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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), United States
Source: Jeremy Brooks/Flickr
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act —commonly referred to as RCRA— is the United States' primary law governing the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Congress passed RCRA on October 21, 1976 to address the increasing problems the nation faced from our growing volume of municipal and industrial waste. RCRA, which amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, set national goals for:
- Protecting human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal
- Conserving energy and natural resources
- Reducing the amount of waste generated
- Ensuring that wastes are managed in an environmentally-sound manner
RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities and does not address abandoned or historical sites which are managed under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)—commonly known as Superfund.
Enacted in 1965 under Title II of the Clean Air Act of 1965, the Solid Waste Disposal Act focused on research, demonstrations, and training. It provided for sharing with the states the costs of making surveys of waste disposal practices and problems, and of developing waste management plans. The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 changed the whole tone of the legislation from efficiency of disposal to concern with the reclamation of energy and materials from solid waste. It authorized grants for demonstrating new resource recovery technology, and required annual reports from EPA on means of promoting recycling and reducing the generation of waste.
The federal government embarked on a more active, regulatory role, embodied in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. RCRA instituted the first federal permit program for hazardous waste management programs and prohibited open dumps. It encouraged source reduction and recycling, and promoted the safe disposal of municipal waste. The first RCRA regulations, "Hazardous Waste and Consolidated Permit Regulations," published in the Federal Register on May 19, 1980 (45 FR 33066; May 19, 1980), established the basiccradle to grave approach to hazardous waste management that exists today.
Under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the federal government attempted to prevent future cleanup problems by prohibiting land disposal of untreated hazardous wastes; setting liner and leachate collection requirements for land disposal facilities; setting deadlines for closure of facilities not meeting standards; and establishing a corrective action program to investigate and clean up releases of hazardous wastes. Some of the other mandates of this strict law include increased enforcement authority for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program.
RCRA has been amended on two occasions since HSWA. The Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992 strengthened enforcement of RCRA at Federal facilities. The Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996 provided regulatory flexibility for land disposal of certain wastes.
|Public Law Number
|Solid Waste Disposal Act
|P.L. 89-272, Title II
|Resource Recovery Act of 1970
|Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
|Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980
|Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments of 1980
|Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
|Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988
|Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992
|Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996
To achieve its goals, RCRA established three distinct, yet interrelated, programs:
- The solid waste program, under RCRA Subtitle D, encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste; sets criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities; and prohibits the open dumping of solid waste.
- The hazardous waste program, under RCRA Subtitle C, establishes a system for controlling hazardous waste from the time it is generated units its ultimate disposal – in effect, from "cradle to grave".
- The underground storage tank (UST) program, under RCRA Subtitle I, regulates underground storage tanks containing hazardous substances and petroleum products.
Subtitle C Hazardous Waste Requirements
Subtitle C of RCRA created a hazardous waste management program. (12For more information, see EPA's "Hazardous Waste: RCRA Subtitle C" website.) A waste is considered "hazardous" if it is a solid waste that is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic, or appears on a list of about 100 industrial process waste streams and more than 500 discarded commercial products and chemicals. Some wastes are specifically excluded, however, including irrigation return flows, industrial point source discharges (regulated under the Clean Water Act), and nuclear material covered by the Atomic Energy Act.
Under RCRA, hazardous waste generators must comply with regulations concerning record keeping and reporting, waste accumulation time limits, and storage requirements.(Hazardous waste generators are regulated in accordance with the amount of waste they generate each month. The EPA regulations specify three hazardous waste generator categories: large quantity generators [LQG, generators of more the 1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste per month], small quantity generators [SQG, generators of between 100 and 1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste per month], and conditionally exempt small quantity generators [CESQGs, generators of less than 100 kilograms of hazardous waste per month]. For more information about the requirements applicable to each generator category, see EPA's "Hazardous Waste Generators" website) RCRA regulations also require hazardous waste generators; transporters; and treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) to use a manifest system to track waste from its point of origin to its ultimate point of treatment or disposal (i.e., "cradle to grave").
Transporters of hazardous waste must also meet certain standards. These regulations were coordinated by EPA with existing regulations of the Department of Transportation.
Hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) are required to have permits, to comply with operating standards specified in that permit, to meet financial requirements in case of accidents, and to close their facilities in accordance with EPA regulations. The 1984 amendments imposed a number of new requirements on TSDFs with the intent of minimizing land disposal. Bulk or noncontainerized hazardous liquid wastes are prohibited from disposal in any landfill, and severe restrictions are placed on the disposal of containerized hazardous liquids, as well as on the disposal of nonhazardous liquids in hazardous waste landfills. The land disposal of specified highly hazardous wastes was phased out over the period from 1986 to 1990. EPA was directed to review all wastes that it has defined as hazardous and to make a determination as to the appropriateness of land disposal for them. Minimum technological standards were set for new landfills and surface impoundments requiring, in general, double liners, a leachate collection system, and groundwater monitoring.
States are encouraged and financially assisted to assume EPA's hazardous waste program, which went into effect November 19, 1980. All 50 states and territories have been granted authority to implement the base RCRA program. State RCRA programs must be at least as stringent as the federal program.
As EPA develops new regulations, a state's program must be reviewed to determine whether the state has authority to enforce comparable requirements. (If the new EPA standard is less stringent than a state's existing standard, the state may choose not to adopt it.) As a result, many states are also authorized to implement individual RCRA program elements that EPA promulgated after 1984 (e.g., Corrective Action, Landfill Disposal Restrictions, and Recycled Used Oil Management Standards). For information on the status of individual state programs and authorities, see EPA's "RCRA State Authorization" page.
Subtitle D Solid Waste Requirements
Subtitle D of RCRA establishes state and local governments as the primary planning, regulating, and implementing entities for the management of non-hazardous solid waste, such as household garbage and non-hazardous industrial solid waste. (See EPA's "Hazardous Waste: RCRA Subtitle D" website.) A significant solid waste provision in RCRA is the prohibition of open dumps. This prohibition is implemented by the states, using EPA criteria to determine which facilities qualify as sanitary landfills and may remain open. EPA's criteria were originally promulgated in 1979; open dumps were to close or be upgraded by September 13, 1984.
In the 1984 amendments to RCRA, EPA was required to revise the sanitary landfill criteria for facilities that receive hazardous waste from small businesses (i.e., conditionally exempt small quantity generators (CESQG)) or households. Using this authority, the agency promulgated revised regulations applicable to municipal solid waste landfills in October 1991, with an effective date of October 9, 1993, for most provisions. In general, the new criteria require liners, leachate collection, groundwater monitoring, and corrective action at municipal landfills. Other solid waste provisions authorized in RCRA include financial and technical assistance for states and local governments (most such assistance ended in FY1981 due to overall budget cutbacks); research, development, and demonstration authority (most of which also fell victim to budget cutbacks); and a procurement program, the goal of which is to stimulate markets for recycled products by requiring federal departments and agencies to "buy recycled." While EPA is the lead agency under RCRA, the Department of Commerce is given several responsibilities for encouraging greater commercialization of resource recovery technology. The department has not played an active role, however.
Underground Storage Tanks
To address a nationwide problem of leaking underground storage tanks (USTs), Congress established a leak prevention, detection, and cleanup program through the 1984 RCRA amendments and the 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA).
The 1984 RCRA amendments created a federal program to regulate USTs containing petroleum and hazardous chemicals to limit corrosion and structural defects, and thus minimize future tank leaks. The law directed EPA to set operating requirements and technical standards for tank design and installation, leak detection, spill and overfill control, corrective action, and tank closure. The UST program (RCRA Subtitle I) is administered primarily by states. It requires registration of most underground tanks, bans the installation of unprotected tanks, sets federal technical standards for all tanks, coordinates federal and state regulatory efforts, and provides for federal inspection and enforcement.
In 1986, Congress created a petroleum UST response program by amending Subtitle I of RCRA through SARA (P.L. 99-499). Prior to SARA, EPA lacked explicit authority to clean up contamination from leaking underground petroleum tanks as Congress had specifically excluded petroleum products (although not petrochemicals) from the Superfund law. The 1986 provisions authorized the federal government to respond to petroleum spills and leaks, and created a Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund to fund cleanup of leaks from petroleum USTs in cases where the UST owner or operator does not clean up a site. The LUST Trust Fund provides money for EPA to administer the program and for states to oversee cleanups, take enforcement actions, and undertake cleanups themselves when necessary. The money in the fund is derived primarily from a 0.1 cent-per-gallon federal tax on motor fuels and several other petroleum products.
The 1986 amendments also directed EPA to establish financial responsibility requirements for UST owners and operators to cover costs of taking corrective action and to compensate third parties for injury and property damage caused by leaking tanks. The law required EPA to issue regulations requiring tank owners and operators selling petroleum products to demonstrate minimum financial responsibility. The regulations require insurance coverage of $1 million, or alternatively, owners and operators may rely on state assurance funds to demonstrate financial responsibility.
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) included in Title XV, Subtitle B, The Underground Storage Tank Compliance Act (USTCA). This act amended Subtitle I of the Solid Waste Disposal Act to add new leak prevention and enforcement provisions to the UST regulatory program and impose new requirements on states, EPA, and tank owners. The USTCA requires EPA, and states that receive funding under Subtitle I, to conduct compliance inspections of all USTs at least once every three years. It also requires states to comply with EPA guidance prohibiting fuel delivery to ineligible tanks; develop training requirements for UST operators and individuals responsible for tank maintenance and spill response; prepare compliance reports on government-owned tanks in the state; and implement groundwater protection measures for UST manufacturers and installers. The act also directed EPA to develop and implement a strategy to address UST releases on tribal lands.
The USTCA authorized the appropriation of $155 million annually for FY2006 through FY2011 from the LUST Trust Fund for states to use to implement the new UST leak prevention requirements and to administer state programs. Congress also authorized trust fund appropriations Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by EPA of $200 million annually for FY2006 through FY2011, for EPA and states to administer the LUST corrective action program, and another $200 million annually for FY2006 through FY2011, specifically for addressing releases involving methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenated fuels (e.g., ethanol).
RCRA contains stringent enforcement provisions. Criminal violations of Subtitle C (hazardous waste) requirements are punishable by fines of as much as $50,000 for each day of violation and/or imprisonment for as long as five years; knowingly endangering human life brings fines of as much as $250,000 ($1 million for a company or organization) and as long as 15 years imprisonment.
In cases not involving criminal conduct, the act authorizes civil and administrative penalties of as much as $25,000 per day of violation. EPA is authorized both to issue administrative compliance orders and to seek injunctive relief through the courts. Similar civil and administrative penalties (but not criminal penalties) apply to violations of the underground storage tank requirements in Subtitle I. Failure to close or upgrade open dumps can also be enforced by EPA in limited circumstances.
Like most environmental programs, RCRA in practice is largely enforced by state agencies exercising state authority equivalent to the federal. EPA retains the power to undertake enforcement in such "authorized" states, however: the act requires only that the Administrator give notice to the state in which a violation has occurred prior to issuing an order or commencing a civil action.
RCRA also provides for citizen suits both against persons and entities alleged to have violated standards or permit requirements and against EPA in cases where the Administrator has failed to perform an action that is nondiscretionary under the act.
Amendments to RCRA
RCRA has been amended several times. Some of those amendments were noncontroversial additions clarifying portions of the law, correcting clerical errors in the text, or encouraging the recycling of certain solid wastes. The most significant sets of amendments occurred in 1980, 1984, and 1992.
1980 Amendments
The Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments of 1980 amended RCRA in several ways. It was intended, in part, to provide EPA with stronger enforcement authority to address illegal dumping of hazardous waste. It also authorized funds to conduct an inventory of hazardous waste sites and extended RCRA authorizations for appropriations through FY1982. Amending language contained in Superfund, P.L. 96-510, established an Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste and Emergency Response at EPA.
The 1980 amendments also included provisions that excluded the following large-volume wastes from the definition of hazardous waste under Subtitle C of RCRA, referred to as "special wastes": Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by EPA
- waste generated primarily from the combustion of coal or other fossil fuels;
- solid waste from the extraction, beneficiation, and processing of ores and minerals, including phosphate rock and overburden from the mining of uranium ore;
- cement kiln dust; and
- wastes generated during the exploration, development, and production of crude oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy.
At the time of the exclusion, these special wastes were believed to possess less risks to human health and the environment than the wastes being identified for regulation as hazardous waste.
The amendments specified that the hazardous waste exclusion would be held pending completion of a study and report to Congress by EPA for each waste category. The subsequent regulatory timeline and the determination of the appropriate waste management method for each category of special waste has been a complex and varied process. (For information on the regulatory status of each category of waste, see EPA's Special Wastes website.) To date, special wastes largely have been regulated at the state level. However, a large spill of coal combustion wastes in December 2008 from a Tennessee Valley Authority facility in Kingston, Tennessee, has heightened interest in the extent to which this category of waste should be regulated under RCRA. ( For information on the status of regulatory proposals and related developments, see EPA's Coal Combustion Residuals website) In addition to the possibility of other spills, there has been ongoing concern about the hazards associated with the potential leaching of contaminants from coal combustion waste disposal facilities into the environment over time. Whether uniform regulation at the federal level is necessary to prevent future spills or the potential for environmental contamination has been an issue. (For a discussion of these and other related issues, see CRS Report R41341, Regulating Coal Combustion Waste Disposal: Issues for Congress, by Linda Luther.)
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
The most significant set of amendments to RCRA was the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA), a complex law with many detailed technical requirements. In addition to restrictions on land disposal, and the inclusion of small quantity generators (SQGs) in the hazardous waste regulatory scheme that was summarized above, HSWA created the new regulatory program for underground storage tanks (see the above "Underground Storage Tanks" section of this report.) The amendments directed EPA to issue regulations governing those who produce, distribute, and use fuels produced from hazardous waste, including used oil. Under HSWA, hazardous waste facilities owned or operated by federal, state, or local government agencies must be inspected annually, and privately owned facilities must be inspected at least every two years. Each federal agency was required to submit to EPA an inventory of hazardous waste facilities it ever owned.
The 1984 law also imposed on EPA a timetable for issuing or denying permits for TSDFs; required permits to be for fixed terms not exceeding 10 years; terminated in 1985 the "interim status" of land disposal facilities that existed prior to RCRA's enactment, unless they met certain requirements; required permit applications to be accompanied by information regarding the potential for public exposure to hazardous substances in connection with the facility; and authorized EPA to issue experimental permits for facilities demonstrating new technologies. EPA's enforcement powers were increased, the list of prohibited actions constituting crimes was expanded, penalties were increased, and the citizen suit provisions were expanded. Other provisions prohibited the export of hazardous waste unless the government of the receiving country formally consented to accept it; created an ombudsman's office in EPA to deal with RCRA-associated complaints, grievances, and requests for information; and reauthorized RCRA through FY1988 at a level of about $250 million per year.
HSWA also specified that owners or operators of TSDFs are responsible for investigating and, as necessary, cleaning up releases at or from their facilities, regardless of when the releases occurred. EPA refers to this cleanup of TSDFs under these statutory authorities as RCRA Corrective Action.
Finally, HSWA called for a National Ground Water Commission to assess and report to Congress in two years on groundwater issues and contamination from hazardous wastes. The commission was never funded and never established, however.
Federal Facility Compliance Act
The third major set of amendments was the Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992. This act resolves the legal question of whether federal facilities are subject to enforcement actions under RCRA, by unequivocally waiving the government's sovereign immunity from prosecution. As a result, states, EPA, and the Department of Justice can enforce the provisions of RCRA against federal facilities, and federal departments and agencies can be subjected to injunctions, administrative orders, and/or penalties for noncompliance. Furthermore, federal employees may be subject to criminal sanctions, including both fines and imprisonment under any federal or state solid or hazardous waste law. The act also contains special provisions applicable to mixtures of radioactive and hazardous waste at Department of Energy facilities and to munitions, military ships, and military sewage treatment facilities handling hazardous wastes.
1996 Amendments
The 104th Congress passed an additional set of amendments to RCRA, the Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act (P.L. 104-119). This act exempts hazardous waste from RCRA regulation if it is treated to a point where it no longer exhibits the characteristic that made it hazardous, and is subsequently disposed in a facility regulated under the Clean Water Act or in a Class I deep injection well regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. A second provision of the bill exempted small landfills located in arid or remote areas from groundwater monitoring requirements, provided there is no evidence of groundwater contamination.
Additional Selected Laws Affecting Solid Waste Management
Although not technically amending RCRA, Congress has enacted various solid/hazardous wasterelated measures, which are briefly summarized below.
Sanitary Food Transportation Act
The Sanitary Food Transportation Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-500) required the regulation of trucks and rail cars that haul both food and solid waste (a problem commonly referred to as "backhauling of garbage"). The act directed the Departments of Agriculture, Health and Human Services, and Transportation to promulgate regulations specifying (1) record keeping and identification requirements; (2) decontamination procedures for refrigerated trucks and rail cars; and (3) materials for construction of tank trucks, cargo tanks, and ancillary equipment.
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-549) contained a provision mandating stronger federal standards for solid waste incinerators. The law requires EPA to issue new source performance standards to control air emissions from municipal, hospital, and other commercial and industrial incinerators. New facilities must comply with the EPA rules within six months of the time they are issued, and existing units must comply within five years of issuance.
Pollution Prevention Act
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (Sections 6601-6610 of P.L. 101-508) was passed as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. The measure declared pollution prevention to be the national policy, and directed EPA to undertake a series of activities aimed at preventing the generation of pollutants, rather than controlling pollutants after they are created. Matching grants were authorized for states to establish technical assistance programs for businesses, and EPA was directed to establish a Source Reduction Clearinghouse to disseminate information. The act also imposed new reporting requirements on industry. Firms that were required to file an annual toxic chemical release form under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 must also file a report detailing their source reduction and recycling efforts over the previous year. A more complete description of the act, which addresses air and water pollution as well as waste, is provided in the first section of this report.
Indian Lands Open Dump Cleanup Act
The Indian Lands Open Dump Cleanup Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-399) required the Indian Health Service (IHS) to provide technical and financial support to inventory and close open dumps on Indian lands, and to maintain the sites after closure. According to IHS, only two of more than 600 waste dumps on Indian lands met current EPA regulations prior to the law's enactment.
Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act
The 104th Congress passed legislation (P.L. 104-142) exempting battery collection and recycling programs from certain hazardous waste management requirements, prohibiting the use of mercury in batteries, and requiring labels on batteries to encourage proper disposal and recycling. By exempting battery collection and management programs from some parts of RCRA, the law was expected to stimulate new recycling programs.
Note: Significant potions of this article were extracted from from the Congressional Research Service Report RL30798, Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency by David M. Bearden, Claudia Copeland, Linda Luther, James E. McCarthy, Linda-Jo Schierow, and Mary Tiemann (October 8, 2010).
Further Reading
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: Legislative History, U.S. Department of Energy.
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: Link to Full Text, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Environmental Protection Agency. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Environmental Protection Agency should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


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Mykonos Museums: yet another reason to visit the famed Mykonos Island
…"I belong to a small country. A rocky promontory in the Mediterranean, it has nothing to distinguish it but the efforts of its people, the sea, and the light of the sun. It is a small country, but its tradition is immense and has been handed down through the centuries without interruption". Excerpt from the speech given by Nobel Prize in Literature winner Giorgos Seferis at the City Hall in Stockholm, Sweden, December 10, 1963.

subset: commoncrawl


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WOODBRIDGE, Va. (WUSA9) -- Police say a man was charged after he was accused of robbing an acquaintance in Woodbridge last week.
Last Thursday night, a woman reported that she and Darius Lamont Washington were walking in the 14900 block of Jefferson Davis Hwy when they started arguing over property she was carrying. She told them Washington displayed knife and began slashing towards her, according to police. The woman ran across the street but Washington caught up and assaulted her before taking her purse and fleeing the area, say police.
Police found Washington a short time later. He is now charged with robbery and attempted malicious wounding, according to police.


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It's the final countdown on this episode of GTTV. Five terrific games compete for the ultimate honor at this year's VGAs. We've collected a panel of industry insiders to deliver expert insights on each of the games in the running. From Modern Warfare 2 to Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, all the best titles of 2009 delivered inventive action and jaw-dropping visuals. Find out which one our insiders think has the competitive edge. Plus, you won't want to miss the debut teaser for Transformers: War for Cybertron.
Aired: 12/11/2009
In this special episode of GTTV we take an in-depth look at some of the hottest games nominated for the Spike VGAs! Want to brush up on the best titles of 2009 before you watch the awards handed out? Our panel of game industry experts debate the finer points of all the nominees, from the best action-adventure games, to the best RPGs, shooters and more! Plus, Amanda dukes it out with some tough guys from the UFC. The VGAs are just around the corner. Join us as we relive an epic year in gaming.
Aired: 12/4/2009
This week GTTV goes to BioWare headquarters to bring you tons of news and footage for one of the most anticipated games of 2010, Mass Effect 2! Meet the Illusive Man for the first time, discover a brand new squad mate, and get new details on a never-before-seen class you won't see anywhere else. Plus, a brand new trailer for Dante's Inferno, a world exclusive preview of Alan Wake, the first gameplay trailer for Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight, and our review of Modern Warfare 2.
Aired: 11/13/2009
In this episode of GTTV, we 1-up the competition with a series of exclusive interviews no one can compete with! We talk to Reggie Fils-Aime about the future of Nintendo and he shares a few formidable predictions that'll have the internet buzzing! Also, we interview game design legend Shigeru Miyamoto about all the upcoming Nintendo titles, debut a never-before-seen trailer for one of Nintendo's hottest holiday titles and showcase New Super Mario Bros. Wii footage! All that, plus a brand new high-flying Skate 3 trailer.
Aired: 11/6/2009
GTTV goes straight to the source of Adam to bring you the latest behind-the-scenes details and exclusive footage for BioShock 2. In this episode, we've got all the hot info about Rapture's new antagonist, a brand new, never-before-seen enemy and exclusive multiplayer footage and details you won't see anywhere else. All that, plus the premiere trailer for Matt Hazard: Blood Bath and Beyond, an interview and exclusive gameplay of Army of Two: The 40th Day, and more!
Aired: 10/23/2009
In this euphoric episode Rockstar takes us past the velvet rope to unveil never-before-seen footage and information behind their next chapter in the Grand Theft Auto IV saga - The Ballad of Gay Tony! In addition to new gameplay, we get the details behind new characters, minigames, and more! Plus, Amanda goes ATV racing in Las Vegas for MX vs. ATV Reflex, in which we feature the first-ever multiplayer footage. Also, Daniel Kayser relays GameTrailers' review score for Tim Schafer's Brutal Legend.
Aired: 10/16/2009
In this epic episode of GTTV, we bring you brand new intelligence behind one of the biggest games of the year - Modern Warfare 2. From exclusive behind-the-scenes interviews with Infinity Ward about the multiplayer and singleplayer to our world debut of the first-ever footage of Special Ops in action, this episode reveals hints to why Modern Warfare 2 brings the war to the home front. Plus, Amanda MacKay goes to the premiere independent game showcase - Indiecade, and we bring you GameTrailers' review for the highly anticipated Uncharted 2: Among Thieves.
Aired: 10/9/2009
In this episode GTTV gets new details behind two of the year's biggest titles - Modern Warfare 2 and Ratchet & Clank Future. We're on-location at Insomniac talking to the developers about their upcoming sequel, plus Geoff crashes the first ever hands-on event for the entertainment powerhouse, Modern Warfare 2 and talks to the CEO of Infinity Ward. Plus, new gameplay for both Dead Rising 2 and Heavy Rain.
Aired: 09/25/2009
In this episode GTTV goes straight to the famed game maker LucasArts to check out a slew of exclusives! From a brand new game announcement to revealing new content for Star Wars: The Force Unleashed and Lego Indiana Jones 2, this episode of GTTV is strong with the force. Also, Amanda MacKay goes behind the scenes of the revered Halo 3: ODST short film and Daniel Kayser travels up to Seattle for the Penny Arcade Expo and gets an audience with Gabe and Tycho.
Aired: 09/11/2009
This week GTTV drops straight into Bungie HQ to get the latest intel behind one of the year's most anticipated games, Halo 3: ODST. We reveal new levels and showcase the multiplayer mode: Fire Fight. In addition, we also debut BioShock 2's multiplayer and reveal an exclusive cut scene from Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time.
Aired: 09/4/2009
This week's GTTV is all about zombie action! We're on-location at Valve to talk to Gabe Newell and company about their upcoming co-op undead opus, Left 4 Dead 2! In addition, we nab exclusive footage behind the original Left 4 Dead's upcoming DLC, Crash Course, and chat about the future of Valve!
Aired: 08/14/2009
In this heroic episode, GTTV ventures into the pulp culture cloister - San Diego Comic-Con 2009! We talk to Robert Downey Jr. and Scarlett Johansson about the Iron Man 2 movie and video game, and also chat with the geek goddess Felicia Day as she gives us a sneak peek at her upcoming World of WarCraft themed music video. We also force push our way over to Mark Hamill as he elaborates on his involvement in Darksiders and his interpretation of The Joker in Batman: Arkham Asylum. But that's not all! Cliff Bleszinski clues us in on the possible name for the Gears of War movie, Kristen Bell reveals her role in Astro Boy: The Video Game, and we preview a never-before-seen level in Wolfenstein.
Aired: 08/7/2009
In this head-banging episode of GTTV, we go on-location to Double Fine Productions to rock out with Tim Schafer and reveal new footage and details about his wicked shock-rock masterpiece: Brutal Legend. Also, we debut the animated trailer for Halo Legends, Amanda MacKay talks to Kane from Command & Conquer fame to showcase the new cinema trailer for Command & Conquer 4 and Daniel Kayser goes one-on-one with Dwight Howard to unveil the new NBA Live 10 trailer!
Aired: 07/24/2009
In this adventurous episode of GTTV, we're on-location at Naughty Dog HQ bringing you exclusive details behind one of the most anticipated games of the year, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves. Along with never-before-seen footage and character information, we also deliver a brand new multiplayer map - Train Wreck! That's not all, we interview the beautiful Eliza Dushku about her role in WET and the team from BioWare walks us through new Mass Effect 2 combat details. This is one GTTV you'll definitely want to spelunk!
Aired: 07/10/2009
In this episode of GTTV, we go to hell and back to bring you new details behind the upcoming action game: Dante's Inferno. In addition to that, we also debut an excerpt from the Wolfenstein animated comic and Amanda visits a video game burlesque show.
Aired: 07/3/2009
GTTV goes behind closed doors at the year's biggest video game convention to chat with the men behind the biggest three entities in gaming - Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft!
Aired: 06/5/2009


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STARmeterTop 5000
Down 52 this week
Elisabeth Shue
Elisabeth Shue was born in Wilmington, Delaware, to Anne Brewster (Wells), who worked for the Chemical Banking Corporation, and James William Shue, a lawyer and real estate developer. She is of German and English ancestry, including descent from Mayflower passengers. Shue's parents divorced while she was in the fourth grade. Owing to the ... See full bio »
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Log in
How clear is your crystal ball? When we set forth plans of any stripe – strategic, budget, project, etc. – we are saying that this is how we plan for the organization to operate within a given timeframe. In other words, we're predicting the future.
For the vast majority of us, our past teaches us that we cannot predict the future. We'll get close, but things happen outside of our control that throw curveballs, plant bumps in the road, and knock us off-kilter.
The lesson is clear: we need to plan for things NOT to go as planned. We need to have back-up. So, how many of your organizations:
Building and maintaining an operational reserve means that your organization faces the fact that "stuff happens." It demonstrates your ability to stay disciplined over the long-term, and it is one of the hallmarks of a sustainable organization. Further, it provides the financial capacity to resist the urge to cling to the familiar and adapt to changing times. It gives you choices!
Operational reserve can also apply to staff time and energy. According to BoardSource's most recent Governance Index, 22% of nonprofits cut staff and 23% froze or reduced salaries in 2012. While these numbers are lower than the 2010 report, we often find that these cuts are NOT accompanied by commensurate changes in programs and services. In other words, staff must to do more with less.
This trend finds support in two other recent studies. Nonprofit Marketing Guide's 2014 Trends survey reports that 57% of communicators say they are asked to do more than is possible within the given time. Further, CompassPoint's 2013 "Underdeveloped" survey reports that the average length of vacancy after a development director leaves is six months. For organizations with operating budgets of $1 million or less, the average jumps to 12 months.
Cultivating a long-term approach to financial reserves AND staff time/energy reserves is critical to success. It develops a strong organizational core that withstands annual ups and downs and develops overall quality and quantity.
This is an area that we can assist one another. What have you done to successfully build your reserves? Leave a comment or send me an email (email@example.com).
P.S. I posted a recent article on our LinkedIn group that has attracted some conversation. Check it out.
Posted by Thom Andrews at 02/10/2014 10:58:14 AM |


text: Richard Copeland, owner and chairman of THOR Construction, Inc., based in Minneapolis, has been named the Minnesota Entrepreneurial Success of the Year by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The Entrepreneurial Success Award is selected from individuals who own and operate or who bear principal responsibility for operating a business. Nominees for this award must own or operate a business that initially was defined as "small" under the applicable SBA size standards, developed into a large business, and must have received SBA assistance to help the business grow. Jan Jordet, director of consulting and financing services at the Metropolitan Economic Development Association (MEDA), nominated Richard for this award. Richard is the founder and chairman of THOR Construction, founded in 1980. Continue Reading →


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gURL.com is a leading online community and content site for teenage girls. It contains stories, games and interactive content produced with an independent editorial voice. gURL is a different approach to the experience of being a teenage girl.
They are committed to discussing issues that affect the lives of girls age 13 and up in a nonjudgmental, personal way. Through honest writing, visuals and liberal use of humor, they try to give girls a new way of looking at subjects that are crucial to their lives. gURL hopes to provide connection and identification in a way that is not possible in other media. Their content deals frankly with sexuality, emotions, body image, etc.
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text: Freak everyone out this Halloween with a terrifying mask of a monster of the likes you've never seen. The Fangs Monster Full Mask is a gray wrinkly bald mask that is designed with yellow lifeless eyes with sunken pink bags underneath them, and a sagging open mouth that is designed with awkward and jagged fangs around them. This mask can be paired with any outfit it'll instantly become a gory classic.


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Skamania Silhouettes - Michael Travinski
Want some tips on how to play our golf course? Look no further than Silhouette Michael Travinski! Mike has been part of our Golf Staff for the past year with five years of experience under his belt. He has spent many hours learning various tips to help guests play our course better and says he enjoys being able to work at one the most scenic courses in the Northwest.


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The government's decision to withhold results of the census and secret ballot conducted as part of the measures to protect people with albinism from attackers together with failure to implement the revocation of witchdoctors' licenses showed that commitment was still lacking in protecting people with albinism.
In wide-ranging interviews, activists and lawmakers said authorities should arrest and prosecute those orchestrating and paying for the crimes and accused the government of announcing sensational measures, which are never followed on just to impress the public that it was not sleeping on the job.
They say little has been done to bring to justice hundreds of people accused of masterminding assaults against people with albinism amid fears that instigators who are not in custody may collude with witchdoctors to mount fresh attacks.
The government is moving at a very slow pace to provide judgement on the suspected killers who have been behind bars without trial, according to Alfred Kapole, an activist working with Tanzania Albino Society.
Kapole is worried the pace at which the government is moving to provide justice to the families of victims who have been waiting for justice for almost five years after the first case was reported is a characteristic example of how the government says one thing but acts differently.
"Most of the promises are made to gratify people at political rallies but nothing is done in actual sense. People with albinism live in fear of being attacked but the government shows no concern," says Kapole.
The number of attacks on persons with albinism so alarmed the government, particularly due to the negative image the country got in the international media, that on 23 January 2009 it revoked witchdoctors' licenses countrywide. The measure led to a slight lull in the attacks, but not for long.
However, the ban was never enforced and witchdoctors continued to practice with impunity before the revocation order was rescinded by the government on 30 September, 2010 shortly before a general election was to be held the following month for what media reports suggested was because more than 60 per cent of Tanzanians consulted witchdoctors.
The government initiated a census of persons with albinism, possibly with the aim of providing them with some kind of protection. However, 10 people with albinism working with Under the Same Sun, an NGO established to advocate for the rights of persons with albinism, and more than 20 others who were counted by the NGO said they were not counted. In any case, the results of the census are yet to be announced to date.
In 2007, the government kicked off with fanfare secret ballots to identify suspects engaged in albino killings, but, as in the case of the albino census, the results are still under wraps.
Al-shaymaa Kwegyir, a special seat MP who has albinism says the census of people with albinism was suspended before completion due to lack of funds and failure to reach all people with albinism in different parts of the country.
"It was not successful but we are trying to push for the national census to be conducted later in the year to have a provision which will count people with albinism," she said.
Before the revocation of the licenses, the government had taken three measures with a view to stemming the attacks.
First, it formed two task forces charged with investigating the killings. However, in a span of three years neither of the task forces had made its findings public, causing fear in the over 200,000-member albino community that the government did not care much about their security.
Attacks have resulted in 78 deaths, hundreds permanently maimed and others physiologically devastated countrywide, particularly in the Lake Region comprising Kagera, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Mara and Tabora regions.
Despite many arrests, there have curiously been only 10 trials culminating in a mere 8 convictions, with most suspects left languishing in remand prison instead of being arraigned in court.
However, most murders have occurred in Kahama district in Shinyanga region. Activists who have been monitoring the incidents report that the attacks and subsequent deaths are fuelled by booming mining and fishing activities in the region.
Witchdoctors in the area convince their clients that mixing albino body parts with magic potions would help them succeed in both business and politics.
"Witchdoctors give the killers powerful potions, train them for two weeks and tell them that if they can kill ghosts then they are more powerful than everyone else," an activist said.
Attacks on people with albinism have been on the rise because the suspected ringleaders and witchdoctors are often not arrested and therefore don't fear. Even more perplexing is the fact that people who pay for such horrors to be committed have never been identified in all the reported cases.
The Court of Appeal of Tanzania, led by then Chief Justice Augustino Ramadhani said, in July 2010 after it had sentenced three accused albino killers to death, that wealthy people were likely to be behind the wave of the albino killings and tasked the police force to investigate clues on people behind the killings.
In his remarks at a seminar entitled 'Understanding albinism' last November, president of the Judges and Magistrates Association of Tanzania (JMATS) and High Court Judge, John Utamwa said the concern shown by the Chief Justice may have meant that the efforts to bring the killers to justice may have missed the target because the powers behind the horrors had not been touched.
The activists also question the ability of the police force and the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) to handle such cases. They particularly point out the tendency by the DPP to always go for murder charges, which result in many suspects going scot free. They urge the DPP to also deal with attempted murder, mutilation of people with albinism and conspiracy to commit murder and possession of human organs cases.
"The police force can't be trusted because four police officers colluded with witchdoctors to tamper with evidence.
Another police officer failed to arrest his landlord who was accused of having conspired with the killers," Tanzania Albino Society official Alfred Kapole said.
However, Nuhu Mkumbukwa, a High Court advocate who has closely monitored the attacks, called on the government to build the competence of the police, the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and the judiciary to enable the institutions to swiftly deal with such cases for it to be considered serious.
"We should not wait until these barbaric actions occur and then rush into action. No post-injury remedies, however strong they may be, will sufficiently cure the pains and losses suffered by the affected persons," Mkumbukwa says.
However, Mkumbukwa considers Kapole's assertion that President Kikwete has let down the community of people with albinism for not signing execution orders for the convicted killers as being a non-issue.
For him, justice doesn't necessarily mean the death penalty and subsequent execution since in countries without the death penalty such horrors did not exist.
Judge Utamwa said in his remarks that the efforts demonstrated by the government to end attacks on people with albinism were inadequate to end them. He said four men who were sentenced to death by hanging in November 2009 for killing Lyaku Willy and removing his head and legs were local leaders who were expected to protect the victim, but were the first to kill him. Also one of the 90 people arrested for alleged connection with the killings and trading in body parts was a police officer.
Despite the president showing personal interest in the whole issue and government commitment to scale up funding to enable swift decision on the cases by the judiciary, Judge Utamwa said.
"JMAT has also faced challenges in deciding the cases in respect to the victimization of people with albinism. They include public pressure due to the peculiarity of the cases, difficult working conditions and lack of adequate funding for the trials," said Judge Utamwa.
Judge Utamwa agrees with the views of scholars such as Simeon Mesaki, an anthropologist at the University of Dar es Salaam, that the Witchcraft Act should be repealed altogether since its survival instills the belief that witchcraft exists. Instead, he says, the government should focus on educating the public on the fallacy of witchcraft.
Modestus Njimbali, an activist with Under the Same Sun says they wanted the government to act quickly in addressing the attacks the same way it acted when reports emerged that a police officer had been attacked and a firearm stolen in Shinyanga.
"Officers were dispatched immediately, but such haste is not taken when a person with albinism is attacked," said Njimbali.
Njimbali, who also has albinism, says the majority of them feel threatened, mostly by people who are known to have been involved in the attacks but are still free. In some instances, the suspected culprits have threatened to harm those who reported them to the authorities.
Those responsible for protecting people with albinism feel the attacks will not stop without taking any further measures in the manner in which previous killings of people with bald heads ceased. Njimbali says such thinking was in line with misguided public perception that people with albinism are demons who don't die but disappear mysteriously. This shows how irresponsible the government was, according to Njimbali who further argues that the tendency is likely to escalate the attacks thus ruin the reputation of the country abroad.
And, in a cruel twist of fate, the culprits would mount an attack in an area just when members of the task forces were visiting the area.
This was confirmed by then Kahama district commissioner Major Makala, who in November 2011, told a visiting team of Tanzania Albino Society and Under the Same Sun activists that every time a task force committee was in the district people with albinism would be attacked. In one incident, two people with albinism, Kabula and Kulwa, were attacked when a team of activists was in the district.
The apparent dilly-dallying by the government to take stern action against albino killings prompted Peter Ash, a Canadian albino activist, and his colleagues in Tanzania, Josephat Torner and Samwel Mluge, to stage a demonstration at the UN headquarters in 2009 to ask the world body to pressure the government of Tanzania into forming a special commission to probe albino killings.
Ash and his colleagues said although more than 170 suspects had already been arrested in connection with albino killings, none had so far been arraigned in court.
They further demanded that the army be involved in an operation to stop albino killings, charging that they had no confidence in the police force because some of its officers were among the arrested suspects.
Mkumbukwa says the government has largely been patchy in dealing with the attacks. He urges it to amend criminal laws so that a judge presiding over a criminal trial may give a full compensation order similar to those in civil cases, unlike in the existing costly arrangement where a victim is required to file a civil case to claim compensation in a civil trial.


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I love mixing different prints, especially when it involves animal print. So I was excited to team up with DVF for her new Glam Rock Collection to style a couple of her pieces into a a look I would wear from day to night- switching out the shoes and jacket of course!
Since the collection has too many amazing pieces, it took me a while to narrow down my picks. I ended up picking this Flote Flare skirt since it can be so versatile and paired it with this cute 440 Mini bag in leopard to spice things up a bit with the two contrasting animal prints! Since I'm more of a sneaker type of girl, I threw on my trusty leather converse to dress down my look for a more daytime appropriate look… for meetings and showroom visits that is!
Follow along by checking out and using #DVFGlamRock
Kept everything else simple so that the skirt and bag do all the talking!
Perfect bag to carry my everyday essentials- phone, wallet, keys, and makeup!
For a tough-chic look, pair the skirt with a leather moto jacket! My skirt now went from casual with the denim, to cool rock glam with the leather jacket! It's all in the little details.
[do action="rstyle-post-links"]Skirt: DVF
Bag: DVF
Sneakers: Converse
Sunnies: Cole Haan
Denim Jacket: JCrew
Leather Jacket: Anine Bing[/do]


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We met Carolyn while strolling through Bryant Park yesterday. This jewelry designer is a vision in hues of violet from head to toe, and her site is named accordingly: check out her conversation piece jewelry at violetfemme.com. The close-up below allows you to appreciate how even her glasses have a lovely purple tinge.
Saturday, October 18, 2008
Violet Femme
Posted by Briana at 1:35 PM
2 comments:
- melissa dominic said...
oh wow! i have one of her pieces of jewlery and didn't even know! it was a gift - haha! she's so sassy. i adore it! that pinch of green in her outfit is perfect.
- October 19, 2008 at 11:45 PM
- carolynforsman said...
hello melissa
thank you. hmm sassy .ive been called quirky. i thought it was so great a word that i added it to my strtechmark rubberbands. sassy will be up for consideratin with he next batch.
- November 6, 2008 at 4:42 AM
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AutoBoy Pro Unlocker
by JK Jeon
Developer Notes
AutoBoy Pro is a key for AutoBoy(Trial) which transforms it into Full Version.
Black Boxes are a necessity these days. Have you hesitated to get a black box app for your phone because of the high prices?
Now available at Android Market, you can get the AutoBoy Black Box for...


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May 4, 2016
Monday afternoon, the new interim superintendent along with the mayor and several local leaders gathered to ring in the new school year.
Superintendent Dr. Ellen Bueschel took to the podium to outline to parents and students their obligations to education. Bueschel also reminded us of the awesome responsibility of teaching our children.
If you would like more information about the upcoming school year call the Rockford School District.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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It's almost Mother's Day and as usual you are running out to get a last minute gift. You are combing the Hallmark isles and sifting through the picked over "I love you Mom" section. You run to the flower section where all that is left is thirty dollar half dead daisy bouquet. Your own baby has soiled his diaper and is making a scene in the store. You are at your wits end!
Mother's day is supposed to be special, not frustrating. A bouquet of flowers, a teddy bear, and/or a Hallmark card isn't going to make up for the nine months of torture you put your Mother through, not to mention her labor and your actual birth. You can take her out to dinner but that doesn't add up to all the formula she bought for you, all the lunches she made you, all the birthday parties she organized for you… you gave her the short end of the stick.
As you sit in the store, hopeless and defeated, you take a better look at your baby. You put as much love and care into this child as anyone and it still doesn't appreciate you. It's mother's day and you are a mother yourself. When do you get your vacation?
Suddenly- you flash to the creative and wisdom filled sarcastic writings of a bitter frightcatalog writer. You jump on the internet and BLAMO! Instant solution:
It's almost Mother's Day and you've got problems, so I'll just cut to the chase. Suit your baby up in our Daisy Bunting Infant Costume. Take some crayons and create your own Hallmark Card. You can write "I love you Mom" just as well as anyone at Hallmark can. Plus, mothers like the personal touch better. Next take your Flower Child and put it in a nice basket. Drop him off on your mother's door ring the bell and hop the next flight to Acapulco. Mom get's flowers and a card, you get a vacation. It's a win/win for you at least. If by some chance you have another child, you can suit him up in the Lil Teddy Bear Elite costume and throw him in with the flower. PRESTO! Your very own Build-A-Bear. Babies are cute when they don't look like babies.
Mission: Mother's Day Impossible
Status: Completed
Another crisis averted thanks to your Halloween Harlot.
Disclaimer: This article is for satirical purposes only. We do not recommend leaving your baby alone on a doorstep. That may constitute neglect. We also do not recommend watering your flower baby as it may cause accidental drowning.


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This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
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- White Spot jobs
PREP COOKOVERVIEW:The Line Cook is responsible for preparing and portioning product for final assembly on the line, following precise specifications and recipe and food safety standards. He/ she monitors quality, par levels and rotation, and assists co-workers on line as needed.QUALIFICATIONS:


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L'Homme Attraction Set
Our best-selling magnetic and sensual fragrance.
The force of attraction of a man with style and sensuality. A magnetic, sensual fragrance, both elegant and intensely fresh. A woody, fruity scent with notes of Bergamot, Ginger, Violet Leaf, and Vetiver. This L'HOMME Yves Saint Laurent Gift Set contains a 3.3 oz. Eau de Toilette Spray and 1.3 oz Eau de Toilette Spray. Yours for $92, a $137 value.


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A graduate of Western Washington University with a BA in Business Administration and a former tester/programmer for a Fortune 500 company, Laurie London writes from her home near Seattle, where she lives with her husband and two children.
She is a member of Romance Writers of America, Greater Seattle Area RWA, RWA Online, Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators, FF&P (RWA chapter devoted to all things paranormal) and two book clubs.
When not writing, she can be found running, reading or riding and showing her horse. She hopes to qualify for the Quarter Horse World Show somedaythat is, if her horse doesn't get hurt again.


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At Startup Founder 101, local startup veterans offer their insights and expertise to new and aspiring founders. At a recent meetup in Denver, Cloud Elements CEO, Mark Geene, spoke on the topic of Lean Product Development. Below is his presentation in which he covers Lean product management principles, Startup Metrics for Pirates, Agile MVP planning and using Pivotal Tracker.
Don't miss out on free startup events from the Founder Institute! Check out our global event calendar and RSVP for an event near you.
About Mark
Mark Geene is a Co-founder of Cloud Elements, a company that accelerates the development of cloud computing applications by combining open cloud platforms with reusable integrations (Elements) and cloud-optimized application development services. Prior to founding Cloud Elements, Mark was the Chief Executive Officer of InfoNow a company that he transformed into two industry-leading Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) companies, Channelinsight and Locationinsight.
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(written from a Production point of view)
Digitally remastered episodes are re-releases with audio and video digitally, or computer-aided, enhanced. For video this currently means enhancing to either 720p (usually for television productions), or 1080p (usually for motion picture productions) high-definition (HD) standards, typically for Blu-ray Disc releases. The 720p and 1080p refer to the horizontal resolution lines on a viewing screen. Anything upward from 720p is considered HD as opposed to the old standard-definition (SD) of 480p (for America) and 570p (for Europe). Even higher HD resolution formats are currently under development. Digital audio enhancement usually involves upgrades from any older sound system or format to DTS standards, which could be either Dolby TrueHD or DTS-HD Master Audio.
Visually, special, and visual effects, most notably in science fiction productions such as Star Trek, are particularly well served with remastering.
Early Star Trek: The Original Series remastering
While the current understanding of the Star Trek remastering projects concerns the projects CBS Television Studios/Paramount Pictures embarked upon in the 2000s, essentially starting with the 2001 release of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (The Director's Edition), Paramount Television had already embarked upon an early Star Trek: The Original Series remastering project in the early 1990s. Called "digitally mastered" (as indicated on the below-mentioned UK VHS box-art) at the time, new, cleaned-up and color corrected, transfers were produced from the old masters. The operation was especially commissioned for the 1992-1993 Japanese Original Series LaserDisc collection releases, Star Trek - Log 1, Log 2 and Log 3. Picture quality wise, it was the best edition commercially available until the advent of the 2007 TOS-R Season 1 HD DVD version, the earlier DVD versions still making use of the original masters. These Japanese transfers were used twice more, for the lesser known UK 1996-1998 VHS re-release, and the 2007-2008 Star Trek: The Original Series - The Collector's Edition DVD/Magazine combo release.
Little information is available on this project, as this version was never released on any home media format in America or mainland Europe. In 2012 it was revealed that stills originating from this particular project were the ones that were included as illustrative backdrops in the 2010 reference book, Star Trek: The Original Series 365. The authors have elaborated, "Most of those wonderful TOS photos that had never been seen before came from a very expensive project that the licensing department conducted many years ago. In order to find new images for the licensees, the department struck new 16-millimeter copies of the TOS masters—which were then carefully cut up, frame by frame, and mounted into slides." [1]
Star Trek: The Motion Picture - The Director's Edition
In 2001, the aforementioned Director's Edition of Star Trek: The Motion Picture was released on DVD. While the production did not, strictly speaking, confirm to the current understanding of remastering, i.e. the upgrade from SD to HD, it was in essence a remastered production. It has received a new, upgraded soundtrack. (Star Trek: The Magazine Volume 2, Issue 8, p. 62) Most notably, however, was that many scenes were digitally enhanced and visually changed with the addition of computer-generated imagery (CGI). Striking examples of these were the enhanced air tram station as well as the first and only full view of V'Ger, which was not there in the original version. The CGI for this production was provided by effects house Foundation Imaging. (Star Trek: The Magazine Volume 2, Issue 8, pp. 52-61)
Star Trek: The Original Series
On 31 August 2006, CBS Paramount Television announced that, in celebration of the 40th anniversary of Star Trek: The Original Series would return to broadcast syndication for the first time in sixteen years. Beginning with "Balance of Terror", each of the series' 79 episodes were digitally remastered to 1080p HD video, and DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 Surround audio standards [2], with all newly (re-)created visual effects and music. The refurbished episodes were converted from the original film to a high-definition format similar to that used on Star Trek: Enterprise. The opening theme was re-recorded in digital stereo with new vocals by Elin Carlson, and William Shatner's opening monologue was remastered from the original elements. Most notably, though, many of the visual effects were recreated using CGI by CBS Digital. The opening credits sequence was revamped, several matte paintings received a CGI face-lift, and spaceship exteriors including the Romulan Bird-of-Prey and the Klingon battle cruiser were recreated using state-of-the-art digital effects. However, for some reason, the credits at the end of the episode were not remastered and digitally enhanced. The new CGI Enterprise was based on the exact measurements, originally taken by Gary Kerr, of the original model, which is on display in the gift shop of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.
In an interview with TVGuide.com, project supervisor Michael Okuda said, "We're taking great pains to respect the integrity and style of the original... Our goal is to always ask ourselves: What would Roddenberry have done with today's technology?" Denise Okuda and Dave Rossi were also involved with this relaunch of the original series; Niel Wray is the visual effects supervisor. A Q & A with the production staff was posted by the official Star Trek website on 6 September 2006. A video preview and interviews with people involved in the project can be viewed by clicking the link to the left of the page.
The "new" Star Trek debuted 16 September 2006. See side-by-side comparisons of the new visual effects from the first episode broadcast, "Balance of Terror".
The first few episodes were rushed, as CBS only gave its team "one month to deliver the first two episodes with over 120 new effects shots." Starting with "The Trouble with Tribbles", a new, improved Enterprise model was used. Members of the effects team have commented that they may go back to the earlier episodes and re-render the ship scenes with the new model [3] [4], though that did not come to fruition.
When TOS cast member Leonard Nimoy heard about these changes in special effects, Nimoy simply responded "Shame on them" for changing the effects, saying that it was "out-of-bounds" for them to do that. However, after viewing a remastered episode, reportedly he was quoted saying, "I'm amazed." [5]
The seasons were to be released in an HD DVD/DVD combination set, with season one released in November 2007. The release of seasons two and three were canceled in February 2008 due to the decline of HD DVDs in comparison to rival format Blu-ray. However, the second season was released on regular DVD on 5 August 2008. [6] all three seasons are available on Blu-ray Disc, as well as through Apple's iTunes Store (along with a "best of" collection for budget-minded fans), with select episodes available on Microsoft's Xbox 360 Video Marketplace. Unlike the HD DVD releases, the Blu-ray editions also include the original versions of each episode, allowing the original special effects and images to be seen in high-definition for the first time.
CBS Digital wrapped up their visual effects work on TOS Remastered just before midnight on 21 April 2008. The last episode they worked on was the show's first pilot, "The Cage". The last shot rendered was of the Enterprise "sailing off into the unknown at the end of the episode." [7]
Star Trek films
The success of the remastered Original Series, as well as the upcoming re-launch of the Star Trek franchise in 2009, encouraged Paramount Pictures to push forward with the remastering to 1080p HD video, and Dolby TrueHD 7.1 Surround audio standards [8] of their movie properties. The remastered versions of the first ten Star Trek films were released from 2009 to 2010 in both the DVD and Blu-Ray disc formats. According to the box-art of the remastered DVD version of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, it required the most extensive restoration work, and was "fully restored in high definition with brilliant picture quality", whereas the remaining nine were just "digitally remastered", due to the fact that the original master print "was in terrible shape", according to Director Nicholas Meyer (Audio commentary, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (2009 DVD))
A striking detail was, that when it came to the remastering of The Motion Picture, being one of the last released in 2010, only the original theatrical version could be remastered. The reason for this was that Foundation Imaging's additional CGI elements for the Director's Edition were no longer available for upgrade (in this case re-rendering to a higher resolution), due to Paramount's failure to maintain ownership of these elements. Reconstructing the CGI effects from scratch was cost-prohibitive. Nevertheless, according to one reviewer, the sound quality was superior to all the others. What this reviewer had overlooked, however, was, that the soundtrack had already received an extensive overhaul in 2001 for the "Director's Edition", a privilege the other nine movies did not enjoy. On the other hand, the eleventh, 2009 movie Star Trek did not need any remastering, as it was already shot in HD standards.
It is unclear which company has been responsible for the remastering of the movies.
Star Trek: The Next Generation
After several months of speculation and partial confirmation, on 28 September 2011 (the 24th anniversary of the series premiere), StarTrek.com announced that The Next Generation would be remastered to, again 1080p HD video, and DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 Surround audio standards, for release on Blu-ray Disc and eventual syndication, starting in 2012.
The remastering process requires returning to the original film negatives, as all editing and visual effects compositing took place on video, which lacks the required resolution for high-definition. This collection of footage, totaling over 25,000 reels, is being re-edited exactly as was done for original airing. Visual effects are being entirely recompositioned, and not upconverted from the original videotape. Audio is the form of 7.1 DTS Master Audio.
As with the remastering of The Original Series, Denise and Michael Okuda are serving as consultants. Unlike its predecessor, none of the visual effects were slated for replacement with newly conceived CGI, or as Project Consultant Mike Okuda has put it, "We love the approach that CBS took for this project. We take the original film elements and put them together in a new way. The material still has all the details and they are beautiful. And the new visual effects are really the old visual effects but a lot more beautiful than you have ever seen them." [9] However, some use of CGI was made. This was restricted to correcting continuity details, or for replacing original elements that were either lost, such as in the case of the Crystalline Entity, or technically impossible to upgrade. The most notable examples of the latter case were the replacements of long shots of planets, which were originally executed as matte paintings, by newly created CGI effects, though Digital Artist Max Gabl took care they approximated their original appearance. Gabl stated, "I think most of them are total recreations. Because the planets we're looking at from the original [TNG] series are very low-res and blurry. There's no way to put more detail into those, so it's basically all recreation. Mike Okuda tells us exactly what we need in there, and it's just back and forth – playing it and seeing what the details are going to look like and then I put them in, compare with the old, [Mike will] look at it, I'll make the changes and that's how it goes." [10]
CBS Digital was again appointed lead company in the remastering project, as well as being made responsible for the creation of the replacement CGI effects. [11] In order to get the most exposure for the project, CBS Studios reached out to the Star Trek fan community and gave access to the project to the administrators of the TrekCore.com-blog for them to keep the community appraised of every aspect of the project, among others by publishing sneak previews and the like. TrekCore's Adam Walker was given access to production staffers and actors alike for conducting in-depth interviews that were published on the blog. TrekCore is cooperating with another blog, Ex Astris Scientia, where MA admin Jörg broke down each episode for the differences and occasionally received input from production staffers to explain detail issues. [12]
The first release for the high-definition Next Generation was a sampler disc, Star Trek: The Next Generation - The Next Level, released on 31 January 2012, [13] and the full series followed. The TNG Season 1 Blu-ray was released on 24 July 2012 and the TNG Season 2 Blu-ray was released on 4 December 2012. The TNG Season 3 Blu-ray is scheduled to be released on 29 April 2013.
Highly anticipated, the first season release was well received and did very well in sales, selling 95,435 copies in the first week after release in the US alone. [14] By then, CBS had already decided to speed up the release schedule for the remastered series. For CBS to be able to do so, they had to sub-contract, considering the amount of work the remastering entailed, other companies to do the work on a season alternating basis. Independent company HTV-Illuminate was awarded the commission for the upgrade of the second season. However, their work was less well received, as many considered their efforts sub-par to that of CBS Digital. [15] Though not having confirmed if this was in any way related, CBS has made the decision to go with another effects house, Modern Video, for the remastering of season four, while simultaneously keeping a tighter rein over the work. [16]
Documentaries and specials
- TOS Season 1 Blu-ray–special feature, "Spacelift: Transporting Trek Into The 21st Century"
- TNG Season 1 Blu-ray–special feature, "Energized! Taking The Next Generation to the Next Level"
- TNG Season 2 Blu-ray–special feature, "Energized! Season Two Tech Update"
- fxguidetv #161: CBS Digital & Star Trek TNG, 2012


text:
Giants at Padres
Today: Giants LHP Barry Zito (3-1, 3.42 ERA) vs. Padres LHP Eric Stults (2-2, 4.70 ERA), 5:40 p.m.
On the air: FSSD; 1090-AM, 860-AM (Sp.)
On Friday night, Andrew Cashner looked very much like the starter the Padres hope he will become.
The hard-throwing, 26-year-old right-hander retired the last 12 Giants he faced and gave up only one run on five hits over six innings as the Padres defeated San Francisco — and Tim Lincecum — 2-1 before 34,921 at Petco Park.
Cashner also ignited the Padres' two-run, game-winning rally with a line-drive single off Lincecum leading off the third. Moments later, the 6-foot-6 Texan stole the first base of his career before scoring the tying run.
Cashner, who hit triple digits with his fastball as a relief pitcher last season, topped out at 98 mph Friday night.
One of those 98-mph fastballs, however, struck out Pablo Sandoval with two Giants on and none out in the third and started a run of 19 straight Giants retired by Cashner and the Padres bullpen.
But it was his changeup and the curve that helped Cashner turn back the Giants.
"I was struggling a little bit in the beginning, but I finally settled in and started making pitches," said Cashner. "I think the last two years have really improved my changeup. Everything is finally coming together."
"For me, it's like a really fun toy to play with," Padres catcher John Baker said of Cashner. "What was really effective for him tonight is that he got (Hunter) Pence out on three changeups. It comes in like a fastball, then falls off the table.
"Whenever we needed a big pitch, he did a great job executing. When he comes out throwing the curve, that's something they didn't expect."
Cashner was projected to be a member of the Padres rotation last winter before he suffered a laceration to a tendon in the thumb of his pitching hand during an early-December hunting accident. The surgery required to fix the wound delayed Cashner's start to spring training and he opened the season in the bullpen.
After five appearances out of the bullpen, Cashner's first opportunity to start came last Saturday in San Francisco as a substitute for the ill Clayton Richard — although he has actually replaced the injured Tyson Ross in the rotation.
Cashner lost his first start in San Francisco last Saturday on a two-run homer by Sandoval. In 10 innings against the reigning World Series champions, Cashner has allowed three runs on seven hits and two walks over 10 innings with 10 strikeouts.
After being limited to 65 pitches in his first start, Cashner threw 83 Friday night with 52 going for strikes.
"When he builds his stamina, Cashner's going to pitch in the seventh inning," said Padres manager Bud Black. "Tonight was great to see. He's building. It was another steppingstone. For a guy that throws that hard, he has great feel for his changeup."
The victory was the second straight — both by 2-1 scores —- for the Padres, who were swept by the Giants in a three-game series last weekend at AT&T Park in San Francisco. Before Friday night, the Giants had won 13 of their last 17 games against the Padres and were 27-12 against the Padres since the start of the 2011 season.
Padres pitchers have allowed only two runs over the last 25 innings.
Down 1-0 in the first, the Padres scored both their runs in the third with the rally triggered by Cashner's lead-off single to center. After Lincecum retired Everth Cabrera on a foul bunt (thanks to a diving catch by Sandoval) and struck out Will Venable for a second straight time, the Padres chained together three straight line drive singles for a pair of runs.
The first was a shot to right by Chase Headley that forced Cashner to hold at third. Carlos Quentin followed with a line-drive single to left to tie the game and Yonder Alonso, who was 1-for-15 against Lincecum going into the at-bat, lined a single to right to drive in Headley with the winning run.


text:
Quit 2 buccal
What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and administering Quit 2 buccal to children or the elderly?
If you are:
FDB Contraindicated or Not Recommended: INSUFF HUMAN DATA; CONSIDER RISK OF CONTINUED CIG SMOKING VS. BENEFIT OF TX
Precaution: POTENTIAL FOR SERIOUS ADV EFF, HOWEVER BENEFIT OF MATERNAL SMOKING CESSATION.
An adult over 60:
Giving Quit 2 buccal to a child under 12:
Warning: CONSULT CLINICIAN FOR USE IN ADOLESCENTS. NO ESTABLISHED SAFETY/EFFICACY.


text:
A man robbed a woman outside a Colorado Springs medical marijuana dispensary.
It happened Monday night at Rocky Mountain Miracles on E. Bijou in Colorado Springs.
As an employee was standing near her car in the parking lot a white minivan pulled up next to her car. A man got out of the minivan and demanded her purse.
The employee tells 11 News, originally she didn't want to give up her purse, so she struggled to keep it until the man pointed a gun at her head and chest. She let the purse go and she chased them for a few blocks until she lost them.
Police were called to investigate. There were a total of three men in the vehicle. One of the men was described as a black man, 25 to 30 years old, with a medium build, around 5 feet 7 inches to 5 feet 8 inches, wearing a blue jacket and blue jeans.
One of the other men is described as a black man between the ages of 20 and 30, wearing a gray shirt and baggy pants.
The description of the driver was vague.
Both suspects had guns. The vehicle was a white minivan, the window was broken in the back and covered with plastic.
This was not the first time someone was robbed outside this business. A patient was robbed at gunpoint on Jan. 8. Police do not believe the two robberies are connected.
If you recognize the van, call Crime Stoppers at 634-STOP.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
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text:
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text: 8 Ways to Eat More Fruits and Vegetables By Intermountain Healthcare September 08, 2014 September is Fruits & Veggies—More Matters Month. More than 90% of adults and children don't eat the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables, but there are some simple ideas you can try to sneak more in. Read More


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Time measurements
this wiki
- Day redirects here. For the Bajoran Field Colonel, see Day Kannu.
A year is the amount of time it takes for a planet to orbit its sun. If the planet has an axial tilt, this results in seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn).
- Vulcan year: In Gene Roddenberry's novelization of The Motion Picture he indicated that nine Vulcan seasons were equal to 2.8 Earth years. This would make Vulcan's year 456 ± 33 Earth days long.
Earth year
One Earth year is equal to 365.2425 Earth days in the Gregorian calendar. To compensate for the fraction of a day, a leap day is added to every year whose number is divisible by four, unless it is a century, unless it is divisible by 400. These leap years consist of adding an extra day to the month of February. Instead of the usual 28 days, there would be 29.
Scientists usually use a Julian year of 365.25 days for measurements and scientific comparisons.
The mean solar year was 365.242190419 days in 2000 AD, and will be shorter still by the 23rd century.
A month is usually the amount of time it takes for a moon to orbit its planet. This is usually a portion of a year, and a large number of days (in which case it may be broken down into weeks).
- On planets without moons, a month could either A) not exist, B) be equal to a season, or C) be a fractional division of a season. For example, Vulcan "has no moon", so it is unknown what portion of a year is represented by the "month" of Tasmeen. The novelization of The Motion Picture could be read to imply that Vulcan's "months" are whole seasons.
On Earth a month was originally the length of the lunar cycle (29.53 days). Most calendars at some point made the month one twelfth of a solar year (30.44 days). In Earth's most common calendar, the months are either 30 or 31 days long, with one shorter month (February) having 28 or 29 days depending on the year.
|Months of the year
|Earth months: January • February • March • April • May • June • July • August • September • October • November • December
|Qo'noS months: Maktag • nay'Poq
|Vulcan months: Tasmeen
A week is small number days grouped together as part of a calendar system. It could be a portion of a month or an unrelated grouping.
On Earth a week is seven days.
- Seven days was a close approximation to one fourth of a lunar month. When months became one twelfth of a solar year the connection was broken, and one month is now about 4.35 weeks long.
|The days of the Human week
|Sunday • Monday • Tuesday • Wednesday • Thursday • Friday • Saturday
A day is the amount of time it takes for a planet to spin once on it own axis. This results in a day/night cycle (with day in this second case meaning the sunlit portion of the full day).
On Earth, a full day is divided up into 24 hours, whereas on Bajor, a full day is divided into 26 Hours.
An hour is a portion of a day, this could be a decimal tenth of a day, or some other fractional portion of a day.
On Earth an hour is an SI unit of time that is approximately 1/24 of a day, and is divided up into 60 minutes.
- Though never fully confirmed on screen, Deep Space Nine Episodes continue to refer to days in 26 hour cycles. This might mean that there are 26 hours in a Bajoran Day.
A minute is a portion of an hour, this could be a decimal hundredth of an hour, or some other fractional portion of an hour.
On Earth a minute is 1/60 of an hour, and is divided up into 60 seconds.
In colloquial speech, a minute can also mean an undefined short amount of time, as in "I'll be just a minute".
A second is a portion of a minute, this could be a decimal hundredth of a minute, or some other fractional portion of a minute.
On Earth a second is 1/60 of a minute, and is usually divided up decimally.
- The second is now precisely defined based on the atomic behavior of cesium, and the lengths of minutes, hours, and days are now defined in these seconds. This means that these other times are no longer exactly the same as their solar equivalents based on actual planetary motion.
A nanosecond is one billionth of a second.
In 2365, the USS Yamato was destroyed by a plasma vent that lasted T+2.25 nanoseconds. (TNG: "Contagion")
To attract the attention of the Crystalline Entity, the USS Enterprise-D emitted five-nanosecond graviton emissions at one pulse per second. (TNG: "Silicon Avatar")
- See also: Nanosecond at Wikipedia
Main article: Stardate
In the 23rd century, stardates were not directly related to Earth's calendar. Beginning in 2323, stardates were changed to be 1,000 per Earth year, .
- It is unknown exactly how many days are equal to 1,000 stardate units in the 24th century; it could be 365.25, 365.2425, or just 365.


text: This classic Gucci Britt shoulder bag is in PRE-LOVED condition (light use). It is made from casual brown GG canvas trimmed in tonal leather and accented with gold-tone hardware. The shoulder strap and bottom corners show light wear. There are small marks on the leather and hardware. PLEASE NOTE: This handbag was an outlet item, marked by a circular G stamp on the interior label.


text:
The A6 is Oster's sleekest, slimmest and most powerful heavy-duty clipper to date - with speeds of over 4,000 spm. But it also features a revolutionary, lightweight design that fits the hand like a glove while absorbing vibration and noise to ease physical fatigue on groomers. The high performance A6 clipper is designed for heavy use, cutting through thick coats with remarkable power, comfort and control. Three speeds give you the ultimate in clipping versatility.
The A6 can be used with all Aesculap, Andis, Oster, and Wahl detachable blades. The drive system is designed for quick lever replacement. Its high-efficiency motor provides a cooler running experience, and zinc alloy technology combines a lightweight feel with long-lasting durability. At just over 12 oz, the A6 is Oster's lightest-weight clipper to incorporate noise- and vibration-isolation technology, which provides reduced hand and physical fatigue for groomers. Designed for one-hand operation with easy 3-speed switch selector (Hi: 4100 spm, Med: 3600 spm, Lo: 3100 spm). 7" long; 12 ft cord. Available in Black or Purple.
Includes clipper with power cord/adapter, clipper and blade lube oil, cleaning brush, blade guard, and full instructions.
Please click on "More Information" for specifications and instructions.


text:
She'll feel like she stepped out of a fairytale when she puts on this Child's Gothic Princess Costume. Each set comes with an elaborate dress and headpiece. The ankle-length gown is made of a comfortable, royal purple cotton and has ruched long sleeves. The bodice has a corset-style tie and gold lining. Cascading from the forearms are long sheets of crimson velvet. The dress is split down the middle to reveal a matching velvet underbustle, which also peaks out from beneath the chest. The elegant headpiece has a headband with an attached purple drape to frame her smiling face as she curtsies her way through the house. Even princesses can suffer from a sweet tooth every now and again. Let her go trick-or-treating in this costume and give her a Halloween she won't forget. Accessorize with a Gold Tiara and Pink Scepter (sold separately here) for a truly regal look.
Our Price: $24.97
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text: Ten years ago on April 10, 2003, we lost a great woman, Carol Fitzgerald. Thanks to great support from our community locally and nationally, we continue her work. With major spending cuts across the United States in funding the fight against HIV-AIDS and breast cancer and for urban education support, many voices are not being heard. Last Friday, April 12 at the Metropolitan Ballroom on a cold snowy evening in Golden Valley and Saturday, April 13 at Martin Luther King Park in Minneapolis, we carried on the mission to do our part with your continued help, through the Carol Fitzgerald Memorial Fund (CFMF). Big Sy Huff was master of ceremonies; Hall-of-Famer Cris Carter, my sons All-Pro Larry Fitzgerald, Jr. and Marcus Fitzgerald, and yours truly spoke passionately about the work of Carol Fitzgerald. Continue Reading →


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Family, friends and dignitaries bid farewell today to iconic former New York City Mayor Ed Koch. Thousands, including former New York City mayors Rudy Giuliani and David Dinkins, attended the services at Temple Emanu-El on Manhattan's Upper East Side. Former President Bill Clinton and Gov. Andrew Cuomo were also in attendance. Koch, who died Friday of congestive heart failure, became a hero to...
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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/33250
- Title
- The 16-year-old's challenge to journalists
- Author(s)
- Simons, Margaret
- Abstract
- A party in Narre Warren has exposed the limitations of an industry that plays only to mass audiences.
- Publication type
- Commentary
- Research centre
- Swinburne University of Technology. Faculty of Life and Social Sciences. Institute for Social Research
- Source
- Creative Economy Online, 29 January 2008
- Publication year
- 2008
- Keyword(s)
- Audience; Australia; Facebook; Generation gap; Journalism; Mainstream media; Marketing; Mass media; Media phenomena; MySpace; Narre Warren; New business models; News media; Online publishing; Online social networking sites; Teenagers; Web 2.0
- Publisher
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2008 Margaret Simons.


text:
Just watched this:
And I realized one of the most frustrating things in alteil is that that there is little counterplay for some tactics.
LoneKnight wrote:I knew someone was going to make this topic the moment I saw this video.
Yes, Alteil has counterplay.
Return to Alteil General Discussion
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text:
Knee Arthroscopy: Conditions Treated
Arthroscopy is used to find and treat many types of knee problems. These include tears in the meniscal cartilage or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and arthritis.
Meniscal Cartilage Tears
There are several types of meniscal cartilage tears. The meniscal cartilage attaches on the tibia (shinbone) and acts as a shock absorber for the knee. Your surgery will depend on the type and extent of your injury. Your surgeon can remove the damaged tissue or fix the tear. Treatment should ease the pain and swelling. It can also help keep the joint from locking.
ACL Tears
A torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) can make the knee unstable. You may have pain and swelling, and your knee may give out. Your surgeon can repair the ACL by reconstructing it. To rebuild your ACL, damaged tissue may be replaced with a graft of healthy tissue from an area near your knee, or from a donor.
Constant use of the knee over time can cause arthritis. This is when the articular cartilage wears away and roughens. The articular cartilage attaches on the femur(thighbone) and aids in smooth motion of the joint. Bone or cartilage fragments can also break off inside the joint (loose bodies). Either problem can limit movement and cause pain. Your surgeon will use a burr or shaver to smooth the joint surface. This will aid in healing. Loose bodies and inflamed synovial tissue are also removed.


text:
Tuesday, the St. James Area football team won their first playoff game since 2004, with a 31-20 victory at Lakeview High School. The team played strong defense, and in a back-and-forth game, where able to pull away in the final quarter.
At this writing, the Chicago Cubs are one victory away from winning a National League Division title over the St. Louis Cardinals. That means that an army of psychologists are now preparing to write academic papers about the aftermath of whatever...
If you want to be surrounded by some of the smartest students in the US and get the most bang for your buck, you may want to consider one of the following universities.
(NewsUSA) - As the population of the United States...
Donald Trump will bring his notorious comedy stylings to
Beauty and the Beast will end after its upcoming fourth season, according to
(NewsUSA) - If you happen to be a smoker, you probably feel unfairly...
Naomie Harris said her James Bond co-star
At last, it's the Democrats' turn.
Jennifer Lawrence has opened up about the struggles of being a woman working in Hollywood in a...
St. James Directory
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com


text:
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