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I get asked frequently how I do Test-Driven Development (TDD), especially with example code. In my previous post I discussed reasons why I do TDD. In this post I'll discuss how I do TDD.
First-off, in my opinion, there is no difference between TDD, Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance-Test-Driven Development (ATDD). The fundamental concept is identical: write a failing test, then write the implementation that makes that test pass. The only difference is that these terms are used to describe the 'amount' of the system being specified. Typically, with BDD, at a user level, with ATDD, at a user acceptance level (like BDD), and TDD for much finer-grained components or parts of the system. I see very little value in these distinctions: they're all just TDD to me. (I do find it valuable to discuss the ROI of TDD specifications at different levels, as well as their cost and feedback speed. I'm currently working on a post discussing these ideas.) Like many practices and techniques, I see TDD as fractal. We can get the biggest ROI for a spec test that covers as much as possible.
The test that covers the most of the system is a user-level functional test. That is, a test written at the level of a user's interaction with the system – i.e. outside of the system – which describes the functional behaviour of the system. The 'user-level' part is important, since this level is by definition outside of the system, and covers the entirety of the system being specified.
Its time for an example. The first example I'll use is specifying Conway's Game of Life (GoL).
These images represent an (incomplete) specification of GoL, and can be used to specify and validate any implementation of Conway's Game of Life, from the user's (i.e. a functional) point of view. These specifications make complete sense to a PO specifying GoL – in fact, this is often how GoL is presented.
These images translate to the following code:
[Test] public void Test_Barge() { var initialGrid = new char[,] { {'.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.'}, {'.', '.', '*', '.', '.', '.'}, {'.', '*', '.', '*', '.', '.'}, {'.', '.', '*', '.', '*', '.'}, {'.', '.', '.', '*', '.', '.'}, {'.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.'}, }; Game.PrintGrid(initialGrid); var game = CreateGame(initialGrid); game.Tick(); char[,] generation = game.Grid; Assert.That(generation, Is.EqualTo(initialGrid)); } [Test] public void Test_Blinker() { var initialGrid = new char[,] { {'.', '.', '.'}, {'*', '*', '*'}, {'.', '.', '.'}, }; var expectedGeneration1 = new char[,] { {'.', '*', '.'}, {'.', '*', '.'}, {'.', '*', '.'}, }; var expectedGeneration2 = new char[,] { {'.', '.', '.'}, {'*', '*', '*'}, {'.', '.', '.'}, }; var game = CreateGame(initialGrid); Game.PrintGrid(initialGrid); game.Tick(); char[,] actualGeneration = game.Grid; Assert.That(actualGeneration, Is.EqualTo(expectedGeneration1)); game.Tick(); actualGeneration = game.Grid; Assert.That(actualGeneration, Is.EqualTo(expectedGeneration2)); } [Test] public void Test_Glider() { var initialGrid = new char[,] { {'.', '*', '.'}, {'.', '.', '*'}, {'*', '*', '*'}, }; var expectedGeneration1 = new char[,] { {'.', '.', '.'}, {'*', '.', '*'}, {'.', '*', '*'}, {'.', '*', '.'}, }; var expectedGeneration2 = new char[,] { {'.', '.', '.'}, {'.', '.', '*'}, {'*', '.', '*'}, {'.', '*', '*'}, }; var game = CreateGame(initialGrid); Game.PrintGrid(initialGrid); game.Tick(); char[,] actualGeneration = game.Grid; Assert.That(actualGeneration, Is.EqualTo(expectedGeneration1)); game.Tick(); actualGeneration = game.Grid; Assert.That(actualGeneration, Is.EqualTo(expectedGeneration2)); }
All I've done to make the visual specification above executable is transcode it into a programming language – C# in this case. Note that the tests do not influence or mandate anything of the implementation, besides the data structures used for input and output.
I'd like to introduce another example, this one a little more complicated and real-world. I'm currently developing a book discovery and lending app, called Lend2Me, the source code for which is available on Github. The app is built using Event Sourcing (and thus Domain-Driven Design and Command-Query Responsibility Segregation). The only tests in this codebase are user-level functional tests. Because I'm using DDD, the spec tests are written in the Ubiquitous Language of the domain, and actually describe the domain, and not a system implementation. Since user interaction with the system is in the form of Command-Result and Query-Result pairs, these are what are used to specify the system. Spec tests for a Command generally take the following form:
GIVEN: a sequence of previously handled Commands
WHEN: a particular Command is issued
THEN: a particular result is returned
In addition to this basic functionality, I also want to capture the domain events I expect to be persisted (to the event store), which is still a domain-level concern, and of interest to the PO. Including event persistence, the tests, in general, look like:
GIVEN: a sequence of previously handled Commands
WHEN: a particular Command is issued
THEN: a particular result is returned
And: a particular sequence of events is persisted
A concrete example from Lend2Me:
User Story: AddBookToLibrary – As a User I want to Add Books to my Library so that my Connections can see what Books I own.
Scenario: AddingPreviouslyRemovedBookToLibraryShouldSucceed
GIVEN: Joshua is a Registered User AND Joshua has Added and Removed Oliver Twist from his Library
WHEN: Joshua Adds Oliver to his Library
THEN: Oliver Twist is Added to Joshua's Library
This spec test is written at the domain level, in the Ubiquitous Language. The code for this test is:
[Test] public void AddingPreviouslyRemovedBookToLibraryShouldSucceed() { RegisterUser joshuaRegisters = new RegisterUser(processId, user1Id, 1, "Joshua Lewis", "Email address"); AddBookToLibrary joshuaAddsOliverTwistToLibrary = new AddBookToLibrary(processId, user1Id, user1Id, title, author, isbnnumber); RemoveBookFromLibrary joshuaRemovesOliverTwistFromLibrary = new RemoveBookFromLibrary(processId, user1Id, user1Id, title, author, isbnnumber); UserRegistered joshuaRegistered = new UserRegistered(processId, user1Id, 1, joshuaRegisters.UserName, joshuaRegisters.PrimaryEmail); BookAddedToLibrary oliverTwistAddedToJoshuasLibrary = new BookAddedToLibrary(processId, user1Id, title, author, isbnnumber); BookRemovedFromLibrary oliverTwistRemovedFromJoshuaLibrary = new BookRemovedFromLibrary(processId, user1Id, title, author, isbnnumber); Given(joshuaRegisters, joshuaAddsOliverTwistToLibrary, joshuaRemovesOliverTwistFromLibrary); When(joshuaAddsOliverTwistToLibrary); Then(succeed); AndEventsSavedForAggregate(user1Id, joshuaRegistered, oliverTwistAddedToJoshuasLibrary, oliverTwistRemovedFromJoshuaLibrary, oliverTwistAddedToJoshuasLibrary); }
The definitions of the Commands in this code (e.g.
RegisterUser) would be specified as part of the domain:
public class RegisterUser : AuthenticatedCommand { public long AuthUserId { get; set; } public string UserName { get; set; } public string PrimaryEmail { get; set; } public RegisterUser(Guid processId, Guid newUserId, long authUserId, string userName, string primaryEmail) : base(processId, newUserId, newUserId) { AuthUserId = authUserId; UserName = userName; PrimaryEmail = primaryEmail; } }
Again, the executable test is just a transcoding of the Ubiquitous Language spec test, into C#. Note how closely the code follows the Ubiquitous Language used in the natural language specification. Again, the test does not make any assumptions about the implementation of the system. It would be very easy, for example, to change the test so that instead of calling
CommandHandlers and
QueryHandlers directly, HTTP requests are issued.
It could be argued that the design of this system makes it very easy to write user-level functional spec tets. However these patterns can be used to specify any system any system, since it is possible to automatically interact with any system through the same interface a user uses. Similarly, it is possible to automatically assert any state in any boundary-interfacing system, e.g. databases, 3rd party webservices, message busses etc. It may not be easy or cheap or robust, but it is possible. For example, a spec test could be:
GIVEN: Pre-conditions
WHEN: This HTTP request is issued to the system
THEN: Return this response
AND: This HTTP request was made to this endpoint
AND: This data is in the database
AND: This message was put onto this message bus
This is how I do TDD: the spec tests are user-level functional tests. If its difficult, expensive or brittle to use the same interface the user uses, e.g. GUIs, then test as close to the system boundary, i.e. as close to the user, as you can.
For interest's sake, all the tests in the Lend2Me codebase hit a live PostgreSQL database, and an embedded eventstore client. There is no mocking anywhere. All interactions and assertions are outside the system.
The first step in building the correct thing is knowing what the correct thing is (or what it does). I find it very difficult to be confident that I'm building the correct thing without TDD. If we can specify the expectations of our system so unambiguously that a computer can understand and execute that specification, there's no room for ambiguity or misinterpretation of what we expect from the system. TDD tests are executable specifications. This is pretty much impossible without test-first.
I also believe Specification by Example, which is necessary for TDD, is a great way to get 'Product Owners' to think about that they want (without having to first build software).
The problem with most other forms of documentation is there is no guarantee that it is current. Its easy to change the code without changing the natural-language documentation, including comments. There's no way to force the documentation to be current. However, with TDD tests, as long as the tests are passing, and assuming the tests are good and valid, the tests act as perfectly up-to-date documentation for and of the code, (from an intent and expectation point of view, not necessarily from an implementation PoV). The documenation is thus considered 'living'. This is possible with a test-after approach but is harder than with test-first.
TDD done properly, i.e. true Red-Green-Refactor, forces me to focus on one area of work at a time, and not to worry about the future. The future may be as soon as the next test scenario or case, but I don't worry about that. The system gets built one failing test at a time. I don't care about the other tests, I'll get there in good time. This is possible without test-first, but harder and nigh-impossible for me.
This is the usual primary benefit touted for TDD. My understanding of this thinking is thus: in general, well-designed systems are decoupled. Decoupling means its possible to introduce a seam for testing components in isolation. Therefore, in general, well-designed systems are testable. Since TDD forces me to design components that are testable, inherently I'm forced to design decoupled components, which are in general considered a 'better design'. This is low down on my list because this is relatively easy to do without a test-first approach, and even without tests at all. I'm pretty confident I can build what I (and I think others) consider to be well-designed systems without going test-first.
Another popular selling point for TDD is that the tests provide a suite of automated regression tests. This is absolutely true. However I consider this a very pleasant by-product of doing TDD. A full suite of automated regression tests is very possible with a test-after approach. Another concern I have with this selling point is that TDD is not about testing, and touting regression tests as a benefit muddies this point.
Why do you do TDD? Do you disagree with my reasons or my order? Let me know in the comments!
TL;DR: We can deploy and test each feature in our dev environment independently and in combination before promotion. This is done through some simple Git and Jenkins setup and simple team discipline. Promotion-ready features are not blocked by 'immature' work-in-progress (WIP), but WIP is still independently testable. The build server tells us when Feature Branches are out of date.
I'm quite proud of the delivery flow that one of my teams is currently using. The setup and workflows/discipline are quite simple and relatively easy to create and have turned out to be quite big enablers for increased agility, responsiveness and quality.
This setup has solved some issues the team had in the past, such as not being able to deploy ready-for-test work to the QA environment, due to 'contamination' by not-ready-for-test work. This in turn was caused by unpredictable and highly varying priorities, and in varaible cycle-time within the dev and ready-for-test phases.
Using feature branches means we're not doing true Continuous Delivery or even Continuous Integration. We have tried to mitigate this by being very disciplined around not letting Feature Branches diverge too far from develop. We have a Jenkins job which attempts a 'reverse merge' of the feature into develop on every feature branch push, which fails if there are any merge conflicts.
There is additional house-keeping in that feature branches need to be created on commencement of work and deleted at end-of-life. Not only that, the IIS Applications created for each Feature Branch need to be deleted manually (creation is automatic). The Git housekeeping is made easier using SourceTree, which has great GitFlow support.
I'd love to hear your comments on this set-up, especially how it can be improved. If you want more details on any of the configuration/set-up/workflows/discipline, feel free to give me a shout :)
A while ago, we had need in the team to verify that an endpoint (URL) on our website had Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) enabled. The endpoint was being consumed by a 3rd party, and we'd broken their site with one of our changes. Our team-internal processes had missed the regression, mainly because we didn't have a tool we could use to check whether CORS was enabled for the endpoint. I looked for a simple tool that we could use, and didn't find any, so I decided to create one.
I hope you find it useful :)
If you'd like to help me improve it, take a look at the issues on Github.
My previous post was on testing my simple unit of work implementation, (which was described in this post). At the conclusion of the post on testing, the Unit of work code looked like this:
public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable { void Begin(); void Commit(); void RollBack(); void Begin(Action action); void Begin<T>(Action<T> action, T t); }
The problem with this design is that when IUnitOfWork.Begin<>() is called by clients, the signature of the Delegate passed in is different. The example I've been using so far is the method void IDependency.SomeMethod(String). The next method may have more parameters, and a return type. Each new method signature therefore needs a corresponding IUnitOfWork.Begin<>(). After a little while, IUnitOfWork became:
public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable { void Begin(); void Commit(); void RollBack(); void Begin(Action action); void Begin<T>(Action<T> action, T t); void Begin<T1, T2>(Action<T1, T2> action, T1 t1, T2 t2); TResult Begin<T1, T2, TResult>(Func<T1, T2, TResult> func, T1 t1, T2 t2); }
You can see where this is going. The implementation of each of these methods is almost identical to the implementation described in my previous post, the only difference being the invocation of the Action<> (or Func<> ).
Even though the implementation of these new methods is simple (but drudge work), I didn't like this design because IUnitOfWork and UnitOfWork would continually be changing. Even though I thought this was a reasonable trade-off for testability, I wanted a better solution.
The first thing to do was to move the profusion of Begin<>()s out of UnitOfWork. I felt Extension Methods are a great option in this case. I would be left with a simple, unpolluted IUnitOfWork, clients that get a simple and elegant IUnitOfWork usage pattern, and all the similar Begin<>()s in a central place.
The clean IUnitOfWork and the Extension Methods are:
public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable { void Begin(); void Commit(); void RollBack(); } public static class UnitOfWorkHelpers { public static void Begin<T>(this IUnitOfWork uow, Action<T> action, T t) { uow.Begin(); try { action.Invoke(t); uow.Commit(); } catch (Exception) { uow.RollBack(); throw; } } public static void Begin<T1, T2>(this IUnitOfWork uow, Action<T1, T2> action, T1 t1, T2 t2) { //Repeated action.Invoke(t1, t2); //Repeated } public static TResult Begin<T1, T2, TResult>(this IUnitOfWork uow, Func<T1, T2, TResult> func, T1 t1, T2 t2) { TResult returnVal; //Repeated returnVal = func.Invoke(t1, t2); //Repeated return returnVal; } }
This code looks great, but we've introduced a problem: the unit test fails. In the test we're setting an expectation on IUnitOfWork.Begin<>(). This is no longer possible because we're mocking IUnitOfWork of which Begin<>() is no longer part; and we cannot mock an Extension Method. We can set expectations on the methods of IUnitOfWork only (like Begin(), Commit() and Rollback()). The test must therefore change to this:
[Test] public void TestDoWork() { var dependency = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IDependency>(); dependency.Expect(d => d.SomeMethod("hi")); var uow = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IUnitOfWork>(); uow.Expect(u => u.Begin()); uow.Expect(u => u.Commit()); uow.Expect(u => u.Dispose()); var uowProvider = MockRepository.GenerateMock<Func<IUnitOfWork>>(); uowProvider.Expect(u => u.Invoke()) .Return(uow); var sut = new MyClass(dependency, uowProvider); sut.DoWork(); dependency.VerifyAllExpectations(); uowProvider.VerifyAllExpectations(); uow.VerifyAllExpectations(); }
This new test structure is a lot simpler, more straightforward and less esoteric. I think it is easier to read. The expectation on IDependency.SomeMethod() is explicit. We can also now set clear expectations on IUnitOfWork's methods, like Begin() and Commit() (and Rollback() if appropriate). The only drawback to this design, which I consider minor, is that the code for expectations on IUnitOfWork's methods will be repeated in every test.
This design provides another major advantage: originally, IUnitOfWork.Begin() was called with a () => closure, which was changed for testability. However, there is no longer a need to set an expectation based on a Delegate in the unit test. So we can go back to using () => in the calling code.
And there's more! Because we can use () =>, we no longer need all those Begin<>() Extension Methods! We need only the first one, Begin(Action). Our Extension Method class now looks like:
public static class UnitOfWorkHelpers { public static void Begin(this IUnitOfWork uow, Action action) { uow.Begin(); try { action.Invoke(); uow.Commit(); } catch (Exception) { uow.RollBack(); throw; } }
I mentioned earlier that there was a minor drawback with the unit test: repeated code for the expectations on IUnitOfWork. This can be improved a lot by simply packaging the repeated code:
public class UnitOfWorkTestHelper { public readonly Func<IUnitOfWork> UowProvider; public readonly IUnitOfWork Uow; private UnitOfWorkTestHelper() { Uow = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IUnitOfWork>(); UowProvider = MockRepository.GenerateMock<Func<IUnitOfWork>>(); UowProvider.Expect(u => u.Invoke()) .Return(Uow); } public void VerifyAllExpectations() { Uow.VerifyAllExpectations(); UowProvider.VerifyAllExpectations(); } public static UnitOfWorkTestHelper GetCommitted() { var uow = new UnitOfWorkTestHelper(); uow.Uow.Expect(u => u.Begin()); uow.Uow.Expect(u => u.Commit()); uow.Uow.Expect(u => u.Dispose()); return uow; } public static UnitOfWorkTestHelper GetRolledBack() { var uow = new UnitOfWorkTestHelper(); uow.Uow.Expect(u => u.Begin()); uow.Uow.Expect(u => u.RollBack()); uow.Uow.Expect(u => u.Dispose()); return uow; } }
Which is used simply in the test, like this:
[Test] public void TestDoWork() { var dependency = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); dependency.Expect(d => d.SomeMethod("hi")); var uow = UnitOfWorkTestHelper.GetCommitted(); //OR var uow = UnitOfWorkTestHelper.GetRolledBack(); var sut = new MyClass(dependency, uow.UowProvider); sut.DoWork(); dependency.VerifyAllExpectations(); uow.VerifyAllExpectations(); }
I'm quite happy with this design. It has evolved a fair amount since I started, and I'm getting more comfortable with it. I think its quite frictionless in use and testing but offers enough flexibility at the same time.
I have only one (major) criticism, and that is the way IDependency.SomeMethod() is called in the production code is different to the test – IUnitOfWork.Begin(() => dependency.SomeMethod("hi")) in the production code, and dependency.SomeMethod("hi) and IUnitOfWork.Begin() in the test. There is a small dissonance, and this might cause confusion down the road with some developers.
Having said that though, I'm happy with the efficacy and leanness of the solution :).
I've set up
a Feedburner Feed real feed link (sorry) to syndicate my blog. This feed still points here (this WordPress.com blog). When I do cut over to the new platform I'll update the feed to point there. The upshot is you'll continue to get updates without having to change any subscription info. I'd appreciate it if you updated your reader to subscribe to the new feeed.
Many thanks!
My previous post describes the design of my simple unit of work implementation. I was quite happy with this design until I tried testing classes that use the implementation. This is a major obstacle because I'm a firm believer in unit testing and TDD. This post details the evolution of design of the unit of work implementation to allow for testability while maintaining low-friction consumption.
The last post left us with this solution:
public interface IDependency { void SomeMethod(string s); } public class MyClass { private readonly IDependency dependency; private readonly Func startNewUnitOfWork; public MyClass(IDependency dependency, Func startNewUnitOfWork) { this.dependency = dependency; this.startNewUnitOfWork = startNewUnitOfWork; } public void DoWork() { using (var uow = startNewUnitOfWork()) { uow.Begin(() => dependency.SomeMethod("hi")); } } } public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable { void Begin(); void Commit(); void RollBack(); void Begin(Action action); } //Implementation public class UnitOfWork : IUnitOfWork { private readonly ISessionFactory sessionFactory; private ISession currentSession; private ITransaction currentTransaction; public UnitOfWork(ISessionFactory sessionFactory) { this.sessionFactory = sessionFactory; } public void Begin() { currentSession = sessionFactory.OpenSession(); CurrentSessionContext.Bind(currentSession); currentTransaction = currentSession.BeginTransaction(); } public void Commit() { currentTransaction.Commit(); CurrentSessionContext.Unbind(sessionFactory); } public void RollBack() { currentTransaction.Rollback(); CurrentSessionContext.Unbind(sessionFactory); } public void Dispose() { currentTransaction.Dispose(); currentSession.Dispose(); } public void Begin(Action action) { try { Begin(); action.Invoke(); Commit(); } catch (Exception ex) { RollBack(); throw ex; } } }
When testing DoWork(), the primary goal is to test that dependency.SomeMethod is called with the correct methods. I'd also like to test whether uow.Begin(), uow.Commit (or uow.Rollback if appropriate) and uow.Dispose() are called. (Ideally I'd also like to test the order in which these methods are called but support for ordering was removed from Rhino Mocks 3.5).
My first pass at a test for MyClass is shown as MyClassTest below:
[Test] public void TestDoWork() { var dependency = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); dependency.Expect(d => d.SomeMethod("hi")); var uow = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); var uowProvider = MockRepository.GenerateMock>(); uowProvider.Expect(u => u.Invoke()); var sut = new MyClass(dependency, uowProvider); sut.DoWork(); uowProvider.VerifyAllExpectations(); uow.VerifyAllExpectations(); }
There are however several issues with this approach:
In actual fact, with this design of UnitOfWork, we cannot set any expectations or assertions on IDependency. We can only set expectations on the calls made by our system under test. In this case, it is the call made to IUnitOfWork.Begin(Action action).
The test should therefore change to the one shown here:
[Test] public void TestDoWork() { var dependency = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); Action expectedAction = () => dependency.SomeMethod("hi"); var uow = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); uow.Expect(u => u.Begin(Arg.Matches(actual => DelegatesEqual(expectedAction, actual)))); var uowProvider = MockRepository.GenerateMock>(); uowProvider.Expect(u => u.Invoke()) .Return(uow); var sut = new MyClass(dependency, uowProvider); sut.DoWork(); uowProvider.VerifyAllExpectations(); uow.VerifyAllExpectations(); } private bool DelegatesEqual(Action expected, Action actual) { if (expected.Target != actual.Target) return false; var firstMethodBody = expected.Method.GetMethodBody().GetILAsByteArray(); var secondMethodBody = actual.Method.GetMethodBody().GetILAsByteArray(); if (firstMethodBody.Length != secondMethodBody.Length) return false; for (var i = 0; i < firstMethodBody.Length; i++) { if (firstMethodBody[i] != secondMethodBody[i]) return false; } return true; }
I.e., we're setting an expectation on the Action passed into IUnitOfWork.Begin() (as well as expecting that method to be called).
This looks a lot better and makes a lot more sense. However, the test fails. It took me a little while to understand why. It fails, because the Action is represented by a lambda/closure.
Something strange happens to the delegate when the closure is closed over. If you debugs the test code above, and inspect the expected and actual delegates, you'll find that their Method and Target properties are different. I've used the method from this StackOverflow answer to compare delegates for equality.) The expected delegate is associated with the test class. The actual delegate (created in UnitOfWork) refers to the UnitOfWork class. Neither of them refer to IDependency.SomeMethod, even though both are instantiated by () => IDependency.SomeMethod. Therefore this way of testing is not feasible.
What's required is a way to compare delegates without worrying about the closures being closed over in strange ways. However it would be nice to retain the elegant way of using IUnitOfWork.Begin() with a delegate.
I managed to achieve this by changing IUnitOfWork.Begin() so that instead of taking an Action it takes an Action. The changed unit of work and calling code change to:
//Test: [Test]
public void TestDoWork() { var dependency = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); Action expectedAction = dependency.SomeMethod; var uow = MockRepository.GenerateMock(); uow.Expect(u => u.Begin( Arg>.Matches(actual => DelegatesEqual(actual, expectedAction)), Arg.Matches(actual => actual == "hi"))); uow.Expect(u => u.Dispose()); //As before }
//MyClass.DoWork(): public void DoWork()
{ using (var uow = startNewUnitOfWork()) { uow.Begin(dependency.SomeMethod, "hi"); } }
public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable { //As before void Begin(Action action, T t); }
//New method on UnitOfWork:
public void Begin(Action action, T t) { try { Begin(); action.Invoke(t); Commit(); } catch (Exception ex) { RollBack(); throw ex; } }
We can now specify the delegate without using lambdas, and incurring funny closure behaviour. This test now works as expected, and we can test everything we wanted to. The only concession is instead of using IUnitOfWork.Begin(() => dependency.SomeMethod("hi")); we now use IUnitOfWork.Begin(dependency.SomeMethod, "hi"); which is maybe a little less intuitive to read. In my opinion this is a reasonable trade-off to increase testability of the solution.
The Unit of Work pattern is an important part of many architecture designs. I refer you to Martin Fowler's [description](http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/unitOfWork.html) for more details on the pattern.
Typically, a unit of work is 'opened' at the beginning of an operation in an application, which I'll call an entry point, and closed when that operation ends, the exit point. A simple example is with a web application: the user requesting some resource from the web application is the entry point.
In ASP.Net, this entry point is explioit and accessible, the HTTPApplication's Begin_Request method. Symmetrically, the End_Request method provides an exit point. These methods provide convenient locations in which to open and close the unit of work.
What's also very nice about these methods is by the time the End_Request method is closed, we have finished making changes to the Response sent by the server. We are protected from things like lazy loading exceptions being thrown due to closed sessions.
In my current project, the application is a Windows service. The Windows service hosts three different 'operation stacks', each of which has a different entry point:
– A request to a webservice (powered by [ServiceStack](www.servicestack.net))
– Receiving a message from a Bus or queue (powered by [Mass Transit](http://masstransit-project.com/) or in-memory with [BlockingCollection](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd267312.aspx)
– A timer ticking (database records are processed every *X* minutes
Each of these stacks runs on a different thread.
This project uses [NHibernate](http://www.nhforge.org/). My main concern with unit of work is the timing of database connections and sessioning, and associated issues like lazy loading of graphs. NHibernate's ISession is already an implementation of the Unit of Work pattern. However I find it is not enough on its own.
I'll use some code to illustrate why.
The majority of the DoWork() method is taking up with unit of work housekeeping: opening the session, binding the contextual session etc. There is in fact only one line in the whole method (dependency.SomeMethod()) which actually does any work. This is problematic for several reasons:
– Unit of work housekeeping is definitely not the concern of the DoWork() method or the MyClass class (violation of principle of Separation of Concerns).
– The same housekeeping code would have to be repeated in every entry point (at least five times currently).
– It couples MyClass (and all other entry points) to NHibernate.
Fortunately, it isn't too difficult to refactor this into a more palatable solution.
The first thing is to move all the actual unit of work code into its own class:
This would be used like this (note that the Func dependency is injected by a Dependency Injection container):
We've removed the NHibernate dependency, but there's still a lot of housekeeping code. A further refactoring, with the help of an Action and lambdas makes it a lot cleaner. First, the unit of work usage:
Much less housekeeping, and the Separation of Concerns violation isn't as bad. The unit of work class is refactored to:
The addition of the Begin(Action action) class makes the consumption of the unit of work much cleaner: All the housekeeping takes place within the UnitOfWork class, and the actual method representing the work to be done is called as a Delegate.
This pattern of passing in the work method as an Action is easily repeated in the other entry point methods in the system. There is little violation of Separation of Concerns, the calling code has no inkling that NHibernate is involved, and the amount of repeated code becomes tiny.
An elegant solution in my opinion!
Update: If you want to share a local, organisation-wide repository, you can use Nuger.Server. Check here and here for more information. Nuget.Server can be used with the local repository I describe in the rest of the post.
Nuget took a long time coming. Maven has already been around for years, and the .Net space needed a package management solution. Now that it is here, I use it extensively. I find the VS integration quite polished and enjoyable to use. There are however several friction points I dislike. The most major of these is that there is no local cache or repository of packages created for you. I.e. when you download a package, it gets added to the particular solution only. When you remove the package from a project, the package gets deleted from your hard disk. The current workflow (with the VS plugin) requires you to re-download a package every time you add it in a new solution. This is a bit silly considering you may use the same package in many different projects and solutions at the same time.
Update: in the comments below, Riaan reminded me of other reasons I wanted to have a local repository. Firstly, the package manager's connection model is terrible. For slow or occasional connections (like mobile connections), it just isn't feasible to download the same package multiple times for different projects/solutions. Secondly, the package manager dialog is modal, so you can't use Visual Studio at all while you're downloading packages (a real pain with a slow connection). [end update]
What I require, (and which Maven does by default), is to download the packages to an isolated repository on my own machine, and then install packages into projects/solutions from the local repository . It turns out this is pretty easy to achieve. All you need is a one or two Powershell commands, and some minor fiddling with the VS package manager.
First off, create a new folder on your drive for your repository. I put mine in D:\Work\Nuget, but it doesn't matter where it is. You'll need the Nuget.exe, either from Nuget 1.6 or from the Nuget Command Line package, and to make it easy the path to the executable should be on your path. When you want to download a Nuget package, fire up a new Powershell shell, navigate to your repository folder and issue the command:
nuget install <package name>
for example:
nuget install MassTransit
Nuget will then download the package and its dependencies. There will be a folder per package.
The next step is to set up the VS package manager so it knows where to look. In VS, go to Tools -> Library Packet Manager -> Packet Manager Settings
Navigate to Package Manager -> Package Sources. Fill in the two boxes with the details of your repository. I've named mine Local, and it can be found at D:\Work\Nuget.
Then click Add. You should now be able to install packages into projects from your local repository. To check, open the Library Package Manager in VS. The Online section on the left hand should now contain both 'Nuget official package source' and 'Local'. Click on Local and you'll see the list of locally installed packages.
You now need download each package only once, and can install to any project.
Herewith the code:
public class LogTypeInterceptor : StructureMap.Interceptors.TypeInterceptor { private readonly ProxyGenerator proxyGenerator = new ProxyGenerator(); public bool MatchesType(Type type) { if (type.IsSealed) return false; if (!type.Namespace.Contains("<root-namespace>")) return false; if (type.Namespace.Contains("Infrastructure")) return false; return true; } public object Process(object target, IContext context) { return proxyGenerator.CreateInterfaceProxyWithTargetInterface( target.GetType().GetInterfaces().First(), target.GetType().GetInterfaces(), target, new LogInterceptor()); } }
The LogInterceptor class referenced above is lifted verbatim from Ayende's post (his class is named LoggingInterceptor).
The last piece of the puzzle is to register the Interceptor with StructureMap:
RegisterInterceptor(new LogTypeInterceptor());
Now, all types registered with the container will be 'wrapped' with the LogInterceptor (by being proxied). A log statement will be emitted each time any interface or virtual method is called on any registered type.


text:
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It's not just Republicans who play rough in South Carolina. Rumors have been circulating in the Palmetto State, and elsewhere, that Hillary Clinton is having a lesbian affair. Her alleged paramour: a beautiful aide named Huma Abedin (Oscar de la Renta says he longs to see Huma in a strapless dress before he dies). As you can see from the photo, if Hillary is having an affair with Abedin it would not be evidence of her lesbianism as much as of her common sense and sound judgment.
The hard-to-credit rumor of Hillary's Sapphic excursions is being stoked by right-wing bloggers. They suggest that this supposed romance shows the candidate is not only a lesbian but consorting with terrorists, given that the Michigan-born Abedin is reportedly from a family brimming with known Muslims.
But it's not just Republicans who are pushing the story. Will Folks, a well-known blogger in South Carolina, reported yesterday that he'd "heard from sources at rival Democratic presidential campaigns who claim that they 'know it to be true' that Hill and Huma are romantically-involved." I called Folks, and he said that two different Democratic campaigns had told him about the alleged affair, but neither had "presented anything remotely resembling proof."
Folks said he couldn't identify which campaigns were spreading the story, so I called Rod Shealy, a top GOP consultant. Shealy told me he had no idea of who was talking up the story—but that the only Democrats with active staffs and organizations in South Carolina were Barack Obama, John Edwards, and Bill Richardson. (On an entirely separate note, Shealy had an interesting observation about Ron Paul's stunning announcement that he had raised several million dollars in a single day. "That shows that his supporters are not just fringe loonies," he said. "These are people with checking accounts.")
Most stories that are too good to be true aren't true, and Hillary having a lesbian affair with her sexy staffer falls into that category, whether you're a Republican Hillary-hater or a Democrat who opposes (or is simply endlessly annoyed by) her. And even if it were true, Hillary's not nearly as reckless or driven as her husband, so she's unlikely to get caught. Meanwhile, if anyone down in South Carolina knows which Democrats are pushing the Hillary-Huma dalliance please send me an email in strictest confidence to email@example.com.
More from Ken Silverstein:
Commentary — November 17, 2015, 6:41 pm
The Clintons' so-called charitable enterprise has served as a vehicle to launder money and to enrich family friends.
From the November 2013 issue
Perspective — October 23, 2013, 8:00 am
How pro-oil Louisiana politicians have shaped American environmental policy
Flor Arely Sánchez had been in bed with a fever and pains throughout her body for three days when a July thunderstorm broke over the mountainside. She got nervous when bolts of light flashed in the sky. Lightning strikes the San Julián region of western El Salvador several times a year, and her neighbors fear storms more than they fear the march of diseases — first dengue, then chikungunya, now Zika. Flor worried about a lot of things, since she was pregnant.
Late in the afternoon, when the pains had somewhat eased, Flor thought she might go to a dammed-up bit of the river near her house to bathe. She is thirty-five and has lived in the same place all her life, where wrinkled hills are planted with corn, beans, and fruit trees. She took a towel and soap and walked out into the rain. Halfway to the river, the pains returned and overcame her. The next thing Flor remembers, she was in a room she didn't recognize, unable to move. As she soon discovered, she was in a hospital, her ankle cuffed to the bed, and she was being investigated for abortion.
Average duration of a Japanese prime minister's tenure since August 1993, in months:
Embassy of Japan (Washington)/Harper's research
Brain shrinkage has no effect on cognition.
An Indianapolis fertility doctor was accused of using his own sperm to artificially inseminate patients, and a Delaware man pleaded guilty to fatally stabbing his former psychiatrist.
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"Matt was happy enough to sustain himself on the detritus of a world he saw as careening toward self-destruction, and equally happy to scam a government he despised. 'I'm glad everyone's so wasteful,' he told me. 'It supports my lifestyle.'"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello Friends, Please go through the below requirement and share suitable consultants with their updated resume, rates and contact details.
*Please send resumes to piyus...@idctechnologies.com <piyus...@idctechnologies.com>* *Sr. Oracle Webcenter Content* *Santa Clara, CA* JD: *10+ Years of hands on experience on Oracle Webcenter Content 11g/UCM* *• Good hands on experience in Design and Implementing a role-based security model* • Experience with Implementing authorization and authentication integration • *Working experience with Digital Asset Management(DAM) using the IBR component* • Good knowledge and understanding of integration with Oracle Webcenter Sites • Good understanding of records management • Strong Design skills in defining the workflow, metadata model • Working Experience in a health care regulatory or legal environment • Participation in customer's workshops and presentation of the proposed solution • Must have strong communication and customer interfacing skills • Experience working on an onshore/offshore model Best Regards, Piyush *IDC Technologies Inc.* 1851 McCarthy Boulevard, Suite 116, Milpitas, CA, USA, 95035. *Phone – **408 459 5638* *Email: – * *piyus...@idctechnologies.com <piyus...@idctechnologies.com>* YM – piyush61j Hangouts – piyush61j <https://www.linkedin.com/pub/piyush-singh/75/b24/455> URL : www.idctechnologies.com CMM LEVEL 3 Company & ISO 9001-2008 Certified "Under Bill s. 1618 Title III passed by the 105th U.S. Congress this mail can not be considered spam as long as we include a way to be removed from our mailing list. Simply send us an e-mail with REMOVE in the subject and we will gladly REMOVE you from our mailing list. -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Business_Intelligence" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to business_intelligence+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to email@example.com. Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/business_intelligence. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.


text:
William Louis Norton
i am the daughter of Evelyn Louise (Norton) Cotney (b. 1944).her parents were William Louis Norton (b.?, d.?) and Marie Elizabeth (Tucker?) (1919-2009).i've always been told that the family came to California (after 1944) from Connecticut, but have had no success tracking down any info.mom's siblings -- Marion Carroll, Charles Tucker, Norman, &Harry.Thanx for any help out there :)


text:
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Hotels near Pou Tai Un
Search hotels near Pou Tai Un in Macau
Trending now in Macau
Hotels within 0.5 miles of Pou Tai Un
- Most bookedGrandview Hotel Macau
229 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Comfortable stay and quite spacious room.But a bit smell of cigarette in the room. 15min walk to the food street in Taipa. Buffet breakfast at additional cost"
A Traveller, Aug 2016, AS
173 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The view was nice and the location was good. Just 10 mins to the near sight-seeing locations. Shuttle bus service was nice as well. A big supermarket was located near the hotel."
A Traveller, Aug 2016, AS
164 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Very nice hotel. Located not very far from the city center which can be easily reached by bus. Provide a vegetarian breakfast menu. "
A Traveller, Aug 2016, US
76 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We stayed at Altira because we were visiting family just 150m away. It was not cheap but was worth every cent. The service was amazing, the room was exceptionally comfortable, the facilities were brilliant and to go to sleep and wake to that wide view across to mainland Macau was awe inspiring. W..."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, NZ
Hotels within 1 mile of Pou Tai Un
1,605 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The stay is good but the check in process takes too long and inflexible"
A Traveller, Sep 2016, AU
1,264 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Great service, room, comfort, luxury and style! Love the bar and its Gin!"
A Traveller, Feb 2016, AS
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"The hotel is huge, grand and so clean! There was a spectacular view from my room, my stay was awesome, room service was fast. And mostly amazingly, the hotel staff made efforts to address me by my name, it felt so customised and personal. I totally recommend the hotel to anyone who is visiting Ma..."
A Traveller, Sep 2016, SG
209 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Staff is really friendly and helpful. The facility of the hotel is really nice. We are really enjoy the spa and the service is amazing. The spa staff is really friendly and they are detail-oriented. They will care about our feeling and feedback in each single step. I highly recommended this hotel."
L, Jul 2016, HK
- The Parisian MacaoNo Guest Reviews yet
155 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
79 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Hi, We had paid HK$ 1000 at the time of check in via Credit Card. They told us at the time of Check Out that this amount will be credited in my credit card account. But till today I had not received credit in my account. Please credit my account asap. Please reply. Thanks. Kiran Parasnani."
P, Aug 2016, GB
Map of hotels near Pou Tai Un
- Hac Sa Beach
- Cotai Strip
- St. Dominic's Church
- Senado Square
- Taipa Houses-Museum
- Ruins of St. Paul's Cathedral
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- Macau City Centre
- Cotai Arena
- City of Dreams
- Macau Tower
- Lisboa Casino
- Dancing Water Theatre
- Maritime Museum
- Portas do Cerco
- Macau Forum
- Macau Olympic Complex (Macau Stadium)
- Museum of Taipa and Coloane History
- Lotus Square
- Mandarin's House
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Macau travel guides
Macau Travel Guide - Your destination overview of Macau
Situated on China's southeastern coast, the former Portuguese colony of Macau is a popular destinati...
Macau Travel Tips - Helpful hints and advice on local destination information
Although traveling in Macau can be a lot of fun, travelers will find that a small amount of preparat...
Macau Sightseeing Guide - Visit notable attractions and landmarks
Macau features a large number of stunning colonial buildings such as St Paul Cathedral so visitors m...


text:
Links to student resources at Cleveland State University:
Viking Card (Student ID Card)
|CampusNet (course registration)
Financial Aid (Scholarships)
|eTutoring (Math & Writing assistance)
|Textbooks (CSU Bookstore)
|Academic Advising
|CSU Academic Calendar
|Veteran Student Success Program
|Parking Information
Additional Information:
Class Registration
Cleveland State University offers Multi-term Registration. Degree seeking students are able to register for an entire academic year at one time! Multi-term registration provides you with the opportunity to:
- Plan ahead for the classes you need for the entire academic year.
- Secure your Fall, Spring, and Summer semester classes at the same time.
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Click here for Academic Year Registration information and enrollment dates.
Financial Aid
Partnership students are eligible to receive financial aid. However, students can only receive financial aid from one school at a time (per semester). Cleveland State University will process your financial aid based on the number of credit hours you are enrolled in solely at CSU.
Financial Aid Consortium Agreements: partnership students who are dually enrolled at both Lorain County Community College (LCCC) and Cleveland State University (CSU), who wish to have financial aid to cover their total enrollment between the two schools must complete a financial aid consortium agreement.
- Consortium Agreements must be completed each semester that a student wishes to received aid for their dual enrollment.
- Eligibilty to use the consortium form requires that students are admitted as degree seeking partnership student in a partnership program. It also requires that students are enrolled in at least one (1) Cleveland State University class for the semester in which they are using the consortium agreement.
- Consortium Agreements can be found online through the LCCC University Partnership website or in the CSU Partnership Office.
- Please contact Katie Collins, the CSU Partnership Coordinator with any questions: 440-366-4850 or email@example.com


text:
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text:
july 17th
Today was Ben's birthday. He should have been six. We have now spent three birthdays without him – equal to the amount we spent with him. How can that be? I expected by now that it would feel easier on this day. But that was naive – it doesn't. How could it? He is our son. And he is dead – the opposite of birthdays. There is no theme, no friends, no presents, nor candles to blow out. Instead, every year on July 17,we will be left imaging what could have been – what should have been. Trying not to overdose on something that would allow us to spend this day with him.
Tonight we attempted to "do" something to acknowledge this day. We went out to dinner at one of our favorite spots with Ryan. Checking into a restaurant the hostess asked us, "Three of you?" "Yes", I replied. Just three of us. I wanted to stop her and say, "There are supposed to be four of us! But our son is dead. This is his birthday." Perhaps she could still throw in the free dessert? Instead, we followed her quietly to our table.
During our meal we tried to talk about Ben, but for Ryan it is confusing. "Why is it his birthday?" "When is he coming back?" "Why is he in heaven?" In the midst of our conversation I told him he had to eat all his vegetables if he wanted to go to ice cream afterwards. He quickly proceeded to stuff them in his mouth all at once, thus gagging himself and vomiting all over the table. Niiiiiice.
I suppose that was appropriate though. Our life is messy. Even when we attempt to "celebrate" it is just so very hard. We have released purple balloons every year on this day in memory of Ben. As we struggled to do it again tonight, Ryan – done with the day – started crying, "I want that balloon back! I want that balloon baaaaack!!!" The whole notion of an offering or a birthday for a brother who isn't here just doesn't make sense. It doesn't to me either. I want my son back.
Yet, as I stared at Ryan tonight after he fell asleep, my heart felt grateful. Thank goodness there are three of us. For if it were just Jeff and myself, I am pretty sure in the wake of Ben's death we would have destructed completely. But as it is, in some show of grace and mercy we have Ryan. There are three of us. Three of us trying to make it as a family. Attempting to acknowledge this day in some special way.
Better luck next year.
"Happy" Birthday Ben. Six years ago today you changed our lives forever. We miss you like crazy. Emphasis on crazy.
*On Tuesday registration for our benefit 2011 begins. Please check our website for details…


text:
Marcy Recumbent Mag Cycle
Stationary cycle offers smooth ride with adjustable resistance.Top Rated Diet Pills of 2016
The Marcy Recumbent Mag Cycle offers eight levels of resistance and adjustable tension to provide a challenging workout to users of varying fitness levels. From Marcy, a company well-known for economical home fitness equipment, the cycle's recumbent style provides the comfort and support needed to work out longer. The cycle's large console display ticks off speed, distance, time, and calorie burn.
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The Marcy Recumbent Mag Cycle offers cardio and lower-body toning to users of varying fitness levels. The reclining style encourages longer workouts with comfort and stability. The bike's step-through design and transport wheels offer convenience, while the large console display shows time, distance, speed, and calorie burn.Common Misspellings
Marcie, Marcee, Recumbint, Recombent
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27/m just started Cecchetti grade one
Posted in the Ballet Forum
#1 Oct 4, 2007
I just started this past wednesday, but am willing to really commit myself. I'm in Cecchetti grade one, and it meets twice a week. I'd like to put three or four days a week into ballet, so in order to take more classes, I'll have to get good enough to attend grade two.
I stretch at home quite a bit, probably at least an hour a day, and I also do yoga about three or four days a week. And I lift weights about three days a week. I also use a theraband to stretch and strengthen my feet and arches. I'm thinking it would help to practice the few excercises that I can remember from class at home.
I'd obviously like to "get" my splits, so I do a lot of hamstring stretches and a good stretch to turn my legs out where I lay on the floor face down with my legs out to the sides. Some of our poses in yoga work toward the front splits as well. I can stand in first position with decent posture, but if I go up on one leg and release the bar, my body slowly turns to accommodate the turned foot.
My ultimate intent is to go en pointe.
I'd love to hear anyone with guidance, suggestions, criticism, questions, etc!
Wynn Vale, Australia
#2 Oct 5, 2007
I wish you the best of luck in your dancing! It is very great that you have started, and that you are confident! Your goals are well within reach! I am sure you will become great!
Perhaps, let your teacher know you are interested in participating in more classes. He/She may let you come to grades one and two classes, or put you into grade two early.
Practise at home certainly helps, just make sure you dont form any bad habits. Sometimes bad habits can be hard to break. One of these is a sickled foot. You may hear your teacher use this expression. It is when the foot turns inward at the ankle joint.
It is great you are so enthusiastic. Good luck!
South Africa
#3 Oct 5, 2007
I also wish you the very best of luck. And what I've found is that, in whatever you may be doing, just apply yourselp, don't do it half-heartedly, give 150% all the time and just really put your mind to it and really believe that you can do it. I am 100% sure you will achieve your dream.
*Guys don't go en pointe
#4 Oct 6, 2007
Like Mr. Miagi from Karate Kid said:
"Karate DO yes, you are ok, Karate DO no, you are ok, Karate DO so-so, you get the squish, just like grape"
*And guys DO go en pointe! I do, anyway.
"dancing = life"
Since: Aug 07
#5 Oct 6, 2007
^^ ur the first!^^
#6 Oct 6, 2007
You're saying I'm THE FIRST GUY to go en pointe? Even if you were right (you're not), that would be even more cool.
Are you aware that Enrico Cecchetti (the inventor of the Cecchetti method of ballet) was a man?
And just for any "nay-sayers", one of the best ways to motivate me to do something is to tell me that "I can't" do it. Go ahead an fuel my fire.
Adelaide, Australia
#7 Oct 7, 2007
Perfect Feet, Ballet Babe, Drama Girl
About men going on pointe- there is a BALLET COMPANY of only men who are touring their ballet "MEN IN TUTUS"!!!! In this ballet, the men go on pointe. One even stays on his toes for the whole dance! They are actually really good at it, not to mention apparantly hilarious! So, men can go on pointe. Also, some roles require men to go on pointe, like in "A Midsommer Nights Dream", the ballet, when the man gets turned into a donkey. He has to go en pointe then.
There is a fanstastic new range of costumes and dancewear coming out with the brand name Elevate. Elevate makes tutus, dance cotumes and dancewear.
Tutu2You and Elevate are currently situated on EBay.
Tutu 2 You also sells acessories to go with the costumes like tiaras, bun covers, fans and masks.
Elevate and Tutu 2 You have really great service. I have bought a number of things from them. They are really really great quality. I also bought a tutu for my esteidford. It was the most beautiful tutu i have ever seen, and i got great comments from the adjudicators. The comments included:
"Beautiful tutu"
"Effective costume"
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I hope you check out Elevate and Tutu 2 You. When you need your next costuume, tutu or just dancewear, they are the place to go.
From Dancer
Adelaide, Australia
#8 Oct 7, 2007
Oh, BTW Perfect Feet. If you have just stared ballet, i strongly advise you not to go onto pointe until your teacher says you are ready! Not in sandshoes, soft ballet shoes, bare feet, socks- nothing! You can really hurt yourself!
#9 Oct 7, 2007
I agree and don't intend on doing so until my instructor(s) and I feel that I'm good and ready.
Adelaide, Australia
#10 Oct 7, 2007
that is good. many people say "am i ready for pointe? i can stand on my toes in bare feet!" this is not good! they can really hurt themselves, so i am glad you are not one of these people.
#11 Oct 7, 2007
Not to mention, that sounds just about impossible for me! I've got a bit of a morton's toe, and it just wouldn't be stable.
As far as performing en pointe, I actually believe I've got some very novel ideas that could be workable! Nothing overtly comical, but actually masculine. I'm thinking of a fusion of break-dancing and pointe (among other ballet moves). The costume would be cool. No tutus or pink. Another idea is an 80's hair-metal inspired fusion with ballet! Think Motley Crue, Poison, etc... they did all the split kicks off the speakers and all sorts of other acrobatic moves! The costume for that would be outrageous! Maybe even include a guitar for a portion of it!
These are ideas that would work without pointe, but I think the element of pointe would make it so much more worthwhile and "ballet"-like! I think these fusions would be incredibly entertaining for people, simply because of their anti-traditionality!
When I get good, the ballet world isn't going to know what hit them!
"dancing = life"
Since: Aug 07
#12 Oct 7, 2007
uh yeah i knew he was a guy! i never siad he wasnt.
Renown Park, Australia
#13 Oct 8, 2007
Perfect Feet
Those ideas sound very origional and good. I hope you one day reach your goal. You should check out men in tutus i know they have a website google them.
#14 Oct 8, 2007
Ugh! So I can count on my legs being sore for the rest of my life, right?! Hopefully, once my muscles develop and become more flexible and stong, the soreness should diminish.
Belvedere, UK
#15 Oct 25, 2007
heyarr i was wondering what grade u gotta be to go to pointe????
can you help me
Belvedere, UK
#16 Oct 25, 2007
i also wanted to no were u have got top go to do these grades
#17 Oct 27, 2007
It really depends on the school you go to and the syllabus you do as to what grade you begin pointe in. Some schools start students on pointe in grade 4 or 5, even though no pointe work is required in these grades. This is so students can get a good solid training on pointe before the higher grades, which do require pointe in the exams. Of course, this also all depends on if the students are the right age, have sufficient years of training, and of course have the right technique and strength. The grades which pointe are required for exams are different for each syllabus, but one i know starts pointe work in exams at pre elementry. Part of the exam is in soft shoes, and part is in pointe shoes.
i don't fully understand this question:
i also wanted to no were u have got top go to do these grades
but do you mean do you have to get the top mark (honours distinction) to get into these grades? If so, i believe the answer is no, but it could be different for each syllabus. In one i know, the minimum requirement to do the senior grades (pre elementry and up) is to pass grade 5.
Vaucluse, Australia
#18 Oct 30, 2007
When people say "I can stand on my toes in barefeet" what does that mean? Does it mean they can actually stand on their big toe (and maybe second toe) as you would in a pointe shoe? Or does it mean they crunch thier toes up and stand on the joint where the toes and foot meet? I have seen both done and the latter is very damaging to the foot- you could break/dislocate toes. Im not sure if the other method is good or not? I guess it means you have pretty strong feet?
Kangarilla, Australia
#19 Oct 30, 2007
When people say "I can stand on my toes in barefeet" it means that they are trying to stand on their toes as you would in pointe shoes. I assume it is on the big toe, but it could be in the mushed toe way you are talking about. Both ways are very very very dangerous. The mushed toe way could break/dislocate teos and is teaching bad technqiue, but the other way is also dangerous. What if they fell down and rolled their anle, or broke their toes? Never stand on pointe in anythign but pointe shoes, unless of course your teacher has instructed you to do toe stands in tap or irish hard shoes. Only ever stand on pointe with permission from your teacher. I am sure any teacher would adive very greatly AGAINST standing on pointe in barefeet/socks/sneakers/soft shoes.
Southampton, UK
#20 Dec 31, 2007
I'm a synchronized swimmer, and we stand on our toe knuckles all the time to stretch our toepoint. Of course, you don't just start out all of a sudden standing right on them. For a while, you just stretch with your hands then you kind of kneel on them and finally stand on them.
Of course, I agree that you should never do it unless instructed to do so by your teacher (or swim coach!)
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Because of the borough's movie connection the library has a large collection of books on the history of film making. It also has copies of 35 motion pictures that were shot in Fort Lee.
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''The new people really don't take part in Fort Lee life,'' said Mr. Grieco, the former Police Chief. ''They just change their clothes here and go back and forth to the city.''


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text: use of from Use of that Use of the word 'Fun'. Comma usages Dashes Preposition of, to and for grammar and usage correct the sentences Open Office support Make sentences to distinguish between the following pairs of words is this an awkward sentence? correct the sentences Dash in date range with month and year Is this question grammatically correct? Sure and certain


text:
A $2 million FEMA grant will pay for continued water and wastewater repairs needed in Gulfport due to Hurricane Katrina.
Stone High-Pascagoula, East Central-Moss Point and Ocean Springs-D'Iberville highlight the slate of games for Week 7 of the high school football season in South Mississippi.
Several major national retailers say they won't open for holiday shopping on Thanksgiving and instead will wait until Black Friday to launch sales.
Secretary of State Delbert Hosemann is giving Mississippi candidates an easy-to-use and highly searchable method of reporting campaign donations and expenditures. We believe the candidates should use the system, which is voluntary. The voters should demand it.
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