text:
Electronic Equipment, Instruments and Components
Company Overview of Promethean Limited
Company Overview
Lower Philips Road
Blackburn, BB1 5TH
United Kingdom
Founded in 1977
44 12 5429 8598
44 12 5458 1574
Key Executives for Promethean Limited
Promethean Limited Key Developments
Promethean announced the launch of the next generation of its ActivWall System at the 2016 TCEA Convention and Exposition. Advanced surface technology for the Modern Classroom, the widescreen surface of the new ActivWall product line is designed as a comprehensive collaborative learning solution, offering multi-touch interactivity, HD viewing and dry-erase writing. Directly from the home screen, teachers can browse the web, start a white-boarding session and wirelessly connect to mirror their devices, including smartphones, tablets and laptops to the surface. The company's unique Surface-Segmentation Technology enables teachers to divide the ActivWall into independent learning spaces where students can work individually or in small groups to solve problems, explore solutions and learn in a technology-rich environment.
Promethean launched ClassFlow Connect, a wireless classroom collaboration system that enables teachers and students to connect, interact, and instantly share ideas and information. With ClassFlow Connect, the entire class can simultaneously interact or view and share resources from any mobile device, including smartphones, tablets, Chromebooks™, and notebook computers. ClassFlow Connect is designed to help teachers energize the learning experience in modern classrooms supported by 1:1, BYOD, and mobile computer cart programs by: ENABLING WIRELESS CONTENT SHARING and PROMOTING DEEPER LEARNING & ENGAGEMENT. ClassFlow Connect is now available for purchase.
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Dam "Mary" gave birth to six gorgeous, Pomsky babies!
Dam "Kia" was artificial inseminated to "Choo Choo."
Dam "Glory" gave birth to five (5) gorgeous F1 Pomskies
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Schola UK Tour 13 - 20 Sep 2016
Schola is embarking on a week long tour in September 2016.
Book tickets now to avoid disappointment
Schola Tour to MEXICO - March 2016
Schola is delighted to thank everyone involved in the organisation of their incredible tour to Mexico. The choir was given a fantastic opportunity to perform with the Mexican Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional for two stunning performances of Haydn's 'Seven Last Words of the Cross' at the Palacio des Bellas Artes alongside four young Mexican soloists. Schola was also welcomed by enthusiastic receptions in three other performances venues including the Teatro del Bicentinario in Léon, Santo Domingo Church in Mexico City and the Teatro Angela Peralta in San Miguel. This tour was a once in a life time opportunity and the choir would like to thank Anglo Arts and the Festival Centro Histórico for their work and support which helped to make this trip such a success.
Schola is hoping to update this website to include short accounts of the tour from members of the choir. Stay tuned!


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U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Raj Rajaratnam Appeal
Court Declines to Consider Challenge of Galleon Group Founder's 2011 Conviction for Insider Trading
WASHINGTON—The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday declined to consider a challenge by Galleon Group hedge-fund founder Raj Rajaratnam to his 2011 conviction for insider trading.
Mr. Rajaratnam was convicted of 14 counts of securities fraud and conspiracy for trading on sensitive inside information on an array of companies, including Goldman Sachs Group Inc. GS -2.17 % The closely watched case was a milestone for federal prosecutors who have made a push to crack down on insider trading. The former hedge-fund star is serving an 11-year prison term and was fined $10 million and ordered to forfeit more than $53 million.
Mr. Rajaratnam, argued in a petition to the Supreme Court that the trial judge should have suppressed evidence obtained by the government's wiretap of his cellphone. He also said instructions to the jury were faulty because they allowed for a conviction even if his stock trades didn't rely upon inside information in any meaningful way.
The Justice Department urged the court to stay out of the case and leave the conviction in place. Any alleged error in the jury instructions was harmless because there was "overwhelming evidence" that Mr. Rajaratnam's trades "were the direct and immediate result of his receipt of inside information," the department said.
The Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York affirmed Mr. Rajaratnam's conviction last year, saying his arguments were unpersuasive.
The Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment. The court's action comes the week after it rejected a plea from former Goldman Sachs director Rajat Gupta to remain free on bail while he continues to challenge his conviction for passing along inside information to Mr. Rajaratnam.
Write to Brent Kendall at email@example.com


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Hi folks
During a trip to ADD last month which involved Air Canada and Ethiopian Airlines, I opted to accumulate miles on each airline. While there is no concern on the part of the latter, flights on Air Canada were:
- April 24: YVR - LHR
- May 27: CDG - YUL then YUL-YYZ-YVR
While miles on the CDG-YUL flight were credited, I still have not seen my miles for the YUL-YYZ-YVR flight. Now here are my questions:
- The gate agent who issued my boarding pass from YUL to YVR misspelled my name on the boarding pass, and even though I raised the issue at YYZ, I was told that my miles would still be credited to my account. Could this be the reason why my miles were not credited? If so, how should I approach the whole issue? I still have my ticket receipt and mispelt boarding pass.
- Originally, I was supposed to be on a YUL - YVR nonstop, but missed my connection upon arrival from CDG due to a delay in departing Paris, so had to be rebooked via YYZ. Anyways, when they finally credit my miles, will I be credited for YUL-YYZ-YVR or the original YUL-YVR?


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American Association for
Marriage and Family Therapy:
Hawaii Division
The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy: Hawaii Division (AAMFT-HI) is a state division of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). We represent the professional interests of 380+ marriage and family therapists throughout the Hawaiian islands.
Our purpose is:
- To promote the common professional interest of those who are marriage and family therapists;
- To educate the public and allied professions about the documented and demonstrated effectiveness of a relationship-centered approach to mental and behavioral health;
- To support our members and allied professions with training and networking events; and
- To be a supportive resource for the mental health community and within the greater Hawaii community
Marriage and Family Therapists (commonly referred to as MFTs or family therapists) are trained and licensed to independently diagnose and treat mental health and relationship problems. Family therapists focus on understanding their clients symptoms and interaction patterns within their existing environment. ?
Research shows that marriage and family therapy is a cost-effective, short-term, and results-oriented form of treatment. Who are Marriage and Family Therapists?
- Licensed mental health practitioners
- Educated with master's or doctoral degree
- Trained with a minimum of two (2) years supervised clinical experience
- Family-focused psychotherapists and mental health generalists
Who are the clients of Marriage and Family Therapists?
Treated Per Year:
- 6.1 Million People
- 2,294,728 Individuals
- 808,798 Children
- 752,370 Couples
- 526,659 Families
Want to become a member of the Hawaii Division?
All members of the Hawaii Division are members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Here is information on how to join the AAMFT.
AAMFT Code of Ethics
We welcome the new AAMFT HI Board President, Glenn Pressel, MA, MFT.
"I work with people who are committed to recover from depression, anxiety, addictions (chemical and behavioral), PTSD, relationship issues, sexuality and death and dying issues. I have been in practice since the early 1980's and I believe that healing comes within the relationship with myself and my client working in a collaborative fashion. I work to understand what my clients are struggling with and what outcome they want. As a therapist I believe my own personal and professional growth is very important as it keeps me in a place of curiosity that is my main stance with my clients.
AAMFT HI - 2016 Annual Conference
Aug 13, 2016
Registration: 8 a.m.
Conference: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Neal S. Blaisdell Center, Honolulu, Oahu
777 Ward Ave, Honolulu, HI 96814
Dr. Gay Barfield, MFT - Heart Centered Therapy
Glenn Pressel, MFT - AAMFT-HI President
A sincere and heart-felt "mahalo nui loa" to all attendees, organizers, engineers, board members, and especially keynote speaker, Dr. Barfield. Our time together was a beautiful success. Wishing you all success as you integrate the lessons of our heart-centered, relational focused conference as we "came home again".
For more photos, please click on link below:
If you are seeking the services of a highly qualified marriage and family therapist please use AAMFT's TherapistLocator
I AM AN MFT Video
Mahalo for your Continued Support!


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Moments before his first official hometown performance, Jim Anderson was excited, nervous and thrilled.
Joe Haire and Mark Page took a break from their skateboarding runs Wednesday afternoon to catch their breath in the shade inside of the Lathrop Skate Park.
It was a special night under the stars at the Harris Ranch in Ripon. In a grassy area surrounded by almond trees heavy with nuts just about ready for harvest, the jazz music of the Ernie Bucio Band wafted in the evening breeze while about 300 guests enjoyed a sit-down dinner al fresco followed later on by dancing.
LATHROP - Is there another earth out there capable of supporting life?
If Lathrop Mayor Joseph "Chaka" Santos has his way, the currently vacant Lathrop School Annex on Thomsen Street would be a facility where the city's youth and seniors can gather for various activities such as arts, crafts and other programs.
Manteca is creating San Joaquin County's only wetland mitigation bank.
Ken Matthews spends his days in the gutter.
A number of residential and commercial concerns are downsizing their Toters and bins in response to the weak economy.
LATHROP – Lathrop residents now have the opportunity to watch City Council meetings live on Comcast Channel 97.
Youngsters involved in the Family Unity Night in the Neighborhood program may be too young to drive or drink.
The Growth Group Leaders of Grace Crossroad Community Church spent most of Saturday morning collecting back-to-school backpacks along with school supplies for needy youngsters.
If you're "green" enough to use a 30-gallon Toter and live in Manteca you'll have the lowest garbage rates in San Joaquin County.
Modesto Assemblywoman Kristen Olsen took the first step towards shoring up support in a community that she might come to represent under new redistricting plans.
So who are the incumbent congressmen for Manteca, Ripon, and Lathrop in the 2012 election?
RIPON - Life vests were credited with saving the lives of three Mantecans who had set out on the Stanislaus River at about 3:30 Friday afternoon.
Page 559 of 911
The City of Ripon continues to keep up with its strong water conservation efforts during the hot summer months.
Manteca Fire Marshal Lantz Rey dropped a bombshell of sorts Tuesday on those that believe they got away with shooting off illegal fireworks during the ...
Manteca Parks & Recreation's popular after school Kids' Zone program return Thursday, Aug. 4, on the first day of classes in the Manteca Unified School ...
Manteca is Lisa Blackmon's kind of town.
National Night Out was a success in Manteca as officers and citizens got a chance to better understood each other's viewpoints.
Members of the Lathrop High Class of 2020 met for the very first time Tuesday in the large gymnasium.
Roughly 40 percent of the signatures submitted by a group that wants the Lathrop City Council to overturn its decision to allow a Pilot/Flying ...
There is more water flowing these days in the Stanislaus River.
Sybrina Hernandez and Cyndal Miller were all too familiar with the Link Crew ice-breaking activities during freshmen orientation at Manteca High.
It may not have made a difference if the Lathrop City Council voted for the Pilot/Flying J Truck Stop on Roth Road at Interstate ...
Sam Fant doesn't know yet whether he'll be seeking another term on the Manteca Unified Board of Education.
There are 13 firefighters from the City of Manteca and Lathrop Manteca fire departments battling the massive Big Sur blaze that has blackened 40,000 ...
Page 17 of 17
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TT-661 10MM Two Tone Band
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GalaFLEX® Bioresorbable Scaffold
Surgeon Education
FINALLY! More of what you need when supporting soft tissue;
Less of what you don't.
GalaFLEX scaffold offers you and your patients the next generation of biomaterials that are:
Biologically Derived
Contact Us Today!
We are glad you stopped by! Whether you need more information about Galatea Surgical or would like to have a sales associate contact you, we would like to hear from you. Please let us know how we can answer your questions.


text:
Second Life is an immersive 3-D environment that enables people to meet virtually to collaborate, socialize and create a world of their own design. As part of my Pepperdine University Educational Technology doctoral program, I have completed a series of consultancy projects with Linden Lab the creators of Second Life. The purpose of my consultancy was to explore the educational and knowledge sharing applications of Second Life with regard to higher education.
Introducing Your Real Life Students to Second Life
Real Life Student Orientation Tutorial (youtube video)
SL Volunteers Knowledge Sharing Project
Rubric Template for SL Educational Projects
The Panhellenic Project: The Panhellenic Project: Assessing Learning Engagement Using Web 2.0 Technologies - Dissertation Study. Key Words: Instructional Design, Engagement, Technologies, Second Life, Constructivism.
Overview of The Panhellenic Project
Sabbatical Project: Surveyed a sampling of community colleges, virtual high schools, and universities to determine which web-based technologies and applications are being used for student services. An overview of Web 2.0 technologies were provided as well as recommendations for implementation. I designed an interactive online student services prototype as an example of how to launch online services.
Example of Online Student Services Portal (Interactive)
@One Research Project: The @ONE Carnegie Scholars program supports research on using technology to improve student learning in California Community Colleges. My 2005-06 Carnegie Scholars fellowship explored the world of online student services in particular the participation level of non-traditional students.
Non-Traditional Student Participation in Synchronous Online Workshops
The doctoral concentration in Educational Technology has been designed to prepare leaders in the field of technological applications and innovation in the world of education and business. Concentration courses focus on advanced learning theory as it is related to product design, the relationship between humans and computers, and the special management issues that surround technology. Here are some of my projects:
Ethics & The Matrix (Virtual Law in Virtual Worlds)
"Parents Workshop for University Transfer " - Diablo Valley College (DVC)- San Ramon Campus; San Ramon, California - April 6, 2011
"Workshop: How to Use ASSIST.org & Other Web Resources" - Webinar - November 18, 2010
"Workshop: How to Use ASSIST.org & Other Web Resources" - Diablo Valley College (DVC) - San Ramon Campus; San Ramon, California - November 16, 2010
"The Panhellenic Project: Assessing Learning Engagement Using Web 2.0 Technologies" - SLOAN-C International Symposium Emerging Technology Applications for Online Learning; San Francisco, California - June 17-19, 2009
"The Panhellenic Project: Assessing Learning Engagement Using Web 2.0 Technologies " - American Educational Research Association (AERA) 2009 Annual Meeting - Applied Research in Virtual Environments for Learning (ARVEL) SIG; San Diego, California - April 13-17, 2009
"Exploring Online Student Services" - Flex Workshop; Pleasant Hill, California - August 14, 2008
"The Community College Connection " - Counselor Institute II, Contra Costa County Office of Education; San Ramon, California - April 17, 2008
"Social Networking & Second Life: Uses for E-Learning " -North American Council for Online Learning (NACOL); NACOL Webinar - May 16, 2007 www.nacol.org
"Exploring UC Campuses Virtually" -University of California 2007 Ensuring Transfer Success Counselor Institute; Foster City, California - -May 8, 2007; Modesto, California - May 9, 2007
"Introducing Your Real Life Students to Second Life" -Second Life Community Convention 2006; San Francisco, California - August 18-20, 2006
"Does Technology Improve Student Learning and Success? The @ONE Scholars Program" -2006 Online Teaching Conference; San Diego, California - June 16, 2006
"Online Counseling Tools" -University of California 2006 Ensuring Transfer Success; Foster City, California - May 3, 2006


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Sculpey III® Oven-Bake Clay, 2oz
Item# 10605931
Product Actions
Product Details
This item is sold individually in store.
- Available in multiple colors
- 2 oz. (57 g)
- Easy to use
- Stays soft until baked
- Blends to create custom colors
This item is sold individually in store.
- Available in multiple colors
- 2 oz. (57 g)
- Easy to use
- Stays soft until baked
- Blends to create custom colors
Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
Sculpey III® Oven-Bake Clay, 2oz is rated out of 5 by 17.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lovepink from Great product I love Sculpt polymer clay! It lasts forever and is really easy to work with
Date published: 2016-09-14
Rated 5 out of 5 by ld0827 from Awesome crafting product This is the best clay I have ever used for making crafts. It's easy to work with, comes in a wide range of colors and is affordable. I have truly enjoyed crafting with this clay.
Date published: 2016-09-10
Rated 5 out of 5 by Susan from Awsome product I use sculpey for my polymer clay jewellery shop and they are just awsome.They can be perfectly shaped with ease and the colours are also excellent.
Date published: 2016-08-30
Rated 5 out of 5 by moose801 from Sculpy clay review I love using sculpy clay ! I use it in many of my crafting and home decor projects. For example it great for making table top fountains, making small figurines for my fairy gardens and for making jewelry. It truly helps with imagination and creativity. And at times can be very therapeutic. Its safe for children and it is really fun when used in kids projects. I strongly recommend sculpy.
Date published: 2016-08-14
Rated 5 out of 5 by Doxielove from Sculpey clay This is an awesome clay. Soft enough for everyone to use
Date published: 2016-07-04
Rated 5 out of 5 by Curtis1968 from My experience with sculpty clay With the years ive spent sculpting i can say sculpty has been the main brand ive looked out for and used. The quality of the clays softness and flexibility is wonderful for avoiding cracks as hard clays may cause,the quantity of mutiple colors even to the point where i questioned whether it was a color provides a chance to make sculptures with quite exotic colors. I have enjoyed the uses of their clay and do not plan to stop anytime soon.
Date published: 2016-06-06
Rated 5 out of 5 by Janet69 from Sculpey clay I use sculpey clay in all my beads. It is durable and light weight, I love to ad sand to it and it mixes better then othe brands. It's a great product.
Date published: 2016-06-02
Rated 4 out of 5 by Naomioriginals from 3 different colors I make Shabby Chic scarves and use Sculpey III to form my center beads. I recently bought, silver, black, and white. The silver and black rolled out nicely but the white was sticky and difficult to roll. I was able to use it but doubt I will order that color again from you. I had no problems with the silver and black and would order them again.
Date published: 2016-05-31


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A sometimes stinging Venice Biennale
Venice, Italy — Every two years, this ancient and liquidy city is deluged by the art world, making it seem more unreal than it already is. Curators, collectors, critics and artists cram onto the Venetian islands for a three-day preview of what is effectively the Olympics of art, the Venice Biennale.
Attired like something out of "The Talented Mr. Ripley" – tailored and European and with all of the ingratiating and insinuating implied by that reference – many of the well-heeled dash like 8-year-olds sprinting for Space Mountain when the gates open each day. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Episcopal priests rock the house with a religious message
They call themselves the Rectors of Rock. The Fathers of Funk. The Collar Studs.
It's all cheeky fun, but believe it or not, these four Episcopal priests live up to the billing. »Read Full Article(7)
Dierks Bentley; Beck; the Fray; St. Vincent; Bayside; William Fitzsimmons; New Madrid; Yellow Ostrich; Thalia Zedek
Beck »Read Full Article
Strachota named GM of WDJT, Weigel stations
Mark Strachota has been named general manager at WDJT-TV (Channel 58) and other Milwaukee stations owned by the Chicago-based Weigel Broadcasting Co. group.
Strachota previously was general manager of Time Warner Cable's SportsChannel and is a former GM and VP at WTMJ-TV (Channel 4). He spent 28 years working at WTMJ. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
WTMJ-TV news director Berra joins Tampa station
WTMJ-TV (Channel 4) news director Bill Berra has been named vice president of news for WFLA-TV in Tampa, Fla., according to TV Spy, a television industry website. Berra was vice president of news for Journal Broadacast Group stations, which he joined in 2005.
He started his career reporting for WTMJ-AM (620) before becoming a reporter for WTMJ-TV. He also worked in Tampa, where his family still lives, and he returned there on weekends to visit. He still has Florida license plates on his car. He also worked as news director in Columbus, Orlando, Phoenix, St. Louis and Memphis. »Read Full Blog Post(7)
Milwaukee Ink owner competiting on Spike TV's 'Ink Master' tonight
Want a new tat for spring? Then Jim Francis is your man. The Milwaukee artist, a competitor on season four of Spike TV's "Ink Master" (premiering Tuesday night), recently opened Milwaukee Ink Tattoo inside Milwaukee Harley-Davidson. Photo provided by publicist. »Read Full Blog Post


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1969
|Filing date
|Jun 14, 1967
|Priority date
|Jun 14, 1967
|Publication number
|Preston Robinson
|Original Assignee
|Sprague Electric Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (16), Classifications (19)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
m- EZQKEWME gm zam muwm Dec, 30, 1969 RO mso 3,486,221
HIGH ENERGY BEAM TRIMMING OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS Filed June 14, 1967 3,486,221 HIGH ENERGY BEAM TRIMMING OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS Preston Robinson, Williamstown, Mass., assignor to Sprague Electric Company, North Adams, Mass.,
a corporation of Massachusetts Filed June 14, 1967, Ser. No. 646,002 Int. Cl. H01c 7/00 US. Cl. 29-620 7 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Electron beam impinging on protectively coated metal film resistor increases its resistance without leaving a gap in the protective coating. Film can be chromium-nickel, preferably on a completely oxidized under layer of chromium-nickel. Completely protected metal film resistor can also be made by machining a film after it is covered by protective coating at least 5000 Angstroms thick and melting at a temperature lower than film... Ele c tro n bean} or laser beam can do the machining in such a way as'to cauTFEHpHitective coating adjacent machined path to melt and flow over machined edges of film. These high energy beams can also be used in place of ordinary light in photo-resist process to render resist pervious Where impinged by the beam, or render resist more resistant to removal where impinged. Such impingement can both make some resist portions pervious as by removing them, and other portions more resistant to removal so that surface under resist is delineated into three areas which can each be subjected to different after treatments.
This invention relates to the use of high energy beams such as electron beams and laser beams, in the making of circuit components such as resistors, inductors and transistors Surface film devices including resistors and inductances have a thin film of conductive material such as metal coated on a base of ceramic or the like, the film being machined to remove portions so that the remainder has a higher resistance or inductance.
Rapid production of resistors, inductances and semiconductive devices presents problems in reproducibility, accuracy and flexibility. They tend to show departures from specification limits even though the latest production techniques are used, including electron beam and laser beam machining.
Among'the objects of the present invention is the provision of novel production techniques for making the foregoing devices, as well as new products resulting from such techniques.
These as well as additional objects of the present invention will become more apparent from a consideration of the following description of several of its exemplifica= tions, reference being made to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a metal film resistor showing a portion treated to correct its resistance in accordance with the present invention;
FIG 2 is a similar view showing a metal film device machined through a protective coating pursuant to the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a plan View of a semiconductor device representative of the present invention and illustrating the use of high energy beams to delineate separate portions that are to be given different treatments.
The present invention produces devices which include metal film resistors in which a non-conducting base such as a ceramic rod is coated with a metal film and thereafter a nonconducting strip is formed by machining away part 3,486,21 Patented Dec. 30, 1969 of the conducting coat in a helical path around the rod. This results in lengthening the resistive path of the remaining conducting material. The conductive material has a resistivity and this resistivity provides the resistance value of the ultimate product. Conductivity and resistivity as used in reference to the surface film type device are relative terms. For example, resistivities can range from below 10- ohm-cm. to about 10" ohm-cm. for silicon, illustrating that in principle a wide range of resistances are possible for this chemical element.
The machining is preferably effected by an electron beam as described in the above-cited parent applications to produce microscopically straight and smooth machined edges. Laser beams can also be used with similar results, the highly concentrated energy of the laser light effecting rapid evaporation of the portions of the metal film against which the laser beam impinges. Machining can also be accomplished with concentrated infrared light such as that generated by iodine-tungsten quartz lamps having gold reflectors.
Instead of machining a helical path in a cylindrical metal film, the metal film can be planar and the path then made a series of offset lines to leave a sinuous electricity conductive track, as more fully illustrated for example in application Ser. No. 544,731, filed Apr. 25, 1966.
FIG. 1 illustrates the latter construction in which a resistor 10 has a support sheet 12 coated with metal resistive film 14 which after machining is covered by a protective coating 16 of fused glass or enamel. Terminal connections are provided by an extra layer 18 of more conductive metal'such as gold at the ends of the resistive track, a metal clip 20 being clamped over the edge of plate 12 so as to dig into the resistive film where it laminates with conductive layers 18. A lead 22 can be welded to the clips. Layers 18 can be under or over the resistive film 14, although in the figure they are shown as under it.
The application of protective coating 16 usually changes by it, and to melt and flow at least one of them to increase the resistance of the resistor without leaving a gap in the coating.
In FIG. 1 the portion subjected to the final electron beam treatment is indicated at 26, and here the protective coating is distorted because of the localized melting there caused. It is not necessary to melt the metal film as the localized melting of the coating alone has an appreciable resistance-increasing effect on solid metal films that are thin enough to be suitable for film type resistors. Such films generally have resistances of about 50 to 2000 ohms per square, and chromium-nickel films of this resistance show resistance increases of about 15% where a protective coating 10 mils thick is melted by a onehalf second impingement of a 20 kilovolt microampere electron beam focused to a spot 50 mils in diameter.
It may be that some of the metal from the film reacts with or becomes dispersed into the coating, and although the mechanism is not understood, the same elfect is noted with other metals including platinum, zinc, iron, copper, silicon, aluminum, manganese, cadmium and tungsten, as well as with chromium and nickel when used separately. It is also noted with any kind of ceramic or other coatings that melt, including plastics like nylon that can be used on resistors. Inasmuch as protective coatings are applied at minimum temperatures, any touch-up melting will produce the resistance-increasing effect even if the touch-up melting barely brings the melt to a flowable condition.
Where the metal film melts under the influence of the electron beam, the effects are even more pronounced, particularly in the thinner films. A nickel-chromium film containing about manganese, 80% chromium and 10% nickel by weight and having a thickness such as to show a resistance of 1200 ohms per square and covered with a 10 mil thick layer of glass, can have its local resistance more than doubled by a one-second exposure to the above 50 mil wide beam. This increase seems to be associated with surface tension effects on the molten film. A low-melting metal film of zinc can in this way be melted through a 2 mil thick layer of polytetrafluoroethylene which is resistant enough to heat up and transfer heat to the underlying zinc although the polytetrafluoroethylene does not itself melt. This action is facilitated by the relatively low concentration of beam energy about 1000 watts per square inch.
It is preferred that the resistance-adjusting beam be rather diffuse, at least about 10 mils wide, so that a localized adjustment will be a significant increase for the entire resistor. The adjusting effect can be multiplied by repeating the electron beam exposure in other locations of the resistor or scanning the beam along it. A scan that extends transversely to the resistive track has a greater effect than one extending longitudinally of the track.
The foregoing adjustment of resistance is also effective with resistors that are not machined. For example, a gold film deposited by firing a gold resinate layer on a glazed ceramic substrate, and having a resistance of 1500 ohms per square, can be protected by a 3 mil thick layer of glass fused to the metal, and the resistance then adjusted by a one-half second exposure to a 10 watt electron beam 100 mils wide.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a protected machined metal film resistor, inductor, capacitor or circuit component having one or more of such elements or a combination of different elements, is provided by machining a body having a precursor metal film covered by a fusible protective coating and machining the film with a high energy beam that fuses the coating adjacent the machined path and causes the fused coating to flow over and cover the machined edges of the film.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is here shown a metal film planar resistor 30 having a ceramic support 32 that carries a chromium-nickel-aluminum film 34 having a resistance of 1300 ohms per square which is in turn coated with a 5 mil thick layer of vitreous enamel 36. Terminals for the film 34 are provided by a covering stratum 38 of pure nickel electroplated over each end of the film 34. At these nickel strata the resistance is 8 to 12 ohms per square and terminals can be welded or soldered there with high temperature solder.
The resistor is now machined to provide a series of parallel cuts 39 in the film 34 to leave the film as a sinuous track having a total resistance of 1 megohm between its terminals. The machining is effected by a kilovolt 150 microampere electron beam focussed to a spot 3 mils in diameter and scanning at a speed of inches per minute. Under these conditions the beam volatilizes the coating film and a small amount of the ceramic base 32 along the 3 mil machining path. The coating is also fused adjacent the machining path and enough flow takes place in the fused edges that they flow together as indicated at 40, completely covering the machined path.
By conducting the scanning at a higher speed, such as 1 inch per second using a beam of 300 microamperes, the fused flow is less and will still cover the machined edges of the film, although the fused edges of the protective coating might not flow together at all points. Even higher scan speeds will provide adequate flow to protect the machined film edges, but reducing the thickness of the protective coating to less than about 5000 Angstrorns will not provide adequate flow with any practical machinfit) ing width-that is with a beam 5 mils or less in width.
Chromium-nickel films whether or not they contain other ingredients such as manganese, aluminum, silicon and/or copper, show more stable resistance values when they are applied over a fully oxidized layer of chromiumnickel. Thus a steatite disc on which is vacuum condensed, gas-plated or sputtered an weight percent Cr2'0 weight percent nickel film having a resistance of 1000 ohms per square, can have this film completely oxidized by heating in air at 600 C. for about two hours, or by heating in oxygen at 500 C. for about one and one-half hours. Depositing another such metal film over the oxidized layer provides a resistance film which even after machining shows very little change in resistance upon prolonged use. Completely oxidized base layers 25 to 100 Angstroms, with chromium contents varying from 40% to by weight thick before oxidizing, have this effect.
The completely oxidized base layers also help the fused protective coating 40 of FIG. 2 flow over and cover the machined edges of metal films applied on these base layers. It is accordingly particularly desirable to use such base layers in the combination of FIG. 2.
The flow protecting technique illustrated in FIG. 2 is also obtained when the machining is performed with other high energy beams such as laser beams. Because laser beams generally have less energy per unit area of impingement, their scanning rate is slower and there is a greater lateral dissipation of heat to fuse the edges of the protective coating.
The flowing of the protective layer takes place whether the resistor being machined is kept stationary, or is moved as in the helixing operation described in the parent applications. Also the metal film can be machined to make an inductor or subdivide the film into capacitively linked portions. Any metal can be used inasmuch as they are all vaporized by high-energy beams, even tungsten. Similarly any protective layer can also be vaporized and will be suitable so long as it fuses. Glass protective layers are desirable, particularly of hard or more difficultly fusible glasses such as the borosilicate types where the circuit component is a resistor that generates appreciable heat in use. Transparent glass coatings enable visual inspection of the protected film, and this is very desirable for detecting defects such as for example a conductive track that is too narrow in one or more locations to be dependable.
It is a feature of the present invention that the high intensity beams can be used to also adjust circuit combinations such as an RC network or an LC network.
The beam treatments will increase resistances and they also decrease capacitances. Where a resistance-capacitance network is used to determine a time constant in a circuit, the determination is made by the product of the resistance and the capacitance. Accordingly where the time constant needs increasing the resistance is increased by the beam treatment, and where the time constant needs decreasing the capacitance is decreased by the beam treatment. Excessive changes should be avoided where the impedance of the circuit is important.
In inductance-capacitance networks the capacitances are readily decreased as pointed out above, and the inductance can be increased by the machining operation as carried out with a resistor. The critical aspect of an inductance-capacitance network is also the product of the inductance and the capacitance so that a similar adjustment or tuning of such a network is readily effected.
Inductances can also be diminished pursuant to the present invention. To this end a helical or planar inductor can have its turns covered by a coating containing particles of high magnetic permeability, and the adjustment made by machining out portions of the coating. This has the effect of reducing the inductance.
A similar technique can be used to increase the inductance of an inductor, except that instead of incorporating high permeability material in the coating, the coating can be of highlymonduciive -material insulated from the turns of the inductor. The highly conductive coating, which can for example be a copper or silver foil or a vacuum-distilled layer of such metal, has an inductancereducing effect and by machining away portions of such coatings the inductance will increase.
The high energy beams will easily cut through protective coatings, and by diminishing their intensity or impingement dwell they will also impart other effects to coatings. Where the coatings are of the photo-resist type, for example, the beams can rapidly convert such a coating to the very insoluble form which it assumes to de= lineate the coated material into threedifferent portions. In one portion the coating is not affected and this is accomplished by keeping the beam from impinging on the corresponding parts of the coating. In a second portion the coating is removed by the high-energy beam or decomposed by that beam to the point it becomes pervious.
The remaining portions of the coating are rendered by the beam more resistant to removal as by a solvent.
The subdivision into three different types of areas enables simpler manufacture of circuit elements and devices. For example a support carrying a single electrically conductive film covered by a layer of resist as described in the example of U.S. Patent 2,670,285, can be scanned by an electron beam that cuts through the resist and the film to convert it to a sinuous resistance elementfand this scanning can be followed by additional scanning with much lower energy impingement per unit area to harden all the remaining resist except where terminals are to be provided for the resistance element. The unhardened resist is removed from the film by the usual development, and the thus exposed film sites electroplated with copper to provide good solder terminals.
Alternatively the first portion of the beam scanning can be only intense enough to cut through or decompose the resist and the film then etched through as by anodic treatment in a very dilute solution of an acid like HCl, not strong enough to remove the unhardened or hardened portions of the resist. This leaves sites still protected by the unhardened resist which is removed for coating or plating of, the sites to make appropriate terminals after the etched areas are given some intervening treatment.
FIG. 3 illustrates such a technique used in the making of a transistor. A silicon chip 50 having an in situ formed silicon dioxide surface and a p-type conductivity, is here shown as carrying a resist layer that has been segregated into three regions by an electron beam. One region 52 has been hardened by a kilovolt 10 microampere beam 8 mils wide scanning at a rate of 150 inches a second. A second region is composed of two portions 54, 55 in which the resist has not been touched by the beam. The third region is area 56 where the beam current was increased to 100 microamperes and the beam width reduced to /2 mil; here the resist has been completely driven off and some of the underlying oxide volatilized with it.
The chip is now etched with aqueous ammonium bifiuoride as described in U.S. Patent 3,122,817, granted Mar. 3, 1964, to remove residual SiO from area 56 and this area is then plated with gold by vacuum condensation to build up a thickness of about 0.01 mil.
The resist is now developed to wash it away from areas 54, 55, the SiO is etched away, and the chip then subjected to diffusion with phosphorus to give areas 54, 55 n-conductivity. The diffusion extends out in all directions from the margins of areas 54, 55 and is carried out long enough to form the desired pair of junctions between these areas. Another plating step is now carried out to deposit terminal coatings on areas 54, 55. After the plating the resist is easily removed from region 52 inasmuch as the heat of the diffusion treatment extensively decomposes this resist. The silicon dioxide at region til 52 is also removed taking along with it any terminal deposit that extends beyond its intended boundary.
A similar result is obtained by scanning a high energy beam across a silicon chip that has been coated with a phosphate glass or with a phosphorus-containing silica glass or other phosphorus-containing layer. Such a coating can be applied at fairly} low temperatures under conditions which keep the bodyfo'f-the silicon from becoming contaminated. The beamtreatment can then be intense enough to cause momentary: heating of the silicon to a temperature at which a significantphosphorus diffusion takes place from the .coatingf into the thus heated por tions. Not more than a few -seconds are needed to obtain the desired diffusion .of .any :one .point of the chip, so that the scan speed can be correspondingly set, using beams of fairly moderate intensity-for example a 10 kilovolt 50 microamperes beam 6 mils Wide. Where the chip is to have its coating removed or made pervious, the scanning speed and beam intensity are increased to cause extremely rapid treatment that does not give the phosphorus an opportunity to; significantly diffuse into the chip. Moreover the beam can be readily controlled to almost instantaneously machinethrough the coating without heating the chip to a diffusion temperature.
Boron oxide coatings can be used in the same way to effect diffusion of p-conductivity impurities in the chip.
Other coatings that can be} used for the three-way delineation include low polymeric silicon oxides, Si N SiS and SnO or simple phpsphates and arsenates like sodium phosphate and galliujm and indium salts, where doping is to be effected by thelcoating. Beams of moderate intensity cause the low polymeric materials to become more highly polymerized and therefore more inert and less soluble in solvents.
Laser beams can be used inplace of the electron beams in the process described in connection with FIG. 3. For sharpest resolution, as in the making of high frequency transistors and the like, electron beams are preferred inasmuch as they can be very sharply defined and scanned to closely and accurately space adjacent treatment zones.
The techniques of the present invention can be applied to germanium or other substrates in place of the abovementioned silicon. Carbon is another material that can be machined by high energy ,bea'ms, preferably in an oxidizing atmosphere. A little residual oxygen in the evacuated electron beam treatment chamber permits a carbon layer to be rapidly cut, most of the carbon becoming oxidized.
The start of a non-conducting path is accurately controllable as is also the ending or the termination of the non-conducting path cut by a beam. These operations are simply achieved by deflecting onto or away from the substrate, by focusing or defocusing at the appropriate instant in time, or by appropriately coordinating a beam current modulation with the scan.
The high energy beams cut through the desired layers and also reach the support thus exposed, heating it momentarily. This heating can be to the fusing point so that a skin of glazed material is formed on ceramics. The surface of the non-conducting path can in this way be made free from irregularities and imperfections and microscopically smooth. The beams can also make a very shallow cut into the support. This cut is preferably to the depth of less than 0.0005 inch.
The support material may be beryllium oxide. Beryllium oxide is undesirable as a substrate core for mechanical machining because of the toxicity of its dust. However, with the techniques of this invention beryllium oxide dust is not formed, and the high thermal conductivity of beryllium oxide is particularly effective in increasing the wattage rating for a given hot spot temperature in a resistor. Such resistors show more uniform temperatures and the temperature rise above ambient is limited or maintained at a minimum.
Ceramic metallic (cermet) films provide desirable electrically conductive surface films but present problems in the technique of adjusting the resistance value for an ultimate useful product. The ceramic metallic material after application to the non-conducting base is tenaciously adhesive to the base. The resistance adjusting technique of this invention is particularly applicable to this problem. For example, a cermet of 65% chromium and 35% silicon monoxide as a surface -film can be readily adjusted to a desired final resistance by the means and meth od described herein. Another good resistance material made useful as an adjustable surface film by this invention is molybdenum disilicide.
Another product of this invention is a surface film type inductor. A surface inductor is made up of a conductive film such as either silver or copper deposited on an elongated, round or bar-like, non-conducting base and formed into a number of closely spaced turns of a conducting track by a non-conducting path produced in the metallic coat by impingement of an electron or laser beam. As in the case of the resistors described above, the conductive material removed to provide the non-conducting path, is volatilized and removed from the vacuum furnace by suction.
An advantageous example of an inductance prepared according to this invention is the provision of a silver coat on a magnesium oxide core. The silver coat is transformed into a spiral conductor by forming a non-conducting path with the electron beam. The silver conducting layer is particularly adapted to effect cutting by removal with the electron beam.
The present invention is also applicable to the making of capacitors such as those having metal film coatings on one or both faces of a dielectric support. Such coatings lend themselves to beam machining for adjustment of the capacitance between them. For example where a support has coatings on opposite faces, one or both coatings .can be machined away to reduce their opposing areas and thus diminish their capacitance. Where such coatings are on the same surface of a support and form a capacitor by reason of the edge elfect capacitance between their adjacent edges, the capacitance can be diminished by machining away a strip on one or both of these edges. Very little film removal is needed for such edge-effect adjustment as compared with the area removal for opposing area adjustment.
Combinations of circuit components such as RC or inductively tuned timing circuits can also be adjusted pursuant to the present invention. In some circuits (see for example US. Patent 3,109,983, granted Nov. 5, 1963) a single coating of relatively high resistance acts as both a capacitance electrode and a resistor, and this coating can have its resistance adjusted in accordance with the techniques of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 of the present invention. Film-type inductors can also be adjusted as by machining away portions of the film, or Where the inductor is to have significant resistance, by increasing that resistance pursuant to the technique of FIG. 2.
Inductors can have coatings of high permeability to increase their inductance, and these coatings can be subjected to beam action to change the inductance as by being partly machined away. Such machining can be arranged to only partially penetrate through high permeability coatings if it is desired to retain whatever protection is obtainable from such coatings which can consist of iron or ferrite powder in a protective resin binder.
The conductive films used can be of any metal, preferably one that is relatively non-reactive and stable. In addition to noble metals, transition metals are suitable, particularly when alloyed with another metal such as a noble metal. Alloys of gold and vanadium, or palladium and sliver, for example, are highly suited for resistance tfilms.
The treatment described in connection with FIG. 1 has a tendency to cause an increase in electrical noise or shot noise of the component treated. Where such noise is a significant problem this treatment should be held down to the minimum.
In the modification of FIG. 2, all exposure of the conductive film is avoided. For some purposes, however, the machined edges of this film can be permitted to remain partially or completely exposed. In such product the percentage of exposure of the resistor material is quite small inasmuch as the exposed edge is almost dimensionless, and the sensitivity to exposure is also quite small.
According to an additional aspect of the invention circuit components may have a protective surface applied as by polymerizing a gas such as butadiene or low molecular weight silicones in the atmosphere in which the machining is performed. For example, an electron beam chamber may hold a gas which reacts to form a protective layer on the conductive or semiconductive material. The heating efiiect of the beam readily causes reactions to take place at the machining site as the beam scans. The machining chamber atmosphere can also contain a mixture of gases such as silanes and water vapor or silanes and ammonia, that react with each other at the hot beam impingement sites to form protective coatings.
An important advantage of the high energy beam helixing is the smooth edge of the path when it is cut. With mechanical helixing a jagged edge is formed. This is undesirable since it produces sharp points which can be areas of electrical stress concentration. These areas of concentration are points at which break-down can start. The shape and stability of the conducting path are important. The beams provide a very even or smooth edge conducting path. This is demonstrated in the control of the magnetic field at the edge of a superconductor. In a superconductor if the flow along the edge is not disturbed by the irregularity of the edge, the superconductive phenomenon is preserved. With the beam machining a smooth edge is provided so that the conducting path has the desired straight shape and preserves the superconductivity. Pulsed machining beams are not desirable because they tend to leave machined edges with scallops containing sharp points The high energy beams can also be arranged to cut partly or completely through a transistor or diode slice or chip to delineate it into smaller units, or to help electrically isolate one region from another or to sever the units from each other. Such partial or complete cutting can also be performed after the chip or slice has been imbedded in a retaining body such as a glass layer as described in the Duke application Ser. No. 638,861, filed May 16, 1967.
Aluminum makes a desirable conductive film in accordance with the present invention, particularly on ceramic supports. Aluminum adheres very tenaci usly to such supports, and can be readily provided with solderable top coatings such as an aluminum-copper mixture which is in turn covered by pure copper.
While the use of high intensity beams in accordance with the present invention is called machining, the action of these beams can be considered as essentially thermal rather than mechanical. An electron beam does exert substantial pressure on any surface on which it impinges, and this pressure makes itself evident by the piling up of the sides of a fusible layer bombarded with an electron beam, particularly when the layer is not readily volatilized. Thin layers carried by a solid surface which the layers do not wet very effectively when molten, have a tendency to be drawn away from the beam impingement track and coalesce into a lip or into small balls by surface tension effects. Layers of gold or copper on glass behave in this way. Continuous (non-pulsating) beams having an, intensity of about 50,000 watts per square centimeter or more, cause such rapid evaporation that very little surface tension action is noted unless the films are quite thick. Such powerful beams produce strong pressure effects, however.
Where a film readily wets the surface on which it is carried, the electron or laser beam will cause volatilization along the impingement track but will permit the molten film edges to flow at least part way back into the track after the beam has passed. Some metals such as chromium and aluminum behave in this way on glass substrates. The glass-type protective coatings described above also easily wet ceramic substrates and show such flow-back very effectively.
Some thin films like chromium can in fact be evaporated out into or through a glass covering layer by an electron beam impinging on the glass layer, without evaporating otr' much of the glass layer. This action takes place in the resistance adjusting process described in connection with FIG. 1.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described What is claimed is:
1. In the process of making a coated metal-film resistor, the improvement according to which the coated resistor is initially made to have a resistance lower than desired and the coated resistor is then subjected to an electron beam to cause the beam to impinge upon the coating as well as upon the film covered by it, and to melt and flow at least one of them to increase the resistance of the resistor without leaving a gap in the coating.
2. The combination, of claim 1 in which the coating i0 melts at a temperature below that at which the metal film melts.
3. The combination of claim 1 in which the resistor has a ceramic support for its metal film.
4. The combination of claim 1 in which the metal film is a chromium-nickel film.
5. A process for preparing a protected machined metal film electric circuit component, said processincluding the steps of providing a circuit component body having a metal film covered by a fusible protecting coating at least about 5000 Angstroms thick, and machining the film with a high energy beam that fuses the coating adjacent the machined path and causes the fused coating to flow over and cover the machined edges of the film.
6. The process of claim 5 in which the metal film is a chromium-nickel film and the circuit component includes a resistor in which said film supplies the resistance.
7. The process of claim 6 in which the metal film is coated on a completely oxidized chromium-nickel layer.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 7/1964 Schleich et a1. 21969 12/1966 Robinson 2191 2 us. c1. X.R. 219-69, 121
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 5 9 CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,486,221 Dated December 30, 1969 Inventor) Preston Robinson It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 2, line 24, change "electricity" to electrically Column 4, line 15, change "100" to 1000 Colmnn 7 line 74, change "sliver" to silver Column 16, line 24, change "3,293,582" to Signed and sealed this 7th day of July 1970 (SEAL) Attest:
EDWARD M.FLETCHER,JR. WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, JR. Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 24, 1961
|Jul 7, 1964
|United Aircraft Corp
|Method for forming modular electronic components
|Aug 6, 1963
|Dec 20, 1966
|Superior Electric Co
|Electrical device and method of making thereof
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 18, 1968
|Apr 13, 1971
|Mermoz Jean
|Process for series production of an electric resistance for a hybrid miniaturised circuit and the resistance thus obtained
|Apr 29, 1970
|Mar 14, 1972
|Gen Electric
|Film resistor trimmer
|May 26, 1971
|Jul 11, 1972
|Adm Tronics
|Electronic trimming of microelectronic resistors
|Mar 22, 1971
|Mar 27, 1973
|Olivetti & Co Spa
|Machine for checking and correcting elements of hybrid integrated circuits by memorizing data
|Oct 26, 1971
|Nov 13, 1973
|Western Electric Co
|Methods of forming a conductive path using an oxygen plasma to reduce reflectivity prior to laser machining
|Jul 21, 1971
|Jan 15, 1974
|Siemens Ag
|Method for producing strips of insulating material having electrically conductive coatings with a coating free marginal edge surface
|Jul 24, 1972
|Dec 3, 1974
|Telefunken Patent
|Method of producing a semiconductor or thick film device
|Mar 29, 1973
|Oct 28, 1975
|Gte Automatic Electric Lab Inc
|Method of static trimming of film deposited resistors
|Feb 10, 1975
|Jun 1, 1976
|Mitsubishi Mining & Cement Company, Ltd.
|Surge absorber
|Aug 5, 1974
|Jul 12, 1977
|Motorola, Inc.
|Microelectronic variable inductor
|Dec 28, 1978
|Dec 16, 1980
|Western Electric Company, Inc.
|Metallized film capacitor and method of manufacture
|Jun 13, 1983
|Feb 5, 1985
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Laser-enhanced jet-plating and jet-etching: high-speed maskless patterning method
|Nov 14, 1984
|Jun 2, 1987
|Caddock Richard E
|Method of making a compact, high-voltage, noninductive, film-type resistor
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|General Electric Company
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|Title not available
|U.S. Classification
|29/620, 219/121.69, 313/317, 219/121.2, 219/121.35, 219/121.84, 219/121.11, 219/69.17, 438/385, 438/760
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Cindyg's Reviews > Divine Misdemeanors
Divine Misdemeanors (Merry Gentry, #8)
by Laurell K. Hamilton (Goodreads Author)
by Laurell K. Hamilton (Goodreads Author)
I didn't realize how much I missed Merry and her men. It was wonderful to read about them again, I missed them especially, Doyle, Frost and Galen. The story moved at a good pace and I devoured it. If you love Laurell and her story telling style you're going to love this one. Now we have to wait for how long, for the next book in the series? Get this book and read it and enjoy it.
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text:
Skip to comments.Benefits Ending for One Million Unemployed
Posted on 12/28/2013 5:51:29 AM PST by reaganaut1
WASHINGTON An emergency federal program that acts as a lifeline for 1.3 million jobless workers will end on Saturday, drastically curtailing government support for the long-term unemployed and setting the stage for a major political fight in the new year.
The program, in place since the recession started in 2008, provides up to 47 weeks of supplemental unemployment insurance payments to jobless people looking for work. Its expiration is expected to have far-reaching ramifications for the economy, cutting job growth by about 300,000 positions next year and pushing hundreds of thousands of households below the poverty line.
An extension of the unemployment program did not make it into the two-year budget deal that was passed just before Congress left on its winter recess. When the federal program expires, just one in four unemployed Americans will receive jobless benefits the smallest proportion in half a century.
Republican aides said they remained willing to negotiate. Why didnt they offer a plan that met the speakers requirements fiscally responsible, with something to create jobs or any plan, for that matter, before they left for the holidays? asked Michael Steel, a spokesman for John A. Boehner of Ohio, the speaker of the House.
Some Democrats have suggested that continuing the program for three months, with the estimated $6 billion in spending offsets coming from agricultural subsidies in the farm bill.
But some conservatives have shown stauncher opposition.
I do support unemployment benefits for the 26 weeks that theyre paid for, said Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky on Fox News. If you extend it beyond that, you do a disservice to these workers. When you allow people to be on unemployment insurance for 99 weeks, youre causing them to become part of this perpetual unemployed group in our economy.
(Excerpt) Read more at nytimes.com ...
Only a true libtard could read this without laughing out loud. Cutting unemployment benefits will SPUR job growth as the sit-at-home benefit recipients will be forced to get up, go out and actually start working again.
Albeit at a lower pay scale than they would likely wish.
The net effect will be that 1 million people will no longer be considered unemployed and will be dropped from the pool of those seeking work. The official unemployment rate will drop. Leftist will cheer.
I would bet that 2 months after the unemployment benefits end 50% of those people have some kind of jobs.
Why didn't the Speaker preempt them by offering one of his own?
Just think, this coming weeks jobs report will show a net gain of 1 million employed since they will be off the un-employment list. Obvious the economy is turning around/has turned the corner. If you're not filing, you must be working. Right?
Unemployment rate will drop and Obama will claim credit.
I wish there was some way to take you up on that bet.
Job search sites:
This means that starting Monday, most of those 1.3 Million people will finally get off their lazy butts and start looking for jobs. The rest will look for other ways to loot via more permanent "entitlements."
I know of two industrial businesses that are looking for new workers which they will train yet the number of applicants are few. Easier staying home living on the unemployment check and EBT cards.
Unemployment benefits cost: $520 billion
Since 2012, Billions more have been spent - we are now approaching 3/4 of a Trillion dollars spent since 2008 on unemployment.
Paul Ryan, John Boehner, Patty Murray, Harry Reid, and Obama just betrayed our military and retired military - cutting their hard earned and well deserved pensions - in order to "save" $6 Billion......over ten years.
Disabled military are not exempt from the cuts.
Someone tell me, how in the hell do we justify spending tens of Billions of dollars now.....paying people not to work?
I can't seem to find the part of the constitution that requires the federal government to pay nearly two years of unemployment benefits.
"If someone has not found a job in that time, they need to lower their sights and/or be willing to move to an area with more job openings."
Maybe 20 years ago; those days are gone. The fast food places near me (big chains) don't seem to have a single worker born in this country; less than 1/2 speak passable English, and apparently no Americans are even considered for the positions.
Denton, Texas
Des Moines, Iowa
Austin, Texas
I am not arguing for that. But anyone who claims that most of the unemployed are playing the system have not a clue. I am currently looking and it ain't easy out there. Not arguing for a handout, but rather that people simply acknowledge how bad it is.
If you really think that they've been sitting on their butts or a year and are just now thinking, "Hey! I better look for a job!" then you really are clueless. I know quite a few people who have been unemployed for a while and not a single one of them spent any time not actively looking for work.
I think it is in the same section that says abortion is a right and state secession is not allowed. /SARC
cutting job growth by about 300,000 positions next year
Sorry these numbers don't make any sense...
By cutting off 1.3 million of the employment rolls, certainly some of these folks will get off the dead asses and take a job, any job...so how does that cut job growth ?
and pushing hundreds of thousands of households below the poverty line
Are not these folks already below the poverty level ?
I can't seem to find the part of the Constitution that requires the federal government to provide disability pensions for veterans either. Do you want to do away with those as well?
"I cant seem to find the part of the constitution that requires the federal government to pay nearly two years of unemployment benefits."
It's probably right after the part that allows governments to take part of your earnings for future unemployment.
And if government action is preventing any employment opportunities, they need to be motivated to do whatever it takes to change the government in question.
Is that Photoshopped or legit?
With every department, agency and check printed, we have to ask the question, Why is the government involved in this area of Americans' lives? We have to ask this of unemployment benefits too.
"I know of two industrial businesses that are looking for new workers which they will train yet the number of applicants are few. Easier staying home living on the unemployment check and EBT cards."
Here in NJ those jobs aren't offered to Americans; they are becoming the exclusive domain of "replacement Americans". Legitimate companies use legal immigrants; others use illegals.
I have wondered if it could be beneficial for there to be a website that works similar to match.com. People with spare rooms could sign up to a site and people who are looking to try a new job across country could rent a room for a reasonable amount while testing a job.
Paying the non working for 2 years vs 6 months changes absolutely nothing in the equation. Make it 5 years-changes nothing.
Perhaps one reason there are so many illegals coming to grab low level jobs is that there is some credence to the axiom, "doing the jobs Americans won't do?"
Not bashing the unemployed but keeping Americans enabled to not be in the workforce is/has contributed to this entire problem.
I am not sure I get your point. You advise people to move cross country for $14/hour jobs?
*With one exception which I believe is New Jersey, where both parties pay into the fund.
Sounds nice, but people are difficult to trust. I would not let a stranger in my house.
Of course, that wouldn't be politically expedient for the left.
As far as "lowering ones sight" try getting a menial job out here. For every one position open, there are thousands applying.
If you have an advanced degree in engineering, you are competing against others with even more experience, AND the added fillip of H1B visa candidates shoveled into the country and working for much much less. In fact, so much less, they can live five together in order to make ends meet.
It is always more comfortable to comment from a position of relative comfort and security on the failings of others actually experiencing the hell out here on the jobs front.
Where did you get "$14/hour jobs" from my post? Did you go really go through nearly 100,000 openings and average out the offered wages in that short a time?
Federal jobless benefits ought to be eliminated completely. Let STATES handle joblessness as they see fit.
Of course, federal laws and regulations that CONTRIBUTE to joblessness also need to be eliminated.
"Cutting unemployment benefits will SPUR job growth as the sit-at-home benefit recipients will be forced to get up, go out and actually start working again."
Unemployment benefits are simply supplementary income for those who work under-the-table.
That exists:
Unfortunately, I live in NJ; we definitely pay into it. I had no idea other states didn't have the same arrangement.
Spot on post.
I have applied to some companies just to see if I could get into a "safety" job. I have started my Master's yet I applied for jobs at local grocery stores just to see if I could get in. Never got a call for even an interview.
Anyone who thinks people are just sitting on their ass hasn't a clue. Some may be. But the vast majority are not.
I don't wish people ill either. But 99 weeks on unemployment is absolutely ridiculous.
The max it should be is 52 weeks (1 year). When people feel comfortable, they are less motivated to take action. I'm sure there are some people who, perhaps subconsciously, don't work as hard finding a job 'cause they know the benefits are there. The longer you are out of the workforce, the more your skills and attitude atrophy.
99 weeks of unemployment isn't doing anyone a big favor.
Article 1 Section 8 includes
I have no idea what you are talking about.
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
That explains it. IIRC, you're the only state with that set-up.
I was standing at a a friends place of business one day and a fellow came in to put in an application. He stated he didn't want a job but he had to apply every so often because unemployment required it. This was not an isolated incident my friend told me.
We import thousands of illegals each year to do jobs Americans will not do.
Certainly if you made $100,000 dollars a year and don't want to work for less jobs are pretty scarce, but if you are willing to work for less IMO something can be found.
Now you say there are no jobs, and perhaps you are right.
Perhaps I am right also. Perhaps somewhere in between is the real truth, and perhaps you are astounded by yourself posting what you deem as fact and do not have a clue.
I suppose that after next week we will all find out.,
By the way I am sympathetic to people in need of jobs. but I also realize that with benefits so high that a person has to make $50,000 dollars a year before it actually pays them to drop benefits and go to work there aren't many willing to do so.
I also realize that we cannot continue pouring money into unemployment forever. When does unemployment become welfare.
Business and taxes have to pay for these benefits, and it is hurting small business.
I do not agree with the President and Nancy Pelosi when they say unemployment benefits helps grow the economy.
I've been on unemployment twice. The first time, I had to actively look for a job for the benefits to continue. The second time, they didn't seem to care.
Is this the norm now?
And where does the Constitution say provide pensions to veterans? Nowhere. But we as a nation do it because it's the right thing to do. Assisting those trying to find a new job is also the right thing to do.
I would argue that the economic policies in place are not doing anyone a favor.
If people want to work and they cannot, then how can anyone fault the people?????
Thanks for the info; I couldn't understand why this was as big an issue as it has been (since I assumed that many of these people were simply getting back what they'd paid into the system for decades).
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Linux 4.6 Improvements
Many Networking Improvements Are Inbound For Linux 4.6
New wireless hardware support and other networking improvements will be present in the Linux 4.6 kernel.
Linux 4.6 Adding Synaptics RMI4 To Better Handle Touchscreens, Touchpads
There are a number of input driver improvements en route for the Linux 4.6 kernel.
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When you buy stocks and bonds directly there is a transaction charge when you buy or sell them and there are no ongoing fees to own the investments. When you buy a mutual fund, the fund is buying and selling the underlying investments for you, and they charge an ongoing fee to do this. This fee is called an expense ratio. Examples:

A fund that has an expense ratio of 1.10 charges 1.10% a year of the total assets you have in the fund.

A fund that has an expense ratio of .20 charges .20% or 1/5th of 1% of the amount you have invested.

Expense ratios are not deducted from your account or investment. Instead they are deducted from the total assets of the mutual fund before you get your share.

This means if the investments owned by the fund delivered a gross return of 10%, and the fund has an internal expense ratio of 1%, your return, net of fees, is 9%.

The article Mutual Fund Management Fees and Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough provides additional details on how expense ratios work in a fun way that is easy-to-understand.

What is an average expense ratio?

According to Morningstar, in 2015 the average U.S. equity fund charged .58%, the average international equity fund charged .77%%, and alternative funds charged 1.31% a year on average.

Funds that own small companies and international investments will have higher expense ratios than funds that own large U.S. companies. This is because it takes more expertise and research to research and trade in smaller stocks and overseas investments.

When comparing expense ratios, it is important to make sure you are comparing funds that own similar types of investments. It would not be fair to compare the expense ratio on an emerging markets fund to that of a U.S large cap fund. It would be fair to compare the expense ratio of one emerging markets fund to that of another emerging markets fund.

Where can I find my mutual fund's expense ratio?

There are several ways you can find out the expense ratio of any mutual fund:

You can search for information on the fund by its ticker symbol (a series of five letters). For example, Vanguard's 500 Index Investor fund has a ticker symbol of VFINX. When I type that into the internet, the first item that showed up was Google Finance. When you glance through the information provided you'll see a section called "key statistics", where it shows the expense ratio is .17%

You can always look up a fund's expense ratio in the fund's prospectus. This is mailed to you each year, although in some cases now it may be delivered to you electronically. You can download a fund's prospectus from the mutual fund company's website. Look in the table of contents for a section called "Fees and Expenses", and it will tell you the expense ratio of your fund.

Learn more inside tips in my Why Read the Mutual Fund Prospectus article.

Why are expense ratios important?

Expense ratios have the effect of reducing the return on your investment. You have to look at investment returns net of fees and taxes to make a good comparison.

Most mutual fund follow either an active or passive investment philosophy by its stated objective. Active funds spend money on research and trading trying to pick the best set of investments, and because of the extra work involved, they have higher expenses. Passive funds own a pre-determined selection of investments and have much lower expenses. Studies show that net of fees and taxes, passive funds (also called index funds) outperform active funds more often than not.

Learn more insights in my Best Index Funds article.

Unknowingly, many investors pay too much for their investments. Paying attention to investment fees can increase your net return over time. For example, if you could find similar quality investments with expense ratios that were about .50% less than what you currently pay, on $100,000 that saves $500 a year. Over ten years, that adds up to $5,000 of savings.

Learn more important information about 6 Investment Fees to Ask About Before You Invest prior to making your decisions.


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UPDATE--- My betas did not double--just went up a few points so it looks like this is a chemical pregnancy. Good luck to all you ladies!
Hi ladies! I was pretty active on these boards a few months ago but needed a break to de-stress. I finally got a BFP yesterday after 14 cycles of TTC baby #2! I started to see an RE in January, had an HSG done which was all clear, tons of blood work and was diagnosed with low ovarian reserve. My next cycle was to set up for clomid and trigger shot--I have all my meds and was waiting for AF to show. I didn't temp this cycle, no OPKs and it happened on its own!
My due date looks like Nov 1st based on my LMP, but it could be earlier or later since I really have no idea when I ovulated. I go for my first blood test on Monday to make sure my numbers look good. Looking forward to getting to know you all!


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Many people are aware of the importance of selecting good courier firms for their business needs but there are few people who do not yet understand its importance. There are so much courier companies available and not all of them are rendering the same type of services. You must know the difference between the type of courier companies and how to pick the right one among them. You can check the tips in online but ensure whether you visit a right website which contains authentic information.
Different types of couriers and how the price and services of the courier vary depending on your selection are explained in detail below.
Courier refers to the delivery service and it is different from the postal services by offering speedy delivery. Though the main aim of the courier services is to deliver the parcel to the intended recipient it is divided into three types: Domestic courier, international courier and offering both domestic and international courier. All the three types offer same day service, economy delivery, express delivery, timed delivery. The cost of the courier is competitive and varies based on the weight of the item, distance and emergency and non-urgent mail service.
Another type of shipment option is carriers. Carriers refer to the large delivery companies with a wide network and its own fleet for transportation. There are many reputed global carriers available across the world which has own vehicles for transportation such as truck, vessel, van and aircraft. It offers various supply chain solutions for different types of goods. The carriers allow you to track your goods location. Using a carrier is expensive when you send low volume goods rarely.
The company which does Freight forwarding business is called freight forwarders. The freight forwarders subcontract their delivery service to an airline or a carrier. Most of the freight forwarders use shipping area and specialized in pallets, mails, parcels and large freight movements. The freight forwarders do the bulk volume of shipments and their suppliers offer them discounts because of regular shipments and the large volume of goods. Your shipment charge is low when using freight forwarders rather than the other shipment types because of the discount it receives from its suppliers. It also offers different services like speedy, trackable and signed deliveries.
The next one is Air freight agent, who usually purchase space in airlines and resells it to other firms for commission amount. The drawback in this is you cannot track your items and it is only suitable for heavy consignments. The agents collect you additional money for customs clearance and various other ancillary charges. You must also know that you need to pay an extra charge for delivery and collection charges and it is purely based on the distance between the airports at both ends.
If the distance is long between the two airports then you need to incur high charges. It is better to choose courier service where you need to pay only fixed charges from two places. Among the various courier options, you must choose the right one by doing a lot of research on each type.


text:
One of the strongest levers you can pull in search marketing is timing – not just what time of day or what day of the week, but what point in the season are you running your ads for the best results? When you take a close look at your data, you can zero in on the timing that makes the most sense based on history, and put more of your budget there.
But what about the broader consumer picture? Sometimes it would help to have greater insight into bigger data that can tell you overall consumer trends – which you can then apply to your own campaign timing. Last year the National Retail Federation predicted Father's Day spending to hit $119.84 per person – but when exactly does this spending happen? Today we're talking about Father's Day, and the best timing for capturing this audience that's ready to spend.
Father's Day = When Is It?
Bing Ads did a study on keyword correlation – which keywords correlate to "Father's Day" in terms of increase in searches at the same time? This can tell us what consumers are looking for – and when. Earlier we did this same study for Valentine's Day and found some interesting results. With Father's Day, the trend that leaped out at us was this:
This chart shows two query categories: "When Is Father's Day" and "Gifts for Father's Day." In 2013, Father's Day fell on June 16, 2013 – and one week prior there appears to be a distinct switch in the consumer mindset. Starting June 9, searchers went from finding out "when" Father's Day occurred to gift ideas. Search is an active medium, hinting what consumers are looking for. So this time window opens up possibilities for marketers.
What's Hot for Father's Day?
Let's dive into one specific category, dining out. Eating out ranks high for Father's Day, and it turns out searches for steakhouses and even lobster climb two to three days before the big day and hit a peak on the actual day of.
Eating out is an easy, relaxing celebration for Father's Day that's quick to organize. The fact that searches for steakhouses hit a high on the actual day of the celebration points to very little advance planning for Father's Day.
What Can We Learn From This?
1. Begin planning your Father's Day campaign weeks before Father's Day, but know that within one week of Father's Day the consumer mindset shifts.
- Ex: Test inclusion of the date of Father's Day in ad copy, extensions, and landing pages
2. Businesses with last-minute offerings for e-cards and restaurants serving steak would do well to include these terms in ad copy to attract consumers looking for steakhouses. Recipes are also popular last-minute searches.
3. Consider adding "Father's Day gift" and "when is Father's Day" terms in both search and content campaigns.
What's Your Story About Father's Day?
Do you notice specific activity with your pay-per-click (PPC) campaigns around the Father's Day holiday? We'd love to hear about it!
Related reading
12 tips for content marketing from an SEO perspective
How can you create content marketing which works for search, right from the start? Many of us probably think of SEO as ... read more
Penguin 4.0: what does it mean for SEO practitioners?
As you're no doubt aware, Google finally rolled out its Google 4.0 algorithm update at the end of last week. Penguin is ... read more
12 companies hit with a Google manual penalty
Just in case you're ever tempted to try a few black-hat practices to manipulate your search positions in Google, here are 12 ... read more
Seven reasons tracking calls and conversions from brand keyword terms empowers marketers
Sponsored content in collaboration with Marchex. When it comes to brand keyword bidding, most tests show that it makes sense to bid ... read more


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Located within 2 miles (3 km) of Butterfly Creek, Heartland Hotel Auckland Airport places you within a few miles (5 km) of Villa Maria Estate. This 4-star hotel has 140 guestrooms and offers conveniences like a restaurant, an outdoor pool, and free in-room WiFi. Near the airport, the hotel is also close to Otuataua Stonefields and Ambury Regional Park.
This hotel is home to a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Order from 24-hour room service to satisfy your hunger without leaving your room. Start each morning with full breakfast, available for a fee from 5:30 AM to 10 AM.
All 140 air-conditioned rooms provide refrigerators, coffee makers, and free newspapers. Guests can expect free WiFi and TVs with satellite channels. Bathrooms offer hair dryers and free toiletries. Free local calls, ironing boards, and desks are other standard amenities.
Property features
Heartland Hotel Auckland Airport offers an outdoor pool, a spa tub, and free WiFi in public areas. You can take advantage of free parking, along with a free airport shuttle at scheduled times. Front-desk staff can answer questions 24/7, and assist with dry cleaning/laundry, tours or tickets, and luggage storage. Additional amenities include conference space, coffee/tea in a common area, and free newspapers.
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Free parking
- Onsite dining
- Free airport shuttle
Heartland Hotel Auckland Airport14 Airpark Drive Mangere 2022
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Heartland Hotel Auckland Airport features an outdoor pool and a spa tub. Public areas are equipped with free WiFi. A restaurant and bar is on site where guests can unwind with dinner and a drink. Event facilities include conference space and meeting rooms. A roundtrip airport shuttle is available for guests at scheduled times and free parking is available onsite. This eco-friendly hotel also offers complimentary newspapers in the lobby and laundry facilities. Babysitting is also available for a surcharge.
- 24-hour front desk
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Free airport transportation
- Total number of rooms - 140
- Babysitting or childcare
- Number of floors - 3
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Conference space
- Elevator/lift
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Luggage storage
- Bar/lounge
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Spa tub
- Outdoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Refrigerator
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Long-term parking (surcharge), Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Free newspaper
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Television
- Satellite TV service
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Room service (24 hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
Where to Eat
Full breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 5:30 AM and 10 AM.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a spa tub are on site.
To make special requests for accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 10 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
24-hour check-in
- Resort fee
Optional extras
- Fee for full breakfast: NZD 17.00 per person (approximately)
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for an additional fee
- Rollaway bed fee: NZD 30 per night
Hotel Name
- Heartland Auckland Airport
- Heartland Auckland Airport Hotel
- Heartland Hotel Auckland Airport
- Heartland Hotel Auckland Airport Mangere
- Ventura Hotel Mangere
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport. Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. A resort fee is included in the total price displayed. Up to 2 children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Awards & Affiliations
National Rating
Official New Zealand Rating provided by Qualmark®
Qualmark® assigns an official star rating for accommodations in New Zealand. This Hotel property is rated 3 star plus and is displayed on this page as 4.0 stars.


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Sorry, something went wrong. Please contact support .
1 I graduated Bachelors of Science in Nursing at Ateneo de Zamboanga University (under board). 2 I have experience in dealing with different people. 3 I have experience in sales (I have worked in the Supermarket as a Warehouse Supervisor). 4 I have call center experience. 5 I strive for continued excellence. 6 Good time management and organizational skills. 7 Willing to learn and to be trained. 8 Can work well alone and with others. 9. Skilled in developing trust and build good rapport with customers. **I am currently working w