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Skip to comments.Is it common for property reassessments to include an interior inspection?
Posted on 07/08/2014 12:41:00 PM PDT by PizzaTheHut
Is it common for property reassessments to include an interior inspection by a contracted agency? I guess it's no big deal, but what actual right do they have to enter my home? I have not broken any laws, nor am I asking for some zoning permission where I need approval.
Just wondering if anyone else's town/city has done this?
they think they can up your value..
tell them no.
I've never had it happen to me in multiple homes...but then I don't live in CT either.
Some towns do it, especially for commercial property, they want to count the deska and computers so they can assess you on each one.
If they see a gun safe they will put you an the list.
you don't have to letem in but they will "Ball Park" it.
You can deal with that later.
My place is 1776 and falling down.I let em in make sure they note,sagging floors uneven doors etc.
Still goes up cause my 40 acres does it
yep, land don't vote.
They try to make you think you have to let them in, but you do not have to. At least here in N H .
They want to see if you made any improvements without pulling a permit. Tell them to pound sand.
There is going to be a contracted agency to visit all 21,000+ plus homes in my town. That's got to cost a pretty penny, so they must see an upside on planning to up the values, so they can squeeze even more scrilla out of everyone.
tell them no.
Up my value? I'd tell them to up theirs.
They lowered the value of my house by $1,500,,, but they raised the value of my small town, small lot by $10,000.
I am trying to get the wife to let me tar paper the outside. Fat chance of that.
They probably want to see if you finished your basement or added a bathroom. Tell 'em "no", if you can.
OTOH, if they have overvalued your home - then let them in to see that there is no finished basement or added basement.
If a homeowner is protesting his tax value, then any "failure to cooperate" is a deal breaker. The appraisal office will reject the tprotest and likely RAISE the value.
It may vary by state and jurisdiction, but where I live (in Pennsylvania), assessors only have the right to examine the exterior of the property. You may allow them inside, but you are not required to do so.
An appraiser who tried this nonsense in Texas would get shot.
Surely they require a search warrant & probable cause?
I have not heard of that. I would not let them in my house. They can do the tax assessment by looking at the exterior of the improvements and the lot. That's all they need.
In TX my appraisals were always done in the appraiser's office. They did not even come out to the house and we always got a 'break' on the assessment. ;-)
You have a right to refuse them entry. They can walk around and measure your home, look in windows and doors but you do not have to let them in.
Be advised that if they don't have access to your home they can guesstimate it's worth.
If you have a clean and tidy home you will be assessed more. If your home is cluttered it will be assessed for less. Assessors are not supposed to take into consideration the furniture, valuables or maybe antiques or designer furniture but as a human they do. If it looks good it's worth more.
But you do not have to let them in and it's a crap shoot with your assessed taxes
Land value should be the only thing they tax, IMO.
Why should someone that improves the appearance of their home or improves a plot or improves anything on a piece of land be penalized for it with very much higher taxes?
Detroit is the perfect example of what happens when the physical expression of civilization is taxed into oblivion (not to mention taxing the human expression of civilization with income taxes).
An appraiser needs access to the inside of the house to asses any improvements made to he interior. Upgrades add value. Do you want an accurate appraisal or don't you? He isn't there to snoop.
Property possession shouldn't be taxed, period.
This infringes on your unalienable right to property, because they can simply take it from you if you can't pay the tribute every year.
A head tax is the only justifiable tax.
I live on Long Island (NY) and once I had two guys from the town knock on my door and ask me for permission to enter my house for an inspection and I politely refused. I had just made some upgrades and I didn't feel like being "punished" for it.
Well, they said, "We are allowed to come in," to which I responded, "Show me a warrant." They said that they didn't have one but could come back with one. I encouraged them to, "Go for it."
It's been 12 years and they haven't been back yet.
An appraiser needs access to the inside of the house to asses any improvements made to he interior. Upgrades add value. Do you want an accurate appraisal or dont you? He isnt there to snoop.
Yes he IS there to snoop..
I don't recall the OP mentioning any permits pulled for improvements.
And this is not an appraisal for the sale of the home. it's an appraisal for the taxable value of the home, something they almost always inflate way past market value.
Good question. And on the other hand, why should someone who has let their property decline and depreciate get by with a lower assessment? They should be taxed as if their property was in good condition.
Perhaps it is time to organize petitions, protests and a healthy citizen turnout at town board meetings. They are wasting your money in order to get even more of your money. Just a thought.
I have never heard of anything like this.
Looks like its SOP in your state...but it strikes me as crazy.
Yes, but we don't have to let them in.
(2) When conducting a revaluation, an assessor shall use generally accepted mass appraisal methods which may include, but need not be limited to, the market sales comparison approach to value, the cost approach to value and the income approach to value. Prior to the completion of each revaluation, the assessor shall conduct a field review. Except in a town that has a single assessor, the members of the board of assessors shall approve, by majority vote, all valuations established for a revaluation.
(3) An assessor, member of an assessor's staff or person designated by an assessor may, at any time, fully inspect any parcel of improved real property in order to ascertain or verify the accuracy of data listed on the assessor's property record for such parcel. Except as provided in subdivision (4) of this subsection, the assessor shall fully inspect each such parcel once in every ten assessment years, provided, if the full inspection of any such parcel occurred in an assessment year preceding that commencing October 1, 1996, the assessor shall fully inspect such parcel not later than the first day of October of 2009, and shall thereafter fully inspect such parcel in accordance with this section. Nothing in this subsection shall require the assessor to fully inspect all of a town's improved real property parcels in the same assessment year and in no case shall an assessor be required to fully inspect any such parcel more than once during every ten assessment years.
(4) An assessor may, at any time during the period in which a full inspection of each improved parcel of real property is required, send a questionnaire to the owner of such parcel to (A) obtain information concerning the property's acquisition, and (B) obtain verification of the accuracy of data listed on the assessor's property record for such parcel. An assessor shall develop and institute a quality assurance program with respect to responses received to such questionnaires. If satisfied with the results of said program concerning such questionnaires, the assessor may fully inspect only those parcels of improved real property for which satisfactory verification of data listed on the assessor's property record has not been obtained and is otherwise unavailable. The full inspection requirement in subdivision (3) of this subsection shall not apply to any parcel of improved real property for which the assessor obtains satisfactory verification of data listed on the assessor's property record.
Thanks for the post stremba, I am in Pa as well. Just got a school tax bill for over $5100.
Many cities will ask - but your not required to allow them inside. However, if you don't allow them then many will assess at the highest rate assuming all the bells and whistles.
This was considered in Houston about 25 years ago. Everything inside subject to property tax, including clothing. That went nowhere.
I told them no, they could not enter. I accompanied them on their inspection and only allowed them to look at the house from outside (I work from home). I did not allow them anywhere near windows. I refused to allow them to video anything.
Did the same thing with the census takers. Didn't give them information I thought was none of their business.
God Bless TEXAS!!!!
It looks like we live in a third world country!
They can always ask and you can always decline. Then look at your assessment to make sure they didn't click marble floors and waterfalls.
Where did you get the idea that it's "your" house?
It's their house. They want to inspect their property.
End of story.
My, you're well-trained.
The county assessor came out and I was home when he knocked on the door. He explained that I didn't have to let him in but he could better value my property of I did. I let him in, gave him a refreshment and let him have the run of the place. He was quick and didn't poke around. I'm thinking because of my cooperation he dropped it a bit for taxes.
Did you read the linked .shove website? DIGITAL records (photos!!!).
Ummmmmmmmm - nope.
That's sort moot point though. Defense of property takes money. If you don't pay, then you lose it to your own government or you lose it to some other government.
Yelling "you can take it!" doesn't really accomplish much.
It's a bit like the draft during war. You can tell your own government that they have no right to force you to fight. But if you don't help your government in the common defense, you'll be drafted by the other side and put in a camp, or killed.
That's what makes a tax on land so nice. Any general improvements made in the area raise the value of all land in the area.
The hell you say! He won't miss that large gun safe or one years worth of food or 1000 gal. of water. And if you don't think in the next two weeks the chief of police, fire captain and council will not know everything you are just stupid. Small towns everyone is a snoop!
I had a new hot water heater installed a few years ago. The plumber came, installed, and left. He pulled a permit; standard operating procedure.
The building dept. hounded me for almost a year. They wanted to "inspect" the installation.
They wanted to see if I had improved my basement.
I hadn't.
It's still a mess.
i didn't see he was protesting. If so, then you are correct. He should, in that case, do some reverse staging. Get one or two crappy pieces of furniture, and ask his neighbor to leave messy items in his yard :>)
Maybe that's for next year...
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Some Democratic legislators have suggested that Missouri stop spending tax dollars on the fair. Nixon reassured the crowd that despite the controversy of cutting funds for the State Fair, that will not happen.


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Yes, all patients will meet the Canadian Consensus criteria. All patients will be objectively tested for post-exertional malaise (PEM). Additionally, patients will be screened with validated functional scales to ensure that only patients with significant severity of symptoms are enrolled in the study.
2. Why is the focus of the study on only post-infectious ME/CFS patients?
This cohort has a clear, acute precipitating factor of their ME/CFS and would represent a uniform group of patients. The current study will conduct very extensive neuro/immune/microbial studies on an inpatient basis over several days to help identify a select number of parameters that could then be used to conduct a longitudinal study in a larger cohort with patients who have ME/CFS.
3. Why have recovered post-Lyme patients been included as controls?
Since we have focused on the PI-ME/CFS cohort, it would be useful to compare them against a cohort that also had an infection but then fully recovered. Many Lyme patients have already been evaluated at NIH.
4. Will there be additional control group?
There are many other potential control groups that can strengthen the science of the study through comparison. There is ongoing discussion about whether an additional control group or control groups should be included.
5. Why is the duration from onset for the PI-ME/CFS patients limited to 5 years?
It appears that some of the immune parameters and clinical manifestations may be duration-dependent. Hence, at this time, we are including patients who have had ME/CFS for greater than 6 months and less than 5 years. While it is our hope that we will recruit a homogeneous group, the extensive neuroimmune studies will allow us to look for duration-dependent parameters within this time range.
6. Will ME/CFS experts be involved in selecting patients to enroll?
Clinical experts will be reviewing the selection of patients at three different times in the enrollment process. Most patients will be recruited from well-established ME/CFS clinics that are being supported by the CDC in the Multi-site Clinical Assessment of CFS study (http://www.cdc.gov/cfs/programs/clinical-assessment/). Diagnostic validity will be reviewed as well by an executive committee, which include experts such as Dr. Elizabeth Unger from the CDC and Dr. W. Ian Lipkin from Columbia University. A final assessment of diagnostic validity will be performed by a team of clinical experts at NIH, including Drs. Fred Gill, Leorey Saligan, and Brian Walitt.
Follow these links for further information about the individuals mentioned:
Dr. Elizabeth Unger (http://www.cdc.gov/cfs/news/cvbd/)
Dr. W. Ian Lipkin (https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/wil2001)
Dr. Fred Gill (http://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/about/SeniorStaff/fred_gill.html)
Dr. Leorey Saligan (http://irp.nih.gov/pi/leorey-saligan)
Dr. Brian Walitt (https://www.ninr.nih.gov/researchandfunding/dir/bwalitt#.VrzwHNv2aAI)
7. When will the study start enrolling patients?
We anticipate that patients will start enrolling in the summer of 2016.
8. What is the role of the Lead Associate Investigator in the study?
The Lead Associate Investigator (LAI) will be assisting Dr. Nath with the oversight of the day to day clinical operations of the protocol. The LAI will work with the CDC and the NIH ME/CFS executive committee to coordinate screening of potential participants for the study. He will ensure that participants are provided with clear details of the research study prior to enrollment and that the informed consent process meets NIH standards. He will coordinate care with the local medical providers for participants. He will help integrate the work of all of the multidisciplinary experts who are collaborating in this complex undertaking and to provide clinical oversight for the study participants during their testing and work-up at the NIH Clinical center.
9. Will there be changes made to the current protocol?
The protocol is a process in evolution. Currently we are soliciting comments from the community and accordingly making amendments to the protocol. Our plan is to initially start the study by recruiting healthy volunteers to help us refine the study test procedures before we enroll the first patients with PI-ME/CFS. All changes to the protocol require approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB).
10. When will more information be made available?
We plan to periodically update this website to provide information about this research study to the public. When the research protocol and informed consent forms are finalized and approved by the IRB, they will be made publically available.


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You have searched for Concord Day (Niger)
- India v New Zealand, Kanpur Test, Day 5: India three wickets away from victory
Ronchi and Santner not willing to bog down added 65 runs to their overnight partnership in 20.4 overs. India however managed close in on a victory with three wickets in the session and will look set to wrap the match in the second session.
- Kashmir remains shut for the 80th consecutive day
Kashmir remained shut on Monday for the 80th consecutive day, although markets in Srinagar had opened and were booming with customers. Markets in Lal Chowk and many other areas opened on Sunday evening and remained in business till late in the night.
- Day after rape, woman ends life in Rohtak
CHANDIGARH: A day after she was abducted and raped by her husband's relative, a 24-year-old woman, mother of three daughters, committed suicide at her home in Rohak district on Sunday morning. Missing from home since Friday night, the woman, wife of a small farmer from Gujjar community, was found unconscious in the fields of a neighbouring village on Saturday morning. In her first statement to police, she had alleged that she was raped by five persons. However, in her statement to the magistrate late on Saturday , she said it was her husband's distant relative Sunil Kumar, 28, who had taken her on a motorcycle and raped her. Police arrested him on Sunday . Neighbours came to know about the suicide around 11am when the woman's mother-in-law raised an alarm. The elderly raised an alarm. The elderly woman, who is blind, called the villagers when she heard her three granddaughters crying and there was no response from their mother.The room was also bolted from inside. When neighbours looked in through the window, they saw the woman's body hanging from a hook. Deputy superintendent of police Pushpa Khatri, who is the investigating officer, said the woman's father, who had come from Rewari, had told the cops that his daughter had committed suicide as she was not able to face the social stig ma after the rape. "Sunil is in our custody and we are in the process of recovering the motor cycle used in the crime,'' said the cop. The victim's eldest daugh ter is four-years-old and youngest one year. On Sunday morning, her husband and other members of the family had gone to work in the fields when she took the extreme step.
- Jayalalithaa will be discharged in a few days, hospital says
Tamil Nadu chief minister J Jayalalithaa, who was admitted to Apollo Hospitals here on Thursday night with fever and dehydration, will be discharged in a few days, and she will soon resume her official duties, said a release issued by hospital's chief operating officer Subbiah Viswanathan on Sunday evening.
- Honda workers' hunger strike enters seventh day
JAIPUR: The indefinite hunger strike of five workers whose services at the Honda two-wheeler factory in Tapukara, Alwar, were terminated after they attempted to form a union, has entered the seventh day. The workers have been sitting on hunger strike at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi. About 3,000 workers were thrown out of work at the factory after unrest in February. The workers had filed a petition to unionise in August last year. Many other workers unions have extended support to the striking Honda workers. Also, besides the five on hunger strike for since September 19, several workers have been joining the hunger strike on different days.
- A day of devotion, friendship, fitness & dancing for Srinidhi
Yamaha Fascino Miss Diva Miss Supranational India 2016 Srinidhi Ramesh Shetty started Day 2 of her homecoming with a visit to the Shakthi Ganapathi Temple in the morning, where the beauty queen looked traditional in a salwar suit, complete with a bindi and flowers in her hair, and offered puja with her family. She sought blessings of the lord for her upcoming pageant. "I have been coming here since I was a child and I feel at peace here," she said. Srinidhi then headed to lunch with friends at her favourite barbecue restaurant in Jayanagar, where she also cut a cake. "I am meeting my friends after two months and there is so much to share with them. Whenever I doubt myself or my capabilities, they encourage me and make me feel confident," said Srinidhi. Post this, the diva went to Smart Steps, her dance class, where she practiced for four years. There, they played an AV of her dance performances and clips from her short films, which made Srinidhi very emotional. Cake, bouquets and dance performances by students followed, after which the beauty queen took to the floor to show off some of her moves. Srinidhi ended the day with a visit to her gym, where another round of felicitations awaited her. "The physical preparation for my pageant journey began here. The results started showing after a lot of hard work, so this place gives me a sense of achievement. Meeting my trainers and sharing my experience with them feels great," said the beauty queen.
- India v New Zealand, 1st Test, Kanpur, Day 3: NZ's turn to feel Ashwin and Jadeja's stranglehold
It took R Ashwin and Ravindra Jadeja just about seven-eight overs to bring the Kiwis down to earth and confront the harsh reality of how difficult it is to tackle the two spinners on turning Indian pitches.


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scaling inhibitor Companies in Netherlands
Current filtering criteriaYou can remove a filter by clicking on the x
MPP & TiPSS Technologies – Veolia Water Technologies
based in Ede, NETHERLANDS
The MPP & TiPSS Technologies are part of Veolia Water Technologies . MPP Systems is a business activity specialized in developing, marketing, manufacturing and servicing water purification systems based on Macro Porous Polymers (MPP). The Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) system is highly effective, fully automated, remote controlled and guaranteed technology for ...
Strathkelvin Instruments Ltd.
Distributor in NETHERLANDS
Our expertise is in the field of Activated Sludge Bacteria which are used to treat wastewaters in biological treatment plants. Our instrumentation can quickly and directly measure Activated Sludge bacterial performance saving our clients time and money by determining the effects of reducing feeding and aeration programmes, and the inhibition of the bacteria whilst also ...


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Want the secret to buying great wine?
Sydney, NS
I enjoy wine tours and have done the Niagara regi...Read more
I enjoy wine tours and have done the Niagara region,the Okanaghan area wineries and the Karlsbad region in California.Just recently was in to the Gasperaux Valley and Pete Lukett 's wineries in the beautiful Annapolis Valley.Gasperaux's Tidal Bay white was a pleasant surprise and one to take note of.
Austria, Austria
Qualitätswein, Mosel, Germany
P.D.O., Mantinia, Peloponnese, Greece
Reviewed by: Cherie Cole
2 hours, 22 minutes ago
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Deve Gowda ends 13-yr fight against expressway project
After a nearly 13-year struggle involving political and legal battles, former PM HD Deve Gowda has decided to distance himself from his relentless campaign against Bengaluru-Mysuru Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) project citing poor health and disillusionment.
Deve Gowda ends 13-yr fight against expressway project
After a nearly 13-year struggle involving political and legal battles, former PM HD De...
Lucknow-Agra Expressway: Akhilesh Yadav bets on development as state poll approaches
Built in a record two years, the Rs 13,200 crore, 302-km...
Government to construct 1,000-km expressway at Rs 16,680 crore
Main criteria for selection of expressway corridors will be the traffic volume and it was approved that the highest density corridor i.e. Vadodara-Mumbai Corridor.
APCO, Ramky & GR in race for part of Delhi-Meerut Expressway
"Three companies have bid for the project. We will award the contract very soon. We expect to complete the work on entire expressway by 2018," Raghav Chandra told.
Senior Bajaj Auto executive, wife die in crash at Pune-Mumbai expressway; kids injured
The police said that while it had rained heavily in the area in the morning, there was only a slight drizzle at the time of the accident.
17 dead in an accident near Panvel on Mumbai-Pune Expressway
A car standing was behind it, passengers in the MUV had stopped to help those in the first car.
Haryana to develop area along Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway
As KMP Expressway is passing through Palwal district, there are huge possibilities of development in industrial, commercial and service sectors in the area.
Home buyers and investors protest delay in completion of Dwarka Expressway
Over 350 families from 17 projects on the expressway, under DXP Welfare Association, came for the protest and demanded a non-extensible dead line.
Arvind Kejriwal talks of PM Narendra Modi's stand on peripheral expressways
Kejriwal was detailing measures taken for addressing pollution which emanates from trucks passing through Delhi, but are destined towards locations outside.
Caught on camera: Tiger runs free on Doha expressway
A tiger was spotted wandering through a traffic jam on one of Doha's busiest roads, and government officials said they would investigate the incident after footage appeared online.
No risk for Supertech project buyers: Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority CEO Arun Vir Singh
Supertech chairman RK Arora said his company had contested the said order issued in October last and the matter is currently under review by the state government.
Devendra Fadnavis government may not seek JICA funds for Mumbai-Nagpur expressway
The Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation which is building the 700-km expressway will begin work by end October this year and complete by 2019.
First leg of KMP expressway opens after 7-year delay
After a delay of nearly seven years, the first leg of Kundli-Manesar-Palwal (KMP) expressway - Palwal (NH-2) to Manesar (NH-8) - was opened to traffic on Tuesday.
Delhi-Meerut Expressway widening gets nod Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
The cost is estimated to be Rs 1983 crore including cost of land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation and other pre-construction activities.


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Photo: Maura McEvoy
Makes 8 servings
Nutritional Information
Calcium 1 mg
Calories 149
Caloriesfromfat 0 %
Carbohydrate 39 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Fat 0 g
Fiber 0 g
Iron 0 mg
Protein 0 mg
Satfat 0 g
Sodium 0 mg
1 1/2 cups sliced fresh ginger
1 1/2 cups sugar
1/2 cup fresh lemon juice
1 1/2 (1-liter) bottles club soda or plain seltzer, chilled
Combine ginger (don't bother to peel it), sugar, and 1 1/2 cups water in a medium saucepan and bring to a boil, stirring to dissolve sugar. Lower heat and simmer mixture about 15 minutes, or until it reaches the consistency of pancake syrup (you should have about 1 cup syrup). Strain syrup and cool to room temperature. Stir in lemon juice. Place 2 tablespoons syrup in 8-ounce glasses and fill three quarters full with club soda. Gently stir to blend. Add ice and more club soda or syrup if necessary.
June 2000


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Two more days and Stage Fort Park becomes Gloucester's shoreline amphitheater for Country Fest. @cassadeepope headlining, also Houston Bernard Band and Southern City Band
Apparently and not surprisingly Ringo helps Boston Fence set in the fences at Stage Fort for Gloucester's first country fest, coming this Saturday noon -5 (gates open 11 AM). I didn't stop to chat or take more photographs because we were in the middle of a Gloucester beaches challenge. What an unforgettable venue to listen to Cassadee Pope (big single out right now and Voice Season 3 winner. Who was her coach?) and Boston bands Houston Bernard Band and Southern City Band ! Cassadee Pope's twitter photograph features beach/dune background. Wonder where it was taken? Everyone will have some good photos from Stage Fort. You can listen to Ringo and Emily talk to Joey about the Country fest on the podcast.


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Portrait of a young woman smiling, close-up
Credit: Pando Hall
Creative #: 107068785
License type: Royalty-freeRoyalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you license a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libelous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.)
Collection: Photographer's Choice RF
Release info: Model released
- 18-19 Years,
- Adult,
- Adults Only,
- Bangs,
- Beautiful Woman,
- Blond Hair,
- Casual Clothing,
- Caucasian Ethnicity,
- Cleavage,
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- Freshness,
- Front View,
- Happiness,
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- One Person,
- One Woman Only,
- One Young Woman Only,
- Only Women,
- People,
- Photography,
- Portrait,
- Red,
- Smiling,
- Studio Shot,
- T-Shirt,
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- Young Adult,
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Portrait Of A Young Woman Smiling Closeup Stock Photo18-19 Years,Adult,Adults Only,Bangs,Beautiful Woman,Blond Hair,Casual Clothing,Caucasian Ethnicity,Cleavage,Color Image,Confidence,Freshness,Front View,Happiness,Individuality,Natural Beauty,Natural Condition,One Person,One Woman Only,One Young Woman Only,Only Women,People,Photography,Portrait,Red,Smiling,Studio Shot,T-Shirt,Vertical,White Background,Young AdultPhotographer Pando HallCollection: Photographer's Choice RF Pando Hall


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Rent Irish Folktales 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Henry H. Glassie. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Pantheon Books.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our Folklore-and-Mythology tutors now.


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- Anonymous
- England, Couple, 25-30
- Novice Nomad
- 5 reviews
Lovely place to stay in Miraflores, a nice residential area by the coast. Very helpful owner, helped us with arranging our Machu Picchu trip, thank you! Nice simple breakfast. Would definitely recommend.
- Anonymous
- England, Male, 25-30
- Globetrotter
- 23 reviews
An oasis of calm in Miraflores, Open Guest House benefits greatly from Marco's unique hospitality and small capacity. More a home than a hostel.
- Anonymous
- USA, Female, 31-40
- Novice Nomad
- 9 reviews
Staff were very kind and helpful. My only feedback is that the shower in the top floor bathroom has very low water pressure and makes showering more challenging. But otherwise a great location, and nice place to stay in Lima. Well located to walk to the parks in Miraflores and to great groceries stores to stock up for adventures.
- cknight1
- England, Female, 31-40
- Novice Nomad
- 1 review
This was a pleasant hostel, I booked a basic room and that's what I got, but the price was decent enough compared to others in the area and it was in a central enough location. The manager/owner Marco was very friendly and helpful, I enjoyed chatting with him. The hostel was clean and felt secure, and they had a lovely sweet (quiet) dog.
- Anonymous
- USA, Female, 25-30
- Avid Traveller
- 14 reviews
Great hostel. Marco is very nice and helpful with explaining places to see and how to get to them. Previous reviews stated that the bathrooms could be improved but that goes for almost all of Peru. It's a good location and friendly environment for an affordable price.
- Anonymous
- Wales, Couple, 18-24
- Novice Nomad
- 1 review
Fantastic stay, Marco was very helpfull, suggested places to eat and even arranged for us to stay in another hotel when we wanted to stay another night and his place was fully booked. Defiantly would recommend booking to stay here.
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
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|Thu 2 Oct 2014, 9:00am
|Fri 3 Oct 2014, 9:00am
|Sat 4 Oct 2014, 9:00am
The Wangaratta Players present Annie, the story of a little girl whose optimism inspired a nation and earned her a family.
This production will star a talented local cast in one of the most appealing family shows.
Specially produced for the holiday season, book early for a show the whole family can enjoy.
Before you go, would you like to subscribe to our free weekly newsletter with events happening in your area, competitions for free tickets and CD giveaways?
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An ombre striped motif lends a distressed and deconstructed feel to this chunky knit. Brimming with texture, this Degrade Stripe Knit is made from a luxurious and fuzzy blend of wool and cotton to get you through a cold winter. Finish with military-inspired boots and faded jeans.
Our model is 6ft and is wearing a US size M.
Style code


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Shep I am in Arkansas today and will be here for the time you go to Mt View.
I just finished up with a Reunion so driving to Mt View might be out for me.
Can you drop by my place...it would mean going up to Mt View on Highway 16.
You may have replied to me under bird4nobama, if so I will send you my directions...you would be able to let your dogs out and play for a while with my dog....I just need day and time because I have chickens and I am skeered of dogs around them...I know your's may be ok with chickens, but my chickens ain't with new dogs.
I live about 30 miles south of Mountain View, 3 miles off highway 16.
You would just make the trip Eastwardly a little bit early and get off Highway 65 sooner. You may even go this way anyway??
Ok, I tried emailing you with your name at Yahoo. I hope that works.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Birdy, please pick out the day--wed or thur and time and let me know. Our dogs are no prob., they don't get out of the RV since one takes off. email me at my name on Yahoo. For some reason they tend to block my posts. I will email you back.
I think because I gave my yahoo email address, that yahoo has blocked me from posting.
Shep...I plan on being here 24/7 on those days...I thought you might want to come by my place on your way to Mt View Your choice....
I responded to your Email through my bird4nobama account...so yes, I do get your Emails.


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The sixth-ranked Houston Cougars were determined to take care of business this year after Connecticut detailed their perfect season a year ago. Read »
UConn grad Breanna Stewart is the WNBA rookie of the year. Read »
Amba Etta-Tawo caught 12 passes for a school-record 270 yards and two touchdowns and Syracuse beat UConn 31-24 on Saturday. Read »
Walk-on kicker Alex Furbank missed a 20-yard field-goal attempt for Virginia as time expired and UConn held on to beat the Cavaliers 13-10 on Saturday. Read »
UConn football coach Bob Diaco says he called the play his offense wanted to run on Saturday with 17 seconds left and no timeouts against Navy. Read »
CTfastrak will begin offering direct bus service to UConn home football games starting on Saturday. Read »
Navy had already blown a 21-point lead, and now the Midshipmen were in desperate need of a late stop to stave off another Connecticut comeback. Read »
UConn coach Bob Diaco said Tuesday that preparing his team to face Navy on Saturday is different than preparing them for just about any other team. Watch »
Bobby Puyol hit a 37-yard field goal with 11 seconds left and UConn avoided a season-opening upset with a 24-21 win over Maine from the Football Championship Subdivision on Thursday night. Read »
UConn is looking to build off the momentum of its first bowl appearance in five years as it kicks off the season Thursday night by hosting Maine, a rebuilding team from the Championship Subdivision. Read »
The Dog House is the one place you need for all things UConn. Be the first to know what Kevin Ollie has to say about the latest Huskies' win, or how Geno Auriemma feels about his team's play. What's Bob Diaco's plan for the next big game? Find it all in the Dog House.


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Welcome to Rotary
Central Melbourne
Professor Helen Herrman
Psychiatry's central role in community health care
Studies have shown that people living with depression and psychosis are twice as likely to die young as other people in the community. Partnerships between practitioners, those with lived experience and family carers are needed to improve the poor access to general health services and to mental health care common in our community and elsewhere.
Social services organisations do much great work for young people who come from backgrounds of abuse and neglect. However the resources provided are low compared to the size of the problem.
International experience shows that some countries are doing good work with few resources by enlisting, training and setting up supervision for primary health services, volunteers and non-medical workers to provide basic treatment.
Helen Herrman is Professor of Psychiatry at Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne and Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health in Melbourne. She is President Elect of the World Psychiatric Association.
The Goldsbrough Lane Gourmet Farmers Market (#glgfm) offers competitively priced, fresh and gourmet produce in the heart of the city every Thursday from 4.30pm to 7.30pm, giving you the opportunity to take produce directly from the farmers stall to your dinner table.
All markets are VFMA accredited and all produce is sold by local farmers and food producers.
Visit our Facebook page for more information on the next market stallholders:
FB url: https://www.facebook.com/GoldsbroughLaneGFM/
Visit our Instagram page for more pictures of the sights of the market:
Insta url: https://www.instagram.com/goldsbroughgourmet/
GLGFM is proudly brought to you by Rotary Central Melbourne in conjunction with The GPT Group.


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- Ensemble:
- Format:
Jingle Bell Rock: 2nd B-flat Trumpet
2nd B-flat Trumpet
By Joe Beal
Concert Band
2nd B-flat Trumpet. Composed by Joe Beal and Jim Boothe. Arranged by Michael Story. Instructional. Part. 1 pages. Published by Alfred Music - Digital Sheet Music (AX.00-PC-0002316_T2).
Item Number: AX.00-PC-0002316_T2
Teaching opportunities abound for the introduction of swing within this holiday classic. This arrangement is accessible by your young band and will serve as tremendous holiday program music for more experienced ensembles with limited rehearsal time.
About Digital Downloads
Digital Downloads are downloadable sheet music files that can be viewed directly on your computer, tablet or mobile device. Once you download your digital sheet music, you can view and print it at home, school, or anywhere you want to make music, and you don't have to be connected to the internet. Just purchase, download and play!
PLEASE NOTE: Your Digital Download will have a watermark at the bottom of each page that will include your name, purchase date and number of copies purchased. You are only authorized to print the number of copies that you have purchased. You may not digitally distribute or print more copies than purchased for use (i.e., you may not print or digitally distribute individual copies to friends or students).


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Guys, I'm booked on the DUB - MCO flight on the 21st of this month.
What I need to know is:
- What is the flight time from DUB - MCO?
- What is the time difference between Ireland and Florida?
Thanks for your support.
|Quoting ERJ170:
There is a 5 hour time difference I do believe
|Quoting Venezuela747 (Reply 4):
if you start joking about being a chemical agent for the CIA...you will be in for a very unpleasant vaccation
|Quoting Grimey (Reply 6):
AMSMAN, just rememeber that the line for security checks are miles long in DUB so check in at least 2 hours before departure and you should be ok.


text:
7 days left
- Recruiter
- Success Digital
- Location
- London
- Salary
- £25,000-28,000
- Posted
- 05 Sep 2016
- Closes
- 03 Oct 2016
- Ref
- Marketing Disciplines
- Digital / Online Marketing, SEO
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Work Experience Level
- Executive
- Agency-side or Client-side
- Client Side
- Job Role
- SEO Executive
A successful online fashion retailer are looking for an experienced SEO Executive to join their passionate, agile and creative team in London to work on their international SEO strategy.
Transform your creative mind, with a brand who strives to be the most creative amongst competitors. If like them; you have the vision and bold ideas to constantly create an ever changing dynamic brand for our customers, then why not begin a new career in their Marketing Team. As the global fashion retailer of our generation, they need your eye for detail, passion and inspiration to continue to stand out from the crowd.
The Senior SEO Executive will act as project lead on creative content and offsite/onsite projects, supervising a team of outreach specialists. They will be responsible for the project management of campaigns from ideation through to completion and reporting, with guidance from the Senior SEO Manager. This is the role for someone who wants to utilise their SEO skills in an imaginative and entrepreneurial environment, while continually growing their knowledge and skills within digital and influencer marketing.
SEO is run entirely by the in-house team, meaning this role is ideal for someone with hands-on experience within a brand or within an agency environment looking to progress in their career.
Tasks, Duties & Responsibilities:
• Management of International SEO strategy and outlook
• Develop, implement, and deliver sustainable SEO campaigns to meet business targets including increased/sustained rankings and traffic volume targets.
• Project lead for SEO on offsite and onsite campaigns
• Supervise the team of assistants and executives in the development and execution of content strategies.
• Measure campaign effectiveness and develop follow up tactics.
• Ensure that all sites are technically optimised to drive rankings and organic visits.
• Work closely with the editorial team to ensure that existing content on the site is compliant.
• Use Google analytics, Coremetrics, Webmaster tools or similar to spot trends, issues and opportunities.
• Working with the Senior SEO manager to ensure SEO is aligned with all digital channels to ensure optimum results.
• Provide detailed analysis on campaigns and their impact on traffic and overall organic revenue
• Conduct extensive keyword research using market leading tools such as Google Adwords, Hitwise, SEMrush etc.
• Supporting Online team with other channels as necessary.
• Educated to degree level or similar level of experience
• At least 2 years SEO experience
• Highly numerate and commercially aware
• Experience in influencer marketing with a passion for all things Instagram, blogs and fashion
• Experience managing SEO campaigns
• A blend of creative and analytical skills
• Social listening and social media experience
• Ability to conduct SEO analysis across backlinks, analytics, influencers
• Strong analytical skills and experience of working with large volumes of data
• Excellent command of MS Office
• Experienced in using Google Analytics
• Extensive knowledge of Google Webmaster Tools and Bing Webmaster Tools
• Experienced in using Buzzstream, SeoMoz, advanced webranking tools or similar SEO tools
• Self-motivated and enthusiastic approach to work
• Ambitious, driven individual who excels in challenging environments
• Team player, able to work with multiple business functions to achieve objectives
• Experience in design briefing and/or events is a benefit
• Ability to work to tight deadlines
Apply for SEO EXECUTIVE
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Historical Ships Museum
Moored below Plaza Castilla is the diverting new Historical Ships Museum, on a 1906 Amazon riverboat, the gorgeously restored three-deck...
Dawn on the Amazon Tours & Cruises
This small outfit offers the best deal for independent travelers. The Amazon I is a beautiful 11m wooden craft with modern furnishings,...
Noa Noa Disco-Pub
Upscale; a very trendy disco with salsa rhythms predominating. If gringos go out dancing, it's usually here.
Taberna del Cauchero
This place pays homage to the city's rubber-boom days with intriguing memorabilia on the walls. The only Cordon Bleu chef in Iquitos...
Raimondi 382 · interesting places nearby
Musmuqui information
Locally popular lively bar with two floors and an extensive range of aphrodisiac cocktails concocted from wondrous Amazon plants.


text:
by docfle743
Nokia 5233 > Animal
lamboghini elemento
Nokia 5233 > Automotive
Nokia 5233 > Miscellaneous
zapatillas convers
Ziggs league-of-legends
Nokia 5233 > Games
star -wars
Nokia 5233 > Movie
tekken tag tournament 2hc
wonder woman
x men blanco
zero megaman
Zilean Shurimaleague-of-legends
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text:
1. You firmly believe thongs* are entirely appropriate for every occasion.
*Thongs meaning "flip-flops."
2. You "totes" shorten all of your words.
3. In your mind there is only one way to eat a steak.
5. You don't care if it's "Australian for beer." Not Fosters. NEVER Fosters.
6. Passion Pop = gateway drink.
So bad, but so cheap.
7. Accurate.
8. You have definitely dressed up really nice and then been completely off your face, because it's Race Day.
Brandon Malone / Reuters
9. You're not fooled by their cuteness, you know possums are actually little assholes.
10. You or someone you know has been cane toad hunting.
11. You answer in the negative. "How are you?"
13. Meat pies are MOST CERTAINLY a breakfast food.
14. It kind of goes without saying, but THIS IS THE BEST.
15. This is your favourite day of the year.
16. You use the c-word as a term of endearment.
18. This makes you LOL.
Seriously where is the u, it's spelled labour!
19. Typical.
20. You talk about the weather ALL THE TIME.
21. You know it's not summer until your steering wheel is too hot to handle.
22. Yeah, seems about right.
23. This is a perfectly acceptable city name.
24. You kind of forget WA, NT, and SA exist until you want to go wine tasting.
25. You still love this guy.
27. Finally, you can't listen to this without choking up a little inside.
Major h/t to Stephanie Gall for all her help.
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- Golf legend Arnold Palmer has died at 87. Known as "The King," his unusual style and charisma changed the game.
- Monday night's presidential debate may be the last hope for environmental activists who want climate in the national conversation.
- US officials have determined al-Qaeda likely influenced suspected New York City bomber Ahmad Khan Rahami.


text:
SJD's Taite speech
Lorde may have won the prize, but it was last year's winner - SJD - who brought the laughs.
Watch Sean Donnelly's full speech about his musical life since winning the prize.
© Copyright 2016, NZME. Publishing Limited
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text:
Latest played
Latest played
Dec 11, 2004 4:26PM PST
I get finished playing call of duty finest hour for PS2. Now I am checking out my site to see whats been happen. I have about 22 games PS2 and gamecube together but mostly ps2. I play games all day because there is no kids in the neighborhood to play games with. If you can please be my friend.
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Upcoming Events
October 2016+ Export Listed Events
Bays Mountain StarFest
The 33rd StarFest at Bays Mountain Park is soon upon us. Expect beautiful fall colors, cooler weather, and lots of astronomy fun for this astronomical convention/star party. The event is hosted by the Bays Mountain Astronomy Club (BMAC) and the staff of Bays Mountain Park. It is being held on October 21-23, 2016. It is run as a non-profit event, so registration is as low as possible. The theme of…Find out more »


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 16, 1999
|Filing date
|Aug 26, 1997
|Priority date
|Aug 26, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|George F. Nelson, Ray E. Artz, Paul A. Leavitt
|Original Assignee
|New Holland North America, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (13), Classifications (16), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Tcompw =γw.sup.(δw log (T0w -T)) if T>T0w
Tcompd =γd.sup.(δd log (T0d -T)) if T>T0d
Dw =αw +βw log (atten)+Tcompw
Dd =αd +βd log (atten)+Tcompd
MC=Dw /Dt
The present invention relates to grain monitors for measuring crop moisture and yield as a grain is being harvested by an agricultural harvesting machine. More particularly, the invention relates to a microwave moisture/yield monitor wherein the moisture content of the grain and the crop yield are determined without measurement of phase shift during the harvesting operation.
The principle of microwave measurement of grain moisture and mass density has been very well described in technical papers produced by various researchers. Dr. S. O. Nelson and Dr. A. Kraszewski, USDA, Athens, GA. have provided numerous papers explaining the theory and experimental proof of the validity of using attenuation and phase wave parameters to determine the moisture content and mass of selected grains. The experimental work has emphasized the need to measure both attenuation and phase shift in the grain since both are density dependent functions. This work has led to using ratios of these two density dependent parameters to eliminate the density dependence.
Density-independent techniques are critical when grain is flowing through a system which contains a measurement in a free-fall state. Free-fall is thought to provide a convenient means to move the grain through the measurement system without mechanical flow control apparatus being placed within the moisture/mass sensor, but free-fall introduces significant additional problems as detailed in "Density-independent Microwave Measurement of Moisture content in Static and Flowing Grain", B. D. McLendon, B. G. Branch, S. A. Thompson, A. Kraszewski, S. O. Nelson, ASAE Vol. 36(3):827-835 - May-June 1993. Free-fall particles are not uniformly distributed throughout the confined space they are falling through. They actually cluster in changing geometrical patterns of varying densities. These clusters of particles then move around within the space because of the Magnus effect. In addition, the velocity of the falling particles varies in both the location of the particle relative to the wall of the confining space and between and within the clusters described above. When the grain falls it also accelerates through the sensor so the speed of the grain is increasing while the bulk density is decreasing in the vicinity of the RF measurement. All these variables are difficult to quantify and cause additional errors in the mass/moisture measurement.
It can be seen that if the attenuation measurement is to have meaning, the relative bulk density of the material being measured must simultaneously be determined. This measurement of the wave parameters, normalized to the bulk density, results in a meaningful measurement with the capability of providing an indication of the moisture content of the grain under test. Attempts to control the flow bulk density are discussed in the paper referenced above. A container of grain is placed above a controlled orifice and the grain is allowed to flow through the orifice in a slow controlled manner. This does reduce the increasing aeration of the grain while flowing, but it introduces another difficulty in that the grain is flowing in a small stream in the core of the container and another distribution in flow and bulk density occurs between the flowing grain core and the grain which is not flowing. In addition, this method is difficult to implement in the field while harvesting grain. The back-up of grain necessary before the flow restriction causes a significant decrease in the through-put of the harvester and presents a choke point or obstruction for the grain to jam in the machine sensor.
The copending application of George F. Nelson, Ser. No. 08/744,217, discloses a microwave grain monitor wherein grain is pushed upwardly, against gravity, through the grain tube of a harvesting machine by an auger, the grain tube extending through the microwave sensor region. This ensures that the bulk density of the grain is essentially constant, without a varying distribution of material bulk density through the sensor. Secondly, this ensures that the grain is fed into the sensor under positive flow conditions where all the grain can only move through the known cross-sectional area of the sensor. Under these conditions the wave parameters of phase and attenuation are not both needed to continuously measure the bulk density. We have determined that the effect of gravity and the grain particle shape causes the grain to always be packed to a density related to its moisture content hence measurement of the phase parameter is not required. Experiments in our laboratory have proven this to be true. The addition of the phase measurement increases the moisture and bulk density measurement accuracy only marginally, about 5.0% error versus 4.0% error.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the microwave measurement of grain moisture content and/or crop yield during harvesting without direct measurement of the grain density during the harvesting operation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the microwave measurement of grain moisture content and/or crop yield without concurrent measurement of phase shift.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a grain monitor for measuring the moisture content of grain as the grain is being harvested, the monitor comprising means for pushing the harvested grain through a tube extending through a sensing region, means for transmitting a microwave measurement signal through the sensing region, means for detecting the magnitude of the measurement signal after it has passed through the sensing region, and microprocessor means responsive to the detecting means for determining the moisture content of grain in the sensor region. The microprocessor includes a non-volatile memory storing sets of grain density coefficients, one set for each type of grain to be harvested. An operator control panel is used to select one set of coefficients prior to the time a harvesting operation is commenced. The microprocessor includes means, responsive to the detecting means, for first calculating the attenuation of the measurement signal in passing through the grain in the sensor region. After the attenuation has been calculated, the densities of wet matter (i.e. water) and dry matter within the grain are calculated using the calculated attenuation and the selected set of density coefficients. The moisture content and overall density is then calculated from the wet and dry densities.
A grain temperature sensor is provided for temperature correction during the calculation of moisture content. A Doppler transceiver may be provided for measuring the velocity of grain flow through the sensing region, thereby permitting microprocessor calculation of the volume and mass grain flow.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method of determining the moisture content and bulk density of grain as it is being harvested, the method comprising establishing a set of grain density coefficients for the type of grain to be harvested and storing the coefficients in a microprocessor memory, pushing harvested grain through a sensing region against gravity, measuring the attenuation of a microwave measurement signal in passing through grain in the sensing region, and calculating the bulk density and moisture content of the grain from the attenuation and the stored coefficients.
Other objects of the invention, its advantages, and the manner of making and using it will become obvious upon consideration of the following description and the accompanying drawings.
Fig.1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a grain monitor and a sensing region defined by a portion of a grain feed tube of a harvesting machine;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the sequence of operations performed by the microprocessor of FIG. 1 in determining grain moisture content and mass flow; and,
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the mathematical algorithm performed by the microprocessor.
As shown in FIG. 1, a grain monitor constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises a source 10 producing a continuous wave RF signal of approximately 200 mW at a frequency of about 2.5 GHz. The power and frequency may vary but preferably the frequency is at least one GHz. RF source 10 is coupled to a transmit antenna 12 disposed on one side of a sensing region 20. Source 10 and antenna 12 comprise a means for transmitting a microwave measurement signal through the sensing region.
The grain feed tube 14 of a harvesting machine extends upwardly through the sensing region 20 and grain 16 is pushed upwardly through the tube 14 and sensing region by a grain auger 18. Because the grain 16 is pushed upwardly against gravity, the packing density of the grain is uniform throughout the sensing region 20 and the grain density depends on the moisture content of the grain.
A receive antenna 22 is disposed adjacent the grain tube 14 on the opposite side of the sensing region 20 from the transmit antenna 12. The receive antenna is coupled to an RF preamplifier 24 which in turn is connected to an RF power detector diode 28 and an operational amplifier 26. In an operative embodiment, antenna 22, like antenna 12, had a gain of 3 dB, and preamplifier 24 had a gain of approximately 30 dB.
Antenna 22, diode 28 and amplifiers 24 and 26 comprise a means for detecting the magnitude of the measurement signal after it has passed through the sensing region and has been attenuated by moisture contained in the grain 16. Amplifier 24 amplifies the small signal picked up by antenna 22. The detector diode 28 is used to rectify the received continuous wave RF and to provide increased dynamic range of this signal by allowing the strongest signals to drive the diode into saturation. This provides a low signal region of linear detection for high moisture grain measurements and a non-linear high signal range for low moisture grain. The high signal range is needed for the driest grains with the least attenuation (essentially 0 dB, with a worst case high moisture of 6 dB per cm). The detected signal is then amplified in operational amplifier 26 to a level which utilizes the full dynamic range of an analog to digital converter 34 to which the output of amplifier 26 is connected.
A/D converter 34 has multiplexed inputs connected to a microwave Doppler transceiver 36 antenna and a temperature sensor 38 as well as the output of amplifier 26. The transceiver antenna 36 is disposed at an angle, preferably 45�, relative to the direction of grain flow and serves to detect the velocity or rate of flow of grain particles through the sensing region 20. The purpose of temperature sensor 38 is to provide an indication of the temperature of the grain in the sensing region. The sensor senses ambient temperature and preferably is disposed near the sensing region 20.
A/D converter 34 is part of a programmable controller 30 which further comprises a conventional microprocessor 32 and a memory means M. The memory means M includes conventional read/write and ROM storage and a Flash EEPROM or other non-volatile memory for storing grain density coefficients as subsequently described.
In recent years, harvesters have been provided with an operator's key pad control panel 40 with keys or push buttons and an associated display 42 for entering data and control information and displaying various messages regarding the status of the harvester. The control panel 40 is utilized in the present invention to load grain density coefficients into memory M, one set of coefficients being loaded for each type of grain it is expected will be harvested. New sets of coefficients may be added when new types of grain are to be harvested. The control panel is also utilized at the start of each harvesting operation to select for use the set of grain coefficients corresponding to the type of grain to be harvested.
The display 42 is utilized in the present invention to display numerical values representing the moisture content of grain passing through sensing region 20, the volume flow of grain through the grain tube 14, the grain density and the mass flow.
Although FIG. 1 illustrates the control panel 40 and display 42 as being connected directly to microprocessor 32, in actual practice these elements may be connected to another microprocessor (not shown) in the harvester which is in turn networked with microprocessor 32 via a conventional link such as a CAN network.
FIG. 2 illustrates in a general manner the operations or steps performed by the controller 30 operating according to a program stored in the ROM portion of memory M. Step 100 gathers the sensor data. The real time capture of the analog sensor data is driven by a 500 Hz periodic interrupt generated by a timer in microprocessor 32. A/D converter 34 is controlled to sample and digitize the analog signal from Doppler transceiver 36 at a rate of 500 times per second. The yield/moisture (RF attenuation) output signal from amplifier 26 is sampled and digitized 100times per second. The analog output signal from temperature sensor 38 is sampled and digitized once each second. These sampling rates are nominal and other sampling rates may be used.
Data queuing takes place at step 102. The digitized data from the various sensors is double buffered. That is, first and second buffers or sets of locations in memory M are designated for storage of the digitized data derived from amplifier 26, temperature sensor 38 and transceiver 36. Every other time the signal from one of these sources is digitized, the digitized value is stored at a location in the first buffer, and the next time the signal from the same source is digitized the digitized value is stored at a location in the second buffer. While data is being loaded into the first buffer, the data in the second buffer is used for computation of moisture content, yield, etc., and while data is being loaded into the second buffer the data in the first buffer is used for the computation. A buffer pointer or flag is generated to keep track of whether the first or second buffer is being loaded. This flag is passed to a routine which performs the computations so that the routine will know what data to use. The purpose of the double data buffering is to improve the reliability of the real time data gathering.
At step 104, microprocessor 32 calculates the moisture content, grain flow, etc. A suitable mathematical algorithm for accomplishing this is described below. In executing step 104, the microprocessor determines from the state of the previously mentioned buffer flag which buffer holds the data to be used in the computations. The computations require the use of grain density coefficients which differ according to the type of grain. A table of grain density coefficients, indicated at 106, is stored in memory M. These coefficients are experimentally determined and loaded into table 106 at any time prior to the start of a harvesting operation. The density coefficients for some grain types may be loaded at the factory or at a dealership and the coefficients for other grain types may be added as needed. As previously indicated, the density coefficients are loaded via control panel 40 and this is indicated in FIG. 2 by the line 108.
Prior to beginning a harvesting operation, an operator enters into microprocessor 32, via control panel 40, an indication of the type of grain to be harvested. During execution of step 104, the microprocessor uses this indication to select the appropriate set of density coefficients from the coefficient table 106.
Steps 110 and 112 are required only if the microprocessor 32 is connected to control panel 40 and display 42 via a network as previously mentioned. Step 110 calls I/O interface routines from a CAN bus library. These routines are conventional and handle the building of CAN messages of up to 8 bytes and the passing of these messages to interrupt-driven CAN bus I/O hardware and firmware. These messages contain the results of the computations performed at step 104. At step 112, the I/O hardware and firmware transmits queues of messages passed to it from step 110. These messages are transmitted to the microprocessor (not shown) to which the control panel 40 and display 42 are connected. Keys or buttons on control panel 40 may be operated to select which of the computation results is displayed on the display 42.
In the case where the grain monitor processor 32 is not networked, the results of the computations carried out at step 104 may be entered into registers and selected for display by operation of the keys or buttons on the control panel 40.
FIG. 3 illustrates the sequence of operations performed by microprocessor 32 to calculate the grain moisture content, volume flow, mass flow and grain density. The input data required for these calculations includes the digitized outputs from the Doppler sensor 36, the yield/monitor sensor amplifier 26 and the temperature sensor 38, these inputs being represented at 201, 202 and 203, respectively, in FIG. 3. Two additional inputs are required. These are the buffer pointer or flag which selects the sensor data from the appropriate one of two buffers, as previously explained, and an indication of the type of grain being harvested. The grain type is entered into microprocessor 32 prior to the start of the harvesting operation and used during the calculation of moisture content and density to select the appropriate set of grain coefficients from the grain coefficient table indicated at 204.
The digitized output of Doppler sensor 36 is selected from the appropriate buffer and used to calculate the volume flow. Step 205 first analyzes the digitized output to determine the frequency shift, that is, the difference in frequency between the signal transmitted and the signal received by sensor 36. From the frequency shift, the velocity V of the grain is determined where
V=λ/2 cos θfd
λ=wavelength of transmitted signal
θ=angle between transmitter and direction of grain flow
fd =difference between transmitted and received frequencies
Memory M permanently stores a constant value corresponding to the internal cross-sectional area of the grain feed tube 14. Step 205 multiplies the computed grain velocity V by this value to obtain the volume flow of grain. The volume flow, in bushels per minute or equivalent units, is saved in a register in memory M and may be displayed on the display 42 by operation of push buttons on control panel 40.
The digitized output from the yield/moisture sensor is used at step 206 to compute the attenuation. The digitized output of amplifier 26 is averaged over a one-second interval. The average value is converted to decibels (dB=20 log A) by a combination of table look-up and calculation. The value in decibels is then subtracted from a calibration value previously stored in memory and obtained by determining the attenuation when the sensing region 20 is empty, that is, has no grain therein.
The computed attenuation and the digitized output from temperature sensor 38 are utilized to compute the grain moisture content as indicated 207. These computations require the grain coefficients stored in the grain coefficient table. The grain type, entered into the microprocessor prior to the start of the harvesting operation, is retrieved and used to access the appropriate set of grain coefficients in the coefficient table.
A set of grain coefficients comprises the wet grain coefficients αw, βw, γw, δw and T0w, and the dry grain coefficients αd, βd, γd, δd and T0d, where T0w is the temperature at which the other wet grain coefficients are determined and T0d is the temperature at which the other dry grain coefficients are determined. The grain coefficients are experimentally determined for each type of grain by directing a microwave signal having a frequency equal to that of source 10 through a plurality of samples with different moisture contents packed to a density substantially equal to the density resulting from pushing the grain upwardly in a confining tube. The attenuation of the signals are measured and the coefficients selected to satisfy equation (1)-(4) set forth below. The coefficients are then entered into the coefficient table via control panel 40.
The calculation of grain moisture content and grain density is carried out by first calculating two temperature correction factors Tcompw and Tcompd according to the equations:
Tcompw =γw.sup.(δw log (T0w -T)) if T>T0w (1)
Tcompw =0 if T≦T0w
Tcompd =γd.sup.(δd log (T0d -T)) if T>T0d (2)
Tcompd =0 if T≦T0d
where T is the grain temperature as sensed by temperature sensor 38.
Next, step 207 determines two mass densities Dw and Dd, where Dw is the mass density (g/cc) of water in the sample and Dd is the mass density (g/cc) of other material in the sample. The wet and dry densities are determined according to the equations:
Dw =αw +βw log (atten)+Tcompw(3)
Dd =αd +βd log (atten)+Tcompd(4)
The total density Dt is the sum of the wet and dry densities Dd and Dw and the grain moisture content MC is computed by dividing the wet density Dw by the total density Dt. The computed moisture content in units of percent by mass or equivalent, and the computed mass density of the grain in units of g/cc or equivalent are saved in memory and may be selectively called for display on the display 42 by operation of keys on the control panel 40.
The mass density of the grain determined at step 207 and the volume flow determined at step 205 are multiplied at step 208 to obtain the mass flow of the grain. The product is converted to appropriate units of kilograms per minute or equivalent and saved in memory M so that it may be selected for display by operation of the control panel keys.
From the foregoing description it is seen that the invention provides a microwave grain monitor capable of determining grain moisture content by measuring attenuation without concurrent measurement of phase shift. The impact of eliminating the phase measurement on the accuracy, cost and complexity of sensor design is significant. In the paper referenced above, a typical attenuation and phase measurement system is outlined. The radio frequency detector to measure phase and amplitude is readily available as a quadrature detector. The quadrature detector produces two outputs displaced in time from each other by 90 degrees. These two signals (in-phase(I) and quadrature (Q)) are processed in the electronics by taking the tangent of the ratio of the two outputs I and Q. The magnitude of the attenuation is produced by squaring the two outputs, adding them together and taking the square-root. A representative low cost quadrature detector for this purpose at 10 GHz is relatively expensive.
According to the present invention, the consistent packing of the grain in the grain feed tube means that only the attenuation need be measured since under consistent packing conditions the moisture content and bulk density are functionally related for each grain type. Measurement of only the attenuation significantly impacts the cost of the sensor by replacing the quadrature detection and associated signal processing with an amplitude detector diode.
In addition, the use of an amplitude measurement does not require reference power from the radio frequency source (transmitter) for purposes of comparison. As a result, more power is available to the transmit antenna and an improvement in received signal-to-noise ratio results over the I and Q method. The detector diode measures the received radio frequency power after passing through the flowing grain under test. The difference between the transmitted radio frequency power and the received power is the power lost to absorption in the grain moisture. The normalized power loss over the grain path length then is compared to known loss values for the particular grain at known moisture contents.
It is obvious that the invention not only is less expensive to construct, but requires much less complexity in evaluation and signal processing of the received radio frequency signals by the microprocessor to determine the moisture content and bulk density of the tested grain.
Although a preferred embodiment has been described in detail to illustrate the principles of the invention, it will be understood that various modifications and substitutions may be made in the described embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 17, 1990
|Mar 3, 1992
|Schroeder Michael J
|Method and apparatus for qualitatively measuring characteristics of grain to be harvested
|Sep 9, 1991
|Apr 21, 1992
|David Manufacturing Company
|Moisture monitor system and method for combine harvester
|Nov 3, 1994
|Jan 2, 1996
|Loral Corporation
|Smart crop yield monitor
|Nov 9, 1994
|Nov 11, 1997
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Acoustic volume and torque weight sensor
|Nov 5, 1996
|Feb 10, 1998
|New Holland North America, Inc.
|Moisture/yield monitor grain simulator
|Density Independent Microwave Measurement of Moisture Content in Static and Flowing Grain; 1993 Am. Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol. 36(3) May Jun.; pp. 827 835.
|Density-Independent Microwave Measurement of Moisture Content in Static and Flowing Grain; 1993 Am. Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol. 36(3) May-Jun.; pp. 827-835.
|Microwave Moisture Measurement of Grains; IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 41, No. 1, Feb. 1992; pp. 111 115.
|Microwave Moisture Measurement of Grains; IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 41, No. 1, Feb. 1992; pp. 111-115.
|Microwave Monitoring Moisture Content in Grain Further Considerations; International Microwave Power Institute, 1988; vol. 23 No. 4, 1988; pp. 236 246.
|Microwave Monitoring Moisture Content in Grain-Further Considerations; International Microwave Power Institute, 1988; vol. 23 No. 4, 1988; pp. 236-246.
|Microwave Sensors for Process Control Part I: Transmission Sensors; Ray J. King, KDC Technology Corp.; Sensors, Sep. 1992; pp. 68 74.
|Microwave Sensors for Process Control Part I: Transmission Sensors; Ray J. King, KDC Technology Corp.; Sensors, Sep. 1992; pp. 68-74.
|Use of a Density Independent Function and Microwave Measurement System for Grain Moisture Measurement; 1988 Am. Society of Agricultural Eng.; vol. 31(6); Nov. Dec., 1988.
|Use of a Density-Independent Function and Microwave Measurement System for Grain Moisture Measurement; 1988 Am. Society of Agricultural Eng.; vol. 31(6); Nov.-Dec., 1988.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 19, 1999
|Feb 13, 2001
|New Holland North America, Inc.
|Method of measuring crop humidity in a harvester
|Oct 8, 1998
|May 21, 2002
|Claas Selbstfahrende Erntemaschinen Gmbh
|Device and method for measuring the moisture of crop material in agricultural machines
|Aug 19, 2002
|Jan 17, 2006
|Bintech Lllp
|Bulk materials management apparatus and method
|Apr 29, 2005
|Jun 3, 2008
|Cnh America Llc
|System and method for detecting a condition indicative of plugging of a discharge path of an agricultural combine
|Jul 17, 2007
|Jun 9, 2009
|Cnh America Llc
|System and method for detecting a condition indicative of plugging of a discharge path of an agricultural combine
|Aug 19, 2002
|Feb 19, 2004
|Fromme Guy A.
|Bulk materials management apparatus and method
|Apr 29, 2005
|Nov 2, 2006
|Smith Dwayne B
|System and method for detecting a condition indicative of plugging of a discharge path of an agricultural combine
|Jul 17, 2007
|Nov 15, 2007
|Smith Dwayne B
|System and method for detecting a condition indicative of plugging of a discharge path of an agricultural combine
|Jul 17, 2007
|Nov 22, 2007
|Smith Dwayne B
|System and method for detecting a condition indicative of plugging of a discharge path of an agricultural combine
|Apr 28, 2011
|Nov 30, 2011
|Apr 28, 2011
|Jun 12, 2013
|Frequency-mixing technology-based reflection type microwave water ratio measuring device
|Feb 16, 2001
|Aug 23, 2001
|Bintech. Lllp
|Bulk materials management apparatus and method
|Dec 17, 2003
|Jul 1, 2004
|Agresearch Limited
|Measurement apparatus and method
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 26, 1997
Owner name: NEW HOLLAND NORTH AMERICA, INC., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:NELSON, GEORGE F.;ARTZ, RAY E.;LEAVITT, PAUL A.;REEL/FRAME:008784/0253;SIGNING DATES FROM 19970804 TO 19970813
|Oct 25, 1999
Owner name: BLUE LEAF I. P., INC., DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NEW HOLLAND NORTH AMERICA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:010321/0755
Effective date: 19991012
|Mar 15, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 20, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 20, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 16, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 5, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110216