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New DVDs for release Sept. 10
STAR TREK INTO DARKNESS (Paramount) J.J. Abrams' sequel to his successful reboot of the popular sci-fi franchise jettisoned everything that was distinctive and engaging in the 2009 movie in favor of effects, a too-familiar villain and an onslaught of insider jokes and references to past "Trek" mythology — boldly going nowhere new. With Chris Pine, Zachary Quinto, Benedict Cumberbatch, Zoe Saldana, Simon Pegg, John Cho, Karl Urban. (PG-13; violence, scenes of terrorism) ★★ »Read Full Article
Brantley Gilbert; Coldplay; Rascal Flatts; the Roots; Conor Oberst; Haley Bonar
The Roots »Read Full Article
Captain Mike's owners opening three restaurants in one in Kenosha, with fried chicken, doughnuts and steak
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Mike's Donuts & Chicken, Mike's Chicken & Donut Bar and Mike's Sportsbook & Wing Bar might open as soon as July 4 at 707 56th St. That's the former site of Pazzo restaurant. »Read Full Blog Post
Did Jim Rygiel put reference to UWM in 'Godzilla'?
Did Kenosha native and Oscar-winning visual effects artist Jim Rygiel include a reference to his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, a.k.a. UWM, in "Godzilla"?
Apparently not, despite suggestions on Twitter that he had. »Read Full Blog Post(3)
Traveling Beer Garden heads to its first park June 4
Milwaukee County Parks will bring beverages to park patrons when its Traveling Beer Garden opens June 4.
The park department has partnered with Sprecher Brewing Company to offer a twist on the biergartens that dotted Milwaukee in the 19th Century. The Traveling Beer Garden follows the theme set by seasonal beer gardens permanently in place at Estabrook Park, north of Capitol Drive along the Milwaukee River, and at Hoyt Park in Wauwatosa. »Read Full Article(3)
7 things to know about Waukesha 'Bachelorette' contestant Nick Viall
The most exciting part about last Monday's "Bachelorette" season premiere? One of the contestants is from Waukesha. Riveting season opener for the ABC show, right?
Nick Viall, 33, is a 1999 graduate of Waukesha North High School and one of 25 men vying for "Bachelorette" Andi Dorfman's heart. »Read Full Article(6)
Summer Reading preview: Pop culture books
On May 25, we're publishing our Summer Reading preview in the Journal Sentinel's Sunday Cue section and at TapMilwaukee.com, with dozens of suggestions for your enjoyment.
Chris Foran, who edits the Journal Sentinel's movie and TV coverage, recommends these pop-culture books: »Read Full Blog Post
On Tap Today: Dine in the Kitchen with Saehee
There are community gardens, so why not a community kitchen?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Dec 4, 2001
|Filing date
|Jun 3, 1999
|Priority date
|Jun 3, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Marcel Boschung, Jr., Joachim Heierlj
|Original Assignee
|Boschung Mecatronic Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (6), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/IB99/00999 filed Jun. 3, 1999.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for producing an early warning signal of slick conditions in a system for easy warning of slick road conditions as well as a process for the provision of at least one virtual measuring station in a system for early warning of slick road conditions. The invention further relates to a warning device for slick road conditions having at least one, automatic measuring station and at least one evaluating device as well as a process and a warning device for slick road conditions.
2. Discussion of the Background Information
Early warning of slick conditions is understood to mean the short-term forecast of icing on roads and bridges. The purpose of this early warning is the specific preventive use of the "scattering" service or automatic melting agent spray apparatus for avoiding hazardous road conditions.
Currently, the early warning of slick conditions is carried out for predetermined points in the road system at which measuring stations with active or passive probes are provided, which stations detect the initial formation of slick conditions. Thus, probes are provided in particular for the air temperature, the ground temperature, the moisture on the roadway, and the precipitation, as well as probes for the freezing temperature of the liquid present on the roadway. The readings of the probes are transmitted to an evaluating device that derives an alarm announcement from the measured values. The early warnings of slick conditions are thus limited to short selected sections of the road on which the measuring stations are arranged. An extension of the early warning of slick conditions to more sections of the road requires the installation of more measuring stations, such that reasons of cost hinder the per se desirable extensive coverage of the road system with measuring stations. It has therefore been proposed to achieve a broad-coverage early warning of slick conditions by recording information on the entire road system by thermography and to derive an early warning of slick conditions therefrom. In order to achieve broad-coverage early warning of slick conditions, the surface temperature of the road surface is thermographed in the entire road system on three different nights with different weather conditions. This yields three characteristic temperature profiles that show "cold" or "warn" sections of the road. These profiles are invoked for spatial interpolation of the present state of the roads outside the measuring station. This method has disadvantages. First, the number of temperature profiles is not nearly sufficient to cover all weather situations and times of day, which is tantamount to a coarse simplification of the interpolation, which can lead to loss of information throughout. Secondly, the dynamics of heat and moisture exchange are not taken into consideration, since each thermal cartogram is necessarily a snapshot of the road conditions. The danger of slick conditions on a road section, however, depends on the previous weather conditions.
The present invention provides a process by which an extensive recording of information on the road system and an accurate early warning of slick conditions is possible at low cost.
According to the present invention, at least one virtual measuring station is operated for which an early signal of slick conditions can be produced.
By creating simulated or "virtual" measuring stations at any desired predetermined points in the road system, the coverage of the road system can be increased so appreciably that virtually complete recording is possible without great expenditure on apparatus. The virtual measuring stations are provided thereby with measurement data from real measuring stations (which does not, however, exclude the possibility of also equipping such a simulated measuring station with a probe actually present at the predetermined point) and have a site-specific set of parameters. The simulated measuring station can be formed thereby in the evaluating device or in a separate circuit.
The present invention furthermore provides create a process for providing such virtual measuring stations. In this regard, the site of the virtual measuring station in the road system is stipulated, and a determination is made about which meteorological data from which meteorological measuring stations are assigned to the virtual measuring station. Further, specific parameters are assigned to the virtual measuring station features of claim 10.
The present invention furthermore provides create a device for early warning of slick road conditions in which the broadest possible coverage of the road system is possible with a low expenditure on equipment.
A device for early warning of slick road conditions includes at least one virtual measuring station which is provided for producing an early warning signal of slick conditions.
A process and a device for early warning of slick road conditions are furthermore provided which that allow the degree of cloud cover to be determined in as low-maintenance and cost-effective a manner as possible.
This is achieved according to claims 9 and/or 18.
Examples of the invention are explained in more detail below on the basis of the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic partial view of a road system with the position of real and virtual measuring stations;
FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram for the parametrization of the measuring stations;
FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram for the formation of the early warning of slick conditions of a virtual measuring station, and
FIGS. 4a and 4 b show schematically a pyrradiometer or a section of road used to determine the cloud cover.
The procedure for forming a virtual measuring station and its operation are explained in greater detail below. FIG. 1 shows thereby schematically several roads 1, 2, 3, 4, of a road system, as well as an evaluating device 5 shown by a box-shaped symbol. Evaluation device 5 can be located, e.g., in a yard of the highway maintenance service and is formed, e.g., by a computer and interface circuits to connect the computer to the individual measuring stations. The computer is designed to send an early warning signal of slick conditions, and together with the measuring stations and the interface circuits, forms the system for early warning of slick conditions (GFS). Several conventional automatic measuring stations (AMS) as AMS1 to AMS5 are shown symbolically in the figure as dots in the road system. Such automatic measuring stations are known in principle and are not shown here in detail. They include, e.g., probes for air temperature, ground temperature, moisture on the roadway, precipitation, relative humidity or dew point, freezing temperature, air speed, air pressure, and amount of traffic. The individual probes are arranged thereby, e.g., on masts or in the surface of the roadway and are not described further here, since they are known. The probe data are sent to the evaluating device via electric wires or radio. This device can produce an early warning signal of slick conditions from these data for the corresponding measuring site, which is used as a signal for an entire section of road. According to the invention at least one virtual or simulated measuring station (VS) is now provided, where the virtual measuring stations VS1 to VS11 in FIG. 1 are drawn in as an example. As a rule, these virtual measuring stations have no probes, which does not, however, preclude the possibility of a probe being present for one of the measured values. However, the probe equipment of an automatic measuring station AMS is not present. Since no probes are provided in the virtual measuring stations, they also do not have any physical connection between the site of the virtual station and the evaluating device 5, but are recorded in this (or in another circuit or device) as virtual stations. Virtual stations can also be provided at the same sites at which automatic measuring stations are present, as is explained in more detail below; in FIG. 1 this is shown for AMS1/VS1, AMS4/VS4, and AMS5/VS5 as an example. Since the virtual stations can be operated as a rule without expenditure for apparatus on the street and without a connection to the evaluating device, they are cost-effective and can therefore be provided in the road system in large numbers, so that a broad-coverage monitoring of the road system can be effected. The arrangement of the road system in sectors having a virtual station or their placement can be determined according to the results of experiments to locate places in danger of slick conditions or, e.g., by means of thermography.
The chief component of each virtual station is a program that accesses the measurement data of adjacent automatic measuring stations and contains or accesses parameters specific to the site of the respective virtual measuring station. A number of automatic measuring stations AMS are therefore needed as a rule in order to be able to set up and operate a system for early warning of slick conditions with virtual measuring stations.
To set up the virtual stations, first the automatic measuring stations are selected that are suited to the collection of all the necessary information (measured data and parameters) for the virtual stations. The different types of construction in the road system are thereby taken into consideration (e.g., road surfaces with various material properties, where each type of construction is to be represented by an automatic measuring station, so that after they have been determined, the parameters of this type of construction can be used for the virtual stations at sites with the same road surface construction. Furthermore, the section of road over which the melting agents are scattered must be taken into consideration. At least one automatic measuring station should be present per scattering section. In FIG. 1, the scattering sections are shown as arrows starting from the highway maintenance yard at AMS5.
The preferred weather data gathered for early warning of slick conditions are the type and amount of precipitation, air temperature, cloud cover, dew point, and wind strength. These data are first gathered at certain points by the meteorological GFS measuring network, i.e. a corresponding set of data is available in the GFS network for each automatic measuring station. Each virtual station also needs its set of meteorological data. This can be taken simply from an adjacent automatic measuring station similarly situated as far as the meteorological data are concerned, without change. Thus, e.g., the set of meteorological data of the automatic measuring station AMS1 could likewise be used for the virtual station VS6. This is done, e.g., such that the evaluating device 5 contains the information that the meteorological data sent by AMS1 are also valid for VS1. In order to obtain a more accurate set of weather data for each VS station, these data can be determined as a function of the weather data of several automatic measuring stations (or even virtual stations), e.g.,: value (station VS6)=function (value (station AMS1, station AMS2 . . . )). For example, the value of the air temperature of VS6 is determined as a function of the value of the air temperature of AMS1 and AMS2. The same procedure is followed for the precipitation, dew point, cloud cover, and wind speed values. Linear or polynomial regressions are suitable as functions. This adoption of weather data for a different site must of course be satisfactory, but need not be perfect.
The formation of each virtual station furthermore includes a parametrization in which parameters applying to the station, e.g., road surface properties, course of the horizon, are assigned to the station. Certain parameters can be taken thereby from measuring stations that have the same construction. For example, the properties of the road surface at a certain virtual station can be taken from a measuring station AMS that has the same road surface. Not all parameters can be determined in this way: the horizon, the visible portion of the sky, and the type of road surface, cannot, for example. These data must be ascertained individually at each virtual station. The horizon, for example, is determined by photography or manual measurement. How successfully the virtual station detects the actual conditions depends on the accuracy of the parametrization. In difficult cases, a mobile measuring station can be made available temporarily, e.g., for two weeks, at the site of the virtual station at any time, in order to optimize the parametrization.
The following table shows the parameters of a virtual station.
01 Text Name of the virtual station (VS)
02 # Identifier of the VS
03 # Pertinent climatic zone
04 # AMS source for climatic data
05 # AMS source for type of road surface
06 # AMS source for freezing temperature or salt content (last MAS before VS on the scattering route)
07 deg or rad Degree of longitude
08 deg or rad Degree of latitude
09 m Height above sea level
10 0, 1, 2 Roadway edge type (0: earth, 1: low bridge, 2: high bridge)
11 deg or rad Average horizontal angle in the E-SE sector
12 deg or rad Average horizontal angle in the S-SE sector
13 deg or rad Average horizontal angle in the S-SW sector
14 deg or rad Average horizontal angle in the W-SW sector
15 0.5-1.3 Local wind factor compared with open location
16 # Identifier of the air pressure reference station in the GFS system
17 0-100% Infrared emissivity of the roadway
18 0-100% Albedo of the roadway
19 m Width of the roadway
20 0-100% Visible portion of the celestial hemisphere in %
21 kg/m3 Material density of the road surface (layer 0)
22 kg/m3 Material density of layer 1
23 kg/m3 Material density of layer 2
24 kg/M3 Material density of layer 3
25 J/kg/K Specific heat capacity of the road surface (layer 0)
26 J/kg/K Specific heat capacity of layer 1
27 J/kg/K Specific heat capacity of layer 2
28 J/kg/K Specific heat capacity of layer 3
29 W/m/K Thermal conductivity of the road surface (layer 0)
30 W/m/K Thermal conductivity of layer 1
31 W/m/K Thermal conductivity of layer 2
32 W/m/K Thermal conductivity of layer 3
33 m Depth of the upper boundary of layer 1
34 m Depth of the upper boundary of layer 2
35 m Depth of the upper boundary of layer 3
36 m Total depth of the roadway for the calculation
37 # Type of road surface
As stated, parameters can be used simply on the basis of the position of the virtual station, e.g., roadway edge type (parameter 10) and material density of the road surface (parameters 21-24) or can be ascertained, e.g., parameters 11-14. Other parameters, e.g., the reflectance value of the road surface (parameters 17, 18) or the heat capacity of the road surface (parameters 25-28) are preferably ascertained and optimized by also forming virtual stations in places at which automatic measuring stations are present and deriving the parameters to be determined from measured values of the automatic measuring station, where the parameters are first assumed roughly ("best guess") and then with these parameters and the meteorological data taken from the automatic measuring station, the quantities required for warning of slick conditions are calculated. By comparing these with the quantities measured by the probes of the automatic measuring station, the parameters can then be improved and the improved parameters can be used as the basis for a repeated calculation. FIG. 2 shows the corresponding course, in which the values of the quantities TB (temperature of the road surface) and F (road surface moisture) are calculated for the virtual station and are compared with the values of the quantities TB and F of the automatic measuring station, which has a road surface temperature probe and a road surface moisture probe, which enables the entire parametrization of the measuring point to be optimized. Two further examples: the optimum reflectance value of the road surface is determined on good-weather days based on the range of road surface temperatures. The heat capacity of the road surface is found by analyzing a phase shift of the road surface temperature, etc. If measured values are available, these are used, of course. The goal is the maximum agreement of the results of the virtual station with the measured data of the same station.
Both the parameters and the meteorological data are now available for the virtual stations.
To produce an early warning signal of slick conditions, it is also necessary to know the freezing temperature of the liquid present on the road which, in the conditions leading to an early warning of slick conditions, is an aqueous melting agent solution, as a rule. Special freezing point probes that cool a sample of the liquid and determine its freezing temperature, are provided in the roadway for this purpose in the automatic measuring stations; this is known and is not explained here in greater detail.
As a rule, no probe is available at the site of the virtual station to determine the freezing temperature, however, so that the freezing temperature is determined in a different way in the virtual stations, in which the following two determination methods can be used individually (or else in combination): the one method is based on taking the measured freezing temperature from a measuring station with a probe that lies on the same scattering section as the virtual station concerned. Thus, e.g., for virtual station VS6 the measured freezing temperature can be taken from the automatic measuring station AMS1, after the melting agent scattering truck has passed the AMS1 station. The freezing temperature of AMS2 could also be used, but then it would be necessary to wait until the scattering truck had passed this point.
In the second method, the starting point is the scattering truck, which records the scattering site, e.g., by a GPS devise, and amount of melting agent scattered. Such scattering trucks are known (e.g., Boschung BoSat System). On the one hand, at each use of melting agent the current amount of melting agent scattered is recorded by the Boschung BoSat System (or another mobile measuring apparatus) and is fed to the data bank or evaluating device 5. It is recorded, e.g., that 10g/m2 of NaCl were scattered from VS6 to VS7. On the other hand, the virtual station constantly calculates the hydric balance (see next section) and thus determines the current amount of water per square meter of roadway. Therefore, each use of melting agent gives a fixed point for the salt concentration. Until the next application, the dilution of the salt solution caused by additional precipitation and washing-away or evaporation is calculated. The prerequisite is a quantified datum of the amount of precipitation at the measuring stations, for which probes are present in the AMS whose measured values can be used for virtual stations.
The calculation of the amount of water on the roadway and the freezing temperature is based on the following equation (hydric balance on the surface of the roadway):
m is the quantity of water on the roadway (kg/m2),
p(t) is the rate of precipitation, excluding 1(m, . . . ),
l(m, TL, TB,RF) is the rate of precipitation by condensation and evaporation alone,
a(m) is the absorption of the water by the roadway, and
d(m, traffic) is the runoff rate of the water.
The quotient m/(m+p(t)+l(m, . . . )) determines the present dilution of the scattered salt on the roadway, and d(m, . . . )/m expresses the loss of salt from the roadway. The freezing temperature is associated with the concentration of the aqueous solution on the roadway (phase diagram of the scattered salt or Raoult's Law at low concentrations).
All the necessary data are now available for each virtual station. The thermal calculation can begin. Instead of describing the method here explicitly, reference is made here to a publication that describes such a method. The described method or any other could be used, as long as it meets the same claims for accuracy. The calculation process must therefore take all essential physical processes into consideration. Whether this is a physical, statistical, or other method is not important. The goal of the calculation called the "virtual station" is an early warning of slick conditions. This includes data on the temperature of the road surface and the moisture on the road surface, from which the condition of the road and the icing alarms can logically be derived. The calculation should be carried out at intervals of 6 to 15 minutes. FIG. 3 shows schematically the calculation procedure that leads to a warning of slick conditions or not, depending on the result.
For the thermal calculation, reference is made thereby to the publication by H. Nefzger, A. Karpot., Einfluss von Strahlung und Mikroklima auf Strassenwetterprognosen [Influence of Radiation and Microclimate on Road Weather Forecasts], Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Strassenforschung [Federal Ministry for Commercial Road Research], No. 466, and in particular to Part 3 (Energiebilanzmodell zur Prognose der Fahrbahnoberflächentemperatur[Energy Balance Model for Forecasting the Surface Temperature of the Roadway] with equations (11) to (19), which part is hereby included in this application in order to serve as an example for a possible thermal calculation.
The data monitoring of the virtual stations takes place as follows. With the Boschung BoSat System (or another mobile measuring apparatus), various conditions of the roadway are detected by probes mounted on the vehicles of the highway maintenance crews and/or police: e.g., temperature of the air and road surface, atmospheric humidity, and freezing temperature. These data can be measured on an irregular basis when passing the sites of the virtual stations. This gives a measuring point for each one that allows cross-comparison with the current calculation data of the virtual station. The concept of a "virtual station" yields the following advantages compared with the thermography method. Firstly, the process dynamics are maintained. The data bank forms the memory of the system, and the calculating process translates it into action. Each weather situation is automatically included in the calculation. Secondly, the process can be used at any desired sites. The prerequisite is communication with any desired meteorological measuring network, such as, e.g., the GFS measuring network, which has been described in the previous description as a provider of meteorological data. The meteorological data can also be delivered by a different measuring network, however, e.g., the ANETZ of the SMA (Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt [Swiss Meteorological Institute]). Thirdly, no relevant streams of heat and moisture are ignored. In particular, the hydric balance can be taken into consideration to the full extent in the calculation model. Fourthly, a virtual station is, of course, more cost-effective than a measuring station, since it is composed chiefly or exclusively of software.
The accuracy of a virtual station may at first appear lower than that of thermography, since the latter measures the three temperature profiles with high resolution and accuracy. It is worth considering, however, that these profiles are merely a snapshot that reflect a quite specific weather situation, time of day, temperature, and previous road and weather conditions. Therefore, they are not well-suited for an interpolation under all conditions. A substantial loss in accuracy must therefore be taken into account. The virtual station can compensate for this, owing to its flexible calculation.
A further aspect of the invention concerns the detection of cloud cover, which is included in the thermal balance calculation according to equation (11). Detection of the cloud cover requires either human observation or the use of a measuring instrument for determining the infrared radiation balance (pyrradiometer). These instruments are susceptible to soiling, however, and are expensive to maintain. Their use in roadway measuring networks is therefore not preferred. Instead, the road itself can be used as a substitute pyrradiometer: the road surface temperatures are calculated with various assumed degrees of cloud cover in an approximation method, until they agree with the measured road surface temperatures. This degree of cloud cover is then interpreted as the current measured value and is stored in the data bank. FIGS. 4a and 4 b show schematically, on the one hand, a known pyrradiometer, by means of which the global radiation QG (0.3-3.0 μm) and the infrared radiation QIR (3.0-50 μm) are measured; in the pyrradiometer the latent heat flow (condensation, evaporation, etc.) QL, the sensory heat flow (convection, wind) QS, and the heat conduction within the road (diffusion) are assumed to be zero. When the road is used as a pyrradiometer, QL, QS, and QD are detected by computer and QIR+QG are optimized by comparing the calculated road surface temperature TB (measured) with the measured road surface temperature (computer); the prevailing cloud cover is deduced from QIR and QG.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 13, 1969
|Jul 27, 1971
|Holley Carburetor Co
|Multichannel frost ice and snow detecting device
|Mar 10, 1986
|Jul 25, 1989
|Brossia Charles E
|Fiber optic probe system
|Jul 18, 1995
|Sep 2, 1997
|Backscatter-type visibility detection
|Nov 15, 1996
|Dec 15, 1998
|University Corporation For Atmospheric Research
|Frozen precipitation accumlation alert system
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|Radio communication system with automatic geographic event notification
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|Method for giving a risk of slipperiness formation prewarning signal on a traffic surface
|Nov 15, 1996
|May 22, 1997
|Antti Aarne Ilmari Lange
|Method for adaptive kalman filtering in dynamic systems
|Funcken et al., "Thermographie Routiere Nocturne de la Region Wallonne: Methodologie et Presentation des Resultats, interet de L'Approche Topoclimatologique", Laboratoire de Climatologie at de Topoclimataologie (1998).
|Grell et al., "A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)," NCAR Technical Note-NCAT/TN-398 + Str, XP002132234 (Jun. 1995), and retrieved from <URL:http//www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mmm5-home.html> on Feb. 25, 2000.
|Grell et al., "A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)," NCAR Technical Note—NCAT/TN-398 + Str, XP002132234 (Jun. 1995), and retrieved from <URL:http//www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mmm5-home.html> on Feb. 25, 2000.
|Nefzger et al., "Einfluss von Strahlung und Mikroklima auf Strassenwetterprognosen", Bunderesministerium für wirtschalftliche Strassenforschung, No. 446, Part 3 (Energiebilanzmodell zur Prognose der Fahrbahnoberflächentemperatur) (1997).
|Shao et al., "An Automated Nowcasting Model for Road Surface Temperature and State for Winter Road Maintenance," Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 35, No. 8, XP-000884600, ISSN: 0894-8763, pp. 1352-1361 (Aug. 1996).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 20, 2001
|Jun 10, 2003
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.
|System for distributing road surface information, system for collecting and distributing vehicle information, device for transmitting vehicle information and program for controlling vehicle
|Jul 6, 2004
|Apr 20, 2010
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Road-surface friction coefficient estimating device and road-surface friction coefficient estimating method
|Mar 24, 2009
|Mar 8, 2016
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|System and method for improving vehicle performance on grade
|Jul 6, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Road-surface friction coefficient estimating device and road-surface friction coefficient estimating method
|Aug 22, 2006
|Apr 23, 2009
|Mark Haller
|System for utilizing vehicle data and method of utilizing vehicle data
|Sep 30, 2010
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|System and Method for Improving Vehicle Performance on Grade
|U.S. Classification
|340/601, 340/905, 702/3, 340/602
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 17, 1999
Owner name: BOSCHUNG MECATRONIC AG, SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BOSCHUNG, JR., MARCEL;HEIERLI, JOACHIM;REEL/FRAME:010409/0010;SIGNING DATES FROM 19991005 TO 19991013
|May 30, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 29, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 14, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Location independent beer brewing
3 friends dreamt of crafting their own beer. Sam and Mark knew business and branding, whilst Rob knew all about brewing beer. However, they still lacked 2 key ingredients: a brewery and a world class master brewer.
Why should that stop them though? By collaborating with different microbreweries on limited brews of flavoursome craft beer they could build a disruptive South African brand full of creativity and spontaneity.
Experimental Brews available at LeagueofBeers.com.


text:
Rent Journey to the Center of the Earth 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Jules Verne. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Graphic Planet- Fiction.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Oct 20, 1992
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 1988
|Priority date
|Nov 20, 1987
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hermann Hugenell
|Original Assignee
|Karl F. Angstenberger
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (8), Classifications (14), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a primary reflector for a reflector telescope, comprising a plurality of individual polygonal reflector bodies and positioning and adjusting elements assigned to said reflector bodies the positioning and adjustment elements are arranged below the reflector bodies and the reflector surface of the reflector bodies cooperate to form a full circular surface which is joined radially at inner and outer boarders of various polygonal reflector bodies.
A reflector telescope of this kind is known as Mauna Kea reflector telescope with 10 m reflector diameter being still in the planning stage (Sterne und Weltraum, 1984/August-September, p. 412, Appl. Optics, No. 14, 2631-2641).
In this reflector telescope, the primary reflector is formed of 36 hexagonal reflector bodies forming, in a honey-comb structure, the reflector surface, in the center of which a reflector body being omitted for observation purposes in the Cassegrain focus. Manufacture of the individual hexagonal reflector bodies themselves is very problematic. They are off-axis segments of a paraboloid to be cut in hexagon shape (Appl. Optics, vol. 19(1980), No. 14, 2332-2340).
When manufacturing, as part to be fashioned, a circular part is selected to be deformed by accurately defined shearing and bending forces acting on the borders. Into the deformed blank, a spherical shape is ground. Then, the forces exerted are removed. As far as the forces have been selected properly, each reflector body accepts the desired shape of a paraboloid segment of the primary reflector after unloading. It has been found out, however, that faults occur when cutting to hexagonal shape.
Furthermore, depending on the position of the primary reflector of the reflector telescope, on thrusts due to wind and on temperature variations, the positions of the individual very thin-walled hexagonal reflector bodies have to be readjusted. For this purpose, the support points of each reflector segment are connected with three position controllers to refocus the the reflector body and to adjust it in two inclination directions. At the edges of the reflector bodies, sensors are provided measuring the displacements of adjacent reflector bodies with respect to each other. Together with three inclination sensors measuring the total curvature of the reflector body, they provide information to be processed in a computer system controlling the in total 108 position controllers. With a total 168 different sensors, redundancy is large enough that failure of individual sensors can be tolerated. In this arrangement, however, the front sides of the reflector bodies are left free from disturbing monitoring systems. Occasionally, only, a readjustment has to be performed by means of a constellation, such that even infrared observations will be possible by day. Sensors and position controllers must operate with an accuracy of at least 50 nm.
In theoretical investigations of the primary reflector of the reflector telescope described in DE patent 35 38 208, the reflector bodies of which are circular-disk shaped, such that between the individual reflector bodies, free spaces for the support of the reflector bodies and for the supporting bars structure or its shadow areas are formed, it has been found out that the free spaces put into question the infrared suitability of the primary reflector. The metal components in the area of the free spaces of the support structure of the primary reflector transmit thermal radiations to the detector arranged in the focus of the primary reflector and disturb the signal to be received from space.
Infrared suitability of the primary reflector is necessary to detect dark bodies in space, being present as weight, or mass but not visible to the human eye by means of the primary reflector. Theoretically, the phenomenon of own infrared thermal radiation of the free spaces can be excluded by technical counter-measures. They are, however, extremely expensive.
The investigations performed because of the theoretical considerations with respect to the reflector telescope according to DE patent 35 38 208, those investigations questioning the infrared suitability of this primary reflector, led to theoretical investigations of the primary reflector of the Mauna Kea reflector telescope with 10 m reflector diameter. Here, too, disturbing infrared radiations have been discovered, in spite of the basically closed reflector surface. Said infrared radiations could be guided back to the sensors arranged in the area of the contact lines of the adjacent hexagonal reflector bodies, said sensors measuring the displacement of adjacent reflector bodies with respect to each other. The primary reflector of the Mauna Kea reflector telescope has in total 168 displacement sensors, with in total 36 hexagonal reflector bodies. These, too, radiate an appreciable amount of radiation, resulting, again, in disturbing infrared radiation. Thus, the primary reflector according to the state of the art does not possesses the problem that the individual reflector bodies ground under load are only ground in the form of an aspherical off-axis section, but the lack of infrared suitability, due to the absolutely necessary displacement sensors, is also a problem. Finally, the fact that the outer contour of the primary reflector composed of hexagonal reflector bodies is not uniform has resulted in negative effects in the point image as well as in the modulation transmission function.
It is an object of the invention to provide a primary reflector for a reflector telescope of the above mentioned species in which the primary reflector has a lower total weight and for which a simple and economic manufacture of the individual reflector bodies is possible. According to the invention, a primary reflector for a reflector telescope is provided including a plurality of individual reflector bodies each having a shape and a reflector surface and each being associated with positioning and adjusting elements assigned to each of the reflector bodies. The positioning and adjusting elements are arranged below the reflector bodies. The reflector surface of each of the bodies cooperates with other adjacent bodies such that outer and inner boarders are formed by the cooperating polygonal reflector bodies. Each of the reflector bodies is formed of a honeycomb structure provided with hollow spaces for reducing the weight of the reflector body. The structure is provided as a blank with a shape and surface substantially corresponding to the surface of the finished reflector body wherein each reflector body is individually ground and polished for final processing of the entire reflector surface to provide shape of the overall reflector surface.
The primary reflector according to the invention having a large diameter with a circular outer contour consists of nearly gap-free combined, constructed reflector bodies of various shapes, forming a circular surface, the surfaces of said reflector bodies being suitable to be polished individually or in composite action, such that they can accept the shape of an aspherical off-axis section. Preferably, the primary reflector has a parabolic shape, a differing shape can, however, also be provided, e.g. for a Ritchey-Chretien reflector telescope. Because of the large total diameter or the large total aperture, resp., of the primary reflector, its individual reflector bodies joined to a central reflector body are off-axis sections of the primary reflector, said sections being ground and polished individually or in composite action. Each of the reflector bodies processed in this manner exhibits a support structure, e.g. a honey-comb structure. As material, quartz or quartz ceramics can be used. The reflector bodies prepared in this way are, herewith, preformed already that, with the grinding method, they need only be finished individually or in composite action. This means that the blanks of the individual reflector bodies already obtain, as a raw structure, their final shape prior to the grinding process, and have, then, only to be processed finally with respect to surface and shape by means of the grinding process. This grinding process can be performed individually or in a composite action. Using a, basically, closed full-circle surface as a reflector surface of the primary reflector, being itself formed of a plurality of polygonal reflector bodies, allows that outstanding results can be achieved for the point image as well as for the modulation transmission function. Furthermore, the arrangement of all support and adjustment elements below the reflector bodies effects that in the area of the effective closed reflector surface, no disturbing infrared sources are present, and, thus, no disturbing infrared radiation will be generated such that the primary reflector according to the invention exhibits the required infrared suitability, too.
The individual reflector bodies of the primary reflector made of preformed light-weight structures and having, substantially, hexagonal shape, or even polygonal shape, with a curved border, are ground and polished such that the degrees of freedom of the grinding and polishing tools of the off-axis section shape of a primary reflector to be prepared can be applied. This can be performed computer-controlled by means of polar coordinates, tool guidance being effected immediately. Thus, a primary reflector of large diameter can be prepared as a large astonomical reflector, the reflector bodies being immediately off-axis ground and end-polished and being joined together nearly free of gaps.
On the undersides of the reflector bodies, support and adjustment elements are disposed, to which belong, of course, inclination sensors, too. Thus, each reflector body can be controlled separately for adjustment to a common focus. This takes place in computer-controlled, manner as extremely fine tolerances must necessarily to be met. The optically ineffective separation between the individual reflector bodies are, thus, free from any disturbing thermal radiation and do not affect image quality. Thus, the primary reflector according to the invention is absolutely infrared-suitable and extremely sensitive. The diameter is extendable, theoretically, without limits.
The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which a preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated.
The invention relates to a primary reflector for a reflector telescope, comprising a plurality of individual polygonal reflector bodies 1 to 11 and supporting and adjusting elements 12 assigned to said reflector bodies.
It has been found out that a known primary reflector of this species has, on one hand, a poor point image and modulation transmission behaviour and is, on the other hand, not infrared-suitable, as the supporting and adjusting elements arranged in the area of the border lines between the individual polygonal reflector bodies 1 to 11, in particular the measuring sensors thereof, emit a disturbing heat radiation. Finally, the polygonal reflector bodies 1 to 11 of the known primary reflector 20 are expensive in manufacture.
For preventing these disadvantages, the invention provides that the reflector surface forms by extension reflector bodies 1 to 8 radially following the outer borders of the polygonal reflector bodies 9 a full-circle surface, that the reflector bodies 1 to 11 consist of reduced-weight, preformed material, and that the supporting and adjusting elements 12 are arranged below the reflector bodies 1 to 11. (FIG. 1).
In the following, the invention is described in more detail based on an embodiment of a primary reflector for a reflector telescope represented in the drawing.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a top view of the primary reflector with central aperture,
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an individual hexagonal reflector body of the primary reflector, enlarged as compared to FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view showing the support elements of a reflector body, and
FIG. 4 a cross-sectional view taken, through the reflector body in the area of a support element.
The primary reflector 20 for a reflector telescope shown in a top view in FIG. 1 consists of a plurality of individual, polygonal reflector bodies 1 to 11 and support and adjustment elements 12 assigned thereto. The outer border of the primary reflector 20 is formed of polygonal reflector bodies 1 to 6 having different shapes, the outer edges of which having the circular radius of the primary reflector 20. Towards the interior, further, irregularly shaped polygonal reflector bodies 7, 8 follow. The substantial surface of the primary reflector 20 is formed by a plurality of hexagonal reflector bodies 9. Towards the center of the primary reflector 20 formed by a circular aperture 19, again a number of differently shaped, polygonal reflector bodies 10, 11 are provided, the border of which directed inwards having the radius of the central aperture 19. In this way, the reflector surface of the primary reflector 20 is achieved by the plurality of individual, hexagonal reflector bodies 9 and by reflector bodies 1 to 8 joined radially to the outer borders of the hexagonal reflector bodies 9 to form a full-circle surface, in the center of the primary reflector 20 around its central aperture 19 further reflector bodies 10, 11 being provided at the inner borders of the hexagonal reflector bodies 9.
Each reflector body 10, 11 and in particular each hexagonal reflector body 9 consists of a performed, low-weight material having a honey-comb structure (DE patent 30 18 785). Materials are, in particular, quartz and quartz ceramics, allowing for a low-weight construction of the primary reflector. The individual reflector bodies 1 to 11 consist, because of the large total aperture width of the primary reflector 20, of low-weight materials and form off-axis sections of a primary reflector. These are already preformed such that they need only be finished over a subsequent grinding process. This means that the blank of each reflector body 1 to 11 obtains as raw structure already its final shape prior to the grinding process, and is, then, only processed finally with respect to surface and shape by means of the grinding process. This can be performed in a grinding process individually or in composition action. On the underside, each reflector body 1 to 11 is provided with boreholes 21, into which the individual support and adjustment elements 12 engage.
FIG. 3 shows the perspective arrangement of an individual hexagonal reflector support platform 13 having a total of six support and adjustment elements 12 on a support plate 16. As shown in FIG. 4, the individual support and adjustment elements 12 penetrate the boreholes 21 on the undersides of the individual reflector bodies 9, without, however, protruding over their reflector surface. The double-walled support plate 16 is provided with pressure-medium supplies 14, 15 connected to positioning and adjustment cylinders 18, in which support and adjustment pistons 17 are guided being connected in one-piece manner with the support and adjustment elements 12. In this way, the various reflector bodies 1 to 11 in the whole primary reflector 20 can be adjusted.
The support and adjustment elements of each reflector body 1 to 11 are, according to its geometrical shape, adjusted and arranged such that the thus supported reflector body 1 to 11 can be held for any position of the primary reflector by means of hydraulically controllable supports in a manner required therefor accurately on the focus of the primary reflector and can permanently be readjusted by means of computer-controlled fine-adjustment elements. This means that for different shapes of the polygonal outer border of the reflector bodies, the arrangement of the support and adjustment elements is selected differently under consideration of stability and weight of the respective reflector body.
In non-shown manner, a large low-weight reflector having a greater diameter and being ground symmetrically with respect to rotation can be arranged in the centre of the primary reflector, to said large reflector off-axis surface elements being joined without gaps, this leading to a full circular surface. The off-axis surface elements are, then, arranged separately in controllable and adjustable fashion, such that they form the circular and, thus, optically effective primary reflector.
In a manner not shown in detail (see FIG. 4), displacement sensors 100 are located, further, directly in the individual hollow spaces of the reflector bodies consisting of a honey-comb structure, in particular made of quartz glass, whereby no disadvantages for the infrared suitability of the primary reflector will occur. Such a reflector body of quartz glass in low-weight construction is known from an information brochure of the Scientific Astronomical Meeting in Munich from 14 to 18 Sep. 1987. Therein, the cover plate of a reflector body is pre-bent by so-called slumping into the desired geometrical shape, and is, then, connected over a structure of quartz glass to a base plate, e.g. by welding. Finally, grinding and polishing of the surfaces of the reflector body to the final shape is performed. This can be effected by single grinding or composite grinding of several reflector bodies of identical surface shape, said reflector bodies being, then, processed commonly.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 1, 1986
|Oct 11, 1988
|Schmidt Kaler Theodor
|Very large optical telescope
|Oct 22, 1986
|Apr 18, 1989
|Huegenell Hermann
|Reflecting telescope
|Oct 29, 1987
|Apr 25, 1989
|Kaman Aerospace Corporation
|Extendable large aperture phased array mirror system
|Jul 27, 1988
|Jul 31, 1990
|Thermo Electron Technologies Corp.
|Active segmented mirror including a plurality of piezoelectric drivers
|Morrison; "Development Problems of the Primary Mirror for Large Space Telescopes"; S.P.I.E. Journal; May 1970; vol. 8 pp. 107-118.
|Morrison; Development Problems of the Primary Mirror for Large Space Telescopes ; S.P.I.E. Journal; May 1970; vol. 8 pp. 107 118.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 20, 1995
|Feb 18, 1997
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Laser welding of light-weight honeycomb mirrors
|Jun 14, 1995
|Jun 3, 1997
|Nippondenso Co., Ltd.
|Optical scanning apparatus having a fixed compound reflective assembly for two-dimensional scan capability and method thereof
|Jan 26, 2001
|Jun 3, 2003
|Emitec Gesellschaft Fur Emissionstechnologie Mbh
|Apparatus for producing a honeycomb body
|Sep 18, 2002
|Jul 29, 2003
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Lightweight mirror and method of making
|Mar 19, 2013
|Apr 19, 2016
|Goodrich Corporation
|High correctability deformable mirror
|Oct 28, 2003
|Apr 28, 2005
|The Boeing Company
|Autonomously assembled space telescope
|Mar 19, 2013
|Sep 25, 2014
|Goodrich Corporation
|High correctability deformable mirror
|May 22, 2015
|Feb 25, 2016
|Daimler Ag
|U.S. Classification
|359/849, 250/201.1, 359/851
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 10, 1990
Owner name: ANGSTENBERGER, KARL FRIEDRICH, ALBRECHT-DURER-RING
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF A PART OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HUGENELL, HERMANN;REEL/FRAME:005539/0382
Effective date: 19901024
|Feb 2, 1993
Owner name: FRIEDRICH, KARL, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ADDITIONAL 15% INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:HUGENELL, HERMANN;REEL/FRAME:006490/0032
Effective date: 19921223
|Dec 28, 1993
|Certificate of correction
|May 28, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 20, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 31, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19961023


text:
The County Hotel
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Located at the southern tip of Epping Forest, with Lakeside Shopping Centre and Waltham Abbey nearby, The County Hotel is ideally situated for anyone who wants to explore London from the calm comfort of a country retreat. Tube and Rail Services can whisk you to the centre of town in just thirty minutes, while the hotel provides all modern comforts.
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text:
It's More than Climate Denial. It's Pathology
September 28, 2016
Donald Trump's running mate is breaking with the Republican nominee's claim that climate change is not the result of human activity.
Vice presidential nominee Mike Pence said Tuesday "there's no question" that human activity affects both the climate and the environment.
At Monday's presidential debate, Democrat Hillary Clinton challenged Trump's views, saying: "Donald thinks that climate change is a hoax perpetrated by the Chinese. I think it's real." Trump interrupted with "I did not, I do not say that."
But in 2012, Trump tweeted that the "concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive." He later claimed he was kidding, but he's also repeated the assertion that climate change is a hoax benefiting China. And in 2014, Trump tweeted: "Snowing in Texas and Louisiana, record setting freezing temperatures throughout the country and beyond. Global warming is an expensive hoax!"
Trump's campaign manager, Kellyanne Conway, tried to move discussion away from those comments Tuesday, saying on CNN that Trump believes "that climate change is naturally occurring" but the causes are not man-made.
The world's scientific organizations say the Earth's climate is changing because of the buildup of heat-trapping gases, especially carbon dioxide, from the burning of coal, oil and gas.
Pence, appearing separately on CNN, said, "let's follow the science," but he warned against rushing into environmental restrictions that drive jobs out of the country and put Americans out of work.
Below, more astounding examples of serious cognitive break in the republican establishment. Is this the real "neurological disorder" we should be concerned about? Read the rest of this entry »
King of Climate Denial: "We're in Bad Shape if next Pres is Dem"
September 28, 2016
Good time to review my interview of a year ago with Uber Climate Denier Marc Morano. If you're talking to Morano, who is unapologetically frank about his agenda – you are hearing the voice of fossil fuel Megalith.
Some readers still buy the "pox on both their houses" idea about this election, –
the fossil fuel industry knows that is definitely not so, and would very much like you Johnson/Stein folks to stay strong and express your inner child. Have no doubt that some of the "green" attacks on Hillary Clinton come, in fact, from a very black place.
Horse's mouth. "politically we're in bad shape if the next President is a Democrat,…we're in VERY bad shape..".
"It all comes down to the next President."
They know what the stakes are – and they are swinging for the fences with Donald Trump – they want it all, and will take it all if we let them.
More on East Antarctic Lakes
September 28, 2016
Impossible to write climate stories these days with out using the words "surprising" and "not expecting".
One of the key differences between Greenland in the north, and Antarctica in the south, has been that Greenland, because of its geography and smaller size, has been more subject to warming enough on the surface to create significant meltwater, that collects in lakes, visible in broad areas during the summer. This surface melt has a number of significant effects on ice dynamics, as Jason Box spells out in this 2014 video.
Up until now, this kind of surface dynamic has not been documented on the gigantic, and not-so-long-ago-thought-invulnerable East Antarctic ice sheet. Projections of Antarctic melt focused mainly on the dynamic of ocean waters eating away and undermining the ice edges.
The fact that we are seeing these is an unscheduled wake up call.
Colbert on Debate
September 27, 2016
New button: Preparation H.
Fact Check: More Work to Do, but Climate Won Last Night
September 27, 2016
Debate wrap.
Still work to do, but I slept pretty well last night.
If anyone still needs proof of how stupid Donald Trump thinks his climate denying audience is, it's here.
More reaction below from a good source, Bill Maher. Read the rest of this entry »
John Oliver on Hillary v Trump Scandals
September 26, 2016
"They both do it."
No. They don't.
CBS News on Trump's Russia Connection
September 26, 2016
While "journalists" play the "expectation game".
THE BIG IDEA: Many reporters have set the bar unfairly low for Donald Trump ahead of tonight's presidential debate, raising the specter that pundits will declare him "the winner" even if he makes a series of factually inaccurate statements and struggles to show depth on the issues.
— Reviewing the coverage ahead of Trump's 9 p.m. showdown with Hillary Clinton at Hofstra University makes it sound like all the GOP nominee really needs to do is not talk about how well-endowed he is…
"A lot of people are going to look at Donald Trump and think, 'Hey, if he can even get out a good sentence and show off his experience, then he's doing well,'" New York Times correspondent Yamiche Alcindor said on "Morning Joe" last week, addressing the Clinton campaign's complaints that she's being subjected to a double standard.
"Clinton has the much tougher task tonight," NPR declares in its curtain-raiser this morning. "She has the burden of high expectations. The former senator and secretary of state, who's now been through two presidential campaigns, is an experienced debater who knows policy inside and out. But her job is very hard — Clinton has to convince voters who don't want to vote for Trump but haven't warmed up to her that she is likeable, honest and trustworthy. And she has to press her case that Trump is unqualified to be president without being overly aggressive or 'harsh.'"
"I do think that the stakes are much higher in this debate and all the debates for Hillary Clinton," CNN's Dana Bash said on the air recently. "Because she is a seasoned politician. She is a seasoned debater. Yes, we saw Donald Trump in the primaries debate for the first time, but he is a first-time politician. So for lots of reasons—maybe it's not fair, but it's the way it is—the onus is on her."
Who are these people? What planet to they think they live on?


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To achieve a euro area fiscal stance that fosters the recovery, countries with fiscal space under the Stability and Growth Pact rules should use budgetary support to raise growth, and existing incentives and flexibility should be taken advantage of to pursue reforms of tax and spending policies.
This paper analyses two-way interactions between monetary policy and inequality in selected advanced economies. In the context of a highly accommodative monetary stance over recent years, the analysis focuses on the effects of monetary policy on inequality over the business cycle via its impacts on returns on assets, the cost of debt servicing and asset prices.
Despite having low government spending, Switzerland scores highly in various public policy outcomes, including health, education and transportation. But, as the population grows and ages, efficiency of public spending will have to rise to maintain low tax rates.
This paper uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency of welfare spending in a sample of OECD countries around 2012, focussing on health care, secondary education and general public services.
This paper examines the potential contribution of RIA to better incorporating the inclusive growth perspective in regulatory decision-making.
English, PDF, 1,601kb
This OECD Regulatory Policy Working Paper relies on an empirical stocktaking of mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) among selected OECD countries. It aims to build a greater understanding of the benefits and pitfalls of one of the 11 mechanisms of international regulatory co-operation.
English, PDF, 1,794kb
This OECD Regulatory Policy Working Paper presents the methodology, key results and statistical analysis of the 2015 Indicators of Regulatory Policy and Governance (iREG) to complement the OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook 2015.
Reforms over the past two decades have produced a well-balanced, modern tax system. However, considerable revenues will be needed in the years ahead to expand social spending and infrastructure in order to raise growth and well-being. The challenge is to generate these revenues without penalising growth or exacerbating inequality.
This paper re-estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for OECD countries. These elasticities are used by the OECD to calculate cyclically adjusted fiscal balances. The study updates the earlier 2005 study using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to 35 countries, the 34 OECD member states and Latvia.
TThe economic literature suggests that a revenue-neutral shift of tax revenues from income taxes to property taxes would increase GDP per capita in the medium term. This paper analyses for Ireland the consequences of such a shift in the tax mix.


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Elizabeth and James Finn Dress
$146 Sold out shopbop.com
A striking, brushed pattern lends a lively look to an airy silk maxi dress. Smocked elastic defines the waist and lends volume to the blouson bodice, and pleats create movement through the skirt. Snaps close the keyhole in back. Sleeveless. Lined. Fabric: Silk chiffon. Shell: 100% silk. Lining: 100% polyester. Dry clean. Imported, China. MEASUREMENTS Length: 48in / 122cm, from shoulder
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This unique ring features an 23mm (0.9") round cabochon-the Turquoise and red retro Squares graphic on the cabochon are printed on wood With Gloss Finish and set in a Gunmetal plated over brass adjustable ring (adjustable to almost any size!)
All of my jewelry comes with a gift box.
All of my jewelry comes with a gift box.
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Retro Geometric Ring In Red And Turquoise - Geometric Jewelry - Square Jewelry - Colorful Jewelry - Statement Jewelry
- Handmade item
- Materials: wood, Gunmetal plated over brass
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New Chemtrail Poll: Do you believe in Chemtrails?
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POLL: Do you believe in Chemtrails?
Yes, and they are all over the sky . . . 36.5% (900)
No, I do not . . . 23.3% (575)
Yes, the TPTB is trying to crowd control, and other agendas 18.0% (445)
Yes, they include cloud seeding, Chaff, insecticides, etc. 10.6% (262)
Yes, but most are persistent trails from High Efficiency Jet Engines 6.0% (149)
Yes, but they are rare . . . experimental geo-engineering, etc. 5.5% (136)
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Non-Blank Votes: 2467
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Coming soon: A new way for Russia's authorities to invade your privacy
George Soros Pushing For US Online Voting System
Was This Prominent Black Leader Murdered Because He Spoke Out Against Geoge Soros' Black Lives Matter?
Arizona Parents Beware: Court Says Changing Diapers Equals Sexual Molestation
"They Tried to Warn Us": 1981 TV Show Nailed Globalist Push to Break Down Borders for a One World Government
The October Surprise Will be a Violent Provocation Blamed on Trump
"Trump Will Go 26th": Is This Eerie Radio Transmission Part of Plot to Assassinate Trump at the First Debate?
Video: Charlotte Riots – What They're NOT Telling You
WikiLeaks Bombshell: Hillary's Brain Injury Caused By 'Near Fatal Plane Crash'
Germany makes having sex with prostitutes without condom illegal
Drilling at Unfathomable Alien Landscapes
Survival: How to make a soldering iron out of a lighter
If you're a guy, having older brothers makes you more likely to be gay
Obama's "Palestinian Land" According to U.S. And U.N. Policy and the Oslo agreements, not Palestinian land at all.
BlackLivesMatter Co-Founder DEMANDS To Be Granted COP FREE Black Communities
US Govt Just Legalized Operation Mockingbird — FBI Can Now Impersonate the Media
Shocking new study shows chemo kills half of cancer patients, not cancer itself
Unilever megacorporation rushing to buy out small organic companies
CLAIM: Historic event to occur in the next six days that will end the rise of Trump and seize the future of America for totalitarian globalists
Cyber Attacks on Satellites Could Spark Global Catastrophe
BBC Begins Experiments With Holographic Television.
Government preparing to let food stamp recipients shop at online retailers using taxpayer money
Most of Clinton's Recovered Emails Will Be Released After Election Day
THE WRITING ON THE WALL: Technology and the Antichrist
NEW NORMAL? Man who was woman gives birth to baby by woman who was a man
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EPINER2007Project reference: 221362
Funded under :
Epigenetics and DNA repair. Is a chromatin remodeling process involved in the higher UV sensitivity of nucleotide excision repair defective cells?
Project details
Total cost:EUR 233 872,25
EU contribution:EUR 233 872,25
Coordinated in:Italy
Call for proposal:FP7-PEOPLE-2007-4-2-IIFSee other projects for this call
Funding scheme:MC-IIF - International Incoming Fellowships (IIF)
"The knowledge on regulatory roles of epigenetic mechanisms (heritable changes in the genome function without a change in the DNA sequence) has grown very fast during the last decade since they can be the target for treating several pathologies related to cancer and neurodegeneration. In the base of these diseases have also been found deficiencies in DNA repair mechanisms. In this respect, two human syndromes (Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Cockayne's Syndrome) affecting one of the major DNA repair systems in human cells called nucleotide excision repair, characterized by sensitivity to UV irradiation, become an interesting model to contribute to unravel the link between chromatin remodeling processes and DNA repair. Expected results on the possible influence of chromatin remodeling processes to the higher sensitivity to UV radiation of Cockayne's Syndrome cells will lead to perform further investigations to understand how these mechanisms are involved in the development of cancer and/or neurodegeneration found in these patients. Since the proposed investigation require a multidisciplinary study (cytogenetics, molecular biology and immunocytochemestry), it will become of the utmost importance not only for the research activity planned to carry out at the Laboratory of Prof. Palitti, since this line of research fits very well with the purposes already established by the Network of Excellence (NoE – Epigenetic Network created by several laboratories from Europe) supported by the FP6 program from the European Community; but also for having the possibility to incorporate new methodologies and strategies to continue with the study of possible links between epigenetic and DNA repair in our laboratory in Uruguay with the aim to initiate studies on epigenetic therapy mainly applied to facilitate chemotherapy treatment of cancer diseases."
Related information
Tel.: +39 0761 357343
Fax: -+39 0761 357242


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4.7-stable review patch. If anyone has any objections, please let me know.
------------------ From: Yoshihiro Shimoda <yoshihiro.shimoda...@renesas.com> commit 519d8bd4b5d3d82c413eac5bb42b106bb4b9ec15 upstream. The previous driver is possible to stop the transfer wrongly. For example: 1) An interrupt happens, but not BRDY interruption. 2) Read INTSTS0. And than state->intsts0 is not set to BRDY. 3) BRDY is set to 1 here. 4) Read BRDYSTS. 5) Clear the BRDYSTS. And then. the BRDY is cleared wrongly. Remarks: - The INTSTS0.BRDY is read only. - If any bits of BRDYSTS are set to 1, the BRDY is set to 1. - If BRDYSTS is 0, the BRDY is set to 0. So, this patch adds condition to avoid such situation. (And about NRDYSTS, this is not used for now. But, avoiding any side effects, this patch doesn't touch it.) Fixes: d5c6a1e024dd ("usb: renesas_usbhs: fixup interrupt status clear method") Signed-off-by: Yoshihiro Shimoda <yoshihiro.shimoda...@renesas.com> Signed-off-by: Felipe Balbi <felipe.ba...@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gre...@linuxfoundation.org> --- drivers/usb/renesas_usbhs/mod.c | 11 +++++++++-- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) --- a/drivers/usb/renesas_usbhs/mod.c +++ b/drivers/usb/renesas_usbhs/mod.c @@ -282,9 +282,16 @@ static irqreturn_t usbhs_interrupt(int i if (usbhs_mod_is_host(priv)) usbhs_write(priv, INTSTS1, ~irq_state.intsts1 & INTSTS1_MAGIC); - usbhs_write(priv, BRDYSTS, ~irq_state.brdysts); + /* + * The driver should not clear the xxxSTS after the line of + * "call irq callback functions" because each "if" statement is + * possible to call the callback function for avoiding any side effects. + */ + if (irq_state.intsts0 & BRDY) + usbhs_write(priv, BRDYSTS, ~irq_state.brdysts); usbhs_write(priv, NRDYSTS, ~irq_state.nrdysts); - usbhs_write(priv, BEMPSTS, ~irq_state.bempsts); + if (irq_state.intsts0 & BEMP) + usbhs_write(priv, BEMPSTS, ~irq_state.bempsts); /* * call irq callback functions


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to save this item to your jcp.com account
1/4 CT. Single Round Diamond Stud Earring 10K White Goldpp5001900510
web ID: 2710111
Dress to impress with a single solitaire stud earring that adds the right touch of sparkle to your look.
- Metal: 10K white gold
- Stones: 1/4 ct. round diamond
- Setting: Prong
- Back: Push/screw
- Stud Diameter: 4mm
Diamond total weights may vary between .01 and .08 carat.
Jewelry photos are enlarged to show detail.
Rated 5 out of 5 by rbrown948 Excellent value for the price This was the first time I ordered through JCP online, and I was pleasantly surprised. I received my order faster than I expected and the quality of the diamond was more than I could have hoped, especially for the price. I was looking for an replacement earing for my husband and was having a hard time finding somewhere that sold single diamond studs. I will definitely order from JCP in the future. February 26, 2014
Rated 1 out of 5 by 14kmind the diamond stud was filled with carbon the stud was a very good value and I ordered (2) for a pair of earrings, however both were filled with carbon and I was not happy with the quality. May 30, 2014
1-2 of 2
true2 year jewelry protection plan $40 manufacturer shipped (ships in 3 week(s)),MS3Wlifetime jewelry protection plan $90 manufacturer shipped (ships in 1 week(s)),MS1W
Protection Plans
No additional protection
Same Day Pickup items ordered after 3 p.m. will be available the next day.
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Steelie - The world's finest phone and tablet holding system
The Steelie Car Mount Kit is a perfect example of brilliant, intuitive design: it's sleek, compact, versatile, adjustable, and so effortless it's actually fun to use. Here's how it works: two specially engineered components - the Steelie Magnetic Phone Socket and Steelie Ball Mount - are backed with 3M® VHB™ foam adhesive tape, to provide secure-yet-versatile phone docking exactly where you need it. The Steelie Magnetic Phone Socket Component is a strong, machined aluminum base containing a powerful, circular magnet centered with flexible silicon that attaches to the center of the back of your phone or hard case. The Steelie Ball Mount Component also features a machined aluminum base topped with a steel ball that can be attached anywhere on your dashboard. The two connect magnetically, and, once your phone is in place, keep it securely positioned, even if you accidentally hit that speed bump a little faster than you intended. The Steelie Magnetic Phone Socket's silicon center creates a smooth glide and firm grip, so you can easily rotate the phone from landscape to portrait position and it stays that way until you turn it again. And, because of its fumble-free design, unlike other phone holders, the Nite Ize Steelie Car Mount Kit is legal in all 50 United States.
Here's an added bonus: when you've reached your destination and you detach your phone from the Ball Mount, the Magnetic Phone Socket still works with any other convenient metal surface. So you can attach your phone to refrigerator doors, metal shelving, filing cabinets, toolbox tops, even grocery cart handles-and keep it usable, secure, and easy to view throughout your day.
The Steelie Magnetic Phone Socket contains a strong magnet. These magnets will NOT damage your tablet or phone. However, do not place near magnetically sensitive objects such as credit cards, pacemakers, or computer hard drives. Nite Ize assumes no liability for damage to such objects.
4.8 out of 5 stars
Add a review
I bought this Steelie Car Mount Kit 3 years ago. It's the best phone accessory I've ever bought. After 3 years the magnet is strong as ever and I never had a problem with the adhesive losing it's strength either....neither the metal ball that's on my dash or the magnet that's on the back of my phone case. Yes, I still have the same phone case for my phone.
My phone has never fallen off the metal ball and my job takes me off road at times.
This product works!
Liza Muse
Lubbock, TX
The Steelie is the best car mount that I have ever used. It was easy to change the mounting ball from one car to another with the 3M adhesive that I ordered. Thanks!
L Haji
Came in a flat US priority mail envelope. Quite practical since it is just a packet of stickies.
Several stickies to use. Plenty leftover for whenever you change your mind and wish to reposition it. Does its job of keeping the car mount attached to flat surfaces (not the rugged, shiny dashboard) as described.
William Bidel
Tucson, Arizona
I bought one of the Steelie Ball car mount kits from a Mall kiosk. I mounted it on my Mini Cooper. Works great. I needed one for my Van so I went online and found them on your website and I think they are a great accessory to have while traveling.
Mike Del Grande
Great product! Everyone at my work has one now!
View all 52 reviews
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Our school is quite small, but dedicated to students and athletes. We have a facility known as "Horner" where students and athlets alike are more than welcome to use (from the gymnasium to the indoor track & weightroom to the "yoga" room). There is plenty of space to run (the streets are very safe to run on) and, being basically on the Ohio River, we have access to beautiful hiking trails and the gorgeous city of Madison!
The athletics at Hanover College are supported by the students and faculty; however, fan support outside of the college isn't that great. Games are still fun to attend though and school spirit does not lack.
Hanover College prids itself in being known as a steeller accademic schooll. What most people don't know is that is is also an up and coming athetic school as well. Hanover has made more of an effort to attract athletic students as well as those who are looking for an accademic challenge.
From what I have experienced this far. May have a better rating once I truly get started.
Love the softball field the most
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Hanover College is a member of the Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference and is a Division III school, so many students get to continue their athletic careers after high school. Hanover students play competitively in varsity sports like baseball, men's and women's basketball, football, men's and women's golf, lacrosse, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Many alumni and community members support the teams and tailgate before games, but not many students seem to attend sporting events.
All Hanover students must take two physical activity courses that are taught by the coaches and use the high-quality athletic facilities at the Horner Center, the same facilities used by the athletes and teams. Intramural sports like floor hockey, kickball, and sand volleyball, among others, are popular with the whole student body.
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Testimony to Henry Jenkins.
Yorkshireman Henry Jenkins is said to have been 169 years old when he died in 1670. The following epitaph, composed by Dr Thomas Chapman, master of Magedelene College, Cambridge, can be seen in the church at Bolton-on-Swale near Richmond in North Yorkshire : ' Blush not, marble, to rescue from oblivion the memory of Henry Jenkins, a person obscure in birth, but of a life truly memorable; for he was enriched with the goods of nature, if not of fortune. and happy in the duration, if not variety, of his enjoyments; and though the partial world despised or disregarded his low and humble state, the equal eye of Providence beheld and blessed it with a patriarch's health and length of days; to teach mistaken man these blessings were entailed on temperance or a life of labour and a mind at ease. He lived to the amazing age of 169; was interred here December 6th 1670 And has this justice done to his memory 1743.' A monument to the memory of Henry Jenkins was also erected in the churchyard (seen to the left of the photograph) in 1743, by public subscription, and the local pub at Kirby Malzeard near Ripon is called The Henry Jenkins Inn. Although no parish register exists to support Henry's doubtful claim that he was born in 1500 at Ellerton-on-Swale, he certainly died at Bolton-on Swale in 1670, having lived there for some 20 years. Born of peasant stock, Henry remained totally illiterate all his life. He worked as a farm labourer, as butler to Lord Conyers and later in life as a thatcher and river fisherman. A teetotaller, he regularly swam across the Swale when he was more than 100 years old. He was often questioned about his long life by Lord Conyers who failed to find fault with his recollections such as the Battle of Flodden (1513) when Henry claimed to have guided a horse load of arrows to Northallerton for use in that battle; and the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Other Swaledale centenarians clearly remembered that Henry was a very old man when they were young and all the evidence pointed to the possible truth of Henry's claim. He was often called to testify in court in ancient disputed matters and was a witness at York Assizes during the latter years of his life when he testified that to his knowledge, tithes of wool and lambs had been paid to the vicar of Catterick for at least 120 years.
Photo taken in Bolton-on-Swale DL10, UK


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Prices, promotions, styles, and availability may vary. Our local stores do not honor online pricing. Prices and availability of products and services are subject to change without notice. Errors will be corrected where discovered, and Lowe's reserves the right to revoke any stated offer and to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions including after an order has been submitted.
Victor Indoor Rodent for Rats
Item # 234008 Model # M240A
Product Information
- Kills 50 rats per each set of 4C batteries
- High-voltage shock kills rats and mice in seconds
- Easy to use, simply bait, turn on, and empty
- Patented design prevents escapes
- Smart circuit technology senses rodent to trigger electronic shock
- Auto reset allows trap to always be ready to kill
- Non-toxic, poison free
- Blinking green light indicates kill; blinking red-light indicates low battery
- Requires 4 "C" batteries (not included)
|Killing Mechanism
|Where to Apply
|Application Method
|One Time Use or Reusable
|Package Quantity
|Effective for what type of rodents
|EPA Registration Number


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Attorney in Denver
When you need it most in Denver, Attorney Gilbert O. Montoya Jr., P.C. will offer the compassionate, aggressive and confidential representation you deserve. As a trail lawyer, our firm specializes in personal injury law, family law, and criminal defense cases. If you or a loved one needs legal support, our office can provide completely confidential service that fights for justice.
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Learn about the things you should know for personal injury, auto accidents, and divorce with Your Guide to Legal Services in Denver.
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We'll be happy to answer any questions you have.


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