufc gloves are doin too much due to their popularity.
but they are cheaper. so idk help me
Also are mma gloves suppose to look big but a tight fit on u?
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Derby Hotels press kits
Josef Ajram and Derby Hotels Collection design routes for our runners
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31 rooms which revive the essence of the Casa dels Quatre Rius
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Derby Hotels Collection Fitur 2013
Derby Hotels Collection presents at FITUR 2013 its latest news from 30th January to 3rd February 2013.Read more »
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Eric Baković
- Website: http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~ebakovic/
- I'm a Professor in the Linguistics Department at UC San Diego. My interests are in pretty much all things having to do with phonology, phonological analysis, and phonological theory.
Posts by Eric Baković:
Open Access petition
Every once in a while, an article is discussed or mentioned here on Language Log that many of our readers can't access without paying a hefty fee, whether to pay to view the article or to subscribe to the journal in which it appears. Many of these same readers are American taxpayers, and much of the research in those same articles is funded by governmental organizations (such as the NSF and the NIH) that are of course underwritten by American taxpayers. Why — the argument goes — should taxpayers pay again to access the results of the research that they are already paying for? What prevents those results from being disseminated (relatively) freely, so that all may benefit?
This is the gist of this petition that has been posted at the Obama Administration "We The People" petition site by the good folks at access2research. 25,000 total signatures are needed by June 19; as of this writing, they're almost halfway there. Please take a look at the petition and sign if you're for it.
And please also tell others about this petition! Stuart Shieber (computational linguist, open access advocate, and Director of Harvard University's Office of Scholarly Communication) has written and shared a message suitable for passing on to colleagues, friends, and family. Or, you can point them to the video found below the fold.
Create a language, go to jail
I've received several messages with links to this NYT piece since its appearance online on Sunday. The piece is on Dothraki, a constructed language used in the HBO series "Game of Thrones" and invented by David J. Peterson,
founder and President of the Language Creation Society and (as it happens) a former PhD student here in the Extreme Southwest Wing of Language Log Plaza. The piece also talks about constructed languages ("conlangs") and language constructors ("conlangers") a bit more generally, and most specifically with respect to their use in Hollywood. (That 'their' is purposely ambiguous.)
Quotes and context
HuffPo has a post today entitled "Michele Bachmann: 'I Haven't Had a Gaffe'", in which they take Bachmann to task for what she said to Greta van Susteren in a recent Fox News interview. This is easy bait for those of us who are appalled at the prospect of Candidate Bachmann and who have delighted at the many gaffes that she has managed to have in the course of her presidential campaign. But note the context from which the 'I haven't had a gaffe' quote was pulled:
As people are looking at the candidate that is the most conservative and the most consistent candidate, I've been that candidate. I haven't had a gaffe or something that I've done that has caused me to fall in the polls. People see in me someone who's genuinely a social conservative, a fiscal conservative, a national security conservative and a Tea Partier. I'm the whole package.
Watching the deceptive
After almost a month, I'm finally following up on the results of the single-question surveys that I asked Language Log readers to participate in. Each survey received an overwhelming 1500+ responses, and I didn't realize that I needed a "pro" (= "paid") account on SurveyMonkey in order to view more than the first 100. I owe special thanks to Mohammad Mehdi Etedali, to whom I transfered the surveys and who kindly sent me the overall percentages.
Pick a survey, either survey…
Ever wish you could participate in a little linguistics experiment? Neither have I. But anyway, now you can! I have set up two very easy surveys, one question each. (Well, it's not technically a question, but that's a word-sense issue for another day.) Pick one survey (either one, but please not both), read the question, and select one of the three possible answers. I'll wait about a
week month, and then post a discussion of the results. [Update, Sept. 5: there has been an overwhelming response to both surveys, but a slight preference for #2 (1500+ responses thus far vs. 1100+ for #1). So I've closed #2 but kept #1 open to encourage another 400 or so responses to that one. — EB]
[Update, Sept. 7: both surveys are now closed, as they've both reached about the same overwhelming number of responses (1500+). Now I have to analyze the results, which may take longer than I originally thought so it may take another week or so. Speaking of which: anyone have access to a paid SurveyMonkey account? If so, please let me know…]
When you're done, you are allowed to
do either of the following (again, not both): (a) take a peek at the other survey (but don't answer the question!), or (b) let us know that you've completed the survey and you'll be entered into a drawing for a free one-year subscription to Language Log! Don't say we don't take care of our readers.
And, for those observing it: have a great Labor Day weekend.
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Longetivity is the name of the game
Listening to this recent Freakonomics podcast episode, I heard a word variant that I'd never heard before: longetivity, being used to mean longevity. You can hear it at about the 8:35 mark of the podcast — I was listening on Stitcher, in case that matters. Coincidentally, the relevant portion of the podcast (from an interview with Dick Yuengling, beer lovers!) is transcribed on the episode's webpage, with the word "corrected" to longevity.
Acting, speech, and authenticity
In advance of the fifth and last season of The Wire, HBO released a documentary-like special called "The Last Word". The very first line is from an interview with series protagonist Dominic West, who says: "What makes The Wire so amazing is its level of authenticity." (Watch the first part of the special here.)
Even now, after having re-watched the entire series several times, I'm floored by the irony of that line, spoken in West's native British dialect (born in Sheffield, but of Irish descent). West plays Detective James "Jimmy" McNulty of the Baltimore Police Department, and McNulty is a very American character: breaking all the rules in a very selfish (but also self-destructive) way, all in the name of some greater good (doing "real police" work and catching the bad guys). So how authentic can the show be, if this very American character is played by a Brit?
The word protesters has for obvious reasons jumped into abnormally high-rotation on the news radio dial, and to my surprise, many of the members of the media (on NPR and the BBC) that I've heard use the word are pronouncing it protésters [pʰɹəˈtʰɛstɚz] rather than the way I would pronounce it, prótesters [ˈpʰɹoʊˌtʰɛstɚz]. (Please ignore the r-coloring I've indicated on the last vowel, which reflects my r-ful pronunciation; it's the difference in stress that I'm interested in.) I think I've pinpointed both the justification for pronouncing what I'll arbitrarily call "the media's way" and why I pronounce it my way; read on below the fold if you're interested, and let us know what you think in the comments.
William F. Shipley, 1921-2011
[Update: a memorial page for Bill, to which people can contribute thoughts, pictures, etc., can be found here.]
It saddens me greatly to report that William F. Shipley passed away on January 20, 2011. He was 89 years old. Bill was my first linguistics professor, my first advisor and mentor, my first academic collaborator, and my dear, dear friend. I already miss him more than I am able to put into words.
Bill completed his dissertation under the direction of Mary Haas at UC Berkeley in 1959, a grammar of the Native California language Maidu (published in the University of California Publications in Linguistics series in 1964, with a dictionary and texts published in 1963). In 1966, he left an appointment at Berkeley to be among the very first faculty to participate in the big experiment that UC Santa Cruz was at the time, and he retired from UCSC in 1991.
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Bilingualism is good for you — but not for me, thank you.
While travelling in Spain last week, I found myself waiting in the car for a long enough period of time that I decided to see what might be on the radio. By some cosmic coincidence, the first station I tuned to happened to feature a discussion of language.
Enduring Voices channel on YouTube
I'm a bit tardy in reporting this, but better late than never: the endangered language research team of K. David Harrison and Greg Anderson, in collaboration with National Geographic, have started a YouTube channel for their Enduring Voices mission. (Read more about it here and here.)
The last time I'd mentioned Harrison and Anderson on Language Log, back in July, their documentary The Linguists had just received an Emmy® nomination for "Outstanding Science and Technology Programming". Since then, Harrison's book The Last Speakers: The Quest to Save the World's Most Endangered Languages has been published (in September), and there was an associated splash in the media (in October) concerning Harrison and Anderson's discovery of the 'hidden' Tibeto-Burman language Koro. Sorry, I've been away from my desk. I'll try to do better.
What does nth least X mean?
I've thus far avoided hearing or seeing many political ads (not having cable television or listening to commercial radio has its advantages), but yesterday I happened to hear an ad for Meg Whitman's California gubernatorial campaign. For those not in the know: Meg Whitman is the Republican candidate for governor, running against Democrat (and former California governor and current state attorney general) Jerry Brown; she's also
the founder a former CEO of eBay. [Thanks for the correction, Atario.] As a successful businesswoman, much of her platform is about making California more "business-friendly", and so she talks a lot about the apparent fact that California is currently very "unfriendly" to business.
Anyway, in the ad Meg Whitman says the following. Please note that I don't recall the exact wording of anything other than the part in boldface.
California is the 48th least business-friendly state.
I know what she means, of course: of all 50 states, California is extremely unfriendly to business — near the bottom of the list, just two up from the absolute least business-friendly state (whatever that one is). But is that what "48th least business-friendly state" really means? For me it means there's a list arranged from #1 least friendly to #50 least friendly, with #50 being the #1 most friendly. Under that conception, #48 is pretty damned good for business, isn't it?
Sure, I'll take a stab at it
In a comment on Ben Zimmer's post about two linguists being among this year's MacArthur "genius" grant winners (one of those going to my UC San Diego colleague Carol Padden), a reader identifying themselves as "Pflaumbaum" writes:
Off topic, but I wonder if any of the profs will comment on Emma Thompson's prescriptivist rant:
Apparently "ain't", "like" and "innit" make you sound stupid, and we need to reinvest in the idea of, um, as it were, articulacy, as a form of human freedom and power.
Well, at least Pflaumbaum warned us that it was off topic. Anyway, go ahead and follow the link to read the story about Emma Thompson. It's very, very short. I'll be here waiting, below the fold.


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Live updates
New nuclear waste machine arrives at Sellafield
Part of a machine which will play a crucial role cleaning up the most hazardous building at Sellafield has arrived on site.
The 50-tonne component was transferred three miles by road from Beckermet.
It will retrieve radioactive waste from the Magnox Swarf Storage facility.
- ITV Report
'Significant investment' needed for nuclear development
Cumbria County Council says if the Moorside project goes ahead, the government and NuGen will need to invest in local infrastructure.Read the full story ›
Anti nuclear campaigners protest at firm's birthday party
Protestors from Radiation Free Lakeland have demonstrated outside an open day at Direct Rail Services in Carlisle.
DRS, who are celebrating their 20th birthday, open their doors to the public so they can have a look at their locomotives.
Anti nuclear campaigners want to stop radioactive waste material coming in the county by rail.
We want to stop the continued transportation of radioactive wastes to Sellafield.
The uranium fuel for the three diabolic reactors planned in Cumbria (Moorside) would also be transported via train.
Should anything ever happen to one of these flasks, then we would all be exposed to a mixture of highly dangerous and long lasting radioactive particles."
- ITV Report
Site for new nuclear power plant confirmed
Nu-Gen signs contract with Nuclear Decommissioning Authority to base new plant at Moorside near Sellafield.Read the full story ›
'Mass of plutonium at Sellafield for decades ahead'
A report on how to deal with some of the 100 tonnes of plutonium stored at Sellafield is due by the end of the year.
The minister for Energy and Climate Change, Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth, told the House of Lords there would be a mass of plutonium at Sellafield for many decades ahead.
We are expecting, at the year end, to have the options put in front of us by the nuclear decommissioning authority, and then move to a decision.
But he will be aware that, even when a decision's made, there will be a mass of plutonium at Sellafield for many decades ahead.'
Environment Agency confident nuclear waste plan is 'safe'
The Environment Agency is asking residents for their views on the proposed expansion of a nuclear waste repository in West Cumbria:
The Environment Agency is the environmental regulator of the nuclear industry in England and is independent of government and industry.
LLW Repository Ltd wants to dispose of more radioactive waste at its site and has applied to us for an environmental permit. We will only issue a permit once we're satisfied that further disposals at the site are safe for people and the environment, both now and in the future.
We've assessed LLW Repository Ltd's environmental safety case and consider it demonstrates that future waste disposal is safe within the limits we have set.
Before we make a final decision, we want to consider the views of local people and other organisations.
We are hosting a drop-in event at Drigg and Carleton village hall on Thursday 18 June, from 11am to 7:30pm, where people can learn more about the issue and our proposed decision."
If you are interested in learning more from the Environment Agency, or submitting a comment about the plans, you can do so here.
Locals asked for views on nuclear waste store
Residents and community groups are being asked for their views on a proposal to store more nuclear waste in a repository at Drigg in West Cumbria.
As part of an 8-week consultation, the Environment Agency has organised a drop-in session today in Drigg.
Noisy nuclear protest
Anti nuclear campaigners have spent the day protesting against plans for a new power station in West Cumbria. The proposals by NuGen went on display this morning. Over the next ten weeks, members of the public will have the chance to have their say. Kate Walby reports.
Anti nuclear protest
Anti nuclear campaigners are to hold a protest this lunchtime on the opening day of 10 weeks of consultation over plans for a new power station in Cumbria.
Members of Radiation Free Lakeland (RFL) will gather outside Whitehaven Civic Hall where the plans for the project at Moorside near Sellafield, are on display.
NuGen, the company behind the scheme, says it's very keen to hear the public's views and is encouraging people to have their say.
WATCH: Cumbria's proposed new nuclear plant
This weekend a consultation into the building of a £10 billion nuclear power plant in West Cumbria gets underway.
It could bring 21,000 jobs to the region, but anti-nuclear campaigners are protesting against the plans.
Watch Samantha Parker's full report: