text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1995
|Filing date
|Feb 16, 1994
|Priority date
|Feb 7, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gregory N. Stewart, Anthony L. Overfield, Mark T. Ellis
|Original Assignee
|Dell Usa, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (89), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/831,218, filed Feb. 7, 1992, now abandoned.
All of the material in this patent application is subject to copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of other countries. As of the first effective filing date of the present application, this material is protected as unpublished material.
Portions of the material in the specification and drawings of this patent application are also subject to protection under the maskwork registration laws of the United States and of other countries.
However, permission to copy this material is hereby granted to the extent that the owner of the copyright and maskwork rights has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright and maskwork rights whatsoever.
The following application of common assignee contains at least some drawings in common with the present application, and is believed to have an effective filing date identical with that of the present application, and is hereby incorporated by reference: Ser. No. 07/834,122, filed Feb. 7, 1992, entitled "Portable Computer with Plug-in Diagnostic Display Capability" (DSC-250).
The present application relates to portable computer systems.
The innovations disclosed in the present application provide computer systems (especially very small portable personal computers) which have advantageous new capabilities for update and/or restoration of system software. To better explain the significance and advantages of these innovations, the following paragraphs will review some technological context. This technological context is not necessarily prior art, but is intended to help in pointing out the disclosed inventions.
Laptop and Smaller Computers
Portable personal computers were introduced in the early 1980s, and proved to be very useful and popular. As this market has developed, it has become increasingly clear that users strongly desire systems to have small volume, small weight, physical durability, and long battery-powered lifetime. Thus, small portable computers ("laptop" computers) have proven extremely popular during the late 1980s. Users continue to demand more features, longer time between recharges, and lower weight and volume. This combination of demands is difficult to meet. Moreover, in about 1990, another smaller generation of portable computers, referred to as "notebook" computers, began to appear; and even smaller computers are now appearing. These smaller form factors have only exacerbated the difficulty of the above tradeoffs.
As small portable computers have developed, the quality of the keyboard input has declined. The quantities of mass storage available on portables have steadily increased, but the cost per byte of the necessary ruggedized drives continues to be far above that of that of the drives normally used. This disparity seems likely to continue. Similarly, although some small portables use nonvolatized solid-state memory to replace disk drives, the cost per byte of such nonvolatized memory is likely to continue to exceed that of conventional mass storage devices.
As small portable computers become ever more common, an increasing number of users prefer to use two computers: one for their desktop, and one more fur the road.
One problem which arises is loss of file coherency: when a user edits a file on his secondary machine, he must transfer that file back to his primary machine before he again edits the same file on the primary machine.
A closely related problem is one of backup: portable computers are inherently more susceptible than desktop computers to accident, loss, and theft.
Laptops normally have a severely limited set of external ports. This limitation is imposed by several factors: first, each external connector takes up precious square inches of surface area. Second, each external connector is a point of vulnerability to electrostatic-discharge-induced component failure. Third, each external connector is a possible point of entry for dirt and moisture. Fourth, in calculating the worst-case power budget for a system, the possible power required by all connectors must be considered.
Layers of Software and Firmware Structure
In order to mediate between application programs and the underlying hardware, several layers of software and firmware structure are used. To better show the context of the invention, these layers will be described below in greater detail.
Startup Software (POST, Bootstrap, etc.)
A computer system normally includes a number of complex hardware components (chips and subsystems). When power is first applied to a computer (or when the user triggers a reset after the system has locked up), the various hardware elements (chips and subsystems) will each have their own internal procedures (reset procedures) to regain a stable and known state. However, at some point (if the hardware is intact), these reset procedures will have ended, and at this point the CPU performs various important overhead tasks under software control. This phase of operation is generally referred to as "POST" (Power-On-Self-Test).
After POST, a "bootstrap" program is run, to permit the CPU to begin execution of other software. For robustness, the POST and bootstrap software is normally stored in a read-only memory. The bootstrap program launches the CPU on execution of the primary operating system software; the primary operating system can then be used by the user to launch an application program, either manually or automatically.
Bootstrap Programs
Any computer system must have some way to begin program execution after a cold start. The hardware architecture of a microprocessor (or other CPU) will normally provide for a "reset" operation, which places all of the hardware circuits in a known electrical state; but it is still necessary to start the CPU on execution of a desired program. For example, in the very early days of computing, some computer systems would be manually configured to read in a "bootstrap loader" program at startup. This bootstrap program was a simple program which loaded in, and started execution of, another sequence of instructions, which were the beginning of the desired program. Bootstrap programs are often referred to simply as "boot" software.
To give a more recent example, the Intel 80�86 microprocessors, after a hardware reset, will always attempt to begin program execution from a specific memory address. Thus, if a branch (or conditional branch) instruction is found at this address, the microprocessor will continue its program execution from whatever address is specified.
Thus, this initial target address is the entry point for every session of use. This address is normally used to enter execution of programs which must be run every time the computer is used.
"Basic Input/Output System" Software (BIOS)
The "basic input/output system" (BIOS) software contains frequently-used routines for interfacing to key peripherals, for interrupt handling, and so forth. For system robustness, the BIOS software itself is normally packaged in nonvolatile memory with other key pieces of overhead software, such as POST, boot, and configuration management routines, as well as a pointer to launch the computer into the operating system software. (Thus, the term "BIOS" is often used more broadly, to refer to this whole collection of basic system routines in ROM or EPROM.)
In many types of modern personal computers (and in all "IBM-compatible" personal computers), a key part of the system software is a "basic input/output system" (BIOS) program. The BIOS program contains frequently-used routines tier interfacing to key peripherals, for interrupt handling, and so forth.
For system robustness, the BIOS software is normally packaged in a read-only-memory. In fact, it is normally packaged together with the startup software mentioned above. Thus, nowadays the term "BIOS" is often used, somewhat more broadly, to refer to this whole collection of basic system routines.
BIOS Upgrades
If the BIOS software were to become corrupted, the computer could become unusable. Thus, the BIOS software has conventionally been stored in read-only memory (ROM). When the microprocessor attempts to access the initial target address, it reads out software from the BIOS ROM.
In 1980 there was only one source for IBM-compatible BIOS software, and that was from IBM. However, during the 1980s, as IBM-compatible personal computers became more popular, modified versions of IBM-compatible BIOS ROMs were developed, and IBM-compatible BIOS ROMs were offered by multiple vendors. As of 1991, BIOS software is often modified to implement system-dependent features, especially in low-power systems.
Improvements in BIOS software mean that sometimes it will be desirable to implement a BIOS upgrade. Dedicated users have successfully pried out and replaced ROM chips, but most users would not want this degree of hands-on contact.
Some attempts have been made in the past to provide capability for updating the basic system software. See, e.g., Bingham, D. B., "Achieving flexible firmware," 1978 MIDCON Technical Papers at 20/3/1-4 (1978), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Commonly-owned patent application 706,750, filed May 29, 1991 and entitled "Computer System with Restorable Basic Firmware" (DC-200), which is hereby incorporated by reference, disclosed a computer system in which the basic system software can be electrically rewritten. This system uses an electrically-erasable EPROM, and provides some significant safeguards against data corruption.
The BIOS in IBM-compatible computers is accessed by interrupts, but the vectors for those interrupts can be diverted to other addresses Coy overwriting an address pointer in system RAM). This capability significantly expands the flexibility of the BIOS, and programmers use it very frequently.
However, while the capability to divert BIOS vectors is useful, it is not sufficient to address many needs. Changes to the interrupt-handling vectors will not affect other portions of the BIOS. Computer designers have found it highly desirable to prepare (or obtain) customized BIOS routines to fully exploit the advantage of their systems. For example, such customized BIOS routines are commonly necessary in very-low-power portable systems, to implement power-saving features which maximize battery lifetime. BIOS customization has increasingly been recognized as an important element in rapidly developing a reliable advanced system.
Operating System Software
The application software will normally interface to an operating system (such as DOS, DOS+Windows, OS/2, UNIX of various flavors, or UNIX plus X-windows). The operating system is a background software program which provides an application programming interface (API) for use by the application software. Thus, the programmers writing application software can write their software to fit the API, rather than having to find out and fit the peculiarities of each particular machine.
Diagnostics and Utility Programs
In recent years, many personal computer manufacturers have expanded their product lines. This has dramatically increased the difficulty of supporting an entire product line in terms of the standard software products that a manufacturer may choose to include or sell with its computers.
Examples are diagnostic programs, operating system software and utility software. It is increasingly necessary to provide a means for such software to identify the individual machines and their unique features, without having to be rewritten each time a new product is introduced.
Furthermore, it may be difficult or undesirable to implement even similar features in exactly the same way, since each design has different constraints in terms of cost and each will incorporate the knowledge gained by building the previous product. The problem gets worse as a product line ages. It is desirable to continue to support older products with newer versions of software, and it is also desirable for older versions of software to run unmodified on newer platforms. One solution to this problem is to write tile software to the common subset of functions supported by all platforms. However, this does not allow the manufacturer to differentiate his product from the competition. Consequently, it is desirable for each individual machine to have the capability to identify its own unique feature set to such software, while at the same time providing the individualized means for carrying out those functions.
Like all complex systems, computers sometimes fail. Since so many independent software and hardware elements are interrelated, the failure modes can be quite complex.
Normally, the internal state of a computer is not directly perceptible, but is translated into an externally perceptible state by a properly functioning system. However, when a major malfunction occurs, the externally visible state of the machine may cease to reflect the internal state. A well-designed computer architecture should provide robust low-level diagnostic signals, so that major faults can be traced.
For example, in common "IBM-compatible" machines, the POST code will not only write to the display, but will also produce audible signals and noises by which an experienced user (or technician) can roughly gauge the machine's progress through the boot process. Most machines also have LEDs which can be driven selectively, under software control, to provide some minimal amount of diagnostic information.
Some tower-configuration personal computers shipped by Dell™ Computer have included a 4-character LCD display, to provide a robust diagnostic display even if the normal display was disabled for any reason.
The present application discloses a computer system with a special connector into which a field-installable boot card can be inserted, to override the internal nonvolatile boot memory which holds the basic system software. The special connector includes all control signals for the boot memory, as well as the relevant address lines which are used by the CPU to read the boot memory. Moreover, the motherboard is wired, in a special hardware relationship, so that the connections on the field-installable boot card can disable the boot memory on the motherboard, and force the computer to boot from the memory on the boot card. This permits a technician, in the field, to temporarily override the internal nonvolatile memory which holds the basic system software. This permits recovery of a system in which the basic system software has been corrupted.
Preferably the motherboard boot memory is a flash EPROM, and can be rewritten, by setting appropriate jumpers on the boot card, after the computer has booted from the boot card. This permits easy restoration of a system in which the basic system software has been corrupted.
The special connector is preferably located on the motherboard, separately from the normal I/O connectors, and is accessible through a removable cover.
In the presently preferred embodiment, this special connector can also preferably be used for temporary attachment of a diagnostic display card.
Booting and Running from the Boot Card
Once the boot card is inserted into the special connector, the computer can be rebooted (e.g. by turning its power off and on). With jumper on the boot card in its first position, the motherboard boot memory will be disabled (due to the signal on line ROMDISABLE), and the boot memory on the boot card will respond to all attempted accesses to the motherboard boot ROM.
Typically the boot memory on tile boot card is used simply to store an updated copy of the same software (POST, boot, and system software) which is normally stored in the motherboard boot memory. Thus, when the computer is restarted with the boot card attached, it will boot normally. As part of the boot process, tile computer copy the contents of the boot memory into system RAM.
Restoring the Motherboard Boot Memory
Preferably the main boot memory is a rewritable nonvolatile memory (such as a flash EEPROM). Thus, even if the data in the main boot memory is corrupt, it can be rewritten. After the computer has been booted from the boot card, a programmation routine can be launched to rewrite the motherboard (flash EEPROM) boot memory from the boot memory copy in system RAM. (Note that this requires disabling the boot card's boot memory, so that the address space in the main boot memory is again made accessible.) For block erasure and reprogrammation of the flash memory, a high voltage is necessary. The presently preferred embodiment uses a DC-DC converter to generate a 12 Volt level for this.
The special motherboard connector, in the presently preferred embodiment, can also be used for insertion of a diagnostic module, which provides a visible diagnostic output. This connector is preferably located, separately from the normal I/O connectors, on the motherboard, and is accessible through an easily removable cover.
In the small portable computer system of the presently preferred embodiment, the diagnostic display card includes a 4-character LED display which can be driven by BIOS routines. This card can be stacked with a removable field-installable BIOS card in the same motherboard connector. Thus, without requiring any additional external connectors on the exterior, this portable computer system includes the capability for extremely robust diagnostic procedures, which can be used despite failure of the display.
This invention is believed to be particularly useful in small portable computers, where space is at a premium. However, it should be noted that this invention can also be applied to larger computers.
Many types of test ports have been used in computers. In general, a test port contains enough lines to let a test equipment station exercise the system bus, and the primary components of the main system board, in order to ascertain where a fault has occurred. The special connector used in the presently preferred embodiment contains some features in common with prior test ports, but with a difference: the system software, in computers according to the disclosed invention, contain special code to output status codes, through the special connector, onto a diagnostic display if one is attached. The diagnostic display is NOT used in normal operation, and does not replace any part of the operation of the normal display: instead, the diagnostic display provides a robust diagnostic "scope" into the operation of the motherboard and the system software. This diagnostic view permits errors to be diagnosed even if the main display is absent, broken, or temporarily disabled by a system error condition.
System-Software Memory
A contemplated alternative use of the motherboard connector slot is for high-speed programmation of the flash memory, during manufacturing. This capability is not used in the presently preferred embodiment, but can readily be implemented.
The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show important sample embodiments of the invention and which are incorporated in the specification hereof by reference, wherein:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are parts of a single Figure which shows important connections of the innovative test header on the motherboard of the portable computer system of the presently preferred embodiment.
FIGS. 2A-1, 2A-2, and 2A-3 are parts of a single Figure which shows the wiring of the preferred embodiment of tile innovative boot-memory-bypass card disclosed herein.
FIG. 2B shows the wiring of the preferred embodiment of the innovative diagnostic-display card disclosed herein.
FIG. 2C shows the external appearance of the preferred embodiment of the innovative diagnostic-display card disclosed herein.
FIGS. 3A-3E show the detailed structure, and FIG. 4 shows the physical appearance, of the preferred embodiment of tile notebook computer disclosed herein.
The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment. However, it should be understood that this class of embodiments provides only a few examples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachings herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily delimit any of the various claimed inventions. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventive features but not to others.
Overall Architecture
The presently preferred embodiment has been implemented on several different computer systems. The primary disclosed embodiment relates to the Dell 320N computer. This is a notebook computer, with an external closed size of about 8.5�11�2 inches.
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of the notebook computer 100, of the presently preferred embodiment, in the open position. This computer is a notebook computer, which includes a compact keyboard and screen in a rugged plastic case with a battery power supply. Visible elements include case 802, cover 804, hinges 806, display screen 810, keyboard 820, floppy disk drive 830, and dust cover 803 (which covers the receptacle for the rechargeable battery pack).
This computer, in the presently preferred embodiment, is a Dell 320N™ notebook computer, containing an Intel 386SX processor running at 20 MHz. (Hardware details and options of this computer, in the presently preferred embodiment, are extensively described in readily available Dell product literature, which is hereby incorporated by reference.) However, this model is merely one example of the hardware environments in which the inventions have been demonstrated to work.
FIGS. 3A-3E show the detailed structure of the preferred hardware embodiment.
The microprocessor 300 is an Intel 386SX processor running at 20 MHz. (Hardware details and options of this computer, in the presently preferred embodiment, are extensively described in readily available Dell product literature, which is hereby incorporated by reference.) However, this model is merely one example of the hardware environments in which the inventions have been demonstrated to work.
In the presently preferred embodiment, an HT21 chip 310, from Headland Technologies, is used to provide a variety of peripheral support functions to the main microprocessor. These include bus management, memory management, interrupt control, and DMA control. Serial port management and keyboard interface, and other I/O management functions, are provided by a VTI 82C186 combination chip 350. Of course, other implementations of support logic and glue logic can be used if desired, within this well-known architecture.
FIGS. 3A-3E show the detailed structure of the preferred hardware embodiment.
This computer is a notebook computer, which includes a compact keyboard and screen in a ragged plastic case with a battery power supply.
FIG. 3A gives an overview of the principal electronic components of hardware architecture.
Microprocessor 300, in the presently preferred embodiment, is a 386SX processor running at a 20 MHz clock rate. This microprocessor accesses bus 311, and memory 312, through controller 310. Bus and memory controller 310, in the presently preferred embodiment, is an HT21 chip from Headland Technologies. This chip provides a variety of peripheral support functions to the main microprocessor, including bus management, memory management, interrupt control, and DMA control.
Bus 311, in the presently preferred embodiment, is an ISA bus. Memory 312, in the presently preferred embodiment, is DRAM, as discussed below.
Video controller 330 is, in the presently preferred embodiment, a VGA chip, and is connected to additional components as shown in FIG. 3C below. This is implemented as a WD 90C20 VGA controller chip, in the presently preferred embodiment; but of course other components can optionally be used instead.
Power Management Controller 320 is a microcontroller, in the presently preferred embodiment, and is connected to additional components as shown in FIG. 3D below.
Hard disk drive 340, in the presently preferred embodiment, is a ruggedized 21/2" IDE drive, such as the Conners Peripherals 242 40 MB 2.5" hard disk. (Other sizes are also available.)
Serial port management and keyboard interface, and other I/O management functions, are provided, in the presently preferred embodiment, by a VTI 82C186 combination chip 350. (Of course, other implementations of support logic and glue logic can be used if desired, within this well-known architecture.) Combination I/O Controller 350 is connected to additional components as shown in FIG. 3E below.
FIG. 3B shows additional details of the connections of microprocessor 300 and bus controller 310. The microprocessor 300 is connected in parallel with a socket for an optional numeric co-processor 302 (e.g. a 387SX chip). Bus controller 310 receives two oscillator inputs. A 40 MHz crystal-controlled oscillator 319 provides a signal which is divided down to provide the clock for microprocessor 300. A 32 MHz crystal-controlled oscillator 318 provides a signal which is divided down to provide the clock for bus 311.
The standard component of memory 312 is one megabyte of DRAMs, 8 bits wide. Sockets are provided for optional expansion memory 314 (1M�8 or 2M�8), and for optional expansion memory 316 (2M�8). Both of these optional expansion memories are connected in parallel with memory 312 (except for slightly different address line connections).
Flash EEPROM 360 provides a rewritable boot memory. (The operation of this memory is described in detail in commonly owned application 707,121,filed May 29, 1991, entitled "Computer System with Restorable Basic Firmware" (DC-200), which is hereby incorporated by reference.)
When the flash memory 360 must be programmed, DC-DC converter 362 generates a 12-Volt programming voltage from the 5-Volt supply.
The hardware system of the presently preferred embodiment uses only three circuit boards for all components other than the power supply. The components shown in FIGS. 3B and 3E are included on a common circuit board. However, FIGS. 3C and 3D show components which are on an I/O (bottom) circuit board 321 or inside the screen housing 333.
FIG. 3C shows additional details of the connections of the video controller 330. A 14.318 MHz crystal-controlled oscillator 331 provides a reference frequency to video controller 330 and to bus controller 310. The video controller provides video output to inverter 334 and LCD display panel 336. (This is a Sharp VGA flat panel display, in the presently preferred embodiment, but of course other displays can be substituted.) A connection is also provided, in the presently preferred embodiment, for an external CRT monitor 332, which, if connected, can also be supplied with video signals from video controller 330.
FIG. 3D shows additional details of the connections of the power management microcontroller 320. In the presently preferred embodiment, this is a National Semiconductor COP888CF series microcontroller, which is connected to receive various inputs for power-monitoring. An ASIC 322 provides interface logic, including sequential logic, for interfacing the microcontroller 320 to the system bus 311. An 8 MHz crystal-controlled oscillator 323 provides a clock signal to microcontroller 320 and interface chip 322. An SRAM 324 (which may be 8K�8 or 32K�8) is also accessed through the interface chip 322. This provides local memory which the microcontroller 320 can use. U.S. patent application 07/655,889, filed Feb. 14, 1991 and entitled "Portable Computer with BIOS-independent Power Management" (DC-172), provides extensive detail concerning power management microcontroller 320 and ASIC 322. This application is hereby incorporated by reference.
FIG. 3E shows additional details of the connections of the combination I/O controller 350. This chip receives clock inputs from an 18.432 MHz crystal-controlled oscillator 351B, and from a 32 KHz crystal-controlled oscillator 351A. This chip, in the presently preferred embodiment, is a VTI 106; but of course a variety of other combination I/O management chips are available from Headland, Chips & Technologies, and other vendors, and other such chips can optionally be designed in.
I/O controller 350 is connected to receive input from mouse port 386.
I/O controller 350 is also connected to receive input from built-in keyboard 380, or from an external keyboard when one is plugged into external keyboard port 384.
I/O controller 350 is also connected to communicate with an internal modem 354, if one is installed.
I/O controller 350 is also connected to communicate, through RS232 interface 352, with a serial port connector (not shown).
I/O controller 350 is also connected to communicate, through multiplexer 374, with printer (parallel) port 390. Note that multiplexer 374 also, in the presently preferred embodiment, permits the floppy disk controller 372 to send and receive floppy disk interface signals over the parallel port connector 390. This novel feature permits an external floppy drive to be connected to the printer port connector 390.
Floppy disk controller 372 interfaces to bus 311, and receives a clock signal from 24 MHz oscillator 371. Floppy disk controller 372 is a standard controller for a 31/2" floppy disk drive 370, which, in the presently preferred embodiment, is an Epson 3.5" floppy disk drive unit.
The computer 100 also contains a conventional power supply circuitry (not shown), with connections for banks of rechargeable batteries. (Additional details of the power supply circuitry and battery connections are shown in application DC-172, referenced above, and hereby again incorporated by reference.)
Accessible Test Port Connector on Motherboard
There are two main boards in the computer system of the presently preferred embodiment, although only one of them is visible from outside. This board (the "top board") is easily accessible through the cover shown above the left side of the keyboard, between the keyboard and display, in FIG. 4.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are parts of a single Figure which shows important connections of the innovative special connector (header) on the motherboard of the portable computer system of the presently preferred embodiment. Note that this connector uses only 40 pins, in the presently preferred embodiment. Signals brought out through this connector include several special lines, as well as power, ground, and bus address and data lines SA(0)-SA(16,) and SD(0)-SD(7). Line ROM12V was intended to be a control for programmation of the flash EPROM. This line operates at 5 V, but drives a gate on the motherboard which will connect a 12 V supply to the erase pin of the flash chip. Line 512V is a software output (from the GCS registers) which permits software to actuate erasure of the flash memory.
Line CPUHRQ is the standard processor hold request.
Line RSTCPU is the main reset input into the CPU.
Line SMVUWR is the decoded write for the SmartVu.
Line HLDA is a standard ISA signal.
(Line TP519 is merely a test point.)
Lines MEMR* and MEMW* are standard ISA bus lines.
Lines BLE* and BHE* are standard ISA bus lines (used for bank-select).
Note that line ROMDISABLE is normally held low by 100 Ω resistor R23. However, if the boot card is inserted, line ROMDISABLE is connected to power. Similarly, line FLUKEROM* is normally held high by 10 Ω resistor R61, but can be pulled down by an inserted card.
Line LCSROM* generally corresponds to a normal chip-enable line for the on-motherboard ROM: address decode logic would drive this line when the microprocessor attempts to access an address within the ROM's address space. However, the present invention interposes additional hard-wired logic, to permit the on-board ROM to be bypassed. Signal LCSROM* is ORed with signal ROMDISABLE by gate U24, to produce a signal PRE-- ROMCE*. This signal is ANDed with signal FLUKEROM* in gate U43, to produce the actual chip-enable signal ROMCE* which is connected to the on-motherboard ROM.
Boot Card for Test Port
The Apollo Flash Shunt Module is a service tool which is intended to allow a technician to boot up an Apollo unit when the on-board Flash BIOS has been corrupted.
Detailed Use: The following can be performed any time when it would be necessary to temporarily disable the on-board Flash BIOS, such as when a BIOS upgrade process got disturbed and the BIOS was corrupted.
The Flash Module has been designed to plug onto the JFLK connector located under the service bay door on the Apollo notebook. This will logically place the plug-on module in parallel with the on-board Flash BIOS.
To use the Flash Shunt with the Flash.exe program, install the shunt card onto JFLK with jumpers J1 and J2 installed on the "Shunt Flash" position. Booting up the Apollo now will execute the BIOS from the plug-on card. Execute the "Flash" program from the DOS prompt. Let the program run up to the point of being prompted to program on-board Flash.
Change the plug-on jumpers to the MBD FLASH position before you let the program erase the flash. If you do not change the jumpers at this time, the message for not being able to set 12 volts will appear. Let the program finish upgrading the on-board BIOS.
The JSMVU connector is for plugging the Dell Smartvu module onto the Flash Shunt module since the JFLK connector would not be accessible during this operation.
Circuitry of Boot Card
FIGS. 2A-1, 2A-2, and 2A-3 are parts of a single Figure which shows the wiring of the preferred embodiment of the innovative boot-memory-bypass card disclosed herein.
Reprogrammable Nonvolatile Memory on Boot Card
For convenient updating, the memory on the boot card is itself rewritable. However, jumper protection prevents accidental writing of this memory.
Diagnostic Card Circuitry
FIG. 2B shows the wiring of the preferred embodiment of the innovative diagnostic-display card disclosed herein. The display itself is preferably a simple array of four 7-segment LED character displays. Note that a power-on LED is also provided, to show the user when the card is plugged in and receiving power.
FIG. 2C shows the external appearance of the preferred embodiment of the innovative diagnostic-display card disclosed herein. The 4-character LED display is the large module near the center of the card, and the power-on LED is near the bottom right of the Figure orientation shown.
Note that the 82C106 chip has a chip-select line which is used, in the presently preferred embodiment, to enable the SmartVu display.
Stacked Combination with Boot Card
Note that the boot card includes both male and female headers. As the header pin assignments show, all of the signals needed by the diagnostic display card are passed through by the male and female headers on the boot card. Thus the boot card and the diagnostic display card can be stacked together, or either can be used alone.
Further Modifications and Variations
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the innovative concepts disclosed in the present application can be applied in a wide variety of contexts. Moreover, the preferred implementation can be modified in a tremendous variety of ways. Accordingly, it should be understood that the modifications and variations suggested below and above are merely illustrative. These examples may help to show some of the scope of the inventive concepts, but these examples do not nearly exhaust the full scope of variations in the disclosed novel concepts.
For example, the special connector's cover does not have to be located in anything like the location shown in FIG. 4. The board organization of the computer does not have to be the same, and the computer need not include a keyboard as primary input device.
The specific signals routed through the special connector also do not have to be the same as those described. In general, it is desirable that a card connected to the special connector should be able: 1) to disable the motherboard boot memory, 2) to tell when the motherboard boot memory is being accessed, and 3) to provide outputs to the CPU (directly or indirectly) which fully replace those which would have been supplied by the disabled motherboard boot memory. Preferably (but not necessarily) all of the motherboard boot memory's control inputs are brought up through the special connector, as are all data lines which can be driven by the motherboard boot memory, and all address lines which are relevant to selection of an address within the motherboard boot memory.
The hardware technique used to permit disabling the motherboard boot memory does not have to be the same as that described. For example, alternatively and less preferably, gates could be used to disable the power supply to the boot memory, or to interrupt its data outputs.
For another example, the special connector does not be any means have to be a pin and socket connection; other electromechanical arrangements, such as pad contacts, can be substituted instead.
For another example, although the preferred sample system embodiment includes a primary system board on which the CPU, main memory, and boot memory are mounted, the disclosed inventions can be applied to other board arrangements as well (including arrangements wherein multiple boards are closely connected together in place of a single primary board).
As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the innovative concepts described in the present application can be modified and varied over a tremendous range of applications, and accordingly the scope of patented subject matter is not limited by any of the specific exemplary teachings given.
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|Nov 21, 1990
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|Aug 25, 1989
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|May 11, 1987
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|Nov 1, 1991
|Dec 28, 1993
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
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|Mar 7, 1991
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|United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|System for programming EEPROM with data loaded in ROM by sending switch signal to isolate EEPROM from host system
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|Sep 24, 1997
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|Feb 5, 1998
|Dec 26, 2000
|Compaq Computer Corporation
|Automatic system recovery
|Apr 7, 1993
|Jan 30, 2001
|Compaq Computer Corporation
|System ROM including a flash EPROM and a ROM for storing primary boot code replacing a block flash EPROM
|Jan 23, 1998
|Feb 6, 2001
|Compaq Computer Corporation
|Portable computer system incorporating a rear projection display
|Sep 9, 1998
|Jul 31, 2001
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Logo display device for a computer and the method thereof
|Nov 18, 1998
|Sep 25, 2001
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Program controlled unit including a segment pointer selecting a bootstrap loader to be booted from a plurality of stored bootstrap loaders
|Aug 3, 1998
|Oct 16, 2001
|Fujitsu Limited
|Apparatus and method for controlling initialization of a processor system
|Aug 10, 1999
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|Remote reboot of hung systems in a data processing system
|Mar 31, 1997
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|Method and system for check stop error handling
|Oct 6, 1999
|Mar 25, 2003
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|Graphical interface, method, and system for the provision of diagnostic and support services in a computer system
|Oct 6, 1999
|Apr 29, 2003
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|System and method for converting alternating current into direct current
|Mar 31, 1997
|Apr 29, 2003
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|Method and system for fault isolation for PCI bus errors
|Aug 19, 1999
|May 6, 2003
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|Method and system for automated technical support for computers
|Oct 6, 1999
|May 13, 2003
|Dell Usa, L.P.
|System and method for providing a computer system with a detachable component
|Dec 17, 1999
|May 13, 2003
|Dell Usa, L.P.
|System and method for monitoring support activity
|Oct 6, 1999
|Jun 3, 2003
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|System and method for monitoring support activity
|Oct 11, 2002
|Jul 22, 2003
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|Data image management via emulation of non-volatile storage device
|Oct 6, 1999
|Jul 22, 2003
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|Method and system for installing and testing build-to-order components in a defined configuration computer system
|Oct 6, 1999
|Aug 12, 2003
|Dell Usa, L.P.
|Method and system for automated technical support for computers
|Oct 13, 2000
|Jun 29, 2004
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|Aug 19, 1999
|Jul 6, 2004
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|Method and system for migrating stored data to a build-to-order computing system
|Jul 25, 2000
|Sep 14, 2004
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|Jul 11, 2001
|Apr 5, 2005
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|Actuation of projector by system stored in mobile memory
|Jul 14, 2000
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Portable computer system for indicating power-on self-test state on LED indicator
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|Computer system capable of switching operating system
|Feb 12, 2002
|Jan 2, 2003
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|Multifunction semiconductor storage device and a method for booting-up computer host
|Jul 11, 2001
|Apr 17, 2003
|Tomohiro Nomizo
|Actuation of projector by system stored in mobile memory
|Jul 30, 1999
|Aug 14, 2003
|Eiji Kawai
|Method of staring up information processing apparatus recording medium and information processing apparatus
|Oct 29, 2002
|Sep 11, 2003
|Seok-Heon Lee
|System boot using NAND flash memory and method thereof
|Apr 27, 2005
|Feb 2, 2006
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for recovering BIOS in computer system
|Dec 13, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
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|Method for recovering BIOS chip in a computer system
|Oct 24, 2007
|May 8, 2008
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|External basic input/output system device
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|Oct 22, 2009
|Martinez Ricardo L
|Memory security override protection for manufacturability of information handling systems
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|Apr 15, 2010
|Phison Electronics Corp.
|Motherboard system, storage device for booting up thereof and connector
|Nov 3, 2009
|Mar 3, 2011
|Inventec Corporation
|Pluggable error detection board and motherboard error detection system containing the same
|Dec 25, 2012
|Jul 4, 2013
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Switch apparatus switching between basic input output system chip and diagnostic card
|Sep 7, 2009
|Apr 10, 2013
|Peripheral device, manufacturing tool for writing and electronic equipment with peripheral device
|Nov 28, 2002
|Jun 24, 2004
|Abb Patent Gmbh
|Harvard-architecture microcomputer commissioning method in which an external program memory is connected to the microcomputer and used to reprogram the appropriate program data memory
|Aug 19, 1996
|Dec 16, 1998
|Iomega Corporation
|Methods and apparatus for booting a computer having a removable media disk drive
|Nov 6, 1998
|May 19, 1999
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Program controlled unit
|Apr 13, 2000
|Jul 4, 2001
|Chang, Fa-Hsun
|A diagnostic method and device of a computer system
|Jul 11, 2001
|Jul 31, 2002
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Start of projector by system stored in portable memory
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|Aug 21, 1997
|Motorola Inc.
|Method for updating a software code in a communication system
|Jul 7, 1998
|Apr 1, 1999
|Intel Corporation
|Memory transactions on a low pin count bus
|Oct 1, 1998
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|Method for copying software into a flash disk on an embedded pc
|Oct 1, 1998
|Jul 29, 1999
|Ericsson Telefon Ab L M
|Method for copying software into a flash disk on an embedded pc
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 28, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 27, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 29, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jan 2, 2014
Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (ABL);ASSIGNORS:DELL INC.;APPASSURE SOFTWARE, INC.;ASAP SOFTWARE EXPRESS,INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:031898/0001
Effective date: 20131029
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT, TE
Effective date: 20131029
Owner name: BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON TRUST COMPANY, N.A., AS FI
Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (NOTES);ASSIGNORS:APPASSURE SOFTWARE, INC.;ASAP SOFTWARE EXPRESS, INC.;BOOMI, INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:031897/0348
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NORTH
Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (TERM LOAN);ASSIGNORS:DELL INC.;APPASSURE SOFTWARE, INC.;ASAP SOFTWARE EXPRESS, INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:031899/0261
Effective date: 20131029


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Star Tracks
Wilkinson shows off a leaner look in New York. Plus: Jennifer Aniston, Jessica Simpson, Megan Fox, Jennifer Garner & Violet and more
Credit: INF
Published: Wednesday Jun 02, 2010 | 05:00 PM EDT
More from PEOPLE
Latest News!
- Houston Shooting: Gunman was 'Disgruntled' Lawyer with Nazi Emblems on His 'Military-Style' Attire During Attack
- Read the Cover Story: Brad & Angelina Split After 12 Years: It's Over
- From INSTANT: WATCH: These Sia Covers Will Blow Your Mind
- Craziest Insta of the Week?! Sylvester Stallone and Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair Prop Up Kate Hudson in Epic Snap
- Have Your Say: Who Won Last Night's Presidential Debate?

subset: commoncrawl


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Bodrum hotels & apartments, all accommodations in Bodrum
Once being in the "Tatil" Bodrum (place for vacation) you will never forget it. This is the most "rave" resort in Turkey, located in the south-west of this beautiful country between the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. It has got the best from each of them.
This wonder of the world will satisfy all the needs of holidaymakers. During the day the excellent sandy beaches, stretching for several kilometers, secluded coves with clean clear water, pine forests, groves of orange trees, beautiful mountains and cliffs are waiting for you. Among the active kinds of entertainment: scuba diving, surfing, horse riding and tennis. Also you will be able to go on an exciting voyage along the coast.
Holidays in Bodrum - is not only the beach and the sea, but it is also an interesting excursion around this picturesque corner. This is a favorite vacation spot of the elite and bohemians from all over Turkey. Poets and artists, writers and musicians, businessmen and philanthropists come to Bodrum to enjoy the lustre of the beaches and the charm of a night life.
You will feel the real atmosphere of the permanent holiday. Here on one square kilometer centered the record number of bars, cafes and restaurants, night clubs and disco, which endowed the lovers of nightlife crazy sleepless nights with a tempestuous glee until the dawn. In Bodrum is one of the largest and most posh discos in Europe - Halicarnassus with a stunning laser show.
Accommodation in Bodrum is called "beach hotel". Because most of the beaches are owned by the hotels. Usually these are small areas of shingle or artificial concrete platforms with bulk sand. In the resort there are quite modest bed and breakfasts.
We offer 0 hotels in Bodrum Turkey with low prices and discounts. Our booking system provides cheap and luxury hotels in Bodrum, hostels, motels, B&B and budget Bodrum hotels and accommodations. We have Bodrum center hotel deals. You can also book Bodrum airport hotel by cheap price. Our system is secure and absolutely free of charge.


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55669 Serene Dr Macomb MI 48042 us
At Practical and Pretty Food I work hard to keep your family healthy and happy and full of food they love. Family dinner time should be a stress free and happy affair, not full of rushing and constant arguing about where you are going to eat out next.
Hiring a professional chef to cook your meals and dinner parties is a HUGE money saver. Not only do you save on not eating out, but you save money on grocery waste too. Watching a weeks worth of perishables get tossed in the trash is both frustrating and wasteful. If I shop, you are guaranteed high quality food at low prices.
I have been a chef for fifteen years, ten of them professionally. I have been cooking for thirty years, I could chop food before I could write. Any style of food available, from classic American to the exotic foods of India, Malaysia and the Caribbean. I specialize in Italian food, vegetarian food and healthy kid friendly foods.
I am also available for dessert needs. Miniature desserts, bars, cupcakes, brownies and cakes all available.
Personal Chef


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At his high school reunion, Tim Walker reconnected with several classmates who spent their adult lives out of state. Most had the same question.
"Tim Walker is the mayor of Elizabethtown?"
The surprise in their voices apparently amused him. Walker did something in life that many people never accomplish: He rose above the limits his hometown placed on him.
He set different expectations for himself.
Actually, Tim's personal aspirations were derived from a sense of duty and faith.
I've noticed a recurring question as I talk to people about Congress. What can be done, they wonder, to get Congress back on track? Is our national legislature capable of serious policy making?
At a time when polls say jobs and the economy are Americans' chief concern, Congress has not passed a single piece of economic legislation. Instead, it's focused on investigations. It's an institution with very little to show for its efforts.
Children start out very fragile and helpless.
Where does the apple fall?
I've often thought I'm a lot like my dad. But I don't want to be. I certainly don't want to copy his bad habits. I'd prefer to copy his good ones, but I don't remember them he had any.
Maybe I'm more like him than I want to admit. But I don't want to be. I find myself yelling at my kids like an out-of-control idiot.
ISSUE: Remembering Mayor Tim Walker
OUR VIEW: Walker's contributions leave a lasting imprint
Over the past few weeks, several people have inquired about my decision to pay off the remaining debt owed on the Challenger Learning Center five years early.
In 1998, the city of Radcliff committed itself to becoming one of several communities across the country which would be home to a Challenger Learning Center. The learning centers were designed to educate youth in our region on space exploration. City government would bond $3.8 million over 20 years to build the facility.
TOPIC: Old Time Fiddler's Contest
OUR VIEW: A sizzling debut
Leave judgments to God
I am so disappointed by the Boy Scouts making headlines to announce that they are now accepting gay youth.
It never crossed my mind that they had ever turned one away for this reason. If they had done so it would have made much bigger headlines than their vote did. It also puzzled me that their vote left out Scout masters who are still banned. Why two standards?
Copyright © 2016
The News-Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Elizabethtown, KY, Hardin County and the surrounding area.


text:
7 tips for healthy Fourth of July weekend
POSTED: 10:27 AM MDT Jul 03, 2013 UPDATED: 12:00 AM MDT Jun 29, 2016
Keep you and your friends and family healthy and safe over the Fourth of July weekend with these tips, as compiled by Prevention.com.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. Please note by clicking on "Post" you acknowledge that you have read the Terms Of Service and the comment you are posting is in compliance with such terms.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Latest: Proxima Demonstrated at NVIC Congress Following Significant Sale in Benelux
Latest: Envigo invests in Science and Technology Advisory Group (STAG)
Latest: Launch of a Research and Training Centre at the Fresenius University of Applied Sciences ...
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The Phenomenex Story Part 1: The Architect Who Built a Chemistry Empire
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A FIT Sample for Fecal Occult Blood Tests
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Complete Workflows for Food Pesticide Residue Laboratories Using Tandem and High Resoluti...
Counting Scales - Average Piece Weight Optimization
Drug-to-Antibody Ratio (DAR) Calculation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Using Automat...
Coulometric Water Content Determination According to Karl Fischer
Automated Water Content Determination with the 874 Oven Sample Processor
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text:
Death Magnetic
What parents need to know
Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that this album -- which made its debut as the first full downloadable album for the video game Guitar Hero III -- has all the trademark heavy metal staples: lyrics about death, dying, and pain accompanied by driving guitars and furious beats. Younger teens might not be ready for some songs' haunting images (references to annihilation, spilling blood, poison, and stalkers, to name a few) and intense vocals. Discussions of suicide and retribution are also briefly mentioned.
User reviews
Parents say
Kids say
What's the story?
Even though Metallica has been around for nearly 30 years, the heavy metal rockers aren't done rocking quite yet. This is their ninth studio album, and the first with new bassist Robert Trujillo and mega-producer Rick Rubin. The album also marks a milestone in gaming, as the band allowed music from the CD to be downloaded for use in the Guitar Hero III video game before the album's actual release.
Is it any good?
Thunderous and imposing, heavy metal is enjoying a resurgence of late (at least partly thanks to the popularity of games like Guitar Hero). Metallica was there at the beginning of metal's move into pop culture, and, with this album, the band has gone back to its intense roots, embracing extended guitar-fueled riffs and the dark, brooding images of their past. "The Day That Never Comes" is similar in theme to "Unforgiven," and "All Nightmare Long" has the same terror-inspiring imagery as "Enter Sandman."
But this time around, the band is a lot louder, with powerful guitars charging through every track. James Hetfield's vocals are also more aggressive and muscular than recent albums -- almost harmonic screaming, if you will. Even the once-melodic "Unforgiven" is given a super-charged reinvention in its third interpretation.
Families can talk about...
Families can talk about why Metallica would decide to pair their music with a video game like Guitar Hero III. Why would that appeal to them? How are games like Guitar Hero influencing the music industry? Also, how has the band's sound changed? After many years of trying to fit into the alternative rock sound, Metallica has come back to heavy metal. Do you think that decision was influenced by today's popular music, or do you think the band generally wanted to try something else? How influential do you think current music trends are on the direction that an established band takes?
Music details
|Release date:
|September 12, 2008
|Warner Brothers
|Parental advisory:
|Edited version available:
About Our Rating System
What parents and kids say
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Nice bred and built AQHA colt with all the good bloodlines you need for any job. Old foundation build with a awesome head. Perfectly correct conformation…SOLD
4 year old registered AQHA Perlino mare: "Dashin Leo Freckles" or "Lillie" as we call her is around 14.3 hands, very stocky, well mannered, and easy to…SOLD
Big shapey mare, been ridden inside and out for miles. Roped off of in the pasture, used as a turn back horse for the cutters. Has won money sorting and…SOLD
Finished reining horse and reined cow horse. Joe was owned & trained by Bill Thomas Sr., he is FQHR, NRHA, and AQHA registered, has 4.5 points and $200…SOLD
Spent 6 months of cutting training with Sean Mayfield. Been ridden inside and out, pushed back cattle in the roping pen. A lot of stop, and a good turn…SOLD
Rose is one of the most well minded mares I have own has has 4 months of cutting training on her when she was 3. Just ended up in the wrong hands and was…SOLD
PRICE REDUCED- Offering for sale is an 07 model out of the great sire Too Slick Two Watch! Sire is an accomplished world qualifier roping stallion whos…SOLD
"IM COWBY BILL" is a 2003 registered AQHA Bay Gelding. His Foundation Quarter Horse Pedigree goes back to The "King" line, GAY BAR KING , Crocket King…SOLD


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FULL LIST OF Pursuit - page 3 Topics
Supreme Court 'OK's deadly force to stop dangerous pursuit - The Supreme Court is making it clear that the Fourth amendment allows the use of deadly force to stop drivers in those exceptional cases when their actions pose a very serious threat to public safety
Texas officer struck by sheriff during pursuit - Officer Donny Rocha Jr. was struck by the deputy's truck while engaged in a foot pursuit.
Police car crashes into ditch during pursuit - Dash cam footage of an officer narrowly avoiding an oncoming vehicle and slamming into a ditch during a pursuit in Russia.
Drunk woman rams police cruiser during pursuit - An officer in North Carolina was hospitalized after a woman slammed her vehicle into his patrol car during a pursuit.
Police pursue, shoot at robbery suspects - Footage captures police in Brazil pursing and firing at two robbery suspects, hitting one in the back.
Woman drives off as officer clings to front of car - An officer in Russia was forced to cling to the front end of a woman's vehicle as she drove off after being pulled over for a minor traffic violation.
Sparks fly as Calif. high-speed pursuit comes to end - Joshua Beesley, 40, was arrested on suspicion of assault with a deadly weapon on a police officer and felony evading.
Drunk woman hits family with vehicle - Dash cam footage of an intoxicated woman's teary confession after police stop her following a hit and run. The husband suffered a broken leg, while the wife was treated for a concussion. Two small children were uninjured.
Woman slams cruiser 3 times in wild Thanksgiving pursuit - The woman laid on her horn and refused to cooperate with police after running a red light.
Police pursue woman after she rams cruiser - Dash cam video from police in Ohio shows a woman ramming a police cruiser multiple times as officers attempt to stop her vehicle.
Dash cam: Police pursue armed robbery suspect - Dash cam footage taken from two different vehicles of police in Florida as they pursue an armed robbery suspect.
Police pursue prolific car thief - Footage of police as they pursue a reportedly prolific car thief through the streets of Birmingham, England.
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Home » Audio » Karaoke Devices
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Displaying 1 to 14 (of 14 products)
Top-load cd+g karaoke system line-in function for ipad(r)/ipod(r) with cradle blinking lights effect 50 free streaming downloads
22 in stock
Ubs port for record & playback 30 watts digital key controller microphone balance echo avc controls
4 in stock
Dvd, cd+g, vcd, mp3g & jpeg on screen song search sd(tm) slot 100 mp3g songs on disc record mp3g music & voice to usb or sd(tm) card remote control 2 microphone inputs record playback rca input 3.55 pin plug 3 aux input modes internal input mode aux input mode mix input mode composite video output r... <more>
8 in stock
Dvd/cd+g/mp3+g karaoke system with 7" tft color screen and record function. "this karaoke player has a sleek design matched by no other player you'll ever find. It's features will keep any karaoke enthusiast busy. A color screen that?s gorgeous and easy to read far away. Comes with 300 mp3g songs on... <more>
50+ in stock
Same popular machine as our GF829, but with Bluetooth. Connect your Bluetooth capable device to the player wirelessly and listen to your device's audio on the karaoke player speaker. This karaoke player has a sleek design matched by no other player you'll ever find. It's features will keep any karao... <more>
Professional DVD/CDG/MP3G Karaoke Player with 7" Color TFT Display and Record Function
3 in stock
Portable cd+g karaoke player top-loading cd+g drive 3w power output (rms) 1 microphone 2 microphone inputs usb charger for mp3/ipod(r) 2-digit led cd+g track indicator balance control analog echo control individual microphone volume control built-in personal player cradle aux input for ipod(r) devic... <more>
12 in stock
UPC: 047323018206Weight: 9.800 lbsPackage Contents: Karaoke Party Machine AC/DC Power Adapter RCA Audio/Video Cable 1 x Microphone
5 in stock
Programable up to 99 songs (CD+G, CD only)15-step digital key controlOverall volume control knobFull function remoteRack mount includedDISC COMPATIBILITY:CD+G, DVD, VCD, SVCD, CD, MP3MICROPHONE:Individual microphone volume controlDigital echo controlDual microphone inputsPLAY BACK CONTROL:Direct acc... <more>
With a hidden CD+G player and a USB port for downloaded MP3+Gs, this Singing Machine Mobile Karaoke System lets you sing along to your favorite tunes. Unleash the power of your Singing Machine and enjoy the fun of singing karaoke when you download the free Singing Machine Mobile Karaoke App for iPad... <more>
11 in stock
Host a dance party with the SML385 Singing Machine Karaoke system, which features a top loading CD Player that plays music CDs and CD + Graphics. 54 LED disco lights with dimmer settings let you control the party ambiance. Auxiliary input lets you connect to other audio devices. RCA output jacks co... <more>
Delight your friends and family with the Singing Machine STVG529BK Karaoke System. Providing rich audio via the powerful built-in speaker system, this 5.5" B&W monitor with top loading CD+G karaoke system will give you and your audience the ultimate karaoke experience. The STVG529BK karaoke syst... <more>
8 Built-in speakersPlayer supports DVD, CD+G, VCD, Mp3, Photo-CD, CD, and most CD-R/CD-RW FormatsSurround-sound works on all sources including iPod*/Mp3 & AUX inputsVocal mixer with 2 microphone inputs and Digital Key ControlMicrophone tone controls (High and Low)Package Contents:SONIC-STATION Karao... <more>
1 in stock
Never deal with a scratched disc again! Let's face it?discs are becoming a thing of the past. That's why you won't find disc players on our new TWIN-BANK. Instead, we have twin 500GB* hard drives to handle even the most mammoth of media libraries with ease. But just in case you do need to play some ... <more>
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Oct 11, 2005
ANKARA [MENL] -- Kurdish insurgents have announced the end of a ceasefire inthe war against Turkey.
Oct 10, 2005
Sep 16, 2005
ANKARA [MENL] -- Turkey has determined that Kurdish insurgents have expandedtheir presence in northern Iraq.
CAIRO [MENL] -- Sudan's military has launched a military campaign inDarfour.


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Testing positive for human papillomavirus in routine cervical screening: examination of psychosocial impact
Version of Record online: 22 OCT 2004
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00279.x
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 111, Issue 12, pages 1437–1443, December 2004
Additional Information
How to Cite
McCaffery, K., Waller, J., Forrest, S., Cadman, L., Szarewski, A. and Wardle, J. (2004), Testing positive for human papillomavirus in routine cervical screening: examination of psychosocial impact. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 111: 1437–1443. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00279.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 22 NOV 2004
- Version of Record online: 22 OCT 2004
- 1PatnickJ, editor. NHS Cervical Screening Programme: Celebrating 15 years of Achievement. London: NHSCSP, 2003.
- 2The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002;55(4):244–265., , , , .
- 3Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: baseline results from a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93(4):293–299.DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.4.293, , .
- 4Type specific persistence of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) as indicator of high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in young women: population based prospective follow up study. BMJ 2002;325(7364):572., , , et al.
- 5Could HPV testing become the sole primary cervical screening test? J Med Screen 2002;9(2):49–51.DOI: 10.1136/jms.9.2.49, .
- 6Benefits and costs of using HPV testing to screen for cervical cancer. JAMA 2002;287(18):2372–2381.DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.18.2372, , , et al.
- 72001 consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287(16):2120–2129.DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.16.2120, , , , .
- 8Management of women who test positive for high-risk types of human papillomavirus: the HART study. Lancet 2003;362(9399):1871–1876., , , et al.
- 9Interim guidance for the use of human papillomavirus DNA testing as an adjunct to cervical cytology for screening. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103(2):304–309., , , et al.
- 10ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study. Design, methods and characteristics of trial participants. Acta Cytol 2000;44(5):726–742., .
- 11Effectiveness of testing for high risk HPV for triage of low grade abnormal smears is being assessed in TOMBOLA trial. BMJ 2001;323: 109..
- 12UK pilot scheme for HPV testing announced. BMJ 2000;320(7235):600..
- 13Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2001;357(9271):1831–1836.DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04956-4, , , et al.
- 14Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infections. Lancet 2001;357(9271):1816.DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05008-X.
- 15Genital human papillomavirus infections: knowledge, perception of risk, and actual risk in a nonclinic population of young women. J Women's Health 1997;6(1):113–121., , , , .
- 16Attitudes towards HPV testing: a qualitative study of beliefs among Indian, Pakistani, African Caribbean and white British women in the UK. Br J Cancer 2003;88: 42–46.DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600686, , , , , .
- 17Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer: issues for biobehavioral and psychosocial research. Ann Behav Med 2004;27(1):68–79.DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2701_9, , , .
- 18A prospective study of the psychological impact on patients of first diagnosis of human papillomavirus. Int J STD AIDS 2001;12(10):651–658., , , .
- 19Screening could seriously damage your health. BMJ 1997;314(7080):533–534., .
- 20Awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) among women attending a well woman clinic. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79: 320–322.DOI: 10.1136/sti.79.4.320, , , , , .
- 21The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Br J Clin Psychol 1992;31(Pt 3):301–306., .
- 22Psychological consequences of positive results in cervical cancer screening. Psychol Health 1995;10: 185–194., , .
- 23Is the provision of information leaflets before colposcopy beneficial? A prospective randomised study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106(6):528–534., , , et al.
- 24Evaluation of cognitive-behavioural counselling for the distress associated with an abnormal cervical smear result. Br J Health Psychol 1996;1: 327–338., , , et al.
- 25The psychosocial impact of human papillomavirus infection: implications for health care providers. Int J STD AIDS 1996;7(3):197–200., , , .
- 26The psychosexual impact of human papillomavirus cervical infections. J Fam Pract 1999;48(2):110–116., , , .
- 27Anxiety caused by abnormal result of cervical smear test: a controlled trial. BMJ 1990;300(6722):440., , .
- 28Testing for human papillomavirus in women with abnormal pap smear results. JAMA 2002;288(11):1350–1352., , , .
- 29Anxieties in women undergoing colposcopy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97(9):859–861., , , .


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Thank you for helping us advance Alzheimer's support, care, and research!
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Watch this space to learn about upcoming events and the latest Walk to End Alzheimer's news!
Bank Day
Bank Day will be held October 6, 2016. Details and invitation to be communicated in the next few weeks.
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The Brookdale Mandeville team is working with Painting with a Twist to host "Painting with a Purpose" on Wednesday, August 31, from 6 to 9 p.m. The cost per pesron is $45 and a portion of the proceeds will support the Alzheimer's Association. Click here to reserve your seat and learn more.
Is your Walk team hosting a fundraising event that is open to the public? Let us know! We can help you to promote the event - send an email to email@example.com.


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Private family services for Irma "Jean" Paradis, age 87 a resident of St. Joseph's Nursing Home and formerly of 1061 Washington Street in Ogdensburg will be held at Foxwood Memorial Park with Rev. F. James Shurtleff officiating.
There will be no... Read More >>
A Memorial Mass for Betty M. Peacock, age 102 of County Route 10; Heuvelton will be held at a date to be determine at St. Raphael's Catholic Church in Heuvelton with Rev. Jay Seymour & Rev. Kevin O'Brien co-officiating. Betty has been laid to... Read More >>
NORWOOD—Funeral services for 66-year-old Robert S. Donahue, 30 Cottage Street, Norwood, will be held Monday at 3 p.m. at the Buck Funeral Home in Norwood with Rev. Msgr. John Murphy presiding. Burial will be held in the Calvary Cemetery, Norwood.... Read More >>
Funeral services for John K. Burrows, age 66 of Mansion Avenue in Ogdensburg are incomplete with the Fox & Murray Funeral Home.
Mr. Burrows passed away at his home on Friday (April 25, 2014) surrounded by his family.
A complete obituary will... Read More >>
Funeral services for Irma Jean Paradise, age 87 of St. Joseph's Nursing Home and formerly of Washington Street are incomplete with the Fox & Murray Funeral Home.
Mrs. Paradise passed away on Friday (April 25, 2014) at the Nursing Home surrounded... Read More >>
HAMMOND -- Private family graveside services for Neil K. Storie, age 80 of Oak Point Road in Hammond will be held on Saturday, April 26, 2014 at 4 p.m. at the Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammond with Pastor Rob Schirmer officiating.
Surviving is his... Read More >>
AKWESASNE -- Mr. Douglas Joseph King, 28, of 191 Racquette Point Road, unexpectedly passed away Thursday, April 24, 2014 at his home.
Arrangements are incomplete with the Donaldson Funeral Home, Massena.
Read More >>
MADRID -- Howard J. Tyndall, 86 of County Route 345 passed away on April 25, 2014 at his home under the loving care of his family and Hospice.
Friends and family may call on Monday, April 28, 2014 from 1 to 2 p.m. at Phillips Memorial Home in Madrid... Read More >>
Richville - Phyllis M. Tamblin, age 90, passed away Thursday, April 24, 2014 at St. Joseph's Nursing Home in Ogdensburg.
Funeral services are private with the Green Funeral Home, Gouverneur.
Phyllis was born January 9, 1924 in Gouverneur, the... Read More >>
AKWESASNE – After a courageous battle with lung cancer, Mr. George Gregory Gray, 73, of 1109 Drum Street Road, peacefully passed away Thursday afternoon, April 24, 2014 at his home with his loving family by his side.
George was born at the family... Read More >>
Massena – Eleanor C. Blowers, age 78, passed away Tuesday at Massena Memorial Hospital.
There are no calling hours and a graveside service will be held Tuesday, April 29 at 1:00 pm at Riverside Cemetery in Gouverneur.
Arrangements are with the Green... Read More >>
NORWOOD -- Arrangements for 66 year old Robert S. Donahue, 30 Cottage Street, Norwood, are incomplete at this time with the Buck Funeral Home in Norwood.
Mr. Donahue passed away early Friday morning at the St. Regis Nursing Home in Massena.
The Buck... Read More >>
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Determined to be more than just another greasy spoon in the
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