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B2B marketers understand that one of the keys to their social media success is to create and host a blog on their corporate site. But even with this knowledge, they still have many questions about how to go about it. Below are some common questions that I have been asked about B2B blogging.
1. How Do We Get Started Blogging?
Blogging for B2B companies starts with personas. Who are you trying to reach with your marketing and what do you know about them? If you understand their pain points and the struggles they go through in their day, you can begin to think through the kind of content to create for your blog. It must be helpful, compelling and shareable. Once you have some content direction, you need to create and commit to a calendar. If you plan to blog once a week, start by writing four blog posts before publishing. This way you will be 4 weeks ahead. And keep an idea file (digital or analog) so you are never at a loss for specific blog post ideas that will resonate with your audience.
2. How Do We Get More People Blogging?
Many blogging efforts start as a solo activity. Getting more people blogging involves lowering the bar for entry for those you identify as potential bloggers. Have them send emails or word docs with their blog posts initially, rather then creating them in the blogging software. This alleviates the technical hurdles (which are pretty low already), but doesn't deal with the lack of time required to blog. If your industry experts just don't have time to write a separate post, use what they are already creating for other purposes, like powerpoint decks that can be uploaded to Slideshare or external articles. You can write an intro, summary and conclusion to bracket these. You can also do a series of one question videos that you post over time.
3. How Do We Get Less People Blogging?
As a blog gets more successful, or at least gets noticed, there are unqualified people who want to write for the blog. Let's face it. Everyone is not a great writer. There are people who are not even good writers. If you need to turn people down, you should do so honestly. You can say that it's not right for the audience. It's off topic. The tone is just not right. But there will always be someone who is so earnest that they will keep trying. Some of these posts require a great deal of editing time to become publishable, and that is another way to move them along, by saying you just don't have the time to edit their posts adequately. This conversation gets much harder when the person in question is an executive, or someone on the PR team who wants to publish company news on the blog. These issues must be solved on a one-off basis, but leave room for a future rejection. Say it's not really right for the blog, but we can post it this time since it is part of our latest corporate initiative.
4. How Do We Simplify the Approval Process?
B2B marketers who are used to traditional marketing activities like print collateral, full featured websites and trade show booths are usually saddled with complex approval processes where a number of executives must sign off on the copy, the design and even the layout. Everyone operates in an environment where they are scared that the wrong thing will be produced, and in public companies the wrong thing affects the stock price. Blogging needs to be a lightweight process. While you are writing those early posts to get ahead is the time to establish this simple approval process. Share the plan with executives, which should include targets, topics, tone and even a sample article. And let them know that standard approval process will not be happening. It's just not practical for a blogging program. And if you still need mutliple levels of approval, you are at least working 4 weeks ahead.
5. How Can We Drive More Traffic To Our Blog?
This is a huge question, because some B2B marketers get disappointed that social media is not an "if you build it they will come" activity. Once you start creating complelling content that your prospects and customers would respond to, you need to let them know about it. Social channels work for amplification, but so do internal newsletters, external newsletters and links in email signatures. You need to leverage all available channels and communication touchpoints to let people know about your blog in general and even specific relevant posts.
6. Is it Okay to Ghostblog for Our Executives?
There are many ways to ghostblog, but the most important thing is that these posts represent the thoughts and opinions of the executive. And they need to read them before they are published. The worst position you can put an executive in is to have someone ask them about a particular post and they are not familiar with the ideas.
7. Do We Need Calls-To-Action on Our Blog?
Yes. A blog that does not give a visitor the opportunity to raise their hand and let you know that they are interested in what you have to say is missing the point.
8. Should We Have a Separate Blog for Each of Our Target Industries?
From a managment of resources perspective, you should have one blog and separate the industries using different categories. Make sure visitors can subscribe to the blog by category. That means each one needs its own RSS feed.
9. How Do We Keep Blogging?
Once you get in the groove of blogging and you start to see some results, it is easier to keep going. With other writers on board, it is also easier to keep going. The only reason to ask this question is if your B2B company is not getting any results from your blogging efforts. That means you need to step back and examine what you are doing to make sure you understand the blog's shortcomings so you can make some changes.
10. What Metrics Should We Track?
There two kinds of metrics you should look at: optimization metrics and success metrics. Optimization metrics are the ones that are only reported within your team, while the success metrics are the ones reported up to the executive level and are the metrics that others in the company care about. These are high level metrics like blog traffic, click-through rate of calls to action and form completes. But if your team wants to understand how your content resonates with your audience to improve on that, you can look at blog traffic as a percentage of overall website traffic; percent of traffic from search, social or other specific sources; and even social shares of specific posts as a relative number compared to other posts, not as an absolute number.
If you have more questions about B2B blogging, please ask them in the comments below.
Photo credit: Flickr


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Man denies offering teen money for sexOctober 01,2013Police: Man offered
A Rutland man has denied charges he offered a teenage girl money and electronics for sexual favors.
Richard P. Tobin, 68, pleaded innocent Monday in Rutland criminal court to engaging in a prohibited act.
According to affidavits filed with the court, investigators with Rutland City Police and the Department for Children and Families interviewed a girl who said she first met Tobin while going door-to-door selling fundraising items for school.
Affidavits state Tobin and the girl became friends, and over a three-year period, Tobin bought the girl four cellphones and paid for their service agreements.
According to police, Tobin made numerous sexual advances and offered the girl money, a laptop computer and new cellphones. He also asked her for nude pictures, affidavits state.
According to an affidavit by Rutland City Police Officer Keith Lorman, (the girl) advised their relationship became uncomfortable when the defendant gave her something. She advised it felt like he had power over her.
The alleged incidents began when the girl was 12 years old, records state.
Tobin is free on conditions he not contact his alleged victim.MORE IN This Just InBENNINGTON A North Bennington man who had worked as a crossing guard for the Village School of... Full StoryPROCTOR Two women were arrested Monday after allegedly being caught on camera assaulting... Full StoryA Benson man is facing a potential life sentence for allegedly having sex with a sleeping woman. Full Story
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shuixin chenShared publicly -
"These companies are worth more than just the cars they build. They're a symbol of American innovation; the source of our manufacturing might. If that's not worth fighting for, what's worth fighting for?"—President Obama at today's United Auto Workers conference on why his administration helped the auto industry get back on its feet
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It's fire season again, which means we are once again treated to stories about how the Forest Service is running out of money and about how it all must be due to climate change. Both of these claims overlook fundamental points about fire policy and firefighting.
As of August 16, the BLM had spent $2.2 million controlling the 88,000-acre Cornet Fire on the Vale District in Oregon. The Forest Service has spent two-and-one-half times that much on a fire that was just 515 acres in size. BLM photo.
The Forest Service frets that rapidly rising firefighting costs are hurting the budgets of other Forest Service programs. However, as I've pointed out before, Forest Service firefighting costs have risen rapidly mainly because they can: the agency has a virtual blank check to spend on fire. As a result, the agency spends far more fighting fires than Department of the Interior agencies, which have never had a blank check.
For example, as of yesterday, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had spent $1.6 million controlling the 55,000-acre County Line 2 fire on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon, while the Bureau of Land Management had spent $2.5 million controlling the 44,000-acre Bendire fire on its Vale District. Meanwhile, the Forest Service had spent $5.5 million on the 515-acre Baldy Fire on the Colville National Forest; $5.9 million on the 4,800-acre National Creek fire on the Rogue River National Forest; and $7.1 million on the 2,600-acre Phillips Creek fire on the Umatilla National Forest. These are selected examples, but on average, the Forest Service spends more than five times as much per acre than the Interior agencies.


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Inova T4R Rechargeable Tactical Flashlight(1306827)
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Inova T4R Rechargeable Tactical Flashlight - The Inova T4R freaures a Lithium Ion rechargeable battery that leads the industry. No More having to bring extra batteries with you.
Inova T4R Tactical Flashlight - The INOVA T4R is a best-in-class rechargeable LED flashlight. Its high powered, 571 lumen LED projects a powerful uniform focused spot and flood beam pattern up to 728 feet providing the high quality illumination needed for tactical use. Engineered with the professional in mind, the T4R has a mid body tactical switch that activates High Power, Medium Power, Low Power, Strobe, and Momentary High modes for the ultimate in versatility and performance. The T4R features a rechargeable lithium ion battery that can be recharged anytime without waiting for the battery to be fully discharged, and will recharge hundreds of times.
It has a precision machined, aluminum body from solid bar stock with a military-spec Type III hard coat anodized black finish and an aggressive knurling pattern for positive grip. Designed for mission-critical use, the T4R is engineered to withstand the rigors of tough duty and extreme conditions.
- Low-Profile Charger - Spring loaded rollers hold flashlight securely while offering ease of removal and insertion - with 2 mounting fasteners
- Quality AC Power Supply - 100v - 240v / Interchangeable International Plug compatible
- DC / Vehicle Power Supply - ensures secure connection to DC vehicle receptacles. Built-in fuse provides electronic protection.
- Mineral Glass optical window has a double-sided anti-reflective coating and a Teflon™ seal to withstand environmental pressures
- Lumens: High - 571
- Medium - 178
- Low - 27
- Run Time: High 1 hour 50 minutes
- Medium 7 hours
- Low 50 hours
- Effective Range (up to): 728ft (222m)
- Battery Type: 1 Rechargeable INOVA Lithium Ion battery included
- Recharging Time: 3 hours for full recharge
- Tactical Mid-Body Switch activates High, Medium, Low, Strobe, and Momentary High Modes
- Individually laser engraved with a serial number for identification
- Impact-Resistant Head protects optical system
- High-powered energy efficient 33,700 hour LED
- Electronically controlled for uniform light output
- Uniform focused spot with flood beam pattern
- Aerospace-Grade Aluminum Body from solid bar stock with military-spec, Type III hard coat anodized finish
- Aggressive knurling for positive grip
- Shockproof, crushproof, and water-resistant construction
- Weight: 8.81oz
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Find the perfect dish to ensure that your favourite recipes look their best! For an aperitif, put your canapés in small dishes - there are plenty of shapes to choose from. To serve main dishes or salads, go for large plastic bowls or try a bamboo bowl for a more exotic look. Finish the meal with some beautifully decorated ice cream bowls! To ensure a gorgeous tableware look, remember to match your crockery - or mix it up!
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text: LeBron Makes Believers Out of Newscasters 1 5/24/2009 11:30 AM PDT BY TMZ STAFF The 11:00 PM news crew at WEWS in Cleveland completely wrote off the Cavaliers on Friday, with the team being down two with :01 left. We all know what LeBron James did next ... Here's the shot, in case you've been under a rock the past few days. See Also LeBron Hits It from the Back... the WAY Back


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Star Tracks: Monday, May 16, 2016 42 years, 2,191 covers and 55,436 stories from PEOPLE magazine's history for you to enjoy
Latest News!
- Brad Pitt 'Cooperating Fully' with DCFS Investigation, Including Drug Test Request
- Read the Cover Story: Brad & Angelina Split After 12 Years: It's Over
- Octavia Spencer and More React to South Carolina Elementary School Shooting that Left Three People Injured
- FROM Fortune: How America's Next Top Model Made Tyra Banks a Better Businesswoman
- WATCH: Donald Trump Calls Then-Pregnant Kim Kardashian West 'a Bit Large' in Newly Resurfaced Video
People Top 5
LAST UPDATE: Tuesday February 10, 2015 01:10PM EST
PEOPLE Top 5 are the most-viewed stories on the site over the past three days, updated every 60 minutes
- February 12, 1990
- Vol. 33
- No. 6
Paul Schipper's Skiing Streak Has Passed 1,400 Consecutive Days, and He's Still Schussing
For Schipper, this is just one of many—very many—days on the slopes. There may be skiers more skillful than Schipper, but none more single-minded. For more than eight years now, just as long as Sugarloaf's lifts are operating and the trails are open, he has been out on the slopes regardless of the weather or his mood. On Jan. 26 the Streak, as he calls it, reached 1,400 consecutive skiing days without a miss, a record that ski officials say no one has ever approached. That day was declared Paul Schipper Day by Sugarloaf Mountain's management. "He's living a skier's dream," says Dev Jennings, president of the New England Ski Museum in Franconia Notch, N.H. "Younger guys have tried [to better his record] but have quit."
Schipper, a Michigan native, denies that he skis simply to set a record. "I'm proud of that," he allows, "but it's not a compulsion. I'm skiing because I want to." His tenacity might reflect his Air Force and airline pilot training. In 1961 he broke his neck, sternum and both wrists when his plane caught fire on the runway. The injuries contributed to an aneurysm that forced heart surgery and his early retirement from flying in 1971.
Married, with two children and living in Katonah, N.Y., Schipper found himself with time on his hands. So he headed north to Sugarloaf, staying at an eight-unit hostelry called the Lumberjack Inn. He bought the place in 1979 and operates it in season almost single-handedly. His children, Kibby, 32, and Jeff, 29, often join him on the slopes, but not his wife, Chris, 56, a real estate agent in Katonah, who isn't keen about snowscapes.
His inn is situated only two miles from Sugarloaf's base, and Schipper used to ski whenever the mood hit him, which was often. Then on Dec. 19, 1981, he got the notion that "I ought not to miss a single day," and he hasn't. His friends plan to submit the Streak to the Guinness Book of World Records in England. Meanwhile, back at Sugarloaf, the Indomitable Snowman is back on the mountain.
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Mechanical and manufacturing engineering
- Course Type: Undergraduate
- CAO Course Code: TR032
- No. of Places: 175
- Min Entry Points for 2014: 470 points
- Duration: 5 Year(s) Full Time
- Award: B.A.I., M.A.I. Optional: B.A.I. only
- Specific Entry Requirements: See requirements
- Course Options:
Students who wish to study Mechanical and manufacturing engineering apply to the Engineering degree (TR032). The first two years are common to all Engineering students and at the end of the second-year students select Mechanical and manufacturing engineering as their specialist area.
See TR032: Engineering (common entry programme) for details of the Freshman (first two) years.
- How to apply: See how to apply
Admission RequirementsFor Admission requirements please click here
To apply to this course, click on the relevant Apply Link below
- Engineering, 5 Year(s) Full Time, Closing Date: 01/FEB/2016
EU ApplicantsRead the information about how to apply, then apply directly to CAO
Mature Student - Supplementary Application FormRead the information about how to apply as a mature student, then select the link below to complete the TCD Supplementary Application Form for mature students.
- Engineering, 5 Year(s) Full Time, Closing Date: 30/JUN/2016
Non-EU Applicants
- Engineering, Closing Date: 01/JUN/2016
Advanced Entry ApplicationsRead the information about how to apply for Advanced Entry, then select the link below to apply.
What is Mechanical and manufacturing engineering?
This is often seen as the broadest of all engineering qualifications as the skills required range from mathematics and electronics to metal fatigue and fluid mechanics. Nearly all machines used in everyday life – from the car or washing machine to the most complex aircraft or electricity supply plant to the tiniest surgical instrument – have required the skills of a mechanical engineer. Every industrial plant or manufacturing operation relies on a mechanical engineer for its smooth running and efficiency.
Mechanical engineers are involved in design, testing, inspection and manufacture of mechanical devices and components. As a mechanical engineer you will work as a professional using technology to make the world a better, safer place.
What will you study?
Course topics include:
- Energy – the study of thermodynamics applied to the conversion and use of energy.
- Solid mechanics – stresses and deformation experienced by components under service loads.
- Engineering materials – the mechanical properties of metals, polymers, ceramics and composites.
- Fluid mechanics – the behaviour of gases and liquids, for example the flow of air over the wings of an aircraft.
- Manufacturing technology and systems – how components are made and how factories are organised.
- Dynamics – the study of moving bodies and machines, including acoustics and vibrations.
- Mechatronics – the study of electro-mechanical systems, for example the electronic control of manufacturing processes.
- Engineering design – principles underlying the correct design of components; computer-aided design.
- Bioengineering – Engineering principles of the human body: design of medical devices and instruments.
In the Junior Sophister (third) year you will study eight technical modules. In the Senior Sophister (fourth) year and optional Masters (fifth) year you will choose from a wide range of technical and non-technical subjects, tailoring your degree to suit your own interests. You can specialise in areas of the subject such as: acoustics, energy, aeronautics or manufacturing.
Project work is an important aspect of this degree and there is an extensive research facility available to students. You will carry out several projects, including a major research project in your final year. Some examples of final-year projects include:
- Study of jet engine exhaust noise
- Design and build an entry for 'Robot Wars'
- Design and construction of energy storage devices for the developing world
- Pedestrian car impact simulation
- Bamboo: study of structure and mechanical properties
Study abroad and work experience
You can spend your fourth year studying abroad or a semester working in industry. There are opportunities to study abroad through the Erasmus, Cluster and Unitech exchange programmes. The Department links with many universities including Katholieke University of Leuven, Belgium; INSA de Lyon, France; INPG Grenoble; Karlsruhe, Germany and KTH, Sweden.
As well as the potential for a career in mainstream mechanical or manufacturing engineering, graduates have found work in industries as diverse as film production, financial services and airlines. There is also a demand for specialist research and development work in industry, research organisations and universities. Opportunities exist for graduates in mechanical and manufacturing engineering to find employment in Ireland and elsewhere in engineering consultancies, public utilities (transport, power generation) and manufacturing industries in the mechanical, electronic and biomedical sectors.
Further information
Tel: + 353 1 896 1383
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Specific Entry Requirements
|Leaving Certificate
|HC3 Mathematics
|Advanced GCE (A-Level)
|Grade C Mathematics


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The following case, studied in Dr. T. H. Weisenburg's wards of the Philadelphia General Hospital, is of considerable interest for several reasons. Although cerebral syphilis frequently causes symptoms of brain tumor, it generally does so by the formation of gummata in relation with the meninges or vessels, and not, as in this case, by occlusion of the foramen of Magendie and resulting chronic internal hydrocephalus. The comparatively frequent occurrence of congenital internal hydrocephalus in association with congenital syphilis has often been noted. The pathology of congenital hydrocephalus is not well established, but occlusion of the foramina of communication between the ventricular system and the subdural space of the brain has been found postmortem by various observers, and appears to be the cause of the condition in at least some of the cases.
Acquired, or secondary, hydrocephalus has been found in numerous cases to be due to mechanical obstruction of the foramen of
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Sharewell NewswireShared publicly -
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Sharewell Newswire, a product of Sharewell Capital Group, is a leading press release distribution site. Thousands of companies, journalists and organizations uses Sharewell Newswire to create, post and distribute their press releases. We disseminate news, photos, multimedia content to media agencies, industry experts and general public.


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Though we all love Idaho Potatoes Through the Seasons, they are as much a fall comfort food as hot chocolate and pumpkin bread pudding! (You can scroll to the bottom to click on the images to get the recipes . . . or, slow down and enjoy all of the potatoes!)Creamy and rich, hearty and versatile, it's smart to have … [Read more...]
Creamy Cauliflower Jalapeño Soup Recipe
Rich & creamy, spicy & hearty -- this Cauliflower Jalapeño vegetarian soup is a super delicious bowl of comfort! I bought a few too many jalapeño peppers last week when I made the oh-so-delicious Puerco Con Salsa Verde.Every time I opened the refrigerator and saw them, I wondered where they would land. … [Read more...]
Tex Mex Macaroni and Cheese
This Tex Mex Macaroni and Cheese is creamy, rich, hearty, packed with delicious, bold Mexican flavors, and is comforting beyond belief! We all probably have a ton of Christmas leftovers. And we can surely keep eating them, and even create new recipes with them, like my Spiced Cranberry Muffins.However, delicious … [Read more...]
Persimmon Gingerbread Recipe
Quick and easy to bake, super delicious, Persimmon Gingerbread is packed with soul-warming spices. Christmas breakfast, anyone?It's so that weekend.That weekend to bake amazingly delicious dessert bread.Dessert bread full of warming spices that make the whole house smell good. Dessert bread with spices so … [Read more...]
Persimmon-Grape Udon Salad with Ginger Miso Dressing
A picturesque seasonal salad that's packed with fall fruits and a dressing that's out of this world! I'm not sure who (or what, I suppose) the star is here, the grapes, the persimmons, or the dressing. I think they all have lead roles, and the noodles, lettuce and other ingredients are excellent supporting … [Read more...]
Thanksgiving Dessert Recipes
From unique and delicious twists on favorite classic Thanksgiving pies, to perfectly fall- spiced apples and pears for the holiday -- there's a dessert here to wow every guest at your table.Here are my top ten Thanksgiving dessert recipes! (And yes, there's chocolate, too!) Click on the title or image to get each … [Read more...]
Chai Spiced Butternut Squash Pie Recipe with Gluten-Free Pecan-Walnut Crust
This pie tastes like the perfect blend of pecan pie and pumpkin pie -- only it's neither one and even better!I remember the Thanksgiving when I was in culinary school. I was in my third month of the pastry course, and I made pie after pie for my family's feast. Each one was more elaborate and prettier than the next.I … [Read more...]
Cinnamon-Cardamom Spiced Apple Butter Recipe
Cinnamon-Cardamom Spiced Apple Butter is as buttery as can be with no butter! With fall flavors throughout, it's rich, creamy, smooth and oh-so-delicious! When a raw apple is cooked, the transformation is really quite incredible. It's taken from a tart crisp bite, to one that's soft and sweet. So soft that it's … [Read more...]
Smoky, Sweet and Spicy Pork Ribs Recipe
Smoky, Sweet & Spicy Pork Ribs -- Super succulent and tender, these pork ribs are made with a delicious spice rub that becomes a wonderful sauce as they slow roast to perfection.My husband's birthday was last week, and I love that he requested these Smoky, Sweet and Spicy Pork Ribs for dinner! Love it!Do you … [Read more...]
Chai Spiced Pumpkin Caramel Coffee Cake {Gluten-Free Recipe}
This coffee cake is the ideal way to start a fall morning -- it's warmly spiced, soft, crumbly and full of the delicious flavor of pumpkin. I have to be honest here. When I get a recipe idea in my mind, more often than not, it turns out as I'd hoped it would. Not this time -- however, the result was amazing, just … [Read more...]


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New York has the ball drop, Atlanta has the peach drop, but what should Albany drop at midnight on New Years?
That's the question the Albany Downtown Manager's Office is asking.
For their New Years Eve street party, they want to drop something at midnight that is significant to Albany so they're seeking the community's help.
What do you think Albany should drop at midnight?
Log onto the Downtown Albany Facebook page and leave a suggestion for them.


text: DENVER, CO - NOVEMBER 15: Dwyane Wade #3 of the Miami Heat in his street clothes and LeBron James #6 of the Miami Heat observe the national anthem prior to facing the Denver Nuggets at the Pepsi Center on November 15, 2012 in Denver, Colorado. Wade did not play in the game. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Doug Pensinger/Getty Images)


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Wall Street Executives Won't Get Bonuses for Crashing the Financial System Anymore
Regulators announce a long-delayed rule curbing compensation for bankers who take excessive risks.By Eric Levitz
Regulators announce a long-delayed rule curbing compensation for bankers who take excessive risks.By Eric Levitz
All of that whining was not without cause.By Chris Smith
Employees are not thrilled!By Joe Coscarelli
Most small-business owners won't be handing out bonuses this holiday season.By Brett Smiley
He's going to be even more popular.By Noreen Malone
Top executives earned 23 percent more last year than in 2009. The average worker, just 0.5 percent more.By Andre Tartar
Jesus is not happy that five executives paid themselves $69.5 million in a down year.By Nitasha Tiku
Feel free to spread your bonus ire beyond Wall Street.By Nitasha Tiku
$17.4 million reasons for him not to shut up.By Nitasha Tiku
Too bad, you probably missed it.By Jessica Pressler
Compensation at the firm this year is said to be at the second-lowest level since going public.By Jessica Pressler
In a survey, most were happy to be getting bonuses at all.By Jessica Pressler
Feinberg's report due Friday.By Josh Duboff
They better get it while they can.By Adam K. Raymond
Maddow drills down on the "bonus thing."By Josh Duboff
Therefore people don't care as much.By Jessica Pressler
But he's not entirely sure the pay for those two hitters is justified, either.By Jessica Pressler
From now on, shareholders will decide the JPMorgan CEO's pay.By Jessica Pressler
Got your bonus in stocks instead of cash this year? Don't despair!By Daniel Maurer
But who will buy the first big necklace?By Lindsay Robertson


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Senior Correspondent Billboard
- Employer
- Prometheus Global Media
- Location
- New York
- Posted
- Nov 20, 2012
- Closes
- Dec 20, 2012
- Contact
- Julie Pipitone
- Category
- Digital Media, Other, Publishing
- Duration
- Full Time
Job DescriptionBillboard is seeking a Senior Correspondent for its New York office. This individual will write and report business features, news stories and executive profiles for the magazine and Billboard.biz as assigned, generate story ideas, and contribute innovative content ideas. MAIN DUTIES-- Enterprise reporting of features and news stories, under the direction of Billboard editor.-- Identify and report music business news relevant to our audience in the recording, publishing, touring and technology industries.-- Work with the magazine and Billboard.biz editors to identify and shape cover stories.Edit/write Billboard copy as assigned by the editor.-- Work with editors and writers for Billboard.com, Billboard.biz and Billboard Magazine to place relevant content across platforms.-- Post regular Billboard content including columns and video.Desired Skills & Experience-- Ability to identify and write music business stories quickly and accurately.-- Knowledge of all aspects of the music business.-- Knowledge of the online space for developing artists-- Ability to conduct interviews.-- Ability to meaningfully gather and present data within stories.-- Ability to quickly obtain and parse various sources -- internet, people, printed matter -- for key data. EXPERIENCE-- 5 years entertainment business reporting and writing experience, preferably with a daily, weekly, or major print or online publication or wire service with a focus on business reporting. -- Extensive contacts and sources within the music industry. -- Undergraduate degree required in Journalism or a related field preferred.-- Knowledge of issues related to working musicians, with additional contacts and awareness of music innovations and technology.Prometheus Global Media is a diversified company with leading assets in the media and entertainment arenas, including: Music (Billboard and its related industry conferences and Consumer events), Film (The Hollywood Reporter, Backstage, ShoWest, ShowEast, Cineasia, and Cinema Expo International); and Advertising & Marketing (Adweek, Adweek Conferences, and The Clio Awards). To be considered, please send resume and a cover letter including salary requirements.Due to the volume of resumes that we receive, only those candidates selected for interviews will be contacted. No phone calls please. Prometheus Global Media LLC is an equal opportunity employer.


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Hot Tools
Hot Tools Professional 20-Piece Hairsetter
- Overview
- Features
- 20 contour rollers in 3 sizes - 4 Small (¾"), 10 Medium (1"), 6 Large (1¼")
- Special hair guides ensure tangle-free curls
- Extended posts distribute heat evenly and keep rollers hot
- Ready dot indicates when rollers are at the right temperature
- Color-coded clips with convenient built-in storage
- On / Off switch with power light
- Locking lid for convenient portability
- Cool Touch ends
- 6-foot cord
- About the brand
Hot Tools Professional 20-Piece Hairsetter features large, medium and small rollers to create the perfect curls while protecting hair from heat damage. Color-coded clips hold rollers tightly in place for easy styling. Features a locking lid to keep rollers protected when not in use.
Model#: 1321 / SKU: 009210
A Folica office fave, Hot Tools flat irons, hair dryers, curling irons and rollers use powerful heating systems and popular technologies like ceramic and ionic to get hot and stay hot. Designed smart, Hot Tools reduce heat styling damage and enhance moisture and shine.
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#tight curls / #loose curls
Compact design. The ultimate set to create today's polished hair styles with non damaging - steam conditions your hair as it curls.Old Price:
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Hot Tools Professional HairsetterThese rollers are getting me by, but they definitely aren't my favorite. They don't get hot enough for my hair.
Oct 21, 2014SherryHAIR TYPEThick or Coarse Hair
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Good Rollers But ...My hot rollers of over 20+ years finally died the other day. I have been searching for another set that would do just as good a job as my old set. The rollers in this worked great but the poor and cheap design of the lid is why I sent them back. The lid broke after day 2 and fell off. I put it back on but it didn't lock correctly and kept falling off so it was taking longer for the rollers to heat up.May 5, 2014Rhonda / Houston
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Easy To Use ..great Results FastTHEY HEAT QUICKLY..REMOVE EASILY AND GIVES A GREAT SOFT CURL..i USE EVERYDAY.nEED TO BUY A FEW MORE IN CASE THEY STOP MAKING THEMAug 20, 2013Deborah H. / MAHAIR TYPEBlonde / Color Treated Hair / Fine or Thin Hair
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For all of the crafters out there using a cutting machine, I also sell digital die cutting files for craft, scrapbooking and DIY projects. Do check out my digital shop to instantly download SVG, DXF and PDF files for your craft projects.
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Beer Week: Stubby's dinner with New Glarus founder, rare Hinterland brunch, Discount tasting extravaganza
Milwaukee Beer Week is approaching quickly — it's April 13 to 20 — but you'll want to be on top of several premier events that you could (should?) reserve seats for or buy tickets for now: a special five-course beer dinner with New Glarus Brewing Co. President Deborah Carey at Stubby's Gastrogrub, a one-time brunch at Hinterland, and the Discount Liquor Crafts & Drafts event, with over 200 beers available for tastings, some quite rare.
New Glarus dinner with Carey at Stubby's »Read Full Blog Post
MSO closes curtain on Couture move
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Metallica member in Milwaukee Sept. 26 to promote band documentary
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'Detective's Wife' plumbs more than one mystery
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Miley Cyrus rides 'Wrecking Ball' to No. 1
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No. 1 hit Sept. 23, 2013 »Read Full Blog Post(1)
On Tap for Today: Milwaukee fashion, author visit and Physical Theatre
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Angelo Sosa Is Pretty Sure There Isn't a Top Chef Backlash Happening
He says no, even if two of his fellow cheftestants have recently gotten burned.By Danielle Walsh
He says no, even if two of his fellow cheftestants have recently gotten burned.By Danielle Walsh
Top Chef fans have loads of options to see former contestants and winners this summer.By Nick Kindelsperger
Padma eating out of a petri dish is something that could only occur on a show of this caliber.By Michael Alan Connelly
"This is poignant and makes me want to throw up in my mouth."By Michael Alan Connelly
"Most of the chefs are lazy and decide they're not going to cook anything."By Michael Alan Connelly
The villain of 'Top Chef' season six nets a cookbook deal.By Daniel Maurer
Plus: a tip on where to find one of the best doughnuts in southern California.By Alan Sytsma
Says Marcel, "I could definitely handle the freestyle hip-hop scenes."By Alyssa Shelasky
"I'm pretty sure I just watched one of the Two Hot Tamales almost call me an asshole on TV."By Alan Sytsma
This week's episode challenges the chefs to cook healthy meals for 'Biggest Loser' contestants.By Jay Barmann
"Traci's thinking it all sounds a little too easy, at which point Curtis assures everyone that, yes, it sounds a little too easy."By Alan Sytsma
"We can never tell if you're just stressed or if you're constipated ... "By Jay Barmann
He also says TV, restaurants, and a book are "every chef's big trifecta."By Jillian Goodman
Plus: The salty-scallop man returns.By Michael Alan Connelly
Proceeds will support children affected by the March 11 earthquake and its aftermath.By Jillian Goodman
"Later at a photo shoot, I had ten almonds, five cashews, and a late lunch of grilled chicken, a mixed greens salad, and quinoa."By Jillian Goodman
Does a top-to-bottom revamp make this show any better?By Michael Alan Connelly
You're probably wondering, 'Is there any time travel here, or is Scott Bakula involved in any way?' The answer is yes to both.By Julia Langbein
Our sole S.F. chef representative on 'Top Chef Masters' will be hosting a viewing party Wednesday.By Jay Barmann
The two chefs forged a relationship years ago and have been batting around collaboration ideas for months.By Collin Keefe


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 19, 2008
|Filing date
|May 3, 2004
|Priority date
|Nov 7, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|C. J. Anthony Fernando, James E. Swon, Henry Z. Hofer
|Original Assignee
|Varian, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (7), Classifications (26), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/014,270 filed on Nov. 7, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,651 and titled "FIBER-OPTIC DISSOLUTION SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS", which is incorporated in its entirety in this application by reference.
The present invention relates generally to the preparation, sampling and analyzing of soluble materials. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for implementing flow-through techniques and the use of fiber optics in connection with the testing of soluble materials.
Dissolution testing is often performed as part of preparing and evaluating soluble materials such as pharmaceutical dosage forms (e.g., tablets consisting of a therapeutically effective amount of active drug carried by an excipient material). Typically, dosage forms are dropped into test vessels that contain dissolution media of a predetermined volume and chemical composition. For instance, the composition can have a pH factor or acidic concentration suitable for emulating a gastro-intestinal environment. Dissolution testing can be useful, for example, in studying the drug release characteristics of the dosage form or in evaluating the quality control of the process used in forming the dose. In order to ensure validation of the data generated from dissolution-related procedures, dissolution testing is often carried out according to guidelines approved or specified by certain entities such as United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), in which case the testing must be conducted within various parametric ranges. Important parameters include dissolution media temperature, the amount of allowable evaporation-related loss, and the use, position and speed of agitation or dosage-retention devices. Recent developments in robotics and other automating means have been applied to dissolution media preparation and sample analysis technology, and have resulted in improved procedural efficiency and data quality.
As a dosage form is dissolving in the test vessel of a dissolution system, samples of the solution can be taken at predetermined time intervals and transported through a pumping system to the cuvette or sample vial of analytical equipment. The analytical equipment determines drug concentration and other properties. The dissolution profile for the dosage under evaluation—i.e., the percentage of drug dissolved in the test media at a certain point in time or over a certain period of time—can be calculated from the measurement of analyte concentration in the sample taken. The types of analytical equipment commonly provided include those adapted for effecting analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectral analysis. HPLC entails separating the chemical compounds of the sample for discrete analysis by a detection device (which may be a simply designed UV spectrometer). Flow cells can be used in conjunction with HPLC as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,356 wherein Z-type flow cells are disclosed. As one example for implementing spectral analysis, a spectrophotometer uses ultraviolet (UV) and/or visible light to scan the sample and calculate light absorbance values. In one specific method involving the UV or UV-vis spectrophotometer, the UV sipper method, the sample is transferred to a flow cell contained within the spectrophotometer, is scanned while residing in the flow cell, and is then returned to the test vessel. The sample return step is advantageous in that it significantly reduces any analytical errors potentially resulting from a volumetric reduction in the solution still being developed in the test vessel. In general, spectrophotometric techniques are considered to be easier to implement than HPLC techniques for many applications.
The concentration of a given analyte in a sample through spectrochemical determination typically involves several steps. These steps can include (1) acquiring an initial sample (e.g., providing a dissolution testing apparatus with a dosage form such as a drug tablet that has been manufactured from a bulk material, or conducting chromatography, dialysis, and so on); (2) performing sample preparation and/or treatment to produce the analytical sample (e.g., dissolving the dosage from in dissolution media, and possibly adding reagents or pH factor-modifying agents, thereby creating a formulation suitable for measurement or detection by certain instruments); (3) using a sample introduction system to present the analytical sample to the sample holding portion of a selected analytical instrument (e.g., transferring the sample to the sample-holding portion of a UV spectrophotometer); (4) measuring an analytical signal (e.g., an optical signal) derived from the analytical sample; (5) establishing a calibration function through the use of standards and calculations; (6) interpreting the analytical signal; and (7) feeding the interpreted signal to a readout and/or recording system.
Conventional equipment employed in carrying out the above processes are generally known in various forms. Measurement of the analytical signal involves employing a suitable spectrochemical encoding system to encode the chemical information associated with the sample, such as concentration, in the form of an optical signal. In spectrochemical systems, the encoding process entails passing a beam of light through the sample under controlled conditions, in which case the desired chemical information is encoded as the magnitude of optical signals at particular wavelengths. Measurement and encoding can occur in sample cells, cuvettes, flow cells, and other sample containers of various designs. Flow cells permit increased sample throughput and facilitate the automation of filling and cleaning procedures. Test media and calibration media can be pumped or otherwise transferred into the flow cell, and the flow stopped for conducting an absorption measurement. After the measurement is taken, the pumping rate can be adjusted, and the liquid flow adjusted or reversed as needed, so as to remove the entire sample from the flow cell. The flow cell and associated liquid conduits can then be rinsed and another sample introduced into the flow cell. Flow cells can also be utilized to take absorption measurements on flowing streams of analyte-containing media, thereby making the measurement or analysis time-dependent. In this latter case, the flow rate and data acquisition time are controlled to ensure that the absorbance value is obtained for the sample at the proper time.
In addition, a suitable optical information selector must be used to sort out or discriminate the desired optical signal from the several potentially interfering signals produced by the encoding process. For instance, a wavelength selector can be used to discriminate on the basis of wavelength, or optical frequency. A radiation transducer or photodetector is then activated to convert the optical signal into a corresponding electrical signal suitable for processing by the electronic circuitry normally integrated into the analytical equipment. A readout device provides human-readable numerical data, the values of which are proportional to the processed electrical signals.
Considering all of the physical events that must occur over the course of sample preparation and analysis, adequate procedures for calibration or standardization of the system are usually required. For example, standards of known concentration can be introduced at one or more points along the liquid flow circuit of the system. Calibration data can thus be generated, stored and used as part of the analyzing process. Modern calibration procedures are often controlled by computer software. Indeed, a computer-controlled system can be provided to interface with many of the various components of the sample preparation and analysis systems. Such programmable systems are useful for monitoring and coordinating the various hardware operations, as well as for processing both the test data and the calibration data.
For spectrophotometers operating according to UV-vis molecular absorption methods, the quantity measured from a sample is the magnitude of the radiant power or flux supplied from a radiation source that is absorbed by the analyte species of the sample. Ideally, a value for the absorbance A can be validly calculated from Beer's law:
where T is the transmittance, P0 is the magnitude of the radiant power incident on the sample, P is the magnitude of the diminished (or attenuated) radiant power transmitted from the sample, a is the absorptivity, b is the pathlength of absorption, and c is the concentration of the absorbing species.
It thus can be seen that under suitable conditions, absorbance is directly proportional to analyte concentration through Beer's law. The concentration of the analyte can be determined from the absorbance value, which in turn is calculated from the ratio of measured radiation transmitted and measured radiation incident. In addition, a true absorbance value can be obtained by measuring a reference or blank sample and taking the ratio of the radiant power transmitted through the analyte sample to that transmitted through the blank sample.
Ordinarily, the sample is transferred to a sample cell that is contained within the analytical instrument (e.g., spectrophotometer) itself. An example of a conventional dissolution testing system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,024. Samples are taken from test vessels and, using sampling pumps, carried over sampling lines and through sampling filters. The samples are then transported either to a UV analyzer containing six cells, to an HPLC system, or to a fraction collector.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,477, commonly assigned to the owner of the present application, discloses a spectrophotometer that contains a sample cell and a reference cell. A pulsed light source such as xenon flash tube emits very short, intense bursts of light that, after possibly being redirected by one or more reflective surfaces, passes through the entrance slit of a monochromator. After encountering one or more other reflective surfaces, gratings, and apertures or slits, the incident light beam is divided by a fixed beam splitter into two beams having a predetermined intensity ratio. One of these beams passes through the reference cell, and the beam transmitted from the reference cell is received by a reference detector. The other beam passes through the sample cell, and the beam transmitted from the sample cell is received by a sample detector. Provision is also made for measuring the dark signal, which is a measurement of the signal when no light from the light source reaches a detector. The sample, reference, and dark measurements are used to accurately calculate the absorbance of the sample. In another embodiment, the pulsing of the light source is synchronized by control means with the rotation of a carousel. The carousel holds several sample cuvettes, such that its rotation brings each cuvette into position at the sample cell in a step-wise manner.
Other examples of UV-vis spectrophotometers are those available from Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif., and designated as the CARY™ Series systems. In particular, the Varian CARY 50™ spectrophotometer includes a sample compartment that contains a sample cell through which a light beam or pulse passes. Several sizes of sample cells are available. In addition, the spectrophotometer can be equipped with a multi-cell holder that accommodates up to eighteen cells. A built-in movement mechanism moves the cells past the light beam.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,860 discloses a multiple injector flow-through dissolution cell designed to handle dosages that have very high dissolution rates. A plurality of flow channels can selectively provide different specimens for the dissolution cell. The dissolution cell itself includes a mixing paddle, and thus functions as the test vessel for the dissolution system. A sample from the dissolution cell is sent through an output line to a spectrophotometer for both measurement and analysis. Fiber-optics are not employed at the dissolution cell.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,307 discloses a cuvette-set matrix containing an array of cuvettes adapted for use in measurements using light beams. Each cuvette is provided with a bottom optical window. All other portions of each cuvette are impervious to light in order to prevent the radiation directed into a particular cuvette from disturbing measurements taken in adjoining cuvettes. The cuvette-set matrix is adapted to receive a matrix of measurement beams containing a plurality of sources of measurement beams, such that one source of measurement beams is associated with each cuvette. A detector matrix is disposed on the side of the cuvettes opposite to the side at which the matrix of measurement beams is disposed. Thus, for each cuvette, the measurement beam emitted from the source passes through the liquid contained in the cuvette, through the optical window of the cuvette, and into the detector associated with the cuvette.
Ordinarily, the sample is transferred to a sample cell that is contained within the analytical instrument (e.g., spectrophotometer) itself. In other recently developed systems, fiber-optics are being used in conjunction with UV scans to conduct in-situ absorption measurements—that is, measurements taken directly in the sample vessels of either dissolution test equipment or sample analysis equipment. Fiber optic cables consist of, for example, glass fibers coaxially surrounded by protective sheathing or cladding, and are capable of carrying monochromatic light signals. There have been some applications of fiber-optics in the pharmacological testing industry. In particular, some fiber-optic sampling techniques have been employed as part of dissolution testing. In conventional fiber-optic techniques, a fiber-optic probe is placed directly into the dissolution media and hence its method is described as "in-situ". Unfortunately, particulates in the media tend to interfere with the UV scan and consequently produce inaccurate data. Appropriate software programs can be used to compensate for the inconsistencies caused by the particulates. However, because each drug sample (e.g., tablet) has unique particulate features, every sample being tested requires a separate algorithm for correcting the errors caused by the particulates of the tablet. Moreover, fiber-optic probes induce turbulence in the dissolution media. Current fiber-optic techniques are also disadvantageous in that they require calibration prior to each test run. First, "standard" media must be put into a test tube and placed over the fiber-optic probe. Second, "blank" media" must be put into a test tube and placed over the fiber-optic probe. The test is then initiated and the UV data are acquired.
One recent example of an in-situ fiber-optic method associated with dissolution testing is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,497. This method involves submerging a dip-type fiber-optic UV probe in test media contained in a dissolution vessel, and keeping the probe submerged over the course of the dissolution run. Several probes can be operatively associated with a corresponding number of test vessels, with each probe communicating with its own UV spectrometer. The probe can be disposed within the shaft of an agitation device in order to reduce effects related to flow aberration, since only the mixing shaft/dip probe combination resides in the test vessel. A light beam (UV radiation) provided by a deuterium lamp is directed through fiber-optic cabling to the probe. Within the probe, the light travels through a quartz lens seated directly above a flow cell-type structure, the interior of which is filled with a quantity of the test media. The light passes through the test media in the flow cell, is reflected off a mirror positioned at the terminal end of the probe, passes back through the flow cell and the quartz lens, and travels through a second fiber-optic cable to a spectrometer. Thus, only the light beam, and not the sample, is removed from the test vessel during the procedure.
The probe disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,497 is intended to reduce analytical errors and noise sources associated with conventional techniques requiring the removal of media from the test vessel. Such analytical errors can result from operator errors, programming errors, equipment malfunctions, contamination, clogging, media loss, and so on. This arrangement, nevertheless, requires the use of software algorithms to correct for noise-related physical events. Moreover, the fact that the probe is constantly submerged means that hydrodynamic influences can still affect the release rate of the dosage formulation being tested. While the position of the probe within the test vessel could be controlled by a sampling manifold, providers of this particular design recommend that the probe be maintained in at least a partially submerged position to eliminate the occurrence of air bubbles and fouling due to drying. Furthermore, the fact that the probe remains immersed within the contents of the test vessel means that analytical errors can result from the interference of particulates in the media being detected by the probe, as there is no provision for filtering such particulates from the media.
Another recent example of an in-situ fiber-optic method associated with dissolution testing, available from LEAP Technologies, Inc., utilizes a U-shaped dip probe that is inserted into a test vessel. One leg of the U-shaped probe contains a source optical fiber and the other leg contains the return optical fiber. A gap between the ends of the fibers is defined at the base of the U-shape, across which the light beam is transmitted through the media of the test vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,005 also discloses a U-shaped optical-based sensor. The sensor is constructed by forming a U-shaped loop section in a single fiber-optic cable, retaining the shape of the loop in a support structure, and removing the sheathing and coating materials of a section of the cable corresponding to the curved section of the U-shape. This removal creates an exposed fiber core section through which light can be transferred. One end of the cable communicates with a light source while the other end communicates with a photodiode. Ice detection, soil moisture detection, underground tank leak detection, and fluid level sensing are disclosed as applications of the sensor.
For the previously described Varian CARY 50™ spectrophotometer, a fiber-optic dip probe coupler is available to enable in-situ sample measurement methods and effectively replace the need for a sipper accessory. This fiber optic coupler can be housed in the spectrophotometer unit in the place of the conventional sample cell. The coupler includes suitable connectors for coupling with the source and return optical fiber lines of a remote fiber-optic dip probe. The light beam from the light source of the spectrophotometer is directed to source line of the dip probe, and the resulting optical signal transmitted back to the spectrophotometer through the return line.
Fiber optics have also been employed in connection with sample-holding cells. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,694 discloses a flow cell having two fiber-optic cable assemblies that are spaced apart on opposite sides of the flow cell. Each cable assembly terminates at a distal end that requires the use of either a sapphire window or a lens. The path length between the distal ends is adjustable. The liquid to be analyzed flows through the flow cell between the opposing ends of the cable assemblies. The light passing through the flow cell is carried over one of the cable assemblies to an infrared analyzing instrument.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,173 discloses an optical system for measuring transmitted light in which both a sample flow cell and a reference flow cell are used. Light supplied from a light source is transmitted through a collimator lens to a pair of condenser lenses. One part of the light travels through an optical fiber to the sample flow cell, while the other part of the light travels through a second optical fiber to the reference flow cell. On the input side of each flow cell, the respective optical fiber terminates at a collimator lens. On the output side of each flow cell, light transmitted through the cell enters an optical fiber through a condenser lens. The path of transmitted light from each flow cell is directed toward an optical detector, and is controlled by an optical path switcher in the form of a light selecting shutter or disk.
Another example of an optical measurement device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,481, in which the measurement device is inserted into the liquid sample cup of a spectrophotometer. The device is cylindrical and defines an internal cavity accessible by three lateral openings. Send and return optical fibers are situated above the cavity, and a concave reflection device is situated below the cavity. When inserted into the liquid sample cup, liquid contained in the cup is admitted into the cavity via the lateral openings. A light beam from one of the optical fibers passes twice through the liquid residing in the cavity, since it is reflected off the reflection component, and subsequently is transported away from the measurement device through the other optical fiber.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,696 discloses a fiber-optic sample analyzing system in which a plurality of cuvettes each have a source optical fiber and a return optical fiber, with the terminal ends of the fibers requiring the use of light-directing lenses. A device is provided for selecting a source fiber to receive passed radiation through a selected sample of one of the cuvettes, and for returning transmitted radiation from the selected cuvette through a selected return fiber to a spectrophotometer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,159 discloses a sample analysis system in which a belt containing a series of disposable reaction cuvettes is driven along a track so as to guide the cuvettes through several analysis stations. A separate photodetector tube is required for each analysis station. Light guides are used to transmit light from a light source, through filter wheels, through the reaction compartments of the cuvettes, and to the photodetectors.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,453 discloses a system in which a fiber-optic biosensor probe is inserted into a test tube. The probe receives a light beam from a light source and sends a testing signal to the photodetectors of a spectrometer. Time division multiplexing and demultiplexing are implemented to distribute light to and from several biosensors. Switching among inputs and outputs is controlled by an input control signal provided by an electronic clocked counter.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,784 discloses a system in which a plurality of chemical sensors are associated with several sample vials and arranged between a light source and a photodetector. Optical fibers are used to direct radiation into each sensor, as well as to direct emissions out from the sensors. A wavelength-tunable filter is combined with an optical multiplexer to direct radiation serially to each sensor through the fibers.
In view of the current state of the art, it would be advantageous to provide improved flow cells and flow cell structures (or any other similar type of structure adapted for sample measurement) that are designed and arranged in a manner conducive to high-quality dissolution testing, and that cooperate with fiber-optic components. In operation, such flow cells would not be inserted into the vessels in which dissolution is effected. At the same time, however, the flow cells and their associated liquid flow and fiber-optic components would not detrimentally affect data acquisition, measurement and analysis. It would also be advantageous to provide a liquid flow system adapted for use in conjunction with the improved flow cells, and that would enable improved sampling and calibration procedures.
The present invention is adapted most advantageously for use in connection with the dissolution test vessels of dissolution media preparation/testing equipment and sample analyzing instruments. However, as the various features and functions of the invention are described herein, it will become evident that the invention finds utility in various sample measurement processes and thus is not restricted to dissolution-related processes. The invention provides remote, non-resident flow-through cells for the measurement of samples of media (e.g., dissolution media) taken from the test vessels. The media are removed from the dissolution vessel, preferably using a filter (for example, a 10-micron filter) and a pump, and then sent to the flow cell where the fiber optic probe or other type of fiber-optic device resides. The total distance from the sampling point to the flow cell and back to the dissolution vessel is very short, thereby negating any adverse effects from the use of liquid tubing. Moreover, the total dead volume while sampling—i.e., the volume of media residing in liquid tubing and thus not undergoing dissolution—is advantageously much less than in present sampling systems. The problems conventionally caused by particulates do not arise in the present invention, as the media is filtered prior to the fiber-optic sampling point. As a result, software-effected adjustments are not required, and all dosages can be tested without software modifications. The invention further provides an arrangement of liquid flow circuitry that enables calibration of all flow cells to be effected simultaneously and in an automated manner.
The invention in one aspect provides a sampling manifold comprising, for example, a sampling cannula, a return cannula, and a temperature-measuring probe for each test vessel. In use, the sample cannulas and temperature-measuring probes are placed inside the vessel only while a sample is being taken, and are absent from the dissolution media at all other times during testing. As a result, the detrimental effects caused by such probes, such as turbulence, are significantly reduced. The invention further provides flow control devices such as solenoid valves that simplify the calibration process. For example, in a system containing eight vessels of which six are used as test vessels, the two other vessels can be used to hold standard media and blank media, respectively. The system uses the appropriate media at the time the system is being calibrated, thereby eliminating any user intervention and also significantly reducing calibration time. All eight vessels can be calibrated at the same time with this system, unlike the existing method that requires each vessel to be manually calibrated one vessel at a time with the use of a test tube.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a manifold device is provided for use in sample measurements. The manifold device comprises a manifold body defining a plurality of flow cells therein, a plurality of liquid input lines and liquid output lines, and a plurality of probes. Each liquid input line and output line fluidly communicates with a corresponding one of the flow cells, providing a liquid flow path through the corresponding flow cell. The probes are at least partially disposed within the manifold body. Each probe comprises an optical fiber input line and an optic fiber output line. Each optical fiber input line and optical fiber output line communicate with a corresponding one of the flow cells.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a manifold device for use in sample measurements comprises a manifold body, a plurality of flow cells disposed within the body, a plurality of liquid input lines and output lines, and a plurality of optical fiber input and output lines. The liquid input and output lines and the optical fiber input and output lines each communicate with a corresponding one of the flow cells. Each corresponding liquid input line and liquid output line provides a liquid flow path through the corresponding flow cell. Each optical fiber output line is disposed in opposing, optically-aligned relation to the corresponding optical fiber input line associated with one of the flow cells. Each corresponding optical fiber input line and optical fiber output line provide an optical path through the corresponding flow cell generally transverse to the liquid flow path.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a dissolution media sampling system comprises a plurality of test vessels, a plurality of test media sampling lines, a plurality of test media return lines, and a plurality of remote flow cells. Each test media sampling line is adapted for transferring a quantity of test media from a corresponding one of the test vessels. Each test media return line adapted for transferring the quantity of test media back to the corresponding test vessel. Each flow cell fluidly communicates with a corresponding one of the test media sampling lines and test media return lines, and each flow cell communicates with an optical fiber input line and an optical fiber output line.
According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the sampling system includes a distributing mechanism or system for distributing one or more types of calibration media, such as blank media or standard media, to the flow cells. In one specific embodiment, the distributing mechanism comprises a plurality of first valves and a plurality of second valves, each first valve selectively establishing a first input flow path from a first calibration vessel to one of the flow cells, and each second valve selectively establishing a first output flow path from the flow cell to the first calibration vessel.
According to a further embodiment of the present invention, a dissolution media preparation and/or testing apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a structural frame, a vessel plate supported by the frame and having a plurality of vessel-holding apertures adapted for supporting a plurality of vessels, and a plurality of flow cells supported by the frame and disposed in remote relation to the vessel-holding apertures. The apparatus further comprises a plurality of liquid input lines and liquid output lines. Each liquid input line is operatively associated with a corresponding one of the vessel-holding apertures and communicates with a corresponding one of the flow cells. Each liquid output line is operatively associated with a corresponding one of the vessel-holding apertures and communicates with a corresponding one of the flow cells. The apparatus also comprises a plurality of optical fiber input lines and optical fiber output lines. Each optical fiber input line and corresponding optical fiber output line communicates with a corresponding one of the flow cells. In one specific embodiment of the apparatus, an automated assembly is supported by the frame and is movable to insert a distal portion of at least one of the liquid input lines through a corresponding one of the vessel-holding apertures.
According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, a dissolution system comprises a vessel plate supporting a plurality of test vessels, a remote manifold device defining a plurality of flow cells, and a sample analyzing system. Also provided are a plurality of test media sampling lines and test media return lines. Each test media sampling line is adapted for transferring a quantity of test media from a corresponding one of the test vessels to a corresponding one of the flow cells. Each test media return line is adapted for transferring the quantity of test media from the corresponding flow cell back to the corresponding test vessel. A plurality of optical fiber input lines and output lines are also provided. Each optical fiber input line communicates with a corresponding one of the flow cells, and each corresponding optical fiber output line communicates with the corresponding flow cell. The sample analyzing system communicates with at least one of the flow cells through a corresponding pair of optical fiber input and output lines.
According to an additional aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for measuring an analyte that is dissolving or has dissolved in test media. In the method, a sample of analyte-containing test media is transferred from a container into a remote flow cell. Light radiation of a first intensity is transmitted from a source optical fiber into the flow cell, wherein a portion of the light radiation is absorbed by analytes in the sample. Light radiation of a second intensity lower than the first intensity is transmitted from the flow cell, through a return optical fiber, and to a sample analyzing apparatus. The sample is returned to the container at some point in time during or after the sample is subjected to the light radiation in the flow cell. At further time intervals, which may correspond to further degrees of dissolution of the analytes in the media held in the container, additional samples can be drawn from the container and introduced into the same flow cell, and additional measurements taken via further transmissions of electromagnetic energy through the flow cell. Also, several remote flow cells can be provided so that multiple samples from different containers can be measured and analyzed simultaneously or according to a predetermined sequence. In this latter case, it is advantageous to utilize a remote flow cell manifold device as provided according to other embodiments described herein.
According to another method of the present invention, calibration procedures can be performed using the same remote flow cells used for measuring the analytes under investigation. Arrangements of the sampling systems and liquid flow circuits described herein can be employed for this purpose.
In general, the term "communicate" (e.g., a first component "communicates with" or "is in communication with" a second component) is used herein to indicate a structural, functional, mechanical, optical, or fluidic relationship between two or more components or elements. As such, the fact that one component is said to communicate with a second component is not intended to exclude the possibility that additional components may be present between, and/or operatively associated or engaged with, the first and second components.
As used herein, the terms "beam," "pulse," and "optical signal" are intended to be interchangeable to indicate that the present invention is applicable to the transmission of light energy by both continuous and non-continuous methods.
Referring now to
Test vessels V1-V6, blank vessel BV, and standard vessel SV can all be mounted in an array on a vessel plate or other mounting means that is integrated with a dissolution media preparation apparatus, generally designated 60 in
In accordance with the present invention, media sampling system 10 includes a plurality of flow cells F1-F6. Through suitable media input and output connections, each flow cell F1-F6 is adapted to permit the flow of analyte-containing media through an internal detection area defined by the structure of flow cell F1-F6. In addition, fiber-optic components comprising optical fiber cores are associated with each flow cell F1-F6. Embodiments of the fiber-optic components are not specifically shown in
In further accordance with the present invention, media sampling system 10 includes a plurality of liquid flow path-directing, three-way solenoid valves S1-S14, liquid pumps P1-P6, liquid sampling lines SL1-SL6, and liquid return lines RL1-RL6 (as well as other appropriate liquid conduits interconnecting these various components). All of these components are arranged with flow cells F1-F6 and test vessels V1-V6 to define a plurality of liquid sampling circuits, such that one liquid sampling circuit is associated with each flow cell F1-F6 and accompanying test vessel V1-V6. For example, test vessel V1 is part of the sampling circuit containing sampling line SL1, valve S1, pump P1, flow cell F1, valve S7, and return line RL1. The term "sampling line" (and likewise "return line") can encompass a cannula or other probe-type element adapted for insertion into a test vessel, as well as the liquid conduit or conduits to which the cannula is connected to enable transfer of liquid media to or from an associated test vessel. Each sample cannula and return cannula, respectively associated with each sampling line SL1-SL6 and return line RL1-RL6, can be supported by a movable (manually, or through automated or semi-automated means) head or manifold assembly forming a part of dissolution media preparation apparatus 60 or other liquid handling apparatus. The several pumps P1-P6 depicted in
A typical sampling operation can be described with reference to the sampling circuit corresponding to test vessel V1 in
As described in reference to
Referring again to
To send blank media through flow cells F1-F6, valve S14 is switched to establish flow from blank vessel BV to manifold unit M1. Blank media is drawn from blank vessel BV into a blank media sampling line BS and transferred through valve S14, through a manifold input line 19, and into manifold unit M1. Valves S1-S6 are switched to establish flow from manifold unit M1 through a plurality of manifold output lines 21-26 into each corresponding flow cell F1-F6. The blank media flows from manifold unit M1 into each flow cell F1-F6 under the influence of each corresponding pump P1-P6, and light energy is passed through each flow cell F1-F6 to generate optical signals as previously described. Valves S7-S12 are switched to a position that directs the blank media from flow cells F1-F6 through respective bypass lines 31-36 to manifold unit M2. Valve S13 is switched to enable the transfer of the blank media from manifold unit M2, through a single manifold output line 39, through valve S13, through a blank media return line BR, and back into blank vessel BV.
To send standard media through flow cells F1-F6, an analogous procedure is followed. Valve S14 is switched to establish flow from standard vessel SV to manifold unit M1. Standard media is drawn from standard vessel SV into a standard media sampling line SS and transferred through valve S14, through manifold input line 19, and into manifold unit M1. Valves S1-S6 are switched to establish flow from manifold unit M1 through manifold output lines 21-26 into each corresponding flow cell F1-F6. The standard media flows from manifold unit M1 into each flow cell F1-F6 under the influence of each corresponding pump P1-P6, and light energy is passed through each flow cell F1-F6 to generate analytical signals. Valves S7-S12 are switched to a position that directs the standard media from flow cells F1-F6 through respective bypass lines 31-36 to manifold unit M1. Valve S13 is switched to enable the transfer of the standard media from manifold unit M2, through manifold output line 35, through valve S13, through a standard media return line SR, and back into standard vessel SV.
It will be understood that one or more rinsing, washing or back flushing steps can be performed if necessary as part of the testing and/or calibration procedures described herein. Either blank vessel BV or standard vessel SV could be used to hold, for example, a rinsing solvent. Alternatively, a solvent bottle or rinsing station, which may be integrated with media preparation/testing apparatus 60, could be used.
Referring to
In operation, one or more samples of dissolution media are transferred from selected test vessels V1-V6 (mounted, for example, in media preparation/testing apparatus 60) through dissolution media sample lines (collectively designated SL in
Within sample analyzing system 70, wavelength selector 75 is typically provided in the form of a filter or monochromator that isolates a restricted region of the electromagnetic spectrum for subsequent processing. Detector 77 converts the radiant energy of the analytical signal into an electrical signal suitable for use by signal processor 79. Signal processor 79 can be adapted to modify the transduced signal in a variety of ways as necessary for the operation of sample analyzing system 70 and the conversion to a readout signal. Functions performed by signal processor 79 can include amplification (i.e., multiplication of the signal by a constant greater than unity), logarithmic amplification, ratioing, attenuation (i.e., multiplication of the signal by a constant smaller than unity), integration, differentiation, addition, subtraction, exponential increase, conversion to AC, rectification to DC, comparison of the transduced signal with one from a standard source, and/or transformation of the electrical signal from a current to a voltage (or the converse of this operation). Finally, readout device 81 displays the transduced and processed signal, and can be a moving-coil meter, a strip-chart recorder, a digital display unit such as a digital voltmeter or CRT terminal, a printer, or a similarly related device.
According to one embodiment of the invention, flow cell manifold block 150 (
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Vessels V are typically locked and centered in place on vessel plate 173 by means such as ring lock devices or clamps (not shown). A stirring element including a motor-driven spindle 183A and paddle 183B operates in each vessel V. Individual clutches 185 can be provided to alternately engage and disengage power to each spindle 183A. A dosage delivery module 187 is used to preload and drop dosage units (e.g., tablets) into each vessel V at prescribed times and bath (or vessel) temperatures. An automated assembly or sampling manifold 189 lowers and raises sampling cannulas 191 and return cannulas 193 into and out of each respective vessel V. Automated assembly 189 can also be vertically movable between head assembly 171 and vessel plate 173. Sampling cannulas 191 and return cannulas 193 operate in conjunction with a bidirectional peristaltic pump (not shown), and are used during the dissolution testing procedure to periodically withdraw samples from the vessel media for analysis. Samples could also be taken manually using pipettes and/or sampling cannula/syringe assemblies. Miniature temperature probes 195 associated with each vessel V can also be located on automated assembly 189.
In a typical operation, each vessel V is filled with a predetermined volume of dissolution media. Dosage units are dropped either manually or automatically into each media-containing vessel V, and each paddle 183B (or other agitation or USP-type device) is rotated within its vessel V at a predetermined rate and duration within the test solution as the dosage units dissolve. In other types of tests, a cylindrical basket (not shown) loaded with a dosage unit is substituted for each paddle 183B and rotates within the test solution. For any given vessel V, the temperature of the test solution must be maintained at a prescribed temperature (e.g., approximately 37�0.5� C. if certain USP dissolution methods are being conducted). The mixing speed of paddle 183B must also be maintained. Solution temperature is maintained by immersion of vessel V in the water bath of water bath container 175, or alternatively by direct heating as described previously. Accordingly, the temperature of the test solution is dependent upon, and thus indirectly controlled by, the temperature of the water bath which in turn is dictated by the external heating means employed. Temperature probe 195 is used to monitor the test solution temperature, and can be any suitable type of transducer such as a thermistor. Preferably, sampling manifold 189 lowers the various cannulas and probes associated with media preparation/testing apparatus 60 into corresponding vessels V only while samples are being taken at allotted times. At all other times, the cannulas and probes are kept outside of the media contained in vessels V, thereby significantly reducing the turbulence created by whatever cannulas and probes are used. In accordance with the invention described hereinabove and illustrated in
It will be understood that the embodiments described hereinabove can be slightly modified to utilize more than one media preparation/testing apparatus 60, more than one sample analyzing apparatus 70, and/or more than one set of flow cells F.
It is therefore seen from the foregoing description that the present invention provides a number of systems, devices and methods benefiting from the use of fiber-optics and remote flow cells. The embodiments described herein result in high-quality analysis and quantification of analytical samples with decreased effort.
It will be further understood that various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation—the invention being defined by the claims.
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|International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.
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|Pandi Veerapandian
|Cell flow apparatus and method for real-time measurements of patient cellular responses
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 19, 2010
|Varian, Inc.
|Fiber optic probe and related apparatus, systems and methods for making optics-based measurements of liquid samples
|Oct 31, 2007
|Apr 5, 2011
|Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.
|Methods and devices to test diffusion rates of ocular drug delivery systems
|Jan 5, 2010
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|Becton, Dickinson And Company
|Cuvette for flow-type particle analyzer
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|Qiagen Operon, Inc.
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|Pegram Stephen C
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 17, 2010
Owner name: AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VARIAN, INC.;REEL/FRAME:025368/0230
Effective date: 20101029
|Oct 3, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 19, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 10, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120219


text:
How to Promote Positive Sibling Relationships
Tips to help parents promote positive sibling relationships between an older child and an infant, as well as when the children get older.
Tips to help parents promote positive sibling relationships between an older child and an infant, as well as when the children get older.
How to limit the negative effects of a difficult presidential campaign on your kids.
Do 'virtual visits' with dermatologists work, and can I do one for my child?
Experts share what adults can do to help teens make better behavior choices.
Six life skills children will learn by taking dance classes.
Expert advice on how to juggle motherhood and owning a business.
Ideas to help ensure your children will feel special on their birthdays and not overshadowed by the holidays.
Tips for parents on how to prevent summer slide in reading.
Six life skills children should learn to become successful adults.
A child and adolescent psychologist shares how parents can manage and reduce their child's tantrums.
Six things parents can do with their kids to get the children interested in art.
A child and adolescent psychologist shares tips to get children to listen the first time you ask them a question.
Kids are at their most joyful when they are immersed in play--but can be hard to photograph when they're active like that. Here are tips for snapping the perfect photo.
Compounding pharmacies are an overlooked option for family healthcare. Parents looking for more personal service may consider customized medications for their kids.
Dr. Tim Mainardi offers advice on how families can remedy allergy symptoms without avoiding the outdoors.
Five easy things moms can do every day to feel healthier and improve well-being.
Eight tips to help reduce sibling rivalry conflict between your children.
CMV, or cytomegalovirus, is an under-the-radar virus that effects babies' hearing and development. Here's how to treat and prevent it.
Dr. Emily Levy is the founder and director of EBL Coaching, a one-on-one tutoring program based in Manhattan, Westchester, and New Jersey. Here she offers expert advice on how to build your child's writing skills.
A sleep expert shares how to ensure your child gets enough sleep during daylight saving time.
A certified life coach shares five tips to support your kids and help them thrive.
Being a new, first-time mom can be tough on you, as well as your relationship with your partner. Here are five ways to keep your relationship strong.
If your child refuses to go to school, it may be because she dealing with a traumatic experience at school or home. Here's how to get to the bottom of her refusal and help her like school.
A mental health counselor and board-certified ADHD coach explains the correlation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.
Here is some advice for parents, from family therapist, Gary Kogan, on what to do if your child is being bullied.
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text:
Delizioso Pink (10)
Milani Baked Blush
Editor's Review
Milani Delizioso Pink (10) Baked Powder Blush ($7.99 for 0.12 oz.) is a cool-toned, light-medium pink with strong blue undertones and a mostly matte finish.
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Reader Reviews
Based on 1 Review, 1 Quick Review
1 Written Reviews
1 year ago.
I purchased all the Milani Baked Blushes and in all honesty, I've stopped investing in higher end blushes unless there is something very unique that I want. I find Milani blush to be gorgeous, buildable and long wearing. I've also blended different colors to get different tones. For example, Corallista + Luminoso. Dolce pink+Delizioso Pink. I also blend with my existing MAC blushes. I have always snubbed drugstore products until last year and I've missed some great values as a result. Milani blushes are truly fantastic. What I find amazing is... A swatch or glance might leave you thinking they would be glittery on. They aren't. They have just the right amount of soft shimmer with NO fall out or powdery mess. A+ from me!! I'm going to be testing out much more in their line and beauty bloggers turned me onto it!!


text:
EOP 2016 Orientation & Parent Meeting
Freshmen, choose one EOP Orientation & Parent Meeting to attend: June 11 at SUNY Optometry, Welcome Center, or Binghamton University. Register here
Before You Register
Health Forms Must Be Complete Before You Can Register. Complete health form here. Forms must be submitted before July 5th.
FAFSA // Promisary Note
Frequently Asked Questions
When does the summer program begin? When does it end? Is transportation provided to BEP? When is the BEP Orientation and Parent Meeting? Read more!
Got Fall '16 Housing?
Be sure to sign up for fall '16 housing.
View housing rates
SIGN UP for campus housing
Binghamton Enrichment Program (BEP)
BEP is a mandatory pre-freshman program that provides EOP students with intensive academic development and orientation to the Binghamton University community.
EOP 2016 Orientation
Please mail forms to the EOP office
- Welcome Letter
- EOP Orientation Data Form
- Parental/Guardian Consent for Medical or Emergency Treatment
- Requirements for Testing
- Get To The Next Level
- Directions to SUNY Optometry
- Directions to Binghamton
- Binghamton Campus Map


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#109 to #4 - clonedcommando
Reply 0(09/10/2013) [-]
I think its more hes copying the pose in the poster, I mean we all also know hes not in the shape he used to be... but he would still tear us to shreds.
#77 to #4 - youngniggaHe's worked very hard his whole life. Let the man relax!
Reply +12(09/10/2013) [-]
#54 to #4 - ofmiceandmen
Reply +12(09/10/2013) [-]
Give the man a break. He's 66. His whole life he's been a fitness god and now he's getting older and probably just wants to rest.
#43 to #19 - thebesttrumpeteer
Reply +13(09/10/2013) [-]