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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Feldspar Biohybrid as an Adsorbent: Optimization of Adsorption Process via Response Surface Modeling
Yazdani, Maryam
Bahrami, Hajir
Arami, Mokhtar
The Scientific World Journal
Chitosan/feldspar biobased beads were synthesized, characterized, and tested for the removal of Acid Black 1 dye from aquatic phases. A four-factor central composite design (CCD) accompanied by response surface modeling (RSM) and optimization was used to optimize the dye adsorption by the adsorbent (chitosan/feldspar composite) in 31 different batch experiments. Independent variables of temperature, pH, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dose were used to change to coded values. To anticipate the responses, a quadratic model was applied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tested the significance of the process factors and their interactions. The adequacy of the model was investigated by the correlation between experimental and predicted data of the adsorption and the calculation of prediction errors. The results showed that the predicted maximum adsorption amount of 21.63 mg/g under the optimum conditions (pH 3, temperature 15°C, initial dye concentration 125 mg/L, and dose 0.2 g/50 mL) was close to the experimental value of 19.85 mg/g. In addition, the results of adsorption behaviors of the dye illustrated that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir sorption capacity was found to be 17.86 mg/g. Besides, thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic and favourable.
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Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Analysis on Adsorption of Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic-Poly(divinylbenzene-vinylimidazole) Microbeads
Kara, Ali
Demirbel, Emel
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
The magnetic-poly(divinylbenzene-1-vinylimidazole) [m-poly(DVB-VIM)] microbeads (average diameter 53–212 μm) were synthesized and characterized; their use as adsorbent in removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads were prepared by copolymerizing of divinylbenzene (DVB) with 1-vinylimidazole (VIM). The m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, ESR, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and swelling studies. At fixed solid/solution ratio the various factors affecting adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions such as pH, initial concentration, contact time and temperature were analyzed. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkvich isotherms were used as the model adsorption equilibrium data. Langmuir isotherm model was the most adequate. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Ritch-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the adsorption kinetics. The apparent activation energy was found to be 5.024 kJ mol−1, which is characteristic of a chemically controlled reaction. The experimental data fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic. The study of temperature effect was quantified by calculating various thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes. The thermodynamic parameters obtained indicated the endothermic nature of adsorption of Cr(VI) ions. Morever, after the use in adsorption, the m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads with paramagnetic property were separeted via the applied magnetic force. The magnetic beads could be desorbed up to about 97% by treating with 1.0 M NaOH. These features make the m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads a potential candidate for support of Cr(VI) ions removal under magnetic field.
Magnetic polymers; Adsorption isotherm; Adsorption kinetic; Adsorption thermodynamic; Cr(VI) ions
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Synthesis and application of Amberlite xad-4 functionalized with alizarin red-s for preconcentration and adsorption of rhodium (III)
Sid Kalal, Hossein
Panahi, Homayon Ahmad
Hoveidi, Hassan
Taghiof, Mohammad
Menderjani, Mahnaz Taheri
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
A new chelating resin was prepared by coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with alizarin red-s through an azo spacer, characterized by infra-red spectroscopy and thermal analysis and studied for Rh(III) preconcentration using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for rhodium monitoring in the environment. The optimum pH for sorption of the metal ion was 6.5. The sorption capacity was found 2.1 mg/g of resin for Rh(III). A recovery of 88% was obtained for the metal ion with 1.5 M HCl as eluting agent. Kinetic adsorption data were analyzed by adsorption and desorption times of Rh(III) on modified resin. Scat chard analysis revealed that the homogeneous binding sites were formed in the polymers. The linear regression equation was Q/C = –1.3169Q + 27.222 (R2 = 0.9239), for Rh were formed in the SPE sorbent,Kd and Qmax for the affinity binding sites were calculated to be 0.76 μmol/mL and 20.67 μmol/g, respectively. The equilibrium data and parameters of Rh(III) adsorption on modified resin were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich–Peterson models. The experimental adsorption isotherm was in good concordance with Langmuir and Freundlich models (R2 > 0.998) and based on the Langmuir isotherm the maximum amount of adsorption (qmax) was 4.842 mg/g. The method was applied for rhodium ions determination in environmental samples. with high recovery (>80%).
Environmental measurement; Solid phase extraction; Amberlite XAD-4; Rhodium, Immobilization
Related Articles
Biosorption of Zinc from Aqueous Solution Using Chemically Treated Rice Husk
Zhang, Ying
Zheng, Ru
Zhao, Jiaying
Zhang, Yingchao
Wong, Po-keung
Ma, Fang
BioMed Research International
In this study, adsorption of zinc onto the adsorbent (untreated rice husk and NaOH-treated rice husk) was examined. During the removal process, batch technique was used, and the effects of pH and contact time were investigated. Langmuir isotherm was applied in order to determine the efficiency of NaOH-treated rice husk used as an adsorbent. The zinc adsorption was fast, and equilibrium was attained within 30 min. The maximum removal ratios of zinc for untreated rice husk and NaOH-treated rice husk after 1.5 h were 52.3% and 95.2%, respectively, with initial zinc concentration of 25 mg/L and optimum pH of 4.0. Data obtained from batch adsorption experiments fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Maximum adsorption capacity of zinc onto untreated rice husk and NaOH-treated rice husk was 12.41 mg/g, and 20.08 mg/g respectively, at adsorbent dosage of 1 g/L at 25°C. The nature of functional groups (i.e., amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl) and metal ion interactions was examined by the FT-IR technique. It was concluded that the NaOH-treated rice husk had stronger adsorption capacity for Zn2+ compared with the untreated rice husk. The NaOH-treated rice husk is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent for Zn2+ removal from aqueous solutions.
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Removal of Co(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions by polymer based 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: thermodynamics and desorption studies
Moradi, Omid
Mirza, Behrooz
Norouzi, Mehdi
Fakhri, Ali
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
Removal thermodynamics and desorption studies of some heavy metal ions such as Co(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) by polymeric surfaces such as poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) and copolymer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with monomer methyl methacrylate P(MMA-HEMA) as adsorbent surfaces from aqueous single solution were investigated with respect to the changes in pH of solution, adsorbent composition, contact time and temperature in the individual aqueous solution. The linear correlation coefficients of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were obtained and the results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the experiment results better than Freundlich isotherm. Using the Langmuir model equation, the monolayer removal capacity of PHEMA surface was found to be 0.7388, 0.8396 and 3.0367 mg/g for Co(II), Cu(ΙΙ) and Pb(II) ions and removal capacity of P(MMA-HEMA) was found to be 28.8442, 31.1526 and 31.4465 mg/g for Co(II), Cu(ΙΙ) and Pb(II) ions, respectively. Changes in the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG0), standard enthalpy (ΔH0) and standard entropy (ΔS0) showed that the removals of mentioned ions onto PHEMA and P(MMA-HEMA) are spontaneous and exothermic at 293–323 K. The maximum desorption efficiency was 75.26% for Pb(II) using 0.100 M HNO3, 70.10% for Cu(II) using 0.100 M HCl, 59.20% for 0.100 M HCl 63.67% Co(II).
Removal; Polymeric surfaces; Langmuir isotherm; Heavy metal ions; Thermodynamics parameters
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Synthesis and properties of Fe3O4-activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles for removal of aniline from aqueous solution: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Kakavandi, Babak
Jonidi, Ahmad
Rezaei, Roshanak
Nasseri, Simin
Ameri, Ahmad
Esrafily, Ali
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
In this study, powder activated carbon (PAC) and magnetic nanoparticles of iron (III) oxide were used for synthesis of Fe3O4-activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles (AC-Fe3O4 MNPs) as an adsorbent for the removal of aniline. The characteristics of adsorbent were evaluated by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. Also, the impact of different parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, aniline initials concentration and solution temperature were studied. The experimental data investigated by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and two models kinetically of pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order. The results indicated that the adsorption followed Langmuir and pseudo second-order models with correlation r2 > 0.98 and r2 > 0.99, respectively. The equilibrium time was obtained after 5 h. According to Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity was 90.91 mg/g at pH = 6, and 20°C. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of aniline on magnetic activated carbon was exothermic and spontaneous. This synthesized AC-Fe3O4 MNPs due to have advantages such as easy and rapid separation from solution could be applied as an adsorbent effective for removal of pollutants such as aniline from water and wastewater.
Fe3O4-activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles; Adsorption; Aniline; Kinetics; Thermodynamic
Related Articles
Efficient removal of Eriochrome black-T from aqueous solution using NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles
Moeinpour, Farid
Alimoradi, Asma
Kazemi, Maryam
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering
The magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized and used as adsorbents for removal of an azo dye, Eriochrome black-T (EBT) from aqueous solution. The NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). The adsorption studies were carried out under various parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial dye concentration. The experimental results show that the percentage of adsorption increases with an increase in the adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption occurred at the pH value of 6.0. The equilibrium uptake was increased with an increase in the initial dye concentration in solution. Adsorption kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The best fit was obtained by the Langmuir model with high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.9733) with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 47.0 m g/g.
Decolorization; Adsorption; Eriochrome black-T; NiFe2O4
Related Articles
Effective and Selective Recovery of Precious Metals by Thiourea Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles
Lin, Tai-Lin
Lien, Hsing-Lung
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Adsorption of precious metals in acidic aqueous solutions using thiourea modified magnetic magnetite nanoparticle (MNP-Tu) was examined. The MNP-Tu was synthesized, characterized and examined as a reusable adsorbent for the recovery of precious metals. The adsorption kinetics were well fitted with pseudo second-order equation while the adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The maximum adsorption capacity of precious metals for MNP-Tu determined by Langmuir model was 43.34, 118.46 and 111.58 mg/g for Pt(IV), Au(III) and Pd(II), respectively at pH 2 and 25 °C. MNP-Tu has high adsorption selectivity towards precious metals even in the presence of competing ions (Cu(II)) at high concentrations. In addition, the MNP-Tu can be regenerated using an aqueous solution containing 0.7 M thiourea and 2% HCl where precious metals can be recovered in a concentrated form. It was found that the MNP-Tu undergoing seven consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles still retained the original adsorption capacity of precious metals. A reductive adsorption resulting in the formation of elemental gold and palladium at the surface of MNP-Tu was observed.
magnetic nanoparticle; thiourea; precious metals; reuse; recycle; green material; adsorption; nanotechnology
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Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Powder of Potato Peelings as a Low Cost Sorbent
Mutongo, Farai
Kuipa, Olga
Kuipa, Pardon K.
Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
Potato peels which are a low cost, renewable agroindustry by-product were used for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous effluents. Batch experiments were carried out with an artificial effluent comprising of potassium dichromate in deionised water. The effects of the initial hexavalent chromium concentration, dose of biosorbent, and removal kinetics were explored. An adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L was effective in complete removal of the metal ion, at pH 2.5, in 48 minutes. The kinetic process of Cr(VI) adsorption onto potato peel powder was tested by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models as well as the Elovich kinetic equation to correlate the experimental data and to determine the kinetic parameters. The adsorption data were correlated by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 3.28 mg/g was calculated using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a functional group limited adsorption process. The results confirmed that potato peels are an effective biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from effluent.
Related Articles
Kinetics and thermodynamic studies for removal of acid blue 129 from aqueous solution by almond shell
Fat'hi, Mohammad Reza
Asfaram, Arash
Hadipour, Anahita
Roosta, Mostafa
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering
Efficiency and performance of Almond shell (AS) adsorbent for the removal and recovery of Acid Blue 129 (AB129) from wastewater is presented in this report. The influence of variables including pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, particle size, contact time and temperature on the dye removal have been investigated in batch method by one at a time optimization method. The experimental equilibrium data were tested by four widely used isotherm models namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D–R). It was found that adsorption of AB129 on AS well with the Langmuir isotherm model, implying monolayer coverage of dye molecules onto the surface of the adsorbent. More than 98% removal efficiency was obtained within 14 min at adsorbent dose of 0.4 g for initial dye concentration of 40 mg/L at pH 2. Kinetics of the adsorption process was tested by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion mechanism. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided a better correlation for the experimental data studied in comparison to the pseudo-first-order model. Calculation of various thermodynamic parameters such as, Gibb's free energy, entropy and enthalpy of the on-going adsorption process indicate feasibility and endothermic nature of AB129 adsorption on all adsorbents. This work can be used in design of adsorption columns for dyes removal.
Acid blue 129; Almond shell; Equilibrium studies; Kinetics; Thermodynamics
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Adsorption and Desorption of Nickel(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by a Lignocellulose/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite
Zhang, Xiaotao
Wang, Ximing
PLoS ONE
A new and inexpensive lignocellulose/montmorillonite (LNC/MMT) nanocomposite was prepared by a chemical intercalation of LNC into MMT and was subsequently investigated as an adsorbent in batch systems for the adsorption-desorption of Ni(II) ions in an aqueous solution. The optimum conditions for the Ni(II) ion adsorption capacity of the LNC/MMT nanocomposite were studied in detail by varying parameters such as the initial Ni(II) concentration, the solution pH value, the adsorption temperature and time. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of Ni(II) reached 94.86 mg/g at an initial Ni(II) concentration of 0.0032 mol/L, a solution pH of 6.8, an adsorption temperature of 70°C, and adsorption time of 40 min. The represented adsorption kinetics model exhibited good agreement between the experimental data and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm equation best fit the experimental data. The structure of the LNC/MMT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas the adsorption mechanism was discussed in combination with the results obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses (FTIR). The desorption capacity of the LNC/MMT nanocomposite depended on parameters such as HNO3 concentration, desorption temperature, and desorption time. The satisfactory desorption capacity of 81.34 mg/g was obtained at a HNO3 concentration, desorption temperature, and desorption time of 0.2 mol/L, 60 ºC, and 30 min, respectively. The regeneration studies showed that the adsorption capacity of the LNC/MMT nanocomposite was consistent for five cycles without any appreciable loss in the batch process and confirmed that the LNC/MMT nanocomposite was reusable. The overall study revealed that the LNC/MMT nanocomposite functioned as an effective adsorbent in the detoxification of Ni(II)-contaminated wastewater.
Related Articles
Removal of tetracycline from wastewater using pumice stone: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Guler, Ulker Asli
Sarioglu, Meltem
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering
In this study, pumice stone was used for the removal of tetracyline (TC) from aqueous solutions. It was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and BET analyses. Cation exchange capacity of pumice stone was found to be 9.9 meq/100 g. Effect of various parameters such as solution pH (2–11), adsorbent dosage (0.5-10 g/L), contact time (2.5-120 min), initial TC concentration (5–300 mg/L) and temperature (20–50°C) on TC adsorption onto pumice was investigated. Also the adsorption of TC on pumice stone was studied as a function of Na+ and Cu2+ cations changing pH from 2 to 11 using batch experiments. The best removal efficiency performance was exhibited at adsorbent dosage 10 g/L, pH 3, contact time 120 min. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The result has shown that the adsorption was favorable, physicochemical in nature and agrees well with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 20.02 mg/g. The adsorption behavior of TC on pumices stone was fitted well in the pseudo-second order kinetics model. Thermodynamic parameters calculated from the adsorption data at different temperature showed that the adsorption reaction was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic.
Tetracyline; Antibiotic; Adsorption; Pumice stone; Na+; Cu2+
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Synergistic Removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Humic Acid by Fe3O4@Mesoporous Silica-Graphene Oxide Composites
Wang, Yilong
Liang, Song
Chen, Bingdi
Guo, Fangfang
Yu, Shuili
Tang, Yulin
PLoS ONE
The synergistic adsorption of heavy metal ions and humic acid can be very challenging. This is largely because of their competitive adsorption onto most adsorbent materials. Hierarchically structured composites containing polyethylenimine-modified magnetic mesoporous silica and graphene oxide (MMSP-GO) were here prepared to address this. Magnetic mesoporous silica microspheres were synthesized and functionalized with PEI molecules, providing many amine groups for chemical conjugation with the carboxyl groups on GO sheets and enhanced the affinity between the pollutants and the mesoporous silica. The features of the composites were characterized using TEM, SEM, TGA, DLS, and VSM measurements. Series adsorption results proved that this system was suitable for simultaneous and efficient removal of heavy metal ions and humic acid using MMSP-GO composites as adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacities of MMSP-GO for Pb(II) and Cd (II) were 333 and 167 mg g−1 caculated by Langmuir model, respectively. HA enhances adsorption of heavy metals by MMSP-GO composites due to their interactions in aqueous solutions. The underlying mechanism of synergistic adsorption of heavy metal ions and humic acid were discussed. MMSP-GO composites have shown promise for use as adsorbents in the simultaneous removal of heavy metals and humic acid in wastewater treatment processes.
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MCM-41 impregnated with A zeolite precursor: Synthesis, characterization and tetracycline antibiotics removal from aqueous solution
Liu, Minmin
Hou, Li-an
Yu, Shuili
Xi, Beidou
Zhao, Ying
Xia, Xunfeng
Chemical Engineering Journal
► Adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics. ► Impregnation of one weight percentage of A zeolite on MCM-41. ► Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study of adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics onto modified MCM-41.
In this paper, the MCM-41 has been modified by impregnation with zeolite A to prepare a kind of new adsorbent. The adsorption of TC from aqueous solutions onto modified MCM-41 has been studied. It was discovered that the adsorption capability of zeolite A modified MCM-41 (A-MCM-41) increased dramatically after modification. The modified MCM-41 was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and 29Si and 27Al Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR) spectra. The modified MCM-41 structure was still retained after impregnated with zeolite A but the surface area and pore diameter decreased due to pore blockage. The adsorption of TC on modified MCM-41 was discussed regarding various parameters such as pH, initial TC concentration, and the reaction time. The pH effects on TC adsorption indicated that the adsorbents had better adsorption performances in acidic and neutral conditions. The adsorption isotherms were fitted well by the Langmuir model. The adsorption kinetics was well described by both pseudo-second order equation and the intra-particle diffusion model. The adsorption behavior in a fixed-bed column system followed Thomas model. The adsorption behavior of TC was the chemical adsorption with an ion exchange process and electrostatic adsorption.
MCM-41; Tetracycline; Isotherms; Mesoporous sieve
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Biosorption of methyl blue onto tartaric acid modified wheat bran from aqueous solution
Yao, Shuhua
Lai, Hong
Shi, Zhongliang
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
Tartaric acid modified wheat bran was utilized as adsorbent to remove methyl blue, a basic dye from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of various experimental parameters such as initial solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage, on dye adsorption. The results showed that the modification of wheat bran by tartaric acid significantly improved its adsorption capacity, and made this material a suitable adsorbent to remove methyl blue. The adsorption capacity of modified wheat bran was about 1.6 times higher than that of unmodified one. The amount of methyl blue adsorbed was found to vary with initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial methyl blue concentration. Kinetics study showed that the overall adsorption rate of methyl blue was illustrated by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich models for the data was tested. Both models adequately described the experimental data of the biosorption of methyl blue. The maximum adsorption capacity for methyl blue calculated from Langmuir model was 25.18 mg/g. The study has shown the effectiveness of modified wheat bran in the removal of methyl blue, and that it can be considered as an attractive alternative to the more expensive technologies used in wastewater treatment.
Modified wheat bran; Biosorption; Methyl blue
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Recovery and Separation of Rare Earth Elements Using Salmon Milt
Takahashi, Yoshio
Kondo, Kazuhiro
Miyaji, Asami
Watanabe, Yusuke
Fan, Qiaohui
Honma, Tetsuo
Tanaka, Kazuya
PLoS ONE
Recycling rare earth elements (REEs) used in advanced materials such as Nd magnets is important for the efficient use of REE resources when the supply of several REEs is limited. In this work, the feasibility of using salmon milt for REE recovery and separation was examined, along with the identification of the binding site of REEs in salmon milt. Results showed that (i) salmon milt has a sufficiently high affinity to adsorb REEs and (ii) the adsorption capacity of the milt is 1.04 mEq/g, which is comparable with that of commercial cation exchange resin. Heavier REEs have higher affinity for milt. A comparison of stability constants and adsorption patterns of REEs discussed in the literature suggests that the phosphate is responsible for the adsorption of REE in milt. The results were supported by dysprosium (Dy) and lutetium (Lu) LIII-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The REE-P shell was identified for the second neighboring atom, which shows the importance of the phosphate site as REE binding sites. The comparison of REE adsorption pattern and EXAFS results between the milt system and other adsorbent systems (cellulose phosphate, Ln-resin, bacteria, and DNA-filter hybrid) revealed that the coordination number of phosphate is correlated with the slope of the REE pattern. The separation column loaded with milt was tested to separate REE for the practical use of salmon milt for the recovery and separation of REE. However, water did not flow through the column possibly because of the hydrophobicity of the milt. Thus, sequential adsorption–desorption approach using a batch-type method was applied for the separation of REE. As an example of the practical applications of REE separation, Nd and Fe(III) were successfully separated from a synthetic solution of Nd magnet waste by a batch-type method using salmon milt.
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Adsorption of allopurinol and ketotifen by chitosan
Alkhamis, Khouloud A.
Obeidat, Wasfi M.
Najib, Naji M.
AAPS PharmSciTech
The experimental work of studying the adsorption of ketotifen and allopurinol by chitosan focused on determining the solubilities and the adsorption isotherms of the adsorbates employed in this study. The adsorption of the aforementioned compounds by chitosan was studied using the rotating bottle method. The concentrations, both before and after the attainment of equilibrium, were determined with the aid of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. The results of these studies demonstrated that ketotifen and allopurinol are both adsorbed by chitosan. The nonlinear Langmuir-like and the Freundlich models both were applied to the experimental data. The correlation coefficients obtained from the nonlinear Langmuir-like model were better than those obtained from Freundlich model, suggesting that allopurinol and ketotifen interacted with certain specific binding sites on the chitosan surface. The allopurinol adsorption experiments indicated that the particle size of chitosan and therefore the surface area can significantly affect the Langmuir capacity constant, while the affinity constants are statistically the same. As expected from the solubility studies, the ketotifen adsorption experiments at 2 different pHs (7 and 10) showed that the adsorption affinity at pH 10 was much higher than at pH 7. What was not expected was that the capacity constants were significantly different, suggesting that further studies are needed using common ion buffers and multicomponent adsorption for the proper mechanism to be determined.
Adsorption; Chitosan; Allopurinol; Ketotifen; Particle Size
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Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Equilibrium Parameters for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions with Calcium Alginate Beads
Alfaro-Cuevas-Villanueva, Ruth
Hidalgo-Vázquez, Aura Roxana
Cortés Penagos, Consuelo de Jesús
Cortés-Martínez, Raúl
The Scientific World Journal
The sorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by calcium alginate beads (CAB) from aqueous solutions in batch systems was investigated. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, as well as the sorption capacities of CAB in each system at different temperatures, were evaluated. The rate of sorption for both metals was rapid in the first 10 minutes and reached a maximum in 50 minutes. Sorption kinetic data were fitted to Lagergren, pseudo-second-order and Elovich models and it was found that the second-order kinetic model describes these data for the two metals; comparing kinetic parameters for Cd and Pb sorption a higher kinetic rate (K2) for Pb was observed, indicating that the interaction between lead cations and alginate beads was faster than for cadmium. Similarly, isotherm data were fitted to different models reported in literature and it was found that the Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F) and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models describe the isotherms in all cases. CAB sorption capacity for cadmium was 27.4 mg/g and 150.4 mg/g for lead, at 25°C. Sorption capacities of Cd and Pb increase as temperature rises. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the cadmium and lead adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. It was also found that pH has an important effect on the adsorption of these metals by CAB, as more were removed at pH values between 6 and 7.
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Adsorption kinetics of Rhodamine-B on used black tea leaves
Hossain, Mohammad Abul
Alam, Md Shah
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
Rhodamine B (Rh-B) is one of the most common pollutants in the effluents of textile industries effluents in developing countries. This study was carried out to evaluate the applicability of used black tea leaves (UBTL) for the adsorptive removal of Rh-B from aqueous system by investigating the adsorption kinetics in batch process. The effects of concentration and temperature on adsorption kinetics were examined. First-, second- and pseudo-second order kinetic equations were used to investigate the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of Rh-B on UBTL followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The equilibrium amount adsorbed and the equilibrium concentration were calculated from pseudo-second-order kinetic plots for different initial concentrations of Rh-B to construct the adsorption isotherm. The adsorption isotherm was well expressed by Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity of UBTL to Rh-B was found to be 53.2 mg/g at pH = 2.0. The equilibrium amount adsorbed, calculated from pseudo-second-order kinetic plots, increased with temperature increase. The positive value of enthalpy of adsorption, ΔHads = 31.22 kJ/mol, suggested that the adsorption of Rh-B on UBTL at pH = 2.0 is an endothermic process.
Adsorption kinetics; Rhodamine B; Used black tea leaves; Adsorption enthalpy
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Removal of crystal violet from water by magnetically modified activated carbon and nanomagnetic iron oxide
Hamidzadeh, Soheila
Torabbeigi, Marzieh
Shahtaheri, Seyed Jamaleddin
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering
Magnetically modified activated carbon, which synthesized by nanomagnetic iron oxide, was used for fast and effective removal of Crystal Violet from aqueous solutions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of nano-adsorbent showed that the average sizes of adsorbent are less than 100 nm. The various parameters, affecting on adsorption process, were examined including pH and temperature of dye solution, dose of adsorbent, and contact time. Then, thermodynamic parameters of sorption were calculated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the resulting data. Adsorption kinetics was consistent with a pseudo second order equation. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, ∆H0, and ∆S0 were calculated. Also, for further investigations, nano magnetic iron oxides was synthesized and used as adsorbent. Sorption capacities were depending on the temperature varied from 44.7 to 67.1 mg/g and from 12.7 to 16.5 mg/g for magnetically modified activated carbon and nanomagnetic iron oxide, respectively.
Magnetically modified activated carbon; Crystal Violet; Langmuir isotherm; Freundlich isotherm; Nano magnetic iron oxide
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Determination of Equilibrium and Kinetic Parameters of the Adsorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions to Agave Lechuguilla Biomass
Romero-González, Jaime
Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.
Peralta-Videa, José R.
Rodríguez, Elena
Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
This investigation reveals the capability of Agave lechuguilla for trivalent and hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions. Experimentation included pH profile, time dependence, adsorption capacity (KF and QL), adsorption intensity (n and RL) and saturation capacity (q s) studies. Batch experiments were conducted at 22∘C to characterize and model the adsorption equilibrium as well as biomass adsorption rates. pH 4 was the optimum for Cr(III) binding, while Cr(VI) optimum binding was at pH 2. Time profile experiments indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) by lechuguilla biomass was time-dependent and that of Cr(III) was not. Kinetic models demonstrated that a pseudo-second order reaction model best described the kinetic data for Cr(VI). The adsorption isotherms showed that the binding pattern for Cr(VI) followed the Freundlich isotherm model, while that for Cr(III) followed the Langmuir isotherm.
Adsorption; Cr(III); Cr(VI); kinetic; equilibrium; lechuguilla
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Competitive Adsorption of Metals onto Magnetic Graphene Oxide: Comparison with Other Carbonaceous Adsorbents
Hur, Jin
Shin, Jaewon
Yoo, Jeseung
Seo, Young-Soo
The Scientific World Journal
Competitive adsorption isotherms of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) were examined on a magnetic graphene oxide (GO), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and powered activated carbon (PAC). A series of analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the magnetic GO based on a simple ultrasonification method. Irrespective of the adsorbents, the adsorption was highly dependent on pH, and the adsorption was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbents were generally higher in the order of Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II), which is the same as the degree of the electronegativity and the hydrated radius of the metals, suggesting that the metal adsorption may be governed by an ion exchange between positively charged metals and negatively charged surfaces, as well as diffusion of metals into the surface layer. The adsorption of each metal was mostly lower for multi- versus single-metal systems. The antagonistic effects were influenced by solution pH as well as the type of metals, and they were higher in the order of the magnetic GO > MWCNT > PAC. Dissolved HS played a greater role than HS adsorbed onto the adsorbents, competing with the adsorption sites for metal complexation.
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Growth Kinetics of Thiobacillus thiooxidans on the Surface of Elemental Sulfur
Konishi, Y.
Asai, S.
Yoshida, N.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
The growth kinetics of Thiobacillus thiooxidans on elemental sulfur in batch cultures at 30(deg)C and pH 1.5 was studied by measuring the time courses of the concentration of adsorbed cells on sulfur, the concentration of free cells suspended in liquid medium, and the amount of sulfur oxidized. As the elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate ions, the surface concentration of adsorbed cells per unit mass of sulfur approached a maximum value (maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur particles) whereas the concentration of free cells continued to increase with time. There was a close relationship between the concentrations of free and adsorbed cells during the microbial sulfur oxidation, and the two cell concentrations were well correlated by the Langmuir isotherm with adsorption equilibrium constant K(infA) and maximum adsorption capacity X(infAm) of 2.10 x 10(sup-9) ml per cell and 4.57 x 10(sup10) cells per g, respectively. The total concentration of free and adsorbed cells increased in parallel with the amount of sulfate formed. The total growth on elemental sulfur gave a characteristic growth curve in which a linear-growth phase followed the period of an initial exponential phase. The batch rate data collected under a wide variety of inoculum levels (about 10(sup5) to 10(sup8) cells per ml) were consistent with a kinetic model assuming that the growth rate of adsorbed bacteria is proportional to the product of the concentration, X(infA), of adsorbed cells and the fraction, (theta)(infV), of adsorption sites unoccupied by cells. The kinetic and stoichiometric parameters appearing in the model were estimated from the experimental data, and the specific growth rate, (mu)(infA), and growth yield, Y(infA), were 2.58 day(sup-1) and 2.05 x 10(sup11) cells per g, respectively. The proposed model and the parameter values allowed us to predict quantitatively the surface attachment of T. thiooxidans cells on elemental sulfur and the bacterial growth in both initial exponential and subsequent linear phases. The transition from exponential to linear growth was a result of two competing factors: an increase in the adsorbed-cell concentration, X(infA), permitted a decrease in the unoccupied-site fraction, (theta)(infV).
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Synthesis of nano- alumina powder from impure kaolin and its application for arsenite removal from aqueous solutions
Khodadadi Darban, Ahmad
Kianinia, Yaser
Taheri-Nassaj, Ehsan
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering
Adsorption is considered a cost-effective procedure, safer to handle with high removal efficiency. Activated alumina is the most commonly used adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. However, activated alumina has a low adsorption capacity and acts kinetically in a slow manner. An ideal adsorbent should have a high surface area, physical and/or chemical stability and be inexpensive. To meet this requirement, nanomeso porous γ-alumina with a high surface area (201.53 m2/g) and small particle size (22–36 nm) was prepared from inexpensive kaolin as the raw material, by precipitation method. The research results showed that adsorbent has the high adsorption capacity (for initial arsenite concentration up to 10 mg/L, in which 97.65% recovery was achieved). Optimal experimental conditions including pH, initial arsenite concentration and contact time were determined. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin– Radushkevich isotherm models were applied to analyze the experimental data. The best interpretation for the experimental data was given by Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation and the maximum arsenite adsorbed by synthesized nano γ–alumina (qe) was found to be 40 (mg/g).
Nano- alumina; Arsenite; Removal; Isotherm; Kaolin
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Synthesis, modification and graft polymerization of magnetic nano particles for PAH removal in contaminated water
Torabian, Azadeh
Panahi, Homayoun Ahmad
Nabi Bid Hendi, Gholam Reza
Mehrdadi, Naser
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were modified with 3-Mercaptopropytrimethoxysiline (MPTMS) and grafted with allyl glycidyl ether for coupling with beta naphtol as a method to form a novel nano-adsorbent to remove two poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated water. The modified MNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Results showed that the modified MNPs enhanced the process of adsorption. Tests were done on the adsorption capacity of the two PAHs on grafted MNPs; factors applied to the tests were temperature, contact time, pH, salinity and initial concentration of PAHs. Results revealed that adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 10 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 4.15 mg/g at pH = 7.0 and 20°C. The equilibrium adsorption data of the two PAHs by the modified MNPs were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models. Equilibrium adsorption data was determined from the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin constants from tests under conditions of pH = 7 and temperature 20°C. Analysis of the adsorption-desorption process indicated that the modified MNPs had a high level of stability and good reusability. Magnetic separation in these tests was fast and this shows that the modified MNPs have great potential to be used as a new adsorbent for the two PAHs removal from contaminated water in water treatment.
Magnetic nano particles; Poly aromatic hydrocarbons; Nano adsorbents; Water contamination
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text:
Marine Rubber Adhesives and Sealants Datasheets
from Master Bond, Inc.
Master Bond Polymer System UV19 is a newly developed UV curable, low viscosity optically clear compound specifically designed for high performance laminating, sealing, bonding and coating. This remarkable acrylic based polymer composition can effectively replace conventional heat and/or solvent... [See More]
- Industry: Aerospace; Automotive; Electronics; Electric Power; Marine; Military; Optical; Photonics; Construction; OEM or Industrial; Semiconductors, IC's
- Type / Form: Liquid
- Cure / Technology: UV or Radiation Cured; Single Component
- Features: High Dielectric; Encapsulant, Potting Compound; Laminaes; Leveling Filling; Non-corrosive; Sealant; Thermal Insulation
from R. S. Hughes Company, Inc.
High strength and resistance to weathering, water, oil and many solvents [See More]
- Industry: Marine; Construction; OEM or Industrial
- Cure / Technology: Air Setting / Film Drying; Thermoset; Single Component
- Composition: Unfilled
- Substrate Compatibility: Plastic; Porous Surfaces; Textiles or Fabrics
from Rhino Linings USA, Inc. / Industrial Division
High resistance to acids, hydrolysis and salt spray, [See More]
- Industry: Aerospace; Automotive; Marine; Military; OEM or Industrial; Petrochem, Mining, Material Handling
- Features: Sealant
- Type / Form: Liquid
- Substrate Compatibility: Composites; Metal; Plastic; Rubber or Elastomer; Wood
from Westech Aerosol Corporation
WT-HCC canister is based on the Westech's popular HSC-13 adhesive. It is supplied in a pressurized canister without hydrocarbon propellants so that it can be used with standard pneumatic spray equipment. This permits more flexibility in spray patterns from narrow to broad, fine to coarse pattern as... [See More]
- Industry: Automotive; Marine; Construction; OEM or Industrial
- Cure / Technology: Air Setting / Film Drying; Contact or Pressure Sensitive Adhesives; Single Component
- Composition: Unfilled
- Type / Form: Liquid

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Getaway (video game series)
|The Getaway
|Team Soho (2002–4)
SCE London Studio (2004–)
|Sony Computer Entertainment
|First release
|The Getaway
11 December 2002
|Latest release
|The Getaway: Black Monday
12 November 2004
The Getaway is an action-adventure video game series focused on gang life and the police in the city of London. The series was created by Brendan McNamara and was first developed by Team Soho for the first game titled The Getaway, which was released on 11 December 2002 for the PlayStation 2 before merging with Studio Camden to form SCE London Studio to develop the second game titled The Getaway: Black Monday, which was released on 12 November 2004.
|The Getaway
|The Getaway: Black Monday
The Getaway[edit]
The Getaway is the first game in The Getaway series. It was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2002. The game is set in London. The story is said to have been inspired by British gangland films Get Carter and Snatch.
The Getaway: Black Monday[edit]
The Getaway: Black Monday is the second game in the series and was again developed for the PlayStation 2 in 2004. The games story is based on such films as Get Carter, The Long Good Friday; Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. It is a follow-up to The Getaway.
The Getaway 3[edit]
The Getaway 3 was to be the third installment of Sony's The Getaway series for the PlayStation 3 console. The title was reported as cancelled on 4 June 2008 along with Eight Days.[3] In October 2009 the games were reported as not being cancelled but "on hold".[4]
A technical demo featuring Piccadilly Circus was demonstrated in May 2005 at E3, but this was not directly from the game.[5] It was confirmed that the game would again be set in London.
Information regarding The Getaway 3 was released on 7 March 2008 by screenplay writer Katie Ellwood, who affirmed the action title was still in the works. No estimated release date was given, however, Ellwood did say that Sony executives were making deals with film companies about the possibility of a future film adaptation of The Getaway 3.
Nicolas Doucet member of London Studio says: "I would not say they have been abandoned, just put to one side. Much work had been done. The studio just wanted to focus on its strengths, EyeToy and SingStar. Given the potential of EyePet, priorities have been changed, but the other projects aren't dead yet. Ultimately, the decision [to put those games to one side] has benefited everyone."[6]
Richard Bunn a former developer, had noted the game was cancelled shortly after Phil Harrison was replaced by Shuhei Yoshida as president of SCE Worldwide Studios.[7]
See also[edit]
- Gangs of London, a 2006 video game with similar gameplay and theme to The Getaway series by SCE London Studio
- ^ "The Getaway Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "The Getaway: Black Monday Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ Phil Elliott (4 June 2008). "Sony stops work on Eight Days and The Getaway". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
- ^ Cusseau, Thomas; Coby, Alex Sassoon (6 October 2009). "Sony London reveals new IP; Getaway 3, Eight Days 'not abandoned'". GameSpot. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "PlayStation 3". pullin shapes. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "The Getaway 3 and Eight Days on hold, Sony clarifies". Neoseeker.com. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Cancelled Eight Days was "jaw dropping"". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 2016-03-15.


text:
Tom Terez is a leader in the area of employee engagement. His two years of research went straight to the source: He interviewed hundreds of people from all walks of life to get their input on what it takes to bring out the best in people at work. This led to his book (22 Keys to Creating a Meaningful Workplace), his early Web presence, and the launch of this practice in 2001.
Ideas: Over the past two decades, Tom has written hundreds of articles on engagement, change, teamwork, and potential. His e-letter, first published in 2003, has subscribers from 126 countries.
Tools: Tom is the developer of the 5-Minute Assessment series, the Workplace Improvement Kit, the 22 Keys Workplace Assessment, the Working Smart Assessment, the Workplace Survival Guide, the Power With white paper, the Awesome & Awful Boss Hall of Fame, and the Difficult Dozen Help Zone. Many of the tools are available through the Resource Mountain™ tool set.
Lean Six Sigma: Tom Terez was a principal architect of the Lean Six Sigma initiative in state government in Ohio. He served on the founding team that began the initiative in 2011, and he led the LeanOhio Office in 2015.
Clients: Tom has led conference keynotes, workplace presentations, in-house workshops, breakthrough projects, and planning sessions for more than 100 client organizations. Click here for a comprehensive client list from past and present engagements. Included are private-sector companies (Boeing, Siemens, Fidelity, Sigma-Aldrich, Providence Health System, Jacobs Technology, Cleveland Clinic, Blue Cross, and many others), government agencies (FBI, DOE, IRS, SSA, ACF, 14 state governments, major counties and cities, etc.), colleges and universities (Northern Arizona University, Duke University, University of Missouri, CUPA, and more), and associations (including SHRM, ASQ, ISPI, AASCIF, ASTD, and others.
Education: Tom has an MBA from Duke University (1989) and a bachelor's degree in communications from Northwestern University (1985).
Personal: Tom lives in Columbus, Ohio, with his wife and one daughter – the oldest daughter is away at college. For calm, he plays the piano. For more calm, he runs trails. For kicks, he plays a vintage Hohner accordion – it's a longstanding family tradition. But he'll kindly stop playing when people ask him to stop, which is often. Because there's nothing subtle about an old-school accordion.


text:
Ceramic stand. Unpainted and ready for you to match to your design. 5 inches at widest part and 4 1/4 inches tall.
Ceramic Stand. This is glazed with a high gloss and has gold painted on the edge of the ruffle! Very elegant. 3 inches tall and 4 1/8 inches wide at ruffle.
Ceramic stand, unpainted for you to match to your project. 3 inches tall and 4 1/4 inches wide.


text:
Fixed PriceBudget: $30
Start DateNovember 1, 2013
I have 5 iges files. Need to do the following.
1. Nurbs type to Polygon type
2. Detach the parts as stated below
3. Create UV-s for each part
4. Convert each part to obj and dae
Need to detach all parts of the model. The model is a sunglasses.
The parts to detach are:
1. Left Temple - Default color Grey
2. Right Temple - Default color Grey
3. Lens - Default color Grey
4. Frame - Default color Grey
5. Clip on - Same for all - Make it Black
6. Nose Pad - Same for all -Make it Black
7. Logo N - Same for all - Default color Grey
8. Box - Same for all - Default color Black with Silver words
Presently, the box is in .max format.
The obj file must work in blender and the dae format must be good enough for website.
Please quote.
About the Client
Singapore 01:40 PM
Jobs Posted
48% Hire Rate, 2 Open Jobs
Over $10,000
Total Spent
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1,891 Hours


text:
Created in this Craftsy class
Make your knitting more efficient, comfortable and beautiful as you master six valuable methods and styles.
Other projects made as part of this class:
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
|Here are some details about my project:
|Yarn Weight
|Fingering (4 ply)
|Mod, Cute, Romantic, Casual
More information on the project: http://www.ravelry.com/patterns/library/shirttails
Patty, this is a really pretty pattern!
Thanks. It's a really fun and quick knit.
Would this be considered a beginners pattern? Is short row knitting involved? It's super cute, love the edgings and shoulder straps.
The shirt tail hem is done with short row shaping
Also, how do I purchase or download the pattern? I've visited Raverly but I don't see where to get the pattern.
It was published in knitters magazine. Not all patterns can be purchased individually some are just in magazines


text:
Top Definition
Digital Designs - A reasonable product that is glorified and worshiped by most of the CAA Community, but is comparable to most other car audio brands. Aka Its nothing special
Digital Designs is the shizniz in my commodore.
Digital Designs is sik uleh
Digital Designs is sik uleh
po CAAJohnson Октобар 7, 2007
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?


text:
In this activity (located on page 9 of the PDF), learners are ...
In this activity (located on page 9 of the PDF), learners are introduced to Aesop's fable, "The Crow and the Pitcher." In the story, a clever crow drops pebbles into a pitcher to cause the water level to rise. Eventually, the water is high enough for the crow to take a drink. Learners predict and experiment to see how many pebbles it would take to create the same outcome as in the fable. Use this activity to introduce the concepts of volume and displacement.
- Subject:
- Engineering
- Education
- Mathematics
- Chemistry
- Oceanography
- Physics
- Material Type:
- Activities and Labs
- Instructional Material
- Lesson Plans
- Provider:
- Science and Math Informal Learning Educators (SMILE)
- Provider Set:
- SMILE Pathway: Science and Math Activities in One Search
- Author:
- Chicago Children's Museum


text:
Top Definition
(n)(v)A universal word for anything and everything.
We have nothing to furstreusel, but furstreusel itself.
Who's Roger? I was just getting used to furstreusel.
Who's Roger? I was just getting used to furstreusel.
by M. Davis Masturbation Hour July 16, 2008
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Furstreusel is the universal word. It can replace any word in any sentence be it preposition, interjection, noun, verb, adjective, verb, adverb, or pronoun.
Hey, what's up, Furstreusel?
by Egglord August 30, 2008


text:
Acadia Parish Sheriff's Office nails pot farmer
By: Howell Dennis - Editor
CROWLEY - The Acadia Parish Sheriff's Department had received tips that Kenneth Leger was growing marijuana plants in the woods near his property. However,without knowing the specific location, it was tough for them in the thick wooded area.
That was until Monday when a tipster contacted the sheriff's office with the exact location of Leger's plants.
"Sometimes these people who live way out in the country don't think we'll ever find a growing operation like this," said Acadia Parish Sheriff Wayne Melancon. "Then they'll get careless and eventually someone will see the operation who will call the police."
Sheriff Melancon reported that narcotic agents arrested Leger, 63, of Mermentau Cove Rd. Leger is charged with cultivation of marijuana and possession of a weapon in the presence of a controlled substance.
On August 29, 2011 agents with narcotics division conducted a search of property located near Morse. in the Mermentau Cove area. Agents search a wooded area and discovered 83 marijuana plants ranging from approximately two feet in height to six feet in height. Also discovered at that time were items used to cultivate the marijuana plants.
Narcotics agents then discovered a path form the initially discovered plants that led back to Leger's property. Narcotic agents then spoke with Leger and conducted a search of his residence and property. Narcotics agent there discovered processed marijuana in the residence additionally along with the firearm. Five marijuana plants were found growing outside of the residence.
Leger was placed under arrest and incarcerated in the Acadia Parish Jail. Bond has been set at $20,000.
Sheriff Melancon also wanted to be sure to compliment the work of Narcotics Officer Jackie Boddye.
"She does an outstanding job for us." he added.


text:
October 23-24, 2008
A Project of the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice at Fordham Law School
The sponsoring organization of African Customary Law Revisited: The Role of Customary Law in the 21st Century invites submissions and participant nominations for a collaborative exchange and discussion at a two-day conference to take place on October 23-24, 2008 in Botswana. The conference working language will be English. The conference will include paper presentations on topics detailed below and will also include working group discussions with a broad range of stakeholders, including, for example, traditional leaders, members of the judiciary, representatives of non-governmental organizations and other interested persons, on topics related to customary law.
Customary law, the traditional law indigenous to a region, continues to regulate many areas of people's lives in Africa. For example, some African constitutions now enshrine the right to culture and oblige courts to apply customary law where applicable. Elsewhere, constitutional and statutory law have superseded most or all customary law. Yet, even in situations where constitutional law, statutory law and common law have largely superseded it, customary law may nevertheless govern in certain areas, such as family relations. For example, in many places, the requirements for marriage, the rights and duties of husbands and wives, the obligations toward and custody of children, the ownership of property acquired during marriage, and many other aspects of family life are governed by customary law. Moreover, even where conflicting constitutional or statutory law exists, lack of access to legal resources may mean that, as a practical matter, customary law still governs. Finally, the persistence of longstanding expectations and social practices informed by customary law has given rise to many problems in enforcing contradictory statutory law.
Notwithstanding the significant role customary law continues to play in people's lives, there has been a notable lack of research and formal scholarly exchange on the topic. As detailed further below, the African Customary Law Revisited conference will attempt to fill this gap by exploring the nature, substance and role of customary law in Africa in the 21st Century.
Transportation to the conference venue, lodging, meals and transportation at the venue will be subject to arrangement between the sponsoring organizations and the event participants.
Twenty papers will be selected for presentation at the conference by a Steering Committee comprised of members from the sponsoring organization. All proposals should include a project description and the applicant's curriculum vitae. All proposals should be in English with project descriptions not to exceed 1000 words. As publication of selected papers in contemplated, submissions should describe work that has not been previously published.
Possible topics for consideration:
• What is customary law in the 21st Century?
o How is customary law ascertained? What are the sources of customary law? How is it generated? How does it change?
o The history of customary law; customary law and colonialism
• "Procedural" aspects of customary law / Venues to enforce customary law
o Traditional courts and other venues for decision
o The relationship between traditional courts or decision-makers and the formal court system
o Evidentiary standards and methods of proving customary law
o Codification of customary law
• Substantive areas of customary law
For example:
o Land tenure
o Family law
o Environmental law
o Chieftancy
o Intellectual Property
o Criminal law
• Gender and customary law
• Customary law and international law
SUBMISSION DEADLINE IS MARCH 25, 2008. Proposals should be submitted by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Participants will be notified in April 2008 that their papers have been accepted for presentation at the conference. The papers will be published together in a book after the conference and will be posted on-line at www.leitnercenter.org. Publication is contingent on producing a final paper of publishable quality.
The sponsoring organizations invite nominations of traditional leaders, members of the judiciary or other persons or organizations who may be interested in attending the conference to participate in the working group discussions and discussion of papers. Persons may self-nominate or nominate others with expertise in matters related to customary law.
Nominations should include:
• The title and address of person or organization nominated.
• An explanation of the reasons for the nomination (500-word limit) including:
o What is the person or organization's role with respect to customary law? What is the basis for the person or organization's expertise in this area?
o Why, specifically, do you believe this person or organization should be included in the conference?
o What areas or issues related to customary law would the person or organization be most interested in discussing?
• Submitter information: Your name, mailing address, phone number and e-mail address.
NOMINATION DEADLINE IS March 25, 2008. Nominations should be submitted by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Nominated persons and organizations who are accepted to participate in the conference will be notified in April 2008.


text:
Harrisburg Illinois Golf Courses
|Shawnee Hills Country Club
Additional Golf Course Reviews:
|Country Lakes Golf Club -- great course
|Review by: anonomous
|I've golfed at country lakes many times and i've never been dissapointed. I've been there with family, friends and co-workers and it's a good atmosphere for any group. It is a pretty well kept course and the management is great. They give strong lessons also.
|From IL USA


text:
Milwaukee Theatre adds 'FDR,' 'Lord of the Dance' and 'Scooby-Doo' shows
The Milwaukee Theatre has announced a new lineup of shows that includes dance, FDR and Scooby Doo.
The new schedule includes: »Read Full Article
Things to do this week in the Milwaukee area
Brink of success
Renaissance Theatreworks nurtures female playwrights with a play development opportunity called "Brink." This year the troupe is giving staged readings of the works of two Midwestern writers: Gwendolyn Rice and Jane Burroway. Rice's "The Griots" takes place in the 1930s in rural Georgia where a WPA Writer's Project worker goes to interview an elderly woman about her experience with slavery. It will be staged Monday at 7 p.m. Burroway's "Parts of Speech" will be staged Tuesday at 7 p.m. It concerns a woman whose brother is being held hostage in Lebanon and his younger self's discovery of a Japanese internment camp. Both will be staged at the Broadway Theatre Center, 158 N. Broadway. A $10 donation fee is suggested. »Read Full Article


text:
Apply to the Met
Schedule a shadow day to check out the school
See What Happens at the Met
See the diverse range of projects Met students are doing
About the School
Schedule a shadow day to check out the school
See the diverse range of projects Met students are doing
No bells ever sound at The Met. The nearly 300 students at this small high school on the south side of downtown apparently just know when to go to class.
Which is cool, and important to note, because it speaks to how life at The Met—part of a nationwide Big Picture Schools family that offers unique academic choices such as local-business internships and mentor programs—is quite unlike the typical high-school experience.
We believe that true learning takes place when each student is an active participant in his or her education, when his or her course of study is personalized by teachers, parents and mentors who know him or her well, and when school-based learning is blended with outside experiences that heighten the student's interest. In a country obsessed by "test-score accountability," we promote "one student at a time accountability."More details…
Make a one-time donation by clicking "Donate"
Or, Make a recurring monthly donation by selecting your support level and clicking "Subscribe."


text:
Abraham and Miriam Birnbaum of Northeast Philadelphia celebrated their 60th wedding anniversary, as well as Miriam's 80th birthday, on Nov. 22.]
They are members of the Holocaust Survivors Association, where Abe served as membership secretary for many years.
Their children are Dr. Fred Birnbaum, Barbara Birnbaum and Leonard Birnbaum. The couple also has two grandchildren.
Date of Occasion
Thursday, December 3, 2009
Mazel Tov Category
Mazel Tov [3]
Anniversaries [4]


text:
Although he's one of the most accomplished skydivers in the world, Luke Aikins will tell you what he's about to do — jump out of a plane without a parachute — is one crazy stunt.
"If I wasn't nervous I would be stupid," Aikins, who has jumped 18,000 times with a parachute, said recently as he prepared to jump from 25,000 feet without one. He plans to land in a giant net for a program being broadcast live Saturday on Fox.
Crazy perhaps, but only the latest in a long line of outrageous endeavors. Here are 10 of the craziest and most dangerous.
— Evel Knievel's Snake River Canyon Jump: After years of jumping motorcycles over buses, trucks...


text:
HourlyLess than 30 hrs/week
Seeking a smart, fast learning, well spoken assistant to manage a group of people who work daily for me.
Need someone who works well with excel, speaks to good American English, can monitor the hours worked while also filing paper work via google Docs.
Must be able to work EST 9am - 5pm.
Must have skype
creative when managing people and can come up with good ideas to stay organized..
- very organized person
Skills: english
Activity on this Job
Last Viewed by Client: 3 years ago
Hired: 1
About the Client
United States
Dallas 07:27 PM
Jobs Posted
56% Hire Rate, 1 Open Job
Over $50,000
Total Spent
117 Hires, 4 Active
Avg Hourly Rate Paid
32,118 Hours


text:
Stephanie Barenz named next Pfister artist
Stephanie Barenz's work is sometimes about the in betweenness of travel and the things we carry with us always.
As she applied for the Pfister Hotel's artist in residence program, she was working on a painting based on her husband's stories about travel in India. Rich imagery, colors and architecture of a distant place and the familiar touchstones of home combined and seemed to float up and out of a suitcase in the work. »Read Full Blog Post
Day 33: Journal Communications letter to employees on blackout
Journal Communications employees received the following memo Monday, on the 33rd day of the blackout of Journal Broadcast Group stations, including WTMJ-TV (Channel 4), on Time Warner Cable.
The dispute between them is over fees the cable service pays to carry a stations' programming. Time Warner is in a similar dispute with CBS-owned stations, whose settlement will set the standard for the future, said the Hollywood Reporter. »Read Full Blog Post(23)
Milwaukee Rep's 'I Left My Heart' celebrates song more than singer
If you attend "I Left My Heart," the Milwaukee Repertory Theater's season-opening Tony Bennett revue, you won't hear a word about the man who helped liberate a concentrate camp, marched with Martin Luther King Jr. at Selma and became an outspoken opponent of the American invasion of Iraq. Nor will you hear about Bennett's two divorces or former drug addiction.
As the subtitle to the Rep's revue indicates, what co-writers David Grapes and Todd Olson (who also directs) have created is a "salute to the music of Tony Bennett," with an emphasis on the music. »Read Full Article(1)
Brian Wilson, Jeff Beck co-headlining Riverside Theater
The full-scale Beach Boys reunion may have been a short-lived occassion, but Boys' co-founder Brian Wilson is still keeping part of the old band together--and roping in a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Famer.
Wilson, and guitar master Jeff Beck, famous for his work with the Yardbirds as well as his own accomplished solo career, are co-headlining a fall tour that will stop at the Riverside Theater Oct. 30, a venue spokesman announced Monday morning. »Read Full Article
MSOE cancels Art City radio show after one episode
Well, at least I'll be able to say, "There was that time Art City was on the radio -- once."
Last Friday at noon, we premiered our first episode of Art City on WMSE. We jumped on a newsy subject, a story on "art circles" in the Shepherd Express by James Carlson. In talking about the who-knows-who interactive graphic that attempts to map our local art community, I was joined by Jennifer Johung, a contemporary art and architecture historian and Debra Brehmer, the owner of the Portrait Society Gallery in Milwaukee. »Read Full Blog Post(4)
On Tap Today: The calm before the potato-potato-potato
They're coming (judging from the roar outside, some are already here), but before Milwaukee's a sea of orange and black for the Harley-Davidson 110th Anniversary bash later this week, there's still plenty to do arouund town.
Singer-songwriter John Hiatt is back in town, for an 8 p.m. show with the Combo at the Pabst Theater. TIckets are $37.50. »Read Full Blog Post


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Funniest Housewives of Orange County Comedy Showcase at the Irvine Improv
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Great time! Really is the best stand uo comedy show around. Most shows you sit thru several comics waiting for the headliner. These girls knock it out of the park from the start and your just LAUGHING the whole time. Everyone in my group couldn't even pick there favorite, they were all FREAKIN HILARIOUS!
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I have been to this show several times. Every time I go I bring some new friends. It is so much fun just sharing this experience. Again I have never laughed so hard! LOVE THESE LADIES!
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I bought this ticket for a friend going thru some hard times. She couldn't thank me enough. My face still hurts from laughing so much. What a great evening. We got there early because we new it was sold out. We had drinks, appetizers, dinner and...continued
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I enjoyed it. I will tell friends to see it also.


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In ShoppingPosted
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Military families invited to poolAugust 06,2013Military families invited to pool
Area military families are invited to a meet-and-greet pool party, from 6 to 8 p.m. Aug. 23 at White Pool in Rutland.
The event hosted by the Rutland Regional Team of Operation: Military Kids, a University of Vermont Extension 4-H program will include swimming, games, dinner and a back-to-school-themed raffle.
All military kids who sign up by Aug. 20 will receive a Hero Pack, designed to help them stay connected with their parent during the current reintegration period. The backpacks are filled by nonmilitary youth and community groups with items such as a disposable camera, photo album and a written note of appreciation.
To RSVP for this event, call Heather Fredritz at 345-8190. Anyone needing a disability-related accommodation to participate can call Stephanie Atwood at 656-0346 by Monday. For more information, visit www.facebook.com/OMKVermont.MORE IN This Just InRutland got two goals from Eli Henni and Ryan McKay made three saves in notching the shutout as... Full StoryA New York woman allegedly told police she stole money from her sister to fund her drug habit. Full StoryA homeless man denied stealing his mothers wallet and using her credit cards to buy items to... Full Story
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|Boxing Champions | Boxing Schedule | Boxing Video | Boxing History | Pound For Pound | Lounge | The Wire | Arcade
Join Date: Apr 2008
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Distorted Judging Criteria
Clean and Effective Punching
Ring Generalship
Effective Aggression
In Pacquiao-Marquez III, people that state that Pacquiao won are using Pacquiao's ring generalship and the challenger needing to take that title from the champion.
Ring Generalship
People percieve Pacquiao as the ring general because he had a higher output and pressed the fight. That is not ring generalship, that falls under effective aggression and becomes ineffective aggression when it doesn't lead to achieving the 2 criteria above it. The ring general dictates the pace of the fight, he establishes when and where the exchanges take place. In Pacquiao-Marquez III, the ring general was JMM throughout the fight. He dictated when and where the fight was fought.
Margarito pressed the fight forcing Pacquiao to the backfoot, did this make him the ring general?
Taking the title from the champion
A boxing match is scored on a round by round basis, not based on the entire fight, so winning 7 rounds of a fight (without point deductions) is taking the title from the champion.
The judge that had the 116-112 scorecard, Glenn Trowbridge, scored 3 of the last 4 rounds for Pacquiao. The 1 round he scored for Marquez is the 12th.... I'll repeat that: the judge that had the 116-112 scorecard, Glenn Trowbridge, scored the last 3 of the last 4 rounds for Pacquiao. The 1 round he scored for Marquez is the 12th. That, to me, is a corrupt judge who had the fight too close going into the last 3rd, so he decides to give Pacquiao 3 consecutive rounds, where Marquez appears the winner. After realizing Pacquiao's ahead enough, but understanding that a 117-111 scorecard for Pacquiao to be insane, he gives Marquez the only clear Pacquiao round, so it appear as if he's not the corrupt judge he is.
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I hate that people focus so much on factors other than who the f*** is landing the most punches. I don't care how good you ring generalship or footwork or any of that crap is, if you are getting outlanded you're probably losing.
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Pacquiao "outbox" marquez
pacquiao landed more , but marquez landed the quality shots
a person who is landing more means he is controlling the fight
Undisputed Champion
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CLEAN PUNCHING should be BY FAR the most important piece of judging criteria. All of the other stuff should be used as almost a tie breaker.
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pacquiao won all 3 fights in my book
even though the first 2 were close, he had both of them in the bag by the 10th round so they were artificially close.
th 3rd fight, i had him winning big, 116-112.
i think glenn trowbridge gave jmm that round out of sympathy because he didnt want to embarass him too bad.
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Doesn't matter, Marquez was not only the clean and effective puncher, he was also the ring general and had the edge on defense. As far as I'm concerned, Compubox, Lederman, Steward, and Lampley are hired by HBO, Arum pays the judges (judges recieve their wages by promoters), so they are all suspect.
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Damn enough with the over analyzing. Pacquiao won the fight. He can't control the judging. Compubox shows that Pac landed more punches and at a slightly higher percentage and this is what the judges saw. It was evident his punches were landing because Marquez's face looked like pulverized meat.
Pacquiao won a very close and well fought fight. Get over it.
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That is something i was arguing about..Who wins..someone who landed 1,000 small shots that did no harm,or someone who landed 200 really hard shots?...I thought the winner is always the one who wants to finish the fight or land the most telling blows,not some shoe shining crap...
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Barry Cofield knows what's a head of him this Sunday in Houston – a hard-running, productive running back in Arian Foster that nobody had a clue about last year.
Those are the guys who make defensive players and coordinators lose as much sleep over as the perennial Pro Bowler.
"He's a good combination," the defensive tackle said of Foster. "He's not the biggest back or the fastest back. He's a young guy who kind of came out of nowhere. Sometimes you don't get the opportunity because of who you're playing behind, but you figure it out. And he's definitely figured it out."
Apparently so. The Colts found that out in Week 1, when the second-year player went for a franchise-record 231 rushing yards.
An anomaly? Only in the immensity of the production. He has since amassed more than 300 more yards, giving him a league-high 537 on the season. That, and his 152 receiving yards puts him in the company of Hall-of-Famers Emmitt Smith and Billy Sims as the only two players in NFL history to go for 500 rushing and 100 receiving in the first four games of the season.
This from a guy who spent the first 10 weeks of 2009 on the Texans' practice squad, and who only got his chance when Steve Slaton got hurt.
Combine him and WR Andre Johnson, who should return to action this week after sitting out the last couple with ankle problems, and the Texans sport one of the more balanced offenses in the league.
But it's Foster who has made quarterback Matt Schaub all that much more effective. Using the Texans' zone-blocking schemes in front of him, he has consistently found the cracks and cutback lanes to slice up defenses.
"They're balanced, but they have the most success running the ball," Cofield said. "After what we did to the Bears last week with 10 sacks, I wouldn't be surprised if they just come out and run the ball. That's the first step, and you go from there."
It's a big step, one that will need a disciplined form of play to cover the cutback lanes. The continued absences of LB Keith Bulluck (toe) and DE Mathias Kiwanuka (neck) will make that even more difficult, especially in the linebacking corps where strongside starter Clint Sintim has limited experience and has shown even less productivity.
"It's really a good scheme and you have to be disciplined defensively," defensive coordinator Perry Fewell said. "If you're not, they can crease you, and then (Foster) is good – he has good vision, and when he sees the hole, he can plant his foot and turn up in the hole, and he has enough speed that he can accelerate through that hole and gain 10, 12, 14 (and) sometimes take it the distance. He's got good vision plus they have a good scheme and it's a tough scheme to defend against."
The 227-pound Foster sees all with tremendous vision. But he also is strong enough to run through tackles.
"He's a patient runner," DE Justin Tuck said. "In that scheme, you have to be. He's powerful, too. I didn't know he was as powerful as he is. He's broken a lot of tackles. He's run through a lot of tackles, and he's fast. So I don't know if I can compare him to one specific guy, but he's having a great year. I think he's leading the league in rushing. So maybe he's in a class of his own right now."
Catch Foster, though, and the Giants will have shut down half the 3-1 Texans' offense. It's a huge key this week.
"You have to tackle well against these guys," Fewell said. "You must knock them off schedule. We want to create third and long situations for them and they don't have a lot of third-and-long situations. If you look at them statistically, they're a third-and-three team, third- and-four team and they can throw the quick game out there to those receivers and then it's first down again. It's going to be a big challenge for us to play first down very well against this football team."


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It's rare for a rookie to come in at wide receiver and make an immediate impact. There are plenty of wide receivers taken each year, and only a select few can claim a starting spot for a team.
Here is a list of wide receivers that have potential to start on offense or special teams.


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October 8th, 2007, 9:55 AM
Well i've seen loads of these threads made so why not make one thread so everyone can ask for it so i came up with this. All you have to do is tell us what Pokemon you have and any specifics to the nickname eg. Human name, Animal name, Japanese name.


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Straight to Sap�s honors for that mess in Iowa City. I added the Editor�s pick:
OFFENSIVE CHAMPION NONE � I didn�t see one. Not Devin Funchess Manball. Not Devin Gardner. Not Fitz Toussaint. Not Derrick Green. Not Jake Butt. Not Jeremy Jackson. None. DEFENSIVE CHAMPION JAKE RYAN � He forced the pick-six to start the game, laid the wood later in the first half and seemed to be back to his normal, pre-injury, self. He was hitting guys like I haven�t seen a Michigan Linebacker hit guys since Ron Simpkins back in the late �70s. SPECIAL TEAMS CHAMPION RAYMON TAYLOR � Michigan didn�t block Iowa�s attempted field goal in the first half, but Taylor recovered the muff. It was momentum that you take when you are on the road in the Big Ten. I guess that momentum was blown away by all the wind in the 3rd quarter� HUSTLER /SPARKPLUG JEREMY GALLON � Not a Champion, but certainly a Hustler on Saturday. I can honestly say that after the first few games of Gallon�s Michigan career I NEVER thought I�d be saying this in his senior year: �I�m gonna miss that guy.� He has truly been deserving of wearing the #21 jersey and has come to play every game this year, and last year and the year before that. His catches and toughness will really be missed next year. ROBERT FROST UFER MAIZE & BLUEFEDORA FAN SCOTT MERCER � My buddy Scott made the trek from Minnesota to Iowa to watch 176 yards of total offense, 3 first downs in the second half in zero-degree wind chill. Why? Because he is a TRUE Michigan Fan. How do I know this? Scott was born in Nebraska and was as BIG RED as you can be. He was so proud of his team that he invited me to watch a game with him at Memorial Stadium so I could see what big time college football was really like. I went to Lincoln and told Scott that the Huskers� 77,000 seat stadium, loud rock music and band that wore shorts was, �nice.� I told him that if he wanted to experience the true essence what tradition is in college football, he needed to come to Ann Arbor for a game. A few years later, he did. As he walked into Michigan Stadium, the view gave him chills. During the game, he said he could feel the history and the ghosts of Michigan legends past. Oh ya � he also thought that listening to music played by a pretty cool band throughout the game was college football pageantry at its best. The best part? Scott INSTANTLY became a Michigan Fan that day in 2007 against Notre Dame. So I salute �Merce.� He took the picture below from his seats on Saturday:A great view. Just not a great 2nd half. Scott, �Deserved better!� to quote Lloyd Carr. EDITOR�S PICK FRANK CLARK � He�s developing into the beast we heard about all Spring and coming out of fall camp.


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portable computer
A portable computer is a personal computer that is designed to be easily transported and relocated, but is larger and less convenient to transport than a notebook computer. The earliest PCs designed for easy transport were called portables. As the size and weight of most portables decreased, they became known as laptop computer and later as notebook computer. Today, larger transportable computers continue to be called portable computers. Most of these are special-purpose computers - for example, those for use in industrial environments where they need to be moved about frequently.
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Angel's Flight,which has been called "the world's shortestrailway", is a hill-climbing cable car, or funicular, that islocated on the Bunker Hill in downtown Los Angeles, California. Thefunicular consists of two small railway cars that are connected toeach other by cable. The cable is, in turn, wrapped round a largepulley that is attached to a motor. As one car rises up the hill,the other car descends to the street below.
a. The tracks of Angel's flight extend 96.0 m along the sideof the hill at angle of 18.4 degrees with respect to thehorizontal.If each car has a passenger with mass of 70 kg,what is the total mechanical energy associtated when the cars areabout to leave the boarding platforms?
b. What is the total mechanical energy associated with the twopassengers when the cars arrive at their destinations?
c. Except for a brief initial acceleration, the cars move inopposite direction at a constant speed of about 1.0 m/s. Supposethe ascending car is somewhere between street level and themid-level. If the descending car is 20.0 m above the street level,what is the gravitational potential energy associated with thepassenger in the ascending car?


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A Potter County grand jury has indicted a man on charges of a July home-invasion robbery that led to the death of 76-year-old William Hastings.
Joseph Angel Martinez, 40, faces charges of double enhanced-aggravated robbery and double-enhanced robbery.
The grand jury returned the sealed indictment Friday.
Police said two men burst into Hastings' home on Willow Creek Drive in north Amarillo on July 20 demanding money.
Hastings suffered a heart attack during the invasion and died at the scene. A second victim in the house, a 50-year-old woman, was forced into a closet.
Hastings' 11-year-old grandson was in another room sleeping when the invasion occurred.
Randall Sims, 47th District attorney, on Monday declined to explain what led authorities to charge Martinez in the crime.
A second suspect still is being sought in connection with the case, Sims said.
If convicted, Martinez would face a punishment of 25 to 99 years in prison and a fine not to exceed $10,000 on both charges.
He was in custody Monday at the Potter County Detention Center.
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