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Internet of Things Summit
The Rise of the Interconnected World
Embedded technologies are poised to kick-start a new 'information revolution'. Set to disrupt a vast range of industries, it is estimated that the 'Internet of Things' will connect over 30 billion devices by 2020. Join us for an event which looks toward this future, brings together 25+ thought leaders from across multiple industries for 2 days of interactive discussion, informative presentations and great networking opportunities.
The initial lineup for 2017 in San Francisco is being recruited now. Email Gabrielle Morse for more information.
The Internet of Things Summit gathers together thought leaders working towards an interconnected world.
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Does your company have expertise and services that will be of interest to senior-level decision makers? If the answer is yes then visibility at the Summit is an absolute must.
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San Francisco is the leading financial and cultural center of Northern California and the San Francisco Bay Area.


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Beltway Beef Audio News
Mike Smith of the Harris Ranch and member of NCBA and the California Cattlemen talks about his upcoming testimony before the House Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Livestock, Rural Development and Credit.
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Read an ExcerptThe Tender Words of God
By Ann Spangler
Copyright © 2008
Ann Spangler
All right reserved.
Chapter One The Tender Words
I have never found it easy to believe in God's love for me, except perhaps in the first days and weeks of my conversion. No matter where I turned in those bright days I found evidence of God's gracious care and steady forgiveness. The stern-browed god of my youth had suddenly and unexpectedly receded, and in his place came Jesus, bearing gifts of love and peace. Nearly every prayer in those days was answered, sometimes wondrously. I remember thinking that the problem with many people was that they expected so little from a God who was prepared to give so much.
But years passed and something happened. It wasn't one thing but many. Large things and small things-life ebbing and flowing. It was tests of faith, sometimes passed and sometimes not. It was sins accruing. It was spiritual skirmishes and full-out battles. It was disappointments and difficulties and circumstances beyond comprehending. All these heaped together like a great black mound, casting a shadow over my sense that God still loved me, still cared for me as tenderly as when he had first wooed me and won my heart. Instead of a loved and cherished child of God awash in the sea of God's love, I felt more like a boat whose barnacle-encrusted hull had sat too long in the water. That boat needed to be hoisted out of the salty sea to rest for a time in the sunshine. It needed loving, patient hands to sand through all the layers of sediment down to the bare, smooth boards. It needed fresh protective paint so that it could once again be launched into the shining sea.
But if that was my need, how could I, a rapidly aging single mother of two young children, ever find time to rest and to be restored? My older daughter had recently reminded me that my next birthday was cause for special celebration because on that day my age would exactly match the number of electoral votes possessed by the state of California. If you don't know how many that is, I'm not about to tell you. Suffice it to say they have the most of any state in the union.
Then I had an idea that had little to do with changing my routines but everything to do with changing my focus. It occurred to me after talking with a friend who spoke of a time in her life when she finally became convinced of God's love for her. I expected my friend to reveal something complicated and difficult, some tragedy, perhaps, that God had spared her from. Or maybe she had practiced some hard-fought spiritual discipline that yielded a favorable result. But it was something much simpler. Joan told me that she had merely made a decision-to set aside one month in which to act as though God loved her. Whenever she was tempted to doubt his love, she simply shifted her thoughts and then put the full force of her mind behind believing that God loved her. And that settled it for her-for good.
Joan's confidence in being loved has probably shaped her life in ways that even she does not understand. Recently she saw evidence that it had spilled over into the life of someone close to her when one of her sons during a particularly trying time in his life remarked: "I am so thankful God loves me."
My daughters are ten and twelve, while I am, as they repeatedly point out, rapidly approaching the age of extinction. Maybe that's why I find myself thinking lately about how to provide a secure foundation for them. Perhaps I could buy them each a house, I think. That would at least give them something to fall back on in hard times. But then I remember their college savings accounts, still spare, almost anorexic. I remember also that there are limits to what a parent-to what this parent-can do for her children. But what if I could leave them something better than a fat bank account? Jesus talked about the abundance of his provision when he spoke of the grace God wants to pour into our laps: "a good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over." I wanted to know God's love in that lavish, pressed down, shaken together and running over kind of way so that I could love more fiercely and faithfully. I wanted there to be a spillover effect in the lives of my daughters.
So I was doubly motivated, determined to receive the grace I was sure God wanted to give so that I could both enjoy and communicate it. But I doubted that merely trying to retrain my thoughts would be enough. I needed something positive to focus my thoughts. Then I remembered the promise that Scripture makes about itself: "For the word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow" (Hebrews 4:12). I wanted God's penetrating word to cut away my unbelief, to lay bare my need. I wanted to hear the truth from God's own mouth.
Over the years, I have read through the Bible several times, plowing straight through from Genesis to Revelation, not even skipping those endless genealogies. But like many people who tend to be self-critical, I find it easier to absorb the harsher sounding passages in the Bible than those that speak of God's compassion. Somehow, the tender words seem to roll right off me, much like water that beads up and rolls off a well-waxed automobile.
What would happen, I wondered, if I read through Scripture, this time hunting for the words that every human longs to hear-words of mercy, compassion, peace, and love? Yes, I know that every word of God is to be cherished but what if, for a brief time, I focused only on God's most tender words?
Because I am not the same quick study my friend Joan is, I decided to develop a remedial course for myself in which I could reflect morning and evening on the most tender words of God I could find in the Old and New Testament. Once I had gathered these passages, I wanted to sit with them not just for a few days but for three months. I wanted these words to be like guardians at each end of my day, passages I could soak in and call to mind when I was tempted to disbelieve.
The Tender Words of God is the result of this process. While the core of the book is Scripture, each week is introduced with a few words regarding my progress (or regress) on the journey. Though my remarks are brief, they are intended to chronicle my struggles and joys, not because my quest is all that remarkable but precisely because it is so ordinary, expressing the longing we all have to love and to be loved, especially by the One who made us. I hope you will join me on this journey, soaking in these Scriptures morning and evening, listening for God's voice, and experiencing his presence. You may even want to chronicle the story of your own progress by keeping a journal record of the way God communicates his love to you in this time. God has many things for us to do in this life, but I am convinced that you and I will do them better, with far more joy and greater impact, if we do them with a settled confidence in God's love.
Chapter Two God Speaks Words of Compassion
The Hebrew word raham, which means "compassion," is intimately connected to the Hebrew word rehem, which means "womb." Throughout the Scriptures, God reveals a kind of motherly compassion for his people. In one of the Bible's most moving passages, God reveals himself to Moses as "The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness" (Exodus 34:6).
Jesus, too, displays great compassion for those who are needy. In fact, his compassion moves him to act on behalf of the sick, the blind, the hungry, and those without a shepherd. He even raises a man from the dead after witnessing a mother's sorrow. Compassion is an attribute of God, and it is closely related to mercy or pity. The Greek New Testament words for compassion are eleos and splanchnon.
I began my hunt for the tender words of God in a distracted state. I was distressed about a deteriorating situation at one of my children's schools. I was thinking about money I didn't have but thought I needed. I felt anxious about a looming deadline. These and other thoughts paraded across my mind-over and over because I hadn't found a way to lay them to rest.
How could I construct a remedial course on God's love when I felt so scattered, when my energy kept heading in other directions? I imagined myself plowing through a field of tall weeds, searching vainly for golden kernels of grain in the midst of a thicket of distractions. But as I began to read the words of Scripture, I felt myself calming down, focusing, resting in the words themselves:
The Lord longs to be gracious to you. Our God is full of compassion. In all their distress he too was distressed. God lifted them up and carried them all the days of old. And the Lord said, "I will cause all my goodness to pass in front of you."
I imagined Moses encountering the surprise of his life in the desert-a God shocking not so much for the display of his power but for the degree of his love and the intensity of his desire to be known. I listened as the psalmist likened God to a compassionate father and as Isaiah compared the Lord to a mother whose child feeds contentedly at her breast. But what hit me hardest was a story I had heard before, many times. Jesus told it. It's about a son who takes his father's money and runs with it to forlorn places. He lives wildly until the last penny is gone, and then in desperation he hires himself out to feed pigs. Starving, the prodigal son wishes he could stuff his belly with the same food the pigs are eating.
I imagined the listening crowd, captivated by the woeful tale Jesus was telling. The foolish prodigal seems to be getting what he deserves. What a rotten way to treat your father. Having squandered everything, he becomes impoverished. Even worse, he accepts a job taking care of pigs. To associate so closely and constantly with animals that God declared unclean would be to cross a boundary, alienating yourself from a holy God. The prodigal's downward slide must have seemed entirely fitting.
But Jesus' listeners could not have anticipated the surprise ending. Instead of publicly condemning his son and banishing him from the community as would have been a Jewish father's right, the prodigal's father runs out to meet him when he returns home and then throws a party to celebrate his return.
I thought about who was telling the story-the only human being whose vision of God had never been distorted by sin. Wasn't the Son the best one to tell us what God the Father is like?
I also thought about the prodigal. He was a pleasure seeker. I could relate to him because of my own temptations-too much food, comfortable vacations, dreams of an easy life. But dwelling on such dreams makes your body soft and fat, your soul feeble. As I thought about my own tendencies and failures, I could feel myself sinking into a kind of disgust that seemed to move me further from God. But what about the things I had been reading about his compassion? I refocused on what the Scriptures say about God's attitude toward us. As I did, I began to envision him waiting for me in the midst of my weakness, neither surprised nor repulsed by my sin, but simply waiting for me to come to my senses so he could welcome me home.
As this picture of God came into clearer focus, I wondered how often my distorted thinking about him impedes my progress in the spiritual life. Remember what the prodigal was thinking on his way home: "I will set out and go back to my father and say to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I am no longer worthy to be called your son; make me like one of your hired men" (Luke 15:18-19). Ashamed of himself, the son completely misunderstood his father's character. He had no idea what was inside his father's heart. Expecting rejection, he must have been shocked by his father's excited welcome-"bring the best ... bring the fattest ... let's have a feast!" (Luke 15:22-23).
That's what sin does to us. It makes us stupid, especially in relationship to God. We find it impossible to conceive of someone whose responses are so much better than our own. We imagine him merely as a larger, more powerful version of ourselves. So we assign him motives that are beneath him and contrary to his nature.
Come to think of it, by doubting his compassion, I was discounting my own experience as a parent. I had long ago realized that having children takes you straight into the mystery of love. Hadn't I known what it felt like to love a child regardless of her stubborn determination to take the wrong path? How could I forget the joy I felt whenever one of my children admitted she had done something wrong and asked to be forgiven? Why did I think God would be a less generous parent than I was? How could I misconstrue his heart, twist his intentions, be so slow to believe in his kindness? After all, I had been created in his image, not he in mine, so it made sense that any goodness in me was merely a reflection of his greater goodness. I knew that any occasional disappointment in my children didn't threaten the foundation of our relationship. How could it when it was built on my fierce, unconditional love for them? Surely God's love was far stronger and deeper than mine.
As I continued to pray to the God of compassion, I felt my own sense of self-condemnation ebbing. I was able to look at my weaknesses calmly, honestly, and with hope because I knew I was standing in the presence of a Father who loved me. Looking at him made it easier to look at me.
I Long to Be Gracious to You
The Lord longs to be gracious to you; he rises to show you compassion. For the Lord is a God of justice. Blessed are all who wait for him!
O people of Zion, who live in Jerusalem, you will weep no more. How gracious he will be when you cry for help! As soon as he hears, he will answer you. Although the Lord gives you the bread of adversity and the water of affliction, your teachers will be hidden no more; with your own eyes you will see them. Whether you turn to the right or to the left, your ears will hear a voice behind you, saying, "This is the way; walk in it."
* * *
Lord, you are near even when my heart seems far from you. Open my eyes to your presence. Whether I turn to the left or to the right let me encounter your love.
I Will Reveal Myself to You
Then Moses said [to the Lord], "Now show me your glory."
And the Lord said, "I will cause all my goodness to pass in front of you, and I will proclaim my name, the Lord, in your presence. I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion....
Then the Lord came down in the cloud and stood there with him and proclaimed his name, the Lord. And he passed in front of Moses, proclaiming, "The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness."
I will see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living.
* * *
Lord, let your goodness pass in front of me. Help me to see you for who you are and to live my life according to this vision.
Monday IN THE MORNING
I Will Welcome You Back
When he [the prodigal son] came to his senses, he said, "How many of my father's hired men have food to spare, and here I am starving to death! I will set out and go back to my father and say to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I am no longer worthy to be called your son; make me like one of your hired men." So he got up and went to his father.
But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was filled with compassion for him; he ran to his son, threw his arms around him and kissed him.
In all their distress [the Lord] too was distressed, and the angel of his presence saved them. In his love and mercy he redeemed them; he lifted them up and carried them all the days of old.
* * *
Father, your son Jesus compared you to a broken-hearted man who was filled with compassion toward his foolhardy child. Thank you for revealing your father heart toward me today.
Excerpted from The Tender Words of God by Ann Spangler
Copyright © 2008 by Ann Spangler. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.


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Back in 2007, Nash found fans outside of her native London with "Foundations," a track whose punchy keys and attitude-drenched vocals invoked Amy Winehouse and preceded Florence & the Machines. With a second album that channels both Diana Ross and Kathleen Hannah, the singer has slowly but surely help create a niche that takes hints from both pop and punk, and gives the audience much to both hairbrush-sing and fist-pump about.
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From May 1 to May 31
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Live speech at Lyon College Thursday, September 15 at 7:00 pm
Don't miss it! Third party Presidential candidate Ken Cross will speak Thursday, September 15 from 7:00 to 8:00 pm at the Nucor Auditorium at Lyon College in Batesville, AR. This speech is open to the general public and will include a one hour question and answer session from 8:00 to 9:00 pm.
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UPDATE: Watch my September 15, 2016 live speech at Lyon College!
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The Advantage Of Building Foundations For Mobile Homes
The much-maligned mobile home is actually an amazingly versatile housing option. It has allowed millions of people to own their own homes at a minimal cost, and modern homes are durable, livable, and appealing. What happens underneath a mobile home is important, though! Installing a mobile home on the right kind of foundation is always a good idea.
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Google will officially retire the Google+ Local app for iOS on August 7.
While this retirement may seem strange from what many would believe is a popular product, it is actually part of Google streamlining and pushing users to migrate to the Google Maps for mobile app instead.
The Google Maps app already includes all the features in the Google+ Local app, so users won't miss any of their favorite features when they transition.
An email from Google states that users will no longer be able to access the Google+ Local standalone app after August 7, but the app already seems to have been pulled from the App Store, although it isn't clear who removed it. Clicking the link to the local app now redirects users to the Google Maps app.
On the surface it would seem that Google should continue with the Google+ Local app, simply because of the current user base. However, the user base for the app was extremely small, and was dropping, likely due to people switching to the new Google Maps app.
Fewer than 0.75 percent of iPhone users in the U.S. opened the Google+ Local App at least once in June, TechCrunch reported via Onavo Insights. By comparison, that number was nearly 35 percent for the Google Maps app. So you consider that all of the Google+ Local features are in Google Maps, it makes a lot of business sense for Google to support that one.
In another App closure, Google is also retiring their Catalogs app as of August 15 for both Android and iOS, but they do plan to continue maintaining the service for U.S. users as a web-based program. There is no reason given for why they have made this change, just simply a notice given in the Google catalogs app.
Google has closed and streamlines many of their products this year, including the most controversial closure of Google Reader earlier this month, but from which spawned the launch of several similar products from competitors, including AOL.
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To date the leaders of restaurant takeaway and delivery have prospered, largely, on an open approach, that allows customers to choose between mobile web and apps.
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Google announces two mobile-first product innovations at DMEXCO
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Which is the king of mobile: China or US? Where is the biggest opportunity?
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Eminem & Rihanna "Love the Way You Lie" Video Debuts
The eagerly awaited Eminem video featuring Rihanna was released yesterday. "Love the Way You Lie" is said to mirror parts of Eminem's tumultuous relationship with his twice-divorced ex, Kim, and stars Transformers star Megan Fox and Lost's Dominic Monaghan as lovers locked in an abusive relationship unable to break free from each other.
Megan Fox reportedly donated her fee to a women's shelter, and Rihanna's personal experience with abuse made this issue important to address.
The video is really well done and Rihanna's vocals the perfect haunting backdrop to this powerful story.
What did you think of the video?
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9 Comments
I think it's a neat insight into that sort of relationship. The way it's portrayed you get the sense that they love each other deeply in their way, and find it impossible to break free of each other.
I was worried that the video would glorify an abusive relationship as in "love hurts so this is ok" but instead they created a very powerful music video that really demonstrates how damaging an abusive relationship is. Looks like rehab was the best decision Eminem ever made, his new album is turning out to be amazing.
My son told me about this song and to watch the video I love it!The video is really raw they did a good job.The song is so catchy it just sticks in your head.
I last saw Dominic as a hobbit in Lord of the Rings - now that's a stretch to Slim Shady! Amazing job!
Being a die hard LOST fan I find it so odd to being seeing Dominic Monaghan in this type of role. That being said it is an extremely well done video.
I really liked the video and the song I love it!
I love this song and the music video :D
It's really well done. So sad.
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The Toasted Almond Cocktail is a drink you can make quickly and easily, and it's such a sweet little treat. You can make it the way bartenders do, which is to shake it and strain it into a glass. But at home, most people opt to just pour the ingredients in a glass with ice (or without, if you're using cream/milk straight from the refrigerator) and … [Read more...]
Rum 'n' Coke Gummies
You know Vodka Gummy Bears, right? And you know those little cola bottle gummies they sell that taste kind of like cola? And you know rum? You can see where I'm going with this. Rum 'n' Coke Gummies! How to make Rum 'n' Coke Gummies I recently soaked some cola bottle gummies in rum, using the newer, simpler technique I found for the vodka gummy bears. … [Read more...]
The Boulevardier
If you've rejected the Negroni in the past because you don't like gin, you might want to try The Boulevardier. It uses whiskey instead of gin, and the flavor difference is surprising, even with the other ingredients being the same. I like a good Negroni, made with a gin that's strong enough to take on the intense combination of Campari and sweet … [Read more...]
Zolezzi Cocktail
The Zolezzi Cocktail has a bit of a story. It was invented by an unknown bartender at Cane's Cantina in San Diego for a couple by the last name of Zolezzi. The couple tweaked the drink for four months until it reached what they considered perfection. This drink features six ounces of liquor ingredients and about as many ounces of mixers. Three of … [Read more...]
Rum Sangaree
Recipes for the Rum Sangaree are many and varied. It's a drink from the Antilles that's nearly as old as the United States, and bartenders have been adapting and tweaking it ever since. Some call for light rum, others for dark. Some use lime juice, others an orange liqueur. Most call for Madeira or port, but you can also use a red wine you like. Some … [Read more...]
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The TFAP2C transcription factor is involved in mammary development, differentiation and oncogenesis. Previous studies established a role for TFAP2C in the regulation of ESR1 (ERα) and ERBB2 (Her2) in breast carcinomas. However, the role of TFAP2C in different breast cancer phenotypes has not been examined in detail. To develop a more complete characterization of TFAP2C target genes, ChIP-seq with anti-TFAP2C antibody and expression arrays with TFAP2C knock down were analyzed in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Genomic sequences common to the ChIP-seq data set defined the consensus sequence for TFAP2C chromatin binding as the nine base sequence SCCTSRGGS (S=G/C, R=A/G), which closely matches the previously defined optimal in vitro binding site. Comparing expression arrays before and after knock down of TFAP2C with ChIP-seq data demonstrated a conservative estimate that 8% of genes altered by TFAP2C expression are primary target genes and includes genes that are both induced and repressed by TFAP2C. A set of 447 primary target genes of TFAP2C was identified, which included ESR1 (ERα), FREM2, RET, FOXA1, WWOX, GREB1, MYC and members of the retinoic acid response pathway. The identification of ESR1, WWOX, GREB1 and FOXA1 as primary targets confirmed the role of TFAP2C in hormone response. TFAP2C plays a critical role in gene regulation in hormone responsive breast cancer and its target genes are different than for the Her2 breast cancer phenotype.
TFAP2C is a member of the retinoic acid-inducible, developmentally regulated family of AP-2 factors that include five members—TFAP2A (AP-2α), TFAP2B (AP-2β), TFAP2C (AP-2γ), TFAP2D (AP-2δ) and TFAP2E (AP-2ε) (Williams et al., 1988; Moser et al., 1995; Bosher et al., 1996; Zhao et al., 2001; Feng and Williams 2003). AP-2 factors bind to GC-rich regulatory elements in the promoters of target genes through a helix-loop-helix motif in the DNA binding domain, which, except for TFAP2D, is highly homologous in all the AP-2 family members (Eckert et al., 2005). The original report of the AP-2 binding site identified the sequence GCCNNNGGC for the consensus sequence (Williams and Tjian 1991), but later studies suggested greater variability for the end nucleotides and evidence for sequence preferences of the internal triad (McPherson and Weigel 1999). Although binding studies based on in vitro analysis have been valuable, detailed analysis of the sequence involved in chromatin binding by endogenously expressed protein in vivo has not been reported.
AP-2 factors play a critical role in the development and differentiation of ectodermal structures. The AP-2 factors are expressed early in differentiation of the ectoderm and specify cell fates within the epidermis and neural crest (Hoffman et al., 2007; Li and Cornell 2007). Within the human mammary gland, TFAP2A is expressed by 14 weeks gestation and by 22 weeks its expression becomes restricted to the luminal epithelial cells (Friedrichs et al., 2007). TFAP2C is widely expressed within secondary outgrowths in the human mammary gland by 19 weeks gestation, whereas later in development and in the adult mammary gland TFAP2C expression is restricted to myoepithelial cells (Friedrichs et al., 2005; 2007). Overexpression of TFAP2A or TFAP2C in mouse mammary epithelial cells using a MMTV-driven transgene induced both hyperproliferation and apoptosis resulting in lactation failure with an overall hypoplasia of the alveolar mammary epithelium during pregnancy (Jager et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2003). In mammary tumor models, both TFAP2A and TFAP2C have been shown to be important to cell proliferation, establishment of colonies in soft agar, cell migration and xenograft outgrowth (Orso et al., 2008). However, overexpression of TFAP2C in a MMTV/neu transgenic mouse model resulted in a reduction in the number of tumors and a prolongation of latency (Jager et al., 2005).
From a clinical standpoint, breast cancer phenotypes are commonly divided into four categories based on the expression pattern of the steroid hormone receptors estrogen receptor-alpha (ERS1/ ERα) and progesterone receptor (PGR) and the cell surface receptor ERBB2/HER2/NEU (Sorlie et al., 2001). In addition, the expression patterns of ESR1 and ERBB2 are predictive of the clinical response to anti-hormonal therapy, such as Tamoxifen, and Herceptin, respectively. Furthermore, the various breast cancer phenotypes share common biologic properties and related patterns of gene expression. Interestingly, AP-2 factors have been implicated in the regulation of both ESR1 and ERBB2 expression. In cell line models, TFAP2C binds to the ESR1 promoter and regulates expression from the cloned promoter (deConinck et al., 1995; McPherson et al., 1997; Schuur et al., 2001). In addition, knock down of TFAP2C, but not TFAP2A, significantly reduced ESR1 expression and estrogen response (Woodfield et al., 2007). In contrast, expression patterns in primary breast cancers have demonstrated a correlation between ESR1 and TFAP2A expression (Gee et al., 1999; Turner et al., 1998). On the other hand, several investigators have reported that expression of TFAP2C correlates with reduced survival and Tamoxifen resistance, suggesting a role for TFAP2C in the estrogen signaling pathway (Guler et al., 2007; Gee et al., 2009).
Several studies have demonstrated a role for AP-2 factors in the regulation of ERBB2 expression. AP-2 sites were identified in the promoter of the ERBB2 (HER2) gene and TFAP2A and TFAP2C appear to be capable of inducing expression of the cloned ERBB2 promoter (Bosher et al., 1996; Begon et al., 2005; Delacroix et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2006). In MDA-MB-453 cells, TFAP2C was shown to bind to the ERBB2 promoter and knock down of TFAP2C significantly reduced ERBB2 expression (Ailan et al., 2009). In BT474 breast carcinoma cells, both TFAP2A and TFAP2C were shown to participate in the regulation of ERBB2 expression (Allouche et al., 2008). Furthermore, a correlation has been established between TFAP2A expression and the expression of ERBB2 in primary breast cancers (Turner et al., 1998; Pellikainen et al., 2004; Allouche et al., 2008). In another apparent paradox, high expression of TFAP2C was correlated with the triple negative basal breast cancer phenotype (ESR1-negative/PGR-negative/ERBB2-negative). If AP-2 factors are involved in regulation of ESR1 and ERBB2, it is not clear why high levels of AP-2 expression fail to correlate with ESR1 or ERBB2 expression in the basal phenotype.
One possibility that might explain apparent inconsistencies in AP-2 expression is that examining patterns of AP-2 expression has failed to consider alterations in the functional activity of the factors. For example, the interaction between TFAP2C and other co-factors may re-direct AP-2 to different target genes (McPherson et al., 2002; Eckert et al., 2005). Similarly, functional interactions with co-activators or co-repressors may alter the ability of bound AP-2 to alter transcription. Furthermore, epigenetic modification of certain target genes may make the promoter inaccessible to AP-2 factors, thereby essentially altering the patterns of expression controlled by AP-2 in different breast phenotypes (Woodfield et al., 2009). To better define the functional specificity of AP-2 and identify additional primary target genes, we utilized chromatin immunoprecipitation with direct sequencing of precipitated fragments (ChIP-seq) to characterize the genomic interactions of TFAP2C in hormone responsive MCF-7 cells.
The MCF-7 cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained as previously described (Weigel and deConinck 1993).
On Target Plus siRNA for TFAP2C (J-005238-07), TFAP2A (WOOGE-000001) and Non-targeting siRNA (D-001210-01-05) were obtained from Dharmacon (Lafayette, CO) and used according to the manufacturer as previously described (Woodfield et al., 2007).
After 72 hours following transfection with siRNA, total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and subjected to analysis on the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) in conjunction with the DNA Core Facility at the University of Iowa following the GeneChip Expression Analysis Technical Manual as previously described (Woodfield et al., 2007). Expression array data included is available under the accession number GSE8640. PartekGS software (Partek Inc, St. Louis, MO) implementing the robust microarray analysis algorithm was used to generate gene expression values. For RT-PCR analysis for single genes, total RNA was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blots were performed to confirm knock-down as previously described (Woodfield et al., 2007). TaqMan primers and detection probes for specific genes were as follows: FOXA1 Assay Hs00270129_m1, WWOX Assay Hs03044790_m1, FREM2 Assay Hs00872621_m1 (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA).
ChIP analysis for specific genes was performed as previously described (Woodfield et al., 2009) using real-time PCR for detection of immunoprecipitated chromatin for genes of interest as follows: FOXA1-S1 (FOXA1f 5-CAGATGACAAGGGGAGAGGA, FOXA1r 5-AAAAAGCCCCACTTTTGCTT); FOXA1-NCS1 (FOXA1NCS1f 5-CTGCCCATACAGAGTGCTCA, FOXA1NCS1r 5-CAGTTGCTTTCCCTCTCTGG); WWOX-S1 (WWOXf 5- GAGAGGAAGGCGGTGAAAGT, WWOXr 5-CTGGCCCGAAACTGGATG); WWOX-NCS1 (WWOX-NCSf 5-TCTGGTGGTTCAGGGAAGAC, WWOX-NCSr 5-CTGGCATGGGTTCTTACGTT); ESR1-S1(ESR-S1f 5-TTTGCAGATGTTAATACATTTCAGC, ESR-S1r 5-CCCACAAAGGTTTAGCCAGT); FREM2-S1 (FREM2f 5-ACTGCGAAGAGAACAGGAACGTCT, FREM2r 5-CTTTGCAACCGAGGTTCACAGAGT, FREM2p 5- FAMGCATTTCTCACGCATTCCAAA). For FREM2 the specific probe used for detection is shown. For FOXA1, ESR1 and WWOX amplifications, sybr-green dye was used for detection without a specific probe. All PCR reactions were also analyzed by gel electrophresis confirming size of amplicon.
Preparation of DNA for chromatin immunoprecipitation with direct sequencing (ChIP-Seq) experiments were carried out as previously described with minor modifications (Woodfield et al., 2009). One hundred million cells were cross-linked for 10 min at 37°C using 0.7% formaldehyde, 0.125 M glycine. Cells were washed twice with PBS, re-suspended in lysis buffer [50 mmol/L HEPES (pH 8.0), 85 mmol/L KCl, 0.5% IPEGAL CA-630 + Roche complete protease inhibitors (Indianapolis, IN)] and incubated for 5 minutes. Cells were collected by centrifugation and cell pellets were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at minus 80° C. Cell pellets were thawed in lysis buffer, collected by centrifugation and cell nuclei were re-suspended in RIPA buffer [1×PBS, 1% IPEGAL CA-630, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS + Roche Complete protease inhibitors]. Chromatin was sonicated using conditions determined empirically for MCF-7 cells to achieve an optimal fragment length between 400 to 100 bp. After sonication, samples were centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant containing cross-linked DNA/histones was diluted with IP dilution buffer to 2 mg/ml [0.01% SDS, 1.1% Triton-X 100, 1.2 mmol/L EDTA, 16.7 mmol/L Tris-Cl, pH 8.1, 167 mmol/L NaCl] plus protease inhibitors]. Half the sample was immunoprecipitated with 10 μg of TFAP2C monoclonal antibody SC-12762X (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), which was previously shown to be specific for TFAP2C without cross reactivity to TFAP2A, and half with control nonspecific IgG (Upstate, Waltham, MA) with the addition of Dynal sheep anti-mouse Dynabeads and allowed to recognize their antigens overnight at 4°C with rotation. Protein/antibody/DNA complexes were collected magnetically followed by washing and elution. Protein/DNA cross-links were reversed using 200 mmol/L NaCl at 65°C overnight. DNA was treated with Proteinase K and RNase A and was recovered with Qia Quick PCR Kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's suggested protocol. Input chromatin was processed identically as the IP chromatin samples. Purified DNA was quantified by using a NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop, Wilmington, DE).
Chromatin-immunoprecipitated DNA samples were prepared for and sequenced using an Illumina Genome Analyzer GAII at the Iowa State University DNA Facility according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Illumina, San Diego, CA). ChIP-Seq libraries were prepared by repairing the DNA fragment ends, adding an 'A' to the 3′ end of the repaired fragments, and ligating adapters using Illumina's ChIP-Seq sample prep kit. Libraries were enriched by 15 cycles of PCR amplification and size selected (200-300bp) on a 2% agarose gel. Libraries were quantified and the sizes checked on a Bioanalyzer 2100 using the DNA 1000 and high sensitivity DNA chips. For the libraries reported, the IgG library was 208 bp and the TFAP2C library was 227 bp. Libraries were clustered on the flow cell using the v.2 cluster generation kit (Illumina). The flowcell was loaded onto a Genome Analyzer II and subjected to single sequencing using v.3 36 cycle sequencing kit (Illumina). Image analysis, base calling and alignment were performed using Pipeline v.1.3 software. Sequences were aligned to the humanHG18 genome using the program ELAND.
Illumina reads were aligned using default Eland alignments (Iowa State University, DNA Facility) and imported into Partek GS v 6.4 (Partek Inc St. Louis, MO) using the standard Chip-seq workflow except that peaks were allowed to extended 300 bp rather than the default 100 bp, which optimized known TFAP2C binding locations. Peaks that overlapped between the two sets (IgG and TFAP2C) where considered likely to be false positive and the data was filtered using two criteria. A ratio between the number of reads in the TFAP2C experiment over the number of reads in the IgG control sample was calculated and any peak that had a ratio ≤ 25 was excluded. Also any peak that had more than 10 reads in the peak from IgG control was excluded and furthermore any peak that had a peak height < 100 in TFAP2C was excluded. Another filter was an in-house script, which looked at the peak boundaries and assessed its location relative to the gene location, using information from the UCSC database. Peaks were included as being unambiguously associated with a known gene if the peak was ≤ 5000 bp upstream from a gene (5′ flanking region) or contained within the 5′ UTR, or in one of the first four introns with exons excluded. This resulted in 1384 peaks. These genes were put into Ingenuity and Go Elite (Salomonis et al., 2007) to identify common themes, interactions or ontologies. DNA sequences from the peaks were also used in the Partek motif prediction tool to generate hidden markov model predictions of site conservation within the peaks listed. In order to assess the reliablilty of the Partek peak predictions, two other peak prediction programs, Findpeaks (v4.0.12) (http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/vancouvershortr/index.php) and cisGenome (v 1.2) (Ji et al., 2008), were both used (also with default settings) to predict peaks from the same source data. An in-house script was used to find overlap either complete (peaks overlap at both ends +/- 100 bp) or middle (Partek peak contained within the ends of the other prediction software +/-100 bp. cisGenome was also used to estimate a False Discovery Rate (FDR), a feature Partek does not include, to estimate how confident the peak predictions were at the thresholds chosen. The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (Edgar et al., 2002) and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE21234 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE21234).
Previous efforts to identify genes that are primary transcriptional targets for AP-2 factors have utilized expression arrays from which additional experiments were performed based on possible AP-2 regulatory and promoter regions. This process may fail to identify important AP-2 target genes, may overlook important regulatory elements within genes regulated by AP-2 factors or may incorrectly identify certain genes as primary targets of AP-2 transcriptional control. Furthermore, this process is labor-intensive and lacks a mechanism to scan the genome for the most interesting AP-2 regulatory regions. To better define the scope of genes that are transcriptionally regulated by AP-2, ChIP-seq was employed to identify regions of the genome bound by endogenously expressed TFAP2C in the MCF-7 hormone responsive breast carcinoma cell line. It has previously been shown that MCF-7 cells express TFAP2C predominantly and also express significantly less amounts of TFAP2A (Woodfield et al., 2007). ChIP-seq generated 11,932,494 reads from the library prepared from immunoprecipitations with anti-TFAP2C and 8,183,070 reads were unambiguously mapped to the genome. A total of 16,048,336 reads were generated from the library prepared from IgG immunoprecipitations and 8,136,292 reads were mapped. The sequence length was 35 bp. The sequence data from ChIP-seq was analyzed to define peaks representing chromosomal regions with significant TFAP2C binding using Partek, CisGenome and FindPeaks software programs. As an additional control, a parallel set of immunoprecipitations were performed using a non-specific IgG antibody. The use of IgG as a negative control has some advantages in eliminating peaks that may be due to non-specific chromatin precipitation (Park, 2009). Figure 1 illustrates an example of IgG and TFAP2C peaks defined by CisGenome and Partek for chromosome 1. Data from ChIP-seq performed with non-specific IgG demonstrate prominent non-specific peaks located in the region of the telomeres, centromere and occasionally at other sites within the chromosome. The pattern of peak recognition is highly similar comparing the two software programs. Using CisGenome a false-discovery rate (FDR) was calculated. For peaks with 10 reads, the FDR was 0.000342 and for peaks with at least 16 reads, the FDR was less than 0.000001. For TFAP2C there were 27,759 peaks defined by cisGenome with 16 reads or more scattered across the entire MCF-7 genome or an average of 1,200 TFAP2C binding sites per chromosome.
In an effort to focus on the most prominent peaks or potentially those with the most biologic relevance, the TFAP2C binding peaks were analyzed using Partek under increasingly stringent criteria. Restricting the analysis to TFAP2C peaks with less than 10 reads from IgG immunoprecipitations and a minimum of 25-fold enrichment in the ChIP performed with TFAP2C antibody compared to non-specific IgG reduced the analysis to a set of 7,643 peaks, with 3141 of these peaks greater than 5 kbp from a defined gene. The data were further restricted to include only those peaks of greater than 100 relative peak height (or reads) reducing the list to 3552 peaks. By comparison cisGenome at a criterion of 50 reads identified 6336 peaks and all but 42 of the 3552 peaks defined by Partek were contained within this set of 6336 peaks. Using FindPeaks software with the criterion of 50 reads, a total of 10,540 peaks were identified and all 3552 peaks from Partek were included in this set. Within the set of 3552 peaks defined using Partek with the stated criteria, 2,087 peaks occurred within 5 kbp of one of 1202 genes. Figure 2 summarizes the number of peaks identified with the different criteria. As seen in Figure 2, the majority of the interactions between TFAP2C and target genes occurred in the 5′ region of the gene, which included the region 5 kbp upstream of the cap site (5′ Flanking), the 5′ UTR or within the first several introns.
The data from ChIP-seq were compared to expression array data from MCF-7 cells in which TFAP2C was knocked down using siRNA compared to mock (non-targeting siRNA) transfected cells. Since expression arrays tend to under estimate the alterations of gene expression, a cut-off of 1.3-fold relative change in expression was used to restrict the analysis to genes that had evidence of altered expression with TFAP2C knock down (Figures 2 and and3).3). Expression array analysis identified 5520 genes whose relative expression was altered by 1.3-fold or greater with knock down of TFAP2C. An additional 100 genes had ambiguous results largely due to genes with multiple probes on the array with discordant expression results. Within this group of 5520 genes, 2499 (45%) increased and 3021 (55%) decreased with TFAP2C knock down. There were 1384 TFAP2C binding peaks occurring in 1202 genes identified, which met the defined criteria (IgG reads <10, ratio TFAP2C to IgG peak >25, TFAP2C peak height >100, occurring within 5′ Flanking, 5′ UTR or first four introns of a gene). Details of the set of 1384 peaks can be found within Supplemental File 1. There were 447 (447/1202, 37%) genes associated with peaks that also demonstrated altered expression of 1.3-fold or more. An additional 89 genes with defined peaks were not represented on the Affymetrix arrays and could not be assessed for gene expression changes. The 447 target genes encompassed 527 defined binding peaks with several genes having more than one AP-2 regulatory region identified. These data suggest that only 8% (447/5520) of the genes with altered expression following TFAP2C knock down are primary targets for AP-2 transcriptional regulation. The data also indicate that TFAP2C can act to either induce or repress gene expression through direct promoter interactions.
Previous studies defined a consensus binding site for TFAP2C utilizing an in vitro PCR-assisted selection process and gel shift competition (McPherson and Weigel 1999). The optimal consensus sequence for binding of TFAP2C was previously identified as the nine base pair sequence GCCTGAGGG. As shown in Figure 4A, the consensus site defined by in vitro selection was notable for an overwhelming preference for a G in position 1, a C in positions 2 and 3, a strong preference for a G in positions 7 and 8 and either a G or C in position 9. A consensus element was sought based on the chromosomal peaks defined by ChIP-seq analysis. Searching for a sequence motif, using hidden markov modeling within the set of 527 peaks derived from 447 TFAP2C target genes that demonstrated >1.3-fold expression change, generated the consensus site shown in Figure 4B. This motif was the only site reliably identified within the sequences from the set of binding peaks described. The consensus site derived from in vivo ChIP-seq analysis of TFAP2C has many of the same elements of the 9-base consensus site previously reported with some interesting differences. First, the consensus site derived from ChIP-seq data was remarkably similar to the optimal consensus site (GCCTGAGGG), which was previous defined from in vitro selection. There was a clear preference for a C in positions 2 and 3 and a G in position 8. Positions 1 and 9 demonstrated an approximately equal preference for either C or G. Positions 6 and 7 had either a G or A with a slight preference for A at position 6 and a G at position 7. Position 4 was most often a T and position 5 a C or G. The remarkable similarity to the 9-base optimal site previously defined by in vitro selection indicates that the ChIP-seq technique is likely providing meaningful chromatin binding data. An analysis based on 1384 peaks that were included regardless of transcriptional effect on gene expression with TFAP2C knock-down resulted in the consensus element shown in Figure 4C, which has many of the same features as the motif defined from regions in close proximity to known genes.
To confirm the findings from ChIP-seq, the TFAP2C binding regions of several genes were examined in more detail. Figure 5 diagrams the TFAP2C peaks in the genes for ESR1, FOXA1, FREM2 and WWOX. ChIP-seq localized a TFAP2C binding peak in the ESR1 gene within the 80 bp region of chromosome 6 from 152066108 to 152066188, which was associated with the upstream transcriptional start sites we previously characterized as the H-exons (Thompson et al., 1997). A second major TFAP2C peak of 75 bp in length was identified in the third intron of the ESR1 gene on chromosome 6 from 152264110 to 152264185 (marked as S1 in top panel, Figure 5). A third, less prominent peak was evident at the transcriptional start site for the main ESR1 cap site located on chromosome 6 at 152170670 (marked as P1 in top panel, Figure 5), which corresponds to the AP-2 regulatory region previously identified (deConinck et al., 1995; Schuur et al., 2001). Major TFAP2C peaks were found near the main transcriptional start sites for FOXA1, FREM2 and WWOX, as shown in Figure 5 (all designated as S1). In the case of FOXA1, two prominent TFAP2C peaks can also been seen approximately 5 kbp downstream of the gene. Primer pairs were generated at each of the main TFAP2C peaks for ESR1, FOXA1, FREM2 and WWOX as well as sites near the genes for FOXA1 and WWOX that were not associated with TFAP2C binding (referred to as negative control sites, NCS). Conventional real-time PCR analysis of ChIP comparing immunoprecipitations with anti-TFAP2C and IgG was performed at each site as shown in Figure 6. Amplification of 200 to 550-fold was found at each site for ChIP performed with anti-TFAP2C compared to IgG. By comparison, minimal differences between anti-TFAP2C and IgG were noted at the NCS in the FOXA1 and WWOX genes. Previous published quantitative ChIP analysis performed at the P1 site in the ESR1 gene demonstrated an intermediated amplification over IgG of approximately 35-fold enrichment (Woodfield et al., 2009). Data from expression arrays were similarly confirmed by analyzing RNA from MCF-7 cells transfected with siRNA directed against TFAP2C or NT siRNA. Western blot confirmed appropriate knock-down of AP-2 protein (Figure 7A). We had previously shown significant reduction in ESR1 mRNA expression after knock-down of TFAP2C in MCF-7 cells (Woodfield et al., 2007). RT-PCR of RNA comparing NT and TFAP2C siRNA confirmed knock-down of TFAP2C mRNA and associated reduction in the expression of WWOX, FOXA1 and FREM2 (Figure 7B).
A number of primary target genes suggest important biologic function for TFAP2C in breast cancer including the regulation of ESR1, FREM2, RET, FOXA1, WWOX, GREB1, MYC and several members of the retinoic acid response pathway. Several genes involved in hormone response were found to be TFAP2C primary target genes in MCF-7 cells including ESR1, WWOX, FOXA1, and GREB1. A summary of the primary TFAP2C target genes is presented in Table 1. The list is presented according to GO Category and genes with diverse functions were listed in the first category shown and not repeated to avoid duplication of the list. Based on the set of 447 primary target genes, relationships between the genes and network associations were sought using Ingenuity Systems Analysis. The main pathway identified from the list of primary TFAP2C target genes identified a major role for TFAP2C in regulation of cell growth and proliferation (Fig. 8). In addition to ESR1 and a role in hormone response, MYC and several genes in the MYC pathway were also identified as TFAP2C target genes. The genes involved in proliferation also included the ERK kinase network. TFAP2C repressed the expression of several genes associated with retinoic acid signaling (Fig. 8 inset). The network involving RARA and RXRA included CRABP2, which was previously shown to be regulated by AP-2 transcription factors (McPherson et al., 2007).
Over the last several years, numerous studies have described associations between the expression of TFAP2C and important clinical findings in breast cancer (Pellikainen and Kosma 2007). However, most studies have examined expression of TFAP2C, which may not correlate with functional activity of the protein. For example, epigenetic modifications in the regulatory regions of certain TFAP2C target genes can alter the binding capability and hence the transcriptional activity of TFAP2C at certain promoters (Woodfield et al., 2009). It is also possible that the interaction between TFAP2C and other factors may alter the ability for TFAP2C to bind to or activate specific promoters (Eckert et al., 2005). ChIP-seq is a new technique that allows an examination of transcription factor binding to the entire genome without limiting the examination to a set of known target genes. Herein we have described the genomic interactions of TFAP2C in hormone responsive MCF-7 cells. Our findings corroborate earlier studies of TFAP2C activity and extend those findings by defining primary targets versus genes that are regulated by TFAP2C activity though secondary or tertiary effects. The findings also identified the precise location for genomic interactions of TFAP2C.
One goal of the current analysis was to define the DNA consensus binding site as determined by in vivo chromatin interactions between the human genome and endogenously expressed TFAP2C. Most notably, the consensus site from the ChIP-seq data, SCCTSRGGS (S=G/C, R=A/G), is consistent with the optimal binding site, GCCTGAGGG, which was determined by in vitro PCR-assisted binding site selection (McPherson and Weigel 1999). The finding that the consensus site from the ChIP-seq data closely matched the previously defined optimal binding site for TFAP2C provided one level of evidence supporting the technical success of the ChIP-seq experiments. However, it should also be recognized that the criteria used to define the optimal binding site in the in vitro experiments were partly based on gel-shift competitions, which established the relative strength of binding. The criteria used to filter the ChIP-seq data may have similarly selected the strongest interactions. Hence, there may be physiologically important interactions between TFAP2C and certain target genes that may have been excluded by the selection criteria.
It was surprising to find that only 8% of genes with significant alterations in expression with knock down of TFAP2C were defined as primary target genes. This finding implies that over 90% of the changes in gene expression were due to secondary or tertiary effects. Indirect mechanisms of gene regulation include the regulation of transcription factors (such as RARA, RXRA and ZFHX3) that regulate other genes and could account for a significant alteration of gene expression by TFAP2C without the factor directly regulating the expression of genes with altered expression. It is also possible that TFAP2C alters patterns of expression by influencing the processing, splicing or stability of certain mRNAs. It should be noted that the selection criteria used to define binding peaks focused attention on the strongest interactions but may have overlooked physiologically significant interactions between TFAP2C and AP-2 regulatory regions. There are likely to be several physical and functional reasons for ChIP-seq to identify certain locations over another and may relate to the stability of the interaction, the number of AP-2 proteins bound or the accessibility of the antibody to the AP-2 epitope. As more data is acquired using ChIP-seq, it may be found that additional chromosomal regions of interaction are significant and the number of primary target genes might increase. Furthermore, the criterion that a binding peak be located within 5 kbp of a defined gene was used to allow a degree of certainty about the gene regulated by a given site. It is possible that TFAP2C binding located at greater distances could account for regulation of genes that were not included in the current list. The criteria used in the current analysis were chosen to be conservative to assure that the genes identified were indeed primary targets. As noted in Figure 3, there were also a significant number of binding peaks not associated with significant alterations in gene expression with TFAP2C knock down. Several possibilities might explain this finding. First, knock down of TFAP2C by siRNA is not absolute and it is possible that certain genes are sensitive to low levels of residual expression after knock down. Second, genes that did not demonstrate an alteration with TFAP2C knock down may also be transcriptional targets for TFAP2A. Hence, eliminating TFAP2C alone might not be sufficient to alter expression. It will be interesting to determine how many of the genes in this category are also found to be targeted by TFAP2A. Finally, the role of TFAP2C might be to modulate the level of expression of target genes and our inclusion criteria of 1.3 may exclude genes whose effect by TFAP2C is more subtle. As noted above, the criteria chosen for the analysis were conservative to allow for a relative level of certainty to identify primary TFAP2C target genes.
The ChIP-seq data provide important mechanistic insight into gene regulation that had not previously been possible. Regulation of the ESR1 gene is one example of the power of the ChIP-seq technique. Previous studies identified the ESR1 gene as a primary target of TFAP2C (deConinck et al., 1995; Schuur et al., 2001; Woodfield et al., 2007). Indeed, ChIP-seq identified TFAP2C binding at the main transcriptional start site of the ESR1 gene, however, this was clearly not the main binding location as determined by strength of the interaction. Prominent interactions of TFAP2C were also identified just downstream of exon Hb and within the third intron of the main ESR1 transcript. Neither of these sites had previously been suspected and would not likely have been identified using conventional techniques to scan the entire ESR1 regulatory region, which spans over 200 kbp. Similarly, TFAP2C binding sites were identified 5 kbp downstream of the FOXA1 transcribed region. Currently there is no definitive method to determine how one or another binding region relates to regulation of gene transcription. For example, it is possible that the relatively weak TFAP2C binding at the main ESR1 transcriptional start site plays a more influential role in transcription than the very prominent site in the third intron 93 kbp downstream of the main transcriptional start site. Alternatively, some sites might be activating while others may actually repress transcription. Despite these limitations, knowing the precise location of TFAP2C binding will allow a more in-depth analysis of specific regulatory regions.
An examination of the TFAP2C target genes indicated several pathways regulated in Luminal A breast cancer. The data confirmed involvement of the estrogen response pathway and the finding was consistent with previous results examining expression patterns controlled by TFAP2C in MCF-7 cells, which concluded that TFAP2C regulated the expression of multiple pathways related to hormone response (Woodfield et al., 2007). Other primary target genes of TFAP2C that were identified in the current study included WWOX, GREB1 and FOXA1, which play a critical role in hormone responsive breast cancer. WWOX and TFAP2C expression are associated with hormone resistance, although a direct correlation between WWOX expression and TFAP2C protein expression was not evident in patterns of gene expression in primary breast carcinomas (Guler et al., 2009). GREB1 is an estrogen-regulated gene that is important to hormone response in breast cancer. (Ghosh et al., 2000; Rae et al., 2005) FOXA1 is necessary for ESR1 (ERα) to interact with regulatory regions and knock down of FOXA1 blocks ESR1 (ERα) chromatin binding and gene expression (Carroll et al., 2005). Furthermore, FOXA1 is associated with ESR1 expression and correlates with an improved prognosis in hormone responsive breast cancer (Thorat et al., 2008; Albergaria et al., 2009). These associations demonstrate an expanded role for TFAP2C in hormone response in breast cancer. TFAP2C was also found to regulate pathways related to retinoic acid response and MYC regulation. These networks play important roles in regulating growth and differentiation in breast cancer and further define the critical role of TFAP2C in breast cancer biology. The findings related to MYC is particularly interesting in light of the recent finding that TFAP2A also binds to the MYC promoter to repress its transcription (Yu et al., 2009).
One recent study examined the genomic binding of TFAP2C in MDA-MB-453 breast carcinoma cells and reported four target genes—ERBB2, CDH2, HPSE and IGSF11 (Ailan et al., 2009). Interestingly, none of these genes were identified as TFAP2C targets by either the current ChIP-seq analysis or expression array data in MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, IGSF5 and another cadherin family member (CDH3) were identified as primary TFAP2C target genes in the current study. This apparent discrepancy is informative and suggests that the genes transcriptionally regulated by TFAP2C are dependent upon the specific breast cancer phenotype examined. Furthermore, the data support a model where TFAP2C binds to different regions of the genome in various cell phenotypes. The MCF-7 cell line is a model for the Luminal A (ESR1-positive/ERBB2-negative) breast cancer phenotype, whereas the expression pattern in MDA-MB-453 is more consistent with the Her2 phenotype (ESR1-negative/ERBB2-positive). The role of AP-2 in different breast cancer phenotypes will likely have important clinical relevance. As demonstrated by Pellikainen et al. (2004), patients with an ERBB2-negative/AP-2-positive expression pattern have a better prognosis than patients with an ERBB2-positive/AP-2-positive pattern. Given the role of AP-2 in regulation of ERBB2, this suggests that AP-2 factors have different activities in different breast cancer phenotypes. Hence, it is likely that TFAP2C will have different roles in the various histologic phenotypes of breast cancer and furthermore, TFAP2C transcriptional activity is responsible for the clinically relevant breast cancer biology. Determining the molecular basis for altered TFAP2C activity in the various breast cancer phenotypes will provide important insight into the clinical phenotypic differences in breast carcinomas.
We acknowledge Michael D. Baker, PhD, from the DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Iowa State University for technical assistance in performing ChIP-seq library construction and sequencing.
Supported by: The National Institutes of Health grant R01CA109294 (PI: R.J. Weigel) and the Kristen Olewine Milke Breast Cancer Research Fund.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
15 brand new beauty products to put on your radar.
Tag: Benefit
The February Hit List
My latest beauty obsessions and discoveries.
Violet Bloom
A luminous, fresh-faced look for Spring.
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Gift Guide: For The BFF
7 gifts for the Betty to your Veronica.
Gift Guide: Under $75
The most covetable gifts at the most popular price point.
Gift Guide: Under $50
Over 30 covetable gift sets that are sure to please.


text: We ate here in January 2009 and it was the most unpleasant experience we've ever had in Lincoln. First, we sat for 25 minutes waiting to be served in a nearly empty restaurant. Then the waitress came and was so rude we could hardly believe she was employed there. We thought maybe were we on a Candid Camera episode! The first course was our appetizers and they were cold, and the hot and sour soup tasted like it was about 2 weeks old. I literally spit it out into my napkin. When I complained about the soup, the waitress all of a sudden forgot her English and just walked away. We took her lead, and we just walked out. This is the same people that run the Jade River Buffet, which is also horrible. Run away! This place is nasty! The other reviews have to have been made by relatives.


text:
Boys germs that little girls catch when they touch them....ewwwww
That girl has got cooties from that boy who just touched her
Beküldő: Stef ROCS 2003. június 25.
n. pl. Slang. Lice. Girls got them dude.
Dude, girls have cooties.
Beküldő: Zach Moore 2005. március 30.
\"disease\" given from one person to the next.
In 1864 an elemtry school teacher in new york was talking to her children about \"touching\" each other, so she said \"you\'ll get cooties if you touch her/him!\" and it went on from that
Beküldő: asdjkgaiogjdklsjfal;djf;lksdahjugihr;aigr 2005. április 26.
A mythical disease carried by young women prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks, replaced since then by skankthrax.
"Bug off, Susie! I don't want your cooties!"
Beküldő: Gahmuret 2006. július 22.
A disease that MEN/ BOYS have.
girl: " don't play with that boy, he has COOTIES ! "
Beküldő: Shmoozums 2006. január 5.
Body lice in the crotch area; same as crabs.
Jerome was often a muff diver and quite frequently you could see the cooties in his eyebrows.
Beküldő: Richard Black 2005. március 15.
Retarded bullshit that 11 and under boys believe that girls have.
"a girl wants too beat me up, what do i do"
"Heh...53><0r her face"
"what? thats gross girls have cooties"
"Heh...53><0r her face"
"what? thats gross girls have cooties"
Beküldő: dj gs68 2003. július 7.


text:
New CS students turn out in force!
This past Thursday evening we held our kick-off event for new CS majors...
The BU Women in Computer Science group has won a Symantec Student Seed
Fund grant from the National Center for Women and Information Technology
(NCWIT). The BU WiCS will use the award to organize a resume/interview
workshop, ³Lecture Series² events involving professors and outside
speakers, and a bowling "Bonding/Orientation" event for new members.
More information about the BU WiCS group is provided here.
Congratulations to BU WiCS on winning the award! And special thanks for
the support from Symantec and NCWIT.


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Catalonia - A Cultural History
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Squeezed between more powerful France and Spain, Catalonia has endured a violent history. Its medieval empire that conquered Naples, Sicily and Athens was crushed by Spain. Its geography, with the Pyrenees falling sharply to the rugged Costa Brava, is tormented, too.Michael Eaude traces this history and its monuments: Roman Tarragona, celebrated by the poet Martial; Greek Empuries, lost for centuries beneath the sands; medieval Romanesque architecture in the Vall de Boi churches (a World Heritage Site) and Poblet and Santes Creus monasteries. He tells the stories of several of Catalonia's great figures: Abbot Oliva, who brought Moorish learning to Europe, the ruthless mercenary, Roger de Flor, and Verdaguer, handsome poet-priest.Catalonia is famous today for its twentieth-century art. This book focuses on the revolutionary Art Nouveau buildings (including the Sagrada Familia) of Antoni Gaudi. It also explores the region's artistic legacy: the young Picasso painting Barcelona's vibrant slums; Salvador Dali, inspired by the twisted rocks of Cap de Creus to paint his landscapes of the human mind; and Joan Miro, discovering the colours of the red earth at Montroig.
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Catalonia - A Cultural History
by Michael Eaude
Landscapes of the Imagination (Book 6)
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Catalonia - A Cultural History
by Michael Eaude
Landscapes of the Imagination (Book 6)
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by on September 29, 2016
eBook Details
- Andrews UK, October 2011
- Imprint:
Signal Books
- 9781908493248
- Language:
- English
- Download options:
- EPUB 2 (Adobe DRM)
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