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Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than via vertical transmission (the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.) [1] HGT is synonymous with lateral gene transfer (LGT) and the terms are interchangeable.[2][3][4] HGT has been shown to be an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.[5]
Horizontal gene transfer is the primary reason for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria [5][6][7][8][9] and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides[10] and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence.[11] This horizontal gene transfer often involves temperate bacteriophages and plasmids.[12][13] Genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms (e.g., via F-pilus), subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics, which is becoming a medical challenge to deal with.
Most thinking in genetics has focused upon vertical transfer, but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a highly significant phenomenon and among single-celled organisms, perhaps the dominant form of genetic transfer.[14][15]
Artificial horizontal gene transfer is a form of genetic engineering.
Horizontal genetic transfer was first described in Seattle in 1951 in a publication which demonstrated that the transfer of a viral gene into Corynebacterium diphtheriae created a virulent from a non-virulent strain,[16] also simultaneously solving the riddle of diphtheria (that patients could be infected with the bacteria but not have any symptoms, and then suddenly convert later or never),[17] and giving the first example for the relevance of the lysogenic cycle.[18] Inter-bacterial gene transfer was first described in Japan in a 1959 publication that demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance between different species of bacteria.[19][20] In the mid-1980s, Syvanen[21] predicted that lateral gene transfer existed, had biological significance, and was involved in shaping evolutionary history from the beginning of life on Earth.
As Jian, Rivera and Lake (1999) put it: "Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes"[22] (see also Lake and Rivera, 2007).[23] The phenomenon appears to have had some significance for unicellular eukaryotes as well. As Bapteste et al. (2005) observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution."[24]
There is some evidence that even higher plants and animals have been affected and this has raised concerns for safety.[25] Grafting of one plant to another can transfer chloroplasts (specialised DNA in plants that can conduct photosynthesis), mitichondrial DNA and the entire cell nucleus containing the genome to potentially make a new species.[26] Some Lepidoptera (e.g. Monarch butterflies and silkworms) have been genetically modified by horizontal gene transfer from the wasp bracovirus.[27] Bites from the insect Reduviidae (assassin bug) can, via a parasite, infect humans with the trypanosomal Chagas disease, which can insert its DNA into the human genome.[28] It has been suggested that lateral gene transfer to humans from bacteria may play a role in cancer.[29]
Richardson and Palmer (2007) state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes. However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remain unclear."[30]
Due to the increasing amount of evidence suggesting the importance of these phenomena for evolution (see below) molecular biologists such as Peter Gogarten have described horizontal gene transfer as "A New Paradigm for Biology".[31]
Some have argued that the process may be a hidden hazard of genetic engineering as it could allow transgenic DNA to spread from species to species.[25]
There are several mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer:[5][32][33]
- Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA).[34] This process is relatively common in bacteria, but less so in eukaryotes.[35] Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications. See also molecular biology and biotechnology.
- Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a virus (a bacteriophage, or phage).[34]
- Bacterial conjugation, a process that involves the transfer of DNA via a plasmid from a donor cell to a recombinant recipient cell during cell-to-cell contact.[34]
- Gene transfer agents, virus-like elements encoded by the host that are found in the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales.[36]
A transposon (jumping gene) is a mobile segment of DNA that can sometimes pick up a resistance gene and insert it into a plasmid or chromosome, thereby inducing horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance.[34]
Horizontal gene transfer is typically inferred using bioinformatic methods, either by identifying atypical sequence signatures ("parametric" methods) or by identifying strong discrepancies between the evolutionary history of particular sequences compared to that of their hosts.
The virus called Mimivirus infects amoebae. Another virus, called Sputnik, also infects amoebae, but it cannot reproduce unless mimivirus has already infected the same cell.[37] "Sputnik's genome reveals further insight into its biology. Although 13 of its genes show little similarity to any other known genes, three are closely related to mimivirus and mamavirus genes, perhaps cannibalized by the tiny virus as it packaged up particles sometime in its history. This suggests that the satellite virus could perform horizontal gene transfer between viruses, paralleling the way that bacteriophages ferry genes between bacteria.".[38] Horizontal transfer is also seen between geminiviruses and tobacco plants.[39]
Horizontal gene transfer is common among bacteria, even among very distantly related ones. This process is thought to be a significant cause of increased drug resistance[5][40] when one bacterial cell acquires resistance, and the resistance genes are transferred to other species.[41][42] Transposition and horizontal gene transfer, along with strong natural selective forces have led to multi-drug resistant strains of S. aureus and many other pathogenic bacteria.[34] Horizontal gene transfer also plays a role in the spread of virulence factors, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst bacteria.[5] A prime example concerning the spread of exotoxins is the adaptive evolution of Shiga toxins in E. coli through horizontal gene transfer via transduction with Shigella species of bacteria.[43] Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements have been proposed.[11] For example, horizontally transferred genetic elements play important roles in the virulence of E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus and Clostridium perfringens.[5]
In prokaryotes, restriction-modification systems are known to provide immunity against horizontal gene transfer and in stabilizing mobile genetic elements. Genes encoding restriction modification systems systems have been reported to move between prokaryotic genomes within mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, insertion sequences/transposons, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrons. Still, they are more frequently a chromosomal-encoded barrier to MGEs than an MGE-encoded tool for cell infection.[44]
"Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many genes among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic 'domains'. Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species can not be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes".[45]
- Analysis of DNA sequences suggests that horizontal gene transfer has occurred within eukaryotes from the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to the nuclear genome. As stated in the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts and mitochondria probably originated as bacterial endosymbionts of a progenitor to the eukaryotic cell.[46]
- Horizontal transfer occurs from bacteria to some fungi, such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[47]
- The adzuki bean beetle has acquired genetic material from its (non-beneficial) endosymbiont Wolbachia.[48] New examples have recently been reported demonstrating that Wolbachia bacteria represent an important potential source of genetic material in arthropods and filarial nematodes.[49]
- Mitochondrial genes moved to parasites of the Rafflesiaceae plant family from their hosts [50][51] and from chloroplasts of a not-yet-identified plant to the mitochondria of the bean Phaseolus.[52]
- Striga hermonthica, a eudicot, has received a gene from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to its nuclear genome.[53] The gene is of unknown functionality.
- Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) contain multiple genes from fungi.[54][55] Plants, fungi and microorganisms can synthesize carotenoids, but torulene made by pea aphids is the only carotenoid known to be synthesized by an organism in the animal kingdom.[54]
- The malaria pathogen Plasmodium vivax acquired genetic material from humans that might help facilitate its long stay in the body.[56]
- A bacteriophage-mediated mechanism transfers genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nuclear localization signals in bacteriophage terminal proteins (TP) prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the viral genome. The role of virus and bacteriophages in HGT in bacteria, suggests that TP-containing genomes could be a vehicle of inter-kingdom genetic information transference all throughout evolution.[57]
- HhMAN1 is a gene in the genome of the coffee borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei) that resembles bacterial genes, and is thought to be transferred from bacteria in the beetle's gut.[58][59]
- A gene that allowed ferns to survive in dark forests came from the hornwort, which grows in mats on streambanks or trees. The neochrome gene arrived about 180 million years ago.[60]
- Plants are capable of receiving genetic information from viruses by horizontal gene transfer.[39]
- One study identified approximately 100 of humans' approximately 20,000 total genes which likely resulted from horizontal gene transfer,[61] but this number has been challenged by several researchers arguing these candidate genes for HGT are more likely the result of gene loss combined with differences in the rate of evolution [62]
- Bdelloid rotifers currently hold the 'record' for HGT in animals with ~8% of their genes from bacterial origins.[63] Tardigrades were thought to break the record with 17.5% HGT, but that finding was an artifact of bacterial contamination.[64]
- A study found the genomes of 40 animals (including 10 primates, four Caenorhabditis worms and 12 Drosophila insects) contained genes which the researchers concluded had been transferred from bacteria and fungi by horizontal gene transfer.[65] The researchers estimated that for some nematodes and Drosophilia insects these genes had been acquired relatively recently.[66]
Horizontal Transposon Transfer (HTT)[edit]
Horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) refers to the passage of pieces of DNA that are characterized by their ability to move from one locus to another between genomes by means other than parent-to-offspring inheritance. Horizontal gene transfer has long been thought to be crucial to prokaryotic evolution, but there is a growing amount of data showing that HTT is a common and widespread phenomenon in eukaryote evolution as well ([67]). On the transposable element (TE) side, spreading between genomes via horizontal transfer may be viewed as a strategy to escape purging due to purifying selection, mutational decay and/or host defense mechanisms ([68]) .
HTT can occur with any type of transposable elements, but DNA transposons and LTR retroelements are more likely to be capable of HTT because both have a stable, double-stranded DNA intermediate that is thought to be sturdier than the single-stranded RNA intermediate of non-LTR retroelements, which can be highly degradable ([67]). Non-autonomous elements may be less likely to transfer horizontally compared to autonomous elements because they do not encode the proteins required for their own mobilization. The structure of these non-autonomous elements generally consists of an intronless gene encoding a transposase protein, and may or may not have a promoter sequence. Those that do not have promoter sequences encoded within the mobile region rely on adjacent host promoters for expression ([67]). Horizontal transfer is thought to play an important role in the TE lifecycle ([67]).
HTT has been shown to occur between species and across continents in both plants ([69]) and animals (Ivancevic et al. 2013), though some TEs have been shown to more successfully colonize the genomes of certain species over others ([70]). Both spatial and taxonomic proximity of species has been proposed to favor HTTs in plants and animals ([69]). It is unknown how the density of a population may affect the rate of HTT events within a population, but close proximity due to parasitism and cross contamination due to crowding have been proposed to favor HTT in both plants and animals ([69]). Successful transfer of a transposable element requires delivery of DNA from donor to host cell (and to the germ line for multi-cellular organisms), followed by integration into the recipient host genome ([67]). Though the actual mechanism for the transportation of TEs from donor cells to host cells is unknown, it is established that naked DNA and RNA can circulate in bodily fluid ([67]). Many proposed vectors include arthropods, viruses, freshwater snails (Ivancevic et al. 2013), endosymbiotic bacteria ([68]), and intracellular parasitic bacteria ([67]). In some cases, even TEs facilitate transport for other TEs ([70]).
The arrival of a new TE in a host genome can have detrimental consequences because TE mobility may induce mutation. However, HTT can also be beneficial by introducing new genetic material into a genome and promoting the shuffling of genes and TE domains among hosts, which can be co-opted by the host genome to perform new functions ([70]). Moreover, transposition activity increases the TE copy number and generates chromosomal rearrangement hotspots ([71]). HTT detection is a difficult task because it is an ongoing phenomenon that is constantly changing in frequency of occurrence and composition of TEs inside host genomes. Furthermore, few species have been analyzed for HTT, making it difficult to establish patterns of HTT events between species. These issues can lead to the underestimation or overestimation of HTT events between ancestral and current eukaryotic species ([71]).
Artificial horizontal gene transfer[edit]
Genetic engineering is essentially horizontal gene transfer, albeit with synthetic expression cassettes. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system[72] (SB) was developed as a synthetic gene transfer agent that was based on the known abilities of Tc1/mariner transposons to invade genomes of extremely diverse species.[73] The SB system has been used to introduce genetic sequences into a wide variety of animal genomes.[74][75] ( See also gene therapy )
Importance in evolution[edit]
Horizontal gene transfer is a potential confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of one gene.[76] For example, given two distantly related bacteria that have exchanged a gene a phylogenetic tree including those species will show them to be closely related because that gene is the same even though most other genes are dissimilar. For this reason it is often ideal to use other information to infer robust phylogenies such as the presence or absence of genes or, more commonly, to include as wide a range of genes for phylogenetic analysis as possible.
For example, the most common gene to be used for constructing phylogenetic relationships in prokaryotes is the 16s rRNA gene since its sequences tend to be conserved among members with close phylogenetic distances, but variable enough that differences can be measured. However, in recent years it has also been argued that 16s rRNA genes can also be horizontally transferred. Although this may be infrequent, the validity of 16s rRNA-constructed phylogenetic trees must be reevaluated.[77]
Biologist Johann Peter Gogarten suggests "the original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data from recent genome research" therefore "biologists should use the metaphor of a mosaic to describe the different histories combined in individual genomes and use the metaphor of a net to visualize the rich exchange and cooperative effects of HGT among microbes."[31] There exist several methods to infer such phylogenetic networks.
Using single genes as phylogenetic markers, it is difficult to trace organismal phylogeny in the presence of horizontal gene transfer. Combining the simple coalescence model of cladogenesis with rare HGT horizontal gene transfer events suggest there was no single most recent common ancestor that contained all of the genes ancestral to those shared among the three domains of life. Each contemporary molecule has its own history and traces back to an individual molecule cenancestor. However, these molecular ancestors were likely to be present in different organisms at different times."[78]
Scientific American article (2000)[edit]
Uprooting the Tree of Life by W. Ford Doolittle (Scientific American, February 2000, pp 90–95)[79] contains a discussion of the Last Universal Common Ancestor and the problems that arose with respect to that concept when one considers horizontal gene transfer. The article covers a wide area — the endosymbiont hypothesis for eukaryotes, the use of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) as a measure of evolutionary distances (this was the field Carl Woese worked in when formulating the first modern "tree of life", and his research results with SSU rRNA led him to propose the Archaea as a third domain of life) and other relevant topics. Indeed, it was while examining the new three-domain view of life that horizontal gene transfer arose as a complicating issue: Archaeoglobus fulgidus is cited in the article (p. 76) as being an anomaly with respect to a phylogenetic tree based upon the encoding for the enzyme HMGCoA reductase — the organism in question is a definite Archaean, with all the cell lipids and transcription machinery that are expected of an Archaean, but whose HMGCoA genes are actually of bacterial origin.[79]
Again on p. 76, the article continues with:
- "The weight of evidence still supports the likelihood that mitochondria in eukaryotes derived from alpha-proteobacterial cells and that chloroplasts came from ingested cyanobacteria, but it is no longer safe to assume that those were the only lateral gene transfers that occurred after the first eukaryotes arose. Only in later, multicellular eukaryotes do we know of definite restrictions on horizontal gene exchange, such as the advent of separated (and protected) germ cells."[79]
The article continues with:
- "If there had never been any lateral gene transfer, all these individual gene trees would have the same topology (the same branching order), and the ancestral genes at the root of each tree would have all been present in the last universal common ancestor, a single ancient cell. But extensive transfer means that neither is the case: gene trees will differ (although many will have regions of similar topology) and there would never have been a single cell that could be called the last universal common ancestor.[79]
- "As Woese has written, 'the ancestor cannot have been a particular organism, a single organismal lineage. It was communal, a loosely knit, diverse conglomeration of primitive cells that evolved as a unit, and it eventually developed to a stage where it broke into several distinct communities, which in their turn became the three primary lines of descent (bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes)' In other words, early cells, each having relatively few genes, differed in many ways. By swapping genes freely, they shared various of their talents with their contemporaries. Eventually this collection of eclectic and changeable cells coalesced into the three basic domains known today. These domains become recognisable because much (though by no means all) of the gene transfer that occurs these days goes on within domains."[79]
With regard to how horizontal gene transfer affects evolutionary theory (common descent, universal phylogenetic tree) Carl Woese says:
- "What elevated common descent to doctrinal status almost certainly was the much later discovery of the universality of biochemistry, which was seemingly impossible to explain otherwise. But that was before horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which could offer an alternative explanation for the universality of biochemistry, was recognized as a major part of the evolutionary dynamic. In questioning the doctrine of common descent, one necessarily questions the universal phylogenetic tree. That compelling tree image resides deep in our representation of biology. But the tree is no more than a graphical device; it is not some a priori form that nature imposes upon the evolutionary process. It is not a matter of whether your data are consistent with a tree, but whether tree topology is a useful way to represent your data. Ordinarily it is, of course, but the universal tree is no ordinary tree, and its root no ordinary root. Under conditions of extreme HGT, there is no (organismal) "tree." Evolution is basically reticulate."[80]
In a May 2010 article in Nature, Douglas Theobald[81] argued that there was indeed one Last Universal Common Ancestor to all existing life and that horizontal gene transfer has not destroyed our ability to infer this.
There is evidence for historical horizontal transfer of the following genes:
- Lycopene cyclase for carotenoid biosynthesis, between Chlorobi and Cyanobacteria.[82]
- TetO gen conferring resistance to tetracycline, between Campylobacter jejuni.[83]
- Neochrome, gene in some ferns that enhances their ability to survive in dim light. Believed to have been acquired from algae sometime during the Cretaceous.[84]
- transfer of a cysteine synthase from a bacteria into phytophagous mites and Lepidoptera allowing the detoxification of cyanogenic glucosides produced by host plants.[85]
- The LINE1 sequence has transferred from humans to the gonorrhea bacteria.[86]
See also[edit]
- Agrobacterium, a bacterium well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants.
- Endogenous retrovirus
- Genetically modified organism
- Integron
- Inferring horizontal gene transfer
- Mobile genetic elements
- Phylogenetic network
- Phylogenetic tree
- Provirus
- Retrotransposon
- Symbiogenesis
- Tree of life (science)
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- ^ Redrejo-Rodríguez, M, Muñoz-Espín, D, Holguera, I, Mencía, M, Salas, M, (2012). "Functional eukaryotic nuclear localization signals are widespread in terminal proteins of bacteriophages". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (45): 18482–7. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918482R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216635109. PMID 23091024.
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- ^ Carl Zimmer (April 17, 2014). "Plants That Practice Genetic Engineering". New York Times.
- ^ "Human beings' ancestors have routinely stolen genes from other species". The Economist. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ Salzberg, S.L. (2001). "Microbial Genes in the Human Genome: Lateral Transfer or Gene Loss?". Science. 292: 1903–6. doi:10.1126/science.1061036. PMID 11358996.
- ^ Traci Watson (15 November 2012). "Bdelloids Surviving on Borrowed DNA". Science/AAAS News.
- ^ Koutsovoulos, Georgios; Kumar, Sujai; Laetsch, Dominik R.; Stevens, Lewis; Daub, Jennifer; Conlon, Claire; Maroon, Habib; Thomas, Fran; Aboobaker, Aziz A.; Blaxter, Mark (2016). "No evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer in the genome of the tardigradeHypsibius dujardini". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113: 201600338. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600338113. ISSN 0027-8424.
- ^ Crisp A, Boschetti C, Perry M, Tunnacliffe A, Micklem G (2015). "Expression of multiple horizontally acquired genes is a hallmark of both vertebrate and invertebrate genomes". Genome Biol. 16: 50. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0607-3. PMC 4358723. PMID 25785303.
- ^ Madhusoodanan, Jyoti (2015-03-12). "Horizontal Gene Transfer a Hallmark of Animal Genomes?". The Scientist. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
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- ^ a b Dupeyron, Mathilde et al. "Horizontal Transfer of Transposons between and within Crustaceans and Insects." Mobile DNA 5 (2014): 4. PMC. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.
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- ^ Graham Lawton Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life New Scientist Magazine issue 2692 21 January 2009 Accessed February 2009
- ^ Genomic analysis of Hyphomonas neptunium contradicts 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis: implications for the taxonomy of the orders 'Rhodobacterales' and Caulobacteral...
- ^ Zhaxybayeva, O.; Gogarten, J. (2004). "Cladogenesis, coalescence and the evolution of the three domains of life". Trends in Genetics. 20 (4): 182–187. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2004.02.004. PMID 15041172.
- ^ a b c d e Doolittle, Ford W. (February 2000). "Uprooting the Tree of Life". Scientific American. 282 (2): 72–7. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90. PMID 10710791.
- ^ Woese CR (June 2004). "A New Biology for a New Century". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68 (2): 173–86. doi:10.1128/MMBR.68.2.173-186.2004. PMC 419918. PMID 15187180.
- ^ Theobald, Douglas L. (13 May 2010). "A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry". Nature. 465 (7295): 219–222. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..219T. doi:10.1038/nature09014. PMID 20463738.
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- ^ Avrain L, Vernozy-Rozand C, Kempf I (2004). "Evidence for natural horizontal transfer of tetO gene between Campylobacter jejuni strains in chickens". J. Appl. Microbiol. 97 (1): 134–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02306.x. PMID 15186450.
- ^ Darkened Forests, Ferns Stole Gene From an Unlikely Source — and Then From Each Other by Jennifer Frazer (May 6, 2014). Scientific American.
- ^ Wybouw, Nicky; Dermauw, Wannes; Tirry, Luc; Stevens, Christian; Grbić, Miodrag; Feyereisen, René; Leeuwen, Thomas Van (2014-04-24). "A gene horizontally transferred from bacteria protects arthropods from host plant cyanide poisoning". eLife. 3: e02365. doi:10.7554/eLife.02365. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4011162. PMID 24843024.
- ^ Yong, Ed (2011-02-16). "Gonorrhea has picked up human DNA (and that's just the beginning)". National Geographic. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Further reading[edit]
- Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer
- Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes
- Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer in plants
- Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer (History)
- Gyles, C; Boerlin, P (Mar 2014). "Horizontally transferred genetic elements and their role in pathogenesis of bacterial disease". Vet Pathol. 51 (2): 328–40. doi:10.1177/0300985813511131. PMID 24318976.
- – Papers by Dr Michael Syvanen on Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Salzberg SL, White O, Peterson J, Eisen JA (June 2001). "Microbial genes in the human genome: lateral transfer or gene loss?" (PDF). Science. 292 (5523): 1903–6. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1903S. doi:10.1126/science.1061036. PMID 11358996.
About 40 genes were found to be exclusively shared by humans and bacteria and are candidate examples of horizontal transfer from bacteria to vertebrates. Gene loss combined with sample size effects and evolutionary rate variation provide an alternative, more biologically plausible explanation
- Qi, Z; Cui, Y; Fang, W; Ling, L; Chen, R (January 2004). "Autosomal similarity revealed by eukaryotic genomic comparison.". Journal of biological physics. 30 (4): 305–12. doi:10.1007/s10867-004-0996-0. PMID 23345874.
- Woese CR (June 2002). "On the evolution of cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (13): 8742–7. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8742W. doi:10.1073/pnas.132266999. PMC 124369. PMID 12077305. This article seeks to shift the emphasis in early phylogenic adaptation from vertical to horizontal gene transfer. He uses the term "Darwinian Threshold" for the time of major transition of evolutionary mechanisms from mostly horizontal to mostly vertical transfer, and the "origin of speciation".
- Snel B, Bork P, Huynen MA (January 1999). "Genome phylogeny based on gene content". Nat. Genet. 21 (1): 108–10. doi:10.1038/5052. PMID 9916801. This article proposes using the presence or absence of a set of genes to infer phylogenies, in order to avoid confounding factors such as horizontal gene transfer.
- Webfocus in Nature with free review articles [1]
- Patil PB, Sonti RV (October 2004). "Variation suggestive of horizontal gene transfer at a lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthetic locus in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen of rice". BMC Microbiol. 4 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-4-40. PMC 524487. PMID 15473911.
- Jin G, Nakhleh L, Snir S, Tuller T (November 2006). "Maximum likelihood of phylogenetic networks". Bioinformatics. 22 (21): 2604–11. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl452. PMID 16928736. for a technique to decrease the impact of HGT events on maximum likelihood cladistical analyses.
- Horizontal Gene Transfer – A New Paradigm for Biology
- Horizontal Gene Transfer (page 334 of Molecular Genetics by Ulrich Melcher)
- Report on horizontal gene transfer by Mae-Wan Ho, March 22, 1999
- Recent Evidence Confirms Risks of Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Horizontal Gene Transfer at sciences.sdsu.edu
- Jain R, Rivera MC, Lake JA (March 1999). "Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: The complexity hypothesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (7): 3801–6. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.3801J. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3801. PMC 22375. PMID 10097118.
- PDF article on Horizontal Gene Transfer
- The New Yorker, July 12, 1999, pp. 44–61 "Smallpox knows how to make a mouse protein. How did smallpox learn that? 'The poxviruses are promiscuous at capturing genes from their hosts,' Esposito said. 'It tells you that smallpox was once inside a mouse or some other small rodent.'"
- Szpirer C, Top E, Couturier M, Mergeay M (1 December 1999). "Retrotransfer or gene capture: a feature of conjugative plasmids, with ecological and evolutionary significance". Microbiology (Reading, Engl.). 145 (Pt 12): 3321–9. doi:10.1099/00221287-145-12-3321. PMID 10627031.
- GMO Safety: Results of research into horizontal gene transfer Can transgenes from genetically modified plants be absorbed by micro-organisms and spread in this way?
- Whitaker JW, McConkey GA, Westhead DR (2009). "The transferome of metabolic genes explored: analysis of the horizontal transfer of enzyme encoding genes in unicellular eukaryotes". Genome Biol. 10 (4): R36. doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-4-r36. PMC 2688927. PMID 19368726.


text:
Ricky Burns Warns Katsidis: I Feel Like a Monster at 135
Ricky Burns is eating for two as he heads into his big showdown with Michael Katsidis on November 5th at Wembley Arena.
Burns, the former WBO World Super-Featherweight Champion, makes his debut at lightweight when he challenges the Australian dynamo for the Interim WBO World title, live on BoxNation (Sky platform Ch. 456).
The Scotsman has doubled up on his meals to fuel him for the gruelling training schedules with trainer Billy Nelson and to make the 135lb limit for the fight.
Burns opened up his gym to the media today and he looked devastating as he worked-out with Nelson, showing he is ready for Brit Basher who has already demolished Graham Earl and Kevin Mitchell.
"With my punishing daily training schedule I'm burning off energy fast so I need to keep my calorie intake high for my body to cope with the demands," Said Burns.
"It's all good healthy stuff, chicken, fish, rice pasta, vegetables, in fact I'm eating more the Billy which is a bit worrying!"
"Plus I need to keep on track to make the lightweight limit because the weight is dropping off me and I want to be as big and strong as possible against Katsidis,"
"My girlfriend is going mad because I've doubled the food bill in our house, but it will be worth when I'm crowed a two-weight world champion,"
"I feel like a monster at lightweight and I'll be the strongest and fastest I've ever been when I step into the ring against him on the night,"
The fight headlines a massive night of boxing LIVE and exclusive on BoxNation (Sky Platform Ch. 456) that includes George Groves' British and Commonwealth Super-Middleweight defence against Paul Smith.
Stop throwing the word ' ducked ' around, Burns isn't ready for Broner and Kats is a good enough fight for him anyway. It's not like he's picked easy competition, Kats could blow him out of there. I'm not a…Comment by Walt Liquor on 10-20-2011
sooooo not impressed with burns since he won the belt.. he makes more fighting kats than broner, either fight would be a cash out, might as well go bigger.Comment by alza1988 on 10-20-2011
Hope Burn's does box him and doesn't try and trade .I watched the Kat's Gurrero fight man I think Burn's has a fair chance Gurrero win every round and he used to be a featherweight .Hope Burn's is alot stronger…Comment by dan649 on 10-20-2011
R.I.P. Ricky Burns. Are you sure you want to be mauled by Kats? You would want to be well on your game, son.:wave:Comment by samy18192 on 10-19-2011
i like burns chances hes a good chin nd a good boxerPost a Comment - View More User Comments (20)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Somebody stole the Liberty Bell yesterday, unhooked it from its case, and carted it off when no one was looking. We won't see the Liberty Bell ever again, and a part of us all, of what makes our city special, is lost.
They sawed William Penn from the peak of City Hall yesterday, too, right about midday, right about the same time. The planter's hat and the flowing coat, the beneficent smile bestowed upon his little green town. We won't look up and see Billy again, and the skyline will never look right.
A bulldozer rumbled down the parkway during the lunch traffic and it took out the steps at the Art Museum. Putting in elevators or some such refinement. No more running up the steps, no more lounging on the steps. No more steps at the Art Museum, and we always intended to take one more jog to the top and turn and see the city.


text:
Worlds 2016 - Introducing the Wildcard Teams
As part of our world coverage, we decided to briefly introduce INTZ e-Sports and Albus Nox Luna, the two Wildcard Teams in this year's League of Legends World Championship
There are 8 Minor Regions whose champion qualifies to compete in Wildcard Tournaments in order to qualify for Worlds and also the Mid Seasonal Invitational.
While Wildcard teams are far from favorites, their performances have been getting better year after year.
This year, the Wildcard representation includes the Brazilian Team INTZ e-Sports and the CIS side Albus Nox Luna.
Be sure to subscribe to LolKing's YouTube channel for upcoming stat videos and other League of Legends coverage!
Pro Tier: New Champions showing up for Worlds
Worlds is right around the corner and one of the biggest questions is who will show up at worlds. Most teams last played on 6.15 (aside from International Wildcard teams who played their qualifier on 6.16) and the patch we will see at worlds is 6.18.
In between those 2-3 patches a lot of small nerfs and buffs were given to multiple champions, which in professional play can be enough to tip the scales for some changes to champion pools.
There's also a lot of interest to see what is going to show up after what happened last year. The Juggernaut patch came right after teams qualified and it was a gigantic set of changes that completely shifted pick priorities.
This year's changes pre-worlds have been much more mild, but with no teams playing competitively in these last two patches, a lot of testing has surely been done by a lot of teams and those paying more attention to rumors might have heard of some new champions showing up once more.
The Flex Pick
Probability to show up: Very likely
We covered Jayce last week, who started showing up much more after his 6.17 patches:
Jayce is a hybrid type of fighter, who can poke from afar and then use the movement speed to close the gap, go melee and finish off a target. Changing stances to hammer form grants resistances which encourages going melee without getting blown up.
Right now, he's seeing play in both solo lanes. In the top lane, he can outrange and poke melee matchups. Ranged auto attacks are also very useful to deny Gangplank's Powder Kegs.
Top Lane Jayce skips Tear of the Goddess and rushes Black Cleaver, as trades and all ins are more frequent in this lane. He also runs Stormraider's Surge, to allow him to close the gap as melee after landing an accelerated Shock Blast from afar.
In the mid lane he plays a more poke oriented style, usually with Tear of the Goddess and Thunderlord's Decree as his Keystone Mastery.
Top Lane
Probability to show up: Low
Kled was released back on 6.16, so he hasn't seen his competitive debut, but slowly, professional players that are attending the world championship started to slowly pick the Cantankerous Cavalier.
Kled is an incredibly strong duelist and deceptively tanky with his mount Skaarl. Bursting him down is next to impossible, as his dismount animation completely stops full damage combos from killing him. With 'Chaaaaaaaarge!!!' he can always start a fight, on his own or with his teammates. The movement speed given is immense and functions very similarly to a sivir ultimate, allowing everyone to quickly engage a team or a straggler.
Once Kled completes Black Cleaver his cooldowns are low enough to string 'Beartrap on a Rope' time after time again, as he can continuously stay close by using 'Jousting' as well.
Probability to show up: Average
Skarner's last appearance at worlds wasn't that great... Regardless, leading up to this year's event he's been seeing quite a lot of play. With Rek'sai and Gragas nerfed and if drafts tend towards banning top tier junglers such as Elise and Nidalee, there's a chance we might go into the tier 2 champions and the Crystal Vanguard is one of them.
Skarner farms fast and has very good lockdown with Impale and Fracture. He'll never be super high up in priority mainly because he's incredibly dependant on flash and needs to get into melee range to dish out a lot of damage, so he's dependant on facing less mobile compositions or with champions that can enable him.
Honorable Mentions: Olaf, Kindred, Evelynn
Mid Lane
Probability to show up: Likely
Ryze has gone through too many reworks, but it doesn't seem like that will ever stop him from being a contested pick. The first rank on his ultimate is admittedly very poor, but come mid game his damage really starts ramping up.
Initially, players were still going for the double stacking build of Rod of Ages and Seraph's Embrace, but recently the build has shifted towards going for a Morellonomicon right after Tear of the Goddess and grabbing a Rylai's Crystal Scepter next to make up for the health he doesn't get for not picking up RoA.
Ryze is deceptively mobile. He usually has Ghost and Flash at his disposal as his summoner Spells and with Stormraider's Surge as his Keystone he can swiftly get out after going in for a trade or reposition until he unleashes his low cooldown highly potent burst once more.
AD Carry
Probability to show up: Low
Jinx isn't really priority right now and it's very likely we will see about at least 6 champions above her in priority in the AD Carry role. That said, she's still an absolute late game monster and will take over games if they stretch out long enough past the 35 minute mark. Most teams will prioritise Lucian, Jhin, Ashe, Sivir and even Tristana, but Jinx still has this strong niche of a strong late game teamfighter with a deadly reset and some teams might rely on her as a comfort pick.
Riot Points Survey Giveaway
As you guys probably know, LolKing exists as a free resource thanks to the ads on our website. Every few months we run surveys regarding market research here and it's that time again--this month we've been fortunate enough to run two! Remember that you are under no obligation to participate, so if giving out information is not your cup of tea, we totally understand.
As thanks for answering this survey, we'll be picking twenty people who reply to our survey to win $20 RP cards:Click here to fill out the survey! This giveaway will run until this Friday (9/30) at 11:59PM PDT. Twenty winners will receive a $20 RP card. Any region LolKing supports can win. Thanks everyone for participating!
Ghost is the new Teleport - Mid Lane Mages
Mid Lane is traditionally the place where 1v1 duels happen often and junglers usually visit for ganks. Support roams are also frequent, everyone is constantly trying to swing the matchup for their mid laner, so it's a very dynamic lane that gets a lot of attention, as the mid laner who is ahead can then translate an advantage to roams and invades to further amplify said gain.
So it's no wonder that especially in ranked games we see a lot of assassins and burst mages in this lane, constantly trying to cement a lead through solo kills. Naturally, Ignite is ideal pick for these situations.
However, buffs to other spells and some assassins falling out of favor, throughout seasons we have seen more diversity in summoner spells. While competitive league is a completely different game from ranked matches, some strategies and tendencies tend to cross over and be adopted as players watch professionals pick up new things.
Season 5 - The Double Teleport Meta
In season 5 and even for a good part of season 6 (until patch 6.13), Teleport was the go to summoner spell for mid lane in competitive and it crossed over to solo queue too. Even a champion like LeBlanc, known for her extremely high potential for solo kills and all ins with Ignite, was frequently running Teleport, since it allowed her to have incredible map presence with TP ganks to either side lane.
Teleport was nerfed in the end of season 5, but this wasn't enough to deter the summoner spells popularity, albeit reducing its dominance slightly in the middle lane.Patch 5.22 - Teleport
- Cooldown on Turret Cast - 240 seconds ⇒ 300 seconds
Finally on 6.13, Teleport finally got another nerf that was the nail in coffin for the double TP meta.
Patch 6.13 - Teleport
- Channel Duration - 3.5 seconds ⇒ 4.5 seconds
Late Season 6 - Flash/Ghost Mids
The channel was simply too long for TP ganks and flanks to be effective with most mid lane picks. With Teleport being out of the picture, Ghost started to show up as one of the staple summoner spells in the mid lane, allowing mages to enhance their chase and kite potential in skirmishes and teamfights. The Spell was buffed back on Patch 6.10 and the buff was very significant.
Patch 6.10 - Ghost
- Cooldown - 210 seconds ⇒ 180 seconds
- Movement Speed Bonus - 27% at all levels ⇒ 28-45% (at levels 1-18)
Ghost on mid laners was not unheard of on picks such as Twisted Fate and Viktor for example, but with teleport out of the way, many more champions started picking it up as their second summoner spell, let's have a look at some of them, from more common to more situational and obscure.
The reason behind the popularity of Ghost on most mages nowadays can be described with one word: Control.
With Ghost as a second summoner spell, these mages get a lot of extra control in fights. Most mages throw out a combination of spells and then have a downtime until they can contribute again. Ghost allows them to kite back or flank around, looking to position themselves ideally for their follow up spells. Most mages nowadays also use Rylai's Crystal Scepter. When paired with Ghost it just allows them to chase and kite endlessly.
Usage: Preferred
Popularity: 24.6% (3rd most used)
Guide: The Malzagod by Peaceman
Malzahar is one of those Teleport mid laners I was talking about. He just pushes the lane, backs, teleports back to lane. Rinse and repeat.
With Teleport nerfed most of his roaming potential was gone. The channel time is just too long for him to use it to gank, as he then has no mobility spells to reach the back line.
With Ghost and the eventual Rylai's Crystal Scepter pick up, Malzahar becomes a fearful control mage. With Ghost you can move back and forth during teamfights to land Malefic Visions and Call of the Void on key targets and the slow coming out from Rylai's allows for Voidlings or even teammates to easily follow up. This iteration of Malzahar is much less about the 100-0 burst with your ultimate and more about controlling the battlefield with crippling AoE damage.
Usage: Preferred
Popularity: 36.8% (2nd most used)
Guide: Throwing a Mid Lane Hissy Fit by AsheIsElite
Cassiopeia might not be able to buy boots, but she sure is a swift snake, able to slither back and forth through fights with movement speed gained from hitting her Noxious Blast. While Ignite might be good for a surprise all in at level 2 or 3 with surprising burst, with ghost she can do much more in a teamfight setting, allowing her to move around the outskirts of a teamfight, flanking around reach a target with Noxious Blast followed by consecutive uses of Twin Fangs.
Ghost also gives her extra safety in lane. Cassiopeia is infamous as a champion that is somewhat easy to gank early on, with Ghost she has an extra escape tool to evade ganks, provided her initial position is good enough to allow her to increase the distance between herself and the ganker.
Usage: Situational
Popularity: 14.4% (3rd most used)
Guide: Syn City by DJ Chrispy
Syndra quickly rose from a pocket pick to a must on every professional mid laner's champion pool. Ignite is very tempting on Syndra. Laning against her becomes even more problematic as a simple combo pre 6 can easily lead to a kill and post 6, the potential of a 100-0 combo coming out is even higher, with the burn slowly ticking away as the opponent tries to run from the Dark Sovereign.
With that said, Syndra can still easily kill carries without Ignite, especially after completing core items. Replacing Ignite for Ghost results in losing some early lane dominance in exchange for a massive teamfighting upgrade. Ignite will guarantee you that opening first kill on a carry for sure, but Ghost will give you that extra mobility to move around and land consecutive Dark Spheres, and reposition to get good angles for stuns with Scatter the Weak.
Combined with the rising popularity of Rylai's Crystal Scepter on her, Syndra is transformed from a pick off oriented mage whose main job is to blast one target to a strong teamfighting mage, that still has good burst, but isn't totally zoned out or too far to go for more targets once she uses her first spell rotation. Similarly to Cassiopeia, she uses Ghost to move around the outskirts of a fight and find opportunities to land strong damage on multiple priority targets.
Usage: Very Situational
Popularity: <10%
Guide: Wrecking Ball by EssiXr3i
Now this is probably the one you will find super weird to be on the list, but Orianna actually does pretty well with Ghost. In later stages of the game, Orianna might be seen as that champion that has an extremely strong combo that can wipe out teams with Shockwave and Dissonance, but before she gets to that point her burst isn't that great. Ghost allows her to consistently move the ball around and it's been a pretty annoying combination when ran together with Rylai's, as her Command: Attack and Command: Protect will now also slow while she moves the ball around from enemy to teammate.
If I can't convince you, maybe Cloud9's Mid Laner Jensen can.
Patch 6.19 Rundown: Kog'Maw Back to the Drawing Board
You have to admire the courage of Riot to say "Well that just didn't work," which is exactly what we are seeing with Kog'Maw this patch, who is largely returning to his state many patches ago. It will be interested to see if they take another stab at reworking his mechanics or if they are just getting him to a comfortable spot and leaving him there.
Be sure to check out the full changes below:
Introducing Ivern, The Green Father
Riot has revealed a new champion today: Ivern, The Green Father
"Once, long ago, Ivern Bramblefoot was called Ivern the Cruel—that was before he tangled with a God-Willow. In the centuries since, Ivern has roamed the forests of Runeterra, cultivating life wherever he goes. Wildflowers bloom in his footsteps as he laughs with trees, plays tricks on rocks, and dines with moss on the sun's delectable rays. When the Green Father traipses into your lane, he brings all the secrets of the forest along with him. "
Similarly to other support type characters, Ivern can't clear the jungle effectively through damaging abilities, but his innovative passive, Friend of the Forest, allows him to free camps (and get the full XP and gold) instead of killing them like any other jungler would do!
Let's take a look at his kit and how he will play out.
Ivern is a Warden, here is the original definition from the subclass post:
If Vanguards are "offensive tanks," then Wardens are surely "defensive tanks." Wardens stand steadfast, seeking to hold the line by persistently locking down any oncomers who try to pass them. Wardens keep their allies out of harm's way and allow them to safely deal with enemies caught in the fray.
His kit reflects this pretty well. Invern's main role in fights is to be able to peel for his carries, despite also being good at enabling his frontline to reach key enemy targets with Rootcaller, as it will grant a free dash towards the enemy struck.
Triggerseed is an extremely strong defensive ability, as you can use it to shield allies to protect them. After a short delay the shield will slow enemies around, granting your backline extra time to gain distance from enemies. Alternatively, it can be used on your main engager to stack an AoE slow when he dives in.
Aside from Triggerseed, Brushmaker is another excellent ability to use to peel your backline. By creating brushes close to them or even on top of them, you can make them untargetable for a moment, which can just be enough to save them for incoming burst from an assassin.
Finally, Daisy is also instrumental in fights to peel for allies. Given that every few auto attacks she can knock up opponents, you can simply put her on defensive duty, knocking up those pesky opponents trying to kill your carries.
Abilities Preview
Passive: Friend of the Forest
Q: Rootcaller
Ivern shoots out a ropey root that deals magic damage and (as you'd expect) roots the first enemy it hits. Allies who use a basic attack on the rooted target will automatically dash to get within attack range.
W: Brushmaker
Passive: When hiding in brush, Ivern's basic attacks have increased magic damage and range. This effect lasts for a couple seconds after Ivern leaves the brush.
Active: Ivern creates a patch of brush, temporarily revealing the area around it. The amount of brush created is slightly greater if it's placed near a wall or any other brush. The Green Father's grassy patches disappear on their own after a moderate delay.
E: Triggerseed
Ivern places a protective seed onto his ally, granting them a shield. After a short delay the seed explodes, damaging and slowing all nearby enemies.
R: Daisy!
Ivern summons Daisy, an enormous sentinel who loves hugs. Daisy scampers around joyfully, knocking up Ivern's target after a few hits. Ivern can recast this ability to direct his boisterous friend toward new targets. She'll hang around until her hankering for hugs has been satisfied, or until her health bar is depleted.
Pre-release Analysis
Ivern is a magic damage dealing bruiser. Despite not being a super aggressive champion, he can still dish out quite some damage with Rootcaller and the ranged auto attacks from Brushmaker. His shield's strength also increases with Ability Power, so similarly to champions like Lulu or Orianna, he gains utility and increases his defensive abilities by itemizing for AP items.
Overall, it seems like Rylai's Crystal Scepter might be a key item for Ivern to have. Runic Echoes' proc and even Daisy will slow opponents, so he can gain a lot of extra utility and potential to chase or peel with the item, not to mention key stats such as Ability Power and Health.
It's hard to tell without knowing his ability ratios, but it seems like he can either go the tank route with Cinderhulk or the more damage oriented one with Runic Echoes.
Cooldown Reduction is likely one of the most important stats, as lower cooldowns on his Shield will allow for more durability for Ivern and his allies, not to mention a lower cooldown on Rootcaller, his main damage and crowd control ability, and with the current itemization in League of Legends, he can do this by itemizing more offensively with Zhonya's Hourglass, Hextech Protobelt and Abyssal Scepter or defensively, with items such as Spirit Visage and Frozen Heart.
His playstyle is, as mentioned before, very supportive. Giving an early first red or blue buff to allies can be absolutely huge, but this requires a lot of communication and understanding between Ivern and his teammates, to be able to shove a wave and go inside the jungle to pick up a buff, for example.
His ganking is decent, but largely dependant on hitting Rootcaller. Once it hits, Ivern can close in and activate Triggerseed to followup with a powerful 70% slow that also lasts for 3 long seconds. But if he doesn't hit his root and his laner doesn't have crowd control to initiate, his ganks can be pretty meager as they will both lack crowd control and damage.
To conclude, Ivern definitely favours teamfights and skirmishes with more teammates. While Ivern can fend for himself, he is not a good duelist and will likely lose 1v1 fights to the more aggressive junglers such as Nidalee or Lee Sin for example. Ivern wants to be able to set up fights with a Rootcaller on a key target to enable his teammates, alongside a well placed Triggerseed that will slow multiple opponents.
For more information, including video previews of Ivern's abilities, make sure to check out the Champion Reveal!


text:
Dougherty: Introduction to Econometrics 4e
PowerPoint slides
PowerPoint presentations containing further explanation of key topics within each chapter.
These slides have been updated since publication and are provided in pptx format. The files are read-only and can be viewed in PPT 2007, or later.
If you are experiencing any problems with opening issues the .pptx files, you can also access the files in .ppt format via the link below.
- Slides in .ppt format
- Review
Random Variables, Sampling, and Estimation
- Chapter 01
Simple Regression Analysis
- Chapter 02
Properties of the Regression Coefficients and Hypothesis Testing
- Chapter 03
Multiple Regression Analysis
- Chapter 04
Nonlinear Models and Transformations of Variables
- Chapter 05
Dummy Variables
- Chapter 06
Specification of Regression Variables
- Chapter 07
- Chapter 08
Stochastic Regressors and Measurement Errors
- Chapter 09
Simultaneous Equations Estimation
- Chapter 10
Binary Choice and Limited Dependent Variable Models, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation
- Chapter 11
Models Using Time Series Data
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
Introduction to Nonstationary Time Series
- Chapter 14
Introduction to Panel Data Models


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Best route map between Kennett, MO and Blytheville, AR. This route take about 28 Miles.
The distance and estimated time is placed on the right depending on the status of the road.
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Evergreen Collections telephone number is (541) 504-2320.
Telefax: No fax number available
Website: No web address available
Biz owner? Moderate reviews or edit listing.
Search entire category for Collection Agencies
A Collection Agency, in Redmond, is a business that pursues payments of debts owed by individuals or businesses. They operate as agents of creditors and collect debts for a fee or percentage of the total amount owed.
Biofuel: Food In, Fuel Out, But Is It The Answer We're looking For?
(Long Island, NY) In today's environmentally-conscious worldview that is being shared by more and more people, alternative fuel sources are the Holy Grail of the "green" movement. There are many new ways to eschew hydrocarbon-laden gasoline when it comes to filling up your vehicle's tank at the pump, and one of the most oft-talked about are biofuels- mainly ethanol and..


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S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl
Co-Founder: Cheat Happens.com
Facebook . Google+ . Trainer Blog
unless i am using it wrong
anyone else know what i mean?
it says i have 100 000 but then it also says i dont have enough money to buy things that are less than that
Co-Founder: Cheat Happens.com
Facebook . Google+ . Trainer Blog
Edit: I should post this in a totally different topic.
[Edited by key1001, 8/2/2008 1:33:07 AM]
it stops working when im at the place with 4 snipers right in front of me,its very close to the barkeep-part of the game..
this is how it is for me right now:
as soon as i've taken up something/reloaded/talked to anyone or even have had the menu screen up,the trainers seems as it gets deactivated,because it says "your too heavily loaded to continue"
i have a weight of 174 kg..but have had a LOT more in the past,when i collected weapons for trading etc..
i can re-apply the trainer,by going:
"inventory - press numpad 8 - inventory - inventory - press numpad 8 escape"
or "inventory - 8 - escapce - inventory - 8 inventory"
..but as i said,it only works until i reload or take something,then its back to square one
can you please help me??
right now im totally stuck in the game!
• No Armor Damage
• Unlimited Ammo
+ 6 more options
• 1152 x 600
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• 1920 x 1200


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Supreme Court overrules Houston judge
LUBBOCK (AP) - The Texas Supreme Court on Wednesday overruled a Houston judge's order to certify Pasadena's J. Frank Dobie High School as the winner of a one-sided rematch in the academic decathlon dispute.
For details, see amarillonet.com or read the Amarillo Globe-News.
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Very Dissapointing
I found this was the cheapest amplifier.... for a reason. When I bought this item, I was frustrated with the issue of it missing things that should have been included in the package. Speaker wire, for hooking the 500 watt speakers I bought to the amp. So, that was another twelve bucks from Radioshack. After which, I plugged them in, and everything was just fine...for a while. The amplifier became very hot. In my attempt to turn it off it burned me. After which, the amp would cause the right speaker to hum. I contacted the manufacturer, and they were beyond unhelpful. I have yet to receive a reply.
Was this review helpful to you?YESNO


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JOHN HARBAUGH told a Baltimore reporter recently that he never teased his brother. This would imply that he also never put his hands on Jim Harbaugh, which we already know from descriptions of their childhood, is simply not true.
"I think that brothers both do this and so do sisters," Jackie Harbaugh, the mother of the two Super Bowl coaches, said during a news conference this week. "So everyone out there that has a brother or sister, you all have had your little ins and outs with one another. So that's not unusual."


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Goddess of honesty and fairness in contracts and negotiations.
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- SEC alleges widespread fraud at Aequitas, sues top execs
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- Judge denies motion to delay Aequitas trial
- A federal judge has denied a motion to postpone a civil trial involving Aequitas Capital Management. The firm last week asked for a delay because of its ongoing cash crisis. The firm has stopped making payments on $321 million in outstanding private notes.
- A look at Aequitas' history of litigation
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- The main goal of Aequitas is to "pressure the monopolistic cost structure" currently enjoyed by TMX Group Ltd., which owns the dominant Toronto Stock Exchange and TSX Venture Exchange. Many Bay Street denizens gripe that stranglehold allows TMX to ...
- Aequitas hires bankruptcy counsel, seeks delay of federal trial
- Aequitas Capital Management has hired bankruptcy counsel and asked a federal court to delay a pending trial in Southern California, according to a legal filing made Thursday. The Lake Oswego firm, which managed $1.
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Police: Pa. bar shooting death may be gang-related
EASTON -- Police in eastern Pennsylvania say they believe that an early morning shooting death in an Easton bar may have been gang related.
Officials said a man was shot at about 12:15 a.m. Saturday in Eddie G's Bar, and died shortly afterward at a hospital.
Police said the shooting followed an argument among a number of people believed to have been gang members originally from Newark, N.J.


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My name is Marie Russell-Barker, I am married with three adult children the grand mother of three children and great grandmother of three. I was born the first child to my parent there are seven of us one decease five boys and two girls. I was born in Mississippi, and raised here in Chicago, IL I am retired from the Federal Government Housing and Urban Development (HUD). I am 70 years of age as of today's date.
*~*With my EYES, they will be SEEN... With my VOICE, they will be HEARD...With my FAITH, they will have HOPE...With my ACTIONS, they will be FREE...*~*


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Trivia Crack - App Android su Google Play
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Samsung unveils not-so-entry-level SSD 840 EVO with up to 1TB of space
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SHOP HAPPY at SHOP.CA for the best in Electronics. When you need electronics to your door in a fast and easy manner, you can rely on SHOP.CA to get the job done. SHOP HAPPY for all your Apple iPad iPhone and iPod accessories, LCD/LED screens, monitors, and televisions and more. From bluetooth and wireless technology to fun and exciting toys and games - Enjoy the convenience of fast free shipping and reward dollars earned on your purchases. So when you need the newest, hottest, and most trendy electronics and you need it at the greatest prices, you need SHOP.CA Electronics. Get out there and have fun, Canada and SHOP!
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oscommerce website design change
This project received 12 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $103 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
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Project Description
need the attached image style and graphics implemented into [url removed, login to view]
all modules currently exsisting and cart must be fully operational once compleated
this is for oscommerce. i have the psd files of attached image
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"One of the best books of the year"— Amazon editors
"If Julia Child Had a Korean Cousin"— The New York Times
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Maangchi's recipes by category
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Wednesday, October 28th, 2015
By Maangchi
Adam Vance has been a Korean food fan for years and I interviewed him for my website in 2010. He recently showed me some photos he took of his family's gimjang (traditional winter kimchi making time) and I loved them so much I asked him if I could share them with my readers. He said: "Nothing would make me happier than to let the Korean people know how much we appreciate their culture."
He's long been passionate about good quality, home grown delicious food for his family, and he's a real inspiration. Here are the photos of his family's gimjang, with his explanation of their kimchi-making process. And look how his daughters have grown! I'd love to meet the family face to face someday and listen to their stories about their Korean cooking!
Adam writes:
So, for the Vance family, gimjang is a two day process. On the first day, we go to the Korean store and buy all of the fresh ingredients to make kimchi. On the second day, we get up early in the morning to prepare the kimchi seasoning. We are making a lot so it's a lot of work!
After the we are done with the seasoning paste, we go and begin washing all of the cabbage in the large Korean bowls and strainers.
We then begin salting down the cabbage.
While we wait for a couple hours, we rest and take a drive to get some ice cream. But before we go, we give the cabbage a turn.
When we return, we give it another turn, and then begin washing the salt off. Then the fun begins as we apply the seasoning to all the cabbage. My daughters like to do this part (and they also really enjoy mixing the seasoning together, too!).
Then we tuck the kimchi babies in their beds and into the kimchi refrigerator. I leave a container outside overnight to get a quicker start on the fermentation process.
We brought some kimchi to the local Chinese restaurant owner; she loves kimchi! She tried to pay us but no, it's a gift. She insists by saying next time, our meal is free! Hahaha.
The neighbors came and watch us during gimjang. They were wondering, "What in the world are these people doing?" We have fun explaining to them and inviting them to try our kimchi. But, it is new for them and they politely decline the invitation.
I have several friends at work who are anxiously waiting for me to bring them some kimchi. They love it. Next Sunday, some friends from church are having us over for dinner and they say: "Please bring some kimchi!"
Posted Wednesday, October 28th, 2015 at 10:31 am
Tagged: Adam Vance, Adam's Korean gimjang, 미국에서 김장하기, 김장, 외국인이 만드는 김장, kimjang, Korean gimjang, Korean winter kimchi making
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Hey, it all looks good to me! And I like it when someone makes enough to share with me.
It's really neat that you guys do this. The beauty of living in a cosmopolitan society like the US is that we can share cultural ideas and spread different traditions and foods around society. As we learn more and more, we have more and more in common. I think food is the thing that brings cultures and people together.
I totally agree with you!
Woww this is amazing !!! i wish that people that i love would love doing kimchi with me !! But in Quebec korean food is only starting to get known but REALLY starting lol so no one around me never tasted kimchi and they always (like you said) politely decline whenever i offer them and it's always pissing me off because i know how good it is haha. Anyway you are really lucky to be able to do that with your family and friends :).. Looks really really good too aahah!
"..politely declined…" : ) I know how you feel! It happens to me often.
But some people are less adventurous about new things especially when it comes to food.
I also understand them.
You must be logged in to post a comment.
"One of the best books of the year"— Amazon editors
"If Julia Child Had a Korean Cousin"— The New York Times
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My monthly letter to my readers includes my recipe roundup, behind the scenes stories & photos, funny & touching stories from my readers, interesting Korean food links, and news about upcoming events!
My monthly letter to my readers includes my recipe roundup, behind the scenes stories & photos, funny & touching stories from my readers, interesting Korean food links, and news about upcoming events!
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Copyright © Maangchi LLC.
All rights reserved.


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2016 CSEM/CDA Professional Conference & Annual Meetings
Save the Date!
The 19th Professional Conference and Annual Meetings of the Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Canadian Diabetes Association will be held October 26–29, 2016 at the Shaw Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
2016 CSEM/CDA Professional Conference & Annual Meetings links:
- Conference website and overview: click here.
- Registration opens June 10, 2016: click here to register.
- CSEM Abstract Submissions: The General Abstract Submission deadline was May 13, 2016.
- Late-Breaking Abstract Submissions will be accepted on July 22, 2016.
- Conference supporter opportunities: click here for more information.
For Residents and Trainees:
- CSEM Endocrine Resident Clinical Vignettes and Research Projects will be accepted between July 5 to September 6, 2016. For further details, click here.
- CSEM Residents Review Course: click here for more information and to register.
More information will be posted here as it become available.


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IK Multimedia, the pioneer and leader of the mobile music revolution, is pleased to announce iRig HD 2 — the sequel to the best-selling, wildly popular iRig HD digital guitar interface.
The Microtubes 900 is a 900W amplifier equipped with an all analog preamplifier and a Class D Power Module.
The newest addition to their line of original Signature pickups, the Big J-Blade is single coil Jazz-style pickup, with a ...
For the first time in the company's history we have decided to establish Ashdown USA LLC. Effective immediately. We have ...
Last month, we looked at some famous bass intros from the early years of R&B, but there are many more gems to be found.
Bass Player Editor Brian Fox blogs from NAMM 2014.
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Diablo III T-shirt Design Contest
Hello, my friend.
Stay awhile and listen…
Design by Humans is looking for some heroic Humans – or perhaps Demon Hunters or Monks – to design truly worthy T-shirts inspired by Blizzard's Action RPG masterpiece, Diablo III. Design By Humans and its community are a force to be reckoned with in the t-shirt design world, so we're thrilled to be partnering with Blizzard Entertainment, an absolute juggernaut in the video game design world. Combine these two forces, and we expect to see some truly extraordinary shirt designs.
This Is Your Canvas, Create An Epic Diablo III T-Shirt
By entering, you're giving yourself the chance to have your work seen by the creative minds at Blizzard Entertainment, the very people behind some of the greatest video game titles of the last 20 years. Not to mention reviewed by Design By Humans and it's global community.
Together, we're sending you on a quest: design a t-shirt using characters from Diablo III, and then pit them against each other in a massive art contest for a combined $12,500 in cash and additional prizes. Your quest is somewhat less dangerous than defeating the Prime Evils. No need to fight Mephisto – but feel free to incorporate him into your design.
In fact, you can incorporate any of fifteen character designs from the Diablo Universe listed below.Submit Your Art »
Grand Prizes
- 1st Place
$3,500 + Framed Diablo 3 Artwork autographed by artists Bernie Kang and Glenn Rane + All 5 Grand Prize Winners Collection Tee Set
- 2nd Place
$3,000 + A set of Diablo 3 Peripherals. (Headset, Mouse and Mousepad) + All 5 Grand Prize Winners Collection Tee Set
- 3rd Place
$2,500 + Diablo 3 Wardrobe (5 t-shirts, 2 hoodies, Hat) + All 5 Grand Prize Winners Collection Tee Set
- 4th Place
$2,000 Cash + Exclusive BlizzCon 2011 Diablo Poker Set - signed by the artist on the development team + All 5 Grand Prize Winners Collection Tee Set
- 5th Place
$1,500 Cash + Diablo 3 standard edition game + All 5 Grand Prize Winners Collection Tee Set
- 6th through 20th Place
Opportunity to sell artwork to Design By Humans
- August 12, 2013
The Official Diablo III Contest begins
- September 13, 2013
Art submissions end at 11:59PST
- September 27, 2013
Online voting ends at 11:59PST
- October 21, 2013
Top 5 Winners Countdown Begins
Contest Rules
- All Interpretations of the Diablo III character elements listed below are allowed.
- Your artwork cannot contain Blizzard logos, Diablo III logos, or personal signatures. They will be rejected.
- All submissions are reviewed by Design By Humans & Blizzard Entertainment prior to appearing on the voting page.
T-Shirt Contest SubmissionsView All Submissions
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