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Sarah Davila is an adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Education
Sarah Davila
Professional Title: Adjunct Professor
Areas of Academic Focus and Expertise: Language and Literacy, English Learning Education, Diversity and Equity in Education, Family and Community Engagement
Area of Work and Concentration at Lesley: School District Collaboration; Elementary Education Urban Initiative; Teacher preparation for culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms
Representative List of Recent Courses Taught: EEDUC 6102, Language and Literacy: Development and Diversity; EEDUC 6120, First and Second Language Acquisition; EEDUC 6111, The Equitable Classroom
Education: BA, University of Massachusetts, Boston (Political Science); MFA, Mass College of Art; PhD, Tufts University, Eliot Pearson Department of Child Development
Representative List of Recent Publications / Exhibitions: Contributor, Kindergarten Learning Experiences (2008), Massachusetts Kindergarten Curriculum and Teacher Leadership Project, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Unpublished Dissertation, Apples, Giraffes, and Martin Luther King: Curriculum Policy in a Kindergarten Classroom (2005): An ethnographic study of teacher compliance and resistance to curriculum policy in a "failing" urban school. Contributor, Jumpstart's Family Literacy Curriculum (2001).
Somerville is an urban district known as a gateway community for immigrants (51% of students' first language is not English). In my role in the school district, I supervise teachers (K-12) and support staff, plan and provide professional development, oversee family engagement opportunities through community collaboration, outreach and activities in the Somerville Family Learning Collaborative.
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http://mmajunkie.com A former five-time UFC champion, the leader of the well-respected Miletich Fighting Systems gym and a current broadcaster for Strikeforce, MMA pioneer Pat Miletich (29-7-2) has little left to prove in the world of MMA.
That doesn't mean he's done trying.
Miletich recently told FiveOuncesOfPain.com that he's interested in a fight with fellow MMA legend Frank Shamrock (23-10-2). Today, he told MMAjunkie.com Radio (www.mmajunkie.com/radio) that Shamrock has been hesitant to commit and that he'll be happy to take another opponent if needed.
"I've verbally agreed," Miletich said of the matchup. "I've heard that Frank did, also, but we're getting word that he's being difficult in negotiations and things like that. It's a little frustrating for me.
"I said if Frank doesn't want to fight, then give me somebody else, and let's do it. We'll see what Frank does on his end, and we'll go from there."
A potential Miletich vs. Shamrock contest has been discussed since the early days of the UFC when both were tearing through their respective divisions. Miletich was a dominant welterweight champion from 1998 to 2001, while Shamrock ruled the light heavyweight division from 1997 to 1999.
Both were considered prototypes for modern mixed martial artists, and the 41-year-old Miletich believes an bout between the two would still prove a hit in the public's eyes.
"There was talk when Frank and I were both champions at the UFC that we were going to fight each other," Miletich said. "That was a fight I think both of us really wanted to do and thought it was a great idea. One of us could hold a title in two weight divisions. Frank had his disagreement with Zuffa and stuff with their takeover and decided to go somewhere else. It was unfortunate, but I would love to fight Frank.
"I think our names have done a lot for the sport with a lot of things we've done throughout the years, and I think it's a fight that fans would like to see."
Both Miletich and Shamrock currently work as broadcasters for Strikeforce, and "The Croation Sensation" joked that the organization could really cash in on that fact should a bout be arranged.
"I was actually joking around about it with some of the folks at Showtime," Miletich said. "It would be funny – put our microphones in our cups and let us commentate our own fight. Just give us a minute-and-a-half between rounds so we could talk a little more."
While that humerous idea might seem a little far-fetched, Miletich does have other lofty goals. Whether or not Shamrock signs on for the proposed matchup, Miletich isn't simply looking for a one-and-done return to the cage.
"You never want to get into something just to say you did it," Miletich said. "That's not my style."
In fact, Miletich has his sights set on the top of Strikeforce's welterweight division: new 170-pound champion Nick Diaz.
"Nick is obviously wrecking people right now," Miletich said. "Very talented kid. I love watching the kid. … Nick's got very good hands, very skilled on the ground, obviously. But when you watch people fight him, the people that do well against [the Diaz brothers] have good head movement, and they know how to get out of the way of punches and the things that follow-up after that.
"The guys that are doing bad – Nick's last fight, the kid never moved his head once and tried to slug with him. Scott Smith didn't move his head against him. A lot of guys haven't moved their heads and got themselves in trouble. There's a little more to it when you're trying to stand up and box with somebody that moves that well."
Miletich's next move remains to be seen, but he appears determined to move from behind the microphone back into the cage. And while the Iowa native is most comfortable at 170 pounds, he said he'll move all the way to middleweight if Shamrock is willing to fight him outside of California.
All he needs now is for Shamrock to agree.
"Why don't you get Frank on the air and ask him what the hold up is?" Miletich asked. "That would be great.
"He's been complaining about his braces for a long time. I'll remove them for free."
(Pictured: Pat Miletich)
MMAjunkie.com Radio broadcasts Monday-Friday at noon ET (9 a.m. PT) live from the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino's Race & Sports Book. The show is hosted by Gorgeous George, MMAjunkie.com lead staff reporter John Morgan and producer Goze. For more information or to download past episodes, go to www.mmajunkie.com/radio.

subset: commoncrawl


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I disagree. Tyhja should keep humiliating them until s/he gets an appropriate response. S/He was a victim and the response from officials was incongruent, hypocritical, and simply embarassing.
Further, suggestions don't mean anything to them. Even if it did (which they don't as evidenced by Safira in its entirety) they lack the capacity or skill to do anything about it.


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Save 10% on a Serta mattress when you purchase a PBteen bed at the same time. Excludes Heavenly Mattress. Enter Mattress10 at checkout.
Designed exclusively for PBteen by Serta®, this eco-friendly mattress provides big comfort while leaving a small carbon footprint. Covered in quilted organic cotton, it's topped with three-inch cushions for a plush feel, and the individually wrapped inner coils work independently to provide support where it's most needed. Originally developed by NASA for use in aircraft cushions, the memory foam in this mattress gently conforms to the body and sleeping position – so you get a great night's rest.


text:
View: In a Room |
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A Giant Lobelia Plant
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Item #: 13887260A
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Ship time indicates the typical time it takes for your item(s) to leave our facilities. This includes any framing or customizing services ordered as well as careful packaging to prevent damage in transit.
Items that ship same day normally leave our facilities on the same business day if your order is placed before 5:00pm EST.
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- Visually pleasing (13)
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I hung this over my bed and I love this. I got the giant sized one on canvas and it's really striking. The bright green is really calming and the quality is very good. Other people have commented on the one side of the photo that is not cropped perfectly. This print is so vibrant and bold that you will not notice those little corners once it's hung the wall. Your eye is going to go to the vibrant green colors not the tiny corners at the bottom.
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I love this picture. It is vibrantly colored with great detail. However, when you look at the thumbnail on the website you can't really tell that there is background showing in a couple of places instead of just the plant. This does take away from the beauty of the picture. It seems that either Art.com could have cropped this photo better, or at least represent it better on their website.
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I used this art work to create impact in a large white bathroom. Perfect for what i wanted. Attractive and lush green set off nicely in a silver frame. A simple effective statement. No negatives about this product and would recommend.
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I love this photo. If you order it, find out if they can ship it flat. Mine came shipped in a tube, so the photo was rolled up when I received it. If it was shipped flat, then framing would have been easier.
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In March, the former Glory Days bar was where Kurt Myers holed up and was gunned down by authorities after going on a shooting spree that left four people dead.
On Saturday, the historic North Main Street locale took on a different narrative as community members gathered outside the empty building to see two brightly-colored murals go up over its shattered windows and broken doors.
The winter-themed mural was created by Herkimer Junior/Senior High School students. The spring- and summer-themed mural was a joint effort of more than 500 Herkimer Elementary School students.
"With the tragedy that happened here last year, we wanted to bring some positiveness to the building, and that's why we got the children involved," Mayor Mark Ainsworth said. "It's all about the community."
The murals were unveiled as part of the first Herkimer Holiday Stroll hosted by the Herkimer Now Main Street Revitalization group.
Brian's Roast Beef Deli was one of five Main Street and Albany Street businesses to offer discounts as part of the stroll. A giant inflatable Santa and a living Santa greeted customers outside; inside, there was 99-cent hot cocoa, free candy for the kids and dinner specials.
"We have the regular customers who come down every Saturday, but I see some new faces," said owner Brian Carney, who opened the business 36 years ago.
Jake Pickett and Dana Kelly of Ilion brought their 3-year-old daughter, Baylee, to Imperial Games on South Main Street to have her picture taken with Santa, who arrived by fire truck.
Baylee said she asked for a "dolly and horsey, shoes … and dresses."
"I think it's awesome," Dana Kelly said of the event. "I think they should do more things for kids anyways."
The day also featured children's activities at the Baptist Church, Basloe Library and the Community Museum, tours of the Historical Society, a Living Nativity at the Reformed Church, a storefront decorating contest, strolling carolers and horse-drawn wagon rides through the village.
The goal was to "bring the community together, get everybody out and celebrate Christmas," said Gina Pizzo, a volunteer with Herkimer Now. "And hopefully we can continue to do this every year."
Follow @OD_NedCampbell on Twitter or call him at 792-5013.
Location, ST | website.com


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|"Are you a wizard or not?"
The title of this article is conjectural. Although it is based on canonical information, the actual name is conjecture and may be supplanted at any time by additional information released from canonical sources. If this occurs, please move this page to the appropriate title.
- "He pulled a long tape measure with silver markings out of his pocket...He measured Harry from shoulder to finger, then wrist to elbow, shoulder to floor, knee to armpit and round his head...Harry suddenly realised that the tape measure, which was measuring between his nostrils, was doing this on its own. Mr. Ollivander was flitting around the shelves, taking down boxes. "That will do," he said, and the tape measure crumpled into a heap on the floor."
- —The tape measure measures Harry Potter[src]
Mr. Ollivander once owned a tape measure that he used to measure wizards and witches when preparing them a wand. This tape measure moved on its own accord. That way Ollivander could sort through his many shelves while it measured.
Behind the scenes
- Dolores Umbridge owned a similar tape measure that she used in 1995 to measure Professor Flitwick.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First appearance)


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The Beauty of Ecotourism
Some vacationers view ecotourism with skepticism, thinking it's merely a less fun form of travel. On the contrary, ecotourism allows adventurous souls the opportunity to learn about their environment and access it in a much fuller way than the average tourist. They are able to make exciting discoveries and leave their destination better than they found it, instead of lounging at a resort pool, complaining that no one speaks their language.


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Vale SA Stock Hold Recommendation Reiterated (VALE)
TheStreet) -- Vale (NYSE: VALE) has been reiterated by TheStreet Ratings as a hold with a ratings score of C+ . The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures and attractive valuation levels. However, as a counter to these strengths, we also find weaknesses including a generally disappointing performance in the stock itself and feeble growth in the company's earnings per share.Editor's Note: TheStreet ratings do not represent the views of TheStreet's staff or its contributors. Ratings are established by computer based on metrics for performance (which includes growth, stock performance, efficiency and valuation) and risk (volatility and solvency). Companies with poor cash flow or high debt levels tend to earn lower ratings in our model. NEW YORK (
--Written by a member of TheStreet Ratings Staff. It's Official: Action Alerts PLUS beats the S&P 500 with Dividends Reinvested! Cramer and Link were up 16.72% in 2012. Were you? See what they are trading for 14-days FREE
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- The revenue growth came in higher than the industry average of 20.3%. Since the same quarter one year prior, revenues slightly increased by 6.5%. This growth in revenue does not appear to have trickled down to the company's bottom line, displayed by a decline in earnings per share.
- The current debt-to-equity ratio, 0.38, is low and is below the industry average, implying that there has been successful management of debt levels. To add to this, VALE has a quick ratio of 1.65, which demonstrates the ability of the company to cover short-term liquidity needs.
- The gross profit margin for VALE SA is rather high; currently it is at 52.10%. Despite the high profit margin, it has decreased significantly from the same period last year. Despite the mixed results of the gross profit margin, the net profit margin of 15.05% trails the industry average.
- VALE SA's earnings per share declined by 22.5% in the most recent quarter compared to the same quarter a year ago. This company has reported somewhat volatile earnings recently. We feel it is likely to report a decline in earnings in the coming year. During the past fiscal year, VALE SA increased its bottom line by earning $3.87 versus $3.43 in the prior year. For the next year, the market is expecting a contraction of 47.3% in earnings ($2.04 versus $3.87).
- Reflecting the weaknesses we have cited, including the decline in the company's earnings per share, VALE has underperformed the S&P 500 Index, declining 9.37% from its price level of one year ago. The fact that the stock is now selling for less than others in its industry in relation to its current earnings is not reason enough to justify a buy rating at this time.
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Paget's Disease of Bone
Topic Overview
What is Paget's disease?
Paget's disease is a problem of abnormal bone growth. It may affect just one bone, but it usually affects more than one.
- In normal bone, the bone tissue is constantly being broken down, absorbed into the body, and then rebuilt with new cells.
- In Paget's disease, bone tissue is broken down and absorbed much faster than normal, so the body speeds up the bone rebuilding process. But this new bone is often weak and brittle, and it breaks easily.
Paget's disease is most common in people older than 50, and the risk of getting it increases with age. Most people who have it are able to lead normal lives.
What causes Paget's disease?
The cause of Paget's disease is not clear. But it may be related to:
- Genetics . You're more likely to get Paget's disease if your parents, brothers, or sisters have it.
- Viruses. The viruses linked to measles in people and distemper in dogs have been found in the bones of people with Paget's disease. But there's no proof that these viruses cause this disease.
What are the symptoms?
Most people with Paget's disease have no symptoms. When symptoms occur, the most common ones are:
- Bone pain. It may be worse at night and get better with exercise. People often mistake the pain for normal aging or arthritis.
- Deformed bones, such as bowed legs, an enlarged skull or hips, or a curved backbone.
- Broken bones, or fractures.
Other symptoms may occur, depending on which part of the body is affected by Paget's disease.
- If it affects the skull, you may have symptoms such as headaches, sagging face muscles (facial droop), hearing problems, or loose teeth.
- If it affects the spine, it may damage nerves and cause leg pain, numbness, or weakness. It can also cause an emergency condition called cauda equina syndrome that results in loss of feeling in the pelvic area and legs.
How is Paget's disease diagnosed?
Paget's disease is most often found by chance when a person sees a doctor for a problem such as hip or back pain. An abnormal X-ray or blood test may lead the doctor to discover this disease.
To diagnose Paget's disease, the doctor will ask about your past health, do a physical exam, and order tests such as:
- Bone X-rays. Affected bones often look deformed and too thick on X-rays.
- Bone scan. This is the best test for diagnosing Paget's disease. You may have a bone scan of your whole body to find out which bones are affected.
- Blood and urine tests. The most important one for diagnosing Paget's disease is a blood test for alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme made by bone. If the level of this enzyme is high, your doctor will want to do other tests.
You might also need other tests, such as an MRI or a CT scan.
How is it treated?
Many people don't need treatment for Paget's disease. But even if you don't need treatment, you will still need to see your doctor on a regular basis from now on. This will let your doctor watch for other problems you might get from the disease, such as arthritis, fractures, or nerve problems.
If you have symptoms or are at risk for other problems from the disease, your doctor may prescribe medicine. Medicine can help reduce the breakdown of bone tissue, control symptoms such as bone pain, and prevent other problems such as arthritis.
- Bisphosphonates are usually the first medicines prescribed for Paget's disease. They often make the disease inactive, sometimes for years or decades. If it becomes active again, you may need to take this medicine off and on to keep the disease under control.
- Calcitonin may be prescribed if you have problems with bisphosphonates. It has similar benefits.
If you still have pain while taking your prescribed medicine, you can try:
- An over-the-counter pain reliever such as acetaminophen, naproxen, or ibuprofen.
- Acupuncture or relaxation techniques such as guided imagery or biofeedback.
You might also need other treatments, such as:
- Physical therapy to build your muscles and improve your balance. This can help reduce falls and prevent broken bones.
- Splints or braces to support your bones and joints and to help keep weak bones from breaking.
- A cane or walker to help you avoid falling and breaking a bone.
- A hearing aid if the disease has caused hearing loss.
Some people may need surgery to replace a damaged hip or knee joint.
What can you do at home for Paget's disease?
There are many things you can do to help yourself when you have Paget's disease.
- Learn ways to manage your pain. For example, you might keep a pain diary to find out what makes your pain better or worse.
- Take care to avoid falls. For example, keep your home's walkways free of clutter and electric cords. Put grab bars in your bathroom.
- Do weight-bearing exercise to keep your bones strong. Walking, dancing, or lifting weights may be good, but make sure that you don't put stress on affected bones. Your doctor or physical therapist can suggest exercises for you.
- Eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of calcium and vitamin D. You need both to build strong bones.
Frequently Asked Questions
Learning about Paget's disease:
Being diagnosed:
Getting treatment:
Living with Paget's disease:
Other Places To Get Help
|American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)
|6300 North River Road
|Rosemont, IL 60018-4262
|(847) 823-7186
|(847) 823-8125
|Web Address:
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) provides information and education to raise the public's awareness of musculoskeletal conditions, with an emphasis on preventive measures. The AAOS website contains information on orthopedic conditions and treatments, injury prevention, and wellness and exercise.
|National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health
|1 AMS Circle
|Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
|1-877-22-NIAMS (1-877-226-4267) toll-free
|(301) 495-4484
|(301) 718-6366
|(301) 565-2966
|Web Address:
The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) is a governmental institute that serves the public and health professionals by providing information, locating other information sources, and participating in a national federal database of health information. NIAMS supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases and supports the training of scientists to carry out this research.
The NIAMS website provides health information referrals to the NIAMS Clearinghouse, which has information packages about diseases.
|NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases—National Resource Center
|2 AMS Circle
|Bethesda, MD 20892-3676
|(202) 223-0344
|(202) 293–2356
|(202) 466-4315
|Web Address:
The NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases—National Resource Center is a government resource center that helps health professionals, patients, and the public learn about and locate current information on metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, and hyperparathyroidism.
|Paget Foundation for Paget's Disease of Bone and Related Disorders
|120 Wall Street
|Suite 1602
|New York, NY 10005-4001
|(212) 509-5335
|(212) 509-8492
|Web Address:
The Paget Foundation for Paget's Disease of Bone and Related Disorders is a voluntary health agency devoted to serving people affected by Paget's disease of bone. The foundation provides affected individuals and their families with up-to-date information about Paget's disease and refers people diagnosed with Paget's disease to doctors who specialize in treating this disorder. It also assists health professionals who treat this disorder. The foundation produces educational and support materials including brochures, pamphlets, audiovisual aids, a newsletter titled Update, and a guide for people affected by Paget's disease to raise public awareness of this and related disorders.
Related Information
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|Jennifer Hone, MD - Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
|Last Revised
|February 25, 2013
- Top of Page
Next Section:Frequently Asked Questions
Previous Section:Topic Overview
- Top of Page
Next Section:Other Places To Get Help
Previous Section:Frequently Asked Questions
- Top of Page
Next Section:Related Information
Previous Section:Other Places To Get Help
- Top of Page
Next Section:Credits
Previous Section:Related Information
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Last Revised: February 25, 2013
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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High-Dose Vitamin C (PDQ®): Complementary and alternative medicine - Health Professional Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
High-Dose Vitamin C
This complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) information summary provides an overview of the use of high-dose vitamin C (also known as ascorbate or L-ascorbic acid) as a treatment for people with cancer. This summary includes a brief history of early clinical trials of high-dose vitamin C; reviews of laboratory, animal, and human studies; and current clinical trials.
This summary contains the following key information:
- Vitamin C is an essential nutrient with antioxidant functions at normal physiologic concentrations.
- High-dose vitamin C has been studied as a treatment for cancer patients since the 1970s.
- Laboratory studies have reported that high-dose vitamin C has pro-oxidant properties and decreased cell proliferation in prostate, pancreatic, hepatocellular, colon, mesothelioma, and neuroblastoma cell lines.
- Two studies of high-dose vitamin C in cancer patients reported improved quality of life and decreases in cancer-related side effects.
- Studies of vitamin C combined with other drugs in cancer patients have shown mixed results.
- Intravenous vitamin C has been generally well tolerated in clinical trials.
Many of the medical and scientific terms used in this summary are hypertext linked (at first use in each section) to the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, which is oriented toward nonexperts. When a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window.
Reference citations in some PDQ CAM information summaries may include links to external Web sites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the Web sites, or of any treatment or product, by the PDQ Cancer CAM Editorial Board or the National Cancer Institute.
General Information
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that has antioxidant functions, is a cofactor for several enzymes, and plays an important role in the synthesis of collagen.[1] A severe deficiency in vitamin C results in scurvy, which is associated with malaise, lethargy, easy bruising, and spontaneous bleeding.[2] One of the effects of scurvy is a change in collagen structure to a thinner consistency. Normal consistency is achieved with administration of vitamin C.
In the mid-20th century, a study hypothesized that cancer may be related to changes in connective tissue, which may be a consequence of vitamin C deficiency.[3] A review of evidence published in 1974 suggested that high-dose ascorbic acid may increase host resistance and be a potential cancer therapy.[4]
Vitamin C is synthesized from D-glucose or D-galactose by many plants and animals. However, humans lack the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase required for ascorbic acid synthesis and must obtain vitamin C through food or supplements.[1]
The earliest experience of using high-dose vitamin C (intravenous [IV] and oral) for cancer treatment was by a Scottish surgeon, Ewan Cameron, and his colleague, Allan Campbell, in the 1970s.[1] This work led to a collaboration between Cameron and the Nobel Prize–winning chemist Linus Pauling, further promoting the potential of vitamin C therapy in cancer management.[2,3] As a result, two clinical trials on oral vitamin C were conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[4,5]
(Refer to the Human Studies section of this summary for more information about these early studies.)
Pharmacokinetic studies later revealed substantial differences in the maximum achieved blood concentrations of vitamin C based on the route of administration. When vitamin C is taken orally, plasma concentrations of the vitamin are tightly controlled, with a peak achievable concentration less than 300 µM. However, this tight control is bypassed with IV administration of the vitamin, resulting in very high levels of vitamin C plasma concentration (i.e., levels up to 20 mM).[6,7] Further research suggests that pharmacologic concentrations of ascorbate, such as those achieved with IV administration, may result in cell death in many cancer cell lines.[8]
Health care practitioners attending complementary and alternative medicine conferences in 2006 and 2008 were surveyed about usage of high-dose IV vitamin C in patients. Of the 199 total respondents, 172 had administered vitamin C to patients. In general, IV vitamin C was commonly used to treat infections, cancer, and fatigue.[9]
Laboratory / Animal / Preclinical Studies
In Vitro Studies
Numerous studies have demonstrated that pharmacological doses of ascorbic acid (0.1–100 mM) decrease cell proliferation in a variety of cancer cell lines.[1,2,3,4,5] Specifically, decreases in cell proliferation after ascorbic acid treatment have been reported for prostate,[6]pancreatic,[7,8]hepatocellular,[9]colon,[10]mesothelioma,[11] and neuroblastoma [12] cell lines.
The potential mechanisms through which treatment with high-dose ascorbic acid may exert its effects on cancer cells have been extensively investigated. Several studies have demonstrated that the in vitro direct cytotoxic effect of ascorbic acid on various types of cancer cells is mediated through a chemical reaction that generates hydrogen peroxide.[1,7] Reviewed in [13,14] Treating colon cancer cells with 2 mM to 3 mM of ascorbic acid resulted in downregulation of specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors and Sp-regulated genes involved in cancer progression.[10] One study suggested that ascorbate-mediated prostate cancer cell death may occur through activation of an autophagy pathway.[6]
Differences in chemosensitivity to ascorbate treatment in breast cancer cell lines may depend on expression of the sodium -dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT-2).[15]
Research has suggested that pharmacological doses of ascorbic acid enhance the effects of arsenic trioxide on ovarian cancer cells,[16] gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells,[8] and combination treatment of gemcitabine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on mesothelioma cells.[17]
Findings from one study reported in 2012 suggested that high-dose ascorbate increases radiosensitivity of glioblastoma multiforme cells, resulting in more cell death than from radiation alone.[18]
However, not all studies combining vitamin C with chemotherapy have shown improved outcomes. Treating leukemia and lymphoma cells with dehydroascorbic acid (the oxidized form of vitamin C that increases levels of intracellular ascorbic acid) reduced the cytotoxic effects of various antineoplastic agents tested, including doxorubicin, methotrexate, and cisplatin (relative reductions in cytotoxicity ranged from 30% to 70%).[19] In another study, multiple myeloma cells were treated with bortezomib and/or plasma obtained from healthy volunteers who had taken vitamin C supplements. Cells treated with a combination of bortezomib and volunteers' plasma exhibited lower cytotoxicity than did cells treated with bortezomib alone.[20]
Animal Studies
Studies have demonstrated tumor growth inhibition after treatment with pharmacological ascorbate in animal models of pancreatic cancer,[1,7,8]liver cancer,[3] prostate cancer,[21]sarcoma,[22] mesothelioma,[11] and ovarian cancer.[4]
The effects of high-dose ascorbic acid in combination with standard treatments on tumors have been investigated. In a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, the combination of gemcitabine (30 or 60 mg /kg every 4 days) and ascorbate (4 g /kg daily) resulted in greater decreases in tumor volume and weight, compared with gemcitabine treatment alone.[8] According to a study reported in 2012, ascorbate enhanced the cancer cell–killing effects of photodynamic therapy in mice injected with breast cancer cells.[23]
Using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin C, researchers showed in 2007 that these compounds, both thought to act predominantly as antioxidants, may have antitumorigenic actions in vivo by decreasing levels of hypoxia -inducible factor (HIF)-1, a transcription factor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plays a role in angiogenesis.[24]
There have also been reports of animal studies in which vitamin C has interfered with the anticancer activity of various drugs. In a study reported in 2008, administration of dehydroascorbic acid to lymphoma-xenograft mice prior to doxorubicin treatment resulted in significantly larger tumors than did treatment with doxorubicin alone.[19] Treating multiple myeloma xenograft mice with a combination of oral vitamin C and bortezomib resulted in significantly greater tumor volume than did treatment with bortezomib alone.[20]
Human / Clinical Studies
Early Ascorbate-Only Trials
In the early 1970s, a consecutive case series was conducted in which 50 advanced cancer patients were treated with large doses of ascorbic acid.[1] These patients began ascorbic acid treatment after conventional therapies were deemed unlikely to be effective. Patients received intravenous (IV) ascorbic acid (10 g /day for 10 consecutive days; some patients received higher doses), oral ascorbic acid (10 g/day), or both. The subjects exhibited a wide variety of responses to treatment, including no or minimal response, tumor regression, and tumor hemorrhage. However, the authors noted that lack of controls prevented definitive assignment of any beneficial responses to the ascorbic acid treatment. A case report published in 1975 detailed one of the patients who had experienced tumor regression.[2] Diagnosed with reticulum cell sarcoma, the patient exhibited improvement in well-being and resolution of lung masses after being treated with ascorbic acid. When the patient's daily dose of ascorbic acid was reduced, some of signs of the disease returned; however, remission was achieved again after the patient reverted to the higher initial dose.
A larger case series of terminal cancer patients treated with ascorbate was reported in 1976. In this study, 100 terminal cancer patients (50 of whom were reported on previously) [1] were treated with ascorbate (10 g/day for 10 days IV, then orally) and compared with 1,000 matched controls from the same hospital. The mean survival time for ascorbate-treated patients was 300 days longer than that of the matched controls.[3,4]
Two studies tried to reproduce earlier results. These studies were randomized, placebo-controlled trials in which cancer patients received either 10 g oral vitamin C or placebo daily until signs of cancer progression. At the end of each study, no significant differences were noted between the two ascorbate-treated and placebo-treated groups for symptoms, performance status, or survival.[5,6]
Recent Ascorbate-Only Trials
One study reported three case reports of cancer patients who received IV vitamin C as their main therapy. During vitamin C therapy, the patients used additional treatments, including vitamins, minerals, and botanicals. According to the authors, the cases were reviewed in accordance with the NCI Best Case Series guidelines. Histopathologic examination suggested poor prognoses for these patients, but they had long survival times after being treated with IV vitamin C.[7] Vitamin C was given at doses ranging from 15 g to 65 g, initially once or twice a week for several months; two patients then received it less frequently for 1 to 4 years.
Two studies demonstrated that IV vitamin C treatment resulted in improved quality of life and decreases in cancer-related side effects in cancer patients.[8,9]
Studies have shown that vitamin C can be safely administered to healthy volunteers or cancer patients at doses up to 1.5 g/kg and with screening to eliminate treating individuals with risk factors for toxicity (e.g., glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, renal diseases, or urolithiasis). These studies have also found that plasma concentrations of vitamin C are higher with IV administration than with oral administration and are maintained for more than 4 hours.[10,11]
Ascorbate-Combination Trials
A phase I study published in 2012 examined the safety and efficacy of combining IV ascorbate with gemcitabine and erlotinib in stage IV pancreatic cancer patients. Fourteen subjects entered the study and planned to receive IV gemcitabine (1,000 mg /m2 over 30 minutes, once a week for 7 weeks), oral erlotinib (100 mg daily for 8 weeks), and IV ascorbate (50 g/infusion, 75 g/infusion, or 100 g/infusion 3 times per week for 8 weeks). Minimal adverse effects were reported for ascorbic acid treatment. Five subjects received fewer than 18 of the planned 24 ascorbate infusions and thus did not have follow-up imaging to assess response. Three of those patients had clinically determined progressive disease. All of the other nine patients had repeat imaging to assess tumor size, and each met the criteria for having stable disease.[12]
A number of studies have included IV ascorbic acid treatment (1,000 mg) with arsenic trioxide regimens, with mixed results. The combination therapies were well tolerated and suggested beneficial effects in multiple myeloma patients, although the specific contribution of vitamin C could not be determined.[13,14,15,16] However, similar combination regimens resulted in severe side effects and disease progression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia,[17]refractory metastatic colorectal cancer,[18] and metastatic melanoma.[19]
Current Clinical Trials
Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for cancer CAM clinical trials on ascorbic acid that are actively enrolling patients.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Adverse Events
Intravenous high-dose ascorbic acid has been generally well tolerated in clinical trials.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]Renal failure following ascorbic acid treatment has been reported in patients with preexisting renal disorders.[8]
Case reports have indicated that patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency should not receive high doses of vitamin C because of the risk of developing hemolysis.[9,10,11]
Vitamin C may increase bioavailability of iron, and high doses of the vitamin are not recommended for patients with hemochromatosis.[12]
Drug Interactions
When administered in high doses, vitamin C may result in adverse interactions with some anticancer agents. These interactions have primarily been detected in preclinical studies. A 2013 phase I clinical study evaluated the safety of combining pharmacological ascorbate with gemcitabine in stage IV pancreatic cancer patients. The combination therapy was well tolerated by patients, and no significant adverse events were reported.[13]
In vitro and in vivo animal studies have suggested that combining vitamin C with bortezomib interferes with the drug's ability to act as a proteasome inhibitor and blocks bortezomib-initiated apoptosis.[14,15,16] This interference occurred even with the oral administration of vitamin C (40 mg /kg /day) to animals. Studies in cell culture and performed by adding blood plasma from healthy volunteers given oral vitamin C (1 g /day) also showed a significant decrease in bortezomib's growth inhibitory effect on multiple myeloma cells. Another study found similar results. When given at orally achievable concentrations (equivalent to 1 g/day, a dose frequently used by patients), vitamin C was shown to decrease the efficacy of bortezomib on multiple myeloma cells and blocked its inhibitory effect on 20S proteasome activity.[16] However, a study that utilized mice harboring human prostate cancer cell xenografts failed to find any significant effect of oral vitamin C (40 mg/kg/day or 500 mg/kg/day) on the tumor growth inhibitory action of bortezomib.[17]
Several studies have been performed to assess the potential synergistic or inhibitory action of vitamin C on certain chemotherapy drugs, with variable results. A series of studies in cell culture and in animals bearing tumors has shown that when given at high concentrations or dosages, dehydroascorbic acid (an oxidized form of vitamin C) can interfere with the cytotoxic effects of several chemotherapy drugs.[18] However, dehydroascorbic acid is generally present only at low concentrations in dietary supplements and fresh foods.
Changes to This Summary (03 / 21 / 2013)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Adverse Events
Added text about a 2013 phase I clinical study that evaluated the safety of combining pharmacological ascorbate with gemcitabine in stage IV pancreatic cancer patients; the combination therapy was well tolerated by patients, and no significant adverse events were reported (cited Welsh et al. as reference 13).
Added text about a study that found that vitamin C given at orally achievable concentrations decreased the efficacy of bortezomib on multiple myeloma cells and blocked its inhibitory effect on 20S proteasome activity.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
About This PDQ Summary
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of high-dose vitamin C in the treatment of people with cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
- be discussed at a meeting,
- be cited with text, or
- replace or update an existing article that is already cited.
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewer for High-Dose Vitamin C is:
- Jeffrey D. White, MD (National Cancer Institute)
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® High-Dose Vitamin C. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/highdosevitaminc/healthprofessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
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Last Revised: 2013-03-21
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text:
Clay's Palpitoad (anime)
Revision as of 23:30, April 14, 2014 by DragonSpore18 (Talk | contribs)
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This Palpitoad belongs to Clay of Driftveil Gym, where he used it to battle Ash's Oshawott and Snivy. It defeated Ash's Oshawott by separating it from its schalchop with Sludge Bomb then knocked it out with Rock Smash. Despite his supereffective Sludge Bomb, it stood no chance against Ash's Snivy, since it was hit with Attract first. It was able to endure Vine Whip and Leaf Blade before falling to a powerful Leaf Storm.
Known moves
|Rock Smash
|Battling the King of the Mines!
|Hydro Pump
|Battling the King of the Mines!
|Sludge Bomb
|Battling the King of the Mines!
|+ indicates this Pokémon used this move recently.*
- indicates this Pokémon normally can't use this move.
|This article is a stub. Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.


text:
The South Bohan Projects is a housing project located on San Quentin Avenue between South Bohan and Fortside. The South Bohan Projects is the main turf of the Spanish Lords. Dominicans and other people of latino decent is also found around those projects. The project exists of four 19 story buildings, Each one is accesible, But only from ground level. Also a basketball court is located at the site. The projects is also the home of the successful drug dealer Elizabeta Torres.
Known residents & occupants
- Elizabeta Torres, ( Lives on the 1st floor until 2008 )
- Dominicans
- The Spanish Lords gang
- Manny Escuela ( until 2008 )


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September 11, 2012
Blake Alderman
Though it appears as though Florida will miss out on signing Lithonia (Ga.) Martin Luther King offensive lineman Joshua Outlaw, after he decided to decommit from UF, the Gators are still in the running for his teammate, highly coveted 2014 cornerback Wesley Green. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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High-Dose Vitamin C (PDQ®): Complementary and alternative medicine - Patient Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
High-Dose Vitamin C
- Vitamin C is a nutrient found in food and dietary supplements. It is an antioxidant and also plays a key role in making collagen (see Question 1).
- High-dose vitamin C has been studied as a treatment for patients with cancer since the 1970s (see Question 2).
- High-dose vitamin C may be given by intravenous (IV) infusion or taken by mouth (see Question 2).
- Laboratory studies have shown that high doses of vitamin C may slow the growth and spread of prostate, pancreatic, liver, colon, and other types of cancer cells (see Question 5).
- Some laboratory studies have shown that combining vitamin C with anticancer therapies may be helpful, while other studies have shown that certain forms of vitamin C may make chemotherapy less effective (see Question 5).
- Animal studies have shown that high-dose vitamin C treatment blocks tumor growth in certain models of pancreatic, liver, prostate, and ovarian cancers, sarcoma, and malignant mesothelioma (see Question 5).
- Some animal studies have shown that combining vitamin C with anticancer therapies may be helpful, while other studies have shown that vitamin C may interfere with the anticancer action of some drugs (see Question 5).
- Some human studies of IV vitamin C or vitamin C taken by mouth in patients with cancer have shown improved quality of life, as well as improvements in physical, mental, and emotional functions, symptoms of fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, and appetite loss (see Question 6).
- Studies of vitamin C combined with other drugs in patients with cancer have shown mixed results (see Question 6).
- Intravenous high-dose ascorbic acid has caused very few side effects in clinical trials (see Question 7).
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of high-dose vitamin C as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition (see Question 9).
Questions and Answers About High-Dose Vitamin C
Vitamin C (also called L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate) is a nutrient that humans must get from food or dietary supplements since it cannot be made in the body. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and helps prevent oxidative stress. It also works with enzymes to play a key role in making collagen.
When taken by intravenous (IV) infusion, vitamin C can reach much higher levels in the blood than when it is taken by mouth. Studies suggest that these higher levels of vitamin C may cause the death of cancer cells in the laboratory.
A severe deficiency (lack) of vitamin C in the diet causes scurvy, a disease with symptoms of extreme weakness, lethargy, easy bruising, and bleeding. The lack of vitamin C in patients with scurvy makes collagen thinner in texture; when vitamin C is given, collagen becomes thicker again.What is the history of the discovery and use of high-dose vitamin C as a complementary and alternative treatment for cancer?
High-dose vitamin C has been studied as a treatment for patients with cancer since the 1970s. A Scottish surgeon named Ewan Cameron worked with Nobel Prize-winning chemist Linus Pauling to study the possible benefits of vitamin C therapy in clinical trials of cancer patients in the late 1970s and early 1980's.
Surveys of healthcare practitioners at United States CAM conferences in recent years have shown that high-dose IV vitamin C is frequently given to patients as a treatment for infections, fatigue, and cancers, including breast cancer.What is the theory behind the claim that high-dose vitamin C is useful in treating cancer?
More than fifty years ago, a study suggested that cancer was a disease of changes in connective tissue caused by a lack of vitamin C. In the 1970's, it was proposed that high-dose ascorbic acid could help build resistance to disease or infection and possibly treat cancer.
Later studies showed that the levels of vitamin C that collect in the bloodstream depend on how it is taken.How is high-dose vitamin C administered?
Vitamin C may be given by intravenous (IV) infusion or taken by mouth.Have any preclinical (laboratory or animal) studies been conducted using high-dose vitamin C?
Laboratory studies and animal studies have been done to find out if high-dose vitamin C may be useful in preventing or treating cancer.
Laboratory studies
Many laboratory studies have been done to find out how high-dose vitamin C may cause the death of cancer cells. The anticancer effect of vitamin C in different types of cancer cells involves a chemical reaction that makes hydrogen peroxide, which may kill cancer cells.
Laboratory studies have shown the following:
- Treatment with high-dose vitamin C slowed the growth and spread of prostate, pancreatic, liver, colon, malignant mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, and other types of cancer cells.
- Combining high-dose vitamin C with certain types of chemotherapy may be more effective than chemotherapy alone:
- Ascorbic acid with arsenic trioxide may be more effective in ovarian cancer cells.
- Ascorbic acid with gemcitabine may be more effective in pancreatic cancer cells.
- Ascorbic acid with gemcitabine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) may be more effective in malignant mesothelioma cells.
- Another laboratory study suggested that combining high-dose vitamin C with radiation therapy killed more glioblastoma multiforme cells than radiation therapy alone.
However, not all laboratory studies combining vitamin C with anticancer therapies have shown benefit. Combining dehydroascorbic acid, a particular form of vitamin C, with chemotherapy made it less effective in killing some kinds of cancer cells.
Animal studies
Studies of high-dose vitamin C have been done in animal models (animals given a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans).
Some of the studies showed the vitamin C helped kill more cancer cells:
- High-dose vitamin C blocked tumor growth in animal models of pancreatic, liver, prostate, sarcoma, and ovarian cancers and malignant mesothelioma.
- High-dose vitamin C combined with chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer showed that the combination treatment shrank tumors more than chemotherapy treatment alone.
- Another study showed that vitamin C made a type of light therapy more effective when used to treat mice injected with breast cancer cells.
However, other animal studies have shown that vitamin C interferes with the anticancer action of certain drugs, including the following:
- Mouse models of human lymphoma and multiple myeloma treated with combinations of vitamin C and chemotherapy or the drug bortezomib had more tumor growth than mice treated with bortezomib alone.
Several studies of high-dose vitamin C in patients with cancer have been done in recent years, including the following:
Studies of vitamin C alone
- Intravenous (IV) vitamin C was studied in patients with breast cancer who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The study found that patients who received IV vitamin C had better quality of life and fewer side effects than those who did not.
- A study of IV vitamin C and high doses of vitamin C taken by mouth was done in patients with cancer that could not be cured. Vitamin C was shown to be a safe and effective therapy to improve quality of life in these patients, including physical, mental, and emotional functions, symptoms of fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, and appetite loss.
- Vitamin C has been shown to be safe when given to healthy volunteers and cancer patients at doses up to 1.5 g/kg, while screening out patients with certain risk factors who should avoid vitamin C. Studies have also shown that Vitamin C levels in the blood are higher when taken by IV than when taken by mouth, and last for more than 4 hours.
Studies of vitamin C combined with other drugs
Studies of vitamin C combined with other drugs have shown mixed results:
- In a study of 14 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, IV vitamin C was given along with chemotherapy and treatment with a targeted therapy. Patients had very few bad side effects from the vitamin C treatment. The nine patients who completed the treatment had stable disease as shown by imaging studies.
- Patients with acute myeloid leukemia, refractory metastatic colorectal cancer, or metastatic melanoma treated with vitamin C combined with other drugs had serious side effects and the disease got worse.
Intravenous high-dose ascorbic acid has caused very few side effects in clinical trials. However, high-dose vitamin C may be harmful in patients with certain risk factors.
- In patients with a history of kidney disorders, kidney failure has been reported after ascorbic acid treatment. Patients with a tendency to develop kidney stones should not be treated with high-dose vitamin C.
- Case reports have shown that patients with an inherited disorder called G-6-PD deficiency should not be given high doses of vitamin C, due to the risk of hemolysis (a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed).
- Since vitamin C may make iron more easily absorbed and used by the body, high doses of the vitamin are not recommended for patients with hemochromatosis (a condition in which the body takes up and stores more iron than it needs).
A drug interaction is a change in the way a drug acts in the body when taken with certain other drugs. High-dose vitamin C, when combined with some anticancer drugs, may cause them to be less effective. So far, these effects have been seen only in some laboratory and animal studies. No clinical trials have been done to further research these drug interactions in humans.
- Combining vitamin C with an anticancer drug called bortezomib has been studied in cell cultures and in animal models. Bortezomib is a targeted therapy that blocks several molecular pathways in a cell, causing cancer cells to die. Several studies showed that vitamin C made bortezomib less effective, including in multiple myeloma cells. A study in mice transplanted with human prostate cancer cells, however, did not show that giving the mice different doses of vitamin C by mouth made bortezomib therapy less effective.
- An oxidized form of vitamin C called dehydroascorbic acid has been studied in cell cultures and in animals with tumors. Several studies have found that high doses of dehydroascorbic acid can interfere with the anticancer effects of several chemotherapy drugs. Dehydroascorbic acid is found in only small amounts in dietary supplements and in fresh foods.
See Question 5 and Question 6 for more information on combining vitamin C with anticancer drugs.Is high-dose vitamin C approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as a cancer treatment in the United States?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of high-dose vitamin C as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition.
Because dietary supplements are regulated as foods, not as drugs, FDA approval is not required unless specific claims about disease prevention or treatment are made.
Changes to This Summary (03 / 21 / 2013)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
This is a new summary.
General CAM Information
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)—also referred to as integrative medicine—includes a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies. A therapy is generally called complementary when it is used in addition to conventional treatments; it is often called alternative when it is used instead of conventional treatment. (Conventional treatments are those that are widely accepted and practiced by the mainstream medical community.) Depending on how they are used, some therapies can be considered either complementary or alternative. Complementary and alternative therapies are used in an effort to prevent illness, reduce stress, prevent or reduce side effects and symptoms, or control or cure disease.
Unlike conventional treatments for cancer, complementary and alternative therapies are often not covered by insurance companies. Patients should check with their insurance provider to find out about coverage for complementary and alternative therapies.
Cancer patients considering complementary and alternative therapies should discuss this decision with their doctor, nurse, or pharmacist as they would any therapeutic approach, because some complementary and alternative therapies may interfere with their standard treatment or may be harmful when used with conventional treatment.
Evaluation of CAM Approaches
It is important that the same rigorous scientific evaluation used to assess conventional approaches be used to evaluate CAM therapies. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) are sponsoring a number of clinical trials (research studies) at medical centers to evaluate CAM therapies for cancer.
Conventional approaches to cancer treatment have generally been studied for safety and effectiveness through a rigorous scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. Less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. Few CAM therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation. A small number of CAM therapies originally considered to be purely alternative approaches are finding a place in cancer treatment—not as cures, but as complementary therapies that may help patients feel better and recover faster. One example is acupuncture. According to a panel of experts at a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference in November 1997, acupuncture has been found to be effective in the management of chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting and in controlling pain associated with surgery. In contrast, some approaches, such as the use of laetrile, have been studied and found ineffective or potentially harmful.
The NCI Best Case Series Program, which was started in 1991, is one way CAM approaches that are being used in practice are being investigated. The program is overseen by the NCI's Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM). Health care professionals who offer alternative cancer therapies submit their patients' medical records and related materials to OCCAM. OCCAM conducts a critical review of the materials and develops follow-up research strategies for approaches deemed to warrant NCI-initiated research.
Questions to Ask Your Health Care Provider About CAM
When considering complementary and alternative therapies, patients should ask their health care provider the following questions:
- What side effects can be expected?
- What are the risks associated with this therapy?
- Do the known benefits outweigh the risks?
- What benefits can be expected from this therapy?
- Will the therapy interfere with conventional treatment?
- Is this therapy part of a clinical trial?
- If so, who is sponsoring the trial?
- Will the therapy be covered by health insurance?
To Learn More About CAM
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) facilitates research and evaluation of complementary and alternative practices, and provides information about a variety of approaches to health professionals and the public.
|NCCAM Clearinghouse
|Post Office Box 7923 Gaithersburg, MD 20898–7923
|Telephone: 1–888–644–6226 (toll free) 301–519–3153 (for International callers)
|TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): 1–866–464–3615
|Fax: 1–866–464–3616
|E-mail: email@example.com
|Web site: http://nccam.nih.gov
CAM on PubMed
NCCAM and the NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM) jointly developed CAM on PubMed, a free and easy-to-use search tool for finding CAM-related journal citations. As a subset of the NLM's PubMed bibliographic database, CAM on PubMed features more than 230,000 references and abstracts for CAM-related articles from scientific journals. This database also provides links to the Web sites of over 1,800 journals, allowing users to view full-text articles. (A subscription or other fee may be required to access full-text articles.) CAM on PubMed is available through the NCCAM Web site. It can also be accessed through NLM PubMed bibliographic database by selecting the "Limits" tab and choosing "Complementary Medicine" as a subset.
Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine
The NCI Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM) coordinates the activities of the NCI in the area of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). OCCAM supports CAM cancer research and provides information about cancer-related CAM to health providers and the general public via the NCI Web site.
National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Information Service
U.S. residents may call the NCI Cancer Information Service toll free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates drugs and medical devices to ensure that they are safe and effective.
|Food and Drug Administration
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|Rockville, MD 20857
|Telephone: 1–888–463–6332 (toll free)
|Web site: http://www.fda.gov/
Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces consumer protection laws. Publications available from the FTC include:
- Who Cares: Sources of Information About Health Care Products and Services
- Fraudulent Health Claims: Don't Be Fooled
|Consumer Response Center
|Federal Trade Commission
|Washington, DC 20580
|Telephone: 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357) (toll free)
|TTY (for deaf and hearing impaired callers): 202-326-2502
|Web site: http://www.ftc.gov/
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Last Revised: 2013-03-21
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Former Manchester United's player Quinton Fortune launched the second edition of the Airtel Rising Stars football talent scouting in Dar es Salaam yesterday.
The newly appointed Minister for Communication, Science and Technology Makame Mbawala was the guest of honour during the event.
Also in attendance were Tanzania Football federation officials, Airtel managing director Sam Elangalloor and other officials in the marketing department.
The launching comes after hugely successful first season last year when some youngsters benefited from the football promotion initiative.
The ARS season is kicks off on May 25 when young football players will engage in the competition throughout the country.
Airtel has embarked in massive talent scouting and nurturing in close cooperation with the TFF and this time the programme has included young girls aspiring to become football stars.
The New season will introduce a first-ever inter-country tournament for select teams to be held in Nairobi.
Up to six aspiring stars from Tanzania - three boys and as many girls will be lined-up to attend a coaching clinic under the Manchester United Soccer Schools program.
The second season of the program – which follows a hugely successful inaugural year, provides a platform for upcoming soccer talent under the age of seventeen to showcase their skills to lead scouts and coaches, giving them an opportunity to improve further their football skills.
"Last year's extremely successful tournament is testament to the fact that football has a unique ability to connect and empower communities, as well as to create a positive community impact from the grassroots to a national level.
Last year, more than 11,000 teams registered for the tournament followed by an elimination process to select the teams that participated in the regional tournaments. This great turnout made it clear to us that we were on the right track with this tournament, which is why we are so eager for it to kick off this year", said Elangalloor.
This year's program will be organised in the format of regional and national tournaments, and culminate in an exclusive football camp under the tutelage of the Manchester United Soccer Schools coaching staff.
However, this edition will also include an exciting new inter-country tournament to be held in Nairobi, after the national tournaments.
The inter-country tournament will be held over a period of four days and will see the top girls and boys teams from each participating country compete against each other for the title of ARS African champion.
"We have decided to include the inter-country tournament this year to enable youth in our markets to interact with each other, both culturally and through their passion for the sport using a common platform. We believe that this will have a long-term positive impact on the players and on their game", said Elangalloor.
The pan-African football tournament, which will span 16 Airtel markets across the continent, is supported by one of the world's leading soccer teams, Manchester United.
The initiative targets boys and girls across the country and provides a structured platform for scouts, coaches, football authorities and other partners to tap into a vast pool of upcoming talent.
The hard-tackling midfielder, Fortune who launched the event yesterday, arrived at United from Atletico Madrid in 1999 as Sir Alex Ferguson sought to bolster his treble winning squad.
The South African player quickly displayed a versatility and strength of character which made him an able performer at left-back and in central midfield as well as an attacking wide man. He holds two Manchester United honours for the FA community shield (2003) and Intercontinental Cup (1999) and is currently an ambassador of the Club.
The partnership with Manchester United is part of a four-year sponsorship and mobile content agreement signed in December 2010 that allows select Airtel operations to tap into the football club's deep reservoir of technical resources and sports marketing expertise.
Speaking about their support of the ARS programme, United's commercial director, Richard Arnold said; "We are very pleased by the success of last year's programme and will continue to throw our full support behind ARS.
Last year, we had the pleasure to work closely with a number of extremely talented players from the different markets across Africa, and I have no doubt that we will see equally talented individuals make it through to the clinic stage this time around. It is a great opportunity for us to work with these talented players in order to coach them how to play the united way."
The ARS registration will kick-off on May 14 and is expected to draw 24 teams from six regions. The registration forms will be available at Airtel offices in Lindi, Mbeya, Arusha, Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke.


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We still had him on DR though, pointless as it turned out to be.
I agree about the difference between DR and loans. I was also under the impression that Jack was on DR last season, but I'm happy to stand corrected.
TBH I think we'll have to wait and see how this new system works out. I would say at this point the chances of it working out well are NOT good, for the following reasons.
1. It's not been thought through properly because it's only been introduced to save SL clubs cash. No-one is sure the effects on salary cap, playoff eligabilty issues, etc.
2. It will cause disruption to Championship teams who won't know who is in their squad on a month to month (or even week to week) basis. A side with five nearSL standard players will be a different proposition to that same side without the five. The credibility of the Championship is undermined.
3. It won't help the development of players at SL clubs from 16 to 21. Play scholarship at 16, then huge 3 year jump to academy mixing with 19 year olds, then farmed out to open age Championship club. How is that a clear pathway of development?


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With Ubuntu's install images continuing to be oversized with pushing 1.4GB on recent releases, Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek has raised the new limit for Ubuntu desktop images to 2GB. Other Ubuntu flavors are also following in this move.
We Rely On Your Support: Did you know that the hundreds of articles written on Phoronix each month are mostly authored by one individual working insane hours? Phoronix.com doesn't have a whole news room with unlimited resources and relies upon people reading our content without blocking ads and alternatively by people subscribing to Phoronix Premium for our ad-free service with other extra features. You can also consider a tip via PayPal.
The Plasma Mobile stack being developed by KDE is almost one year old but they've now decided to shift their OS architecture a bit instead of relying directly upon Ubuntu Touch.
Eve is short for the Efficient Video Encoder and reportedly offers much better results than existing video encoders for Google's VP9 format.
1 May
For those not busy partying around the Maypole today, the Linux 4.6-rc6 kernel is now available as the latest weekly test candidate of the Linux 4.6 kernel.
Krzysztof Nowicki has announced the initial release of the Akonadi resource for supporting Microsoft's Exchange Web Services (EWS).
If Audacity and Ardour aren't cutting it for your audio editing needs on Linux, there's another Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) option coming to Linux: Reaper.
It's been a while since last hearing anything about the DragonBox Pyra as an open-source gaming handheld system and successor to OpenPandora, but that changed this weekend with the launch of pre-orders for this Linux-powered device.
It's been a while since last having any major news to report out of the Mir camp for Ubuntu's alternative to Wayland.
30 April
There were many interesting open-source and Linux news stories delivered on Phoronix this month.
Vulkan 1.0.12 is the latest specification update to the official Vulkan documentation from The Khronos Group.
Open-source developers working on the Radeon Linux graphics driver stack remain hopeful that their massive "DAL" code-base will be ready for merging with Linux 4.7.
Here are some extra Linux distribution benchmarks for your viewing pleasure this weekend.
The first alpha release was made available this weekend of GhostBSD 10.3 Alpha 1, a desktop focused operating system built atop FreeBSD 10.3.
For those systemd haters that are out there, the beta of Devuan has been released as a spin of Debian Jessie that's free of systemd.
Matthias Clasen of Red Hat has written an update about changes to GNOME's GTK+ tool-kit for the 3.20 cycle but he also mentions some of the exciting work that's brewing for GNOME/GTK+ 3.22.
Mozilla has announced that for Firefox 48 their WebExtensions API is considered to be in a stable state. They encourage developers looking to develop browser add-ons to begin using this new API.
29 April
A day after Mozilla released the Firefox 47 Beta, Google has released their beta of the Chrome/Chromium 51 web-browser.
Wine 1.9.9 was released earlier today as the newest development release for this software to run Windows applications/games on Linux, OS X, and other operating systems.
Matthias Clasen announced the release today of GNOME 3.21.1 as the first development release in the road towards GNOME 3.22.
Sway, the i3-compatible tiling window manager for Wayland, is out with a new version.
Timothy Arceri of Collabora has been restoring work on an on-disk shader cache for Intel's open-source Mesa OpenGL driver that was originally started by some of the Intel OTC driver developers.
Raptor Engineering has published new information around their proposed high-performance Talos Secure Workstation that for around $3k is a high-end POWER8 motherboard.
Going along with the work written about yesterday of Igalia Posts Intel vertex_attrib_64bit Mesa Driver Patches, Close To OpenGL 4.1+, the latest ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 patches were published today for the Intel i965 Mesa driver.
Next week is UOS-1605: the latest Ubuntu Online Summit where planning will take place for Ubuntu 16.10, the Yakkety Yak release.
One of the many less advertised features of the Phoronix Test Suite is the ability to re-purpose any available test profile not as a performance metric but simply as part of a stress tool for hammering your hardware or software for deficiencies. The phoronix-test-suite stress-run tool can run any number of the test profiles concurrently and in a random pattern for a defined length of time for fully stressing your system.
The latest motherboard to receive mainline Coreboot support is the Siemens MC_BDX1.
The LLVM Foundation published its plans and budgets this week for 2016. There are a few interesting details when analyzing the information.
More relevant than the ARC PGU DRM driver that was merged this week is a DRM display driver for more common hardware: Allwinner SoCs. The Allwinner DRM driver has been accepted into DRM-Next for in turn landing with Linux 4.7.
28 April
For x86 Android users, patches are available for making use of Mesa's LLVMpipe driver in Gallium3D for cases where hardware drivers are not available. This support is reportedly good enough for running Android apps in the absence of proper OpenGL drivers.
For some end-of-month benchmarks and while having a number of graphics cards out prior to being let down by Tomb Raider's Linux benchmark, here is a fresh round of OpenGL tests while using the newest Mesa 11.3-devel code on RadeonSI with AMDGPU/Radeon DRM from Ubuntu 16.04 and then compared to various Kepler/Maxwell graphics cards with the newest NVIDIA Linux driver.
Jan Kurik has passed along word that the Fedora 24 Beta has been delayed and thus the final milestones are also pushed back.
Mesa release manager Emil Velikov has laid out plans to release the next version of Mesa in just over one month.
While the Intel Mesa driver remains at OpenGL 3.3 due to missing FP64 support, that code continues to be worked on by Igalia and Intel's OTC developers. Patches for a related extension, ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit, have also now been published that will clear Intel's Mesa driver requirements for OpenGL 4.1.
David Airlie has pulled the ARC PGU DRM driver into his DRM-Next tree for in turn landing with the Linux 4.7 kernel.
It turns out that Skylake's HD Graphics 510, HD Graphics 535, Iris Graphics 550, and Iris Graphics P555 were missing their open-source driver support from an important piece of the Linux graphics stack.
Running hot off this week's release of Firefox 46 is the beta release issued by Mozilla for Firefox 47.


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We have an immediate opportunity in our Red Deer office for a Senior Project Manager - Municipal
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The development and management of scope, budget, and schedules for a team of multi-disciplined (civil, process, structural, mechanical, electrical, and I&C) project engineers, design engineers, and CAD Technicians.The preparation and management of project budgets including the development of detailed project instructions, scope of work, level of effort, and associated man-hour estimates.Keeping accurate and up-to-date project accounting on assigned projects.Preparation and execution of Quality Assurance and Quality Control Plans for water and wastewater treatment projects.
Qualifications:A Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering or Environmental EngineeringA minimum 10 years of experience in project management of water and wastewater treatment projects for public utility and/or industrial clients.Demonstrated leadership skillsPrevious consulting experience with an engineering consulting firm a plus.Registration with the Association of Professionals in Engineering and Geoscience in Alberta (APEGA), or the ability to acquire it in a reasonable period of timeComputer literacy in word processing and spreadsheet programsIf balancing a rewarding career with a healthy lifestyle outside the workplace is important to you, consider Red Deer, Alberta. Red Deer offers the same first-class amenities that you would expect from a large city in a community that maintains the spirit, values, and warmth of a small town.
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Build your career AND enjoy your life. Red Deer.


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Economic numbers in the week ahead will also provide little evidence of this tax effect, as they will still mostly represent a temperature reading on December rather than January.
-David Kelly, chief global strategist, JP Morgan
This has been a particularly severe cold and flu season, a fact to which I can personally attest, having been laid low by two separate viruses in the past three weeks. Both times, as I recognized the first symptoms, I could only speculate nervously about how ill I would eventually become.
In the first weeks in January much the same could be said of U.S. consumer spending. The New Years Day compromise on taxes, while welcome from a budgetary perspective, contained a jarring 2% increase in payroll taxes and this increase, along with other tax hikes on upper-income households, is likely to take a toll on consumer spending. However, because so little media attention had been focused on the payroll tax issue, many workers may have been surprised at the lightness of their first paycheck of 2013. As cold reality sinks in over the next few weeks, spending at shopping malls, gas stations, grocery stores and restaurants are all likely to take a hit. Some consumer services could also be impacted as families are more reluctant to sign up for new smart-phone services or cable subscriptions.
None of this will be reflected in earnings numbers this week, even as the earnings season gets into full swing with 80 of the S&P500 companies set to report. While analysts expect only low single digit year-over-year gains on both revenues and earnings, companies reporting so far have generated satisfactory surprises on both scores. However, this of course reflects fourth quarter activity and the biggest threat from fiscal adjustment has always come from its actual rather than anticipated impacts on household finances.
Economic numbers in the week ahead will also provide little evidence of this tax effect, as they will still mostly represent a temperature reading on December rather than January. Both Existing Home Sales on Tuesday and New Home Sales on Friday should show further gains in line with other recently strong housing data while home prices, as reflected in the FHFA Index should show continued increases. Unemployment Claims will probably bounce back from an aberrationally low reading last week, while the Markit PMI index could see a decline, in line with weak readings on the Philadelphia and Empire State manufacturing indices last week.
However, the most telling numbers could be the Redbook and ISCS chain store sales indices due out on Wednesday. The Martin Luther King Day long weekend was a fair test of consumer spending across the United States without much weather to disrupt mall traffic. Retailing numbers over this past weekend could provide the first concrete measurement of the consumer impact of higher taxes.
Even with a bigger-than-expected consumer impact, higher taxes should slow, rather than derail, the economic recovery. The economy will continue to be supported by much improved consumer and corporate balance sheets and a resurgent housing sector. Uncertainty about debt and deficits in Washington has fallen both because of the New Years Day compromise and because of the decision of House Republicans to vote to increase the debt ceiling for a few further months, thus focusing the negotiations on how to replace the much reviled sequester with more thoughtful long-term spending cuts.
Outside the United States, growth appears to be accelerating in Asia but still stalling in Europe. Central Banks remain in an extremely accommodative stance around the developed world and while this positioning is achieving little in boosting economic growth it has served to prolong a bond-market rally and thereby generate a huge valuation gap between stocks and bonds for the long run
For most investors, it is this valuation gap that matters and continues to point to a long-term opportunity in being overweight equities relative to fixed income. Someone coming down with a cold may want to change their plans for this weekend but not for their summer vacation. Similarly, the U.S. economy should weather a slump in consumer spending in the months ahead and long-term investors should still focus on relative valuations rather than short-term volatility in making portfolio decisions.