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Last updated; Thursday, January 7, 1999, 6:31 AMAmarilloMelton L. MullicanMelton L. Mullican, 73, of Amarillo, died Monday, Jan. 4, 1999.Services will be at 11 a.m. today in Memorial Park Funeral Home, Chapel of Memories, 6969 E. Interstate 40, with Bill Kelley and Gary Chadwicke officiating. Burial will be in Memorial Park Cemetery.Mr. Mullican was born in Clarksville and moved to Amarillo in 1961. He attended schools in Arlington and Grand Prairie. He served in the Navy during World War II and the Korean War. Mr. Mullican was employed as a security guard for IBP and was a truck driver. He was a member of First Christian Church in Panhandle, the Masonic Lodge, Carson Lodge in Panhandle, Khiva Temple and Scottish Rite. He was a Khiva Klown, provost and 32nd degree Mason.He married Jo Ann Stephens in 1954 at Durant, Okla.Survivors include his wife; two daughters, Sandy Small of Medicine Lodge, Kan., and Diane Smart of Commerce; three brothers, Charles Mullican of Baytown and Johnny Morris and Don Morris, both of Arkansas; four sisters, Mary Hooten of Clarendon, Nadine Mullican of Angel Fire, N.M., and Wanda Gower and Pat Like, both of Dumas; three grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.The family will receive visitors from 6 until 8 p.m. today at the funeral home. They suggest memorials be to Khiva Hospital Travel Fund.Margaret StevensonMargaret "Peggy" Stevenson, 68, of 2902 Eddy, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999. Services will be at 11 a.m. today in BlackburnShaw Funeral Directors, Memorial Chapel, Fifth Avenue and Pierce Street, with the Rev. Keith Boutwell of Baptist St. Anthony's Hospice and Life Enrichment Center officiating. Burial will be in Llano Cemetery. Mrs. Stevenson was born in Kansas City, Kan. She married Kenneth Robert Stevenson in 1948 at Sweetwater. She was a homemaker and a member of Olsen Park Baptist Church. Survivors include her husband; a daughter, Kenda McDaniel of Amarillo; a son, John C. Stevenson of Amarillo; seven grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren. The family requests memorials be to St. Anthony's Hospice and Life Enrichment Center, P.O. Box 950, Amarillo, TX 79176.The family will be at 4401 Cline Road.Dene HawkinsDene Hawkins, 69, of Amarillo, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999.Services will be at 11 a.m. Friday in N.S. Griggs & Sons Funeral Directors, Pioneer Chapel, 2615 Paramount Blvd., with the Rev. Terry C. Lowe of St. Stephen United Methodist Church officiating. Burial will be in Memorial Park Cemetery. Mr. Hawkins was born in Saddle Mountain, Okla., and moved to Amarillo in his youth. He graduated from Amarillo High School in 1948. He attended Amarillo College and was a graduate of the University of Texas at Austin in 1956. He served in the Marines during the Korean War. He married Janene Wrather in 1956. They moved to Washington, D.C., where he worked for the National Security Agency. He later worked in wholesale electronic sales in the Amarillo and Dallas-Fort Worth areas. He was a member of St. Stephen United Methodist Church. Survivors include his wife; a son, Russell Hawkins of Amarillo; a daughter, Becky Childers of Perryton; a brother, Roy Hawkins of Amarillo; and three grandsons.The family requests memorials be to Kirkland Court Activity Fund, 1601 Kirkland, Amarillo, TX 79106 or the American Diabetes Association.The family will be at 4813 Gary Lane.Vernell MooreVernell "Pops" Moore, 66, of Amarillo, died Sunday, Jan. 3, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in Warford-Walker Mortuary Inc., Chapel of Roses, 509 N. Hughes St., with the Rev. Howard Romaine, pastor of New Zion Baptist Church in Borger, officiating. Burial will be in Llano Cemetery.Mr. Moore was born in Lincoln and attended Doak Spring High School. In 1947, he moved to Amarillo and was employed by ASARCO. He retired in 1978.He married Joretha Moore in 1980.Survivors include four sons, Stanley and Eugene Moore, both of San Diego, Tommie Moore of Dallas and Ryan Keith Dawn Moore of Amarillo; three daughters, Gwendolyn Moore of San Diego, Linda Moore of Lakewood, Calif., and Tanji McAldridge of Lubbock; two sisters, Ruth Moore of Lincoln and Eunice Moore of Giddings; and four brothers, Lester Moore of Amarillo, Johnny and Elton Moore, both of Houston, and Omar Shamaree of Lincoln.The family will be at 1423 N.W. 13th Ave.Evert Willard Fugate Sr.Evert Willard Fugate Sr., 83, of Amarillo, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999.Graveside services will be private. Arrangements are by Schooler Funeral Home, 4100 S. Georgia St.Mr. Fugate was born in Depew, Okla. He was a veteran of the Air Force where he served four years as crew chief. For many years, he was a brick mason with Fugate Masonry.He married Irene Reynolds in 1994 at Tucumcari, N.M.Survivors include his wife; a daughter, Louella Ryan of Harrah, Okla.; a son, Evert Willard "Willie" Fugate Jr. of Amarillo; two sisters, Effie Smoot of Oklahoma City and Grace Linley of Amarillo; and three grandchildren.Roger Scott Sr.Roger Scott Sr., 84, of Pampa and formerly of Amarillo, died Monday, Jan. 4, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in St. John Baptist Church with the Rev. Grover Neal, pastor, and the Rev. I.L. Patrick officiating. Burial will be in Llano Cemetery by Warford-Walker Mortuary Inc., 509 N. Hughes St.Mr. Scott was born in Upshire County and graduated from Lake Providence Colored School. He attended Texas College in Tyler then later moved to Amarillo. In 1948, Mr. Scott became the first African-American police officer in Amarillo. The highlight of his 42-year career was being named Officer of the Year. He retired in 1980 from the Pampa Police Department with the rank of sergeant.Mr. Scott was active in the National Black Police Officer Association of Texas, the Elks, NAACP, Macedonia Baptist Church of Pampa and other community organizations.Survivors include a daughter, Willie E. Atkins of Amarillo; six sons, Sammy Scott, Roger Scott Jr., Bruce Scott and Calvin Ryan, all of Amarillo, Gene Scott of Denver and Alphonso Owens of Dallas; 16 grandchildren; and four great-grandchildren.The family will be at 604 Arnold Place.Clarence Worth FreemanClarence Worth "Pete" Freeman, 76, of Amarillo, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999.Private memorial services are planned. Arrangements are by Schooler Funeral Home, 4100 S. Georgia St.Mr. Freeman was born in Moran and was a longtime resident of Muleshoe. A Navy veteran of World War II, he was awarded two Bronze Stars. From 1970 until 1986, Mr. Freeman owned and operated a drilling business in Canyon. After retiring, he lived in Las Cruces, N.M., for 12 years before moving to Amarillo seven months ago.He married Jean Foster in 1947 at Muleshoe. He was preceded in death by twin sons.Survivors include his wife; two daughters, Jeatonne Slaughter of Burleson and Jeanene Scoggin of Las Cruces; two sons, Carol W. Freeman and Rick B. Freeman, both of Amarillo; a sister, Lois Rundell of Magnolia; 14 grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.Karl W. HibbsKarl W. "Dutch" Hibbs, 92, of Amarillo, died Monday, Jan. 4, 1999.Services will be at 10 a.m. Friday in Pleasant Valley Baptist Church with Dr. Dana Moore of the church officiating. Burial will be in Memorial Park Cemetery by Blackburn-Shaw Funeral Directors, Martin Road Chapel, 1505 Martin Road. Mr. Hibbs was born in Mitchellville, Iowa, then moved to Amarillo. He retired from Texaco Oil. He was a member of Texaco Retirees' Club and Pleasant Valley Baptist Church where he served as a deacon.He married Auda Lewis in 1928 at Pampa. He was preceded in death by a son, Karl Lewis Hibbs, in 1930.Survivors include his wife; a daughter, Karleen Conner of Amarillo; two sons, Robert I. Hibbs and Jerry L. Hibbs, both of Amarillo; 10 grandchildren; and eight great-grandchildren.The family suggests memorials be to the Ark Fund at Pleasant Valley Baptist Church.Dennis SpragueDennis Sprague, 51, of Amarillo, died Saturday, Jan. 2, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in Blackburn-Shaw Funeral Directors, Martin Road Chapel, 1505 Martin Road, with the Rev. Robert Field officiating. Burial will be in Llano East Cemetery.Mr. Sprague moved to Amarillo 24 years ago from Muscatine, Iowa. He was a welder in construction.He married Mary Adams in 1964 at Muscatine.Survivors include his wife; two sons, J.J. Sprague of Korea and Stanley Sprague of Amarillo; a daughter, Deniece Forsyth of Colorado; his mother, Pauline Sprague of Tobin Creek, Mo.; a brother, Darrell Lee Sprague of Louisiana; and a sister, Pam Smith.The body will not be available for viewing.Erma Lee DentonErma Lee Denton, 85, of Amarillo, died Wednesday, Jan. 6, 1999.Services will be at 10 a.m. Friday in Rector Funeral Home Chapel, 2800 S. Osage St., with the Rev. F.M. Byford of Paramount Baptist Church officiating. Graveside services will be at 3 p.m. Friday in Lakeview Cemetery at Lakeview.Mrs. Denton was born in Lakeview. In 1981, she moved to Amarillo from Memphis. She was a homemaker and member of Paramount Baptist Church.She married James Loran Denton in 1935 at Lakeview. She was preceded in death by her husband in 1975 and by a son, Durwood Lynn Denton, in 1942.Survivors include a daughter, Sherry Ann Walker of Amarillo; two sons, Royce Odell Denton of Seymour and Dennis Allan Denton of Amarillo; three sisters, Gertrude West of Fresno, Calif., Katrina Nash of Oceanside, Calif., and Sue Holcomb of Amarillo; 16 grandchildren; and 18 great-grandchildren.The family will be at 4005 Harmony.CanyonLavonne Courington SnoddyLavonne Courington Snoddy, 88, of Canyon, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999. Memorial services will be at 2 p.m. today in First Presbyterian Church of Oklahoma City, 25th and Western. Private burial will be in Memorial Park Cemetery at Oklahoma City. Arrangements are by Brooks Funeral Directors of Canyon. Mrs. Snoddy was born in Payne County near Yale, Okla. She grew up and attended school near Howe, Okla. She graduated from Smithville Academy in Smithville, Okla., and attended Southeastern Oklahoma State College at Durant. In 1930, she married James Manford Snoddy and they lived in Oklahoma City. She was active in Oklahoma City's First Presbyterian Church. After her husband's death in 1963, she became a housemother, serving sororities and fraternities at the University of Oklahoma, the University of Arizona, University of Arkansas and Oklahoma State University. She moved to Canyon in 1994 and was a member of First Presbyterian Church. Survivors include a sister, Ruth Wyman of Fall Brook, Calif.; a son, Jack Snoddy of Bethany, Okla.; a daughter, Shirley Haines of Canyon; five grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren. The family requests memorials be to the Canyon Library Building Fund, 301 16th St., Canyon, TX 79015.Herta Meyer AlbersHerta Meyer Albers, 92, of Canyon, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999.Services will be at 10 a.m. Friday in St. Paul Lutheran Church with the Rev. Wayne Pafk, pastor, officiating. Burial will be in St. Paul Lutheran Cemetery by Brooks Funeral Directors of Canyon.Mrs. Albers was born in Ritterhude, Germany. For 36 years, she taught school in Friona, Skellytown and Amarillo. She was a member of St. Paul Lutheran Church, Palo Duro Hospital Auxiliary, Lutheran Women's Missionary League, Garden Club and Good Samaritan Children's Lutheran Home.She married Emil Albers in 1946 at Lubbock. He died in 1975.Survivors include a stepson, Bruce Albers of Mesa, Ariz.; a stepdaughter, Phyllis Kroeger of Seward, Neb.; a sister, Anna Meyer Gaertner of Dallas; and numerous grandchildren.The family suggests memorials be to Good Samaritan Campus, P.O. Box 729, Cypress, TX 77410-0729; or St. Paul Lutheran Church, 2600 Fourth Ave., Canyon, TX 79015. AreaBernard J. FunkMEMPHIS - Bernard J. Funk, 87, died Monday, Dec. 28, 1998.Memorial services will be at 11 a.m. Friday in the First United Methodist Church with the Rev. Neely Landrum officiating. Cremation and arrangements are by Memphis Funeral Home.Mr. Funk was born in Philadelphia and lived in New Jersey and Florida before moving to Memphis in 1993. In 1971, he retired after 40 years with Western Electric.He was preceded in death by his wife, Helen.Survivors include two daughters, Eileen Atkins of Memphis and Sharon Stellwag of Riverside, N.J.; five grandchildren; and six great-grandchildren.Bud SullivanDUMAS - Bud Sullivan, 82, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in First Baptist Church of Dumas with the Rev. Scott Willingham, pastor, officiating. Burial will be in Channing Cemetery in Channing by Morrison Funeral Directors.Mr. Sullivan was born in Bonham County and had lived in Dumas since 1948. He was an Army veteran of World War II.In 1983, Mr. Sullivan retired as manager of Dumas Co-op after 35 years. He was a member of First Baptist Church.He married Elizabeth Garrison in 1948 at Tucumcari, N.M.Survivors include his wife; a daughter, Martha Foster of Midland; a son, Michael Sullivan of Dumas; a brother, Don Sullivan of Yakima, Wash.; three sisters, Anne Gilbert of Dumas, Theda DiMario of La Mirada, Calif., and Helen Leming of Ontario, Calif.; and four grandchildren.The family will be at the family home one mile west of Dumas. They suggest memorials be to Memorial Hospice, 224 E. Second, Dumas, TX 79029; or First Baptist Church, Box 617, Dumas, TX 79029.Marion Griffin CumminsQUANAH - Marion Griffin Cummins, 85, died Wednesday, Jan. 6, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in First United Methodist Church with the Rev. Jesse Dea officiating. Burial will be in Quanah Memorial Park by Price-Jackson Funeral Home.Mrs. Cummins was born in Goodlett and was a longtime resident of Quanah, where she graduated from high school. She then attended Texas State College for Women in Denton and West Texas State University. She was a homemaker and member of First United Methodist Church, the 1904 Club and many civic organizations.In 1975, she married James Tucker, who died in 1983. She married A.B. Cummins in 1989 at Altus, Okla. He died in 1994.Survivors include a son, James A. Currie of Abernathy; a sister, Fern Nippert of Quanah; two grandchildren; and a great-grandchild.Annie Keeton ThomasPAMPA - Annie Keeton Thomas, 75, died Wednesday, Jan. 6, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in First Christian Church with the Rev. Darrell W. Evans, pastor, and the Rev. Barry A. Loving, associate pastor, officiating. Burial will be in Mobeetie Cemetery by Carmichael-Whatley Funeral Directors.Mrs. Thomas was born in Pearl. She was a 16-year resident of Sunray. She moved to Spearman in 1966. In 1976, she moved to Pampa. She was a self-employed seamstress, did several types of artwork and attended the First Christian Church.She married Jerrold Thomas in 1946 at Canadian.Survivors include her husband; a son, Delbert Thomas of Wheeler; a daughter, Dianne Goode of Rio Rancho, N.M.; two brothers, O.G. Keeton of Plainview and J.P. Keeton of Canadian; five grandchildren; and a great-granddaughter.The family suggests memorials be to Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, P.O. Box 2234, Pampa, TX 79066-2234;; or the American Kidney Fund, Memorial Gift Program, 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852.OklahomaIrma Lee WeberHOOKER, Okla. - Irma Lee Weber, 73, died Monday, Jan. 4, 1999.Private graveside rites were Wednesday in Hooker Cemetery. Memorial services were at 2 p.m. Wednesday in First Baptist Church with the Rev. Don Taylor officiating. Arrangements were by Henson-Novak Funeral Directors of Guymon.Mrs. Weber was born in her family's home near Hooker. She grew up near the Mouser community west of Hooker. She attended Fernwood and Friendship grade schools through seventh grade and the Hooker schools through her senior year. She graduated from Hooker High School in 1943. She attended PAMC at Goodwell for a year before accepting a teaching position in the grade school at Straight during the first year of that school's existence, 1944-1945. She later worked for Dr. Blackmer at the Blackmer-Cawley Clinic for several years. She was a member of First Baptist Church and the Social Club. She was a homemaker, a cook and seamstress. She married Gene Weber in 1949 at Hooker. Survivors include her husband; three daughters, Darlynn Suto of Guymon, Jeanine Fishback of Forsan, Texas, and Lori Jackson of Canyon, Texas; and seven grandchildren.An Irma Weber Memorial has been established for the Hooker Main Street Program or the Hooker Cemetery Fund. Memorials will be accepted at Hooker City offices or the Henson-Novak Funeral Directors, Box 1306, Guymon, OK 73942. Lillian Beatrice BledsoeGUYMON, Okla. - Lillian Beatrice Bledsoe, 92, died Wednesday, Jan. 6, 1999.Services will be at 2 p.m. Saturday in Foursquare Church with the Rev. Alvin Clark officiating. Burial will be in Elmhurst Cemetery by Henson-Novak Funeral Directors of Guymon.Mrs. Bledsoe was born north of Guymon. A lifelong Guymon resident, she graduated from Guymon High School in 1926 and then attended college at Panhandle A&M College in Goodwell. She taught at the Eula School and was a longtime member of Foursquare Church.She married John S. Bledsoe in 1927. He died in 1966.Survivors include a daughter, Lo Ree Foreman of Dumas, Texas; three sons, Norman Bledsoe and Darrell Bledsoe, both of Guymon, and Bill Bledsoe of Holcomb, Kan.; a sister, Ruth Bohanan of Guymon; 17 grandchildren; 31 greatgrandchildren; and seven great-greatgrandchildren.A Lillian Bledsoe Memorial has been established for the Foursquare Church. Memorials will be accepted at the church office or Henson-Novak Funeral Directors, P.O. Box 1306, Guymon, OK 73942.New MexicoErnestina RodriguezCLOVIS, N.M. - Ernestina "Tina" Rodriguez, 25, died Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1999.Rosary will be recited at 7 p.m. today in Muffley Funeral Home Chapel. Services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in The Chapel with the Rev. Peter Jaramillo officiating. Burial will be in Mission Garden of Memories.Miss Rodriguez was born in Portales. A homemaker, she lived in Clovis until 1982 when she moved to the Moriarty and Willard area.Survivors include a daughter, Corine Rodriguez of Clovis; a son, Isaiah Matthew Rodriguez of Clovis; her parents, Corine and Joe Rodriguez and Ernesto Rodriguez of Willard; a sister, Henrietta Garcia of Clovis; and two brothers, Ernest Rodriguez and James Chavez, both of Moriarty.ElsewhereSylvia B. SmithCROSS PLAINS - Sylvia B. Smith, 82, died Wednesday, Jan. 6, 1999.Graveside services will be at 2 p.m. Friday in Memory Gardens of Hobbs, N.M., with Wayne Lenz officiating. Arrangements are by Higginbotham Funeral Home of Cross Plains.Mrs. Smith was born in Carrizozo, N.M. She was a homemaker and member of First Baptist Church of Cross Plains.She married Charles G. Smith in 1936 at Lovington, N.M. He died in 1971.Survivors include two sons, Bill Smith of Amarillo and Jim Smith of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; a daughter, Bonnie Rogers of Cross Plains; a brother, William R. Ray of Sunnyvale, Calif.; five grandchildren; seven stepgrandchildren; and seven great-grandchildren.
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WASHINGTON — A coalition of 14 textile and fiber groups that launched a unified lobbying campaign three weeks ago is still divided on some issues when it comes to free-trade deals.
This story first appeared in the August 1, 2003 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.
These differences surfaced over rules of origin in the current round of trade talks with five Central American countries this week in New Orleans.
The groups, which were often divided in the past, said at a July press conference they were joining forces in calling on Washington to better protect the domestic textile industry. They jointly called on the Bush administration to invoke safeguard measures to limit Chinese imports, and also don't want the Central American Free Trade Agreement to include tariff-preference levels. Known as TPLs, they could allow a limited use of fabric or yarns from outside the free-trade zone in garments that would still qualify for benefits.
But it became clear Thursday that unity on some points doesn't mean they'll speak together on all points. A fabric group said it is pushing to allow foreign yarns to be used in garments qualifying for preferred treatment under CAFTA. This is significant because the yarn spinners and fabric producers have historically been at loggerheads on rules of origin, which prevented them from working together in Washington.
The National Textile Association is seeking a "fabric-forward" rule of origin for CAFTA, which means the fabric has to be sourced within the free-trade area and among the free-trade partners, but the yarn could be sourced from third-country parties.
"My membership has to be able to source yarns worldwide," said Karl Spilhaus, president of the NTA, in a phone interview from New Orleans. "There is such a price disparity between Asia and the U.S. on yarn."
Spilhaus, whose organization represents weavers and knitters, said the other coalition member groups knew going into the negotiations that there were different positions on the CAFTA rule of origin.
"We didn't address the differences," said Spilhaus. "We addressed what unified us."
Many of the coalition groups, including fabric groups, oppose allowing foreign yarns.
Parks Shackelford, president at the American Textile Manufacturers Institute, said he opposes allowing unlimited use of yarns from Pakistan, China or elsewhere under the trade pact.
"The manufacturing of yarn in the region is essential," he said. "Why would we want to open any free-trade agreement to outside countries not part of that agreement?"
Other members of the coalition described the divergent opinions as a small matter.
Jock Nash, Washington trade counsel for textile titan Milliken & Co. and an NTA member, said: "I'm not getting into this food fight."
Nash acknowledged there is a lot of resentment toward yarn spinners who pushed for and won a strict rule of origin that requires U.S. yarn in a Caribbean Basin trade bill, which effectively shut out U.S knitters, who source their yarns from all over the world.
But Nash insisted that on larger matters the groups still "speak with one voice."
"Yarn spinners, cotton, knitters, weavers and finishers all have different takes on things but not on China and not on TPLs," said Nash. "There is no split or division at all."


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Slide Show: Fond-a Wakonda
"Nooooo!" This was my none-too-clever cry of dismay as the half-gallon jar of beer tumbled over in the back seat of the rental car and began spraying in all directions like an enraged sprinkler. I could only watch in horror as my beloved Wakonda Beachcomber Cream Ale lost its precious fizz in front of my teary eyes. "Whyyyyy?!" My sincerest Nancy Kerrigan impression erupted as I attempted to reseal the foamy jar and wrap the whole mess in my sweatshirt. I cradled the l...
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Journal of Sustainable Development http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd
Journal of Sustainable Development (JSD) is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Canadian Center of Science and Education. JSD carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of Environment, Economic and Society with Sustainability. It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative work in the field.

The scopes of the journal include, but are not limited to, the following fields:

Climate change

Ecology and sustainable development

Waste and water management

Renewable and sustainable energy

Environmental technologies

Green construction and sustainable development

Sustainable land development

Environmental economics and policy

Urban planning and development

Social sciences and humanities

Social impact assessment

Sustainable of agricultural systems

This journal is published bimonthly in both print and online versions, and the online version is free to access and download.
 Canadian Center of Science and Education en-US Journal of Sustainable Development 1913-9063 Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.
Copyrights for articles published in CCSE journals are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author. Risk Management and Regulatory Failure in the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Reflections on the Impact of Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/57507 Risk management practice and effective policy intervention are critical to achieve stable environment and sustainable development. They are mechanisms for environmental management, environmental sustainability and sustainable community development for the people of the Niger Delta region. Informed by intuitive insights on the large scale of degradation in the Niger Delta, theoretical analysis of extant literature and content analysis of field interview/observation, this paper identified poor environmental risk management and regulatory failure as the bane of environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region. Why has regulatory agencies failed to protect communities against the impacts of environmental degradation and other consequences of oil and gas exploration activities? While there are enough legal and regulatory frameworks, however, weak enforcement and poor implementation of the existing regulations provides fertile ground for environmental degradation to persist. Thus, this article analyses some of the salient environmental issues as well as the regulatory and risk management failures in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. It concludes that failure to carry out effective regulations and oversight in the oil and gas industry have resulted in environmental degradation (oil spills and gas flaring), contamination of water for fishing and farming activities, dispossession of rural farmers from their means of livelihood, poverty, migration and food shortages in the Niger Delta. Philip Ejoor Agbonifo Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-06-08 2016-06-08 9 4 1 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p1 Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Regions http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/60249
The paper set out to investigate the nexus between institutional quality and inward FDI and how the presence of liberalization and financial development influence this linkage. We build on Dunning's eclectic paradigm that focuses on locational advantages. A fixed effects approach is employed and the estimation results confirm the crucial role of institutional quality in attracting FDI inflows. However the impact varies with the particular group. In particular, apart from SADC, institutional quality seems to matter significantly in all the other groups especially in EAC and ECOWAS. Additional findings reveal a mixed impact regarding the presence of financial development and liberalization in the institution-FDI nexus: While Trade liberalization policies seem to be at the forefront in ECOWAS and SADC groups, it is credit depth and capital account openness that appear to matter most in EAC. We confirm the resilience of inward FDI during the global crisis and document a positive significant relationship between FDI inflows on the one hand and host market size and infrastructure development on the other. While a one-size-fits-all-policy should be discouraged due to the heterogeneous nature of SSA countries, overall, a comprehensive set of policies designed with caution to improve the institutional quality, the financial system, trade openness and capital account liberalization would be valuable for attracting FDI inflows to SSA.
 John Mayanja Bbale John Bosco Nnyanzi Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 11 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p11 Harmonizing Rural Tourism and Rural Communities in Malaysia http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/38572
Malaysia rural tourism is composed of a large number of rural communities, each with distinct and varied assets. Within Malaysia, it is noticeable that tourism demand drivers play an important role in generating trips to rural tourism areas. Nonetheless, there are a number of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in rural tourism. Clearly, rural tourism marketing efforts need to leverage on the existing strengths and maximize the available opportunities. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of tourism on social, economics, environment and cultural from local communities perspectives in rural setting. 184 respondents comprising of local communities from 34 rural tourism sites in Malaysia took part voluntarily in this study. Twelve hypotheses comprising the dimensions of social, economics, environment and cultural on three components namely, positioning, communities' value and destination environment were developed.To assess the developed model, SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) was applied based on path modelling and then bootstrapping with 200 re-samples was applied to generate the standard error of the estimate and t-values. Interestingly, the findings suggested that local communities were most concerned on the cultural and social impacts of tourism on their values, repositioning of the destination and environment. The present study provides lessons on the importance of continuing the efforts to understand the impact of rural tourism development from the local communities' perspectives and to take into considerations views from the local communities in developing rural tourism destination.
 May Chiun Lo Thurasamy Ramayah Alvin Wee Yeo Copyright (c) 2016 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 27 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p27 Tourism Regional Multiplier Effects in Tanzania: Analysis of Singita Grumeti Reserves Tourism in the Mara Region http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/50640
The main focus of this study was to establish the economic impacts of a single tourism business operated in a rural area on a regional economy in Africa. This paper presents a case study of the regional multiplier effects of Singita Grumeti Reserves' (SGR) tourism investment in the Mara region, Tanzania. The recursive Keynesian multiplier approach was used to identify significant economic multiplier effects larger than any other multiplier effects we could find published for relevant, comparable studies (Type 1 average 1.57 from 2008-2013, range 1.24 – 1.81). This result was contrary to economic theory that predicts the multiplier effect in this case should be low given the small area of investment in comparison to the much larger regional economy. In addition, these results represent underestimates, as the multiplier effects established in this study did not factor in substantial positive environmental and socio economic impacts accrued from SGR's non-profit partner organization, the Grumeti Fund. Consequently, our study findings present compelling evidence that SGR tourism investments, when combined with the Grumeti Fund's conservation and community development activities, demonstrate a pro-poor economic approach of substantial benefit to the Tanzanian economy. This was possible because the investment made by one private company is relatively substantial in comparison to the limited government services provided to the Mara Region, where nearly half of the 1.7 million people in this region remain in the poverty trap. These results provide compelling evidence that this type of high-value low-volume tourism investment can also contribute to sustainable and equitable socioeconomic development when paired with conservation and community development efforts. This assessment also demonstrates the value of ecosystem services derived from conserving Tanzania's rich and globally significant natural heritage for the benefit of both people and nature. As there is more tourism potential in Tanzania, Tanzanian government authorities at all levels should consider encouraging and supporting similar tourism investments (i.e., high-value low-volume tourism model). This support could be tailored to providing incentives such as tax rate reduction or exemptions to encourage this specific type of tourism investment. Private investment is particularly important in rural and underserved regions in Tanzania– like the Mara Region – where there have been limited economic investments despite substantial opportunities for economic growth.
 Adam Mwakalobo Abiud Kaswamila Alex Kira Onesmo Chawala Timothy Tear Copyright (c) 2016 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 44 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p44 Direct and Residual Effects of Different Poultry Compost and NPK Fertilizer Applications on Drought-Tolerant Maize Production http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/51976
This study investigated the direct and residual effects of different poultry compost and NPK fertilizer applications on the growth components of drought-tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) in a derived savanna agroecology of southwestern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments, each replicated thrice. The treatments which were applied at planting, consisted of 100% cockerel manure (CM), 100% broiler manure (BM), 100% layers manure (LM), 33.3% cockerel manure + 33.3% Broiler manure + 33.3% Layers manure (CBLM) at 4.50 kg plot-1,inorganic NPK 20-20-10 fertilizer at 0.30 kg plot-1 and zero manure application as control (CT). The apparent efficiency of N recovery (AENR), N and P ear-leaf (NPEL) contents of maize with poultry manures were higher when compared to inorganic NPK fertilizer applications. The highest mean grain yield 1.30 t ha-1 of maize was obtained with BM treatment that had the highest AENR and NPEL values. This however, was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the mean grain yield obtained with other treatments during the dry season. Comparable but higher mean grain yield, but also not significantly (p > 0.05) different were obtained during the wet season in all the treatments.
 O. M. O. M. Otitoju Moses B. Adewole A. A. Olowoake A. O. A. O. Ilesanmi Copyright (c) 2016 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 61 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p61 Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Affecting Labor Force Participation in Pakistan http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/56951 Labor Force Participation is the indication of relative supply of labor in the labor market and it is also very useful for the formulation of employment and human resource development. The main purpose of present study is to explore the demographic factors that directly or indirectly influence the labor force participation. The study is based on Micro-level data on different socioeconomic and demographic factors that have a deep effect on the labor force participation in Pakistan. The collected set of information of about 1,43,587 frequencies of 36,400 households was used in this study from the Labor Force Survey of Pakistan 2008-09. The research concluded that the level of education, training, age, location, residential period and being male has positive and significant impact on labor force participation. Mumtaz Hussain Sofia Anwar Shaoan Huang Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 70 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p70 Analysis of the Economic Benefits of Tourism in Contra-Distinction to Agriculture in Rural Boteti, Botswana http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/57551
Despite numerous efforts to improve agricultural production as an alternative source of employment, the high poverty headcount is still a source for concern in rural Boteti. On average, agriculture contributes to less than 20% to household economies in rural Boteti. To date, no research has been done to assess and determine the factors that affect livelihood diversification among households in Boteti. This study, among other methods, adopts the Household Economy Analysis, Household Income Estimation and the Tobit regression model in order to determine how the economic benefits of tourism industry compare with those of the agricultural sector in Khumaga and Moreomaoto in Boteti sub-district, Botswana. This study argues that notwithstanding the livelihood diversification efforts displayed in the study area, agriculture continues to be a significant contributor of total household income. The improved performance of agriculture is crucial in the attainment of food security. This paper is aimed at making an assessment of the contribution of tourism in the selected areas Boteti sub-district in comparison to agriculture. There is a strategic need to educate the local communities in the study area on the importance of tourism and how they could use it effectively as a livelihood activity.
 Patricia Kefilwe Madigele Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 80 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p80 The Development of Marine Transportation System in Supporting Sustainable Tourism Case Study: Nusa Penida Island, Bali Indonesia http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/57907 Bali Island is well-known tourist destination in the world. As well as Bali Island, several small islands amongst Bali Island such as Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan have good potential for tourist destination. Infrastructure for inter-islands transportation which is located in Southern Bali needs to be improved to support the economy in such region. Various issues are found in improving the infrastructure provision which is related to existing harbor infrastructure such as lack of support from the relevant institutional and port site selection. This study reviewed the factors considered in the development of infrastructure for marine transportation. Supports from relevant institutions, improved infrastructure, transportation network construction, and support then participation of local communities are the factors which can use as strategies and recommendation in strengthening the marine transportation. Nyoman Nyoman Budiartha RM Ida Bagus Putu Adnyana Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 89 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p89 Effect of Improving Housing Conditions on Early Childhood Health in Rural Sudan http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/58476 Improving housing sector in rural areas is important to improve health status of under-five children. Propensity score matching using nonparametric kernel estimates is used to examine the effect of improving rural structure of houses in rural Sudan and provide them with services like access to clean piped water, sanitation on improving under-five children health. The prevalence of diarrhoea and cough in rural Sudan are used as measures of health outcome and data from the Sudan Household Health Survey in 2010 is used. Our results show that providing houses with piped water can reduce prevalence of diarrhoea and cough by 22 and 24 percentage points, respectively. Gas cooking fuel reduces the prevalence rates by 26 and 29 percentage points, respectively. Construction materials of walls have strong impact on reducing the prevalence of both illnesses. We recommend that the quality of piped water should be observed and maintained in good standard to ensure that clean water is supplies to the household sector. Developing the housing sector in the rural has many advantages in improving early childhood health in Sudan and it should be one of the priorities of the government. Obbey A. Elamin Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 96 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p96 International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/58540 Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking. Martua Sihaloho Ekawati Sri Wahyuni Rilus A. Kinseng Sediono M.P. Tjondronegoro Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 113 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p113 Formulating a Long Term Strategy for Sustainable Palm Oil Biodiesel Development in Indonesia http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/58607
Indonesia, the largest producer of palm oil, has been developed palm oil biodiesel as renewable energy in the last decade. Indonesia biodiesel development policies aim to increase domestic value added of palm oil product and reduce the reliance on fossil fuel. Indonesia has embarked on a comprehensive palm oil biodiesel program since 2006 and targeted the 20% biodiesel blend (B20) in 2016. This article explores the strategy formulation by accommodate the stakeholder perspective in the problems and the solutions. This research analyzes the information from in depth interview with biodiesel stakeholders (government, industry and researcher) in Indonesia by combine Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis with a Multi Actor Analysis approach. The results show the problems of biodiesel development are mainly on the high production cost due to high price of raw material, production technology and distribution infrastructure. The government policy, technology development and raw material supply are the driving forces of the biodiesel development in Indonesia. In the long term strategy, government of Indonesia should secure the biodiesel raw material, develop an environmental friendly technology in biodiesel processing, and accommodate any improvement idea from other stakeholders.
 Beny A. Purwanto Erliza Hambali Yandra Arkeman Hendri Wijaya Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 124 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p124 An Appropriate Technology Based Solution to Convert Waste Plastic into Fuel Oil in Underdeveloped Regions http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/59153
Along with population and urbanization in developing countries, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is also increasing. Although programs and initiatives to recycle and manage waste can often be found in the major population centers, these technologies are slow to spread to or are not yet present in the rural areas. Heavily populated urban slums are also lacking in the infrastructure needed to collect and manage trash, particularly plastic packaging. To address this challenge, the University of Kentucky Appropriate Technology and Sustainability (UKATS) research team has developed an appropriate technology based, sustainable solution to convert plastic from Municipal Solid Waste, such as High/Low Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene and Polystyrene into a valuable hydrocarbon fuel, suitable for underdeveloped or poverty stricken communities. The UKATS Processor is designed as a waste minimization solution specifically for underdeveloped communities, comprised of a simple, non-automated, multifunctional processor built using a wood fueled rocket stove as the primary heat source. This processor is designed using the principles of appropriate technology and sustainability and can be constructed using non-standard materials commonly present in rural or underdeveloped areas. This research focuses on utilizing plastic waste to produce a fuel oil product similar to kerosene or diesel in composition.
 Chandni A. Joshi Jeffrey R. Seay Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 133 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p133 Policy and Backwardness of Maritime Society Case Study on Community Maritime Affairs Bugis Makassar South Sulawesi http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/59154 This research is motivated by a concern to the maritime community in Indonesia and South Sulawesi in particular, which is still very behind compared with other communities on the mainland or degenerate far backward compared with the maritime community in the past royal era (VIII century - XVII century: Sriwidjaya, Majapahit, and Gowa-Makassar). This study aims to reveal the concern of the government on maritime development in the State Bugis Makassar of South Sulawesi. This study uses Verstehen method was conducted through "historical approach" since the period of the kingdom until the reform period. The results showed that the retardation of Bugis-Makassar Maritime Communities in the Bugis-Makassar State was started in inattention government or precisely turned attention both central and local governments from land to sea. Since independence era or period of the republic, government policy in general more focus on the continental policy (to the mainland) in terms of physical potential of this nation is dominant on the maritime potential and this nation has historically also known as the nation's oceans (maritime) than the nation's land. The study recommends to realize what has been painstakingly formulated in Repelita VII up to X, a formula that relies on modernization alignments according to the great potential of maritime nations. Eymal B. Demmallino M. Saleh S. Ali Abd. Qadir Gassing Munsi Lampe La Nalefo Nurbaya Busthanul Tamzil Ibrahim Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 144 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p144 A Dynamic Model to Assess Carrying Capacity of a Defined System http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/59241
A system dynamics method to assess carrying capacity of a defined natural environment is presented. The proposed method seeks to relate per capita resource usage to ranges of population and per capita consumption beyond which the system is not viable relative to population dependent resource constraints. It provides a platform to investigate system behavior through system dynamics simulations where populations change, natural resources decay due to stressor impacts, and feedback occurs via implementation of policy. Application of the model to a case study of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) of phosphorous in Bear Lake, a Lake Michigan estuary (USA), shows the major total phosphorous (P) loading contribution is anthropogenic land use development. Three scenarios are quantitatively explored by assuming changes in land use and/or loading rates. Simulation results show tradeoffs between reduction of total P and land use; economic development can be flexibly evaluated against targets of loading reduction trajectories.
 Yongliang Jin Richard P. Donovan William S. Breffle Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 151 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p151 The Relationship between Smallholder Irrigation and Household Food Availability and Dietary Diversity in Greater Tzaneen Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/60000 Irrigation farming has the potential to address household food security challenges in developing countries. This paper examines household food availability, consumption and dietary diversity for irrigating and non-irrigating households in Greater Tzaneen municipality of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The paper uses primary data collected from 180 households comprising of irrigation scheme irrigators, independent (non-scheme) irrigators, and non-irrigating households. Data analysis employed descriptive analysis and analysis of variance to compare food security components of the different types of households. Results provide sufficient evidence that smallholder irrigation farming contributes significantly to household food security through improved food availability and dietary diversity. However, since most households are net food buyers, it is essential to have policies that are formulated with an understanding that household food security is not only a function of the food that farming households produce for their own consumption but more so a function of total household income. The results inform agrarian reform debates on whether South Africa should continue investing in smallholder irrigation farming for improved household welfare. An integration of smallholder irrigation farming in strategies for growing the rural economy and contributing to improved livelihoods and poverty reduction is, therefore, recommended. Thinah Moyo Charles L. Machethe Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 165 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p165 Rural Tourism Sustainable Management and Destination Marketing Efforts: Key Factors from Communities' Perspective http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/60100 Rural tourism is seen as a potential sector in promoting country to the world and at the same time generates incomes to local communities. However, due to the lucrative economic benefits, tourism destination's sustainability and quality of services is often being ignored. Thus, this study highlights the importance of sustainable management and destination marketing efforts in rural tourism destinations with identified significant contributively factors from local communities' perspective. A total of 168 respondents comprising of local communities from Kampung Telaga Air and Kampung Semadang, Kuching, Sarawak took part voluntarily in this study. To assess the developed model, SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) is applied based on path modelling and bootstrapping. Interestingly, the findings revealed that local communities believed factors like climate change, carrying capacity of a destination, and environmental education are significantly affect both tourism destination sustainable management and destination marketing efforts. Furthermore, community support is also found to be important too for tourism destination marketing efforts. Surprisingly, community support was found no relations with destination sustainable management from local communities' point of view. This study further discussed on the implications of the findings, limitations, and direction for future research. Chee-Hua Chin May-Chiun Lo T. Ramayah Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 179 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p179 Location, Ownership, Origin and the Spillover-Productivity Nexus. Evidence from Uganda Manufacturing Firms http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/60612
The main purpose of this article is to investigate the drivers of labor productivity in the firms at the intra-industry level with focus on the spillover effects of FDI. Using a fixed effects approach, we estimate an expanded Cobb-Douglas production function in its intensive form to isolate the effects of increased capital intensity on labor productivity as well as the spillovers, using annual Private Sector Investment Survey data collected on the Ugandan manufacturing firms over the period 2007- 2010. Over all, there are significant negative horizontal spillovers for the domestic firms in Uganda, with OECD-originating FDI appearing to be the main source of such effects. By location, these are most adverse in the western and eastern regions and better spillovers can be traced in the central region. Additional findings point to firm size, labor quality and profit as positive contributors to labor productivity, whereas technology gap exhibits a detrimental impact just as we document no significant effect of capital intensity. Larger domestic firms appear to benefit significantly from spillovers in industries where foreign firms have a larger presence. The aforementioned findings reflect the need for well-designed policies to improve the competitiveness of local firms particularly via an incentive-equal opportunity-policy that captures both domestic and foreign investors and to improve infrastructure and other investor-friendly environment in the East and Western parts of Uganda. Similarly, our results suggest that the promotion of joint ventures (foreign) is likely to generate unequivocal benefits to the manufacturing sector in Uganda not only in terms of less negative horizontal spillovers but also from the labor quality, firm size and profit spillovers perspective. Finally, the finding of learning difficulties of domestic firms from foreign firms calls for programs in line with skill acquisition through job training and the review of the curriculum to focus on labor quality.
 John Mayanja Bbale John Bosco Nnyanzi Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 198 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p198 Sustainable Coastal Cities between Theory and Practice (Case Study: Egyptian Coastal Cities) http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/60688
Climate change is no longer considered an environmental or scientific issue but rather a developmental challenge that requires urgent, dynamic policy and technical responses at the regional, national and local levels. Its actions and responses impact sustainable development, ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity. There has been an intensive discussion and research about sea level rise (S.L.R) one of the most negative impacts of climate change which affects many coastal cities around the world. Egypt is considered one of the top five countries expected to be impacted with S.L.R in the world, especially northern areas of the Nile Delta and cities located on the Mediterranean coast.
This paper aims to evaluate the impact of S.L.R on the urban development strategies of the Egyptian northern coastal cities; highlighting the national response to global efforts regarding this problem in order to enhance the capacity for the adaptation and mitigation of potential impacts in the long term. Finally, it suggests some recommendations and framework actions to be taken to help Egyptian coastal cities in dealing with climate change over different timescales. Ingy M. El Barmelgy Sarah E. Abdel Rasheed Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 216 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p216 The Library and Information Science (LIS) Profession and the Cameroon Development Vision 2035: A Perception Study http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/61894 The world faces immense challenges which range from people living in poverty and denied dignity, rising inequalities, unemployment, global health threats, natural disasters, spiraling conflicts, violent extremism, terrorism and related humanitarian crises leading to force displacement of people, the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation and the resultant climate change problem, just to name these. Fortunately, there are recognized human rights in the context of the United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Right in Article 19 and the Africa Chatter. These problems have thus challenged the world's organizations to think and reflect on the way forward and some of these ways are developmental plans which include the UN Post 2015 Sustainable Development Agenda, the African Union (AU) 2063 Development Agenda with 17 aspirations, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Strategy Plan and key initiative and the Cameroon Development Vision 2035 emergence programme. These agendas require a number of stakeholders to intervene if these challenges must be reduced for the benefit of humanity. One of such stakeholders is the Library and Information Science (LIS) Profession. The question that comes up with respect to the Cameroon context is, "Is the LIS profession in Cameroon able to meet its information role?" In line with this, three research questions were coined to guide data collection for this paper. The survey method was adopted with document analysis and interview schedule constituting the main data collecting instruments. The simple descriptive statistical method was used for data analysis. The information profession is critical in the development agenda, because it provides the platform for access to various information that enhance the progress of all human activities. The LIS profession drives the knowledge economy. Thus it is well placed to roll the information literacy programmes of any nation to help people have access to quality information, enhance community education, social, health and economic needs thereby improving lives and development. There is equally the shift from a print to a digital information environment as supported by the advent of new Internet technology such as mobile or broadband. This is changing the means and mechanisms of information delivery in libraries which have the potential to lead, improve and provide more relevant services and programmes for users. This profession has proven to be the most suitable with skills and mandate to pull together, organize and make available and accessible information in all forms and formats to all irrespective of their social, educational and physical status. From the study it is clear that the LIS profession in Cameroon is not able to play its role of collector and steward of human heritage, is not able to play its fundamental role in enhancing education through the different libraries and information services, is not able to enhance and ensure inclusive, equitable, quality education and promote lifelong learning and is unable to increase access to information and knowledge assisted by ICTs to support sustainable development to help Cameroon in its development agenda. The recommendation is that it will be unfortunate for a nation like Cameroon not to afford to accord an appropriate attention to the LIS profession which is a suitable developmental tool. The government needs therefore to provide the needed status for this sector and put it on its agenda and this will usher in a new spirit of information professionalism in Cameroon that will go a long way to enhance literacy that is needed if Cameroon must develop. Rosemary M. Shafack Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 225 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p225 Analysis on the Ecological Basis of Resource Recycling http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/61895 Resource recycling is one of the most important content of ecological civilization construction in China, which is beneficial to reduce the overuse of primary resources exploitation, to reduce the environmental pollutions during the process of resource extraction and waste disposal, and to realize the sustainable development of human economy and society. Resource recycling is a reflection of ecological economic development. Ecology provides a theoretical support for the resource circulation industry development. The ecological theories have played a guiding role. However, there are not enough academic researches to systematically summarize and analyze the relation and connection between ecology and resource recycling. Therefore, we based on the ecological theories to analyze the theoretical basis and application for resources recycling. The results showed that the ecological threshold theory, ecological balance theory, Overall hierarchy theory, the food chain (web) theory, niche theory and so on can be used to explain the resource circulation system such as resources recycling building concepts, resources recycling industry development foundation and the government's role in promoting resources circulation process. Based on the application of ecological theory for constructing the resource circulation system, further analysis of the scientific laws for the government regulation may help understand the concept of resource circulation and essence of circular economic system operation. Tingting Liu Yufeng Wu Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 234 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p234 Development Aid - A Perspective on the Sustainability of World Bank Projects http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/61896 This paper focuses on the evaluation of the World Bank (WB) performance in delivering development aid to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). For this purpose, an extensive research was performed to analyze a set of 790 Implementation Completion and Results reports for sustainability outcomes. Results of this research provide various insights on sustainability ratings of project delivery of the LDCs and the African and Asian continent, whereas overall satisfying sustainability ratings are disclosed. Dominik Schafer Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 241 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p241 Failure Factors of Public-Private Partnership at Tourism Port Development of Tanahampo in Bali http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/51726
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Indonesia only succeeded in the road sector and clean water. PPP sector Tourism Port Tanahampo failure, despite the tender held for 2 (two) times. This failure is a failure of government that has targeted the development of Tanahampo Port Tourism as a priority program which is already listed in the list of Bappenas in 2012. This study is a literature study, comparing the determinants of success (Critical Success Factors/CSF) PPP in the literature with the failure of the PPP Harbor Tourism Tanah Ampo Bali. This study concluded that the factors causing the failure of the PPP in the construction of port infrastructure Tanahampo tourism in Bali, among others: (1) Factors aspects procurement, tender failed twice caused no interested participants to submit bids; (2) Factors legal aspects, namely: the seizure of local government authorities (local government) and the Central Government. Local Government area of less agreed to surrender assets to the central government on the grounds of regional autonomy; (3) Factors consortium aspects, namely: lack of clarity about the PPP models that will be implemented, the Government tendered by BOT system, while most of the infrastructure has been built by the government; (4) social and cultural factors, the community asked the percentage of labor up to 30% at the time of operation, which is not necessarily the expertise and there is no clear form of cooperation the transfer of land belonging to local communities in the PPP.
 Ria A. A. Soemitro Ida Bagus Putu Adnyana Copyright (c) 2016 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 279 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p279 Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 9, No. 4 http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/61897 Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2016 Sherry Sun Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Sustainable Development 2016-07-30 2016-07-30 9 4 287 10.5539/jsd.v9n4p287


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Lipstick Lesbiana
Dear Readers: It's not just questions and racist rants that invade the Mexican's mailbox—your feedback sneaks under my digital fence también. Let's start with Lean Like a K Street Chola, a former gangbanger-turned-lobbyist who wrote in a couple of weeks back wondering how she could explain to quizzical pals why Mexican women use lip liner. The Mexican responded that such coloring "attracts men." Here's her response:
Maybe the new name of my memoir (when I get around to writing it) will be K Street Chola: From Juvenile Hall to the Halls of Congress. Just one thing, muchacho: Not all women are interested in attracting hombres. Probably safer to not assume in the future. I've been pura lesbiana since before I was even a chola. I will grant that [using lip liner] is probably to attract the mujeres machas. But a friend said she read somewhere that Latinas apply lipstick seven times more often than non-Latinas, so perhaps it's just genetic!
—Lean Like a K Street Chola
lipstick lesbiana
Muchas apologies, K Street Chola, but what did you expect from a macho Mexican man? I don't know about your amiga's assertion, but a study this year published by the NDP Group found that "Hispanic" women were more likely to use mascara, blush, eyeliner and lipstick than any other ethnic group. Maybe the genetic part is right—or maybe Mexican women (of all sexual persuasions!) just like to look better for their homeboys and heinas than gabachas.
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The following is a general commentary to keep in mind whenever corpulent Know Nothings compare Mexicans to Al Qaeda:
During the opening night of The Simpsons Movie, my friend and I were surprised to find that the young group of Mexicans sitting behind us had dropped a loaded .45 ACP clip under our seat. Shocked and vowing to never frequent that Phoenix theater again, I left with a further disappointment in Mexicans. On the flip side, I ran out of gas on the freeway a week later. While walking alongside the freeway, a Mexican gentleman by the name of Lionel stopped and picked me up. Lionel drove me 30 miles round-trip to get gas and would only accept my name and deepest gratitude as payment. If it wasn't for Lionel's generosity, I would've been royally screwed. I'm writing this as a plea for people not to judge a group of people just because of a few bad tamales and to show my appreciation for my Hispanic hero, Lionel.
—Grateful Gringo
Gracias for your story, gabacho. I concur: Love the good Mexicans, nuke the cholos—except K Street Chola, of course. And now, on to this week's question:
Can you give me a good response when people ask me (often rudely), "What ARE you, anyway?" My mother is Mexican, my father is white. I look sort of vaguely ethnic—hence, the question. I like "White-xican" but is there some better answer out there?
—Brown-Skinned Girl
Dear Half-Wab: How about "¿A quien chingada le importa?" ("Who the fuck cares?")? Seriously, few things peeve the Mexican more than when someone questions a person's ethnic identity. I don't care if it's gabachos calling American citizens "anchor babies" or Mexican nationalists insisting someone must be born in Mexico to call themselves a Mexican; as I've written before, national character is never static, and anyone who claims otherwise is as deluded as a Minuteman. That's why I love it when half-breeds create new terms to describe their dual heritages. "White-xican" is fine, but dig further into your gabacho papi's past to create something better. My favorites are leprecano (half-Mexican, half-Irish), beaner-wiener (half-Mex, half-Kraut), and Korexican, the child of a Korean and Mexican marriage. I'm sure I'm missing out on other creative ethnic labels for half-Mexicans—got any more, gentle readers? The Mexican will publish the best ones in the coming weeks!
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