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Article posted November 22, 2010 at 06:21 PM GMT •
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NASA astronauts are very important people; They train hard to get themselves into space for only a little over a week. Ordinary things they do in the shuttles are different form how we do them on Earth.
A day for the astronauts starts out by waking up, as we all do. Then they would prep their work for the day, then it's time for some healthy exercise; micro gravity causes the body to relax and become soft, so extra exercise is always needed. Then it's time for lunch. After lunch, it's more exercise then it's back to work, then it's time to head back to sleep and get ready for another busy day.
Hygiene in space is very similar to hygiene on Earth; they still have to brush their teeth, take showers and go to the bathroom. However, these things have to be done a little bit differently due to the weightless environment. When taking a shower, small amounts of water are sprayed on the astronaut at a time and then quickly vacuumed up to prevent it from floating around. In the bathrooms the astronauts use also have vacuums for sucking up urine and other matter.
You may picture space foods to be powdered, liquid or paste... well, it used to be, but now the astronauts can consume all their favorite foods in the no gravity environment. Certain foods may be required to be dehydrated then re-hydrated, but the food comes out the same. The astronauts can eat steak, fruit, brownies and so many more products. Want some salt with that? Hope you're okay with liquid salt and pepper 'cause the true form is not allowed on the ship for safety reasons; it could float off into astronauts eyes, it could block an air vent, etc.
The astronauts use the microgravity living space to conduct all sorts of experiments that can only be performed in zero gravity, but they also live in the shuttles and have to do everyday things that become very different from how they are done on Earth. The astronauts continue to go up and do the man things we do everyday.
Article posted November 22, 2010 at 06:21 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 22, 2010 at 06:13 PM GMT •
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In Science class we have been learning how to live and sleep in space!
Article posted November 22, 2010 at 03:39 PM GMT •
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Living in Space
Life in Space involves great experience! You have to go through about 1,000 days of training to be an astronaut! You must know about living, space clothing, food, working, hygiene, and sleeping in space!
Living in space inside the space shuttle it often times smells like fuels, this is because of all the fuels that make the engine in the space shuttle run. Astronauts usually say it is very hard to live in space because of the small area you have to move in. Astronauts also say it is very cool to be in space because when you look out the window all you see is the Earth you live on.
Space clothing is very important in space. Usually they use Russian or U.S clothing supplies. They only get to bring 1 pair of shorts, 2 sweaters, 2 shirts, and 1 pair of pants. They only get to change every 10 days! The space suits that they must where weigh up to 400 pounds here on Earth, but in space they weigh nothing!
Food in space is also very important! When they first built space shuttle's the astronauts had to eat and drink of of long tubes, well every thing but fruit and brownies. Now they have special ecquipment that they use to eat and drink! A n oven is provived on the space shuttle now, so are condiments. Liqued is drank out of a tube.
It is hard work to work in a space shuttle! One person observes space and Earth inside of the shuttle while the others do the rest of the work, such as grahping, and organizing data. Sometimes the astronauts get a break to relax and play around in the shuttle.
Hygiene is one of the most important things to have while on a space shuttle. Expessialy when you are in space with nogravity as long as up to 6 months! The people in the space shuttle have the same hygiene as people on Earth. While the astronauts are in the space shuttle they must still work out because if they dont then they will loose hygiene! The astronauts wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and go to the bathroom just as they would on Earth! But showering they don't do as often as they would on Earth.
Astronauts go to bed just as people on Earth. When they go to bed at night they are attached to a the walls in their sleeping bags.
And that is Life in space for astronauts in a space shuttle!
Article posted November 22, 2010 at 03:38 PM GMT •
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Have you ever imagined living in space? Waking up everyday to a dark, flickery sky and going to bed strapped on a wall? How about waking up and finding the moon under your feet or eating from a tube? You would think this would be fun or boring? Living in space is very different from what you think it is and I bet when you read this you wouldn't believe it! You will read about astronauts and their daily routine of living in space. Space clothes are very different from our clothes. For example when in space, they stick their worn out clothes in a bag for disposal so when you come down to Earth your clothes will burn up with other garbage. When you first start the astronaut job you get pants and/or shorts, t-shirts, socks, and sweaters. You can also choose from Russian or USA clothing. Working in space is exciting and hard work. You would work on science experiments and you would have to monitor those you are on the ground. You would work on medical experiments that ensures maintenance and health. You would constantly check support systems, cleaning filters, and hardware. You would also send messages to people down on Earth to check and update them. Sleeping in space is very different. You would be able to sleep in any orientation, but would have to get strapped on a wall, seat, or bunk bed. You would also be in a sleeping bag. Odds are you would wake up with your arms in the air! Hygiene in space is not so different. Well if you count using rinse-less shampoo as normal. Your hygiene kit would be stuck to the wall and you would have to share a small mirror with another. Your toilet acts like a vacuum and sucks up all your remaining s. There are some similarities though. For instance you would brush your teeth regularly and shave regularly as well. Food in space is the same as hygiene. There are some similarities and differences. Some of your food can be eaten in your natural form and there is a stove, but no refrigerator. Your salt and pepper are in liquid, but you have mayo, ketchup, and mustard. You would have three meals a day containing vitamins and minerals and a certain amount of calories. Lastly your living quarters. We went through all the important stuff and now you are ready for space, but you must no the living quarters. There are two small crew cabins, big enough for one person each. When you wake up the mission control system sends music. There is a living space, sleeping space, and living room. You would also get e-mailed once a day for new missions. So good luck and thanks for reading!
Article posted November 22, 2010 at 03:38 PM GMT •
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"Houston, we are clear for launch." The astronauts are strapped in awaiting for there journey to begin. "Okay, clear to launch." The control room says in fear. The fears of everything going wrong, have been blocked form their minds now. The news crew and many families gather round to see the launch. The astronauts thinking nothing but the best. "Fuel tanks on, ready for lift off." The control room is scattered pressing many different buttons. The fuel tank makes a boom, the astronauts jerk. They are off the ground, roars off clapping and chanting fill the air, but this is not the astronauts final job many tasks follow as they change their life styles to live in the International Space Center.
Once, they arrive at the space center, different experiments and supplies for the next 6 months, are loaded on the Space Station. Supplies such as food and drinks. While living in the Space Station Astronauts are not allowed to have any water, because if the water were to be spilled, a lot of equipment would start to break. So, instead of water the Astronauts have brought along tea, milk, and/or juice. They aren't in the normal containers we all know, though. The are in air filled containers making it taste sorta empty and less liquid to the Astronauts. It gives them the urge to burp, but they can't do that because if they were to burp they would vomit.
Exercise is one of the most important things to do in Space. If you didn't exercise you would lose muscles and maybe even some bone marrow. Astronauts do not exercise the same way we do when in Space. For the treadmill, they have to be strapped down and have to move it by themselves. As for workout wear, after the journey on the Space Shuttle, astronauts can change back into normal everyday clothes.
Experiments are conducted in low gravity up in Space. Experiments such as finding new medicines and the effects on the human body are quite common on the station. Life in space is very common to life on Earth, just without gravity.
Article posted November 22, 2010 at 03:38 PM GMT •
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Living in space is very different than living here on Earth. The biggest difference is that there is no gravity. Imagine living in a spacecraft for several days without gravity. You wouldn't be able to sleep normally, exercise normally, shower normally, or eat normally. I would personally love to go into space where there was no gravity. You would just be able to float around. It would be very fun
There are a lot of different choices of things to eat. Things like brownies and fruit can be eaten in their natural form. Things like macaroni and cheese and spaghetti you have to add water to, so you can eat them. If you want to add salt and pepper to your meal you have to eat it in liquid form. The drinks that the astronauts can choose range from coffee, tea, orange juice, fruit punch, and lemonade. There are several different food choices for an astronaut such as nuts, fruit, chicken, beef, candy, seafood, and brownies etc.
Astronauts wear different clothes for the different things that they do in space. What they wear depends on what will protect them and keep them comfortable. Astronauts change close less often than we do because there is no way for them to wash their clothes in space. But they don't get as dirty in space as we do so there isn't such a big need to change their clothes. They change their underwear and socks every other day and they change the shirt they wear under their work shirt every ten days. They get one pair of shorts and one shirt for every three days of exercising. Most of the dirty clothing burns up as the shuttle reenters the earth's atmosphere.
When it comes to sleeping astronauts can sleep in any orientation but they need to attach themselves to a wall, a bunk bed, or a seat so they don't float around and bump into something. There are only four bunks so the fifth and or sixth astronauts have to sleep in a sleeping bag attached to the wall or a chair. On the space station there are only two crew cabins so the third crewmember can sleep anywhere he or she want if it is okay with the commander.
That is what its like to eat, sleep, and what you wear in space. I would love to go into space! It would be so fun to weigh nothing and be able to float around. I would also like to be one of those people that go outside of the space shuttle or space station and work on something in space. That would be really amazing!
Article posted November 21, 2010 at 11:11 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 15, 2010 at 04:23 PM GMT •
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Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in space? What things are the same as on Earth and what things are different? No one except the astronauts and other crew members really know exactly, but there is some basic information we know. Living in space can be fun, but it is also a lot of work. In space there is zero gravity so the astronauts and crew members have to get used to it. The living area in space is very tight, especially when everyone is floating around. The main parts of a space shuttle are the crew cabin, the cargo bay and the main engines. In space you have a very limited amount of clothing that you can bring with you. Crew members get to choose the shirts, shorts and pants they wear. They also get to choose from Russian or U.S. clothing supplies. There aren't any washing machines in space so the crew does not change their clothing very often. On average each crew member gets one pair of shorts or pants and three shirts for every three days of exercising, but they only change socks and underwear every other day. The crew members are allowed two sweaters and running shoes also. When clothes get worn out they dispose of them. Food in space is very different from food on Earth although some things are the same. Some foods can be eaten in natural form in space such as brownies and fruit. Other foods such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti require adding water. There aren't any refrigerators in space but there are ovens. Condiments are provided but only in liquid form. Like on Earth the crew members and astronauts have three meals a day. If you're wondering, astronauts and other crew members do have fun in space. Some things they do for fun include looking out the window at the black sky, watching movies or reading books. They also play cards, talk to family and play other games. To stay in shape the crew members work out on the treadmill and exercise bike. Most of all the astronauts and crew member enjoy relaxing. Living in space is a lot to get used to but the overall experience is worth it. The astronauts and other crew members have a big responsibility to take on. I hope that you now know what it is like to live in space. Think about how happy you are to be home after a long trip, and then think about how the must astronauts feel.
Article posted November 15, 2010 at 03:14 AM GMT •
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I write this blog entry because I want to share what I know about what its like to live in space.
The living quarters in space include four bunk beds, but if that isn't enough people can also sleep in the cockpit. Although sleeping in the cockpit can be hard because the sun rises every ninety minutes. On the ISS (International Space Station) Anyone can sleep anywhere along as they're tied down. On the shuttle, there is wake up music, on the ISS there is not.
When going to the ISS, astronauts can choose to wear a Russian space suit or an American space suit. There is also the option to get thick or thin Russian Caravals.
The Hygiene in space is the same as on earth, just using different methods because of zerogravity. Did you know that toothpaste containers are the product of the "Space Race".
Eating in space is close to the same as eating on earth. There is a refrigerator, just no oven. Also condaments are provided, but the salt and peper are in liquid form so they don't get in vents.
Working in space has gotten a lot easer because of the ISS. Some sientific discoverys in space have led to a beter insight on earth. Did you know that the Hubble Space Telescope was the most famous satellite launched?
Article posted November 12, 2010 at 04:22 PM GMT •
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Have you ever tried floating underwater in a swimming pool? This is the closest thing you can get to experiencing weightlessness on Earth. A lot of your daily life routines would be altered if you went up in a space ship. Imagine sleeping when your arms float up and your hair floats around your face because of the lack of gravity. The astronauts have to work out everyday so their bones don't become to weak when you use them back on Earth. Some things are gross, but others are just plain awesome! The question of food has always been a question for people interested in space. Astronauts are able to eat some foods in their natural form, such as brownies and fruit. Other things like mac and cheese require adding water. In space, crumbly things are a negative, so tortillas are used for sandwiches as opposed to bread. There are ovens on a spacecraft, but there are no fridges, so the food that is brought on the flight must be stored properly. I wonder if a brownie would taste different if there was no air. I bet an astronaut could tell you! How could you take a shower in space if there is no gravity? Sponges. The astronauts take a sponge bath with distilled water from everyone's sweat and breathe (it may be distilled but I still think it's gross). Each astronaut gets to choose an assortment of hygiene items to bring on the trip. Astronauts use rinseless shampoos to wash their hair. After learning about hygiene in space, I'm not sure I want to go up their anymore. What do you do in space? Well you mostly float around, but other than that there is lots of work to do! The astronauts on the spaceship constantly check their quarters for flaws. They clean filters, update computers, and fix systems. They get daily emails on what to do each day from mission control, who monitors there progress. They do pretty much everything in the same room: eat, sleep, work and workout. Astronauts need to work out in space so when they return to Earth, their muscles and bones aren't weak from experiencing weightlessness. I personally might get bored with the same room and walls and people if I were in the spaceship. So over all, there are definitely ups and downs to being in space. I think that a lot of people would love to experience weightlessness, but others wouldn't like being cramped up in a small space. Other reasons to go in space is to learn more. I, for one am very interested in learning about the universe. But being a astronaut is certainly not the only job up for grabs when it comes to spaceships. There are so many more jobs. All those people monitoring the trip, building the capsule, planning the job that will be done, and communicating with the astronauts are all people that are hugely important in the success of the trip.
Article posted November 12, 2010 at 12:31 AM GMT •
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Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:44 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:43 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:43 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:43 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:43 PM GMT •
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Living in space is a real adventure. Getting to experience no gravity and getting to see the moon and planets up close. They also need to change the way they live. The way they go to the bathroom, the way they eat and sleep. Astronauts have to train to learn how to live on a space shuttle. It a real change from living on Earth. Here is some more information on living in space.
One thing that is different in space than on Earth is food. You would think it's totally different right? Well actually it's pretty much the same. The astronauts eat regular every-day things like brownies, fruit, and pastas. Space food has really changed. At one point it was all squirt able food. Gross. So the astronauts voted to make changes on every day needs, like food. Now they eat many different things like cheeses, macaroni, coffee tea, and juices. Salt and pepper is made into a liquid because if they tried to put it on there food it would just float off into the air. It would mess up equipment and get into peoples eyes which probably be painful. Women astronauts usually obtain 1,900 calories a day. Men obtain about 3,200 calories. They have regular meals like breakfast, lunch, and dinner. So overall, food in space has advanced and is just like food on Earth.
Hygiene is a part of everyday living that is very important. Brushing your teeth, taking showers, going to the bathroom, shaving, brushing your hair. You need to do these things. They have special hygiene kits that have everything they need. They have shampoo that doesn't need rinsing. So you don't need to use water. Obviously that wouldn't work because of the no gravity. Another change is going to the bathroom. They have special toilets they use. Each person has a personal toilet.
Sleeping in space is a lot different then on Earth. There is no gravity, so you have to strap yourself to the ground so you don't float around when you sleep. So the astronauts could sleep anywhere if they wanted to! All they have to do is be attached to something. When you are in space, you are weightless in space. They usually sleep in sleeping bags because they don't float off. There are only four bunks in the Space Shuttle. Astronauts have regular times to go to sleep and wake up just like on Earth.
Living in space can be fun, exciting, and thrilling. You get to see the planets up close, and there's no gravity. This is all how astronauts have to change the way they live to go with the no gravity concept. Liquid salt and pepper, rinseless shampoo, and private bathrooms is very different compared to everyday life on Earth.
Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:42 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 9, 2010 at 02:39 PM GMT •
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"SPACE, THE FINIAL FRONTiER." To go up in space is almost every child's dream. Throughout the decades we have uncovered more and more of this massive mystery but we haven't even scratched the surface. Recently in time we have been sending maned space flights into space to a International space station. This is a research facility that conducts experiments on the outsides of space. We have come upon many problems through out this process. One of those challenges is trying to live a normal day life. People do it, and how they do it is actually quiet fascinating. When we send people up in the sky with a rocket they are in a straight shot to the station. Once they or docked and in the station life begins. Living quarters in the station are usually a little cramped, but cozy. Beds are of normal twin size. There is no real temperature in the station so it is usually at a room temperature. The work that is done in space usually consists of, completing experiments of all sorts, repairing and placing new satellites and different things are tested in the vacuum of space. After a long day of work people usually like to settle down and relax right? Well in the Space Station they do just that. Astronauts eat 3 meals a day, breakfast, lunch and dinner. The food is delicious, so they say. This is a big improvement from earlier space travel where the food was fit into tooth paste tubes. This was the way people ate until people started complaining about it and the means finely changed. Breakfast usually looks some thing like granola or pears and a vanilla drink. Lunch consists of macaroni and cheese or maybe chicken strips with apple cider. Last but not least dinner is usually is beef, steak and fruit with some water. Before starting a day or ending one people must take care of personal hygiene. This is a big challenge for them because of zero gravity. They do do it though. First of all showers are probably most important. Astronauts take showers by using a water jet and using a suction vacuum like thing to suck up all the water before it starts to float around the cabin and cause problems. Going to the bathroom uses a similar technique, they also use a vacuum to suck up the waste and deposit into a tank. Exercising is also key to living in space because your bones lose calcium when out of our atmosphere. So most strap to a treadmill and run. Well know that you have heard the daily life of an astronaut, do you think you could be one? Men and women must adapt to these strange new habits lot always with ease but they do and it makes working in space a whole lot more comfortable.
Article posted November 8, 2010 at 11:15 PM GMT •
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Living in space is much different than on earth. They are all humans though and have the same need as on earth. The life styles are different like you don't change clothes as much in space as you do on earth. In space you get 2 sweaters one pair of socks for when your feet get cold. One t-shirt, pair of shorts, and 2 pairs of shoes. They get new clothes for most things every 10 days some clothes only get replenished every month. They don't have to change clothes as much as we do because there is no dirt from the outside. Living in space is also very hard because liquid water is scarce and must be preserved. Another factor is that there is limited air, and what little little air they do have it is used by everyone. Sleeping in space is like earth you work during the day and sleep during the night. The most difference about sleeping in space compared to on earth is that there is no gravity so you have to strapped down to your bed or to the wall. Food in space is just like on earth but you can't have any foods with crumbs. Like salt and pepper because there is no gravity the crumbs could float into something important in the space craft. Just like on Earth they have three meals and they have meals balanced with minerals and vitamins. In space just like on earth you have hygiene you have to take showers. But in space you can't have a running water shower you have sponge yourself down with water on yourself then immediately vacuum it off. In space you have many jobs in which includes repairing satellites and conducting experiments. Also mission specialists have special jobs that they are assigned for the mission. Though space shuttles are designed with only enough supplies for 2.5 weeks so they have to work fast. Astronauts train for years for space so they have to be perfect because they usually only have one shot at the mission. As you can see life on space is very different then on earth but not everything about it life is life and as our interests in outer space grows so will our need to be in space more often.
Article posted November 8, 2010 at 07:38 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 8, 2010 at 03:29 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 7, 2010 at 11:20 PM GMT •
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Have you ever dreamed of going into space? Do you ever wonder what living in space would be like, how would you brush your teeth, bathe, or go to the bathroom. What would you where, what would you do for work, how would you sleep. In this essay I will teach you all of these interesting things, some might be disturbing, other things might sound fun. Here we go into space "the final frontier." In space you live on the space shuttle, the shuttle ha 2 cabins for the crew, these cabins are where the crew sleeps, eats, exercises, and keeps up with their personal hygiene. When you are in space you are weightless, so everything you do is done while you are floating around, with the exception of sleeping. While sleeping you are always strapped to something so you don't float into something while you're asleep. Sometimes you are strapped to a bunk other times you are just strapped to the wall. You may wonder what you can eat and how you eat when there is no gravity. Food in space has really come a long way, at first it was dehydrated food in packages and squeezable food in tubes. Now astronauts are able to eat many things such as brownies, fruit, steak, shrimp cocktail, chicken, and many other foods. These foods can be eaten in their normal form. All of the astronauts trash has to be put in a special trash compacter. The crew has 3 meals a day breakfast, lunch,and dinner. The international space station has an oven to heat food to the right temperature, but they don't have a refrigerator so food is preserved in other ways. How do astronauts stay clean in space? They do it in similar way as on earth, they still brush their teeth, comb their hair, bathe, and go to the bathroom. Astronauts brush their teeth and comb their hair the same way they do on earth except they are strapped to a chair. To wash their bodies they use shampoo that requires no water and doesn't need to be rinsed. If you were to walk, well float, into he shuttles bathroom it would look more like a laboratory than a bathroom. There is a rather long process to go to the bathroom, you have to strap yourself down, position yourself, and you know "go". The toilet works like a vacuum so human waste isn't floating about the shuttle. So, after reading this little essay would you like to be an astronaut? For some who have always dreamed of being an astronaut this information doesn't change their mind, but for others having to live in space would be torture. Personally I wouldn't want to live in space, sure I would love the whole zero gravity thing for a little, but after a while I would get sick of it. I hope you enjoyed this informational essay and learned a little something about space life!
Article posted November 7, 2010 at 11:04 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 7, 2010 at 10:35 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 7, 2010 at 09:25 PM GMT •
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Life in space can be very different from life on Earth. Because of the zero gravity environment, you have to adapt to things like showering and sleeping in zero gravity. When you go to sleep in space, you have to be strapped down or you will float around. You have to shower with a sponge, because if you showered the way you normally would on earth, the water droplets would float around the space shuttle and could be a danger by getting into the vents or in the astronauts' eyes. Those are only a few things that are different in space, some hazardous and some can be very fun. In zero gravity, you cannot walk around; you have to pull yourself through the air. Since there is no oxygen in space, there is no friction and therefore nothing to stop you when you are moving until you hit something. Food in space has to be made differently then on Earth. Even though space food has evolved since small, dehydrated fruit, there are still many meals that have to be eaten differently in space. For example, salt and pepper particles could easily get in an astronaut's eyes, and so they use a liquid form of such condiments. Most space food is nonperishable, and a lot of it is things like dehydrated fruit. But some foods, like meat, can be eaten naturally with out any special storage in space. Astronauts eat 3 required meals in space, and there is a designated room for preparing and eating food. All of the food comes in packages that might be marked "shrimp cocktail" or "pineapple". Astronauts eat tortillas instead of bread, because tortillas have a lot less crumbs, and crumbs are like salt and pepper and would float around the cabin. There is lots of work to be done when you're in space. There are a lot of science experiments to be done in space, to see how the microgravity environment affects different types of objects. Space shuttles are also designed to be able to catch satellites and hold them so that the astronauts can repair them. A lot of the science experiments are on humans. Astronauts are tested on how they react to different things in zero gravity, and ways to be efficient in zero gravity are discovered. Space stations are made to be permanent environments, and therefore have a lot more equipment than space shuttles. Living quarters must be designed differently in space. The astronauts have to work out every day to keep their muscles and bones strong, because no exercise is necessary in space and would affect them when they returned to Earth. Working out is also twice as hard, because they have to be tied down to things like treadmills and cycles. Space shuttles have 4 bunks in them, and the rest of the crew has to sleep in strapped down sleeping bags. Water in space is recycled from sweat and other things in space. There is also a designated room for eating, so that the food doesn't get everywhere. All in all, space is very different from Earth's environment. I mean, imagine if Earth had no gravity! Our life might be very similar to that of an astronaut's. Supplies in space are limited and there also needs to be room to bring satellite parts and experiment items. Space can be very dangerous, but it is also a lot of fun!
Article posted November 7, 2010 at 06:37 PM GMT •
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There is so much to learn about living in space! What I have learned is only a tidbit of what there is to learn. Well, I do know for a fact that living in space is living in a satellite that's orbiting the Earth. And I know that in order to get there you go up in a space shuttle, and go down in a Russian pod. I also know a bunch of other stuff about living in space.
One of the other things that I have learned is what the astronauts wear. For instance, their space suit is able to be used up to 25 times. And it doesn't matter what the size is because on size fits all! The space suit is very easy to clean and put on, too. The suits come with a carbon dioxide remover cartridge that is easily replaceable. They have handy dandy little fingertip heaters! No fair! And lastly, a jet pack comes with the space wear. I want that stuff so badly!
Another one of the things I have been learning about in the past week are what the astronauts in space eat. It's fascinating that they can eat just about anything they want to, like down here on Earth! The condiments like salt and pepper are in liquid form so that they aren't floating around. Other things you have to add water to make edible, while you can just plain eat other things. But one factor sometimes may be overlooked: storage. Storage is very vital to survival because the only food that gets there is the stuff on the shuttles. There are different packages for different foods, too. That is what I know about food.
Now sleeping is another story. I didn't learn too much about this, but I learned enough to understand they are strapped down in there while sleeping because of the lack of gravity. I also know that they have 2 bunk beds for 4 people. And they get 8 hours of sleep, plus, they still snore. From what I've seen on videos online, the limbs aren't strapped, so they float up in their sleep!
As I said in the beginning, this is only a small part of what there is to learn about living in space. There's the work day, the routine. I didn't learn too much about it, except that they have to excercize a ton to make up for the lack of gravity. Also, I didn't talk about hygiene! How do they take care of business? Wipe that smile off your face, even astronauts got to go sometimes. Anyway, thanks for reading and research this stuff for yourself sometime!
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:17 PM GMT •
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The living quarters in a space shuttle is about the size of a small kitchen. It is very small and cramped, it also has machines. The living area is just like a small hotel room living room,but it has about 7-8 people in one place. There are exercise machines so they can exercise while still in space. They all eat in the living quarters and when they want something then they have it thrown to them by someone else (usually), it is very fun to watch on video.
Hygiene is almost the same as here on earth exept it is a little different. Brushing your teeth is the same as on earth. shampooing is a little different you just use non rinse shampoo. Taking a shower is a lot different you have to use a sponge.
Some people ask how you use the toilet in space. the answer to the question is you strap in your legs and your waist. as you "go" then your waste is sucked practically into a vacuum. Why do you have to do this because your fluids do not just shoot down they float and so do your solids. That is the answer to how do you go to the bathroom in space.
hellping your curiousity,
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:17 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:15 PM GMT •
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Space has no gravity. So living in space is difficult because you float everywhere. You need to be hooked up if you want to stay in one place. You can do regular things in space that you do on Earth, but they are done a little differently. Foods are prepared on Earth and heated in the oven on the shuttle. When astronauts eat they have a tray that they can attach to their lap or the wall. The tray holds the for so it doesn't float in to the air they eat brownies, macaronis, fruit.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:15 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:13 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:13 PM GMT •
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Once the astronauts lift off of Earth, they are on their own. They have to maintain the shuttle and do regular things like eating in space, working in space, and overall living in space. To do these things you would think that it would be easy but with new challenges like weightlessness, you would be surprised by what they have to do to do normal stuff.
The astronauts have to do chores such as cooking, cleaning, and even taking the trash out. They live in one very, tiny spot and that spot is for sleeping, eating, exercising, working, and taking good care of their personal hygiene. When they sleep they have to be strapped into basically a sleeping bag. They sleep that way so they will not float around and bump anything that might cause malfunction in the shuttle. That would not be good......... at all.
all the members of flight STS 133 they each have one pair of shorts, one t-shirt for excersing, one pair of running shoes, one pair of work pants and a work t-shirt. Each of the seven members were that and that only, they have to make those clothes last for ten days. During launch and entry the crew wears helmets, communications caps, pressure garment, anti-exposure, anti-gravity suit, gloves, and boots. Crew clothes are made for typically men, but sometimes women. It is made for about 95% of men and 5% for women.
In the space shuttle they have an oven to heat their foods such as macaroni, but for other foods like brownies or fruit they do not have to prepare it. The astronaut food used to be in bags and not very tasty but now they can cook things and have better and more fulfilling meals. There are no refeirigerators in the shuttle so they have to make sure nothing they bring will spoil fast. Astronauts have to eat three meals a day because the nutrisionists have to make sure the astronauts are always well and fully energized. Astronauts can choose from fruits, nuts, peanut butter, chicken, beef, seafood, candy, brownies, coffee, tea, orange juice, fruit punches and lemonade. Astronauts can only have certaqin amount of calorie intake per day though. A small woman would have to take 1,900 calories a day while a large man would have to take in 3,200 calories a day.
When you are in space you still have the same hygiene needs as you would on Earth, the astronauts still have to take showers, brush their teeth,brush their hair, shave, and go to the bathroom. When they take showers they use rinsless soaps because they cannot use water sinse it would just float around. Each of the astronauts have their own hygiene box with their tooth brush, hair comb, and their rinseless shampoo, which was originally invented for hospital patients who could not move. To go to the bathroom the astronauts have to sit on the toilet and strap their legs and thieghs in leg restraints so they won;t float around. The toilet acts like a vacuum and sucks all the bad gross stuff away into a water waste tank.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:12 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:12 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:12 PM GMT •
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Space the final frontier. We all know about rockets going into space but do you know what life is like in space for the astronauts. I am sure you don't. Do you know what they're living quarters are like? Do you what their work quarters are like? Lastly do you know how they sleep? I bet not. Well you're in luck I am going to tell you all about these things. Living in space is much different than on earth. Well for one there is no gravity so they have to be very careful. If you are not care full the whole ship could blow up. Then for all the stuff they bring up they have to strap it down. The reason is they don't want it floating around and messing up all the systems in their ship. Their living space is only one small area in the ship. Then their living space is used for sleeping working and eating. That's a lot of stuff for such a small space. As I said before their living space is their work space. The astronauts have mini versions of everything that want to do for work. If someone wanted to work out they would they would get the machine and have it strapped to the ground and work out. If you liked science you could bring up a science kit. Also they work with medicine because only some medicine can be made in zero gravity. Sleeping in space nothing like what we do on earth. Well they do go to bed when we do but that's really all is in common. They have these giant straps that they attach to when the sleep. All of these straps are attached to the wall so they stay done when they are sleeping. Again this is something they do because of no gravity so they dot float into something mess up the ship. As you can see space has its differences from life on earth. Life in space is a much harder than life on earth. You have to strap everything down on a space ship and on earth you can just leave everything be. Space is the final frontier.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:11 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:06 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 07:05 PM GMT •
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For a little while now in class we have been learning about what it is like in space. I have learned many interesting things that I didn't know about, and now I want to learn more. I find space very exciting. If you want to learn a little more about space that you might not have known, then read this. Food in space is just like the food we eat on Earth. Like a camping trip, you have to bring enough supplies for your stay. But, you do get to eat better in space then you think. Astronauts can choose what they want to eat. This extends from anywhere between steak, shrimp, lobster, brownies, anything that an astronaut might desire. There is an oven provide on the space craft so you can cook or heat something up. Nutritionists on Earth make sure that the astronauts are staying healthy and making sure they eat enough and also they make sure that they don't eat to much. You see, eating in space is like eating on Earth except in space it is much more fun to play around with your food. The astronauts on the shuttle have living quarters where they eat, sleep, exercise, and relax. It is a very small and cramped part of the shuttle. When they sleep they have to be strapped into a wall, seat, or bunk beds. They they are also strapped into a sleeping bag when they sleep. There are only four bunk beds so the other astronauts would have to be strapped into chairs. When you exercise you get strapped into the floor and you jog or run on a jogging machine. You wouldn't lift weights because in space everything weighs almost nothing. This area of the shuttle is probably the best area because you can relax and not do any work. We all know staying healthy is important. We have to stay in shape, stay clean, and keep a balanced diet. On the shuttle you would do most of these things exactly the same way as you would on Earth. You have to brush your teeth so your teeth don't get cavities and your gums don't get infections or diseases. You also have to wash your hands, body, and you have to shave. People shave the same as on Earth but the others are a little different. Since you can't have water floating around in the shuttle, you have to use a sponge and dab yourself or your hands if you are just washing your hands. One astronaut a while back created shampoo that you didn't have to rinse, it just soaked into your head. Of coarse you have to go to the bathroom too, each astronaut has their own tube. They get strapped into the wall and put the tube to a "provided" area and the tube sucks the air and waste out into the waste-water tank. Now that you know quite a bit about what it is like to live in space, you can teach others this information and spread the word. All of this information comes from scientists, astronauts, and anyone involved with NASA. I hope you enjoyed this and I hope I taught you many, many thing that you might not have known. Maybe someday you will want to be involved with NASA. Well, my work here is done. Bye for now!
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 06:24 PM GMT •
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Living in space can be fun and not so fun deping on wut you the think.How would you like living in 0 Gravity and having to bring a vacum in the shower or smelling Bad stinkey air and being cumbind in a small rum with 7 other people.
Working in space for the astrunats and or sciencetist there are facilities where the can perform science experments. They can make medical experiments. Work on space stashan for an exampel clean air filters.
Living in space – quarters Living in space is note as easy as it seems it can be hard to sleep there are many problems,[ stuffe gong roung ] and you have to work out a lot more because you lose a lot of mosul because theres no gravity.
Sleeping in in space probably takes some time to get used to since there is no up and down and no gravity. You strap yourself into the flour or wall so you won't float around.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 06:22 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 06:20 PM GMT •
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Living in space isn't always work, work, work. In space people have a lot of fun by doing things like looking out the windows is fun and also going up to the front of the space ship, looking out the cockpit, and playing with food and so on. When people in space have their snacks they eat foods like brownies, fruits, and macaroni and cheese ect... For breakfast people have granola with raisins, breakfast rolls, pears, kona coffee w/c and Sx2, earl grey tea w/sugar for breakfast. Here on Earth, we can eat whatever we want for breakfast and snacks ect... Because in space people have to be in good shape. In space they have things to keep people in shape like exercise bikes and other tools they have for working out and staying in shape. In space the clothing is really different there than here on earth. Like they have to wear the same clothing for about 10 days when they are in space even when they are dirty because they don't have washers and dryers and they don't much room for clean cloths every day. Like when we are here on earth we can wear as many pairs of cloths as we want because we have washers and dryers here and in the space shuttles where they live they are not able to have washers and dryers like we do here on earth. When people are sleeping in space they have to be strapped down. The reasons for this is because in space it is 0 gravity so the people are floating. They are strapped down because they would float around while they are sleeping and when the people are sleeping their arms are not strapped down so they were floating in what ever way they wanted to.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 06:19 PM GMT •
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NASA astronauts are very important people; They train hard to get themselves into space for only a little over a week. Ordinary things they do in the shuttles are different form how we do them on Earth.
A day for the astronauts starts out by waking up, as we all do. Then they would prep their work for the day, then it's time for some healthy exercise; micro gravity causes the body to relax and become soft, so extra exercise is always needed. Then it's time for lunch. After lunch, it's more exercise then it's back to work, then it's time to head back to sleep and get ready for another busy day.
Hygiene in space is very similar to hygiene on Earth; they still have to brush their teeth, take showers and go to the bathroom. However, these things have to be done a little bit differently due to the weightless environment. When taking a shower, small amounts of water are sprayed on the astronaut at a time and then quickly vacuumed up to prevent it from floating around. In the bathrooms the astronauts use also have vacuums for sucking up urine and other matter.
You may picture space foods to be powdered, liquid or paste... well, it used to be, but now the astronauts can consume all their favorite foods in the no gravity environment. Certain foods may be required to be dehydrated then re-hydrated, but the food comes out the same. The astronauts can eat steak, fruit, brownies and so many more products. Want some salt with that? Hope you're okay with liquid salt and pepper 'cause the true form is not allowed on the ship for safety reasons; it could float off into astronauts eyes, it could block an air vent, etc.
The astronauts use the microgravity living space to conduct all sorts of experiments that can only be performed in zero gravity, but they also live in the shuttles and have to do everyday things that become very different from how they are done on Earth. The astronauts continue to go up and do the man things we do everyday.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 06:16 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 06:06 PM GMT •
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The countdown is always the most nerve racking part. People always wonder if they'll make it or not. Did you ever wonder what it is like to go up into a spaceship and live in space? Living in space has many requirements. There is a lot of work that each astronaut has to do on board the space ship, but there are also a lot of fun activities that the crew members can do during their free time. A few important things that you might like to know about living in space are space clothes, sleeping, hygiene, food, and living quarters. Here are a few interesting facts about the NASA astronauts. First you should know about about the living quarters. Cabins are very tight on both the space station and the shuttle. There are 2 crew cabins that are usually used for a lot of things including eating, sleeping, working, and exercising. Its a lot to do in just one small room. When the crew members are moving throughout the cabins, the must be very careful to go slowly because there is no gravity, so they could easily hit something. Weightlessness is another thing the astronauts have to get used to. Another thing that you should know about is eating and sleeping in space. When it comes to food,there is a wide variety of selections. Most foods can be eaten naturally like fruits and brownies. But some other food require adding water like pasta or mac and cheese. Food must be stored properly and it can also be heated. Things like salt and pepper have to be put into liquid form or else it will float away. Just like here on earth, they eat three meals a day at the same time. Sleeping in space can be complicated. Since there is no gravity, the crew members have to strpa themselves to a wall, seat, or bunk so they dont hit something where they're sleeping. They sleep in sleeping bags to keep warm. There are many things to know about living in space. To learn more about living in space, you can read more blogs or visit the NASA website!
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:36 PM GMT •
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Living in space is all the fun you think it is, but you have to do a lot of experiments. Some experiments are: medical experiments, to make sure their health is okay, plant growth experiments and many more. Many tasks are preformed while orbiting Earth. Other tasks are cleaning themselves, cleaning filters in the space suits, cleaning the suits in general and last but not least, and working on the Space Station. You have to exercise. Exercising is very hard in space because there's 0 gravity. If you haven't been on Earth and where you are there's 0 gravity, you have to use those mussels somehow or another. You may ask why you would need to work out. You need to work out because if you go on Earth, using no mussels and just floating around, you going to break your legs. Another question you may ask is, how do they use there mussels in 0 gravity? It's very important to work out. Fun facts are: reading, throwing food in the air and eating it, and many, many more. A space suit is very complicated; there are many different parts to it. Some parts are, hard upper torso, which connects to the arm assemblies, and the lower torso assembly, the helmet, and many more things that protect them. As you can see with all the things above, it's very complicated. Space is fun, difficult, and complicated but the astronauts put up with it, and I hope you now know what it's actually like.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:35 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:35 PM GMT •
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The space shuttle is a very cramped living space. The astronauts practically live in the same room. They eat, sleep, work, exercise, all, in the same room. But it's all for compactness when it comes to the space shuttle! Sleeping can seem strange from someone looking at it from earth, but in 0 gravity, you can sleep in any orientation! You could sleep upside-down if you wanted to! The only thing is, you have to strap in, so you don't float around. Non-perishable food is brought aboard the space shuttle. Some of which requires water, because it's DE-hydrated. Some foods include macaroni & cheese, spaghetti, cereal, etc.The whole shah-bang! The food they eat looks extremely appetizing! While in space, the astronauts do experiments, including plant growth, exercising, and so on. They also capture and repair satellites, and constantly check equipment, on both the shuttle, and the satellites. Most of the work they do is on computers, where they log stuff, and they make sure the computers are always up-to-date. Astronauts can spend a whole day of work at the computer. Hygiene on the space shuttle is the same as on earth. Except, water and stuff requires a vacuum, to keep the water from floating all over the place! So basically, they do the same things as on Earth, differently. Also, the sweat that's produced by the astronauts on the shuttle, it's collected, purified, and ready to drink again! Clothing on the space shuttle varies for different jobs. Surprisingly, they wear the same clothes as on Earth!(In the space shuttle, of course.) So not only do you get to float around, but you get to do it in shorts and a t-shirt! So life on the space shuttle, can be a lot of fun, and a real adventure, but it also requires a lot of responsibility.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:34 PM GMT •
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Living in space is a big adjustment from living on Earth, from zero gravity to the way astronauts take showers. The area where the astronauts live is very small, with 3-7 people in every mission, so it's crammed in their! In the living quarters there's no gravity, so the astronauts just float around carelessly. When they come back to Earth it takes a while to get used to because they do not have to use their muscles in space. As you can imagine, astronauts need a break at times, so even though they work hard they get the weekends off of work too! While in space astronauts have a big agenda of work. They do things like perform science experiments, release and take back satellites, and help assemble the space station. Astronauts also work on making medicines for humans, as some of the medicines we use were made in space! Before the International Space Station existed people could only stay in space for a few weeks, as the space shuttle cannot stay in space for longer than that. The astronauts work very hard in space, but also they must sleep! Astronauts can sleep in any direction because there is no up or down, but they must be tied in while they are sleeping so that they don't bump into something. One thing remains the same in space, people get hungry! Astronauts eat three meals a day, just like on Earth. Some foods are eaten normally, while other foods you have to add water. An oven is provided in space, but there is no refrigerator so food must be prepared properly. Food in space comes in packages just like Earth, and the packages help to keep it from floating away. Food amounts needed in space are similar to Earth; a small woman 1,900 calories a day, and a large man about 3,200 calories per day. Clothing that the astronauts will wear in space is chosen months in advance. In the space station clothing is worn for about 10 days before it is changed, or 3 days of exercise. In the space shuttle, clothes are changed daily. Outside of the space shuttle or rocket, astronauts wear space suits. The clothes that are worn in space get burnt when the rocket reenters the atmosphere. Taking care of your personal hygiene in space is very different than on Earth. Showering is done by using rinse less shampoo. The astronauts are allowed to bring their own products that they prefer to use, like toothpaste, shaving cream etc. When astronauts need to go to the bathroom they must be tied to the toilet, which has a vacuum to suck in the waste. Even though astronauts in space, they still get time to relax and do what they want too. The astronauts in space get weekends off just like on Earth. They can look out the window at Earth below, play games, watch movies, or talk to their families on Earth. In addition time is scheduled for astronauts to exercise in space too! Living in space would definitely take a while to get used to, but everything is planned out to astronauts get what they need!
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:34 PM GMT •
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In space you float and soar in the dark light sky. There is no gravity so when living in space you swim around the rooms hoping you don't your head on the door way. You wash you cloths and do all the thing you would normally do. Astronauts still have to work out and exercise so that you muscles weaken. The living quarters in space are very small and astronauts all do a lot of things, like one might be eating while one is exercising and another might be sleeping. Yet the spaces could be crammed but living in space could be a lot of fun as well. When you go up into space you have to wear special clothes. You wear blue suits that are covered in coils. When an astronaut is going out into space they must wear a space suit. The suit is designed so that when your facing the sun one side of your body is hot and the other cold. So the suit is made so you can have constant heat or constant coldness on either side or your body without overheating or freezing. So depending where the astronauts are, the shuttle, space station, or on the outside of the shuttle you will have different clothing to wear. The main Idea for special cloths is for safety. One thing that astronauts need is food. There are many different foods that the astronauts can choose from. Like brownies, chicken, candy, fruit, nuts, beef, peanut butter, seafood, or even granola. There is also a wide variety of drinks that they can have as well like orange juice, lemonade, fruit punch, coffee, and even tea. The people who make sure that they have the food, know that they don't want to eat the same food and water all the time so they provide a wide variety for the astronauts to have a lot of what they like. Astronauts don't go up to space just for fun they must work. They do different experiments on different Earth items and other things. Also they do other things like launch satellites into space so the satellite can orbit Earth. Some people wouldn't think of this but the astronauts even do medical experiments in space. In the free time for fun astronauts sometimes do little experiments on toys they brought from home. So being an astronaut is a job but, they do have some free time to goof off. Normally US astronauts are up in space for months at a time and so they can't go without taking a shower. But they don't take one like you and I. They use special shampoo the was originally for hospital patients who can't get out of bed. The shampoo requires no water so they just put it in their hair and their done. They also brush their teeth and everything else we do hear on earth. When you are living in space you also have to consider sleeping. Astronauts have to strap themselves down to sleep. The sleep in sleeping bags and bunk beds that are either strapped to the wall or built into the shuttle or space station. In the videos and pictures we see when the astronauts are sleeping their arms float because their arms aren't strapped in and it looks kind of funny but strange at the same time. These facts show that when doing easy regular day things can be a lot more complicated in space.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:33 PM GMT •
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Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in Space? If you lived in space it would be a lot different from Earth, but some things would be the same. You wouldn't have very much room if you lived in space because they didn't make it for comfort. Also there is no gravity in space so you would be floating all the time. Food in space is different is sometimes different to! Some food can be eaten in it's natural form, but some you have to add water. The packets the food comes in are designed to be flexible, easier to use, and to maximize space in the shuttle. Some packets prevents food from floating away. The astronauts have breakfast, lunch, and dinner. They have ovens in the shuttle, but they do not have refrigerators. The astronauts have to be prepared to have to fix lots of things on the space shuttle so they have to train for many years. Mission Control monitors the space station 24/ 7. They do a lot of experiments while they are in space. They also do medical experiments. Astronauts check the support systems and cleaning filters too. The experiments they do helps us understand space. Sleeping in space is very strange because there is no gravity. Most astronauts sleep in sleeping bags and the arms float in up. Because there is no gravity they have to attach themselves to the wall, a seat, or a bunk. Just like on Earth the sleep at night and wake up to start their day. Living in space you would have to make an adjustment. You have to do a lot of training. You have to eat food that may be weird. And it might be a little uncomfortable, but it's worth it!
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:33 PM GMT •
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Living in space is very different from living here on Earth. The biggest difference is that there is no gravity in space. Eating, clothing, and working in space can be difficult on the mission because of the loss of gravity. Astronauts have to get used to floating around, being strapped down to sleep, and having to go to the bathroom using a vacuum. In space, eating and drinking is relatively close to eating on Earth. Astronauts can eat most of their favorite foods bot with minor changes. For example, salt and pepper are in liquid form so what they would be eating would be a little bit wetter than usual. Water and things that they drink have to be adjusted, too. Many things have to be recycled so they purify their sweat and use it as water. It may seem unsanitary but it is a very practical way to get water that you can drink. While astronauts are in the space shuttle they usually wear normal outfits but with the NASA logo on them. They have no washing machine aboard the shuttle so they don't change clothes everyday. This is another way to conserve energy, time, and space. While the astronauts are on the launch pad they are wearing bright, puffy, orange space suits. The space suits protect them in case of an emergency during launch (gas leak, ice buildup, etc ). While they are working outside of the spaceship (in space) they are wearing big, puffy, white space suits that have oxygen tanks on the back of them. These suits are also designed to make the astronauts comfortable temperature wise. Space outfits are very reliable and efficient for the astronauts. Working in space is very technical. It takes years and years of training. Engineers are usually people that have the best chance to go on a space mission. While astronauts are in space they are usually repairing or building the International Space Station. Scientists are also chosen to go into space. They conduct experiments while they are up in space and then the results are used on Earth. Even medicines have been discovered in space! In conclusion, living in space is a lot different than living on Earth. Even when you go up for only short periods of time, it can be very difficult. Astronauts have to adjust to the food and the clothes and the work can be hard and challenging mostly because of the loss of gravity.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 05:10 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 04:29 PM GMT •
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Living in space is a different experience and is very difficult. Here are some information about living in space. Living quarters in space are very cramped. They are about the size of an average school bus. Workers living in space eat, do experiments, and exercise in the same room. But workers in space sleep in a separate room where there are bunkbeds and sleeping bags attached to the floor and walls. So living quarters are very tight and not very roomy. Astronauts wear various types of clothing for all aspects of a mission in space. Whether preparing for launch, working inside a space shuttle or space station, working outside in space, or landing back on Earth astronauts wear the proper garments for both comfort and protection. Food in space is not the best. There are ovens in the space shuttles and space stations to heat food. But there are no refrigerators in any space stations or shuttles so the room the food is kept in has to be cooled to keep the food from spoiling. Condiments are provided such as ketchup, mustard, and mayonnaise. Salt and pepper are aslo provided but only in liquid form. Space food used to be horrible but now astronauts get to choose what they eat in space. Astronauts perform many tasks as they orbit Earth space in the space stations and space shuttles. Space station crew members spend their day working on experiments in space. They also take part in medical experiments to determine how well their bodies are adjusting to living with no gravity. Working in space is very interesting because of the experiments they can do with no gravity. Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and go to the bathroom. Hygiene in space is the same as on Earth. Workers in space go to sleep after a long and hard day of work just like on Earth. But there are some differences because there is no gravity in space so they have to attach themselves to a bed, wall, or seat so they don't float around and bump into something. They also sleep in sleeping bags that are attached to walls or the floor, and they also sleep in bunkbeds that they have to attach themselves to. Sleeping in space is a lot like sleeping on Earth. Living in space is very hard to adjust to because of the weightlessness, the food in space, working in space, sleeping in space, and exercising in space. When you live in space you dont have to use your muscles so you lose body muscle if you don't workout when you are in space that's why all astronauts workout when they are in space orbiting Earth. Living in space is very difficult at times. Living in space is a unique experience that everyone dreams of.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 02:16 PM GMT •
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Living in space is definitely not for everyone. Astronauts have to be very patient and able to withstand tons of pressure during liftoff and landing, different from here on Earth, and the feeling of weightlessness. Astronauts live in one small space for up to 2 ½ weeks. They eat, sleep, do experiments, etc. in the same rooms. Months before the launch, astronauts choose what clothing they will wear when in space. They change clothes every 10 days and change underwear every 2 days. When launching and landing, Astronauts wear the orange suits that everyone knows of. When sleeping they sleep in a sleeping bag type thing that is strapped to the walls or floors. Their sleep hours are also normal, just like ours. Although the living may not be spectacular, the food isn't that bad either. They are able to eat brownies, fruit, spaghetti, macaroni, ketchup, mustard and mayonnaise. They have salt and pepper but it is in liquid form. In the shuttle they have an oven but no refrigerator and they eat three meals a day just like us. The food used to be in squeeze tubes, like toothpaste tubes. And as you can probably tell that wasn't very appetizing. In space they have the same hygiene as on Earth. They wash their hair using rinse less shampoo, brush their hair, shave, brush their teeth, and use the bathroom. When in space the astronauts perform science experiments, assemble the international space station, and capture huge satellites. They are often fixing things and always checking their support systems and filters to make sure nothing is going wrong or will go wrong. As you can see there are lots of things that go into being an astronaut. People that are training to be an astronaut have to train for a couple years before they are even chosen to be able to go into space, so you could do all that training and not even go into space. You may think that there are only a couple people to make this work but really there are relatively 30,000 people to make sure everything goes correctly.
Article posted November 5, 2010 at 02:16 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 02:15 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 02:15 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 02:14 PM GMT •
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Article posted November 5, 2010 at 02:13 PM GMT •
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Space. The final frontier. The last undiscovered realm. Many have ventured into its depths. What lies beyond the eternity of mystery? Why do we care so much about the abyss of space? We've all seen pictures, but do what you probably don't know is that there are 30,000 people who make explorations like the space shuttle happen. One type of them is astronauts. We all think: "wow, they're so cool with their suits and helmets," but do you really know how their life is behind the scenes?
The astronauts have a very small living space. There are two small rooms called crew cabins, each just big enough for one person. They all eat, sleep, exercise, and work in one room. They sleep in sleeping bags tied to the wall. Also, they can sleep in one of four bunk beds or the pilot's or commander's seat. Astronauts get about eight hours of sleep each night. When it is time for them to wake up, Mission Control plays different songs to each astronaut. Family members or loved ones are permitted to request songs.
At the space station, astronauts wear shirts and shorts. On average, they get new clothes every ten days . Also, they get two sweatshirts. The astronauts use rinse-less shampoo, and have to pee into vacuums-like tubes. Each astronaut has their own tube. They have to dry themselves as they wash, so as not to release water into the shuttle.
Aside from having fun with micro-gravity, there is a lot of work to do in space. The astronauts install and repair telescopes, satellites, and robots. They also work on improving the space station and take pictures. The astronauts must work out in space. If they don't, they will get fat and their bones will get weak. They don't walk around much, so they don't use much energy.
The space food has gotten much better over the years. All of their food used to come out of toothpaste tubes, but now they can eat things such as brownies and fruit. Macaroni and spaghetti need to have water added. There is no refrigerator, but an over is provided. The astronauts can have salt and pepper in liquid form. Condiments such as mustard and mayo are permitted. They eat three meals a day.
Now you know all about life as an astronauts. Maybe you want to be one when you grow up? Maybe you want to help build a space shuttle? Remember that astronauts don't do all the work, there are so many people behind the scenes that make it happen.
Article posted November 7, 2004 at 06:00 AM GMT •
comment • Reads 91


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Why the fuck would someone pay money to be in the LPU, and then when Mike gets on chat they just go to spam and be rude?
LPU needs to go back to the old chat method, as much as it pains me to say that. It cuts out most of the fucking idiots.
what you mean?
the commercial question?

subset: commoncrawl


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Marvel's famous Black Widow uses her looks in order to manipulate information out of people. You'll be able to do the same the very second you put on the Sexy Black Widow Bustier Women's Costume. This sexy outfit features a skin tight black jumpsuit just like what is worn in the comics and films. A gold belt wraps around the waist to add color to the look as well as matching wrist cuffs. This conniving hero is capable of getting whatever she wants and if she doesn't she's trained enough to beat you with martial arts. She's certainly a force to be reckoned with, and now you'll be able to take advantage of her skills this Halloween. This is a hot costume that will have heroes coming to your side all night long.
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TV to Si: Fireworks on the 'The Real Housewives of Miami', Nadine Velazquez Guest Stars on 'Real Husbands of Hollywood'
Happy Tuesday chicos! It's not even lunchtime yet but I'm already anxious for it to be 5pm so I can go home and relax. I hate missing out on the daytime talk shows but they're always waiting for me on the DVR or I find them on Xfinity On Demand.


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No matter how many times the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles take him down, Shredder still comes back. Act out the part of this menacing villain with our Child Deluxe Shredder Costume. This product kit consists of the vinyl mask, shin guards, shoulder pads, gauntlets, jumpsuit with attached cape, belt, and muscle chest. Dark brown fabrics printed with lines resembling ninja padding decorate the torso, wrists, and pants of this outfit. The chest plate, helmet, gauntlets, bottom of the pants, and shoulder pads are all created with jagged silver pieces that resemble Shredder's armor. Wear the purple cape to get that last part of this character's signature look down. You'll love wearing this boy's Shredder costume while playing TMNT with friends and while trick-or-treating on Halloween. Have your friends dress up as one of the turtles with our other costume options to make it even more fun.
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Kitchen Takeover: Animal House
By MarcusSamuelsson.com | July 9, 2012
Pay attention to the folks you meet in college–they may just be your next kindred spirit and business partner. The tasteful team of Jon Shook and Vinny Dotolo comprise this very template, friends turned culinary entrepreneurs who have risen to great acclaim in a short time span. Since leaving the kitchens of the Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale, they are the creative innovators behind the slightly more turf Animal Restaurant and definitely more surf Son of a Gun, garnering such prestigious awards as the Best Food and Wine Chefs of 2009, two James Beard nominations, Rising Star Chefs and Wine List of the Year by GQ Magazine. Read More


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Our holdings include hundreds of glass and film negatives/transparencies that we've scanned ourselves; in addition, many other photos on this site were extracted from reference images (high-resolution tiffs) in the Library of Congress research archive. (To query the database click here.) They are adjusted, restored and reworked by your webmaster in accordance with his aesthetic sensibilities before being downsized and turned into the jpegs you see here. All of these images (including "derivative works") are protected by copyright laws of the United States and other jurisdictions and may not be sold, reproduced or otherwise used for commercial purposes without permission.
Vintage photos of:
October 1935. The Trische family, tenant farmers in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. View full size. 35mm nitrate negative by Ben Shahn for the FSA.
October 9, 1913. The scene at the Polo Grounds in New York after the third game of the World Series. Philadelphia Athletics 8, New York Giants 2. View full size. 5x7 glass negative, George Grantham Bain Collection.
July 1939. "Sons of Negro tenant farmer go visiting on a Saturday afternoon." Granville County, North Carolina. View full size. Medium-format nitrate negative by Dorothea Lange for the Farm Security Administration.
October 1942. "Thousands of North American Aviation employees at Inglewood, California, look skyward as the bomber and fighter planes they helped build perform overhead during a lunch period air show. This plant produces the battle-tested B-25 'Billy Mitchell' bomber, used in General Doolittle's raid on Tokyo, and the P-51 'Mustang' fighter plane, which was first brought into prominence by the British raid on Dieppe." View full size. 4x5 Kodachrome transparency by Alfred Palmer for the Office of War Information.
July 1939. Caroline Atwater standing in the kitchen door of her log house. Orange County, North Carolina. View full size. Medium-format nitrate negative by Dorothea Lange for the Farm Security Administration.
July 1941. The Old Cathedral in Vincennes, Indiana. View full size. 35mm nitrate negative by John Vachon for the Farm Security Administration.
1937. Just between you and me in Crossville, Tennessee. View full size. 35mm nitrate negative by Ben Shahn for the Farm Security Administration.


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Thanks for all the encouragement this year My Peeps.
Eighteen quilts and a full time job until the end of November! No wonder my family isn't feed and the dishes are dirty.
I've tried hard to stick with my process of finishing a quilt before starting another.
I think my resolution this year is to use up some of the stash that is taking over my closet. Mix the old with the new, but I think that resolution might be a repeat from the last 8 years.
Opposing Triangles Remake (photo by Sue Tamcsin)
Stitched and Flipped Value Quilt
From Point A to Point B Quilt Top
Double Herringbone Whole Cloth Quilt
Unknown Direction Quilt Take Two
Let 2013 bring more time for creativity to flow and for all of us to try something new!
I'm looking forward to Quiltcon in February, who's going?
::Double Trouble Quilt Block::
$85/Saturday, January 5th from 10am-4pm at Make*Do*Mend Sewing Studio at Drygoods Design in Ballard.
Combine two triangle techniques, one traditional and one improvisational in this block building workshop. We'll cover proper technique and the mulitiple designs that this blocks creates. All level of sewists welcome. View more designs with this block here.


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Bright Lights: Manley + Cloepfil
Portland Monthly magazine sponsors a conversation with PNCA President Tom Manley and architect Brad Cloepfil on Monday, January 14 at 6 pm. Art Schooled Urbanism: PNCA and the Rebirth of the North Park Blocks is part of the magazine's Bright Lights conversations series hosted by editor in chief Randy Gragg. The event is at Jimmy Mak's, 221 NW 10th Avenue.
As Monthly notes, "For decades, Portland's verdant Park Blocks have ended their northern reach at a fenced parking lot with all the life of a dead-end alley. But come September, a transformation will begin as one of the city's most august and imposing edifices—the 511 Building—becomes home base to its fastest-growing creative institution: the Pacific Northwest College of Art."
The event promises, "a tour of the vision for the college and the rebirth of the North Park Blocks with the project's leaders, PNCA president Tom Manley and renowned architect Brad Cloepfil. The duo argue the new building—to be dubbed the Arlene and Harold Schnitzer Center for Art and Design—will be a booster rocket, not just for the college, but for the neighborhood and the city, adding a critical link to the so-called "Creative Corridor" stretching from the Ace Hotel and Wieden & Kennedy to the University of Oregon's White Stag Building, and standing at the doorstep of the future redevelopment of the nine-block US Post Office site."
Pratt & Larson in the O
PNCA alumni Reta Larson and Michael Pratt and the handcrafted, artisanal tile business they built from scratch, Pratt & Larson Ceramics, are featured in a recent profile in the Oregonian. Over 30 years ago, a trip to Mexico inspired the two artists to begin making handmade tiles. Today their business, which was one of the first of its kind in the U.S., has more than a hundred showrooms and nearly a hundred employees.
Feldman Gallery Receives RACC Grant
The Regional Arts and Culture Council announced today that PNCA is to receive a grant to support a project by internationally renowned arts collective Critical Art Ensemble (CAE). The project, Critical Art Ensemble: A Monument to Income Inequality is scheduled for Spring 2013 from March 7—May 26, 2013. Teaming with NYU economist Edward Wolff (a specialist in wealth distribution) and mathematician David Sommer, CAE will produce a proportional scale diagram representing relative wealth based on population quintiles. A banner will illustrate relative wealth of each quintile of the bottom 80% (scale of 1 inch = $500) at approximately 50 feet high, with the bottom 20% represented by a 2-foot-deep hole in the ground (representing those who have debt). The top 20% owns such as an astonishing percentage of total wealth, it cannot be represented on the same banner, but will be represented 450 feet in the air (viewers may visit this height via helicopter). The exhibit will feature a publication edited by theorist Brian Holmes.
Main Building Closed for Holidays
PNCA's Main Campus Building will be closed beginning Saturday, December 22, 2012. It will reopen Wednesday, January 2, 2013. Happy Holidays from all of us.
Amos Kennedy
Letterpress printer and bookmaker, Amos Kennedy, lectures this week, December 12 at 6:30 pm at the Bison Building at the invitation of the MFA in Applied Craft and Design program and PNCA's Printmaking Department. Kennedy is the subject of the documentary Proceed and Be Bold. On UNTITLED, find Three Questions with Amos Kennedy.
More information on this event and Kennedy on the Calendar.
Focus Week Photo Roundup
Congratulations one and all on a great Focus Week. For a visual roundup and behind-the-scenes view of seniors proposing and defending their theses, check out this day-by-day photo blog by Clinton Chambers '14 and Marshall Astor MA '13 on UNTITLED.
Focus Week
PNCA's Focus Week begins today.
During Fall Focus Week, this year from December 3 through December 7, second term Seniors present their Thesis Orals and first term Seniors present their Thesis Proposals. PNCA students take a break from classes during this week to attend the presentations of their peers, and a variety of special programs, lectures, workshops, readings and film screenings are offered in place of scheduled classes. You can download a PDF of the week's schedule here.
PNCA's online magazine, UNTITLED, is covering Focus Week and will be posting photos all week.
Holiday Student Art Sale
PNCA's Swigert Commons will be full of student art and craft just in time for holiday gift buying Thursday through Saturday, December 6-8 from 11am to 7 pm. One-of-a-kind gifts at the Pacific Northwest College of Art Holiday Art Sale include paintings, prints, sculptures, and photos along with crafts like ceramics, jewelry, and textiles.
Giving Tuesday!
Be a part of this groundbreaking opportunity to make a difference. GIVING TUESDAY is a national effort to increase awareness and develop momentum around the importance of philanthropy and giving across the country.
We hope you will reach out and consider a gift to PNCA today. No matter the size of your gift, it helps make a difference.
Make your gift to PNCA on GIVING TUESDAY.
For more information visit givingtuesday.org.
Thank you.
BFA Open House This Saturday
Prospective students can meet faculty, students, and staff and learn about PNCA's BFA programs at the BFA Open House this Saturday, December 1 from 9 am - 12 pm. All are welcome. The event features campus tours, optional portfolio reviews, light breakfast, plus information sessions on the foundation year, portfolio preparation, financial aid (for parents), and more.
ArtHouse Student Housing Project Under Way
In the Business Journal, Wendy Culverwell writes about the demolition of the former Powell's Technical Books to make way for ArtHouse, PNCA's new student residence that's being developed by the Powell Family. Slated to open for fall 2013's incoming class, ArtHouse will be a "150-student residence that with street-level retail and 60 studio, two and three bedroom units on five upper floors."
Culverwell notes, "ArtHouse is the first physical sign of PNCA's plan to develop a campus centered on the North Park Blocks in Old Town/Chinatown. It will relocated from multiple buildings in the Pearl District to the former U.S. Post Office, 511 N.W. Broadway, after securing the building from the U.S. General Services Administration."
Horatio Law on KBOO
This week's Stage and Studio on KBOO featured an interview with PNCA Assistant Professor Horatio Law who spoke about his Open Circles project. Law is working with communities at Sisters of the Road and Planned Parenthood to create a public installation that will get people thinking and talking about social currency and self-empowerment.
Horatio Hung-Yan Law is a public art and installation artist who is interested in creating collaborative installations with diverse communities, and in exploring how art activates the complex and dynamic relationship between individual and community. As artist-in-resident, he has created installations with Multnomah County Health Department, South Waterfront Development, and families with children adopted from China. He's now working on public art projects with the Oregon State Hospital, Seattle Public Utility % for Art in South Park, and Tri-Met's Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Line.
Open Circles collaborative, community art project, opens Saturday, November 17th at the Place Black Gallery. The opening reception will be held 5:00 to 9:00 pm, and will feature artists who participated in the Open Circles project. There will be a second reception December 15th from 5-9 pm.
Alum Sean Joseph Patrick Carney Interviewed on art:21
Sean Joseph Patrick Carney MFA '09, writer, publisher, artist, curator, performance artist, stand-up comedian, and MFA in Visual Studies alumnus is interviewed on art:21 in a piece entitled New Kids on the Block | Baudrillard for Bozos: An Interview with Sean Joseph Patrick Carney. Carney, whose Social Malpractice Publishing titles are carried at Printed Matter, answers questions about why all the names but more importantly about his multivariate practice including his video Who is the Artist Who is Present, his performance AbJackass, and his translation from English to American of Baudrillard's "The Precession of Simulacra."
Carney is just back from an extended Experimental Comedy Training Camp at Banff with a stopover at the recent MoMA PS1 Book Fair.
Manuel Izquierdo Exhibition at Hallie Ford Museum of Art
The Hallie Ford Museum of Art plans Manuel Izquierdo: Myth, Nature, and Renewal, an exhibition of work by the honored alumnus and longtime professor at PNCA, Manuel Izquierdo (1925–2009). This major retrospective exhibition features over fifty sculptures accompanied by paintings, prints and photographs created during Izquierdo's career, and draws from public and private collection throughout the region. The exhibition runs January 19 through March 24, 2013.
This exhibition is accompanied by a full-color monograph, Manuel Izquierdo: Myth, Nature and Renewal, written by Willamette University Professor Emeritus Roger Hull, who also organized the exhibition.
Izquierdo enrolled at PNCA when it was still called the Museum Art School, housed in the same building as the Portland Art Museum. He studied printmaking and sculpture with Louis Bunce, Jack McLarty, and Frederic Littman, graduating in 1951. He went on to become a highly influential faculty member and influential figure in Northwest art.
The Oregon Encyclopedia has a detailed article on Izquierdo's life. And there is more information about the upcoming exhibition on the Hallie Ford Museum website.
"Father of Social Entrepreneurship" Comes to PNCA
Ecotrust blogs about the visit to PNCA during Global Entrepreneurship Week of Professor Gregory Dees. As the blog notes, "In 2007, the Aspen Institute and Ashoka recognized his pioneering work with their first Lifetime Achievement award in Social Entrepreneurship Education. An earlier Aspen report described him as 'the father of social entrepreneurship as an academic field.'" On November 9 at 7 pm in PNCA's Swigert Commons, Dees will lecture on "The Open Solutions Society: Taking Social Entrepreneurship Seriously."
The widely published Dees has written more than 60 cases, articles, chapters, and concept notes related to this topic and has edited two books with Jed Emerson and Peter Economy: Enterprising Nonprofits (Wiley, 2001) and Strategic Tools for Social Entrepreneurs (Wiley, 2002). Dees has played a leading role in developing the academic field of social entrepreneurship, helping to found social innovation programs at Duke, Harvard, and Stanford. His work bridges the gap between business and the social sector, and between theory and practice, making knowledge useful for social entrepreneurs as well as for the funders, consultants, and educators who work in the field.
This lecture is part of the MFA in Collaborative Design Visiting Artist Lecture Series.
Daniel Duford and Fighting Men
Faculty member Daniel Duford has curated the current exhibition at the Hoffman Gallery at Lewis & Clark College, Fighting Men: Leon Golub, Peter Voulkos, and Jack Kirby. Fighting Men looks at images of violence and masculinity in and through the work of Leon Golub, a painter, Pete Voulkos, a ceramist, and Jack Kirby, a cartoonist. Duford is an artist and writer, a Ford Family Fellow whose work was most recently in the Portland2012 Biennial.
Duford says in an essay on the exhibition, "Jack Kirby (1917-1994), Leon Golub (1922-2004), and Peter Voulkos (1924-2000) occupy alternate dimensions. Their achievements are chronicled in different art histories, each with its own priorities. They were all immersed in discredited mediums and subject matter. They don't fit neatly. At times their work looks conservative and backward; at other times those same qualities seem urgent and prophetic. They rooted around in the mud of history and myth, emerging with their own muscular and ham-fisted approach to their respective materials.
"The specter of violence and the consequences of power animate this exhibition. Raw power emanates from the artwork."
The exhibition closes March 3, 2013. The Ronna and Eric Hoffman Gallery is open Tuesday through Sunday, 11-4.
Tin House + PNCA Student Illustrators
Eighteen PNCA Illustration students have created work for the Portland/Brooklyn issue of Tin House along with a seven students from Pratt. The students were asked to create illustrations for poems from poets Lisa Ceccarello, Jae Choi, Monica Ferrell, Bianca Stone, Caitlin Vance, Mariana Weiss and one short story by Ursula K. LeGuin that would eventually be published in the issue.
According to the Tin House blog, "PNCA students worked with feedback from Janet Parker, Tin House's Art Director, while the Pratt students opted to submit final pieces, conceived and developed within their classroom." Included in the issue were illustrations from Kayla Mayer, Liz Schafroth, and Matt Seely from PNCA, and Jinie Choi from Pratt. And work by the other students is featured online.
WHAT are you looking at?
Students from the graduate programs at Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) do Pecha-Kucha-style presentations, Wednesday, October 24 from 6-7:30 pm in the Lab.
Selected students from the MFA in Applied Craft + Design, MFA in Collaborative Design, MFA in Visual Studies, MA in Critical Theory + Creative Research, and Low-residency MFA in Visual Studies share rapid-fire presentations of 3 minutes and 20 seconds apiece — giving you a quick overview of what the next generation is thinking about, looking at, and making.
Free and open to the public.
XPLANE Partners with PNCA
XPLANE, and its dynamic CEO, Aric Wood, who is now serving on PNCA's Board of Governors, are partnering with PNCA on a number of exciting initiatives supporting PNCA's growth and leadership role in the development of art and design leaders in the Pacific Northwest. "XPLANE is extremely committed to fostering the creative community here in Portland," said Wood. "We are always looking for new ways to get involved and make a positive difference and working with the talented, artistic students at PNCA made this partnership a perfect fit." Wood is working with PNCA on "research and design of a potential design incubator to drive the growth of creative entrepreneurship in the region." XPLANE has both consulted on the curriculum for the MFA in Collaborative Design program and offered XPLANE consultants to contribute to classes that foster creative practices and collaborative, experimental, and interdisciplinary approaches to problem solving. And finally, XPLANE is offering an internship program for both undergraduates and graduate students.
This partnership is a demonstration of how PNCA's board members contribute to the vitality of the College and its programming in myriad ways.
Alum Tom Cramer on Art Beat
PNCA alum Tom Cramer '82 was featured on Oregon Art Beat last night, and the segment is now online. As OPB says, Cramer, "known for his painted cars and huge colorful murals" is now "working on intricate carved, gold-leafed and painted works that explore his interest in travel and nature." The episode airs again in Portland this Sunday, October 14 at 6 pm on OPB, Channel 10.


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Literature Cited
Literature cited on the Lamine River watershed
Anderson, C.L. 1980. Best management practices for erosion and sediment control. University of Missouri - Columbia Extension Division and Missouri Department of Natural Resources Manual 117.
Bovee, K. 1982. A guide to stream habitat analysis using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Instream Flow Information Paper No. 12. U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services. FWS/OBS-82/26.
Brown, D.J. 1989. Larval fish abundance and assemblage structure in the lower Missouri River and its tributaries. Masters Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
Horwitz, R.J. 1978. Temporal variability patterns and the distributional patterns of stream fishes. Ecological Monographs 48:307-321.
Missouri Department of Natural Resources. 1986. Missouri Water Atlas, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Missouri Department of Natural Resources. 1984. Missouri Water Quality Basin Plan, Volume 2, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Oesch, R.D. 1984. Missouri naiades: a guide to mussels of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Osborne, L.L. and M.J. Wiley, "The Influence of Stream Spatial Position on the Structure of Fish Communities." Ecology, In-press.
Pflieger, W.L. 1971. A distributional study of Missouri fishes. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas Publication 20: 225-570.
Pflieger, W.L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Pflieger, W.L., P.S. Haverland, A.M. Schene Jr. 1981. Missouri's system for storage retrieval and analysis of stream resource data. Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information Symposium pp. 284-290.
Pflieger, W.L. 1987. An introduction to the crayfish of Missouri. The Missouri Conservationist. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Pflieger, W.L. 1989. Aquatic community classification system for Missouri. Aquatic Series Number 19. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Sheldon, A. 1968. Species diversity and longitudinal succession in stream fishes. Ecology 49:193-197.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1977. Blackwater-Lamine River basin in Missouri. U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative Study.
Vineyard, J.D. and G.L. Feder. 1982. Springs of Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, WR 29.
Waite, L.A., J.V. Davis, H.L. Reed, D.O. Hatten and T.J. Perkins. 1988. Water resources data Missouri. U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MO-88-1, Rolla, Missouri.
Wilson, J.H. 1984. Rare and endangered species of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.