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Handbook of Reading Interventionsby Patricia Vadasy Rollanda O'Connor
Comprehensive, authoritative, and designed for practical utility, this handbook presents evidence-based approaches for helping struggling readers and those at risk for literacy difficulties or delays. Leading experts explain how current research on all aspects of literacy translates into innovative classroom practices. Chapters include clear descriptions of effective interventions for word recognition, spelling, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and writing, complete with concrete examples and teaching scripts. Coverage also encompasses preschool literacy instruction and interventions for older readers, English language learners, and students with learning disabilities, as well as peer-mediated and tutoring approaches.
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Sabine Jemeljanova
Today's Daily Babe is from Latvia. She was born in 1991 in Jelgava. Sabine Jemeljanova has been around the glamour model circuit in the UK for a while now. She's modelled for the The Sun as a Page Three model.
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Feedback is appreciated and welcome here, feel free to comment on anything that you find interesting. And remember: Sharing is caring, feel free to share anything you find interesting here with your friends on Facebook and Twitter.
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- An Interview With Dance You're On Fire - September 30, 2016
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 28, 2009
|Filing date
|Apr 22, 2005
|Priority date
|Apr 22, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William Mark Townsley, Iain T. Lockyer
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (1), Classifications (15), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to using the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Ethernet frames, and, in particular, using PPP over larger than standard Ethernet frames.
2. Description of the Related Art
Networks of general purpose computer systems connected by external communication links are well known. The networks often include one or more network devices that facilitate the passage of information between the computer systems. A network node is a network device or computer system connected by the communication links.
Information is exchanged between network nodes according to one or more of many well known, new or still developing protocols. In this context, a protocol consists of a set of rules defining how the nodes interact with each other based on information sent over the communication links. The protocols are effective at different layers of operation within each node, from generating and receiving physical signals of various types, to selecting a link for transferring those signals, to the format of information indicated by those signals, to identifying which software application executing on a computer system sends or receives the information. The conceptually different layers of protocols for exchanging information over a network are described in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. The OSI Reference Model is generally described in more detail in Section 1.1 of the reference book entitled Interconnections Second Edition, by Radia Perlman, published September 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
Communications between nodes are typically effected by exchanging discrete packets of data. Each packet typically comprises 1] header information associated with a particular protocol, and 2] payload information that follows the header information and contains information that may be processed independently of that particular protocol. In some protocols, the packet includes 3] trailer information following the payload and indicating the end of the payload information. The header includes information such as the source of the packet, its destination, the length of the payload, and other properties used by the protocol. Often, the data in the payload for the particular protocol includes a header and payload for a different protocol associated with a different, higher layer of the OSI Reference Model. The header for a particular protocol typically indicates a type for the next protocol contained in its payload. The higher layer protocol is said to be encapsulated in the lower layer protocol. The headers included in a packet traversing multiple heterogeneous networks, such as the Internet, typically include a physical (layer 1) header, a data-link (layer 2) header, an internetwork (layer 3) header and a transport (layer 4) header, as defined by the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model.
Some protocols span the layers of the OSI Reference Model. For example, the Ethernet local area network (LAN) protocol includes both layer 1 and layer 2 information. The International Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 protocol, an implementation of the Ethernet protocol, includes layer 1 information and some layer 2 information.
One such layer 2 protocol is the Point to Point Protocol (PPP) between a network node on a local area network and a network node that provides access to a wide area network, such as the Internet. Some protocols, including PPP, pass protocol-related information among two or more network nodes in special control packets that are communicated separately and which include a payload of information used by the protocol itself rather than a payload of data to be communicated for another application or protocol. These control packets and the processes at network nodes that utilize the control packets are said to be in another dimension, a "control plane," distinct from the "data plane" dimension that includes the data packets with payloads for other applications or protocols. For example, authentication information used to authenticate users, negotiations to determine the size of data packets to be exchanged, and layer 3 address assignment information used by routers to direct data packets according to their layer 3 addresses are passed between nodes in PPP control messages in the PPP control plane.
PPP provides a standard method for transporting any of multiple protocol data packets (also called frames, datagrams and cells, and used interchangeably herein) over point-to-point links. PPP is defined in an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) request for comments document (RFC) numbered 1661, dated July 1994, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. PPP has been used extensively to connect users at a home site to a remote network using modems and telephone copper loop infrastructure. PPP provides a robust control plane for signaling line characteristics, network protocol parameters, and user-level authentication. In large service provider networks, the user authentication models are generally well entrenched, including, but not limited to, custom-built applications for communicating policy to network equipment and to track billing information.
For applications in which multiple hosts on a shared Ethernet establish PPP sessions to multiple destinations via one or more bridging modems, a PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) specification has been developed. PPPoE is intended to be used with broadband remote access technologies that provide a bridged Ethernet topology, when access providers wish to distinguish different users connected via the same modem to the remote network. PPP provides this distinction by opening different sessions with different users. PPPoE is described in IETF RFC 2516, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
For some applications, a digital subscription line (DSL) protocol used by bridging modems is combined with an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) data link layer protocol. A specification for PPP over ATM (PPPoA) has been developed and used extensively in this context. PPPoA for IP data packets in a PPP payload is described in IETF RFC 2364, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
There is a trend among network service providers to move to Ethernet and IP as the only layer two and layer three protocols between end nodes at a user site and end nodes on the remote network to which access is sought. One reason given for this trend is a desire to make use of IP-based quality of service (QoS) capabilities available in access network equipment. Another reason given is to reduce complexity because data packets can be transmitted from one portion of the network infrastructure to another without translating between layer two protocols. Another reason given is that using IP over Ethernet will improve efficiency of bandwidth utilization compared to a mixture of many protocols.
A specific example of problems that arise in migrating remote access to IP over Ethernet infrastructure occurs with DSL/ATM data packets. For many internet service providers (ISPs) an access network lies between a DSL modem bank controlled by a DSL Access Module (DSLAM) and a Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) host. This access network is often based on an ATM infrastructure and uses PPPoA to connect remote users to the BRAS. If this access network is converted to a Gigabyte Ethernet infrastructure, PPPoA will fail because Gigabyte Ethernet does not support ATM protocol data packets (called ATM cells).
In one approach to resolving this problem, PPPoA data packets are translated to PPPoE data packets, and then the PPPoE data packets are sent over the Gigabyte Ethernet access network. While suitable in some circumstances, there are several disadvantages to this approach.
One disadvantage is that PPPoE as defined in RFC 2516 imposes a maximum transmission unit (MTU) of 1492 bytes for PPP frames carried over Ethernet. This limitation stems from the standard Ethernet maximum MTU of 1500, and the fact that the PPP and PPPoE header is 8 bytes. PPPoA typically allows a full 1500 bytes, and PPPoA equipment at customer premises may not be compliant in allowing the MTU to be reduced. Some customers stay with PPPoA primarily because of the increased MTU size. Thus even if it is possible to negotiate an MTU of 1492 with PPPoA, it is not adequate for some customers.
Consequently, PPPoA to PPPoE translation in the form being circulated at the time of this writing is not transparent to either the BRAS or the customer premises equipment (CPE).
Based on the foregoing, there is a clear need for techniques that provide PPP functionality over Ethernet infrastructure but that do not suffer the disadvantages of the prior art approaches. In particular, there is a need for techniques that allow Ethernet data packets (also called herein Ethernet frames) to transport PPP payloads in excess of 1492 bytes.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
Techniques are described for using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Ethernet frames. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
In the following description, embodiments are described primarily in the context of using PPP between customer premises equipment (CPE) and a Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) over intervening digital subscriber line (DSL) and Ethernet infrastructure. However, embodiments of the invention are not limited to this context. For example, in some embodiments, PPP is used between end nodes on a local area network (LAN) and the BRAS. In other embodiments, PPP is used between any two nodes over a network composed entirely of Ethernet infrastructure. In some embodiments, PPP is used between any two nodes over one or more sub-networks including Ethernet infrastructure connected to one or more sub-networks with other physical layer infrastructure than DSL.
1.0 Network Overview
Four sub-networks 110 that are typically involved in remote access are depicted in
To access IP network 110 d, a LAN 110 a is connected to CPE 150 a which serves as a bridge to a network 110 b built on a telephone wire infrastructure. In an illustrated embodiment, LAN 110 a uses Ethernet infrastructure. Although the remote site 102 includes an Ethernet LAN 110 a and two end nodes 120 a, 120 b, in other embodiments more or fewer end nodes 120 are connected to more or fewer or different LANs 110, such as one or more LANs using Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) infrastructure. In some cases CPE is a telephone modem using acoustic signals over a low-bandwidth legacy telephone system. In an illustrated embodiment, CPE 150 a is a digital subscriber line (DSL) modem for establishing a high bandwidth DSL connection over the telephone wire network 110 b.
In an illustrated embodiment, sub-network 110 b is a network built on telephone wire infrastructure. In other embodiments, sub-network 110 b is replaced by another network with wide availability for remote sites, such as a network built on coaxial copper or optical cable or a wireless network. In such embodiments, CPE 150 a is a cable or optical modem or wireless network interface card for establishing a high bandwidth cable or optical or wireless connection over the sub-network 10 b. In an illustrated embodiment, the protocol used for communications over sub-network 110 b is ATM encapsulated in DSL (ATM/DSL).
Communications over sub-network 110 b from CPE 150 a, 150 b terminate at access module 152 a. Although two CPE 150 a, 150 b are depicted connected to sub-network 110 b, in other embodiments more or fewer CPE are connected to sub-network 110 b. In an illustrated embodiment, access module 152 a is a DSL Access Module (DSLAM). In other embodiments, access module 152 a is a controller for a bank of low-bandwidth modems or a cable or optical access module.
An internet service provider (ISP) typically maintains several access modules 152 a, 152 b and an access network 110 c for connection to the IP network 110 d through a Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) node 154. In many current embodiments, the access network 110 c is based on an ATM infrastructure, and the base communication protocol is ATM.
The header for a protocol typically includes type fields that identify the protocol to which the header belongs and the next protocol in the payload, if any. For example, the header 132 for the first protocol includes type fields 136. The header for a protocol often includes a destination address or a source address, or both, for the information in the payload. For example, the header 132 for the first protocol includes address fields 134 where the source and receiver address for the first protocol is located within the packet 130. As described above, a transmitted data packet's network headers include at least a physical link (layer 1) header, a data-link (layer 2) header, and possibly an internetwork (layer 3) header and possibly a transport (layer 4) header.
The physical (layer 1) header defines the electrical, mechanical and procedural mechanisms for proper capture of the Ethernet frame, but is not captured by a Media Access Controller. The layer 1 header may include a DSL or ATM or Ethernet layer 1 header, or some combination.
The data-link header provides information for transmitting the packet over a particular physical link (i.e., a communication medium), such as a point-to-point link, Ethernet layer 2 link, wireless link, optical link, etc. An intermediate network node typically contains multiple physical links with multiple different nodes. To that end, the data-link header may specify a pair of "source" and "destination" network interfaces that are connected by the physical link. A network interface contains the mechanical, electrical and signaling circuitry and logic used to couple a network node to one or more physical links. A network interface is often associated with a hardware-specific address, known as a media access control (MAC) address. Accordingly, the source and destination network interfaces in the data-link header are typically represented as source and destination MAC addresses. The data-link header may also store flow control, frame synchronization and error checking information used to manage data transmissions over the physical link. The PPP protocol and header are described in more detail below.
The internetwork header provides information defining the source and destination address within the computer network. Notably, the path may span multiple physical links. The internetwork header may be formatted according to the Internet Protocol (IP), which specifies logical IP addresses of both a source and destination node at the end points of the logical path. Thus, the packet may "hop" from node to node along its logical path until it reaches the end node assigned to the destination IP address stored in the packet's internetwork header. After each hop, the source and destination MAC addresses in the packet's data-link header may be updated, as necessary. However, the source and destination IP addresses typically remain unchanged as the packet is transferred from link to link in the network.
As stated above in the background section, PPP is a data link layer protocol, specified in IETF RFC 1661. PPP is comprised of three main components: 1] a method for encapsulating multi-protocol datagrams; 2] a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing, configuring, and testing the data-link connection; and 3] a family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network-layer protocols. The link will remain configured for communications until explicit LCP or NCP packets close the link down, or until some external event occurs (e.g., an inactivity timer expires or a network administrator intervenes). The PPP data packet includes a PPP header that indicates the protocol in the PPP payload (e.g., an IP datagram or PPP control plane data), a PPP payload, and a PPP trailer.
In the context of a remote access network, like network 100 depicted in
PPP data packets are transmitted over Ethernet according to PPPoE described in IETF RFC 2516.
The size of the PPPoE header 166 is eight octets (an octet is 8 binary digits, bits). A byte is a variable number of bits, that is typically 8 bits; a byte is 8 bits in the context of PPPoA and PPPoE). The size of the standard Ethernet payload is 1500 octets. Therefore RFC 2516 specifies that the maximum size of the PPP payload 168 is 1492 octets (in which case there is no PPP trailer) The maximum size of the PPP payload 168 is called the PPP maximum transmission unit (MTU).
PPP data packets are transmitted over ATM according to PPPoA described in IETF RFC 2364. ATM cells are of fixed small size—53 octets, with a 5-octet ATM header and a 48-octet ATM payload. A protocol that allows for larger data packets to be transmitted over ATM is an ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), such as AAL5 that fragments a large protocol data packet at a sending node for transmission using multiple ATM cells and reassembles the large protocol data packet at a receiving node. An AAL trailer is aligned with the end of the last ATM cell and includes a length field that holds data that indicates the length of the AAL frame. PPPoA utilizes AAL5.
The beginning of the AAL payload includes the PPPoA header 176 and the start of the PPP payload 168. The end of the AAL frame includes the end of the PPP payload 168 and trailers 179, including any padding to align with the end of the last ATM cell. In the illustrated embodiment, the PPP header 173 is included in the PPPoA header 176 and the PPP trailer is included in trailers 179. The PPP payload 168 is thus PPP data plane data or PPP control plane data. In embodiments that use an ATM virtual connection (VC), the PPPoA header 176 includes only the PPP header 173. In embodiments that use ATM logical link control (LLC), the PPPoA header 176 includes multiple other fields, including a network layer protocol identification (NLPID) field that holds data that indicates PPP. RFC 2364 for PPPoA specifies the PPP MTU is 1500 octets.
In a typical arrangement, end nodes 120 a, 120 b at remote site 102 communicate with end nodes 120 c, 120 d by directing standard Ethernet frames on a standard Ethernet LAN 110 a to CPE 150 a. This traffic is allowed to have an Ethernet payload as large as 1500 octets. Maximum payload size on LAN 110 a is designated hereinafter by the symbol MTULAN. The CPE 150 a communicates with a DSLAM 152 a over network 110 b using PPPoA over DSL with a PPP MTU of 1500 octets. Maximum PPP payload size on network 110 b is designated hereinafter by the symbol MTUDSL. Thus a standard Ethernet payload can be carried by the data plane PPPoA payload over the DSL network.
The DSLAM 152 a communicates with the BRAS over access network 110 c using an appropriate protocol with a maximum PPP payload size designated hereinafter by the symbol MTUACCESS. While the access network 110 c has previously been an ATM infrastructure that carried PPPoA and thus supports a PPP MTU of 1500, in recent years more ISPs have begun using Ethernet infrastructure for access network 110 c. Using PPPoE according to RFC 2516, MTUACCESS is only 1492. Thus MTUACCESS is insufficient to accommodate Ethernet LAN payloads of 1500 octets in a data plane PPP payload.
It is assumed for purposes of illustration that access network 110 c uses Ethernet infrastructure that support larger than standard Ethernet frames. Larger than standard Ethernet frames include Ethernet Baby Giant frames and Ethernet Jumbo frames. The Ethernet payload MTUs of these frames are 1582 octets and 9198 octets, respectively.
According to the illustrated embodiments of the invention, the restrictions of RFC 2516 are relaxed to allow PPPoE MTU in excess of 1492 if the Ethernet infrastructure supports larger than standard Ethernet frames. The relaxed protocol is called herein Big PPoE to distinguish it from the PPPoE protocol of RFC 2516. According to some embodiments, the eight octets of the PPPoE header are included in the Ethernet payloads so that the PPP payloads are allowed to be as large as the Ethernet payload minus eight. This relationship is given in Expression 1.
Big PPoE MTU=Ethernet MTU−8 (1)
Thus Big PPoE MTU for Ethernet Baby Giant frames is 1574; and Big PPoE MTU for Ethernet Jumbo Frames is 9190. The Big PPoE MTU for standard Ethernet frames remains at 1492, as specified for PPPoE.
According to the illustrated embodiment, MTUACCESS=Big PPoE MTU for larger than standard Ethernet frames. Thus MTUACCESS is 1574 for Baby Giant frames and is large enough to accommodate data plane PPP payloads that hold standard Ethernet payloads of 1500 octets sent over LAN 110 a.
2.0 Method for Sending PPP Over Ethernet
As noted in the background section there is a trend to migrate the access network 110 c or the telephone wire network 110 b or the LAN 110 a, or some combination to Ethernet or IP over Ethernet. An advantage of such a migration is that messages generated at remote site 102 can be propagated to IP network 110 d with less or no effort devoted to translating or repackaging the messages in various protocols.
As stated above in the background section, if one of the sub-networks, such as the access network 110 c, is converted to Ethernet, and an upstream sub-network, such as telephone wire network 110 b, still uses ATM, then a problem arises because ATM can not be used on Ethernet infrastructure. Thus PPPoA can not be used on the Ethernet sub-network. Translating PPPoA to PPPoE is not desirable for the reasons given above, in the background section.
In the following, methods are described for negotiating PPP payloads larger than the PPPoE limit of 1492 and for using the larger payloads when converting from PPPoA packets.
2.1 Method at a PPP Peer
In step 210, configuration data is received that indicates the peer is using larger than standard Ethernet frames. Any method may be used to receive this configuration data. In some embodiments, the configuration data is input manually by a network administrator and stored locally or on a remote node. In some embodiments, the data is retrieved from storage locally or remotely. In some embodiments, the data is sent in a message from another node on the network either in response to a message from the peer requesting the data or in an unsolicited message.
For example, configuration data is stored on the BRAS 154, which indicates that the BRAS is connected to multiple CPE 150 through an Ethernet access network 110 c that supports Baby Giant Ethernet frames and a DSL network 110 b. In an illustrated embodiment, configuration data is stored at the access module 152 (e.g., DSLAM 152 a) as one PPP peer and sent, unsolicited, to the BRAS 154 as the other PPP peer when the access module 152 comes on line. The access module 152 sends a Big PPoE control plane message, similar to a PPPoE control plane message, that the larger Ethernet MTU is being used on the access network.
In step 220, a request is received for PPP communications with a remote node. For example a LCP request message is received at BRAS 154 from CPE 150 a for PPP communications based on MTULAN. LCP requests and other control plane PPP requests have payloads that are small compared to 1492 octets. It is assumed for purposes of illustration that the LCP request message indicates a value of MTULAN=1500 and therefore indicates a request for PPP MTU of 1500 for PPP communications with the BRAS 154. This request enables the full Ethernet payload on LAN 110 a to be used as a data plane PPP payload in communications between CPE 150 a and BRAS 154. In another example embodiment, the LCP is received from the access module 152 (e.g., DLSAM 152 a) using Big PPoE control plane messages similar to current PPPoE control plane messages.
In some embodiments, the request is generated in response to some external activity. For example, in response to receiving a PPPoA message indicating a PPP connection is desired from a CPE 150 (e.g., CPE 150 a) to the BRAS 154, the access module 152 uses LCP in Big PPoE message to generate a request message for a Big PPoE connection between the access module 152 and the BRAS 154.
In some embodiments, steps 210 and 220 are combined, and both the configuration data and the request are received at the PPP peer in the same message, e.g. the same Big PPoE message received at the BRAS 154 from the DSLAM 152 a.
In step 230, the peer determines a PPP MTU that is greater than 1492 for communications with the remote node based on the request and the configuration data. In the illustrated embodiment, the PPP MTU is determined based on the MTU of the LAN 110 a in the request data and on the values of PPPoA MTU for DSL sub-network 110 b (MTUDSL) and MTUACCESS for access sub-network 110 c in the configuration data. For example, the PPP MTU is determined according to Expression 2a.
PPP MTU=minimum(MTU LAN , MTU DSL , MTU ACCESS) (2a)
Substituting Expression 1 for MTUACCESS gives Expression 2b.
PPP MTU=minimum(MTU LAN , MTU DSL , MTU ETHERNET−8) (2b)
In step 234 PPP MTU is determined using Expression 2b. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, step 230 includes step 234. In embodiments without an intervening DSL network, MTUDSL is omitted from Expression 2b.
According to an example of the illustrated embodiments, MTULAN and MTUDSL are each equal to 1500 and MTUETHERNET is greater than 1500 because access network 110 c uses larger than standard Ethernet frames. Therefore PPP MTU is greater than 1500−8, i.e., PPP MTU is greater than 1492. For Baby Giant and Jumbo Ethernet frames, MTUETHERNET is greater than 1582, therefore MTUETHERNET−8 is greater than 1574 and PPP MTU is 1500 according to Expression 2b.
In other embodiments, other values for PPP MTU are determined. For example, in embodiments without an intervening DSL network (in which, for example, the CPE 150 a and the access module 152 a are the same device), with LAN 110 a using Ethernet Baby Giant Frames, with access network 110 c using Jumbo Ethernet frames, and with PPP negotiations between the CPE 150 a and the BRAS 154, the negotiated PPP MTU is the minimum of (MTULAN, MTUACCESS)=minimum (MTULAN, MTUETHERNET−8)=minimum (1582, 9190)=1582.
In step 240 a response is sent indicating PPP MTU greater than 1492. In the illustrated embodiment, a LCP response message is sent from the BRAS 154 to CPE 150 a indicating a PPP MTU of 1500.
2.2 Method at an Access Module
In step 310, configuration data is received that indicates the access network is using larger than standard Ethernet frames. Any method may be used to receive this configuration data, as described above for step 210. For example, configuration data is stored on the access module 152 a, which indicates that the access network 110 c is an Ethernet access network 10 c that supports Baby Giant Ethernet frames, and that CPE 150 are connected through an ATM/DSL network.
In step 312 a Big PPoE connection is negotiated with a PPP peer across an Ethernet framework for an MTU greater than 1492. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, control plane Big PPoE messages are exchanged between the access module 152 (e.g., DSLAM 152 a) and the BRAS 154 to indicate that the Ethernet infrastructure supports larger than standard frames (which accomplishes step 210 at the BRAS) and to set up a Big PPoE connection. Steps 230 and 240 are performed as part of this negotiation. As a consequence, the BRAS 154 can later negotiate with the CPE 150 for a PPP MTU greater than 1492. In some embodiments step 312 includes receiving a PPPoA control plane request for a PPP connection between a CPE 150 and the BRAS 154, and negotiating a Big PPPoE connection in response to the PPPoA request.
In step 320, a PPPoA frame is received with a PPP payload greater than 1492 octets. For example, a PPPoA frame is received from CPE 150 a with a data plane PPP payload of 1500 octets (e.g., based on a data plane Ethernet payload of 1500 on LAN 110 a from end node 120 a).
In some embodiments step 312 follows step 320. For example, the Big PPPoE connection is negotiated from the DSLAM 152 a to the BRAS in response to the DLAM 152 a receiving a first PPPoA frame with a PPP payload greater than 1492 octets.
In step 330, a larger than standard Ethernet frame is sent over the PPP link on an Ethernet network that includes in the data plane Ethernet payload an eight octet PPPoE header and a PPP payload size in the range from greater than 1492 octets up to MTUETHERNET−8. That is, the PPP payload size, in octets, on the Ethernet network satisfies the inequality Expression 3.
1492<PPP payload size≦MTU ETHERNET−8 (3)
For example, a Baby Giant Ethernet frame (MTUETHERNET=1582) with an Ethernet payload of 1508 octets is sent over access network 110 c over the PPP link from DSLAM 152 a toward BRAS 154. The example Ethernet payload includes an 8 octet PPPoE header and a 1500 octet PPP payload that is the same as the PPP payload received in step 320. The PPP payload size 1500 satisfies Expression 3; i.e., the following expression is always true
An advantage of method 300 is that the conversion of PPPoA frames to Ethernet frames is greatly simplified and completely compatible, unlike the conversion of PPPoA to PPPoE under the restrictions of RFC 2516.
3.0 Implementation Mechanisms—Hardware Overview
Computer system 400 includes a communication mechanism such as a bus 410 for passing information between other internal and external components of the computer system 400. Information is represented as physical signals of a measurable phenomenon, typically electric voltages, but including, in other embodiments, such phenomena as magnetic, electromagnetic, pressure, chemical, molecular atomic and quantum interactions. For example, north and south magnetic fields, or a zero and non-zero electric voltage, represent two states (0, 1) of a binary digit (bit). A sequence of binary digits constitutes digital data that is used to represent a number or code for a character. A bus 410 includes many parallel conductors of information so that information is transferred quickly among devices coupled to the bus 410. One or more processors 402 for processing information are coupled with the bus 410. A processor 402 performs a set of operations on information. The set of operations include bringing information in from the bus 410 and placing information on the bus 410. The set of operations also typically include comparing two or more units of information, shifting positions of units of information, and combining two or more units of information, such as by addition or multiplication. A sequence of operations to be executed by the processor 402 constitute computer instructions.
Computer system 400 also includes a memory 404 coupled to bus 410. The memory 404, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, stores information including computer instructions. Dynamic memory allows information stored therein to be changed by the computer system 400. RAM allows a unit of information stored at a location called a memory address to be stored and retrieved independently of information at neighboring addresses. The memory 404 is also used by the processor 402 to store temporary values during execution of computer instructions. The computer system 400 also includes a read only memory (ROM) 406 or other static storage device coupled to the bus 410 for storing static information, including instructions, that is not changed by the computer system 400. Also coupled to bus 410 is a non-volatile (persistent) storage device 408, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, for storing information, including instructions, that persists even when the computer system 400 is turned off or otherwise loses power.
The term computer-readable medium is used herein to refer to any medium that participates in providing information to processor 402, including instructions for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, nonvolatile media, volatile media and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 408. Volatile media include, for example, dynamic memory 404. Transmission media include, for example, coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optic cables, and waves that travel through space without wires or cables, such as acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves, including radio, optical and infrared waves. Signals that are transmitted over transmission media are herein called carrier waves.
Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape or any other magnetic medium, a compact disk ROM (CD-ROM), a digital video disk (DVD) or any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, or any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a programmable ROM (PROM), an erasable PROM (EPROM), a FLASH-EPROM, or any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Information, including instructions, is provided to the bus 410 for use by the processor from an external terminal 412, such as a terminal with a keyboard containing alphanumeric keys operated by a human user, or a sensor. A sensor detects conditions in its vicinity and transforms those detections into signals compatible with the signals used to represent information in computer system 400. Other external components of terminal 412 coupled to bus 410, used primarily for interacting with humans, include a display device, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a plasma screen, for presenting images, and a pointing device, such as a mouse or a trackball or cursor direction keys, for controlling a position of a small cursor image presented on the display and issuing commands associated with graphical elements presented on the display of terminal 412. In some embodiments, terminal 412 is omitted.
Computer system 400 also includes one or more instances of a communications interface 470 coupled to bus 410. Communication interface 470 provides a two-way communication coupling to a variety of external devices that operate with their own processors, such as printers, scanners, external disks, and terminal 412. Firmware or software running in the computer system 400 provides a terminal interface or character-based command interface so that external commands can be given to the computer system. For example, communication interface 470 may be a parallel port or a serial port such as an RS-232 or RS-422 interface, or a universal serial bus (USB) port on a personal computer. In some embodiments, communications interface 470 is an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a digital subscriber line (DSL) card or a telephone modem that provides an information communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. In some embodiments, a communication interface 470 is a cable modem that converts signals on bus 410 into signals for a communication connection over a coaxial cable or into optical signals for a communication connection over a fiber optic cable. As another example, communications interface 470 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, such as Ethernet. Wireless links may also be implemented. For wireless links, the communications interface 470 sends and receives electrical, acoustic or electromagnetic signals, including infrared and optical signals, which carry information streams, such as digital data. Such signals are examples of carrier waves
In the illustrated embodiment, special purpose hardware, such as an application specific integrated circuit (IC) 420, is coupled to bus 410. The special purpose hardware is configured to perform operations not performed by processor 402 quickly enough for special purposes. Examples of application specific ICs include graphics accelerator cards for generating images for display, cryptographic boards for encrypting and decrypting messages sent over a network, speech recognition, and interfaces to special external devices, such as robotic arms and medical scanning equipment that repeatedly perform some complex sequence of operations that are more efficiently implemented in hardware.
In the illustrated computer used as a router, the computer system 400 includes switching system 430 as special purpose hardware for switching information for flow over a network. Switching system 430 typically includes multiple communications interfaces, such as communications interface 470, for coupling to multiple other devices. In general, each coupling is with a network link 432 that is connected to another device in or attached to a network, such as local network 480 in the illustrated embodiment, to which a variety of external devices with their own processors are connected. In some embodiments an input interface or an output interface or both are linked to each of one or more external network elements. Although three network links 432 a, 432 b, 432 c are included in network links 432 in the illustrated embodiment, in other embodiments, more or fewer links are connected to switching system 430. Network links 432 typically provides information communication through one or more networks to other devices that use or process the information. For example, network link 432 b may provide a connection through local network 480 to a host computer 482 or to equipment 484 operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISP equipment 484 in turn provides data communication services through the public, world-wide packet-switching communication network of networks now commonly referred to as the Internet 490. A computer called a server 492 connected to the Internet provides a service in response to information received over the Internet. For example, server 492 provides routing information for use with switching system 430.
The switching system 430 includes logic and circuitry configured to perform switching functions associated with passing information among elements of network 480, including passing information received along one network link, e.g. 432 a, as output on the same or different network link, e.g., 432 c. The switching system 430 switches information traffic arriving on an input interface to an output interface according to pre-determined protocols and conventions that are well known. In some embodiments, switching system 430 includes its own processor and memory to perform some of the switching functions in software. In some embodiments, switching system 430 relies on processor 402, memory 404, ROM 406, storage 408, or some combination, to perform one or more switching functions in software. For example, switching system 430, in cooperation with processor 404 implementing a particular protocol, can determine a destination of a packet of data arriving on input interface on link 432 a and send it to the correct destination using output interface on link 432 c. The destinations may include host 482, server 492, other terminal devices connected to local network 480 or Internet 490, or other routing and switching devices in local network 480 or Internet 490.
The invention is related to the use of computer system 400 for implementing the techniques described herein. According to one embodiment of the invention, those techniques are performed by computer system 400 in response to processor 402 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in memory 404. Such instructions, also called software and program code, may be read into memory 404 from another computer-readable medium such as storage device 408. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in memory 404 causes processor 402 to perform the method steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hardware, such as application specific integrated circuit 420 and circuits in switching system 430, may be used in place of or in combination with software to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.
The signals transmitted over network link 432 and other networks through communications interfaces such as interface 470, which carry information to and from computer system 400, are exemplary forms of carrier waves. Computer system 400 can send and receive information, including program code, through the networks 480, 490 among others, through network links 432 and communications interfaces such as interface 470. In an example using the Internet 490, a server 492 transmits program code for a particular application, requested by a message sent from computer 400, through Internet 490, ISP equipment 484, local network 480 and network link 432 b through communications interface in switching system 430. The received code may be executed by processor 402 or switching system 430 as it is received, or may be stored in storage device 408 or other non-volatile storage for later execution, or both. In this manner, computer system 400 may obtain application program code in the form of a carrier wave.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequence of instructions or data or both to processor 402 for execution. For example, instructions and data may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer such as host 482. The remote computer loads the instructions and data into its dynamic memory and sends the instructions and data over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to the computer system 400 receives the instructions and data on a telephone line and uses an infra-red transmitter to convert the instructions and data to an infra-red signal, a carrier wave serving as the network link 432 b. An infrared detector serving as communications interface in switching system 430 receives the instructions and data carried in the infrared signal and places information representing the instructions and data onto bus 410. Bus 410 carries the information to memory 404 from which processor 402 retrieves and executes the instructions using some of the data sent with the instructions. The instructions and data received in memory 404 may optionally be stored on storage device 408, either before or after execution by the processor 402 or switching system 430.
4.0 Extensions and Alternatives
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 22, 2000
|Dec 6, 2005
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Modifying message size indications in communications over data networks
|Mar 4, 2002
|Oct 10, 2002
|Daniel Sultan
|Apparatus and method for sending point-to-point protocol over ethernet
|Nov 13, 2002
|Jul 10, 2003
|Ems Technologies, Inc.
|Performance enhancing proxy techniques for internet protocol traffic
|Aug 4, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Paul Baran
|Method and apparatus for constructing a set-top box to protect cryptographic capabilities
|Arberg et al, RFC Accommodating an MTU/MRU greater than 1492 in PPPoE, Apr. 2003.
|Farrell et al., Communication Performance Over a Gigabit Ethernet Network, 19th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, Feb. 20, 2000, pp. 181-189, Publisher: Ohio Board of Regent Computer Science Enhancement Initiative.
|John Fitzgibbon, Accommodating an MTU of 1500 in PPPoE, draft-ietf-pppext-mtu-1500-00.txt, Jan. 1, 2005, Publisher: ietf.org, Published in: Internet.
|L. Mamakos et al., A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE), Feb. 1, 1999, Publisher: ietf.org, Published in: Internet.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 18, 2013
|Oct 24, 2013
|Corning Mobileaccess Ltd
|Apparatus and method for frequency shifting of a wireless signal and systems using frequency shifting
|U.S. Classification
|370/395.5, 709/232, 370/466, 709/236, 370/473, 370/470, 370/469, 370/476
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 22, 2005
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TOWNSLEY, WILLIAM MARK;LOCKYER, IAIN T.;REEL/FRAME:016510/0825
Effective date: 20050422
|Sep 30, 2005
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE EXECUTION DATES OF THE CONVEYING PARTY, RECORDED AT REEL 016510 FRAME 0825;ASSIGNORS:TOWNSLEY, WILLIAM MARK;LOCKYER, LAIN T.;REEL/FRAME:016848/0146;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050325 TO 20050409
|Oct 29, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Ok When American Airlines started adding flights to Europe in the 1980s it was not their
first time. In the 1940s to Early 1950s American Airlines did serve Europe with American Overseas
Airlines until sold to Pan Am. Was this part of Americn Airlines or a seperate Airline owned by American?


text:
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Fire ruled accidental
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September 2, 2016 A Clarendon man is incarcerated in the Warren County Jail after an altercation at Lacy Park sent another man to Warren General Hospita. more »»
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Stabbing suspect faces new charge
September 1, 2016 Keller Wolfgang is facing a new charge after he allegedly stabbed a woman on Eddy Street in Warren the night of Aug. 24. more »»
Stabbing suspect faces new charge
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Air Canada refuses to carry Rushdie
OTTAWA (CP) - Author Salman Rushdie may be free to enter Canada, but not on the country's biggest airline.
Air Canada refuses to carry him, saying security measures necessary to protect him from assassins would cause unacceptable inconvenience to passengers.
Rushdie is under a death sentence imposed by Iranian religious leaders for his book Satanic Verses, which they claim blasphemes Islam.
An Air Canada e-mail to travel agencies and airport ticket counters this month, obtained by The Canadian Press, states that Rushdie is not to be carried as a passenger.
"Should author Salman Rushdie attempt a reservation or present himself at an airport he is not - repeat not - to be accepted for carriage," says the memo.
It also says any attempt by Rushdie to travel on the airline is to be immediately reported to Air Canada's legal department.
Air Canada says a U.S. Federal Aviation Administration directive requires certain security measures be in place if Rushdie is on an airline entering the U.S.
Air Canada spokeswoman Laura Cook said Friday that the airline concluded the same measures would be required on flights within Canada and elected not to carry him as a passenger either domestically or internationally.
"We are following an FAA directive and generally presume that if there is a security risk in the U.S. there is one domestically for us," Cook said.
She said the measures, which she would not divulge, could delay flights by up to three hours.
"We have chosen to follow the directive in Canada rather than inconvenience our passengers," she said.
Cook suggested other Canadian airlines would also refuse to carry Rushdie, but at least one said that's not the case.
"At this time we have no reason not to fly him," said WestJet spokeswoman Siobhan Vinish.
She said the airline, which only operates domestically, likely wouldn't bar Rushdie unless there was a ruling from Transport Canada.
A spokesman for Air Transat said he hadn't heard of any security issue involving Rushdie but would look into the matter.
Rushdie, who is promoting a new book, was supposed to speak in Toronto in September but cancelled after the Sept. 11 terror attacks in the U.S. It's not clear if he intends to return soon.
The FAA directive was issued before Sept. 11.
The Toronto Star
Saturday March 16th 2002
Im glad, wise choice on AC's part!!!


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THOMAS JEFFERSON University is likely to wake up tomorrow morning as a SEPTA station as well as a hospital system and an institution of higher learning.
Last week, the Technical.ly Philly website posted a tipster's photo of a new SEPTA map that shows "Jefferson Station" where "Market East Station" used to be.
Then yesterday, SEPTA announced a news conference for tomorrow morning to "reveal a major change for Market East Station," but wouldn't say what the change is.


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Quality Crown Hyde Park
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Suites
- Restaurant
- Continental Breakfast
- Room service
- Bar/lounge
Photos of Quality Crown Hyde Park
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- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Suites
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Historical Traveler Reviews Quality Crown Hyde Park London
I would not stay there again...
I stayed at this hotel in September and on the first night was put into a room with no phone and a window that opened to a hallway so no direct air came into our room, we asked to be moved the next day and was moved into a room with a tiny shower stall and a window with a wall infront of it with only few inches of space between the wall and the window...
I immediately told them I want to check out but was only willing to the pay for the first night because I checked out as soon as I saw the 2nd room but they told me there is a 24 hr cancellation policy so I still have to pay for the second night. I sent a complaint to the hotel and the hotel chain but since the hotels are individually owned, the hotel group said it cannot help me. These 2 rooms were so called the "Club" room... I seriously wonder what the regular rooms look like...
Beware of this hotel
We research our hotels extensively before actually choosing a place to stay. This is the first time we made a major mistake. While the hotel is basically clean, it does not make up for the service, or should I say lack of, by the hotel staff.We were at this hotel for eight nights. Not a short trip.If you want heat, dont stay here. Seems in order to make a profit, they turn off not only the heat but the hot water. Of course, the staff will assure you that you are either too stupid to use the heater or that "it hasn't been turned on yet". There will be no hot water after 8am. If you want to use your room phone, do not rely on correct answers from the staff. They will tell you that certain numbers are toll free and then hit you with an exorbanent phone bill on check out. Oh, and by the way, dont try and protest the phone bill with the manager, Michael, he will call the police, as he did with us. It seems this is another way this hotel makes their money.We did ask for an extra blanket one night when the "heat wasn't turned on". Of course, this was after the heat had been on the night before. We waited 2 nights for a dirty blanket. We also resorted to using the in room hair dryer for heat. (Yes, the rooms are small enough to use the hair dryer for heat, and we were in a club room, one of their larger rooms)Also beware that each of this chains hotels is independantly owned, as we have been reminded of by customer service several times. Of course, no where is that mentioned in any of their brochures. This means to the customer that any problems cant really be fixed by customer service or their main offices, that final decisions are made strictly by the people u are having problems with.There are many, many hotels in this area. Stay with another chain.
Won't go back
This is an ok place except avoid "Club" Room 704 in the basement, directly under the bar, which apparently is open 24 hours. We were kept awake all night by the noise from the bar. When we called the reception desk there was no answer. The bathroom was fine, and there was plenty of space for two twin beds, but this one had two additional beds (total of four) because, we were told, "there's no place else to put them."
Great location, check the room
The location is great. Very convenient to Heathrow Express and the Underground. We stayed in a Club room, one step up from the cheapest, and it looked fine--newly refurbished with space and a good bathroom. There were two major problems. Lack of ventilation made the room unpleasantly warm even when the temperature outside was cool. On the last day of a six-day stay, we opened the outside door to get the air moving. Other problem was noise. There is poor noise insulation. We were kept awake til 2 A.M. by constant slamming of doors in rooms down the hall. Also, we could hear the people above walking around the room above. Staff was very friendly. Breakfast is only average and too expense if you have to buy separately.
Room is Like a Walk-In Closet
I have read that the rooms in London were small but I did not imagine the room in this hotel was ridiculously small! It was claustrophobic, with only one teeny window to allow some air. I wonder too why these rooms on the fifth floor were called the Club Rooms which was posted on the door in gold? It gives one an impression that it is exclusive and luxurious, exclusive yes, for those who wants to get suffocated, but definitely far from luxurious! The rooms are sooo small, you can't even lay your luggage to open it since you wouldn't have any floor to walk on. When my husband had to go to the bathroom , I had to get into the bed to allow him to pass. So beware when you book in the ineternet for this hotel, you can't even get your money back if you decide to go and transfer to another hotel . I even offered to pay a little extra to be transferred to a bigger room but the resident manager wouldn't allow it. That is the other problem, the resident manager is no great help either, he is very arrogant and unhelpful.
They took our money then gave away our room
We booked a room in this hotel in March, paying by credit card. Imagine
our surprise when my husband, 11 year old son and I arrived at 10 PM
and were told we had to move to another hotel. Apparently a tour group
had taken all the available rooms. When we arrived at the other hotel,
the ELizabeth Rose, we were told the Quality Paddington had requested a
room for two people rather than a family room, but they could give my
son his own room, down a corridor from ours. After much ado, the
Elizabeth Rose put a cot in our closet-like room.
I would never book at a Choice Hotel again. My choice would be to get a room if I have paid for one.
Great budget hotel
In March of 2002, I stayed at the Quality Hotel, Paddington with my daughter and daughter-in-law and we enjoyed our stay. Had a basement room with three beds and lots of room. Nice large and modern bathroom. Close to the Paddington tube, several restaurants and stores in the area. We most definitely would stay there again.
Good Hotel,great location!
We stayed at the Quality Hotel Paddington just this past April 2003. We really liked it. It was clean and the staff was helpful. Nice simple breakfast. It is a 5 minute walk to the Paddington Station. It is also a five minute walk to Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park which were so lovely. We spent our whole first evening at those two places walking and sitting on benches near the fountains. There are many reaturants nearby. Paddington Station can literally connect you to trains to anywhere in London and beyond. We took a day trip to Bath and got on that train right at the station. It is just the right amount of distance from the center of London. I know you'll enjoy yourself.
A great choice
Just returned from London where I stayed at the Quality Hotel Paddington. The room (single) cost around 112 dollars which is pretty good for a hotel of this quality. For starters, it was newly renovated. Very much unlike so many hotels on the continent that are shabby and falling apart. the rooms are small but nice and clean, the breakfast is good (have to pay extra for english breakfast though, otherwise it's continental) and you can access the Internet from a desk in the lobby!! There's a pub on the hotel, something that's extremely nice when returning after a long day.
What is soo important about this hotel: location! It's only 3-4 min walk from both Paddington station (the airport) and Lancaster (central line). I strongly recommend this hotel and will use this again.
TripAdvisor Reviews Quality Crown Hyde Park London
Travel Blogs from London
04 September to end 07 Sept 2015
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... it, saw us undertake the obligatory shopping expedition, which apart from yours truly acquiring a whole new wardrobe, also included our first celebrity sighting of the trip. Bill Nighy was spied going about his day on Old Bond St. Running out the day was an outstanding meal at the very chic City Social, which other than providing awesome food quite literally lifted us out of the POS malaise, giving us a spectacular view of the city from the 42nd floor. Incidentally the head ...
Walking and more walking and Tate Modern.
Video Girl had been up very late the previous night updating the blog which had fallen very behind with the lack of internet the previous fortnight. By very late,she finally went to bed at 4am.
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... Park which was exactly as the name suggests...a park that stretches for kilometres with green lush grass. We then walked through one of the parks which seems to be dotted around everywhere. We saw a squirrel and it came up to us and Beth was able to feed it. I also got my picture taken with a London phone box. A must for all tourists. Getting around is pretty easy. There is heaps of public transport and it's not too expensive but ...
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FYI, DCP Midstream is conducting an equity offering tomorrow for around $41/unit. They operate in much the same area as Linn does.
Serious question for board members:
I sold out of MWE today; does anyone follow DPM and would it be a good swap for MWE funds?
Argus Americas LPG Summit is well worth LINE owners going through. MWE. Earning call is tomorrow.
YOu should not have sold your MWE. I would not go near DPM for many reason.
Thanks for your input.