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Noah Smith, ( How do human beings behave in response to risk? That is one of the most fundamental unanswered questions of our time. A general theory of decision-making amid uncertainty would be the kind of scientific advance that comes only a few times a century. Risk is central to financial and insurance markets. It affects the consumption, saving and business investment that moves the global economy. Understanding human behavior in the face of risk would let us reduce accidents, retire more comfortably, get cheaper health insurance and maybe even avoid recessions. A number of our smartest scientists have tried to develop a general theory of risk behavior. John von Neumann, the pioneering mathematician and physicist, took a crack at it back in 1944, when he developed the theory of expected utility along with Oskar Morgenstern. According to this simple theory, people value a possible outcome by multiplying the probability that something happens by the amount they would like it to happen. This beautiful idea underlies much of modern economic theory, but unfortunately it doesn't work well in most situations. Alternative theories have been developed for specific applications. The psychologist Daniel Kahneman won a Nobel Prize for the creation of prospect theory, which says -- among other things -- that people measure outcomes relative to a reference point. That theory does a great job of explaining the behavior of subjects in certain lab experiments, and can help account for the actions of certain inexperienced consumers. But it is very difficult to apply generally, because the reference points are hard to predict in advance and may shift in unpredictable ways.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Link ID: 22058 - Posted: 04.01.2016
By PAM BELLUCK When people make risky decisions, like doubling down in blackjack or investing in volatile stocks, what happens in the brain? Scientists have long tried to understand what makes some people risk-averse and others risk-taking. Answers could have implications for how to treat, curb or prevent destructively risky behavior, like pathological gambling or drug addiction. Now, a study by Dr. Karl Deisseroth, a prominent Stanford neuroscientist and psychiatrist, and his colleagues gives some clues. The study, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, reports that a specific type of neuron or nerve cell, in a certain brain region helps galvanize whether or not a risky choice is made. The study was conducted in rats, but experts said it built on research suggesting the findings could be similar in humans. If so, they said, it could inform approaches to addiction, which involves some of the same neurons and brain areas, as well as treatments for Parkinson's disease because one class of Parkinson's medications turns some patients into problem gamblers. In a series of experiments led by Kelly Zalocusky, a doctoral student, researchers found that a risk-averse rat made decisions based on whether its previous choice involved a loss (in this case, of food). Rats whose previous decision netted them less food were prompted to behave conservatively next time by signals from certain receptors in a brain region called the nucleus accumbens, the scientists discovered. These receptors, which are proteins attached to neurons, are part of the dopamine system, a neurochemical important to emotion, movement and thinking. In risk-taking rats, however, those receptors sent a much fainter signal, so the rats kept making high-stakes choices even if they lost out. But by employing optogenetics, a technique that uses light to manipulate neurons, the scientists stimulated brain cells with those receptors, heightening the "loss" signal and turning risky rats into safer rats. © 2016 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Link ID: 22025 - Posted: 03.24.2016
By Daniel Engber Nearly 20 years ago, psychologists Roy Baumeister and Dianne Tice, a married couple at Case Western Reserve University, devised a foundational experiment on self-control. "Chocolate chip cookies were baked in the room in a small oven," they wrote in a paper that has been cited more than 3,000 times. "As a result, the laboratory was filled with the delicious aroma of fresh chocolate and baking." Here's how that experiment worked. Baumeister and Tice stacked their fresh-baked cookies on a plate, beside a bowl of red and white radishes, and brought in a parade of student volunteers. They told some of the students to hang out for a while unattended, eating only from the bowl of radishes, while another group ate only cookies. Afterward, each volunteer tried to solve a puzzle, one that was designed to be impossible to complete. Baumeister and Tice timed the students in the puzzle task, to see how long it took them to give up. They found that the ones who'd eaten chocolate chip cookies kept working on the puzzle for 19 minutes, on average—about as long as people in a control condition who hadn't snacked at all. The group of kids who noshed on radishes flubbed the puzzle test. They lasted just eight minutes before they quit in frustration. The authors called this effect "ego depletion" and said it revealed a fundamental fact about the human mind: We all have a limited supply of willpower, and it decreases with overuse. © 2016 The Slate Group LLC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21965 - Posted: 03.08.2016
Angus Chen We know we should put the cigarettes away or make use of that gym membership, but in the moment, we just don't do it. There is a cluster of neurons in our brain critical for motivation, though. What if you could hack them to motivate yourself? These neurons are located in the middle of the brain, in a region called the ventral tegmental area. A paper published Thursday in the journal Neuron suggests that we can activate the region with a little bit of training. The researchers stuck 73 people into an fMRI, a scanner that can detect what part of the brain is most active, and focused on that area associated with motivation. When the researchers said "motivate yourself and make this part of your brain light up," people couldn't really do it. "They weren't that reliable when we said, 'Go! Get psyched. Turn on your VTA,' " says Dr. Alison Adcock, a psychiatrist at Duke and senior author on the paper. That changed when the participants were allowed to watch a neurofeedback meter that displayed activity in their ventral tegmental area. When activity ramps up, the participants see the meter heat up while they're in the fMRI tube. "Your whole mind is allowed to speak to a specific part of your brain in a way you never imagined before. Then you get feedback that helps you discover how to turn that part of the brain up or down," says John Gabrieli, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved with the work. © 2016 npr
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Link ID: 21954 - Posted: 03.05.2016
Monya Baker Is psychology facing a 'replication crisis'? Last year, a crowdsourced effort that was able to validate fewer than half of 98 published findings1 rang alarm bells about the reliability of psychology papers. Now a team of psychologists has reassessed the study and say that it provides no evidence for a crisis. "Our analysis completely invalidates the pessimistic conclusions that many have drawn from this landmark study," says Daniel Gilbert, a psychologist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a co-author of the reanalysis, published on 2 March in Science2. But a response3 in the same issue of Science counters that the reanalysis itself depends on selective assumptions. And others say that psychology still urgently needs to improve its research practices. Statistical criticism In August 2015, a team of 270 researchers reported the largest ever single-study audit of the scientific literature. Led by Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science in Charlottesville, Virginia, the Reproducibility Project attempted to replicate studies in 100 psychology papers. (It ended up with 100 replication attempts for 98 papers because of problems assigning teams to two papers.) According to one of several measures of reproducibility, just 36% could be confirmed; by another statistical measure, 47% could1. Either way, the results looked worryingly feeble. "Both optimistic and pessimistic conclusions about reproducibility are possible, and neither are yet warranted" Not so fast, says Gilbert. © 2016 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21953 - Posted: 03.05.2016
By David Z. Hambrick We all make stupid mistakes from time to time. History is replete with examples. Legend has it that the Trojans accepted the Greek's "gift" of a huge wooden horse, which turned out to be hollow and filled with a crack team of Greek commandos. The Tower of Pisa started to lean even before construction was finished—and is not even the world's farthest leaning tower. NASA taped over the original recordings of the moon landing, and operatives for Richard Nixon's re-election committee were caught breaking into a Watergate office, setting in motion the greatest political scandal in U.S. history. More recently, the French government spent $15 billion on a fleet of new trains, only to discover that they were too wide for some 1,300 station platforms. We readily recognize these incidents as stupid mistakes—epic blunders. On a more mundane level, we invest in get-rich-quick schemes, drive too fast, and make posts on social media that we later regret. But what, exactly, drives our perception of these actions as stupid mistakes, as opposed to bad luck? Their seeming mindlessness? The severity of the consequences? The responsibility of the people involved? Science can help us answer these questions. In a study just published in the journal Intelligence, using search terms such as "stupid thing to do", Balazs Aczel and his colleagues compiled a collection of stories describing stupid mistakes from sources such as The Huffington Post and TMZ. One story described a thief who broke into a house and stole a TV and later returned for the remote; another described burglars who intended to steal cell phones but instead stole GPS tracking devices that were turned on and gave police their exact location. The researchers then had a sample of university students rate each story on the responsibility of the people involved, the influence of the situation, the seriousness of the consequences, and other factors. © 2016 Scientific American,
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21928 - Posted: 02.24.2016
Alison Abbott. More than 50 years after a controversial psychologist shocked the world with studies that revealed people's willingness to harm others on order, a team of cognitive scientists has carried out an updated version of the iconic 'Milgram experiments'. Their findings may offer some explanation for Stanley Milgram's uncomfortable revelations: when following commands, they say, people genuinely feel less responsibility for their actions — whether they are told to do something evil or benign. "If others can replicate this, then it is giving us a big message," says neuroethicist Walter Sinnot-Armstrong of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, who was not involved in the work. "It may be the beginning of an insight into why people can harm others if coerced: they don't see it as their own action." The study may feed into a long-running legal debate about the balance of personal responsibility between someone acting under instruction and their instructor, says Patrick Haggard, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, who led the work, published on 18 February in Current Biology1. Milgram's original experiments were motivated by the trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann, who famously argued that he was 'just following orders' when he sent Jews to their deaths. The new findings don't legitimize harmful actions, Haggard emphasizes, but they do suggest that the 'only obeying orders' excuse betrays a deeper truth about how a person feels when acting under command. © 2016 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress; Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress; Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21915 - Posted: 02.19.2016
By Jordana Cepelewicz Seasonal variations play a major role in the animal kingdom—in reproduction, food availability, hibernation, even fur color. Whether this seasonality has such a significant influence on humans, however, is an open question. Its best-known association is with mood—that is, feeling down during the colder months and up in the summer—and, in extreme cases, seasonal depression, a phenomenon known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). A new study published in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences seeks to delve deeper into how human biology has adapted not only to day/night cycles (circadian rhythms) but to yearly seasonal patterns as well. Scientists have previously found seasonal variation in the levels and concentrations of certain compounds associated with mood (including dopamine and serotonin), conception and even mortality. Now for the first time, using functional MRI, "it's [been] conclusively shown that cognition and the brain's means of cognition are seasonal," says neuroscientist Gilles Vandewalle of the University of Liège in Belgium, the study's lead researcher. These findings come at a time when some scientists are disputing the links between seasonality and mental health. Originally aiming to investigate the impact of sleep and sleep deprivation on brain function, Vandewalle and his fellow researchers placed 28 participants on a controlled sleep/wake schedule for three weeks before bringing them into the laboratory, where they stayed for 4.5 days. During this time they underwent a cycle of sleep deprivation and recovery in the absence of seasonal cues such as natural light, time information and social interaction. Vandewalle's team repeated the entire procedure with the same subjects several times throughout the course of nearly a year and a half. © 2016 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 14: Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 10: Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Link ID: 21882 - Posted: 02.10.2016
By Virginia Morell Like fearful humans, horses raise the inner brow of their eyes when threatened or surprised. Altogether their faces can convey 17 emotions (ours express 27), and they readily recognize the expressions on their fellow equines. But can they read our facial cues? To find out, researchers tested 28 horses, including 21 geldings and seven mares, from stables in the United Kingdom. Each horse was led by his/her halter rope to a position in the stable, and then presented with a life-size color photograph of the face of a man. The man was either smiling or frowning angrily. The scientists recorded the animals' reactions, and measured their heart rates. Other studies have shown that stressed horses' heart rates fluctuate, and when the horses looked at the angry man, their hearts reached a maximum heart rate more quickly than when they viewed the smiling image. When shown the angry face, 20 of the horses also turned their heads so that they could look at it with their left eye—a response that suggests they understood the expression, the scientists report online today in Biology Letters, because the right hemisphere of the brain is specialized for processing negative emotions. Dogs, too, have this "left-gaze bias" when confronting angry faces. Also, like dogs, the horses showed no such bias, such as moving their heads to look with the right eye, when viewing the happy faces—perhaps because the animals don't need to respond to nonthreatening cues. But an angry expression carries a warning—the person may be about to strike. The discovery that horses as well as dogs—the only two animals this has been tested in—can read our facial expressions spontaneously and without training suggests one of two things: Either these domesticated species devote a lot of time to learning our facial cues, or the ability is innate and more widespread in the animal kingdom than previously thought. © 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Scienc
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21878 - Posted: 02.10.2016
By Anna K. Bobak, Sarah Bate For years scientists have studied the biological basis of human speed, and reported that the fastest athletes are short and muscular in build. However, these conclusions were challenged in 2008 when a new athlete, substantially taller than previous world-record holders, was identified as the fastest man in history. Usain Bolt presented the purest expression of human speed on the planet – and raised the possibility that scientists may need to entirely change the way they think about human biometrics. In the same vein, one might ask whether examinations of the brain at its height of efficiency will present new insights into its workings. Although researchers have historically examined people with a very high IQ (i.e. those with more generalised skills), it has become more and more clear that some individuals only perform extraordinarily well on specific cognitive tasks. Among the most interesting of these is facial identity recognition. In fact, the extraordinary skills of these so-called "super-recognisers" do not seem to correlate with IQ or memory for objects, yet they claim to recognise faces which they have only briefly been seen before, or have undergone substantial changes in appearance. For instance, in a recent scientific report from our laboratory (unpublished), one super-recogniser described bumping into a girl from a children's' swimming class he coached as a teenager. He recognised her immediately, despite the fact that he'd not seen her for over ten years and she was now an adult. So how can these people change the way that scientists think about the human brain? For many years researchers have generally agreed that faces are "special." © 2016 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21853 - Posted: 02.03.2016
Timothy Egan This weekend, I'm going to the Mojave Desert, deep into an arid wilderness of a half-million acres, for some stargazing, bouldering and January sunshine on my public lands. I won't be out of contact. I checked. If Sarah Palin says something stupid on Donald Trump's behalf — scratch that. When Sarah Palin says something stupid on Donald Trump's behalf, I'll get her speaking-in-tongues buffoonery in real time, along with the rest of the nation. The old me would have despised the new me for admitting such a thing. I've tried to go on digital diets, fasting from my screens. I was a friend's guest at a spa in Arizona once and had so much trouble being "mindful" that they nearly kicked me out. Actually, I just wanted to make sure I didn't miss the Seahawks game, mindful of Seattle's woeful offensive line. In the information blur of last year, you may have overlooked news of our incredibly shrinking attention span. A survey of Canadian media consumption by Microsoft concluded that the average attention span had fallen to eight seconds, down from 12 in the year 2000. We now have a shorter attention span than goldfish, the study found. Attention span was defined as "the amount of concentrated time on a task without becoming distracted." I tried to read the entire 54-page report, but well, you know. Still, a quote from Satya Nadella, the chief executive officer of Microsoft, jumped out at me. "The true scarce commodity" of the near future, he said, will be "human attention." Putting aside Microsoft's self-interest in promoting quick-flash digital ads with what may be junk science, there seems little doubt that our devices have rewired our brains. We think in McNugget time. The trash flows, unfiltered, along with the relevant stuff, in an eternal stream. And the last hit of dopamine only accelerates the need for another one. © 2016 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21812 - Posted: 01.23.2016
by Emily Reynolds We know more about what the brain does when it's active than we do when it's at rest. It makes sense -- much neuroscientific research has looked to understand particular (and active) processes. James Kozloski, a researcher at IBM, has investigated what the brain does when it's resting -- what he calls 'the Grand Loop'. "The brain consumes a great amount of energy doing nothing. It's a great mystery of neuroscience," Kozloski told PopSci. He argued that around 90 percent of the energy used by the brain remained "unaccounted for". He believes that the brain is constantly 'looping signals', retracing neural pathways over and over again. It's a "closed loop", according to Kozloski, meaning it isn't reliant on external inputs as much of the brain's activity is. Kozloski tested his theory by running his model through IBM's neural tissue simulator and found that it could potentially account for genetic mutations such as Huntington's. He argued that information created by one mutated gene could, through the 'Grand Loop', affect an entire neural pathway. So what happens when our brain is at work? And how does expending energy affect our neural processes? Much historic research into anxiety has found that people tend to exert more energy or force when they're being watched -- something that leads to slip-ups or mistakes under pressure.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 13: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 9: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Link ID: 21806 - Posted: 01.21.2016
A map for other people's faces has been discovered in the brain. It could help explain why some of us are better at recognising faces than others. Every part of your body that you can move or feel is represented in the outer layer of your brain. These "maps", found in the motor and sensory cortices (see diagram, below), tend to preserve the basic spatial layout of the body – neurons that represent our fingers are closer to neurons that represent our arms than our feet, for example. The same goes for other people's faces, says Linda Henriksson at Aalto University in Helsinki, Finland. Her team scanned 12 people's brains while they looked at hundreds of images of noses, eyes, mouths and other facial features and recorded which bits of the brain became active. This revealed a region in the occipital face area in which features that are next to each other on a real face are organised together in the brain's representation of that face. The team have called this map the "faciotopy". The occipital face area is a region of the brain known to be involved in general facial processing. "Facial recognition is so fundamental to human behaviour that it makes sense that there would be a specialised area of the brain that maps features of the face," she says. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 21804 - Posted: 01.20.2016
Maggie Koerth-Baker In 1990, when James Danckert was 18, his older brother Paul crashed his car into a tree. He was pulled from the wreckage with multiple injuries, including head trauma. The recovery proved difficult. Paul had been a drummer, but even after a broken wrist had healed, drumming no longer made him happy. Over and over, Danckert remembers, Paul complained bitterly that he was just — bored. "There was no hint of apathy about it at all," says Danckert. "It was deeply frustrating and unsatisfying for him to be deeply bored by things he used to love." A few years later, when Danckert was training to become a clinical neuropsychologist, he found himself working with about 20 young men who had also suffered traumatic brain injury. Thinking of his brother, he asked them whether they, too, got bored more easily than they had before. "And every single one of them," he says, "said yes." Those experiences helped to launch Danckert on his current research path. Now a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Waterloo in Canada, he is one of a small but growing number of investigators engaged in a serious scientific study of boredom. There is no universally accepted definition of boredom. But whatever it is, researchers argue, it is not simply another name for depression or apathy. It seems to be a specific mental state that people find unpleasant — a lack of stimulation that leaves them craving relief, with a host of behavioural, medical and social consequences. © 2016 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 15: Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language
Link ID: 21784 - Posted: 01.13.2016
By Diana Kwon Pupils are a rich source of social information. Although changes in pupil size are automatic and uncontrollable, they can convey interest, arousal, helpful or harmful intentions, and a variety of emotions. According to a new study published in Psychological Science, we even synchronize our pupil size with others—and doing so influences social decisions. Mariska Kret, a psychologist now at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, and her colleagues recruited 69 Dutch university students to take part in an investment game. Each participant decided whether to transfer zero or five euros to a virtual partner after viewing a video of their eyes for four seconds. The invested money is tripled, and the receiver chooses how much to give back to the donor—so subjects had to make quick decisions about how trustworthy each virtual partner seemed. Using an eye tracker, the investigators found that the participants' pupils tended to mimic the changes in the partners' pupils, whether they dilated, constricted or remained static. As expected, subjects were more likely to give more money to partners with dilating pupils, a well-established signal of nonthreatening intentions. The more a subject mirrored the dilating pupils of a partner, the more likely he or she was to invest—but only if they were of the same race. The Caucasian participants trusted Caucasian eyes more than Asian eyes—which suggests that group membership is important when interpreting these subtle signals. © 2015 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress; Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress; Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21735 - Posted: 12.30.2015
James Bond's villain in the latest 007 film, Spectre, could use a lesson in neuroanatomy, a Toronto neurosurgeon says. In a scene recorded in a Morroccan desert, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, played by Christoph Waltz, tortures Bond using restraints and a head clamp fused with a robotic drill. The goal is to inflict pain and erase 007's memory bank of faces. But Blofeld didn't have his brain anatomy down and could have likely killed Daniel Craig's character instead, Dr. Michael Cusimano of St. Michael's Hospital, says in a letter published in this week's issue of the journal Nature. Aiming to erase Bond's memory of faces, the villain correctly intends to drill into the lateral fusiform gyrus, an area of the brain responsible for recognizing faces, Cusimano said. But in practice, the drill was placed in the wrong area, aiming for the neck instead of the brain. "Whereas the drill should have been aimed just in front of 007's ear, it was directed below the mastoid process under and behind his left ear," Cusimano wrote. It likely would have triggered a stroke or massive hemorrhage, he said. In a draft of the letter, Cusimano said he was "spellbound" watching the film in a packed theatre, but his enjoyment was somewhat marred by the blunder. "I laughed," he recalled in an interview. "I think people around me kind of looked at me and were wondering why I was laughing because it's a pretty tense part of the movie." ©2015 CBC/Radio-Canada.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21726 - Posted: 12.27.2015
by Laura Sanders There's only so much brainpower to go around, and when the eyes hog it all, the ears suffer. When challenged with a tough visual task, people are less likely to perceive a tone, scientists report in the Dec. 9 Journal of Neuroscience. The results help explain what parents of screen-obsessed teenagers already know. For the study, people heard a tone while searching for a letter on a computer screen. When the letter was easy to find, participants were pretty good at identifying a tone. But when the search got harder, people were less likely to report hearing the sound, a phenomenon called inattentional deafness. Neural responses to the tone were blunted when people worked on a hard visual task, but not when the visual task was easy, researchers found. By showing that a demanding visual job can siphon resources away from hearing, the results suggest that perceptual overload can jump between senses. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2015
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 17: Learning and Memory; Chapter 10: Vision: From Eye to Brain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development; Chapter 7: Vision: From Eye to Brain
Link ID: 21682 - Posted: 12.09.2015
Scientists have come up with a questionnaire they say should help diagnose a condition called face blindness. Prosopagnosia, as doctors call it, affects around two in every 100 people in the UK and is the inability to recognise people by their faces alone. In its most extreme form, people cannot even recognise their family or friends. Milder forms, while still distressing, can be tricky to diagnose, which is why tests are needed. People with prosopagnosia often use non-facial cues to recognise others, such as their hairstyle, clothes, voice, or distinctive features. Some may be unaware they have the condition, instead believing they have a "bad memory for faces". But prosopagnosia is entirely unrelated to intelligence or broader memory ability. One [anonymous] person with prosopagnosia explains: "My biggest problem is seeing the difference between ordinary-looking people, especially faces with few specific traits. "I work at a hospital with an awful lot of employees and I often introduce myself to colleagues with whom I have worked several times before. I also often have problems recognising my next-door neighbour, even though we have been neighbours for eight years now. She often changes clothes, hairstyle and hair colour. When I strive to recognise people, I try to use technical clues like clothing, hairstyle, scars, glasses, their dialect and so on." Doctors can use computer-based tests to see if people can spot famous faces and memorise and recognise a set of unfamiliar faces. And now Drs Richard Cook, Punit Shah and City University London and Kings College London have come up with a 20-item questionnaire to help measure the severity of someone's face blindness. © 2015 BBC
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21598 - Posted: 11.04.2015
By Christian Jarrett Neuroscientists, for obvious reasons, are really interested in finding out what's different about the brains of people with unpleasant personalities, such as narcissists, or unsavory habits, like porn addiction. Their hope is that by studying these people's brains we might learn more about the causes of bad character, and ways to helpfully intervene. Now to the list of character flaws that've received the brain-scanner treatment we can apparently add sexism — a new Japanese study published in Scientific Reports claims to have found its neurological imprint. The researchers wanted to know whether there is something different about certain individuals' brains that potentially predisposes them to sexist beliefs and attitudes (of course, as with so much neuroscience research like this, it's very hard to disentangle whether any observed brain differences are the cause or consequence of the trait or behavior that's being studied, a point I'll come back to). More specifically, they were looking to see if people who publicly endorse gender inequality have brains that are anatomically different from people who believe in gender equality. In short, it seems the answer is yes. Neuroscientist Hikaru Takeuchi at Tohoku University and his colleagues have identified two brain areas where people who hold sexist attitudes have different levels of gray-matter density (basically, a measure of how many brain cells are packed into a given area), as compared with people who profess a belief in gender equality (their study doesn't speak to any subconsciously held sexist beliefs). What's more, these neural differences were correlated with psychological characteristics that could help explain some people's sexist beliefs. © 2015, New York Media LLC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness; Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Link ID: 21579 - Posted: 10.29.2015
Dyscalculia is like dyslexia — but for those who have trouble with math instead of reading. But not enough people know about it, according to a neuroscientist. "There is a lack of awareness among teachers and educators," said Daniel Ansari, professor and Canada Research Chair in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Western Ontario. Individuals with dyscalculia have trouble with simple calculations. "If I ask you what is 1 + 3, you don't need to calculate. Four will pop in to your head, it is stored in your long-term memory," he said. But those with dyscalculia will have to use their hands to count. Scientists have known about dyscalculia since the 1940's but little research has been done on it, even though it is probably just as common as dyslexia, says Ansari. Currently, there is no existing universal form of testing for dyscalculia. But Ansari has come up with screening tests for children in kindergarten. He says it's important to diagnose dyscalculia early on, so individuals can learn to adapt and improve their skills before it's too late. "We don't just need math to be good in school but to function in society," said Ansari. He says research has shown poor math skills can lead to an increased chance of unemployment, imprisonment or mortgage default. ©2015 CBC/Radio-Canada.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 21564 - Posted: 10.26.2015


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Special Opportunity for Teachers
Webinars 2015-16
The Library of Congress is pleased to announce a series of free webinars for K-12 educators in the spring of 2016. These one-hour online sessions will focus on using the Library's digitized collections to meet content and skills standards across the curriculum.
Individuals requiring accommodations for this event are requested to submit a request at least five business days in advance by contacting (202) 707-6362 or [email protected]
Schedule and registration information appears below.
|April 14 at 4:00 pm ET
|Considerations for Selecting Primary Sources
|Discuss criteria for selecting and using primary sources in instruction, including thinking about audience, historical context, and point of view. The webinar will highlight strategies for representing multiple perspectives and addressing difficult topics.
|March 17 at 4:00 pm ET
|Teaching with Primary Sources in the Science Classroom
|Participants will experience how an inquiry-driven analysis of a primary source can engage students, establish meaningful contexts for learning and doing science, and build literacy skills. Participants will be invited to make connections to their own teaching and will learn how to access primary sources and analysis tools from the Library of Congress.
|February 18 at 4:00 pm ET
|Visible Thinking Routines and Primary Sources
|Education experts will model how to use visible thinking strategies to enhance the power of primary sources in your classroom. A wide variety of easy-to-use routines will be introduced.
|January 21 at 4:00 pm ET
|Primary Sources & Novice Researchers: Entry Points and Interplay
|Explore how primary sources can play a key role in learning research skills. This webinar will illustrate areas in an inquiry research process where primary sources can play a key role as well as how primary sources interplay with each other and with secondary sources to impact student learning.
|December 10 at 4:00 pm ET
|Searching LOC.gov
|The holdings of the Library of Congress are massive and so it its Web site. During this webinar, Library education experts will break it down for you to make it easier to navigate. As a result, you will understand the breadth and depth of the Library's collections.
Topics covered include:
|October 27-28 from 4:00 – 8:00 ET
|SPECIAL EVENT – First Online Conference
|"The Library of Congress & Teachers: Unlocking the Power of Primary Sources" is the theme of our first ever online conference. Over the course of two days, there will be 14 sessions from which to choose. Our goals are to build awareness of the resources of the institution and to highlight instructional strategies for using primary sources from the Library of Congress. Registration information coming early October.
|September 10 at 4:00 ET
|Constitution Day Primary Sources
|Join us for an interactive hour-long program to:


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 21, 2002
|Filing date
|Sep 26, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 26, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kenneth Buchanan, Karl Koster
|Original Assignee
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (16), Classifications (22), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to telecommunications and, more specifically, to a method and system for automatically transmitting information related to a previous occurring telephone call to a pager.
In recent years, the use of paging systems has greatly increased and pagers are now commonly used by persons in all walks of life. Whether used for business or for personal reasons, one advantage of pagers is that they provide users with the freedom of travel without losing the ability to be constantly linked to a communications network.
Paging systems include a central paging terminal that is connected to various transmitters. Each transmitter sends a paging signal that addresses a particular pager and that can be received by that pager if that pager is located within the radio coverage range of the transmitter. The pager is typically a small device that can be easily carried on the person of the user or placed at a suitable location in close proximity to the user. The pager may include a numeric or alphanumeric display for displaying numeric or text information respectively to the user.
Typically, a pager is associated with a specific telephone number. To page somebody having a pager, a calling party dials the pager's specific telephone number. In addition, a personal identification number (PIN) code may be associated with a pager if a common access number is used for multiple pagers. After dialing this telephone number, the calling party generally may enter numerical information using dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signals for indicating numerical information. Typically, such information is the calling party's telephone number so that the person with the pager may call the calling party, i.e., the person who left the page. Other means of signaling such as in-band modem protocols may be used to transfer alphanumeric information with certain types of pagers. Alphanumeric information can be any combination of letters or digits within certain restrictions. After either the numerical or alphanumerical information is entered by the calling party, this information then is transmitted over a paging signal to the appropriate pager.
The appropriate pager detects the paging signal, receives any numerical or alphanumeric information conveyed, and displays the information on a digital display. The pager is also usually designed to notify the paging subscriber that information has been received via audible, visual, or vibration based signals.
Certain services offered by wireline telecommunications networks provide information regarding calls to a subscriber's telephone number and are commonly known as calling line identification services ("Caller ID" services). More specifically, these are calling number delivery services and calling name delivery which provide for the telephone number or name, respectively, associated with the calling party.
These "Caller ID" services generally operate in conjunction with a Caller ID display device that displays the name and/or number of the calling party. The device is usually located in close proximity to the telephone associated with the called telephone number. Such a service is advantageous in that it allows a user to "screen" the call by determining who originated the call. However, such display devices are not mobile as they are usually connected to the telephone line and the telephone set.
Another service offered to subscribers by telecommunications networks is "voice mail" service. Voice mail allows a calling party to leave an audio message when the call is not answered or the called party's line is busy. The called party can then subsequently retrieve the voice mail message left by the calling party. Services such as the voice mail service can be used in conjunction with a paging system to page a subscriber when a voice mail message is left by the calling party. In this manner, the subscriber can be paged and informed that a voice mail message is waiting.
However, current services such as voice mail, that are used in conjunction with a paging system, cause the paging system to notify the user only that a voice mail message exists. The identity of the party who placed the call and left the voice mail message may not be known by the voice mail system, and thus, cannot be transmitted to the paging system and then to the subscriber's pager. Therefore, when the subscriber receives a page indicating the presence of voice mail, the subscriber has no information regarding who left the voice mail message.
It is possible for a subscriber to voice mail service to subscribe to Caller ID services, and thus obtain information pertaining to calls received. In this manner, the voice mail service could obtain information pertaining to calls in which the calling party left a voice mail message. The voice mail service could send this information via a pager to the subscriber. However, such an arrangement requires hardware and software modifications to the voice mail service and presumes that the a telephone subscriber is also a voice mail subscriber.
Therefore, the need exists for a method of paging a subscriber with information relating to the identity of the calling party when a particular event occurs, such as a call is place to a specified telephone number or forwarded to voice mail system.
In general, the present invention is a method and system, in association with a telecommunications network, for paging a subscriber with information pertaining to a call associated with a designated telephone number. A communications service provider, preferably a paging service provider, is provided with information relating to the call, such as the name and/or telephone number of the calling party and the time of the call. The paging service provider then transmits a page including the information relating to the call to the pager of the called party. The pager receives the page and preferably displays the information relating to the call.
More specifically, the present invention is used in association with a telecommunications network and provides for the transmission of information where the information to a pager includes calling party identification information relating to a call made to a designated telephone number. After receiving at a switch a call that is offered from a calling party to a called party, a message is transmitted from the switch to a service control point. Calling party identification information relating to the call is obtained by the service control point. A signal including the calling party identification information is transmitted from the service control point to the switch to instruct the switch to process the call. Another signal including the calling party identification information is transmitted to a paging service provider, which transmits a page including the calling party identification information to a pager associated with the called party. The calling party identification information then may be displayed on the pager.
Advantageously, the present invention, allows a user of telephone service: to be aware of calls made to a telephone number, regardless of whether they were answered, encountered a busy condition, or were forwarded to voice mail, to be aware of the name and number associated with the calling party for such calls and have such information displayed on a pager, to receive such information without having to purchase any additional customer premises equipment or voice mail service in order to receive and display such information.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for paging a subscriber with information relating to a call associated with a designated telephone number.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary wireline telecommunications network in which the preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the signal path in the telephone network for an implementation of paging system.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the steps that occur during the operations described in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the signals transmitted in the telecommunications network for paging a subscriber in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the steps that occur during the operations described in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the signals transmitted in the telecommunications network for paging a subscriber in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
Turning next to the drawing figures in which like numerals represent like parts, the preferred embodiment will now be described in detail.
Generally, the preferred embodiment provides a method and system for paging a subscriber with information pertaining to a call associated with a designated telephone number. In this description, the person or entity that receives the page is referred to as the paging subscriber. It is anticipated, but not required, that the paging subscriber and the designated telephone number are associated in some manner, e.g., the paging subscriber receives paging information for calls made to the same subscriber's telephone number. An alternative embodiment is that the paging subscriber receives information whenever a call has been forwarded from the designated telephone number to another number, such as a voice mail provider or when a call has encountered a busy condition when offered to the designated telephone number. In these situations, a call is initiated to the paging service provider and information is provided regarding the call to the designated telephone number. The paging system then transmits a page to the appropriate pager. The pager receives the page and displays the information, such as the calling party name and/or number. By this method, the subscriber is informed that a call has been placed to his or her telephone number or that a call has been forwarded to another number, such as a voice mail service provider.
Although the preferred embodiment is described herein with reference to a "subscriber", a "calling party" and a "called party", it should be understood that these terms need not refer only to human operators of telecommunications devices or equipment. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that these terms may include devices or equipment, capable of operating without a human operator, that are connected to a telecommunications network. A "call", as described herein, should be understood to refer to an attempt to establish a communications link between a calling party and a called party. A call may be initiated from an originating device either automatically or by a human operator. Also, the "subscriber" of any referenced service may be the user of the service and is not necessarily the entity with the financial responsibility for services rendered.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical wireline telephone network in which the preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented. The network, generally shown at 10, includes a plurality of central office switches (each called a "switch") and each equipped as a service switching point (SSP) with Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) capabilities. A plurality of representative SSPs are shown as 12 a-12 c. Those skilled in the art will recognize that each AIN equipped SSP allows some of the call-processing logic to be removed from the switch and placed in an external device such as a service control point (SCP). Each of the SSPs 12 a-12 c is equipped with appropriate hardware and software for the activation of AIN triggers which generate messages in response to certain activities on specified telephone lines and for accepting instructions from an SCP. Emanating from each SSP are respective subscriber lines 14 a-14 c, which are terminated by respective telephone sets 17 a-17 c. A particular subscriber number (also referred to as a telephone number or directory number) within the network is associated with each of the particular subscriber lines 14. Thus, the SSP is provisioned with the appropriate triggers that result in messages generated to the SCP pertaining to an action or event related to a specific call, such as information identifying the particular subscriber line whenever a call is offered to that line. The nature and format of such triggers is known to those skilled in the art and is specified in the various vendor specifications of AIN procedures, messages, and protocols.
The switches associated with the SSPs 12 communicate with each other through a plurality of trunk circuits 18 a and 18 b. Data links 22 a-c connect SSPs 12 a-c, respectively, to a local signal transfer point (STP) 20. These data links use the SS7 protocol, which is well known to those skilled in the art. An STP is a multi-port, high speed switch programmed to direct traffic among the other components in the network.
The local STP 20 is connected through SS7 data link 26 to a local service control point (SCP) 24 of the type well known to those skilled in the art. Service control points contain much of the intelligence necessary to implement the features of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. For example, the SCP 24 contains subscriber databases which correlate subscriber telephone numbers connected to SSPs 12 a-c to subscriber names. This is frequently referred to as the "Calling Name Database" by those skilled in the art.
The SCP databases are updated with information provided from a service management system (SMS) 28 via communications path 27. The SMS may also update information on the service node (SN) 30 via communications path 31. Service nodes are well known to those skilled in the art and are implemented by similar types of computers that implement the SCP 24. Service nodes are typically connected to SSPs via an ISDN interface.
While the physical embodiments of the SCP and SN are similar, their functions are different. SCPs normally provide database inquiry and routing services that occur prior to completion of a communication between subscribers. An SCP cannot provide for direct exchange of audible information directly with a telephone user. SNs are typically used to implement actions requiring an audio connection. Thus, services implemented during a call involving sending or exchanging audible information usually require the use of a service node.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the signal paths in the telephone network for a telephone call that has been routed to a voice mail system and which voice mail system pages the subscriber with an indication of a voice mail message being recorded. The incoming call, shown as signal 40, from the calling party is delivered to the SSP, i.e., the switch 42. If the called party does not answer the call, the switch forwards the call 41, to a voice mail service 44 which includes a voice mail box associated with the called party's telephone number. At this point, the voice mail service prompts the calling party to leave a message. The calling party may leave an audio voice mail message for the called party. The message is stored by the voice mail service 44 in the voice mail box associated with the called party's telephone number.
After the voice mail service 44 stores the calling party's voice mail message, the voice mail service may initiate a call to the paging service 46. The voice mail service 44 then sends information to the paging service provider indicating the presence of voice mail message which is to be sent to the pager. The paging service 46 (for example, through use of a paging terminal) then transmits a page 47 to the pager 48 associated with the called telephone number, as determined from a database located at the paging terminal.
The page 47 sent by the paging system may be a tone-only page, or contain some predetermined digits to inform the called party that a voice mail message has been left on the called party's voice mail service. The predetermined digits typically are in the form of a seven digit telephone number, such as "777-7777", which is a number set by the paging service provider to be displayed on the pager to inform the called party of the existence of a voice mail message. In this manner, the called party knows that a voice mail message has been left by a calling party, but does not know anything else about the voice mail message. For example, the called party does not know the name of the party who left the voice mail message.
The description above with reference to FIG. 2 is summarized in the flow chart of FIG. 3. The incoming call from the called party is offered to the switch at step 50. The switch then forwards the call to the called party's voice mail box at step 52. The calling party then leaves a voice mail message at step 54. At step 56, the voice mail service initiates a call to the paging system and sends information indicating the presence of a voice mail message. The paging service transmits a page to the pager associated with the called number at step 60 to notify the called party that a voice mail message is present in the called party's voice mail box.
The exemplary system and method of paging a called party upon receipt of a voice mail message, as described in FIGS. 2 and 3, only provides information that a voice mail message exists, but does not provide any other information such as the name the calling party that left the message.
The present invention provides information relating to a call as described with reference to FIG. 4. That describes the preferred embodiment of the present invention which shows the signaling paths associated with the provision of calling party name and number information to a subscriber's pager. In FIG. 4, an incoming call 70 from the calling party to the telephone number of the called party is offered to an AIN capable switch. The switch is provisioned with an AIN trigger known as termination attempt trigger ("TAT") associated with the called party line 73. Any call attempts to the called party number will result in a "termination attempt" message 76 to be sent to the SCP 78.
The SCP is then provided with information regarding the telephone number of the calling party. The SCP may also contain the "Calling Name Database" which has information of telephone numbers and names associated. If SCP 78 does not have this information it may access it from other SCP databases. The databases from which calling party information is obtained include the names and telephone numbers of the subscribers connected to the network. Such a database may include many millions of entries that are updated automatically on a daily basis, thus providing an accurate listing of calling party identification information.
After the SCP 78 is provided the call related information, the SCP responds to the switch with an instruction to process the call in a normal fashion. This instruction is preferably in the form of an "Offer_Call" message 80. The Offer_Call message is a standard response to the SSP. Other types of responses to the switch may include a request to be notified via a subsequent message if the call is forwarded due to a busy or no-answer condition. The switch then continues processing the call in a conventional manner.
The SCP 78 then preferably sends a message 79 to the SN 82 indicating the information relating to the call. The message 79 from the SCP to the SN may include the calling party name, the calling party telephone number, the time of the call, the called party telephone number, as well as the telephone number associated with the called party's pager and personal identification number (PIN) code associated with the pager number, if required. The SN then places a call to the paging terminal 84 relaying the call related information to the paging service provider. The call from the SN to the paging system may use an in-band modem protocol and/or DTMF tones for transferring information pertaining to call 70. The paging terminal 84 then transmits a page 85 containing the information sent by the SN pertaining to call 70 to the pager 86 of the called party. The page 85 notifies the called party that a call was offered to the called party's telephone number and provides call related information such as the name and/or number of the calling party. This information is preferably displayed on the pager. In this manner, upon receiving the page, the paging subscriber is made aware of a call attempt to his or her telephone and the associated call related information.
The message 79 from the SCP to the SN is a non-call associated signaling (NCAS) message. NCAS messages, used in accordance with the present invention, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,290 entitled "AIN NON-CALL ASSOCIATED SIGNALING FOR SERVICE NODES AND SERVICE CONTROL POINTS IN A TELEPHONE SYSTEM", issued on Mar. 12, 1996 and assigned to BellSouth Corporation of Atlanta, Ga., assignee of the present invention. The disclosure contained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,290 is herein incorporated by reference. The NCAS signaling protocol allows communication between a network element, such as a SCP containing a database, through a switch to a device attached to the network, such as a computer, a paging terminal, a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) associated with a cellular telecommunications network, a base station, customer premises equipment (CPE), or other similar equipment.
In the description of FIG. 4, it should be understood that the paging system 84 is not implemented with the NCAS interface and thus cannot receive direct NCAS messages from the SCP 78. Therefore, in the embodiment the message from the SCP with call related information is first sent to the SN, which is an AIN computer familiar with the paging system's signaling protocols. Thus, the SN communicates the called party information, obtained from the SCP, to a paging system that is not equipped to handle NCAS messages. This is particularly advantageous because it allows information to be transmitted to the paging system without the need to modify the paging terminal or other equipment.
The description of the preferred embodiment with reference to FIG. 4 is summarized with respect to preferred operational steps in the flow chart of FIG. 5. At step 90, the incoming call from the calling party is offered to the switch for a designated called party. Then, at step 94, a "termination attempt trigger" ("TAT") is encountered resulting in a termination attempt message sent from the switch to the SCP that notifies the SCP that a call has been offered to the designated number along with the calling party's number. The SCP then obtains call related information such as calling party identification information at step 96 from a database contained within the SCP or another network database.
The SCP responds to the switch, at step 98, with an instruction to offer the call, i.e., to continue processing of the call, which the SSP performs at step 100. At step 102, the SCP sends an NCAS message to the SN including the call related information. The SN, at step 104, then calls the paging system and transmits the calling party information. The paging system then sends out a page to the called party's pager containing the information, at step 106. Upon receipt of the page, the called party's pager, at step 108, displays a message that notifies the called party that a call has been placed to the designated called party number. The pager also preferably displays the calling party's name and telephone number.
An alternative implementation of the description of FIGS. 4 and 5 is described with reference to FIG. 6. The signaling paths described in FIG. 6 are the same as that of FIG. 4, but with an exception. In this implementation, the paging system is compatible with the NCAS interface. Therefore, the paging system is capable of receiving NCAS messages directly from the SCP. In this alternative implementation, the SCP 78 sends an NCAS message 81 directly to the paging system 84 via the switch 72 rather than through a SN, as shown in FIG. 4. With reference to the flow chart of FIG. 5, if the paging system is NCAS-compatible as the implementation illustrated in FIG. 6, steps 102 and 104 are replaced by a single step in which the SCP sends an NCAS message containing call related information to the paging terminal.
Although the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in relation to a telephone call that has been offered to a designated telephone number, it should be understood that the present invention can be utilized in various other situations. For example, the SSP can be provisioned with other types of AIN triggers which result in messages being sent to the SCP only if the calls to the designated number encounter a busy or no answer condition. These are referred to as the "T_Busy" and "T_No_Answer" triggers respectively by those skilled in the art. This allows the subscriber to be paged only if a call to a designated telephone number encounters a busy or no-answer condition as opposed to being paged for every call offered to the designated telephone number.
A still further option would be to provision the AIN trigger at the switch based not on the termination of an incoming call to a designated called party, but rather on the origination of a call from a designated party. For example, receipt at the switch of an "off-hook" condition on a calling party's telephone line could be used to initiate a message from the switch to the SCP. Such an implementation would page the subscriber of the telephone line when a call attempt originates from the telephone line. Such an implementation would be advantageous in a situation such as where the telephone line is a dedicated alarm line. In this manner, a subscriber is paged when a call is attempted from the telephone line, and could indicate an alarm condition at the subscriber premises. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that many other situations exist for which other AIN triggers can be encountered and although the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described herein with reference to a call offered to a telephone number, the present invention can be implemented for many alternative situations.
In association with the present invention, call related information may be sent from the SCP using the IS-41 protocol or other methods to a message center other than a conventional paging system or paging service provider. Such a message center may be associated with the "short message service" provided by a digital cellular or personal communications service (PCS) telecommunications network for transmission to a wireless mobile telephone having an alphanumeric display. Thus, the present invention is contemplated to be capable of being utilized to transmit calling party identification information to personal communications services (PCS) cellular telephones or digital cellular telephones in a cellular telecommunications network which utilize a capability known as "Short Messaging Service", as is well known to those skilled in the art.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments of the present invention overcome the drawbacks of the prior art described hereinabove and accomplish the previously stated objects of the present invention. From the description of the alternate preferred embodiments, equivalents of the elements shown therein will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. For example, equivalent ways of constructing and implementing other embodiments of the present invention will suggest themselves to practitioners of the art. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the claims below.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Bellsouth Corporation
|AIN non-call associated signalling for service nodes and service control points in a telephone system
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|Engineering And Business Systems, Inc.
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|U S West Technologies, Inc.
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|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for providing caller data in a time division multiplexed wireless communication system
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|Mti International
|Wireless caller information processing system
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|Ameritech Corporation
|Wireless digital personal communications system having voice/data/image two-way calling and intercell hand off provided through distributed logic
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|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
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|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
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|Method and apparatus for adaptive multi-stage multi-threshold detection of paging indicators in wireless communication systems
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|May 6, 2014
|Francesco Ricci
|Systems and methods for providing answering services
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|Feb 3, 2015
|New I.P. Investments, Llc
|Systems and methods for providing answering services
|Mar 25, 2002
|Oct 17, 2002
|Wolfgang Wippich
|Pager system
|Dec 31, 2002
|May 22, 2003
|Vinson R. Keith
|Targeted disaster warning system and method
|Nov 7, 2003
|May 20, 2004
|Mailk Dale W
|System and method for performing a task with telephone line settings on a switch through a telephone call
|Jan 16, 2007
|Feb 7, 2008
|Cheng-Cheng Wu
|Mouse having a receiving and positioning structure
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|New I.P. Investments, Llc
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|Vinson R Keith
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|U.S. Classification
|455/426.1, 455/415, 455/458
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 26, 1997
Owner name: BELLSOUTH CORPORATION, GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BUCHANAN, KENNETH;KOSTER, KARL;REEL/FRAME:008740/0623
Effective date: 19970919
|Dec 22, 1998
Owner name: BELLSOUTH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CORPORATION, DELAW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BELLSOUTH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP, INC.;REEL/FRAME:009678/0367
Effective date: 19980901
Owner name: BELLSOUTH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP, INC., GEORG
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BELLSOUTH CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:009670/0482
Effective date: 19980901
|Oct 28, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 28, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 27, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 21, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 8, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140521


text:
George Washington Can't Handle Being a Stepdad
It's weird when he's the father of America, too.By PYPO
It's weird when he's the father of America, too.By PYPO
The Hamilton boom is real.By Nate Jones
A shared idol is found.By Maggie Lange
Due to lack of treasure map, probably.By Margaret Hartmann
Washington's rye probably tastes a lot better today than it did in 1797.By Hugh Merwin
Ride Lincoln's coattails much?By Zach Dionne
The soup that saved America once saved Davio's David Boyle from freezing to death at a Mummers parade.By Collin Keefe
Plus: Jamie Oliver creates a heart attack meatball sandwich, and here's a look at what's going on in the world of whiskey, all in our morning news roundup.
The Inky critic received honors for his two-part series about George Washington's enslaved chef.By Collin Keefe
A tasting of George Washington's personal beer, plus beer comes to the Greenmarket.By Daniel Maurer
The surname Washington now belongs predominantly to African-Americans — in fact, the name is 90 percent black according to the most recent U.S. Census data.By Patrick Huguenin
It's a tight race between Bud Light, Kraft, and tea partier Rick Barber.By Dan Amira
The future of the George Washington hangout is uncertain.By Daniel Maurer
Amazing.By Edith Zimmerman
If the New York 'Times' can do it with Michelle Obama's bare arms why can't we do it, too?By Amy Odell
Plus, Nicole Richie and Rachel Zoe have made up. The new Obama era is really beginning! In the gossip roundup.By Tim Murphy


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50% alpaca, 25% linen, 25% silk
435 yds / 4 oz
Fingering weight, 3 ply on US 1 (2.25mm) to US 3 (3mm) needles
Care: Hand wash, lay flat to dry
This limited run lace weight yarn from Brooklyn Tweed is made from 100% Rambouillet Wool - a soft and springy wool that is sourced and spun in Wyoming and dyed in Maine. Plains is an innovative, eco friendly yarn that comes from the heart of the American ranch country.
100% American Rambouillet Wool
440 yds / 50 g
Laceweight yarn / Gauge will vary
Care: Hand wash, lay flat to dry
Heavenly is a perfect name for this incredibly luxurious yarn. A soft semi-solid hand-dyed palette compliments the silky sheen and sleek hand of Heavenly for a yarn that's an absolute dream to knit.
70% Baby Alpaca, 20% Silk, 10% Cashmere
100 g / 225 m
Care: Hand wash, lay flat to dry
Pattern Suggestions:
Heavenly by ANKESTRiCK - pullover that uses 4 - 7 skeinsNash by Alicia Plummer - scarf pattern that uses 3 skeins
This fantastic hand-dyed yarn comes all the way from Ireland! With a super-soft feel and lovely drape its wonderful in luxurious socks, shawls and garments.
90% Superwash Merino Wool, 10% Nylon
100G = 400m (437yds)
Gauge: 7-8sts = 1" on US 1 (2.25mm) - US 2 (2.75mm) needles
Care: Machine Washable
Pattern Suggestions:
Arius Shawl by Francoise Danoy (2 skeins of Hedgehog Fibres Sock yarn and 1 skein of Hedgehog Fibres Sock yarn Minis, shown in Monarch & Jelly)
Loire by Angelea McGarrah (uses 2 skeins - HCW Shop sample shown in "Tremble")
Velvet Snapdragon by Jennette Cross (uses 3 skeins - shown in "Poison")
Level: Beginner Workshop - no experience needed!
Instructor: Drea Peters
Class fee includes $20 materials fee*
Woven wall hangings are having quite a moment in the crafting & fiber worlds. In this fun & engaging workshop you will be introduced to the world of weaving and learn all the skills you need to create beautiful woven wall hangings. Austin based designer, Dréa, will teach you all the steps, from setting up your loom to finishing methods. You will learn basic weaving techniques including basic weave, rya knots, soumak, color changes, and creating shapes. This is a beginner workshop so no prior weaving experience is required.
*Materials: Included in the price of this workshop is $20 material fee which includes:
-Use of a loom for 2 weeks after class
-Enough fiber (lot's of variety to choose from) to complete your project
-Tapestry Needle and comb
Feel free to bring any bits and pieces of fiber you may have or want to use!
1. If you would prefer to sign-up over the phone, call HCW at 707-7396 with credit card information to secure a spot.
2. There is a $2 cancellation fee. A 5-day notice is required for cancellation without additional penalty. Cancellations made within 5 days of a class are subject to a 50% class charge.Cancellations made the day of class and no-shows are not refundable.
3.Classes may be cancelled in the event of insufficient sign-ups (less than 3 students) - if we cancel a class you will be notified the week before by phone & will be given a full refund.
Instructor: Birgit Hesse
Ever wanted to create your own bracelet? Pick from a selection of five different bracelet patterns and make one for yourself or several as Christmas gifts. Use yarn and buttons from your stash (cotton or something with a sparkle) or come a little bit early and we can pick some in the store together – the options are endless and FUN.
What you will learn:
- How to crochet your own unique bracelet using basic crochet stiches
- How to sew on a button
- How to make a "button" hole for your bracelets
- How to weave in ends blending in with the crochet pattern
- How the use of different yarns and buttons change the style of your bracelet.
I will have several samples for you to look at.
What you need to know:
Basic crochet stiches like chain, single crochet & double crochet – previous experience with sewing on a button is helpful but not necessary.
What you will need:
Crochet hook 3.5 mmm (E) – and/or others ranging from 2.5 mm to 4.0 mm (C – G) if you want to use different sizes.
1 skein of Cascade Ultra Pima OR Cotton Classic by Tahiki Yarns
Or you may bring some of your scrap yarns (mercerized cotton is really pretty because of its shine and works well but you could experiment with other fibers, too).
Buttons: Anything will do. Easiest to use are buttons between ¾ inch and 1 inch in diameter.
Other: Thread and needle (to sew on buttons) if you have and want to use your own but I will have some on hand, too.
Written pattern instructions for all five bracelets will be provided in class.
If you have any questions you can contact the instructor before class.


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- General information enquiries
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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on Actions for a Safer Europe
on the prevention of injury and the promotion of safety
Statistics summary 2002 - 2004
Interim Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the programme of Community action on injury prevention in the framework for action in the field of Public Health (1999 to 2003) - Decision n°372/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 February 1999
(Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC)
Adopted by the SCENIHR during the 16th plenary meeting of 21 March 2007 (after public consultation)
Adopted by the SCENIHR by written procedure on 19 July 2006
Reply to question B, Opinion expressed at the 33rd CSTEE plenary meeting.
This report list the guidelines and legislatives measures taken by the member states to limit the exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields. Elements of information for some of the candidate countries are also included.
expressed by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) at the 27th CSTEE plenary meeting.
Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, Parma
Budapest Conference on Environment and Health
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee:"The European Environment & Health Action Plan 2004-2010" (COM(2004) 416 final)
Technical annexes
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee A European Environment and Health Strategy (COM/2003/0338 final)


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A heartless corporation that under pays their employees despite the growth in the cost of living, thus lowering the quality of life.
I'd rather give handjobs to cats than work in Stop & Shop.
viết bởi Jonathan 13 Tháng một, 2005
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
a place that couldn't possibly exist because u cant stop & shop at the same time
how can you be stopped and be shopping at the same time but people still go to stop & shop
viết bởi MIGGITTY 28 Tháng tư, 2009


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Home ⋅ Christmas Cards & Photo Christmas Cards ⋅ Studio Basics ⋅ 1 Photo ⋅ 3-5 Photos
"Very good quality printing and paper. Card was very thick and the pictures were crystal clear . I would definitely recommend to a friend!"
"We had a caricature artist at our daughter's Sweet 16 party and he did a family "portrait." It was so amazing that we decided to use it as this year's Christmas card. Hopefully it will bring a smile (or even a giggle) to all who see it. Sometimes that is just what we need as the holidays can bring on some added stress and pressure."
"I submitted card and put in to have it reviewed for no charge. The person who reviewed it took a personal interest in improving my card. Emily was unbelievable and the end product was 'clearly' due to her great work. Greatly appreciated!"
"This is the first time we've used Tiny Prints, but it's not the last. Love the design and the ease of adding our family photos. Everyone has said that this is the best looking card they'd received this year. I also loved the next day delivery. Although it was not expected, it was much appreciated!"
"perfect photo blocks and sentiment for our Christmas card - filled the large space with entire-family photo and 4 smaller blocks with individual family units"
Copyright © 2004-2016 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.


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... continued
See Also
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With the 360, Xbox Live gold members will finally be able to do videoconferencing through Xbox Live, thanks to the system's USB camera (sold separately). "It's a superhigh fidelity camera," explains Allard. "We're going to do basically XGA quality stills. We're going to do really high-def stills. It'll be able to do 16:9 aspect ratio, 60 frames per second at 640x480. So you'll be able to do really good video. If you look at [Sony's] EyeToy for comparison, they do 320x200, so it's basically one-quarter the resolution, and then they do it at half that framerate." Snap the camera atop your Xbox 360 and you're ready to chat with another friend in real-time, just like you would through voice. Users can also use the camera to take a photo of themselves for their Gamer Card profile. But the real potential of the camera has yet to be tapped. Used in conjunction with game design, the 360 camera opens the door to a world of possibilities, whether it's in a massively multiplayer online RPG or a sports game. Allard provides his own example: "You guys score a touchdown on me and Cam and you want the agony of defeat -- you want a snapshot for posterity for your book? Ka-ching. And now you can take a picture of us while we're playing and you have a high-quality photo to shame us and remind us next time we square off."
The Future is Online
The most exciting aspect of Xbox 360's design, however, doesn't come packaged into its sleek white case. Microsoft's new system builds on the foundation of Xbox Live by emphasizing online individuality and broadening its suite of Live-enabled features. With Sony touting its latecomer technological advantage (the PlayStation 3 is rumored to be more powerful than the Xbox 360), and Nintendo promising a revolutionary way to play videogames next generation, Microsoft continues to change gaming and how this hobby intertwines with our lives through online innovation. More than ever before, your Xbox 360 will live on the 'net, connected at all times to other islands in the stream. With Xbox Live, the groundwork is already there - all you need is a little imagination to see the future potential of online gaming.
Just five years ago, broadband access was considered a luxury to most; now more than 175 million Americans connect online through a high speed Internet provider (according Deloitte and & Touche's "Moore's Law and Electronic Games"). Capitalizing on an imminent critical mass of broadband-enabled gamers, Microsoft is offering a basic, free "silver" Xbox Live membership to anyone who buys an Xbox 360. With a silver Live account, anyone with broadband access can tap into complimentary services such as free parlor games (checkers anyone?), voice chat and messenging with those on your friends list, or access to Live's micro-transaction marketplace (more on this cool feature later). Silver members can do pretty much anything an Xbox Live member can do today, except actually play retail games. That privilege is, of course, reserved for "gold" Xbox Live members who pay a subscription fee. The good news is that if you're already on Xbox Live now, and provided you're all paid up with their billing department, you'll be seamlessly carried over onto the new system when you pick up your Xbox 360.
Imagine this example: you're playing a single-player RPG, and receive a chat request from a friend. To take the call, you press the bulbous 360 guide button on your controller and the guide menu slides over the game you're currently playing, covering half the screen. After accepting his chat request, you close the menu and continue playing your RPG, only now, you're chatting with your buddy at the same time. And perhaps, on their end, they're stuck somewhere in the same game, and you're both playing at the same time so you can walk 'em through the puzzle. It's awesome, yet commonplace scenarios like this that really brings home the incredible potential of Xbox 360's online features.
"The Gamer Zone comes back really to matchmaking. It comes down to who you want to play with. So when we looked at this generation, we spent a lot of time researching [Optimatch]. And as it turns out, people came back and said there are four different types of gamers out there, when it comes to multiplayer games," explains Cam Ferroni, general manager of the Xbox platform. "Pro gamers, for instance, are highly competitive. They're all about playing 100% fair. The second type is currently called R&R, gamers who are reasonably competitive, like to play for real, but most of the time, are there for the social experience. To hang out with friends and meet new people. Third are the family gamers. These are folks that are generally not very competitive, they like the excuse of using the game as a backdrop, much as you might use an evening card game with the family, where you don't really care about beating Grandma at checkers, what you care about is spending an hour of quality family time. Then the last one, is underground. And you can all probably imagine what underground is. These are the folks that are all about the trash talking. They're all about the swearing. They're up there just causing trouble, they're driving cars backwards in games. They're just messing around most of the time. And that's cool."
Last, but certainly not least, is Xbox 360's proposed online economy, which will encompass a major aspect of Xbox Live next generation. Built on the premise of microtransactions, Live subscribers will be able to spend points to purchase additional content for games from publishers and other gamers. You can accumulate points, essentially currency from your Xbox Live wallet, by buying cards from retail outlets (e.g., a 10,000 point card), or directly online by charging it to your credit card. Either way, you trade real money for play money on Xbox Live, and spend it on stuff like game demos, soundtracks, Gamer Card icons, and extra goods for your favorite games. But the one thing you absolutely cannot do is redeem these points back into cash.
Allard is enthusiastic about microtransactions because it's a complex feature that developers can take advantage of, but not have to directly worry about coding implementation. "We've got the marketplace browser built into the guide," he tells us. "So check it, you pause Halo 3, you press the Xbox 360 button, boom, up comes the guide, you go and you say, oh, there's a [Perfect Dark Zero] download that just came on, great. You go pay to download the thing and you're downloading in the background, boom, you go back to Halo and you finish up your game. The thing's going in the background. Multi-core, system's always on, online, and connected." More than any hardware innovation, Xbox 360's online services truly define next-generation gaming. Microsoft, it seems, has truly come full circle.


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Aqua Flo E75TFC-3NSF Reverse Osmosis System 75GPD
$175.99+ Free Shipping*
Ships in 5 to 6 business days.
The Hydrotech E75TFC-3NSF is a reverse osmosis (RO) water filtration system with the following 4 stages of filters:
- 10 inch sediment pre-filter
- 10 inch activated carbon pre-filter
- Thin film composite (TFC) membrane
- 10 inch activated carbon post filter
The Aqua Flo E75TFC-3NSF Reverse Osmosis System 75GPD features a 5 micron pre-filter. This RO system has a 75 gallon per day (gpd) capacity. This Hydrotech RO system has 3/8 inch outlet tubing. The E75TFC-3NSF has quick connect fittings for easy installation.
The Hydrotech E75TFC-3NSF specifications:
- 75 gpd capacity
- 3/8 inch outlet tubing
- Quick connect fittings
- 3.8 gallon storage tank
Aqua Flo E75TFC-3NSF Reverse Osmosis System 75GPD Product Reviews :Write a review
- Not reviewed yet


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A former water mill, adjacent to Powick Bridge, was converted in 1894 to become the world's first combined steam/hydro electric power station. Electricity from this provided about half the city of Worcester's needs. The Powick site continued generating until the 1950s. In its turn, when it closed, it was converted firstly into a laundry and has again been converted into smart residential apartments. The site was chosen as a mill site from at least the 11th century, and very probably earlier than that. The mill leat was dug in 1291. A succession of water mills replaced each other throughout the Middle Ages and into the 16th century and later.
Photo taken in Powick, UK


text: A high solid acrylic paint marker available in six sizes (1mm - 15mm). Molotow's unique acrylic-based hybrid-paint works on almost every surface. All markers are refillable with ONE4ALL refills as well as any acrylic ink such as Golden High Flow Acrylics and Daler Rowney FW Acrylic Inks. This marker and paint system is the missing link between spray can, airbrush, marker and paint brush.


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I havent played a RGP in a while but this game has me interested.
I dont like the Cloud look at all. Way to much FF crap look to it and that makes it feel dated. but.
The combat system looks VERY interesting. I hope this is a real game they are serious about.