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Telephone & Addresses
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Tonya Arnold (Age: 33)
26833 Maysville WV
Tonya Arnold (Age: 40)
20748 Temple Hills MD
Tonya Arnold (Age: 40)
31419 Savannah GA
Tonya Arnold, Atlanta, US, Garden Walk Blvd, Apt J26
View Tonya's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Yellow Page contacts
Network Profiles
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LinkedIn: Tonya Arnold | LinkedIn
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'Business Leaders for Haslam' Has 200 Members | Humphrey on the ...
18.03.2010 Chris Allison, Madison County. · David Amonette, Sumner County. · Charlie Anderson, Jr., Knox County. · Leo Arnold, Dyer County. · Max Arnold, Carroll County. · Sammie Arnold, Madison County. · Tonya Arnold, Dyer County ...
Tarnold50 Resume Example | ResumeBucket
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lastFM: (tonyaarnold1)
Age: 41, female
Climbing to Success! by Tonya Arnold on Prezi
Class Dojo If you have to go to the Principle's office you will not be allowed to go to the party. When you are showing extra good behavior,You will earn
Management & Stakeholders
TONYA ARNOLD - SALEM, IL - Business Page
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Business Profiles
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Tonya Arnold | Lake Region Middle …
View Tonya Arnold's business profile as Principal at Lake Region Middle School and see work history, affiliations and more.
Tonya Renee Arnold (Galveston, TX, …
Invite Tonya Renee Arnold, to join Zocdoc. Send Invite. Zocdoc - Find a Nurse Practitioner - Texas - Houston Nurse Practitioners - Galveston Nurse Practitioners ...
Tonya Arnold | UnityPoint - St. Luke's …
View Tonya Arnold's business profile as Grants Manager at UnityPoint - St. Luke's Foundation and see work history, affiliations and more.
Tonya Arnold - Principal for Tonya Arnold & Assocs Med
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classmates: Tonya Arnold
Magnolia High School, Magnolia, TX, 1991-1995
classmates: Tonya Arnold
Munster High School, Munster, IN, 1989-1993
classmates: Tonya Arnold
Oxford High School, Oxford, MI, 1981-1985
classmates: Tonya Arnold
Winnsboro High School, Winnsboro, LA, 1996-2000
Bad news
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legacy.com: Tonya Arnold
Tonya Arnold, 62, Kosciusko, died 11-05-2011. Arrangements: Culpepper.
legacy.com: Tonya S. ARNOLD
Family-Placed Death Notice ARNOLD, Tonya S. Homegoing services for Mrs. Tonya S. Arnold (Chunn) 308 Spring Lake Cir., Morrow, Ga. will be held Friday, May 17, 2013 at 1:00
legacy.com: Tonya T. Arnold
Tonya T. Arnold, 35, of Sanford, formerly of Beaverton, died suddenly, Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2007, in Midland. She was born Sept. 20, 1972, to Michael and Tonie (Etherton) Bergquist
findagrave: Arnold, Tonya Jenkins
10/12/1949 - 11/5/2011, Attala County, Mississippi
Tonya Anne Arnold - Genealogy
View Tonya Anne Arnold's genealogy family tree on Geni, with over 150 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
Tonya Arnold - Free Public Records
Name: Tonya Arnold. Birth Date: Age: N/A. Relatives: Barry Arnold April Scruggs Bennette. Addresses: 210 Doc Gore Rd, Sumrall, MS 39482 419 Highway 44,
Marvin Arnold - Ancestry.com
Marvin Arnold
Books & Literature
Ebony Jr. - Google Books
Created by the publishers of EBONY. During its years of publishing it was the largest ever children-focused publication for African Americans.
Full text of "Ayantee"
... Demetria Burton Jimmy Jackson Miss Haley Hall Council Denise Ramseur Orlando Hopkins ^ ■- -' Miss Greensboro Regional Aggie Club Tonya Arnold
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Tonya Arnold - Academia.edu
Tonya Arnold studies Public Archaeology, Midwest Archaeology, and Teacher Education.
Microsoft Word - Tonya Arnold Final Action Research Proposal 101509 ... 2 Abstract The goal of this action research project was to determine the current
Scientific Publications
Tonya Arnold
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Video & Audio
Tonya Arnold - YouTube
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Vox Musica Praestum June 4, 2011
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Tonya Arnold is a member of Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them.
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ArnoldTonya_197539's home for videos and live streams on Dailymotion.
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March of Dimes kickoff set for Aug. 4 - Dyersburg State Gazette
29.07.2009 The daughter of Jarred and Sara Conway, she is also the granddaughter of 2009 Dyer County March of Dimes Honorary Chair Tonya Arnold and her husband, Leo. A kickoff will be held for the 2009 March for Babies event at ...
March of Dimes kicks off annual fundraiser - Dyersburg State Gazette
14.08.2009 She is also the granddaughter of 2009 Dyer County March of Dimes Honorary Chair Tonya Arnold and her husband, Leo. "I look back now and call it an amazing adventure," Tonya Arnold told residents attending the kickoff.
where the red pen bleeds: Mediterranean Meatball Ratatouille
20.03.2011 ... juice just before serving. Makes 6 (1 2/3 cup) servings. Nutritional Info: Calories 173, Total Fat 11g, Protein 12g, Carbs 9g, Fiber 3g, Sodium: 676 mg. Weight Watches Points+ Value: 5. Posted by Tonya Arnold at 3:30 PM ...
where the red pen bleeds: Retched Rabe
20.03.2011 Posted by Tonya Arnold at 11:30 PM. 0 comments: Post a Comment. Newer Post Older Post Home. Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom). About Me. My Photo · Tonya Arnold: Saint Helens, Oregon, United States. View my complete profile ...
Reports & Statements
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Tonya Arnold (Arbeitman), Coffeyville, …
Classmate Profile for Tonya Arnold (Arbeitman), Field Kindley High School Class Of 1989
Google Groups: SE440BX Pentium II Motherboard
20.10.1999: Tonya Arnold ... intel motherboards pentium_ii I
pinterest.com: Tonya Arnold on Pinterest
Get an old frame, wrap yarn around it, add a painted wooden letter in center, and embellish with fabric flowers. SO CUTE! Repinned onto I've GOTTA make this!!
Wikipedia: O'Connell College Preparatory School - Wikipedia, the free...
Mrs. Tonya Arnold-Callendar. Fr. EJ Stein. Oversight, Archdiocese of Galveston- Houston. Principal, Mrs. Patti Abbott. Asst. Principal, Mrs. Cynda Mullikin. Staff.
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Tonya Arnold, et al. v. Dr. Olusegan …
Tonya Arnold, et al. v. Dr. Olusegan Ategbole and Dr. Anass El-Keder, et al. W2011-02174-COA-R10-CV . Date / Time: May 23, 2012 - 1:30pm. Court:
Arnold, Tonya / School Improvement …
Tonya Arnold's Homepage; Class Schedule; LA 12 ; LA 12 Honors; Writing 121; School Improvement Fund in Action; Last Modified on Saturday at 7:13 PM. St. Helens High ...
Arnold, Tonya / Tonya Arnold's …
St. Helens High School. 2375 Gable Road. St. Helens, OR 97051. TEL: 503-397-1900. FAX: 503-397-1828
Mobile Home Parkin Festus, MO: …
Address is 716 Oakland Manor Festus, MO 63028. Tonya Arnold Lead-M Homes or, Send a Message: Your Name: Email ... Tonya Arnold Lead-M Homes . Contact Lister
Mobile Home Parkin Potosi, MO: Ryan …
Tonya Arnold Lead-M Homes . Contact Lister Forward to Friend. Mobile Home ... Ryan Manor is located in Potosi, MO, the county seat of Washington County, ...
University Directory | Virginia Tech | …
Tonya Arnold, Area Office Manager Phone: (540) 231-3419 E-mail: email@example.com. Area Office in Peddrew-Yates Hall. First Floor Peddrew-Yates Residence Hall
Tonya Arnold - Google-Profil
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Haslam Announces 'Business Leaders For Haslam' Coalition ...
18.03.2010 Chris Allison, Madison County. · David Amonette, Sumner County. · Charlie Anderson, Jr., Knox County. · Leo Arnold, Dyer County. · Max Arnold, Carroll County. · Sammie Arnold, Madison County. · Tonya Arnold, Dyer County ...
Vanessa & Marty {maternity} » Spring Smith Studios Blog
30.08.2011 Tonya Arnold - With this life, you don't need a prize! Karen - These are so beautiful, Vanessa! Congratulations again! Sydnie Picard - I love the ones in black and white! You are so beautiful! Krysten - Such a beautiful family!
The Giveaway Winner!!!!! - White Daisy Photography
04.06.2011 And the giveaway winner is...................................................................... TONYA ARNOLD!!! - I would chose a frame, wish I lived close.
Tonya - Names Encyclopedia
Tonya Arnold (4) Tonya Muise (3) Tonya Childs (3) Tonya Mercer (3) Tonya Rideout (3) Tonya Turpin (3) ... Family names. Tonya Harris (9) Tonya Penney (6)
A thank you giveaway! - White Daisy Photography
27.05.2011 Tonya Arnold - I would chose a frame, wish I lived close enough for the session!! :). May 27, 2011 - 2:41 pm. Rebecca Rich - You know I would choose the family session those grandbabies aren't getting any smaller! And you ...
Tonya Arnold - FairCareMD
Tonya Arnold - in Galveston 77550 - Get Prices, Get Appointments, Get Answers on FairCareMD.
Park Lane Elementary - Tonya Arnold
Tonya Arnold. Secretary. Contact Form. Send an Email. All fields with an asterisk (*) are required. Name *. Email *. Subject *. Message *. Send Copy to Yourself.
TONYA ARNOLD - Coshocton, OH Notary
TONYA ARNOLD is a certified public notary located in Coshocton, OH TONYA ARNOLD is located at 1523 ORANGE STREET APT 1. TONYA ARNOLD can be contacted at on...
Tonya Arnold (@tonya.arnold.965) • Instagram photos and videos
See Instagram photos and videos from Tonya Arnold (@tonya.arnold.965)
Tonya Arnold | Burnette Real Estate Sales & mg | Blacksburg, VA,...
Contact details for Tonya Arnold, real estate agent from Burnette Real Estate Sales & mg located in Blacksburg, VA. Reviews, Fax, Phone Number, Location...
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Listen to Tonya Arnold 1 | SoundCloud is an audio platform that lets you listen to what you love and share the sounds you create.. 16 Followers. Stream Tracks...
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Productivity rises in most manufacturing industries
November 16, 2000
In 1998, labor productivity—as measured by output per hour—rose in 76 percent of the manufacturing industries measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Output increased in 77 percent of the industries, while hours of labor grew in 45 percent of the industries.
The largest manufacturing industries all recorded productivity gains between 1997 and 1998. Labor productivity increased by 25.2 percent in electronic components and accessories; 23.1 percent in aircraft and parts; 7.9 percent in motor vehicles and equipment; 3.4 percent in miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.; and 1.4 percent in commercial printing.
Among all manufacturing industries, the largest gain in productivity—43.6 percent—occurred in computer and office equipment.
This information is from the Industry Productivity Program. Data are subject to revision. Additional information is available from "Productivity and Costs: Manufacturing Industries, 1990-98" news release USDL 00-335.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Productivity rises in most manufacturing industries on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2000/nov/wk2/art04.htm (visited September 28, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
A look at healthcare spending, employment, pay, benefits, and prices
As one of the largest U.S. industries, healthcare is steadily growing to meet the needs of an increasing population with an increasing life expectancy. This Spotlight looks at how much people spend on healthcare, current and projected employment in the industry, employer-provided healthcare benefits, healthcare prices, and pay for workers in healthcare occupations.
Employment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations
Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
Fifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives
Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.

subset: commoncrawl


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visual pic comparing normal brainwave entrainment with our technology
This project received 2 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $43 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Project Budget$10 - $30 USD
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Project Description
i just need a visual picture to show the difference or the difference in the amount of work between a regular binaural beat and ours with harmonic layering
see description below, i can send u a copy of our technology so u can get the visuals...........
"In doing so, as the two frequencies mesh in and out of phase, your brain creates its own third signal — called a binaural beat — which is equal to the difference between those two frequencies.
For example, if a frequency of 100 Hz is presented to your left ear, and a frequency of 105 Hz is presented to your right ear, your brain "hears" a third frequency pulsing at 5 Hz, the exact difference between the two frequencies.
Research has proven that introducing a binaural beat will cause the brain to begin resonating in tune with that beat. By creating a binaural beat at 10 Hz — an Alpha frequency — you can trigger your brain to resonate at that same 10 Hz frequency, automatically inducing brain activity in the Alpha range. This same technique can be used to quickly and easily guide your mind into any state.
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aTV Flash (black) for Apple TV 2 is no longer in beta: FireCore has finally released version 1.0 of its flagship product – a suite of applications to enhance the 2nd generation Apple TV. aTV Flash (black) features all-new Media Player, WebKit based browser, Last.fm radio, Weather, RSS feeds and gives you fast access to plugins like nitoTV, Remote HD, XBMC and Plex client. All new features are installed alongside the normal Apple TV features, so things like movie rentals, Netflix, and AirPlay will remain unchanged.
web browser
Up for review we have four AirPlay enabled apps, designed with your Apple TV 2 in mind.
First we have Camera for Apple TV. Obviously, it's an app that displays the live view of your iPhone's camera on the big screen, though there is a bit of delay. I have trouble seeing what this $2 app can do for the average user, besides providing young children with entertainment. Sure you could display something for others to look at, but couldn't you also show them the item? They are, after all, probably in the same room as you.
TapMedia Publishing, the creators of Fire for Apple TV and Videos for Apple TV, an AirPlay-enabled apps you probably wouldn't spend a whole 4 bucks on ($1.99 for each), has released two new, far more useful apps that bring great new functionality to the Apple TV 2.
Camera for Apple TV ($1.99) turns your iOS device into a real-time video camera for your atv2. The app streams your iPhone/iPad or iPod touch camera to your tiny black box via AirPlay. The frame rate is pretty low (it's actually a series of static images), but it's still pretty impressive and we hope to seeing the update coming soon with the improved frame rate.


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Price missed Game 1 of that series with a groin injury. The Cavs lost and were forced to play catch-up the rest of the way. They almost did, but it wasn't to be — as the shot that buried the Cavs helped propel Jordan to his status as the measuring stick for basketball greatness. "The next season, we traded Ron (for the draft rights to Danny Ferry), and that hurt us," Price said. "I felt like other than the Lakers, and maybe the Pistons with Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars, we had the best backcourt in the league."
Joe Dumars Rumors
However, a source within the franchise last week denied a report from the Racine Journal that speculated former Detroit Pistons player and executive Joe Dumars could be hired by the Pelicans as their new president of basketball operations, replacing Demps. The report also speculated that Dumars would in turn hire current Milwaukee Bucks general manager John Hammond to assume similar duties with the Pelicans.
"At the end of the day, they're going to hire who they want to hire," said one executive of color. "But in a game that's 75 percent (African-American players), you're going to tell me we can't even get involved in the process of the hire? All these businessmen talk about having a wide search and a wide net. But how can it be a wide net when you don't talk to any of us?" Longtime executives like Perry, who was in Detroit as Joe Dumars' assistant GM, helped build the team that won the 2004 NBA championship and made six straight Eastern Conference finals appearances, and worked for Oklahoma City when the Thunder moved from Seattle, have rarely reached the finalist stage.
Nets Daily: hearing from multiple sources that I should not dismiss Joe Dumars as a candidate for Nets job. No other details.
Saints GM Mickey Loomis has taken on a greater personnel role above GM Dell Demps, but rival execs understand that move is only temporary. "Mickey is a football guy, not a basketball guy," one exec said. And at the D-League Showcase, the buzz was getting louder that it's only a matter of time before former Pistons executive Joe Dumars — who has a close relationship with Saints and Pelicans owner Tom Benson — returns to his native Louisiana to assume control. That's usually how it works. When someone is assuming control in the NBA, he usually has a mess on his hands.
Bad Boys II? Jackson wore a Bad Boys cap while posing for photos with Van Gundy. What's the significance of the Bad Boys? "It was an era," Jackson said. "It's a mentality. It never can be duplicated but it's something that I guess is kind of a foundation here and hopefully we can be mentioned one day amongst the '89 season and those guys, (Dennis) Rodman and Isiah (Thomas) and Joe Dumars, (Bill) Laimbeer and all them. Hopefully we can bring that same style here, physical and all business. We're here to play. We're here to compete. We don't necessarily have to be your friends on the court. We don't care how you feel about us. We're here to get a win by any means. I grew up a Bulls fans but they definitely elevated (Michael) Jordan's game by being who they were and hopefully we can take on their persona."
In 1988, the Pistons moved even further north — 31 miles north of Detroit on Interstate 75 — to Auburn Hills, where auto-affiliated companies like BorgWarner, the parts manufacturer, and Autoliv, which makes seatbelts, airbags and other safety products, have their corporate headquarters. "It certainly went from being a blue-collar crowd at the Silverdome to a white-collar crowd," said Joe Dumars, who played 13 seasons in Detroit after being drafted by the Pistons in 1986. "We used to always acknowledge that. The Silverdome crowd were the assembly workers who built the cars, and the Palace crowd was the executives of the auto companies." But the move to Auburn Hills was nonetheless a financial boon for the franchise.


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Of course, Tremblant is not just about the great ski slopes in winter! Replenish with a myriad of activities such as dogsledding, ice climbing, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling. Choose from these many exhilarating activities and build your dream vacation! At Tremblant, there is so much to do, you'll run out of time before we ever run out of ways for you to spend it!
From the summit, join our splendid guided snowshoeing tour to reach Versant Soleil's shelter where you will be treated to a hearty meal.
Casino de Mont-Tremblant invites to to live a unique experience in a picturesque gaming environment with 500 slot machines and a wide selection of gaming tables.
Enjoy a great time with the entire family at the base of the mountain ! Guests staying in one of the resort's hotels will enjoy free access to the tubing slopes.
Come climb the highest peak in the Laurentians with your skis on in one of our designated areas and ski down one of our 96 marked trails!More Details
A typical Laurentian setting welcomes you to the ultimate refreshing experience. Fitness centre, pools, Tarzan rope, indoor and outdoor hot tubs.More Details
Whether on the road, on the bike paths or in the trails, the Mont-Tremblant region offers breathtaking scenery and rides to satisfy or challenge riders of all levels. Take in the view at one of the lookout points or rest by the river; with over 50 km of mountain bike trails, it's easy to discover the city in a different way!More Details
Located on Tremblant's Versant Soleil, Casino de Mont-Tremblant invites you to live a unique experience in a picturesque gaming environment with 500 slot machines and a wide selection of gaming tables. Enjoy the relaxed ambiance of Altitude Restaurant serving seafood and items from the grill, and presenting weekend live musical performances. Free outdoor parking.More Details
Explore the Domaine Saint-Bernard on 25 square km of strikingly varied terrain, through woods, forests and open meadows, alongside lakes, streams and especially the Devil's River. Enjoy the best scenic vistas of the Mont Tremblant area.
Bring the whole family for a unique dogsledding experience! Choose one of our exciting dogsledding excursions through the forest, on the mountain or on valley trails.
Have a blast with the whole family on these guided excursions. The dune buggy is an all-terrain vehicle that drives just like a car and is equipped with 3-point seatbelts.
Leave you mark in the snow 30 minutes before the official opening and enjoy the best ski conditions of the day! Access to designated lifts as early as 7:45 a.m. and ski on designated North Side slopes at 8 a.m.More Details
Aquaclub La Source's services include a fully-equipped fitness centre and a qualified team in tune with your needs.More Details
Experience snowmobiling and the thrill of powered travel over the snow. We provide the safest and latest snowmobiles and equipment… you provide your taste for adventure! A must when you visit Tremblant.


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Build Muscle Mass Faster – How?
Many men and women are on the lookout for what they feel is the best muscle building supplement. Unfortunately, there are no supplements that will truly support you improve your muscle measurement. This does not quit men and women from attempting to understand how to obtain muscle fast. As a make a difference of truth, men and women will try out something they are instructed will operate. Nevertheless, it is essential to understand that muscle building supplements don't.
Perform only 1 exercising for every body part each and every entire-body exercise, but execute a distinct exercising for each and every body part each exercise. By the stop of the 7 days you'll have strike each and every muscle group a few occasions from a few distinct angles.
Something to avoid is slipping for the newest fads. In practically each market place, new merchandise do come out amid a good deal of excitement, mostly designed through more than-the-top branding only to fade out sooner or afterwards. Physique building merchandise are no distinct. That new muscle-building supplement may have worked well on laboratory mice, but it is not a promise that it will do the exact same for people.
We have discovered that we have saved a considerable volume of funds by not getting merchandise from our Vet. We know that we need to treat our dog routinely for fleas and worms and that the advisable merchandise offered from the Vet come with a dispensing charge. By buying all around on the web, taking edge of incentive and introductory provides and getting in bulk we can obtain a substantial discount on just the exact same product.
But you must take care of the volume of protein that you are consuming. Using way too small protein will not nourish your muscle groups as essential, even though taking far more than the essential volume might lead to storing these proteins as excess fat, and even even worse they might be burnt up as energy.
There are some essential specifics you must always take into account just before you actually set the funds out for a Megadrox review. This incorporates getting a diet program and a health and fitness regime in get. With no this, no supplement will operate. It is a complement to your regime, not something that can be substituted for a health and fitness hour at the gymnasium. If you have a undesirable diet program, a supplement won't appropriate it. Make sure your diet program is very excellent, and make sure you have a established health and fitness timetable just before you obtain supplements.
Protein – Scientifically, muscle groups need meals to expand. Meals abundant in protein can do just these factors. Protein promotes the creation of amino acids and other vital nutritional vitamins and minerals in your body to assist the progress of your muscle groups. In that case, if you want to be buff, you must improve your ingestion of protein. According to studies, the variety whey protein functions best in producing your body cope with muscle groups improvement. No question, numerous builders take in this variety of protein in their body. Some of the foodstuff abundant in this compound consist of meat and fish.
Again, this is a fundamental supplement strategy; nothing fancy. But the strategy must give you some reliable benefits if you're education and diet are on goal.


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To search our site, please enter keyword(s) in the field (right) and hit "Search". Then simply click on the result(s) that best matches your needs.
Our Clients
JP Enterprises' #1 priority is to maximize our clients' business potential.
We pride ourselves on unparalleled attention to each customer's individual needs and custom fit our solutions to meet their specific objectives. The companies featured below are a representative sampling of the clients for which we provide catalog design, web design, print design, or other marketing communications related services. Click on the logos to see samples of our work for each client.


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If it helps, i've not seen a single screen tear in 2 days. And i get paid to spot them. Sort of.
A little popup here and there, but nothing earth shattering, and a few ovliviion like textures when driving around the mountains (you DO have a draw distance of MILES though).
I have had it crash about half a dozen times.
#1651618, By brutal Test Drive Unlimited
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Star Tracks: Monday, May 16, 2016 42 years, 2,191 covers and 55,436 stories from PEOPLE magazine's history for you to enjoy
Latest News!
- Country Singer Cam Marries in Intimate Desert Ceremony: All the Details
- Read the Cover Story: Brad & Angelina Split After 12 Years: It's Over
- Presenting… Every Single Thing the Kardashians Have Said About Their Nipples
- WATCH: The Bachelor's Chris Harrison on His Love Life: 'I Truly Couldn't Be Happier'
- WATCH AND SHOP: The Kinda Out-There Beauty Product You'll Love
People Top 5
LAST UPDATE: Tuesday February 10, 2015 01:10PM EST
PEOPLE Top 5 are the most-viewed stories on the site over the past three days, updated every 60 minutes
- June 24, 2002
- Vol. 57
- No. 24
Jeff Bridges and his wife, Sue, celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary on June 5 with a four-day stay at the Ventana Inn & Spa, a secluded spot on the Big Sur Coast near Carmel that's a favorite with celebs. The couple, who have three girls and live in Santa Barbara, are a Hollywood rarity. "We're more in love than ever and looking forward to the next 25," Bridges tells me.
A kiss between Sarah Michelle Gellar and Linda Cardellini was cut from the big-screen version of Scooby-Doo, opening June 14. Actually there's nothing unusual about Gellar, who plays Daphne to Cardellini's Velma, sharing a same-sex smooch: She won Best Kiss at the 2000 MTV Movie Awards for her lip lock with Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions. But the filmmakers felt the scene was out of place in a family flick even though the kiss had no romantic meaning and is done to get their souls back from each other. The in-joke, of course, has always been that Velma is gay, but Gellar thought the buss should have stayed. "This wasn't Velma coming out of the closet," she tells us.
Greg Kinnear just returned from his first African safari although the only thing he shot was a camera. The actor was there to tape an appearance on the premiere episode of The New American Sportsman, which makes its debut on ESPN in September. It's an updated version of the original series that aired on ABC from 1965-84. While his wife, Helen, stayed home to attend a friend's 40th-birthday parry, Kinnear and a college buddy spent five days at the Phinda game reserve in South Africa. The show's producer Bud Morgan tells me Kinnear came within 10 feet of a cheetah and 30 yards of a herd of volatile Cape buffalo. He also helped a veterinarian dart and tag a rhinoceros. He didn't have to rough it, though, by camping in the bush. Kinnear stayed at an upscale Phinda lodge. An armed guard did have to escort him to his room each night, however.
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- Hugh McCarten,
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About this article
This article describes how to represent the IBM® Rational Unified Process® (RUP® model artifacts in IBM® Rational® Software Modeler, IBM® Rational® Systems Developer, or IBM® Rational® Software Architect (hereafter referred to collectively as "the products under discussion" or simply "the software"). It also offers guidelines for the internal organizational structures of a subset of those artifacts. To help you understand which artifacts you to invest in, it attempts to explain the specific business values of each product, but it does not attempt to:
- Restate the conceptual underpinnings of the artifacts
- Provide extensive descriptions of them
- Describe the processes or techniques for specifying their detailed semantic or diagrammatic contents
The sections in this article cover these topics:
- How the products under discussion support the model types defined by RUP
- The implications of RUP modeling style for model organization and team modeling
- What is worth modeling
- The business value, organization, and content of these three RUP models:
- Use-Case Model (solution)
- Analysis Model (solution)
- Design Model
Intended readers
This article (Part 2 of a series) is for those who are interested in applying the modeling guidance found in the classic Rational Unified Process to their use of the products under discussion.
This RUP-oriented, use case-driven approach to model organization is not the only useful one. Model structure guidelines are also under development for a business-driven development for SOA (service-oriented architecture) style of model organization, sometimes referred to as BDD4SOA, and for Model Driven Systems Development (RUP for MDSD).
Classic RUP model structure guidelines
When IBM acquired Rational Software several years ago, it began the process of aligning RUP with other IBM process frameworks, as well as extending RUP with guidance regarding emerging concerns such as SOA and business process modeling. Before that, the modeling guidance that was provided by the Rational Unified Process (and elaborated upon in books by Terry Quatrani, Jim Conallen, Eric Naiburg, Robert Maksimchuck, and others) had remained fairly static for some time. That guidance describes a set of models such as use-case models, analysis models, and design models that represent well-defined perspectives on the problem and solution domains of systems. That approach is biased toward a process in which use cases are the first modeling artifacts created and where nearly any type of technical architecture might be used. The utility of this set of models has been proven in many real-world projects. We now refer to this modeling approach and style as "generic" or "classic" RUP modeling guidance.
How to realize RUP model types in the Rational Eclipse-based UML modeling tools
In RUP, models are of specific types, such as a UML use-case model, UML analysis model, or data model. The products under discussion do not actually assign types to UML models. Therefore, the mapping of RUP model types into these products is primarily a matter of usage conventions, such as these examples:
- How you name your model/LUs
- The profiles that you apply to them
- The content that you create within them
The products under discussion include a few model templates that you can use when you create model/LUs. Some of these templates suggest a particular model type and model organization approach that conforms to RUP. You encounter these templates when you create new model/LUs, and you can base new models on the templates.
Figure 1 depicts pages of the new model wizard. On the left, you can see some of the standard templates. On the right, you can see that it is also possible to use a model of your own design as a template or starting point.
Figure 1. The New UML Model wizard
Table 1 shows the commonly used RUP model types and how they can be realized in the products under discussion. Information that follows in this article assumes that you use these mappings and the approaches described hereafter.
The guidelines for internal organization of the Use-Case, Analysis, and IT Design Models that are presented in the later sections of this article correspond to the organizational structures defined within the standard model templates that are provided by the products under discussion. By no means do these templates represent the only way of organizing such models. Many factors should be considered when deciding how to organize the logical content of your models.
Table 1. Commonly used types of RUP models
|RUP model
|Ways to realize it with the products under discussion
|Business Use Case Model
| Model/LU based on standard Blank Model template, with Business Modeling
profile applied. Restrict content per RUP business use-case model guidance
Model/LU based on a user-defined model with Business Modeling profile applied. Restrict content according to RUP business use-case model guidance
|Business Object Model
| Model/LU based on standard Blank Model template, with Business Modeling
profile applied. Restrict content according to RUP Business Object model
Model/LU based on a user-defined model with Business Modeling profile applied. Restrict content according to RUP Business Object model guidance
|(Solution) Use-Case Model
| Model/LU based on standard Use-Case Model template. Restrict content
according to RUP Use-Case Model guidance.
Model/LU based on user-defined model. Restrict content according to RUP Use-Case Model guidance.
Model/LU based on standard Blank Model template. Restrict content according to RUP Use-Case Model guidance.
|(Solution) Analysis Model
| Model/LU based on standard Analysis Model template. Restrict content
according to RUP Analysis Model guidance.
Model/LU based on user-defined model. Restrict content according to RUP Analysis Model guidance.
Model/LU based on standard Blank Model template. Restrict content according to RUP Analysis Model guidance.
Model/LU based on standard Enterprise IT Design Model template. Use
<<analysis>>; packages
to contain analysis-level content restricted according to RUP Analysis Model
|User Experience Model
| Model/LU based on standard Blank Model template. Restrict model according
to guidance provided with the RUP User Experience Modeling configuration
(included in IBM® Rational® Method Composer configuration).
Use the Web Diagram Editor or Java™ Visual Editor in IBM® Rational® Software Architect or IBM® Rational® Application Developer.
|Design Model
|For IT: Model/LU based on standard Enterprise IT Design Model template.
Restrict content according to RUP Design Model guidance.
For IT or systems: Model/LU based on standard Blank Model template. Restrict content according to RUP Design Model guidance.
For IT or systems: Model/LU based on user-defined model. Restrict content according to RUP Design Model guidance.
|Implementation Model
| Not supported with UML. Use 3GL-specific Code Modeling capability.
Use a UML Design Model, but generate code using a transformation with the "Replace UML elements" option, so that the design model becomes a mixed model, reflecting implementation-level content.
|Deployment Model
| Model/LU based on user-defined model. Restrict content according to RUP
Deployment model guidance.
Model based on standard Blank Model template. Restrict content according to RUP Deployment model guidance.
|Data Model
|Use logical and physical data models as supported by IBM® Rational® Data Architect.
Organizing RUP models
In Part 1, we described the concerns of team modeling and the principles of strong architecture and strong ownership. Those principles remain paramount when using a RUP modeling style, but the RUP style introduces some orthogonal concerns that you must deal with, too.
Resorting once again to the use of code bases to illustrate the point, let us consider a three-tiered application architecture. You might partition such a code base into strongly owned modules, based solely upon considerations of application functionality. This is essentially the approach reflected in Figure 1, where the solution is broken down into common utilities and services, applications, and modules of applications.
However, this is not the only way of partitioning, and it may not support strong ownership where developers have specialized skill sets. For instance, it may also be advisable to further partition the application modules according to which artifacts correspond to which tiers of the three-tiered architecture. (As a practical matter, when developers specialize in client-side vs. server-side development, ownership may come to depend more upon tier than upon application functionality, yet the principle of strong architecture would still say that you must pay attention to both concerns when partitioning).
RUP introduces a similar set of concerns regarding model organization, but the various RUP model artifacts do not correspond to the tiers of a solution architecture. Instead, they correspond to the different levels of abstraction that you might need to represent as you progress through development. It turns out that the OMG Model-Driven Architectures (MDA) initiative suggests a similar stratification of models at different levels of abstraction. Table 2 shows a rough comparison of the RUP and MDA approaches.
Table 2. Comparison of RUP model types to MDA model types
|RUP model types
|MDA model types
|Purpose and comments
|Business Use-Case Model Business Analysis Model
|To show business-driven requirements and compute-independent representations of solutions.
|Solution Use-Case Model Solution Analysis Model User Experience model Logical Data model
|To show compute-dependent but platform-independent solution requirements and representations of solutions.
|Solution Design Model
|PIM or PSM
|To show either a platform-independent representation of solution design or a representation that is marked with some platform-specific concerns. The solution Design Model might evolve from PIM to PSM in situ.
|Implementation model Physical Data model Deployment model
|To introduce platform-specific concerns to the solution design.
Just as the people who develop implementation code might specialize in client-side or server-side development, those who develop models might specialize in business requirements analysis, solution requirements engineering, solution analysis, solution design, information design, and so forth. Yet when working at the detailed design level of abstraction, there may be a strong need to align the organization of design models to the organization of code bases (particularly if code generation is being used). Table 3 suggests how you might prioritize various concerns when planning a model partitioning strategy for a RUP modeling practice.
Table 3. Model content ownership strategies
|For these RUP model types
|Base ownership strategy on these concerns
|Business Use-Case Model Business Analysis Model
| Segregation of shared and common content
Skills specialization
Business-oriented organizational breakdown of the problem space (departments, workflows, strategic initiatives, for example)
|Solution Use-Case Model Solution Analysis Model User Experience Model Domain Model (also called Reference Information Model or Logical Data Model
| Segregation of shared and common content
Skills specialization
Solution-oriented breakdown of the functionality (applications, workflows, modules, and so forth)
|Solution Design Model Physical Data Model Implementation Model
| Segregation of shared and common content
After that, it depends:
|Deployment Model
| Alignment with Design Model
Alignment with ownership of infrastructure assets (machines, networks, and so on)
Yet another concern is volatility, which is usually a function of where you are in a development plan. Especially in the early iterations of "green field" development projects, you are likely to do frequent refactoring as you work through the process of understanding how things should be named and what the best functional groupings are.
In a RUP-oriented modeling process, there tends to be a very strong relationship between the organization of Use-Case Models and analysis models (at least in the early in the process), because RUP suggests a fairly mechanical process for populating the content of an Analysis Model based upon the content of a Use-Case model. Thus, you use these to seed the Analysis Model:
<<Use-Case Realization>>Collaboration (that owns one or more Interactions) and a
<<Control>>class for each use case
<<Boundary>>class for each use case and Actor relationship
- Any number
<<Entity>>classes derived, perhaps, from an analysis of the nouns in use-case descriptions, or perhaps, instead, from development of a Domain Model
Advantages: This suggests keeping the analysis content in the same packages with the use cases (which implies that they reside within the same model) for these reasons, for example:
- This can make it easier to complete certain use-case refactoring tasks (such as renaming packages or regrouping use cases)
- This can make it easier to see how analysis content might need to change to
reflect other kinds of use-case refactoring (for instance, it is easier to see
when the name of a use-case realization [UML Collaboration] or
<<Control>>class should be changed to reflect that a use case was renamed).
Tradeoff: This does not lend itself to strong ownership of use cases by a business analyst plus strong ownership of analysis content by a systems analyst or software architect. Therefore, you might decide to collocate the use cases and analysis content through a couple of iterations until things stabilize, and then refactor the analysis content into its own Model/LU (with a package structure that mirrors that of the Use-Case Model) to accommodate stronger ownership by the software architect. Then later, you might move the analysis content into its own Model/LU with a package structure that mirrors that of the use case content.
Advantages and tradeoffs of the RUP models
In Part 1, we gave this advice: "The best modeling guidance of all is model something only if doing so has recognized business value." As you have seen in this article, RUP proposes quite a number of different types of models that represent different aspects and levels of abstraction of a problem domain and proposed solution. These are proposed by RUP because they have been proven to add value in at least some situations. The question is: "Does each add value in every situation?" The answer is: "No."
The follow-on question is: "How do I know if one will be valuable in my situation?" The answer cannot be predicted with certainty. Although it is not in the scope of this article to discuss either the value of modeling in general or the value of each RUP model in detail, we will attempt to shed light on when a RUP model type should be used. Table 4 suggests what some of the potential value points are for each RUP model type, some of the costs of their creation and maintenance, and what you could use instead. Generally, the statements of added value are straightforward, but it's important to consider that traceability represents potential business value in at least two different ways::
- Compliance
- Impact analysis
Table 4. Advantages, tradeoffs, and alternatives of various RUP models
|RUP model type
|Advantages, tradeoffs, and alternatives
|Business Use-Case Model
|Business Analysis Model
|Solution Use-Case Model
|Solution Analysis Model
|User Experience Model
|Domain Model (also called Reference Information model or Logical Data Model
Spec documents
|Solution Design Model
|Physical Data Model
Diagrammatic modes of exploring and examining a solution implementation and help with understanding that implementation (of particular value in maintenance phases and as project members come and go)
Maintenance of diagrams
|Solution Implementation Model
Diagrammatic modes of exploring and examining a solution implementation and help with understanding that implementation (of particular value in maintenance phases and as project members come and go)
Maintenance of diagrams (although Browse diagrams can provide much of the value and require no maintenance)
|Solution Deployment Model
Aids understanding of requirements and costs to deploy solutions, which is useful in requirements, design, and implementation phases
Maintenance of models
|All model types
More effective communication with a variety of project stakeholders
Basis for solution governance frameworks
Compliance-related documentation (particularly regarding traceability of refinements from requirements through implementations)
Guidelines for internal organization of a RUP Use-Case Model
The products under discussion provide the option to create a new model/LU based upon a Use-Case Model templates. (You can also create your own model/LU for use as templates.)
Standard Use-Case Model template
These templates may define a specific subset of UML capabilities that are typically used when doing use-case modeling (in other words, when working with models based upon the template, the drawing palettes and drop-down menus would only contain those UML elements commonly used by someone who is focused on use-case modeling). The templates also contribute a set of default content, as depicted in Figure 2. It is beyond the scope of this article to explain how the Use-Case Building Blocks content and search strings are used, but notes included in the templates provide these instructions.
Figure 2. Default content of Use Case Model Template as included in the products under discussion
The template is biased toward logical partitioning of functionality as the
technique that drives model organization. (This bias manifests as the use of the
${functional.area} package template as the primary
building block of a Use-Case Model.) Figure 3 depicts a trivial example of the
kind of Use-Case Model organization that is encouraged by this bias.
Figure 3. Example of Use Case model organized according to partitioning of functionality
As discussed in the section on Organizing RUP models, this is not the only possible approach to logical partitioning. It was chosen for use with the template for these reasons:
- It generally maps well to division of labor concerns when a team of people will be working on the Use Case model.
- This approach has the best chance of yielding a Use-Case Model organization that will map well to Design and Implementation models when organizations adopt strong ownership of functional modules (although they may also reflect layering considerations, the organization of design and implementation models will most often also reflect functional decomposition and component concerns). This could prove particularly important if you expect to use transformations to seed each successive lower level of abstraction. If you will be generating seed content into an Analysis Model or Design Model based upon the Use-Case Model, having aligned packaging structures (or at least similar structures) in those models can simplify transformation development and configuration.
The template also suggests the use of these other organizational techniques:
- Use of a top-level package to capture broadly empowered or versatile Actors (those who participate in a set of use cases that reside in multiple, functionally oriented packages)
- Use of
<<perspective>>packages to capture diagrams depicting views that cut across functional areas (but semantic elements of the model remain organized by functional area)
Figure 4. XDE-based example (per sidebar)
Use-Case Model content
It beyond the scope of this article to provide a detailed tutorial on how to write good use cases or on the dos and don'ts of good use case modeling. However, what follows is a brief discussion of what could be included in a Use-Case Model in addition to the Actors and the use cases.
Recommended:Create a Main diagram at the model root that depicts the other packages of the model and supports drill-down into those packages and their respective Main diagrams.
Recommended: In each use-case package, include a diagram that depicts the package's use cases, any relationships among them, and the Actors that participate in them. If the number of cases is large, more than one diagram may be appropriate.
Recommended: Describe each use case's main and alternative flows in the Documentation field, as Figure 5 shows. (The formatting in the example was accomplished by creating the text template for a use case description using a rich text format (RTF) editor, and then copying and pasting the template into the use case Description field.)
Figure 5. Capturing use case flow descriptions in Documentation property of a Use Case
Optional: When the complexity of a use case warrants it, add an Activity diagram and compose it to reflect the overall activity flows of the use case (see Figure 6). Rationale: This helps show the conditions that correspond to each of the flows (Main, Alternative, or Exceptional) and helps ensure that all of the various flows ultimately reconverge. (Semantically, adding an Activity diagram will result in addition of an Activity element owned by the Use-Case element, with the diagram under the activity).
Optional: Model a black box realization of each of the named flows (Main, Alternative, and Exceptional) of the use case:
- Add an Opaque Behavior to the use case and give it the name of the flow.
- Add to that a Sequence Diagram (semantically, adding a Sequence Diagram will result in addition of an Interaction element owned by the Opaque Behavior, with the diagram under the Interaction).
- Compose a Sequence Diagram (or a Communication diagram) for each interaction instance.
These Opaque Behavior instances should not be confused with analysis-level or design-level use-case realizations that we describe in following sections. The latter are white box realizations of the use case and describe interactions among the internal elements of a solution. The Opaque Behaviors proposed here (see Figure 6) are strictly black box interactions between Actors and the system. They give nontechnical stakeholders a high-level picture of how the users interact with the system. These Opaque Behaviors may help you identify the various views (screens or pages) that will be required as part of the implementation. They also formally establish the naming of the use case's various flows (scenarios) by assigning those names to semantic model elements (the Opaque Behaviors).
Figure 6. Example of Use Case that owns an Activity
Optional: If you are following the RUP guidance to identify
architecturally significant views of your architecture, and, especially, if you
will be maintaining a Software Architecture Document, add a top-level
<<perspective>> package to
contain use-case diagrams that depict the architecturally significant use cases.
You may want to name the package Use-Case View of Architecture. Alternatively,
this is something that you could put in an Architecture Overview model.
Guidelines for internal organization of a RUP Analysis Model
An Analysis Model represents a first pass at a solution. It is a stepping stone to get from requirements to final design, focusing on capturing information about the business domain and showing candidate solution elements at a high level of abstraction that is close to the business. It is where analysis classes and analysis-level use-case realizations reside. It is through the process of modeling use-case realizations (primarily using Sequence Diagrams) that you begin to discover the actual design classes that you need for the solution. In particular, these will be classes that correspond to the lifelines that you discover that you need in the Sequence Diagrams. There are also rules-of-thumb (general guidelines) that can be applied to suggest Analysis Model content, based upon the content of the Use-Case Model. (We explain those briefly later in this section.)
In RUP, whether or not an Analysis Model should be maintained independently of the Design Model is a project-specific decision. It is a decision that you make on the basis of whether you believe the value of maintaining the separate Analysis model will warrant the time invested. There are several options that you might consider:
- As discussed in the earlier section on
Organizing RUP models, during early phases
of projects when content is highly volatile (or any time that use-case and
analysis modeling are performed by the same people), maintain analysis content
within the same model/LU as the Use-Case Model. Apply the RUPAnalysis profile to
the models and use packages with the
<<analysis>>keyword to segregate the analysis content from the use-case content. Later, you might extract the analysis-level content into a separate model/LU, which itself might be managed in any of the ways that we describe here.
- Create an Analysis Model independent of the Use-Case Model (one that resides in its own logical models, based on the Analysis Model template). Then use a manual process or model-to-model transformations to create refined versions of the analysis elements in a separate Design Model. This leaves you the option of maintaining the separate Analysis Model ongoing or discarding it.
- Do the same thing, but then just let the Analysis Model evolve into a Design model in place. (RUP, in fact, mentions the option of creating analysis classes and analysis-level use-case realizations in the Design Model and then evolving them directly into their design forms from there.) Here, you start modeling the use-case realizations by using analysis classes and then, over time, refine them so that true design interfaces take on the roles in the modeled behaviors.
- A hybrid of the second and third options is to maintain an Analysis Model of
sorts within the same model as the Design Model. With this approach, as the
Design Model is discovered, you create packages along the way, in which you
preserve some of the pure analysis perspectives. To do this, you segregate the
analysis content into packages to which you apply the keyword
Standard Analysis Model template
The products under discussion provide the option to create a new model/LU based on Analysis model templates. (You can also create your own model/LUs for use as templates.) These templates may define a specific subset of UML capabilities that are typically used when doing analysis modeling. In other words, when working with models based upon the template, the drawing palettes and drop-down menus contain only those UML elements commonly used by someone who is focused on analysis.
In addition, a RUPAnalysis profile is applied to model/LUs that are created from these templates, and the templates contribute a set of default content, as shown in Figure 7. (It is not within the scope of this article to explain how the Analysis Building Blocks content and search strings are used, but notes included in the templates provide those instructions.)
Figure 7. Default content of an Analysis Model Template as included in the products under discussion
Like the Use-Case Model template, the Analysis Model template is biased toward
logical partitioning of functionality as the technique that drives model
organization. (This bias manifests as the use of the
${functional.area} package template as the primary
building block of a Use-Case Model.) Figure 8, which follows, depicts a trivial
example of the kind of Analysis Model organization that is encouraged by this
Figure 8. Example of high-level organization of an Analysis Model
As discussed in the section on Organizing RUP models, this is not the only possible approach to logical partitioning. It was chosen for use with the template for these reasons:
- It generally maps well to division-of-labor concerns when a team of people will be working on the Analysis Model.
- It maps upstream to the template-inspired Use-Case Model organization if you want to use custom transformations to seed analysis models from Use-Case models.
- It has the best chance of yielding an Analysis Model organization that will map well to Design and Implementation models when used in organizations that foster strong ownership of functional modules. (Although it may also reflect layering considerations, the organization of design and implementation models will most often also reflect functional decomposition or component concerns.) This could prove particularly important if you expect to use transformations to seed lower levels of abstraction.
The template also suggests the use of other organizational techniques:
- Segregation of analysis elements (stereotyped classes) into a sub-package of each functional-area package
- Use of
<<perspective>>packages to capture diagrams depicting views that cut across functional areas (while semantic elements of the model remain organized by functional area).
Figure 8, shown previously, illustrated some techniques for structuring Analysis Models, based on the general approach encouraged by the Analysis Model template. A slight variation of this approach is depicted in Figure 9, which follows. (This illustration is based on Version 6 of the products under discussion, which used different icons in its Project Explorer view. The difference is that a top-level package has been used to segregate the use-case realizations from the analysis classes. Within that top-level package, you see a set of sub-packages that matches the functionally oriented top-level packages. The potential advantage of isolating the use-case realizations is that it lets you refactor the top-level package structure without necessarily affecting the organization of the use-case realizations. The reason that this might prove worthwhile (particularly if the Analysis Model will evolve to Design in situ) is that the package organization for classes will probably need to evolve so that it no longer matches the one that was originally established for the use cases.)
Figure 9. Variation of the Analysis Model high-level organization
Depending on your situation, there could be reasons to introduce the use of a naming convention that anticipates merging and reuse of model content created by multiple independent groups, even including groups in different (partner) businesses. If this is a concern, consider using an inverted Internet domain namespace convention as depicted in Figure 10 (also based on Version 6 of the products under discussion). Note that this is probably not a big concern for analysis modeling per se, but if you are taking the approach of letting your Analysis Model evolve into your Design Model in situ, and you anticipate reuse or business integration at the design level, you might want to plan ahead in this manner. Another potential advantage of adopting this approach is that, because it may map well to the organization of code generated from the analysis and design, it may simplify subsequent configuration of the model-to-text (code) transformations.
Figure 10. Example of using a using an inverted Internet domain namespace convention
Analysis Model content
There are several ways to discover analysis classes. One way is to start drawing the Sequence Diagrams that suggest use-case realizations. As you do, you will discover what lifelines you need. Generally, each lifeline represents a candidate analysis class. When you discover classes this way, you might create them in the use-case realization packages of the Analysis Model but might not leave them there (for instance, you might withdraw them into functionally oriented packages as depicted in the earlier illustrations).
Another useful approach for discovering analysis classes: Seed the analysis model with classes based on these guidelines:
- For each use case (in the Use-Case Model), add a
<<control>>class to the analysis model. Control classes represent the business logic associated with the use case. (Later, in design, they will also map to concerns such as session management.)
- For each Actor-use case relationship (in the Use-Case Model), add a
<<boundary>>class to the Analysis Model. The
<<boundary>>classes represent interfaces between the solution and a human actor, or between the solution and some external system. The
<<boundary>>classes that correspond to a human actor are likely to eventually map to one or more user interface artifacts in the design and implementation; whereas, the
<<boundary>>classes that correspond to an external system might eventually map to some sort of adapter layer in the design and implementation.
- Through a process such as CRC card analysis, or a word analysis of use case
descriptions, identify additional
<<control>>classes (verbs) and
<<entity>>classes (nouns)
- Other potential sources of
<<entity>>classes include Domain models, Logical Data models, Master Data models, and business glossaries
No matter how you discover analysis classes, you are almost sure to recognize that changes to your original functional package organization are needed. Suggestions follow regarding analysis model content and the evolution of analysis model organization:
Recommended: The Analysis Model should contain analysis-level use-case realizations that describe how the use cases are performed in terms of collaborations of the analysis classes. Each use-case realization (represented by a UML Collaboration) corresponds to a UML Use Case in the Use-Case Model. It probably should have the same name as that Use Case, as well as a derivation or realization relationship to the Use Case (see Figure 8, shown previously).
Recommended: For any named use case flow (as previously established in the Use-Case Model) that you feel should be modeled as an analysis-level realization, add a Sequence Diagram to the Collaboration to represent the realization of that flow. This will automatically add a UML Interaction as the owner of the Sequence Diagram. See Figure 11. (Notice that, in Figure 11, some preferences have been set to filter out much of the detailed UML semantic content, such as properties. By default, this content appears in the Project Explorer. You might have to adjust your Preference settings to produce a view similar to this one.)
Figure 11. Collaborations (use case realizations) that own Sequence Diagrams
Suggested: After you have created the Sequence Diagram for a use case flow, you can select its owning UML Interaction in the Project Explorer and add a Communication Diagram to it. The new Communication Diagram will be automatically populated with the analysis class instances that are in the Sequence Diagram.
Suggested: Create a realization dependency relationship from each use-case realization (UML Collaboration) and the corresponding use case from the use case model (see Figure 12, which follows). Because you can use features such as Topic Diagrams and Traceability Analysis to understand the traceability relationships in your model, you don'' really need to retain permanent diagrams to depict the traceability relationships. Therefore, you can create the relationships using some kind of throw-away diagram. For example:
- Add a freeform diagram to the Collaboration.
- Drag the Collaboration onto that diagram.
- Drag the use case onto it, too (perhaps from a different model).
- Draw the dependency relationship.
- Finally, in the Project Explorer, delete the diagram from the Collaboration.
Suggested: Include a Participants diagram for each use case realization to show the analysis classes that participate in the realization (that is, the analysis class instances that appear on the interaction diagrams that describe the realization of the use case) and the relationships among those classes that support the collaboration described in the interaction diagrams. This may include both entity classes and data transfer object classes. See Figure 12.
Figure 12. Example of a use case realization Participants Diagram
Guidelines for internal organization of a RUP Design Model
The products under discussion provide the option to create a new model/LU based on Enterprise IT Design Model templates. These are templates that you can use for design (and, optionally, for analysis) when targeting business applications. You can also create your own model/LUs for use as templates
Standard Enterprise IT Design Model template
These templates may define a specific subset of UML capabilities that are typically used when doing design modeling (in other words, when working with models based on the template, the drawing palettes and drop-down menus contain only those UML elements commonly used by someone who is focused on design). In addition, an Enterprise Java™Beans (EJB) Transformation profile is applied to model/LUs that are created from these templates, and the templates contribute default content (see Figure 13). It is beyond the scope of this article to explain how the Design Building Blocks content and search strings are used, but notes included in the templates provide those instructions.
Figure 13. Default content of an Enterprise IT Designer Model template as included in the products under discussion
As previously discussed in the section called Organizing RUP models, the approaches described here are not the only ones to consider. For instance, the nature of resource specialization within your development teams might suggest that you put more emphasis on architectural layers (and less on functional decomposition) as drivers of model organization.
Figure 14 illustrates techniques for structuring design models, based on the general approach encouraged by the Enterprise IT Design Model template.
Figure 14. Design Model high-level organization
These are the techniques and variations:
- Separate the specifications from the implementation designs (things such as interfaces and supported patterns of interaction). The illustration shows the use of top-level packages, named Design Contracts and Implementation Designs, as a way to accomplish this. An alternative to this technique is to place the specifications and implementation designs into separate model/LUs.
- Use lower-level packages to establish functionally oriented groupings.
- Within the packages that group semantic model elements, place diagrams that provide views specific to that grouping but that do not depict elements from outside of the grouping. This guideline pertains whether that grouping is based upon functionally oriented subsets of the business domain, upon an architectural layer, or something else. Give the default diagram the same name as the package or component itself, and compose it to show an overview of the contents of the package. This keeps some diagrams close to what they depict, making it easier to navigate and understand the model.
- Consider using inverted Internet domain namespaces in the Design Model. The
rationale is two-fold:
- Basically, the same reasons that doing so is important with respect to
language-specific implementations:
- Scenarios involving integration work where there are multiple model-driven applications involved (especially with partner companies)
- Re-use scenarios
- This will likely simplify subsequent configuration of transformations to implementation (source-to-destination location and name mapping).
- Basically, the same reasons that doing so is important with respect to language-specific implementations:
- Consider using package names that will be valid in the target implementation platforms to avoid the burden and potential confusion of namespace mapping. (For the most part, this simply means: Do not use spaces or punctuation other than underscores in the names.)
- Consider using lower case for package names to make them easier to distinguish from class names in a package.
- Consider using different names for Interfaces and the Components or classes
that realize them. Use either
LoanImplfor interface and implementation names. This is not actually necessary in the model, but is often a good idea in generated code. Therefore, this is another area where you can spare yourself subsequent transformation configuration work.
If you choose not to maintain a separate Analysis Model but do wish to maintain
some content at the analysis level of abstraction within the design model, and you
will be using model-to-text (code) transformations on the design model, then
consider segregating the analysis-level content (from which code is presumably not
meant to be generated) within packages stereotyped as
<<analysis>> (Such
packages will be bypassed by transformations.)
- Use diagrams in
<<perspective>>packages to capture high-level, cross-cutting views of the design elements. Rationale: Provide cross-cutting views, views of architecturally significant content, and views that appeal to different types of stakeholders while keeping the semantic elements of the model organized into functionally oriented groupings.
It is important to recognize that the packaging structures of design models will evolve over time.
The initial organization of the Design Model in a RUP practice will usually correspond more or less directly to that of any upstream Use-Case or Analysis model. (The packaging of the analysis classes is often refactored significantly as it is discovered to better support reuse and unanticipated functional requirements.) Ultimately, however, the organization should evolve to reflect how you structure your architecture into components and services. because this approach to the end game organization of the design will then generally offer the best potential for packaging reusable assets. It is also the most straightforward mapping from the design to the set of projects and folders that will hold implementation artifacts generated from that design (code, metadata, documentation).
Of course, alternative approaches such as these are possible (and in some cases advisable) as an end-game organization. For example, if you are targeting Web applications based on Java™ Enterprise platform, the organization of the design might anticipate the conventions of Rational Software Architect and Rational Application Developer regarding J2EE projects (see sidebar).
This obviously is not a platform-neutral approach to organization, thus advisable only if you know that the solution you are designing will be implemented on Enterprise Java. But more generally, when building n-tier applications, it is often the case that developer expertise and the division of labor correspond to Presentation and Business layers. Thus again, you could choose to use top-level packages that correspond to those architectural layers, and you should still be able to map the organization of the design to a set of target projects and folders by investing additional effort in configuring the code-generation transformations. (You can use a special type of companion model referred to as a mapping model to define particularly complex mappings.) But, in general, use caution when you consider organizing the model around a particular architecture as opposed to organizing around functional cohesion, loose coupling, and an eye toward strong ownership.
Design Model content
There are no hard-and-fast rules for what should reside in the Design Model. The way that you model a particular aspect of a design (or for that matter, whether you even bother to model a particular aspect) should be a function of how much business value that modeling approach will add. For some, getting the biggest benefit from modeling means defining guidelines (and maybe UML profiles) for using a small but highly expressive set of representations that are fed into customized transformations that generate most of the implementation. For others, whose objectives are oriented more toward clear expression of a design contract to support the (manual) offshore development of an implementation, a more detailed representation at the UML level might be more appropriate.
With that said, some of the approaches that are suggested by the following illustrations may prove useful for those who plan to model substantial amounts of design detail. Figure 15 depicts an in-process design model for an online auction service, showing an overview of its content at a high level. This design model is an in-place evolution of an analysis model.
Figure 15. Partially completed design model for an online auction service
In Figure 16, notice that the use contract for a ListingService is expressed as a single Interface. (The packaging of the analysis classes is often refactored significantly, as it is discovered, to better support reuse and unanticipated functional requirements.) The corresponding realization contract is specified by a set of design-level use-case realizations. (Other components might participate in just one system use case, and their realization contracts might reside in single use-case realizations.) Note here that, whereas analysis-level use-case realizations show collaborations among analysis classes, the design-level realizations show collaborations among less abstract design elements.
Figure 16. Design contract modeled as an interface and design-level use case realizations
In Figures 16 and 17, notice that the data transfer objects (DTOs) have been included as part of the implementation design. These DTOs serve as the types of parameters of the provided operations and might also map to implementation constructs, such as an XML schema or service data objects (SDOs). For components that are not designed to be distributable, you may choose to use only implementation-specific data transfer objects (actual Java classes, for instance) as the specifications of the types used as operation parameters. However, for distributable services (Web services) like this ListingService, it is mandatory that the service's operations not reference objects in a local address space, which means that DTOs defined in the specification must be used to represent message payloads. In the case of this ListingService example, the DTOs are actually defined to conform to a set of message specifications defined as part of a hypothetical industry standard (as called out previously in Figure 16).
Figure 17. An approach to representing implementation design using Classes with Methods
One possible approach to specifying implementation designs is shown previously in Figure 17, where the implementation structure is defined using simple classes that contain operations. This approach is quite typical of design models created using UML 1.
A second possible approach that may be more in keeping with the goals of UML 2 is shown in Figure 18, where you see that Components are used and that the Components do not own Operations but, instead, own behaviors (in this case, an Interaction).
Figure 18. Alternate approach to representing implementation design using Components with owned Behaviors
Guidelines for other RUP models
In comparison to the Solution Use-Case, Solution Analysis, and Design Models, far less needs to be said about these other RUP models:
- Business Use Case
- Business Analysis
- Deployment
- Information
- Implementation
Rational architecture management software does not include model templates for these. Generally, the same guiding principle of strong ownership should drive the organization of such models.
- The organization of Business Use-Case and Business Analysis Models is likely to be quite similar to the solution-level counterparts.
- Implementation models in the products under discussion consist of Eclipse projects and code and metadata artifacts, plus diagrams that reflect those artifacts. Therefore, the implementation architecture will directly determine the shape of implementation model organization.
- The organization of Deployment models will typically have very few upstream
or downstream implications. Just do what makes the most sense in your situation.
For example:
- Specifications of production configurations have been separated from those of test configurations.
- Overviews (of clusters, data centers, or enterprises) are maintained in <<perspective>> packages.
- The products under discussion use a combination of packaging and keywords as a lightweight approach to specializing and classifying nodes and artifacts. A more sophisticated approach would be to develop a specialized UML profile that defines specialized stereotypes and properties that are appropriate for describing and documenting the types of resources used in your own environment.
- More context for this series of articles is available at the series summary page.
- Part 1 of this series, IBM Rational Architecture Management Software model structure guidelines: Part 1. Fundamentals.
For tool-neutral information on how to define, develop, and model the contents of the RUP artifacts, see these sources:
- IBM Rational Unified Process (RUP)
- Any of the several books on RUP-inspired modeling by authors such as Terry Quatrani, Eric Naiburg and Bob Maksimchuk, or Jim Conallen.
For information on tool-specific techniques for developing the content of models for the products under discussion, see these for helpful information:
- Rational product documentation (tutorials, samples, Help)
- Tool Mentors in the RUP configurations (which include this article)
- Rational software area and the Software Architecture area on IBM developerWorks
- Read The New IBM Rational design and construction products for Rational Rose and Rational XDE users by Bill Smith (developerWorks, December 2005). This article is intended to help users of IBM Rational Rose and IBM Rational XDE grasp some of the major new concepts that they will encounter as they migrate to the newer family of IBM Rational model-driven development tools: IBM® Rational® Software Architect, IBM® Rational® Software Modeler, and IBM® Rational® Application Developer.
- Subscribe to the developerWorks Rational zone newsletter. Keep up with developerWorks Rational content. Every other week, you'll receive updates on the latest technical resources and best practices for the Rational Software Delivery Platform.
- Subscribe to the Rational Edge newsletter for articles on the concepts behind effective software development.
- Browse the technology bookstore for books on these and other technical topics.
Get products and technologies
- Download trial versions of IBM Rational software.
- Download IBM product evaluation versions and get your hands on application development tools and middleware products from DB2®, Lotus®, Tivoli®, and WebSphere®.
- Join the Architecture forum on developerWorks to get connected with others and take advantage of their expertise and experience to get you tips that can help you as a developer or architect to use the principles of service-oriented architecture (SOA).
- Check out developerWorks blogs and get involved in the developerWorks community.
- Rational Software Architect, Data Architect, Software Modeler, Application Developer and Web Developer forum: Ask questions about Rational Software Architect and other modeling products.
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Dan Bluemel: Because of its electoral structure, the U.S. political system has never been welcoming to third parties. Some critics have argued this leaves the political landscape entrenched in a system comprised of moderates and hardliners who, in essence, espouse the same ideology.
Pasadena/Foothills ACLU Forum: How Homeowners and Renters Cope with Housing Crisis
Hear how activist groups in the San Gabriel Valley and across Los Angeles are fighting back, battling attempts to throw people out of their homes and collaborating to find housing for former homeowners and others who can no longer find a decent—and afforable—place to rent.
Pasadena Rally Protests Police Shooting of 19-year-old Kendrec McDade
Tuesday evening, 100 or more residents and onlookers rallied last night at Pasadena's City Hall to protest the shooting on March 24th of Azuza resident Kendrec McDade.
Wells Fargo Meets Occupy: Where There's Smoke There's Smoke?
Dick Price: Occupiers expressed satisfaction that their concerns had been heard by Wells Fargo leaders, but frustration that little concrete action had been taken and no promises made for future steps.
Occupy to Save a 79-Year-Old Retired School Teacher's Home
OCCUPY TO SAVE A 79-Year-Old Retired School Teacher's HOME As Senator and Council Ask for Responsible Banks, Occupy LA Focuses on Foreclosures* Los Angeles – Wednesday, members of Occupy LA will be occupying the foreclosed South Central home of Mrs. Faith Parker, a 79-year-old retired school teacher, who fights eviction as a result of Bank […]
Activist Kwazi Nkrumah Arrested at Long Beach Port (updated)
Sharon Kyle: Kwazi Nkrumah, a long-time civil rights activist, has been arrested in Long Beach where the Occupy Movement was gathering as part of "Occupy the Ports", a coordinated West Coast port shutdown.


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The Loan Facility provides that, from time to time, the Subsidiaries may request advances equal to the lesser of: (a) $2,000,000, or (b) the Borrowing Base which is the sum of and in the following priority (i) 85% of eligible U.S. accounts receivable, plus (ii) 35% of finished goods inventory not to exceed $300,000, plus (iii) 50% of eligible Canadian accounts receivable not to exceed $300,000, subject to any reserve amount established by the Lender. Annual interest on unpaid advances under the Loan Facility is equal to the Prime Rate plus 2.00%, where Prime may not be less than 4.00%, and a monthly loan fee of 0.15% will be payable to the Lender monthly on the daily loan balance. The Loan Facility has an initial term of one year which automatically extends for successive one-year terms unless either party gives at least 30 days' prior written notice of its intent to terminate the Loan Facility at the end of the then current term. The Lender has the right to terminate the Loan Facility upon 120 days' prior written notice.
The Loan Facility contains restrictions on the Subsidiaries' and the Company's ability to, among other things, dispose of certain assets, engage in certain mergers and acquisition transactions and create liens on assets. The Loan Facility contains events of default that include, among other things, default by the Subsidiaries on any payment or other obligations under the Loan Facility, default by the Subsidiaries or the Company on any other indebtedness for borrowed funds, adverse changes in the Subsidiaries' or the Company's business or financial condition, bankruptcy or insolvency, a change of control of the Subsidiaries, default or termination of any material third party agreement, and default by the Company on its obligations as guarantor. The occurrence of an event of default would increase the applicable rate of interest by 3% and could result in the acceleration of the Subsidiaries' obligations under the Loan Facility. The Subsidiaries pai


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JERUSALEM, Israel - In yet another bid to bolster Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas' waning popularity, Israel granted amnesty to 92 members of the al-Aksa Martyrs' Brigades, the "armed wing" of the president's Fatah party, YNet news reported.
The release stems from a 2007 agreement between Israel and the PA granting amnesty to gunmen who agree to renounce terror. Numbers of al-Aksa Martyrs' Brigades members, some involved in terror attacks on Israeli citizens, have joined the Palestinian police force..As in the past, the men signed a document agreeing to foreswear acts of terror in exchange for being removed from Israel's most wanted list.
The men will now be able to move unhindered throughout Area A, which is under full PA control. Some of them have been granted permission to move freely throughout all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank).
According to local media reports, Abbas believes Israel will release more Fatah prisoners to help boost his popularity on the Palestinian street, especially if hundreds of Hamas-affiliated Palestinians become part of a prisoner exchange for kidnapped Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit.
Source: YNet news
Former Terror Head Joins PA Gov't.
Soldiers Kill Arab Sniper near Hevron
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The Terrorists Funded by the WestBassam Tawil
The New Israel Fund and those who support it are helping terroristsRonn Torossian
Column one: Fighting fire with fireCaroline B. Glick
Op-Ed: There is no 'radical Islam' and there is no 'moderate Islam'Dr. Mordechai Kedar
'Narrow' escapesRuthie Blum
Why Palestinians Do Not Want Cameras on the Temple MountKhaled Abu Toameh
Social Media Killed My FatherYoni Kempinski and Ari Soffer
Iran's New Palestinian Terror Group: Al SabireenKhaled Abu Toameh


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This pug wonders what life would have been like if he had never eaten that sock when he was 18 weeks old.
Wiggum wonders why his father took him out of the will just one week before he passed away.
Bernice thinks often of the 3 pups she gave up for adoption back in '09.
If Lebron had been more attentive to Sheila's needs, maybe they'd still be together.
This pug just saw "500 Days of Summer" and could really relate to the "expectations vs. reality" montage.
Charlie wonders where he might be today if he'd pushed himself harder in school.
Linda wishes she could find solace in places other than food.
Manuel wears zany outfits to distract you from the fact that deep down, he feels like a failure.
Cassandra sometimes wonders if her beauty is a blessing or a curse.
He feels trapped in the crate of his mind.
When Maxine got pregnant, Harold stepped up. What if they had been more careful?
This pug can't accept the fact that he's getting older.
Samantha has been trying her hand at poetry again for the first time since college.
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This guy would like to know if he should use this shot as his main profile pic on OKCupid. He still believes in love.
Barney enjoys his work in cloud computing, but often wonders where he'd be if "The Light Fantastic", the prog rock band he played bass for, hadn't broken up in 1993.
Petunia and Ziggy found each other and every day feels like a dream come true.
This post was created by a user and has not been vetted or endorsed by BuzzFeed's editorial staff. BuzzFeed Community is a place where anyone can post awesome lists and creations. Learn more or post your buzz!
- Donald Trump's supporters think his comments about Miss Universe are no big deal.
- World leaders hailed the legacy of former Israeli statesman Shimon Peres at his state funeral in Jerusalem.
- Anti-Mafia police in Naples have recovered two Vincent van Gogh paintings that were stolen in Amsterdam 14 years ago.


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Despite the great numbers of people who have one or more digital cameras in their home, there are still some who remain sceptical about owning such a piece of equipment. What does a digital camera do that a smartphone cannot? What makes digital cameras so popular? Why are digital cameras better than film cameras? Why own a digital camera at all? Follow the guide below to discover the many reasons why owning a digital camera is worthwhile. Although the importance of these reasons can vary according to the needs of the individual involved, they will all be relevant in some form or another, but at different levels of importance.
What is a Digital Camera?
Before knowing whether it is worthwhile to own a digital camera, firstly any user needs to know exactly what a digital camera is. A digital camera is a camera that takes images (or even video) by recording them via an electronic image sensor. Digital cameras are incorporated into devices such as smartphones, PDAs, and other pieces of equipment. Digital cameras use a lens to focus on an intended spot for a photograph, with the shutter and diaphragm allowing an amount of light onto it before the image is taken.
The advantage of a digital camera over a traditional film version is that an image of a photograph that has just been taken can be shown on a screen to be viewed (and altered or deleted if necessary) almost instantaneously. The image is transferred to a central memory unit (sometimes an SD card, or USB stick, or another form of memory) for safe storage or transportation to an output device such as computer, where the images can be printed.
1. Making Memories
Nothing captures the memory of an event (wedding, christening, sporting event etc.) in the same way as taking photographs. It is primarily for this reason that cameras are so popular. They take an image of something in time and preserve in its entirety. There is no other method or piece of equipment available on the mass consumer market that does anything quite like a camera. Digital cameras are the best and easiest type of camera to use as they do not require film to be processed and photographs taken using them are easy to store and transferable to other pieces of electronic equipment, such as computers.
2. Ease of Use
Particularly for simple point and shoot cameras or compact cameras (which are at the cheaper end of the scale when it comes to digital cameras), it is as simple as pointing the camera at the intended photograph and shooting the picture (hence the name). This is as simple as taking a photograph on a smartphone and easy to do even for beginners with no experience of using a camera. There is nothing complicated or difficult about using a digital camera unless the user wants a more complicated model.
3. Manual Controls
For those who have more experience or want to learn how to create more professional-looking photos, modern digital cameras at the higher end of the spectrum have lots of manual controls that enable the user to change the look of a photograph in many different ways. Adjusting elements such as shutter speed, aperture, and ISO can make a photograph look very different, and those who have a bit of experience in this area can take some astonishing photographs. These manual controls are not usually available (and certainly not to the same level) on another form of digital camera, such as on a PDA or smartphone.
4. High-Quality Photographs
Smartphones, even the most expensive, high-end models, simply do not possess the same capacity to take the best quality photos in the same way that the high-end digital cameras do, and it is worth noting that the price difference between the two is often minimal (since mobile phones do other things too). It would never be advisable to buy a smartphone with the intention of using it as the primary source of taking photographs. Some point and shoot cameras are even smaller and lighter than smartphones on the market.
Of course, there are many applications available on the market (Instagram and Hipstamatic to name two) that are extremely adept at altering photos taken on a smartphone, adding filters that can change the whole look and feel of a photograph with just one press of a button. However, post-production effects are not the same as altering elements before the photograph is taken (as used on a high end digital camera), and a true professional photographer will easily be able to tell the difference.
5. Large Numbers in a Small Space
One of the major bonuses of using a digital camera (particularly over a film camera) is that memory cards used to store photographs are capable of storing large amounts of images. Memory cards are very small in physical form, but large numbers of images can be kept on them, especially the larger Gigabyte cards. The film used in film cameras must be fully used and printed before the camera can be used again, which means all the photographs taken have to be printed, taking up space. However, digital camera images saved on a memory card do not ever have to be printed at all, yet the amount of space that is taken up by them is minute in comparison to film negatives or prints.
Memory cards are also a useful way of transporting images from one output to another since by using memory card readers or USB sticks, images can be quickly viewed, altered, or printed via a computer or similar piece of equipment. Large devices, such as computers, are capable of storing even more digital photographs with ease.
6. Cheap to Print
Although digital photographs do not have to be printed at all, should the user need them to be, they can be printed using various companies with considerable ease and very little cost, particularly in comparison to printing film from film cameras. Bulk printing lowers the cost even further.
7. Versatility
Digital photographs can be altered and enlarged (or made smaller) to fit a variety of situations. The material on which photographs are printed can also be changed, such as the use of canvas to produce large images suitable for hanging on the wall. With the right equipment, they can even be created at home. Photographs can even be made into things such as mouse mats, blankets, bags, clothes, and many other items if the user desires.
Where to Find Digital Cameras on eBay
In order to find digital cameras on eBay, first head to the homepage. From here, using the links on the left hand side of the page, first select Electronics and then select Cameras and Photography. The page that loads will have all the listings in the category Cameras & Photography. From here, on the left hand side of the page again, select the link titled Digital Cameras. The listings on the page that follows will have all the digital cameras available on the eBay side. Listings can be narrowed down further according to brand name, type of camera (namely compact/point and shoot, bridge, and DSLR). Alternatively, use the search engine on the main homepage to look for listings according to keywords for the desired digital camera. If you're feeling really adventurous, consider buying a GoPro camera. You can even attach it to a drone to get truly unique capturing experiences.
There are many reasons why owning a digital camera can be useful in the modern world and why they have advantages over film cameras, smartphones, or not owning a camera at all. By doing a suitable and sufficient amount of research, a new user of a digital camera can take many images of events and everyday activities to keep forever. It is always recommended that a buyer carry out enough research into the type of digital camera suitable for them before making any purchase.