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After 40 years of existence, Title IX still raises the hair on the necks of those critics who strongly feel the federal law hurts men's sports. These naysayers continue to propagandize this lie. However, more often than not it seems that White females have been the main beneficiaries of the equity legislation since its passage 40 years ago. "I think it has been a law that helped all women," says University of Wisconsin-Madison law student Valyncia Raphael. "But I think right now the conversation does not acknowledge that there are different types of women who have benefited from the law in different ways."
Raphael made her observation during a national Title IX conference held last spring at the University of Michigan. Continue Reading →


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Courses and Programs
Courses and Programs
City College of San Francisco offers a variety of courses and programs that address issues of sustainability.
Courses range from those that touch on aspects of sustainability to those that infuse sustainability throughout the curriculum or focus entirely on sustainability.
The certificates and degrees shown below also serve as a guide to courses that provide a solid foundation in the principles of Sustainability. These courses are also open to students who are not pursuing a certificate or degree.
For the complete list click on the following link:
- To see courses currently being offered, take a look at the Course Schedule
The following links detail the required courses that comprise each certificate and degree program.
- Green and Sustainable Business Certificate (Credit and Non-Credit Options)
- Sustainability Certificate
- Automotive Alternative Fuel Technology Certificate
Academic Counseling for Sustainability
Need help choosing classes? Whether you're simply interested in sustainability-related coursework or have plans to earn a CCSF certificate, an Associate's degree, or prepare for transfer to a university, meeting with a counselor can help. The counselor liaison for sustainability is Anastasia Fiandaca. To make an appointment with her, call 415.452.5335. To contact her directly, call 415.239.3824 or email firstname.lastname@example.com, or visit her at the Latino Services Network in Cloud Hall 364.

subset: commoncrawl


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Devices by Nokia and Motorola include S.D.-based Qualcomm's Snapdragon chips
Lumia 920 key features
Wireless charging: It can be plugged in or placed on a wireless charging pod.
Camera: 8.7-megapixel with a so-called floating lens that uses software for image stabilization.
City Lens software: Lets users hold up the phone camera to see the names of restaurants and shops overlaid on the surfaces of buildings. Users can tap a building for more details and can call to make reservations.
Cost: No details on cost or which U.S. carriers would have the 920 and the midrange Lumia 820. They will go on sale in the fourth quarter.
Nokia and Motorola unveiled their latest new smartphones Wednesday, with each of the models powered by Qualcomm's Snapdragon processors.
Nokia showed off two new Lumia devices that run on Microsoft's Windows Phone 8 operating system — the latest update to the Redmond, Wash.-based software giant's software for mobile phones.
San Diego's Qualcomm has had a long-running relationship with Microsoft, designing its processors to run well with the Windows mobile phone operating system. It supplied chips for all previous models of Windows phones, including models from Nokia.
Nokia, meanwhile, has been struggling to gain traction in the smartphone market, particularly in the U.S., where it faces tough competition from Apple's iPhone and many other devices running on Google's Android operating system. The Espoo, Finland-based company is counting on its partnership with Microsoft to help boost sales and return the company to profitability after falling behind rivals.
Nokia introduced its first two Windows Phone 8 smartphones — the Lumia 820 and Lumia 920. Qualcomm's 1.5-gigahertz dual-core Snapdragon S4 chip is the processor in the handsets.
"Nokia's decision to unveil its second-generation Lumia devices in the U.S. is extremely significant for the Finnish handset manufacturer, which has always struggled to make an impact in the country, even before the advent of Apple's iPhone," said Tony Cripps, principal analyst at Ovum, an industry research firm based in the U.K. "But this is also a notable launch for Microsoft, which needs to pull out all the stops to guarantee greater awareness and demand for Windows Phone 8 devices, among consumers, business users and carriers."
Despite the new phone lineup, Nokia's shares dropped 45 cents to $2.38 Wednesday. It provided few details about what the phones will cost or which wireless carriers will stock the devices, which may have disappointed investors, beyond saying they will go on sale in the last three months of this year.
Motorola Mobility — acquired by Google for $12.5 billion in May — also unveiled three new Droid Razr 4G Android smartphones Wednesday for Verizon's LTE network — including one starting at $99 and available next week. Each new phone has a dual-core, 1.5-gigahertz processor.
The latest smartphones from Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics and Huawei Technologies have four cores.
Two high-end models, the Razr HD and Razr Maxx HD, will be launched later this year. It's emphasizing long battery life — up to 21 hours of talk time for the Maxx HD, or 10 hours of video streaming. The new phones will run on Google's Android operating system.
A Motorola spokeswoman confirmed that Snapdragon chips power the devices but didn't provide more details. A Qualcomm spokeswoman declined to comment.
Both Motorola and Nokia announced the devices ahead of Apple, which is holding an event next week where it's expected to introduce the iPhone 5. Apple typically uses its own processors in its devices.
There are more than 420 devices that use the Snapdragon processor and there are an additional 400 designs in development, including more than 30 tablets, a Qualcomm spokeswoman said.
Last week, Qualcomm said its Snapdragon S4 processors are powering Samsung's new ATIV tablets and smartphones running Windows RT and Windows Phone 8. In addition, Snapdragon S4 chips run Dell's new XPS10 tablet, which also was unveiled last week.
The Associated Press and Bloomberg News contributed to this report. firstname.lastname@example.com (760) 752-6751 Twitter: @TechDiego


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More Ocean-Related Quizzes
Seafood Quiz
Are you up to speed on seafood production and sustainability? Test your knowledge with this quiz.
Ocean Issues Quiz
Ocean acidification, pollution, and overfishing are some of the issues facing our ocean. Find out where you stand on the issues in this quiz.
Ocean Extremes Quiz
Biggest, deepest, smallest, saltiest—do you know these marine standouts? Put your sea smarts to the test.
Oceans Quiz
How much do you know about the world's threatened oceans?
Global Warming Quiz
Global warming is a complex issue that involves many different environmental factors. Think you know the ins and outs of global climate change?
Oceans Videos
Ocean Topics
- Acidification
- Ballard, Robert
- Bowermaster, Jon
- Cook-Wise
- De Rothschild, David
- Doubilet, David
- Earle, Sylvia
- Frozen Seafood Benefits
- Goodman, Beverly
- Habitat Destruction
- Invasive Species
- Kristof, Emory
- Marine Food Chain
- Marine Pollution
- Nicklen, Paul
- Norman, Brad
- Ocean Overview
- Overfishing
- Plastiki
- Pristine Seas Expeditions
- Sala, Enric
- Seafood Decision Guide
- Seafood Substitutions
- Sea Level Rise
- Sea Temperature Rise
- Seaver, Barton
- Sustainable Seafood
- Thys, Tierney
- Tips to Save the Ocean
Your Ocean
For Kids
Learn about the ocean with activities, photos, and games.
Ocean Education
Bring engaging and important ocean learning to your classroom.
From the Channel
"Rebuilding Titanic"
Meet the Ship's Masterminds and More
Birth of Titanic
Explore her historic construction in this beautiful interactive.
Titanic: The Final Secret
Join legendary explorer, Dr. Robert Ballard, as he reveals the details behind this story of stealth, subs and superpowers.
Marine Recreation Workshop
Online Toolkit
National Geographic Education Programs supports the marine recreation community through a shared goal of raising public awareness about ocean conservation and inspiring people to help protect the vital natural resources that the ocean provides.
Explore the Ocean
Ocean Life
Order ocean books, DVDs, maps, and more from the National Geographic online store.
Ocean Special Issue
Explore the world's oceans, from their prehistoric beginnings to modern-day efforts to preserve their natural wonder.
Ocean: An Illustrated Atlas
Immerse yourself in the wonders of the deep through colorful maps, photos, and satellite images.
Engage, Conserve, Restore
Freshwater Initiative
The National Geographic Society's freshwater initiative is a multi-year global effort to inspire and empower individuals and communities to conserve freshwater and preserve the extraordinary diversity of life that rivers, lakes, and wetlands sustain.


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1-800-369-4669 | Live Chat | Contact Us
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No special occasion is complete without personalized table covers to polish off the look. Staples Promotional Products can help you achieve a classy look for a single event or multiple events throughout the year. Choose from disposable or reusable table covers to help meet your marketing needs.
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Afoot and light-hearted, I take to the open road,
Healthy, free, the world before me,
The long brown path before me, leading wherever I choose.
Saturday is a shade over 5 tough miles. The descent into the gorge is brutally rocky for the first mile (though it really doesn't descend much in that time. It then continues on with moderate rocks for another mile or so. Then you have small ups and down until you hit Historic Stagecoach Trail. This is a rocky climb of about 900 feet over 1.8 miles. At the next intersection, it is a mostly level mile to the camp.
Sunday is a mostly level day with maybe 6 miles walking out, the easiest of all the days.
If your frame of reference is the Signal Mountain area of the Cumberland Trail, to do the walk up from the gorge to the top about 4 times and that is your Saturday climb. But my opinion is that the climb is no more taxing than the rock scramble down into the gorge. That actually wears on me at least as badly.
Give me some ideas of how much you hike now, and I can give you an idea of what this hike will feel like for you. I live right up the road in Ooltewah and know all the regional trails, so I could probably give you some ideas for training.
At this point, I am committing to an early Friday arrival (prior to 8 AM) and hiking the full route.
Looks to be shaping up...
Detail Man
Les Rust
I look forward to seeing Roche, Rayn and Spamburgler adding their names to the list...Two Sticks? Already 10 in with a maybe!
Afoot and light-hearted, I take to the open road,
Healthy, free, the world before me,
The long brown path before me, leading wherever I choose.
I have a trip planned in Feb with a client to the Savage Gulf, I would love to make this one too. Need to check the calendar.
Put me in as a " Maybe " ,,, We have the Spring Cub and Family at the end of March and will take some persuading of HH6 to let me out twice in one month...
Dave aka WK2
Cubmaster of Pack 640 - Smyna, TN
Eagle Scout 1992 - Troop 86 Brentwood, TN
Tread Lightly and Leave No Trace
I'm planning on attending
Detail Man
Les Rust
hi everyone, went out on a day hike at fiery gizzard today and ran into two guys going light cuban light. chit chat chit chat and hammocks chit chat. it was ftroop. whats up detail man , medicine man and emcee.. i guess i'll see some of you in florida small world.. peace
chuck! Good to hear from you...wont see us in Fl. couldn't get it in the schedule this round
Emcee--woohoo you're coming.
Ftroop-since you have become the trip leader, are we going to run into quota problems with the Savage officials?


text:
May 5, 2016
RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) -- A group of Democratic lawmakers in North Carolina has introduced a bill to grant qualifying illegal immigrants driver licenses that look the same as those issued to everyone else.
The bill filed Thursday is in response to a plan by the administration of Republican Gov. Pat McCrory to issue driver licenses with a bright pink stripe and the words "NO LAWFUL STATUS" to young adults participating in the federal Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. The Obama administration initiative grants valid federal work permits to qualified applicants brought to the United States without legal authorization when they were children.
The Division of Motor Vehicles is set to begin issuing the pink licenses March 25. A competing GOP-backed bill would delay the licenses from going out to at least June.
Copyright 2016 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Past Vocal Point Survey Questions and Responses
- What is the most common skin complaint or concern of your clients? How do you address it?
- What personal strength do you believe is most important for a skin care professional to be successful? Why?
- What body treatments do you provide as alternatives to cosmetic surgery?
- What scalp and hair offerings are available at your spa or skin care facility? How do you tie these in with your overall skin care goals?
- What wellness offerings do you provide in your skin care facility in addition to skin care services?
All Vocal Point Questions
Prize provided by:
One lucky respondent to this month's Vocal Point question will receive free registration for the Physiology of the Skin course from Skin Inc. Video Education, a $149 value! Based on the beloved book by Peter T. Pugliese, MD and Zoe Draelos, MD, this 4-lesson course will arm you with the knowledge you need to better serve your clients.
Note: Winners will be chosen by random drawing and will be notified by e-mail. Prize will be sent directly from the sponsor. Winners are only eligible once every 12 months. All decisions of the editor are final.
Vocal Point Survey
The results are in! Here's what you had to say about our question from $util.date("MMMM yyyy", $firstAnswer.createDate).
The Vocal Point responses have not been edited, and are posted as they were originally submitted. The opinions expressed in these responses are not necessarily those of www.SkinInc.com or Skin Inc. magazine.


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) — Confronting insurmountable obstacles, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy suddenly withdrew from the contest for speaker of the U.S. House on Thursday, shocking colleagues just before they were to vote and producing ever-deeper chaos for a divided Congress.
Dave Granlund cartoon on the House speaker.
Upon her father's return home from serving in Southeast Asia, a soldier's daughter just can't wait any longer to see her dad.
Amy Robach has interviewed a long list of influencers—from Oprah Winfrey to Taylor Swift to Nobel Peace
You should think twice about posting pictures of your boarding pass to Facebook or Instagram.
First there were the Freemasons; now there's the Orange Sleeve Society. Starbucks unveiled its secret society for big-time...
The Montevideo cross country teams acquited themselves well against qualify competition in their only home meet of the season on Tuesday at The Crossings golf course.
WARWICK, R.I. (AP) — An 800-pound Rhode Island man says he's been kicked out of a hospital's in-patient weight loss program for ordering pizza.
America is as always in the midst of a bitter debate over guns.
Miller working for affordable propane
Montevideo Directory
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com


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Drug Treatment
The Basics
Nearly 40% of people who wanted drug or alcohol treatment reported that they were unable to obtain it because they had no health coverage and could not afford it.
Drug law enforcement efforts receive ample funding each year while drug treatment options remain shamefully underfunded. Many people who seek help for their problematic drug use are unable to access treatment, encountering insurance barriers, months-long wait lists, or programs that don't meet their needs. Far too many people are only able to access drug treatment as a result of an arrest or criminal conviction.
DPA advocates expanding drug treatment access to meet need, as well as broadening the definition of drug treatment to include models of care that incorporate harm reduction principles and prioritize health, safety, and improving quality of life over strict abstinence.
We are changing the national dialogue around treatment by raising awareness about proven drug treatment models, like heroin assisted treatment, that have been researched and employed successfully abroad but are still not available in the United States. Through these efforts, we are laying the foundation for more diverse and effective drug treatment options.
Issue Featured Items
Press Release
July 1, 2006
February 4, 2015


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Dress your little cub in this Toddler Infant Lil' Lion Elite Costume, which includes a bodysuit with attached tail, booties, plush mane and hood. Available in several sizes ranging from 2 months to 2t, the light brown plush bodysuit features dark brown trim on the arms and an attached tail with a beautiful red bow. The plush hood has a two ears and layered dark brown mane. The booties have little paw prints on the bottom. This makes a fun outfit for Halloween, but your little lion king can also wear this to his jungle-themed or Wizard-of-Oz themed birthday party. It is comfortable and can be worn during the cold winter months. If you want to dress your family in matching costumes, check out our Wizard of Oz and animal selections in our women's, men's, children's and teen's categories.
Our Price: $3.99
Our Price: $3.97
Our Price: $9.99
Our Price: $8.97


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Sperry Neon Top-Siders
These bad boys will be released mid-November. The staple boat shoe brand is dropping flavorful colorways for everyone to enjoy. Now, you can look classy, yet brazen, at EDM concerts, the mall, or the beach. We'll let you know the official release date when Barneys unloads these gems.


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Quick Ship items are available in select sizes and fabrics and will generally ship within 5 days. Special Order items will generally ship within 2-3 weeks. Made to order, these items are non-refundable.
Add the perfect finishing touch to your outdoor lounge space. With its thick weave and variegated hazelnut color, our Torrey ottoman captures the organic beauty of rattan. Click to read an article on recommended care.


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Artissimo Boston Red Sox 24X36 Printed Artwork - Vintage Red Sox Collage
Item # 21483376
|Eligible for Free Shipping on Orders $39 or More! (see promotion details)
|Members of The League get 5% back when you spend $100! (see promotion details)
Product Details
Artissimo MLB® wall art brings your favorite team to life in your office, bedroom, game room, and more! This gallery-style décor piece features a brilliant image printed on canvas, then wrapped around a frame for a 3D presentation.
- Gallery-style wall art
- Image is printed on canvas and wrapped around a frame
- Can also accommodate additional framing
- Officially licensed
- Dimensions: W 24" x H 36"


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37 U.S. Code § 478 - Travel and transportation allowances: travel within limits of duty station
prev | next
(a) A member of a uniformed service may be directed, by regulations of the head of the department or agency in which he is serving, to procure transportation necessary for conducting official business of the United States within the limits of his station. Expenses so incurred by the member for train, bus, streetcar, taxicab, ferry, bridge, and similar fares and tolls, or for the use of privately owned vehicles at a fixed rate a mile plus parking fees, shall be defrayed by the department or agency under which he is serving, or the member is entitled to be reimbursed for the expense.
(1) Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary concerned, a member of a uniformed service who performs emergency duty described in paragraph (2) is entitled to travel and transportation allowances under section 474 of this title for that duty.
(2) The emergency duty referred to in paragraph (1) is duty that—
(A) is performed by a member under emergency circumstances that threaten injury to property of the Federal Government or human life;
(B) is performed at a location within the limits of the member's station (other than at the residence or normal duty location of the member);
Source(Pub. L. 87–649, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 475, § 408; Pub. L. 99–145, title VI, § 619(a),Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 100–26, § 8(d)(6),Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 285; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VI, § 623,Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1379; renumbered § 478 and amended Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VI, § 631(d)(2), (e)(11), (f)(4)(A),Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1460, 1462, 1465; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(a)(9),Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1948.)
|Revised section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|June 30, 1949, ch. 288, § 211(m); added Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1211, § 2 (13th par.), 68 Stat. 1126.
The words "(as defined in the Career Compensation Act of 1949, as amended)" and "so directed" are omitted as surplusage. The words "official business of the United States" are substituted for the words "official Government business".
2013—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–239, § 1076(a)(9), made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 112–81, § 631(f)(4)(A). See 2011 Amendment note below.
2011—Pub. L. 112–81, § 631(d)(2), renumbered section 408 of this title as this section.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–81, § 631(f)(4)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 112–239, § 1076(a)(9), substituted "474" for "404".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–81, § 631(e)(11), added subsec. (c).
1991—Pub. L. 102–190designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
1987—Pub. L. 100–26substituted "privately owned" for "privately-owned".
1985—Pub. L. 99–145inserted "plus parking fees" after "fixed rate a mile".
Effective Date of 2013 Amendment
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(a),Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1947, provided that the amendment made by section 1076(a)(9) is effective Dec. 31, 2011, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–81as enacted.
Effective Date of 1985 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–145, title VI, § 619(b),Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 642, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to parking fees incurred after September 30, 1985."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text: I'm new here but I have been looking at all of the exposure unit threads. I plan on building a unit about 4 feet long and roughly 3 feet wide, using six 4ft tubes. I have been researching which bulbs to use and have a pretty good idea of what I need. I was looking at the F40T12BL (would order online, can't find them in stores) since the general opinion is that unfiltered black lights are the way to go. However I have heard mixed opinions on whether or not the filtered black light bulbs (which can be easily found in stores) will work. I was also wondering if the F40 Plant/Aquarium bulbs from GE would give off enough UV for exposing. I'm trying to keep my exposure times in the 3-5 minute range. Just want to make sure I am getting the right stuff before placing an order. I was planning on using fixtures that have a plug on the end, hooking them all up to a power strip and running them that way (not sure if that would trip a circuit). I'm also aware of the need for non-protected glass.


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Rome's runners and sports lovers made Richard Whitehead's acquaintance at the Rome Marathon 2008, when Nottingham's athlete inspired the field as he won the marathon in his category. He doubled the following year, setting a new world record for the 26.2 miles distance.
Last Friday, Whitehead won the 200m race at the Paralympics (cat. T42), smashing the former world record in front of 80,000 ecstatic spectators.
Whitehead, who was born with both legs missing from above the knee, is still world record holder for the marathon, but he was denied entry to his best event by Paralympics rules — and so switched to sprint distances instead.
This week, another Rome Marathon celeb will start his quest for a gold medal. Alex Zanardi is one of the front athletes in the cycling road race cat. H4.


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Spring is in the air – and if it's not in your closet just yet, now's the perfect time to add a little color. Bold denim gets a fresh update this season with brighter brights, girly pastels, and polished patterns. Still a little weary of straying from your tried-and-true baby blues? Here's a few tips for easing into this unconventional denim trend:
1. Keep extras neutral.
Go for a monochromatic look (everywhere besides the pants) by wearing an allover black, white, or tan ensemble and letting your jeans be the focal point of the outfit.
2. Swap in color at the last minute.
Try putting together an outfit with indigo denim, then trade in those jeans for a brightly hued pair instead. You won't feel confused or held back by color.
3. Have fun with it.
Play with patterns, stripes, or metallics on top (or on foot) for a pop of personality. And don't shy away from jewelry – a red ring paired with red jeans can tie the whole look together.
Our HUDSON Jeans Boutique opens Sunday, March 10, at 11AM ET.
By Brianna Lapolla, Staff Writer
Not a Member and like The (Style) Guide? You'll love Rue La La. Join now.


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Air Navy Fighters
by RORTOS
Download this app if: you want a fighter aircraft simulator.
Developer Notes
Advanced Mobile Aircraft Fighter Flight Simulator.
Air Navy Fighters, powered by RORTOS flight engine - F18 Carrier Landing, let you dive into a new flight dimension.
With your super detailed F/A-18 Super Hornet, F-14 Tomcat or C-2A Greyhound you will involved in ground attacks, navy landing...
Top Gun? — In Air Navy Fighters you soar as a fighter jet through various training exercises and more. Flight simulator games can be a lot of fun, and are often less frantic than other genres at Google Play.


text:
Trained as an architect, Henningsen is best known for a series of lighting fixtures that resulted from his fascination with the then-new technology of the electric lightbulb. In 1925, one of these fixtures won first prize for modern lighting at the Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts. The next year it was put into production by Louis Poulsen & Co. in Copenhagen, and it has been in continuous international demand ever since. Read more >
Be the first to know about DWR special offers, new product launches and Studio events.
Receive free monthly catalogs showcasing
the best in modern design.


text:
Topic Contents
- General Information About Childhood Craniopharyngioma
- Stages of Childhood Craniopharyngioma
- Recurrent Childhood Craniopharyngioma
- Treatment Option Overview
- Treatment Options for Childhood Craniopharyngioma
- To Learn More About Childhood Craniopharyngioma and Other Childhood Brain Tumors
- Changes to This Summary (02 / 01 / 2013)
- Get More Information From NCI
- About PDQ
Childhood Craniopharyngioma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Childhood Craniopharyngioma Treatment
General Information About Childhood Craniopharyngioma
Childhood craniopharyngiomas are benign brain tumors found near the pituitary gland.
Childhood craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors usually found near the pituitary gland (a pea-sized organ at the bottom of the brain that controls other glands) and the hypothalamus (a small cone-shaped organ connected to the pituitary gland by nerves).
Anatomy of the inside of the brain, showing the pineal and pituitary glands, optic nerve, ventricles (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), and other parts of the brain.
Craniopharyngiomas are usually part solid mass and part fluid -filled cyst. They are benign (not cancer) and do not spread to distant parts of the brain or to other parts of the body. However, they may grow and press on parts of the brain or other nearby areas, including the pituitary gland, the optic chiasm, optic nerves, and fluid-filled spaces in the brain. Many functions including hormone making, growth, vision, and normal working of the brain may be affected. Benign brain tumors need treatment.
This summary discusses the treatment of primary brain tumors (tumors that begin in the brain). Treatment for metastatic brain tumors, which are tumors formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain, is not discussed in this summary. See the PDQ treatment summary on Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview for information about the different types of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors.
Brain tumors can occur in both children and adults; however, treatment for children may be different than treatment for adults. (See the PDQ summary on Adult Brain Tumors for more information.)
There are no known risk factors for childhood craniopharyngioma.
Craniopharyngiomas are rare in children younger than 2 years of age and are most often diagnosed in children aged 5 to 14 years. It is not known what causes these tumors to form.
Possible signs of childhood craniopharyngioma include vision changes and slow growth.
These and other symptoms may be caused by craniopharyngiomas. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. Check with your child's doctor if you see any of the following problems in your child:
- Headaches including morning headache or headache that goes away after vomiting.
- Vision changes.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Loss of balance or trouble walking.
- Increase in thirst or urination.
- Increase in head size (in infants).
- Unusual sleepiness or change in energy level.
- Unusual changes in personality or behavior.
- Short stature, slow growth, or delayed puberty.
- Hearing loss.
Tests that examine the brain, vision, and hormone levels are used to detect (find) childhood craniopharyngiomas.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- Neurological exam: A series of questions and tests to check the brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks a person's mental status, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, senses, and reflexes work. This may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.
- Visual field exam: An exam to check a person's field of vision (the total area in which objects can be seen). This test measures both central vision (how much a person can see when looking straight ahead) and peripheral vision (how much a person can see in all other directions while staring straight ahead). Any loss of vision may be a sign of a tumor that has damaged or pressed on the parts of the brain that affect eyesight.
- Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it.
- Blood hormone studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain hormones released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. For example, the blood may be checked for unusual levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). TSH and ACTH are made by the pituitary gland in the brain.
- CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the brain, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help areas of the brain show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and spinal cord with gadolinium: A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the brain and spinal cord. A substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein. The gadolinium collects around the tumor cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Childhood craniopharyngiomas are diagnosed and may be removed in the same surgery.
Doctors may diagnose a craniopharyngioma based on where the tumor is in the brain and how it looks on a CT scan or MRI. Sometimes a biopsy is required to find out the type of tumor. The biopsy is done during surgery, and a tissue sample is removed, using one of the following procedures:
- An open biopsy (a hollow needle is inserted through a hole in the skull into the brain).
- A computer-guided needle biopsy (guided by a computer, a hollow needle is inserted through a small hole in the skull into the brain).
- A transsphenoidal biopsy (instruments are inserted into part of the brain by going through the nose and the sphenoid bone, a butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull).
A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for tumor cells. If tumor cells are found, the doctor may remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
- The size of the tumor.
- Where the tumor is in the brain.
- Whether the tumor is solid or a fluid-filled cyst.
- Whether there are tumor cells left after surgery.
- The child's age.
- Whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Stages of Childhood Craniopharyngioma
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the brain or to other parts of the body is called staging. There is no standard system for staging childhood craniopharyngioma. Craniopharyngioma is described as newly diagnosed disease or recurrent disease.
The results of the tests and procedures done to diagnose craniopharyngioma are used to help make decisions about treatment.
Recurrent Childhood Craniopharyngioma
Recurrent craniopharyngioma is a tumor that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The tumor may come back in the same area of the brain where it was first found.
Treatment Option Overview
There are different types of treatment for children with craniopharyngioma.
Different types of treatments are available for children with craniopharyngioma. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with tumors. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
Because tumors in children are rare, taking part in a clinical trial should be considered. Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site. Choosing the most appropriate treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and health care team.
Children with craniopharyngioma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children.
Treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating children with tumors. The pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric healthcare providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine. These may include the following specialists:
- Neurosurgeon.
- Radiation oncologist.
- Neurologist.
- Endocrinologist.
- Ophthalmologist.
- Rehabilitation specialist.
- Psychologist.
- Social worker.
- Nurse specialist.
Childhood brain tumors may cause symptoms that begin before diagnosis and continue for months or years.
Symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before diagnosis. These symptoms may continue for months or years. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment.
Some treatments for tumors cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended.
Side effects from tumor treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects. Late effects of tumor treatment may include the following:
- Physical problems such as vision problems and obesity.
- Changes in mood, feelings, thinking, learning, or memory.
- Second cancers (new types of cancer).
For example, serious late effects of radiation therapy for craniopharyngioma may include the following:
- Pituitary gland stops making hormones.
- Stroke or blood vessel problems.
- Blindness.
- Second cancer in the area that received radiation.
Some late effects may be treated or controlled. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about the effects tumor treatment can have on your child. (See the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for more information).
Five types of treatment are used:
The way the surgery is done depends on the size of the tumor and where it is in the brain. It also depends on whether the tumor has grown into nearby tissue in a finger-like way. The types of surgery include the following:
- Transsphenoidal surgery: A type of surgery in which the instruments are inserted into part of the brain by going through an incision (cut) made under the upper lip or at the bottom of the nose between the nostrils and then through the sphenoid bone (a butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull).
Transsphenoidal surgery. An endoscope and a curette are inserted through the nose and sphenoid sinus to remove cancer from the pituitary gland.
- Craniotomy: Surgery to remove the tumor through an opening made in the skull.
Craniotomy: An opening is made in the skull and a piece of the skull is removed to show part of the brain.
Sometimes all of the tumor that can be seen is removed in surgery and no further treatment is needed. At other times, it is more difficult to remove the tumor because it is growing into or pressing on nearby organs. Serious problems may occur if the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, optic nerves, or carotid artery are affected during surgery.
If there is tumor remaining after the surgery, radiation therapy is usually given to kill any tumor cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.
After surgery, follow-up testing with MRI will be done for several years to check if the tumor has come back. Also, if part of the pituitary gland is removed in surgery, several types of pituitary hormone replacement pills will be given for life.
Surgery with cyst drainage
Surgery may be done to drain tumors that are mostly cyst. This lowers pressure in the brain and relieves symptoms. A catheter (thin tube) is inserted into the cyst and a small container is placed under the skin. The fluid drains into the container and is later removed. Sometimes, after the cyst is drained, a drug that causes the inside wall of the cyst to scar is put through the catheter into the cyst. This is done to stop the cyst from making fluid or to increase the amount of the time it takes for the fluid to build up again. Surgery to remove the tumor may be done after the cyst is drained.
Limited surgery and radiation therapy
Limited surgery is used to treat some craniopharyngiomas. It is used to diagnose the tumor, remove fluid from a cyst, and relieve any pressure on the optic nerves. Limited surgery is followed by radiation therapy. This treatment option may have fewer serious side effects than surgery to remove tumor from the pituitary gland or hypothalamus.
Radiation therapy is a tumor treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill tumor cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the tumor. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the tumor. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of tumor being treated and whether it has spread.
Because radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and development in young children, ways of giving radiation therapy that have fewer side effects are being studied. These include:
- Stereotactic radiosurgery: For very small craniopharyngiomas at the base of the skull, stereotactic radiosurgery may be used. Stereotactic radiosurgery uses a head frame to aim radiation at the tumor only. This treatment is also called stereotaxic radiosurgery.
- Intracavitary radiation therapy: Intracavitary radiation therapy is a type of internal radiation therapy that may be used in tumors that are part solid mass and part fluid-filled cyst. Radioactive material is sent directly into the tumor, and causes less damage to the nearby hypothalamus and optic nerves.
- Intensity-modulated proton therapy: A type of radiation therapy that uses streams of protons (tiny particles with a positive charge) to kill tumor cells. A computer is used to target the exact shape and location of the tumor with proton therapy. This type of 3-dimensional radiation therapy may cause less damage to healthy tissue in the brain and other parts of the body. Proton radiation is different from x-ray radiation.
Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses anticancer drugs to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach tumor cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid or an organ, the drugs mainly affect tumor cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Intracavitary chemotherapy is a type of regional chemotherapy that places drugs directly into a cavity, such as a cyst. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of tumor being treated.
Biologic therapy
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient's immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy. For craniopharyngioma, the biologic therapy drug is placed directly inside the tumor using a catheter.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the medical research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way diseases will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood craniopharyngioma. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients who have not improved. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop a disease from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's clinical trials database.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the disease or decide how to treat it may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed. These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
Treatment Options for Childhood Craniopharyngioma
A link to a list of current clinical trials is included for this treatment section. Check with your doctor for clinical trials that are not listed here but may be right for you.
Newly Diagnosed Childhood Craniopharyngioma
Treatment of newly diagnosed childhood craniopharyngioma may include the following:
- Surgery.
- Cyst drainage followed by surgery.
- Limited surgery followed by external-beam radiation therapy.
- Stereotactic radiosurgery.
- Intensity-modulated proton therapy.
- Intracavitary radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy or biologic therapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood craniopharyngioma. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Recurrent Childhood Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngioma may recur (come back) no matter how it was treated the first time. Treatment options for recurrent childhood craniopharyngioma are based mainly on what type of treatment was given before and the needs of the individual child. Treatment options may include:
- Repeat surgery.
- External-beam radiation therapy.
- Stereotactic radiosurgery.
- Intracavitary radiation therapy.
- Intracavitary chemotherapy or biologic therapy .
- Cyst drainage with or without surgery.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood craniopharyngioma. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
To Learn More About Childhood Craniopharyngioma and Other Childhood Brain Tumors
For more information about childhood craniopharyngioma and other childhood brain tumors, see the following:
- What You Need to Know About™ Brain Tumors
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC)
For more childhood cancer information and other general cancer resources, see the following:
- What You Need to Know About™ Cancer
- Childhood Cancers
- CureSearch for Children's Cancer
- Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer
- Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer
- Young People with Cancer: A Handbook for Parents
- Care for Children and Adolescents with Cancer
- Understanding Cancer Series: Cancer
- Cancer Staging
- Coping with Cancer: Supportive and Palliative Care
- Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Cancer
- Cancer Library
- Information for Survivors/Caregivers/Advocates
Changes to This Summary (02 / 01 / 2013)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
Get More Information From NCI
Call 1-800-4-CANCER
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
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The NCI's LiveHelp® online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.
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For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:
|NCI Public Inquiries Office
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Search the NCI Web site
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.
There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.
Find Publications
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
About PDQ
PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's Web site.
PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at NCI's Web site. PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research.
PDQ contains cancer information summaries.
The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information.
Images in the PDQ summaries are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in the PDQ summaries, along with many other cancer-related images, are available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly.
Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") indicates the time of the most recent change.
PDQ also contains information on clinical trials.
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." In the United States, about two-thirds of children with cancer are treated in a clinical trial at some point in their illness.
Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are available online at NCI's Web site. Descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. For additional help in locating a childhood cancer clinical trial, call the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
The PDQ database contains listings of groups specializing in clinical trials.
The Children's Oncology Group (COG) is the major group that organizes clinical trials for childhood cancers in the United States. Information about contacting COG is available on the NCI Web site or from the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Last Revised: 2013-02-01
If you want to know more about cancer and how it is treated, or if you wish to know about clinical trials for your type of cancer, you can call the NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-422-6237, toll free. A trained information specialist can talk with you and answer your questions.
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Related Artists
Hall & Oates
Birth Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Years Active: 1969–present
Genres: Pop Rock, Blue-Eyed Soul
Years Active: 1969–present
Genres: Pop Rock, Blue-Eyed Soul
Daryl Hall and John Oates (often shortened to Hall & Oates) are an American pop music duo who achieved their greatest fame in the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s. Both sing and are multi-instrumentalists. They specialized in a fusion of rock and roll and rhythm and blues styles, which they dubbed "rock and soul." They are best known for their six #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100: "Rich Girl", "Kiss on My List", "Private Eyes", "I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)", "Maneater", and "Out of Touch", as well as many other songs which charted in the Top 40. They last reached the pop charts top 40 in 1990 and slowly faded from public view, though they did not formally break up. They have continued ... Continue Bio >>
Listen to Hall & OatesAll Albums >>
and similar artists - Play Now
and similar artists - Play Now
Latest Tracks:
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Events Calendar
School of Management Meeting: SPCE students, Albany
Opening undergraduate academic meeting for ALL School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPCE) Business Administration and Accounting Students.
Date: Friday, August 23rd, 2013
Time: 6:00 pm
Duration: 2 hours
Location: Kahl Campus Center 224 - Albany
Sponsored by: School of Management
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
AUGUST 23, 2013 at 6:00pm
• Pizza/refreshments and Networking
• Meet Faculty and new SPCE Dean, Albert Orbinati
• IACBE Accreditation Visit (September 9-10, 2013)
• Faculty & Student Expectations, Advisement, Honors Projects, Speakers & Events
• Course Selection--Using SageAdvisor and other online tools
• Meaning of Hybrid--enrolling in hybrid courses. The future of SPCE and online education
• Open discussion: How can Sage faculty and administrators make your experience a quality experience?
• Q & A wrap up


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PHOTOS: Twitter, Facebook and other social media photos of Trayvon Martin
Sanford, Florida -- Jailhouse calls show how the former neighborhood watch leader charged with killing Trayvon Martin instructed his wife to transfer money from bank accounts.
The calls released by prosecutors Monday could play a crucial role in George Zimmerman's second bond hearing next week.
LISTEN: George Zimmerman Jailhouse Calls
A judge revoked Zimmerman's bond on June 1st after it was discovered he misled the court about the $135,000 in funds raised through a legal defense fund Zimmerman set up online.
Zimmerman and his wife told the judge they were indigent, leading to a reduced bond.
We have previously seen excerpts of the six calls in which Zimmerman and his wife appear to be speaking in code about how to move the cash.
Zimmerman's defense attorney says the family made a mistake out of "fear, mistrust and confusion."
Shellie Zimmerman was arrested on perjury charges last week.
Originally there were supposed to be 151 jail calls released on Monday, but Zimmerman's defense attorney Mark O'Mara objected to the release of 145 calls that he says have nothing to do with Zimmerman's next bond hearing.
He wrote on a blog, "The majority of the phone calls are personal and irrelevant to the charges against Mr. Zimmerman." He also wrote, "The public release of these phone calls could jeopardize the privacy of friends and family of Mr. Zimmerman who are unrelated to the case."
O'Mara did not object to the release of the six calls.
Zimmerman is charged with second-degree murder. He is pleading not guilty, claiming self-defense.
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The Child Maleficent Black Gown Tween/Teen Deluxe Costume features the Sleeping Beauty witch who casts an evil spell on Princess Aurora at her birth. The outfit features her signature black dress with detachable brooch and headband with horns. This costume gives a sexy look to the Sleeping Beauty character. Representing true evil, Maleficent will let nothing stand in her way and will do whatever it takes to achieve all of her evil plans. Perhaps her most powerful ability is her ability to transform into a black dragon that breathes fire. Accessorize your costume by adding props such as the Maleficent staff and conjure up your own spells. Although you may not turn into a fire-breathing dragon, wearing our Child Maleficent Black Gown Tween/Teen Deluxe Costume will give an evil witch look.
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What is RM Cash
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
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Overall customer review score:
Return to MSR Base Layer Short Skins Product Page
Reviews by real power sport enthusiasts...your opinion counts to us and fellow riders! Make the best purchasing decision by getting the latest reviews.
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Comments On Sep 17, 2014:These are great shorts and amazing durability.
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Comments On Aug 29, 2013:I love these things. Won't ride without them.
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Comments On Aug 08, 2013:These were comfortable. Wicked away moister and got rid of the monkey butt on the long 275 mile off-road rides in a day. Have a pair for each day of riding.
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Comments On Aug 28, 2011:I like these shorts because they are simple and do what they are supposed to. The sizing on my pair was right on. They do not have any extras like bicycle padding, just a good moisture wicking material that keeps you comfortable while you ride. The bottom of the legs is a little looser than the other shorts I have which also adds to the comfort as most shorts I have tried are a little tight there.
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Comments On Jun 14, 2011:I wore a new pair of the MSR shorts for the first time this past weekend on a two-day dirt bike offroad event, for a total of 9 hours in the saddle. I did NOT have any lost skin due to abrasion (monkey butt).
These shorts worked out very well, much much better than other shorts that are more designed for bicycling that have the padding under the crotch.
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Comments On Mar 09, 2010:These are the only available replacement for the old blue MSR "Skins". They have no padding to get in the way. They are the best riding undershorts to keep monkey butt someone else's problem.
I recently tried the EVS undershorts similar to these. They were comfortable, but were cotton based, and only lasted four months before holes wore through the "cheek" area. I have purchased both the Moose XCR and Moose Sahara riding undershorts. They didn't fit nearly as well, and are falling apart after less than a year.
I still have a usable pair of 10 year old MSR "Skins" that are starting to looking ratty, but still work fine to keep my butt cheeks in good shape for the length of an enduro. I purchased a set of these around Christmas, and am highly satisfied. In fact, I think I'll order another set of these today.
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Comments On Dec 16, 2008:I run long 2-3 hour races and these are better than most. I have found that to reduce the dreaded monkey butt you have to keep the butt cheeks from wearing on each other...gross I know....the heavily padded ones do nothing for that and the padding is way too low, these are thinner and tighter fitting and will actually work up your butt and seperate those two butt cheeks (good).I am thinking of designing my own where its made to do just that but this a step in the right direction.
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Comments On Nov 17, 2008:Good base layer skins to wear instead of thermal underwear! Comfortable.
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May 6, 2016
DENISON, TX -- Friends and family have been morning the loss of a Denison woman who died after a car crashed into her home Thursday.
A visitation was held for 28-year-old Jennifer Comstock at Bratcher Funeral Home from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. Tuesday night. A memorial service will be held at 1:00 Wednesday afternoon at the home's chapel.
Denison Police say Comstock died after a car, driven by 57-year-old Richard Allen Taylor Jr., slammed into her home. Taylor has not been arrested. Police say they are still investigating what condition he was in at the time of the crash.
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this wiki
You Can Never Taillow is the 4th episode of the Advanced Generation series. It is the 280th episode of the Pokémon anime.
Ash, May and May's little brother Max are now en route to Rustboro City—and they're hungry! No one remembered to pack lunch. As they fight over one remaining cookie, Ash remembers how nice it was to have Brock cooking for him and Misty. He's quickly brought back to reality when a Taillow takes off with the cookie. The gang follows Taillow to a grove filled with apple trees. Ash and May eagerly shake the trees, hoping to make the apples drop to the ground. Instead of apples, Ash and May shake loose an angry flock of territorial Taillow. There's too many for Ash, Max, and May to handle alone. Out of nowhere, Brock appears and saves the day with his Forretress—and his incredible soup! They manage to defeat and feed all of the Taillow except the one who took the cookie. Taillow are naturally resilient, but this particular one is especially tough. Ash can't seem to defeat it, so instead he decides to catch it. Team Rocket bribes the Taillow with rice balls to capture Pikachu. After their plan fails because Brock fed the Taillow who lost interest in fighting, Team Rocket is still intending to capture Pikachu as he may be weak from hunger. Unfortunately for them, Pikachu ate Brock's Pokémon food already and Team Rocket is soon blasted off. With Brock and Taillow on tow, Ash and friends continue on to Rustboro City.
May, Max and Ash travel through Petalburg Forest to come to Rustboro City. While May wants lunch, Max wants to see new Pokémon. While they fight over what should they do, Ash advises to go to lunch, then see the Pokémon. However, they thought someone else had carried the lunch, so there is no lunch to be eaten. Pikachu opens his can, but sees that even he does not have lunch. Ash then makes a flashback to where Brock cooked food.
Nearby, Team Rocket plans to steal Ash's Pikachu, but Jessie and James are eating sandwiches for lunch. Max unpacks his cookie box, to where is only one cookie. However, a bird snatches it! It is revealed that it was a Taillow. Taillow eats the cookie, but Pikachu shows that there are apples growing on the trees! Pikachu uses electricity to get the apples, but more Taillow grab them - while also about to attack the gang. Pikachu uses Thunderbolt to attack the Taillow, but they recover quite fast. Team Rocket plans to take some of the Taillow to get Ash's Pikachu.
The Taillows fly to attack Pikachu, but a man brings his Forretress out and ordering it to attack with Explosion. With the smoke revealed, the man was Brock! Brock heals Pikachu's wound and tells that he came home, but everything was okay, so he went to find Ash and travel with him once more. Ash then introduces Brock to Max and May. May then asks Brock to cook, to which he agrees to do. Brock searches his backpack, to which he finds nothing - Taillow ate the sandwiches when Brock was going where Ash, May and Max were. Brock, however, offers to make some stew, to which everyone happily agrees with.
Team Rocket offers some food to the Taillow, but when the Taillow eat them, they ask for more, but Jessie offers them only if they capture Pikachu. Taillow comes to Pikachu and wants to fight him. Taillow and Pikachu fight on a river. As the Taillow flies to strike, Ash declares Pikachu to attack with Quick Attack, but Taillow dodges. Taillow grabs Pikachu by his tail and does not let it escape, even if Pikachu strikes it with electricity. Taillow drops Pikachu and Ash declares to attack with Thunder. After the water gets down (as the attack made the water go high in the sky), Brock advises Ash to capture Taillow instead of fighting it. Ash throws the Poké Ball and manages to capture the Taillow.
The Taillow comes out of the ball and calms down, befriending Ash. However, more Taillows come to Ash and others. The Taillow attempts to persuade the others, but Team Rocket appears, promising more sandwiches for Taillow. However, it is clarified that it were the Team Rocket who stole Brock's sandwiches. May brings her Torchic out, but the Torchic runs to Team Rocket and bashing itself onto a rock. May calls her Torchic back, and before the Taillow attack, the lunch is ready to eat. Taillow come to the lunch. Despite the failure, Team Rocket still intends to capture Pikachu as they think he may be weak from hunger, but unfortunately for them, Pikachu ate Brock's Pokémon food already and soon Team Rocket is blasted off. After everyone ate their lunch, Ash's Taillow says goodbye to others. Now, with Brock and Taillow in tow, Ash can continue his journey to the Hoenn League.
Pokémon Debuts
- "Guys, you are drooling on me." - Brock to May and Ash
- "Let's go head out to Rustboro City!
Great! But first, we'll do the dishes!" - Ash, May, Max and Brock
The Who's that Pokémon? of this episode is Misdreavus.
- May's gloves disappear when she calls out Torchic.
- May's left eye is colored pink in a scene where she's talking to Ash.


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49 U.S. Code § 41312 - Ending or suspending foreign air transportation
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(a) General.— An air carrier holding a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title to provide foreign air transportation—
(1) may end or suspend the transportation to a place under the certificate only when the carrier gives at least 90 days notice of its intention to end or suspend the transportation to the Secretary of Transportation, any community affected by that decision, and the State authority of the State in which a community is located; and
(2) if it is the only air carrier holding a certificate to provide non-stop or single-plane foreign air transportation between 2 places, may end or suspend the transportation between those places only when the carrier gives at least 60 days notice of its intention to end or suspend the transportation to the Secretary and each community directly affected by that decision.
Source(Added Pub. L. 103–429, § 6(51)(A),Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384; amended Pub. L. 104–287, § 5(72),Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|49 App.:1371(j)(1) (1st sentence), (2).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 401(j), 72 Stat. 756, as restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, § 19(a), 92 Stat. 1720.
|49 App.:1551(a)(1)(D).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 1601(a)(1)(D), as added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, § 40(a), 92 Stat. 1744.
|49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 1601(b)(1)(E), as added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, § 3(e), 98 Stat. 1704.
|49 App.:1371(j)(1) (last sentence).
|49 App.:1551(a)(1)(D), (b)(1)(E).
In the section, the text of 49 App.:1371(j) (related to interstate and overseas transportation of persons) is omitted because of 49 App.:1551(a)(1)(D). The text of 49 App.:1371(j) (related to other interstate and overseas air transportation and the domestic air transportation of mail) is omitted because a certificate of public convenience and necessity is no longer required. See H.R. Rept. 98–793, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 10 (1984). The text of 49 App.:1371(j) (related to essential air transportation) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1389, restated as subchapter II of chapter 417 of title 49.
In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for consistency in the revised title. The words "by that decision" are added for clarity.
In subsection (a)(1), the words "which it is providing" are omitted as surplus. The word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In subsection (a)(2), the words "between those places" are substituted for "being provided by such air carrier under such certificate" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), the words "by regulation or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "when the Secretary finds the suspension is in" are substituted for "as may be" for clarity and consistency.
Pub. L. 104–287
This amends 49:41312(a)(1) to conform to the style of title 49.
1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–287substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary".
Effective Date
Section effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 ofPub. L. 103–429, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 321 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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On August 15, 2012 the MSYSA Executive Board voted and approved the motion for Maryland Independent team fees to be paid in advance of registration.
Please note that this change will affect the approval of your rosters and passes.
Registrars will not be allowed to approve rosters or passes until fees have been paid into the state office.
For your convenience, we will accept credit card payments over the phone.
Additionally, on December 19, 2012, the MSYSA Executive Board voted and approved the motion that would require each Maryland Independent team to pay an administrative fee of $150. This fee is in addition to the MSYSA roster fee and is due along with team fees. This administrative fee becomes effective immediately and will be charged to every Maryland Independent Team that rosters after December 20, 2012.


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Shooting club
by OGUREC APPS
Developer Notes
Join the Shooting Club! Only now the AK-47 price cut for all recruits. Watch for updates, list of guns and locations will be extended (See also "Shooting club 2, 3").
Shooting Club — Train just like you would at a real shooting gallery. Start with pop up targets and progress to moving ducks. Recommend!


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Devil's Snare
this wiki
- Hermione: "Devil's Snare, Devil's Snare...what did Professor Sprout say? - it likes the dark and damp"
- Harry: "So light a fire!"
- Hermione: "Yes - of course - but there's no wood!"
- Ron: "HAVE YOU GONE MAD? ARE YOU A WITCH OR NOT?"
- Hermione: "Oh, right!"
- — Hermione, Harry, and Ron struggle with Devil's Snare[src]
Devil's Snare is a plant with the magical ability to constrict or strangle anything in its surrounding environment or something that happens to touch it. Struggling or resistance to Devil's Snare will cause the plant to exert a greater force of constriction.
Devil's Snare does not seem to be common, but certain herbologists have access to it. It is composed of a mass of soft, springy tendrils and vines that possess some sense of touch. This plant uses its creepers and tendrils to ensnare anyone who touches it, binding their arms and legs and eventually choking them. The harder a person struggles against Devil's Snare, the faster and more tightly it binds them; if they relax, it will not kill them as quickly. It seems when a victim relaxes, and the plant no longer senses struggle or tension, it will pull its victims under its knarled vines and drop the bodies to the ground underneath, possibly because it registers that the victim has perished. Devil's Snare prefers a dark, damp environment. It will stop its movement in the environment in front of bright light and will recoil away from the heat of fire, so a well-placed flame spell such as bluebell flames will drive it away from its victims. It resembles the plant flitterbloom.
- Hermione Granger: "Stop moving! I know what this is — it's Devil's Snare!"
- Ronald Weasley: "Oh, I'm so glad we know what it's called, that's a great help."
- Hermione Granger: "Shut up, I'm trying to remember how to kill it!"
- Harry Potter: "Well, hurry up, I can't breathe!"
- — Hermione Granger, Harry Potter, and Ronald Weasley struggle with Devil's Snare.[src]
In 1991, Professor Sprout placed a large Devil's Snare as the second defence of the Philosopher's Stone, just below the trapdoor guarded by Fluffy. In 1992, Harry Potter, Hermione Granger, and Ron Weasley were caught in the plant when they attempted to prevent the theft of the Philosopher's Stone.
In 1995, Broderick Bode, an Unspeakable working for the Ministry of Magic, was a comatose patient at St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries, after having been Impuriused into attempting to steal a prophecy from the Department of Mysteries. When Bode began to recover, a Death Eater sent a potted Devil's Snare to the hospital in the guise of a Christmas gift in order to silence him. Healer Miriam Strout apparently mistook the plant for a flitterbloom, and it asphyxiated Bode.
In 1998, during the Battle of Hogwarts, Professor Sprout used Devil's Snare against the attacking Death Eaters and giants. They were placed around the castle of Hogwarts by Pomona Sprout and Neville Longbottom.
Behind the scenes
- In the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Hermione and Harry were able to escape the Devil's Snare by simply remaining calm. When Ron began to panic, Hermione saved him by casting Lumos Solem.
- In the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire the Hedge Maze attacked the Champions during the third task of the Triwizard Tournament. Some roots attacked Cedric, it may be related to Devil's Snare. Eventually, it kept strangling Cedric, then Harry freed him from it.
- In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, Devil's Snare can be seen inside the Room of Requirement growing out of a glass case at the bottom of a column and growing toward the ceiling.
- In LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4, the first year Herbology students have a lesson on Devil's Snare. The plant gets out of control and captures Ron, as well as stealing Pomona Sprout's wand, requiring Harry and Hermione to destroy the plant with Lumos Solem.
- In the Xbox version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the Devil Snare actually looks like a giant Venomous Tentacula but coloured blue instead of green.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
- Harry Potter Trading Card Game
- Pottermore
- Harry Potter LEGO Sets
- Wonderbook: Book of Spells
|Professors: Herbert Beery · Pomona Sprout · Neville Longbottom
|Textbooks: Flesh-Eating Trees of the World · Goshawk's Guide to Herbology · Magical Water Plants of the Mediterranean · One Thousand Magical Herbs and Fungi · Winogrand's Wonderous Water Plants
|Hogwarts class: Herbology Award · Herbology Lesson Cup · Herbology Race Cup · Herbology Store
|Hogwarts greenhouses: One · Two · Three · Four · Five · Six · Seven · Professor's Office
|Herbologists: Herbert Beery · Miranda Goshawk · Elladora Ketteridge · Beaumont Marjoribanks · Nepali wizard · Phyllida Spore · Tilden Toots · Hadrian Whittle · Sir Winogrand · Selina Sapworthy
|Plants Studied: Bouncing Bulb · Bubotuber · Devil's Snare · Fire Seed Bush · Mandrake · Mimbulus Mimbletonia · Puffapod · Screechsnap · Self-fertilising shrub · Snargaluff · Spiky Bush · Spiky Prickly Plant · Umbrella Flower · Venomous Tentacula · Walking plant · Whomping Willow · Wild rice


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A Treasury of German Baroque Music
1 CD / MSR Classics / 2011-03-08Works: Johann Joachim Quantz: Trio sonata for recorder, flute & continuo in C major; Duet for 2 flutes no 2 in A minor, Op. 2/2; Dietrich Buxtehude: Prelude, Fugue and Chaconne for Organ in C major, BuxWV 1...
Performers: Tritle, Kent
Ensemble: Hanoverian Ensemble
The Hanoverian Ensemble is a group of distinguished musicians who specialize in historical performance on period instruments. This program alternates chamber works with works for...continue...
Recording information: Mary Anna Fox Martel Recital Hall, Vassar College, Poug (07/21/2009-07/23/2009)....continue...
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Milwaukee 2697-22
18 Volt Cordless 1/2" Hammer Drill and 1/4" Hex Compact Impact Driver Combo Kit
Item # BCI1544593 | Model # 2697-22 | M18 Collection
Questions about Milwaukee 2697-22?
Contact us for advice or more details. Our product specialists are here to help.
18 Volt Cordless 1/2" Hammer Drill and 1/4" Hex Compact Impact Driver Combo Kit
The 2697-22 M18 2-tool combo kit includes the 1/2" hammer drill driver (2602-20) and the 1/4" hex compact impact driver (2650-20). The M18 cordless system's patented technologies and electronics, innovative motor design, and superior ergonomics provide the most efficient blend of power, weight and performance in the industry. Powered by lithium-ion, the M18 cordless system delivers more torque, more power, and longer run-time than the competition.
- 18 Volts
- Includes 2 Batteries
- 1 Hour Charger
- 2 Pieces
- Contractors Bag
- Includes M18 2602-20 1/2" Hammer Drill Driver, M18 2650-20 1/4" Hex Compact Impact Driver, M18 XC High Capacity LITHIUM-ION Batteries, 1-Hour Charger, Contractor Bag
- 5 Year Warranty
Since its founding in 1924, Milwaukee has focused on a single vision: To produce the best heavy-duty electric power tools and accessories available to the professional user. Today, the Milwaukee name stands for the highest quality, durable and reliable professional tools money can buy.
Additional Milwaukee Links
This Milwaukee item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Milwaukee 2697-22
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the Milwaukee 2697-22 and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
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View unanswered posts | View active topics
Board index » Question and Answer » Sharpening Q&A
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Krav wrote:I wouldn't bother trying to correct him, I don't think any good will come from this. I guess it's all about your approach. I would asked questions, see how he answers, maybe he's got a good reason, that we are not aware of, for sharpening at 10 degrees. To each his own.
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Season 4 of Game of Thrones was formally commissioned by HBO on 2 April 2013, following a substantial increase in audience figures between the second and third seasons.[1] However, substantial pre-production work on the season had already taken place previously to this point, including the writing of at least six of the scripts (by March 2013)[2], and the booking of some of the filming dates[3]. The season will be produced in the second half of 2013 and air in the first half of 2014. David Benioff and D.B. Weiss are to return as showrunners, having signed a new two-year contract with HBO prior to the commissioning of the third season.
Season 4 will be based on the later part of A Storm of Swords, the third book in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R.R. Martin. Whilst the first two seasons were roughly based on the first two books in the series, the sheer length of the third novel in the series (half again the length of the first novel by word-count) made this impractical. It is unclear if the potential fourth season will feature events purely from the third book, or if events from the opening of the fourth and fifth novels (which run concurrently alongside one another and the very end of the third book) would also be featured. Martin wrote in a commentary on his blog that the most of fourth season will be drawn from the third book, but also some material may be added from the fourth and fifth book.[4]
It has been confirmed that the production will return to Dubrovnik (King's Landing) in Croatia,[5] while it is assumed that filming will also continue in Northern Ireland. Whether filming would also resume in Morocco (Slaver's Bay) and Iceland (Beyond the Wall) is not yet known.
All regular cast members whose characters survive the events of Season 3 are expected to return for the fourth season.
New additions
Casting for season 4 is underway, as confirmed by a leaked casting audition.[6] Roles expected to be cast include
- David Benioff: executive producer.
- D.B. Weiss: executive producer. Benioff and Weiss signed a two-year contract in 2012, indicating that they will stay with the show to at least the end of the fourth season.[7]
- George R.R. Martin: episode 2.[8]
- ↑ Winter is Coming
- ↑ Den of Geek
- ↑ Winter is Coming
- ↑ http://grrm.livejournal.com/318880.html?thread=17548704#t17548704 Not A Blog|Season Four!!!
- ↑ Winter is Coming
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Ace Showbiz
- ↑ http://grrm.livejournal.com/318880.html?thread=17543584#t17543584 Not A Blog|Season Four!!!


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The Battle of Cardassia was the final battle of the Dominion War, fought in late 2375. The allied forces of the United Federation of Planets, the Klingon Empire, and the Romulan Star Empire launched an invasion of the Dominion-held Cardassian Union, with the goal of capturing the Dominion's capital on Cardassia Prime. The battle would ultimately lead to the Dominion's unconditional surrender of all forces in the Alpha Quadrant.
The events of the battle must also be considered alongside concurrent events on Cardassia Prime in the final stages of the Cardassian Rebellion, led by Legate Damar. The sabotage committed by the Cardassian insurgents played an important role in disrupting Dominion communications and support behind the front lines, and ultimately led to the Cardassian ships in the battle switching sides. Before the battle was over, however, more than 800 million Cardassian civilians would be killed by Dominion genocide, leaving the once-proud capital planet in ruins. (DS9: "What You Leave Behind")
By late 2375, the Dominion's massive offensives into the Alpha Quadrant had stalled, leaving its forces embroiled in a war of attrition spread across multiple sectors that it could not win under the present circumstances. Reinforcements through the Bajoran wormhole had been blocked since the beginning of the war (c.f. Battle of Deep Space Nine), and the existing industrial infrastructure in Cardassian territory was insufficient to maintain the offensive for a prolonged period of time.
The Dominion's last hope for a quick victory was its alliance with the Breen Confederacy and their mysterious energy dampening weapon, against which the allies had no defense. Although the Breen's weapon had a major effect in its first uses, particularly at the second Battle of Chin'toka, the Dominion's chance at a quick offensive was lost by Legate Damar's rebellion, which caused massive disruptions behind the lines and forced the Dominion to devote considerable resources to quelling the uprising. By the time Damar's resistance cells were eradicated, the Federation and the Romulans had developed countermeasures after acquiring a stolen example of the weapon. (DS9: "Tacking Into the Wind")
Apparently becoming disillusioned with the war, the Female Changeling ordered Dominion forces to effect a complete withdrawal from all territories held inside the Federation and the Klingon and Romulan empires. It was hoped that by reverting to pre-war territories, the Dominion could convince the Federation and her allies to sue for peace, rather than commit to a bloody invasion that would cost millions of lives. With less territory to defend, the Dominion could repel any attack and build up its forces for a renewed invasion several years later.
This move could have signaled an end to the war — the withdrawal of all enemy forces from conquered territories was one of the major aims of the war for all allies. However, the Founder seriously miscalculated the allies' resolve to win the war at any cost. In addition, Captain Benjamin Sisko and Admiral William Ross recognized the threat of allowing the Dominion to remain in Cardassian space unchallenged. Therefore, the allies agreed to launch an invasion of Cardassia Prime itself, with the aim of decapitating the Dominion leadership and throwing its hierarchy into chaos. (DS9: "The Dogs of War")
The Battle
Phase One: Invasion
Launching their attack fleet from Deep Space 9, the allied fleet, more than 1,000 ships strong, made a beeline directly for Cardassia, crossing the five light-year distance in approximately one and a half days. The Female Changeling ordered as many ships as possible to meet them, perceiving the nearing endgame of the war.
On the allied side, Chancellor Martok prophetically spoke of the allied victory, having brought a barrel of bloodwine (vintage 2309 — the finest) in preparation of the celebration.
As the two enemy fleets made their final approach, the Female Changeling, the Vorta Weyoun, and Breen Thot Pran were inside Dominion Headquarters making final plans for the attack. Suddenly, nearly every Dominion installation on the surface of Cardassia lost power — the Cardassian rebellion, led by Legate Damar, had inspired the Cardassian populace to rise up and overthrow their Dominion occupiers. The Dominion was completely cut off from any support from the surface of Cardassia.
In space, the two fleets bore into each other with abandon, the battle degenerating into a melee of close-quarters combat between the highly maneuverable Starfleet and Breen ships and the less-maneuverable but heavier Dominion, Cardassian, Klingon, and Romulan ships. Although the Dominion's lines were spread relatively thinly in the center of their formation, the Jem'Hadar forces heavily hammered the Romulan lines, destroying the Romulan flagship IRW D'ridthau. Captain Sisko marshaled several attack wings to reinforce the Romulan lines, while Admiral Ross and Chancellor Martok's forces targeted the Dominion center.
On Cardassia, when the Dominion regained access to their communications, they launched hard and swift punishment for the Cardassians' betrayal of the alliance. The Female Changeling ordered Jem'Hadar forces in orbit to bombard Lakarian City, destroying it utterly and killing two million men, women, and children in a matter of seconds. Weyoun announced to the public that another Cardassian city would be destroyed for each further act of sabotage.
In space, the allied lines were in danger of crumbling under pressure from the Dominion's right and left flanks. Losing ships at an accelerating rate through the protracted battle, success was in jeopardy as the Dominion pressed their advantage.Starfleet and the Romulans were preparing to retreat when the impossible happened — the Cardassian fleet switched sides, turning on their erstwhile Dominion allies in response to the destruction of Lakarian City. Taking advantage of the sudden chaos amid the enemy forces, the allies rallied an attack on the Dominion's center, punching into the core of the defending fleet.
Furious, the Female Changeling ordered the Dominion and Breen forces to disengage and retreat to Cardassia Prime, proclaiming "there will be no more running." The defending forces withdrew from the battle, leaving the allies victorious.
Phase Two: Final Solution
The battle was not yet over, however. Captain Sisko convinced Chancellor Martok and Admiral Ross to press their advantage, despite having already lost an astounding 30% of their forces during the battle. Even with the Dominion's influence restricted to Cardassia Prime itself, its potential for rebuilding its forces would only prolong the inevitable. Recognizing this, the allies chose to press onwards.
On Cardassia, the Female Changeling, suffering from the final stages of the debilitating Founders' disease, seemed to grow completely frustrated with the Dominion's allies, ordered the Jem'Hadar to begin exterminating the entire Cardassian population. Rampaging across the planet, the Jem'Hadar summarily executed every civilian they came across and began destroying residences building by building.
Damar, along with Kira Nerys, Elim Garak, and a handful of Cardassian volunteers, mounted a daring assault against the Dominion headquarters compound, seeking to capture the Founder alive and force an end to hostilities. With so many of the Jem'Hadar guards sent to destroy the Cardassians, there were only a few left to guard the shapeshifter. Although Damar was tragically killed during the short but sharp fight, most of the remaining rebels fought their way to the headquarters' briefing room, capturing both the Female Changeling and Weyoun.
In orbit, the allies found a daunting sight, with thousands of Jem'Hadar and Breen warships, plus thousands of the Cardassian orbital weapon platforms last encountered at the first Battle of Chin'toka a year before. Unwilling to turn back, they prepared to launch a three-prong attack on the Dominion's defenses — an attack that was projected to cost up to 40% of their remaining forces, without even accounting for the following ground assault.
As the rebels on the surface tried to convince the Founder to surrender, her chilling plan became clear — by ordering the Jem'Hadar and the Breen to fight to the very last man, she sought to make the allies' victory so costly that it would be only pyrrhic. With such a great cost of victory, she hoped to ensure that the Alpha Quadrant powers would never again threaten the Dominion.
Before the final assault began, however, Odo, recently cured of the Founders' disease, volunteered to try to convince the Female Changeling to surrender to the allies. By Linking with her, Odo managed to cure her of the disease and persuade her to call for an end to the fighting. The battle — and the war — were suddenly over.
The instrument of surrender was signed at Deep Space 9 only days later. In it, the Dominion agreed to withdraw all of its forces to the Gamma Quadrant, and the Cardassian Union was occupied by the allies.
The result of the battle can be considered fortuitous, at the least. Had the Founder not chosen to surrender, the Jem'Hadar would have fought to the last man on Cardassia and on every other world in the Alpha Quadrant — requiring a mop-up operation that would probably have taken years, and required incredible resources that the allies may not have had the stamina to provide.
As it was, the battle was nothing short of devastating for Cardassia, decimating a huge portion of its surface and killing over 800 million civilians. Hundreds of allied warships were lost at the cost of tens of thousands of lives. It was only in avoiding the final assault on Cardassia itself that more bloodshed was avoided.
Revision ID missing! • Date missing! • Blurb


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The provincial government is increasing funding to Manitoba schools by $27.2 million, or 2.3 per cent, in the upcoming year, but school board members still aren't sure what this will mean for the Brandon School Division budget.
"It's still too early to tell," said school board chair Mark Sefton. "Generally, this is always good news because there's no school division in the province whose cost for supplies and utilities are going down, any increase is a step forward."
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