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Getting Started with Joomla!
From Joomla! Documentation
- 1 Background
- 2 Introduction to the Getting Started series - Joomla! 1.5
- 2.1 Hands-on a Joomla! site
- 2.2 Hands-on adding and altering articles
- 2.3 More about editing articles
- 2.4 Setting up a Joomla! site
- 2.5 General administration of a Joomla! site
- 3 Take Joomla! beyond the basics
- 4 Index to the documents in this series
This series of documents introduces Joomla! to people who have not previously used it. This is an introduction to the series and aims to help you know how best to use them.
Which versions are covered?
There are two versions in common use:-
- Version 1.5 is well established and widely used.
- Version 1.6 was released early in 2011.
There are many similarities between the versions but they are presented here to newcomers to Joomla! in separate documents in order to avoid confusion. This is the introduction to version 1.5. There is a separate series for version 1.6.
Who is it written for?
The series is for anyone who wants to use Joomla! at a number of levels. Its main focus is:-
- on people with limited computing experience
- there are sections which will be useful to experienced designers and developers.
At the start of each article there is an indication of who it is aimed at and, on occasions, about the pitfalls for the inexperienced or unwary.
Some more detail about the intended readership
Introduction to the Getting Started series - Joomla! 1.5
Joomla! is introduced using detailed 'hands-on' instructions about adding, altering and manipulating content. At the same time, general points about Joomla! are made which are intended to help people to learn more and do more. As the tasks require more background knowledge, so there are fewer hands-on instructions and more general pointers to the extensive documentation available for Joomla!
The series divides into four parts:-
- Hands-on a Joomla! site: There is an initial section on how to get 'hands-on' a Joomla! site. This is followed by practical instructions about doing key tasks needed for adding, altering and manipulating content on an existing site.
- Setting up a Joomla! site: This has background information about the design of a Joomla! Web site. There is a hands-on section on the mechanics of creating a new site using the core features that come with Joomla!
- Looking after a Joomla! site: This is a brief introduction to the day-to-day adminstration of a Joomla! web Site.
- Doing more and learning more: The final part links into other documentation and is intended as a guide ahead for taking Joomla! beyond the basics.
Hands-on a Joomla! site
You must have the use of a Joomla! Web site to use 'hands-on' instructions. There are three possibilites:-
- Use a site that has already been set up. If you are going to be adding content to an existing site and do not have much computing experience this is a good option.
- Install a copy of Joomla! (with sample content) on your own computer. This is sometimes referred to as a 'localhost' installation.It has some example content, so you can start to explore a Joomla! site before you have created one for your own content. This is a good option if you have enough experience to install it.
- Use the Demo on the Joomla! site. Test drive Joomla! free for 30 days; there is a free Quickstart video. This will appeal to experienced developers.
Hands-on adding and altering articles
Start here no matter what your previous experience. Articles are the building blocks of any Joomla! Web site and everyone needs to know the basics of how to edit and create them. And doing this helps you to understand the inner workings of Joomla!
- How to edit an Article - aimed at helping everyone to use the editor and understand what articles look like and where they are stored.
- How to create a new Article - aimed at helping everyone to add a new article to a web site
More about editing articles
The next four documents are aimed at helping everyone who wants to learn more about articles, and managing them from the main Site, sometimes called the Front-end.
Managing content using the Front-end of Joomla!
- Manipulating and publishing Articles using the Front-end
Setting up a Joomla! site
Background - things you need to know
These are hands-on documents to familiarise you with the background to setting up a new site. There is emphasis on thinking about the content and appearance before doing the mechanics of creating a site.
The mechanics of setting up a new site
This covers the mechanics of creating new content and appearance of a simple site, using core Joomla! facilities.
General administration of a Joomla! site
Take Joomla! beyond the basics
There is more to learn about Joomla.
- Beyond the basics: doing more Jooomla! - this is not yet completed - it points to ways ahead.
Index to the documents in this series
--Lorna Scammell December 2010


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WWE® Slam City™ Breakdown Assault Vault™ Play Set
Item #: BHL26
Was: $24.99Now: $18.00
Get free shipping on orders of $39+!More Promotion Details
It's the ultimate Championship battle! WWE® fans can stage an exciting match with a ring set that includes a bank vault, multiple action points, and one The Finisher™ figure!
More Details
- Details
Boys can recreate all the outrageous action of a WWE match with this break-apart ring set. The Finisher has hidden the Championship in the safe, so it's time to launch a surprise attack! Multiple action points let kids stretch and launch their Slam City™ figures (sold separately) all around the ring before they "break into" the bank vault. Smash the safe, grab the Championship, and take down The Finisher once and for all!
- Comes with one exclusive The Finisher figure
- Features action points for stretching and launching figures
- Breakable accessories maximize the mayhem
- Includes bank vault, safe, and Championship
- Great for staging thrilling showdowns
- Tons of battling fun for your WWE fan
Battery Required: No | Batteries Included: No
Assembly Required: Yes
Warranty: Yes
Age Grade: 3+
Legal Legend: & © 2013 WWE. All Rights Reserved.
Country of Origin: CN

subset: commoncrawl


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For Black Friday only (actually, will go down at 6 AM Sat morning, EST):
EX: Black Friday Pack
300 Gran for 5 random EX Cards - That's 60% of the cost of the EX: Lotto!!!
500 Gran for 5 Refess EX Cards - That's 83% of last year's special Sphere EX Lotto!
500 Gran for 5 Lawtia EX Cards
500 Gran for 5 Gowen EX Cards
500 Gran for 5 Falkow EX Cards
NOTE: These include the special high-rarity EX cards like Sakon and Meltiria!
For all weekend long (actually, will go down at 6 AM Mon morning, EST)
Rarity UP Lotto, with YOU GET COMPLETE SET CARDS for Sets 1-10.
You get one, email me at firstname.lastname@example.com and I'll give you one of every card in the set you got!
And we thank you for your support!


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H9SOI FEM – The optimal RF SOI process
In cellular and Wi-Fi systems, the Radio Frequency (RF) Front-End Module is one of the most critical parts. Acting as an interface between the antenna and RF transceiver, the RF front-end module includes sensitive components such as an antenna Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) , power amplifiers (PA), antenna tuning switches, and a power management unit.
Ever increasing complexity
To meet design challenges such as isolating linear switches and maximizing the efficiency of power amplifiers, the industry developed specific processes for each part of the RF Front-End Module, leading to multiple discrete components and ICs.
As new high-speed standards, including 4G mobile and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac) use as many as 40 different frequency bands to increase data throughput, the latest networking equipment requires additional front-end circuitry, dramatically increasing the overall size from the conventional discrete approach.
This increased complexity requires new silicon-based processes that allow greater flexibility and better integration without compromising performance.
Towards more integration
Using its strong know-how in Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI), developed over a decade, STMicroelectronics introduced in 2008 a groundbreaking technology, called H9SOI, that then, perfectly met the RF requirements, while enabling a high-level of integration.
Available for customers developing compact integrated-RF Front-End modules, ST's H9SOI manufacturing process brought competitive solutions to replace the expensive conventional discrete approach.
H9SOI FEM: The ideal solution for RF Front-End Modules
In 2012, building on that experience, ST further optimized its H9SOI process and created a dedicated process called H9SOI_FEM that enables customers to develop state-of-the-art fully-integrated RF Front-End-Modules.
The H9SOI FEM process is a highly competitive technology, allowing more compact front-end solutions while increasing performance versus the previous generation. The new process is built on dual-gate 0.13µm and 0.25µm MOSFETs and supports multiple devices, such as 1.2V MOS, 2.5V MOS and optimized NLDMOS(1), in order to address all Front-End Module applications (Switches, Antenna Tuning, Power Amplifier and Low-Noise Amplifier).
H9SOI FEM benefits on performance
ST's H9SOI_FEM offers an excellent figure-of-merit for the antenna switch and antenna-tuning devices, with a Ron x Coff of 207fs.
Further improvements of the process are under finalization and they will bring Ron x Coff value at 160fs for new designs starting in the first part of 2014
Ron.Coff Factor of Merit
Ron: ON Resistance.
Coff: Capacitance.
The optimized NLDMOS, combined with a thick copper layer, allows highly efficient Power Amplifiers, with as much as a 10% improvement versus conventional solutions.
Finally, the H9SOI FEM process enables very-high-performance LNAs, capable of sustaining an outstanding ultra-low noise figure (0.1 dB for GO1 NMOS) with a threshold frequency that permits 5GHz designs with a safety margin.
H9SOI FEM manufacturing benefits
With H9SOI FEM, ST has simplified the process flow, including reducing the number of masks. Fewer masks and fewer process steps has cut the overall lead time by 25% compared to the previous generation. Combined with ST's manufacturing capacity, the new RF SOI process ensures the best time-to-market for even the most demanding of customers
(1) NLDMOS: N type Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor


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Olives with pimentos still life
painting by artist Ria Hills
Ria Hills
Uxbridge, Massachusetts, United States
I am a self-taught contemporary pastel painter. Food art and pet portraits have become favorite subjects of mine, as well as to my collectors.
My Web Pages:
> My Daily Paintings Gallery
> Daily Paintings in Pastel
> My Main Site
> Commissioned Pet Portraits
> Facebook artist page
Recent Paintings:
More Paintings by Ria Hills
More in Food And Drink Paintings
More in Still Life Paintings
More art in Today's New Paintings
Keyword Tags
art day drink food food and drink hills kitchen life olives painting pastel pimentos ria hills rias small still still life
link to us - subscribe - about - contact us - art links - press room - login
The Daily Painters Art Gallery - www.dailypainters.com
© 2016 Daily Painters Gallery. All artwork is copyrighted by the individual artists.
Images may not be reproduced without the permission of the artist.


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Revitalize and restore old plastic items with Krylon Fusion for Plastic spray paints. A revolutionary
Krylon Fusion for Plastic paint bonds easily to most plastics, PVC, resin, and more with no need to sand or prime the surface. The paint is dry to the touch within 15 minutes, dry to handle within one hour — and it becomes fully
This paint can also be used to paint wood, metal, wicker, wrought iron, hard vinyl, glass, plaster, ceramics, paper, and papier mâché.
Color Chart Note — Use this color chart as an approximation of the real color. If exact color matching is necessary, use actual samples of the materials.
® Krylon is a registered trademark of the Sherwin-Williams Company. ® Fusion for Plastic is a registered trademark.


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East Oldham sixth-graders competed in their annual soap box derby June 3, racing down the hill in front of the school at top speed in cars they built. Students learn a variety of subject matter in making the cars, teacher Rusti Morrison said. In math, they learn ratio and proportion in building to scale. In science, they learn about force, motion and friction. In language arts, they learn about reading technical writing. And in social studies, students chose a country they had studied before designing a brand and painting the car to market that brand.
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ArtFields 2016
The South's most engaging art competition and festival draws talent from across the Southeast to the heart of historic Lake City. Get ready for unforgettable family fun and world-class southern art.
Local, Quality Mattresses
Spring clearance through May 4! Custom made in our West Columbia store (713 Meeting St). No sales tax. Free bed frame, free fossil pillows and 24 months with no interest. Click here!
Main Street Homes
We have new closeouts and samples from some of the best furniture and home décor manufacturers in America and around the world. Find us on Facebook or shop online!
Modern Exterminating Company
We are the longest standing family-owned, local, independent pest control company in Columbia. Give us a call at 803-765-2315 or visit us online.
Persona Wood Fired Pizzeria
We craft an authentic wood fired pizza with imported flour from Naples, Italy. Order Online!
Vino Garage Wine and Beer
Come to Vino Garage at 2327 Main St. on April 16 for the "Damn Yankee" Beer Tasting. Visit us on Facebook to learn more.
House for Rent
In-Town on Arondale Drive. Near Earlewood Park and River Drive. 2 BR; 1.5 BA; Paneled Den/Office. LR, DR; Kitchen /w appliances. W&D. Central Heat and Air, Ceiling fans, cable connections. Year Lease or Longer - $950/mo, plus security deposit. No pets; Non-smokers. References and financial info requested with credit verification. (803) 413-8851.
Crescent Construction
We specialize in roofing and can help any homeowner with their home repair needs. Give us a call (803-781-1900) or click here to learn more.


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Denver's Premier Karting & Entertainment Destination
Open 7 Days a Week
Monday-Thursday: 10am – 10pm
Friday-Saturday: 9am – 11pm
Sunday: 9am – 6pm
7300 Broadway
Denver, CO 80221
Denver's Premier Karting & Entertainment Destination
Located just 10 minutes north of downtown Denver, our upscale kart racing facility is designed to provide a first class entertainment experience. We offer Arrive and Drive racing, kids karting, kart training classes and more. After racing, celebrate with food and drinks in the Trackside Tavern, featuring a full bar and great track views. Looking to celebrate an upcoming event? We're also the perfect location to host your next corporate event, birthday or bachelor party, or any other special occasion.
Kart Racing – Speed. Excitement. Competition.
Unser Karting & Events offers a unique indoor go kart racing experience guaranteed to raise your pulse rate, start the adrenaline flowing, and foster some friendly competition among friends and family. Our track and high performance racing karts provide a challenge to experienced drivers looking to hone their skills and improve lap times, while providing new or inexperienced drivers with the ability to gain confidence and push their limits in a comfortable and safe environment. Everything you'll need to race, including a new driver training session and safety gear, is provided to you by our highly trained and friendly customer service and track crew.
Trackside Tavern – Delicious Eats. Full Bar. 12 Beers On Tap.
The Trackside Tavern is the ultimate viewing gallery for watching the racing action while enjoying great food, a full bar featuring 12 beers on tap, and plenty of flat screen TVs for viewing the day's sporting events. Designed to feel both modern and comfortable, it's the perfect place to meet up with family, friends, or coworkers, hang out, and celebrate the day's great racing with some food and drinks. Parents can also relax and enjoy their time while getting a bite to eat and keeping an eye on their kids racing endeavors.
Games – Mini Bowling. Pool. Ping Pong.
After you're done on the track for the day, or for those guests who may not be racing, extend your fun by enjoying our game room featuring mini-bowling, pool and ping pong. The game room is located right beside the Trackside Tavern, so it's easy for larger groups to split up and come and go as they please without losing sight of the whole party.


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La Suite West
Posted by Cynthia | Filed under Musings
The moment I saw this image I knew. Anouska Hempel was at it again. You see, while on my honeymoon 15 years ago, I sat in front of a fireplace very much in the spirit of this. I stayed at the Hempel Hotel. It was new, modern, and making waves in the media. It was the first London boutique hotel of its kind, nestled in a residential area, blending with its surroundings so well it seemed invisible to the passerby. It was the best kept secret around.
Anouska Hempel has designed and managed three award winning boutique hotels (Blakes London, Blakes Amsterdam, and The Hempel). Her signature style shines again in the new La Suite West Hotel. "Located on a quiet street on the edge of London's magnificent Hyde Park, close to the West End and Paddington". The aesthetic of "La Suite West…takes the shape of a stark temple of black and white, where clean lines meet sharp angles and sculptural forms. A corridor of inky-black marble floors leads guests up to an unusually long white marble reception desk. In the garden, crisp lines and sculptural forms that characterize the hotels interior are echoed in meticulously pruned plants, trees and hedges." It is absolutely gorgeous. Perfect for that anniversary trip, don't you think?
Images sourced at the architects website: http://www.anouskahempeldesign.com
Excerpts sourced at La Suite West website: http://www.lasuitewest.com
Tags: Anouska Hempel, architecture, Boutique Hotel London, interior design, La Suite West, london, The Blake Hotel, The Hempel Hotel


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Meet the people building, supporting, designing and generally obsessing over your marketing efforts.
Nashville (Headquarters)
9 Lea Ave.Nashville, TN 37210
New York
154 Grand St.New York, NY 10013
524 E. Burnside St.Suite 510Portland, OR 97214
Level 3, 41 Stewart St.Richmond, VIC 3121
United States Australia
Copyright © 2003—2016 Emma. All rights reserved. Anti-spam & privacy | Terms of use | Application status
Emma is a member of the Email Sender & Provider Coalition and the Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group.


text: The exterior of this handbag is in good condition. The top handles and bottom corners are worn. The base is scuffed and the hardware is scratched and tarnishing as well. The interior is in good condition, with wear on the lining and a small tear on the side of the open pocket. It does not ship with a designer dust bag.


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In the last two weeks we have celebrated the perfect love of God modeled in the Father in the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32).
The younger son reveals an imperfect love, as he tries to earn his father's love back when he returns home. The older brother reveals the other side of imperfect love as he puts everyone to the test before he will grant his love and forgiveness.
Being an eldest brother myself, I sadly saw much too much of myself in the older brother of the parable.
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Rehabilitation of the Walled City, Nicosia, Cyprus
Nicosia, Cyprus
2 mins 20 secs (14.89MB)
The representatives of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities of Nicosia decided to transcend a tense political situation and take the first steps towards reversing the city's physical decay and economic decline through the catalyst of restoring the historic walled city.
Find out more
© 2008 The Aga Khan Development Network. This is the only authorised Website of the Aga Khan Development Network.
Unless specifically stated, extracts (other than photographs) may be reproduced
without further permission, with due acknowledgment.


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Holiday Concert and CD Release at Vol State
Submitted on November 15, 2010 at 8:57 AM
"Sounds of the Season" are coming to Volunteer State Community College in a Christmas concert and CD release. Students from the Vol State Commercial Music Jazz Ensemble, the Commercial Music Rock Ensemble and the Showstoppers will perform. Songs will include original student compositions, a rocking gospel music section and choreographed dance from the Showstoppers. The students have been working on the CD in the Vol State recording studio.
"The challenge for the music ensembles is that just seven weeks into the semester the students are thrown into a recording session," said Vol State music professor James Story, the director of the show. "These students, some of which have never been in a recording studio or even a school choir, have to step up for the challenge of our performance goals and recording projects. There will be something for everyone at this concert; from classical to jazz, from rock to novelty tunes."
The concert will be held in the auditorium at Caudill Hall on Friday, December 3 and Saturday, December 4 at 7:30 p.m. There is a suggested donation of $5 at the door. For $10 concert goers can get admission and a copy of the CD. Vol State is located at 1480 Nashville Pike in Gallatin. For more information call 615-230-3201.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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James Allen offers an extensive collection of preset diamond stud earrings. The studs are available in a variety of shapes, settings, and metals. Diamond studs are a perfect wedding, anniversary or holiday gift, and James Allen has a pair that's right for you. Whether you prefer platinum, white-gold or yellow gold settings, James Allen has a pair of diamond set earrings that are sure to put a smile on her face. Choose from diamonds of all cuts, clarities, and carat weights. From 6 prong scalloped basket earrings to pave frame earrings to pave frame earrings to diamond cluster earrings, we have diamond studs that will add just the right amount of sparkle to your jewelry collection.
When choosing diamond stud earrings, it is important to understand diamond Cut, clarity, and color. If you'd like the diamond to match your facial features, then focus on the cut. Princess cut diamonds look beautiful on women with broad faces while round diamonds complement narrower features. Clarity and color requirements are more relaxed for diamond stud earrings when compared to diamonds set in engagement rings. This is because the distance that they are viewed is greater. Diamonds that are not "clean to the eye" for engagement rings are often considered eye-clean for diamond studs. Stud earrings should also be at about I1 graded clarity.


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For the most current version of this Note, see Background Notes A-Z.
Area: 2.5 million sq. km. (967,500 sq. mi.); the largest country in Africa and almost the size of continental U.S. east of the Mississippi River.
Cities: Capital--Khartoum (pop. 1.4 million). Other cities--Omdurman (2.1 million), Port Sudan (pop. 450,000), Kassala, Kosti, Juba (capital of southern region).
Land boundaries: Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, and Uganda.
Terrain: Generally flat with mountains in east and west. Khartoum is situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers. The southern regions are inundated during the annual floods of the Nile River system (the Suud or swamps).
Climate: Desert and savanna in the north and central regions and tropical in the south.
Nationality: Noun and adjective (sing. and pl.)--Sudanese.
Population (July 2009 est.): 41,087,825; 43% urban.
Annual population growth rate (2009 est.): 2.143%.
Ethnic groups: Arab/Muslim north and black African/Christian and animist south.
Religions: Islam (official), indigenous beliefs (southern Sudan), Christianity.
Languages: Arabic (official), English (official), tribal languages.
Education: Years compulsory--8. Attendance--35%-40%. Literacy--61.1%.
Health: Infant mortality rate--82.43/1,000. Life expectancy--51.42 yrs.
Work force: Agriculture--80%; industry and commerce--7%; government--13%.
Independence: January 1, 1956.
Type: Provisional Government established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 that provides for power sharing pending national elections. The national elections took place from April 11-15, 2010.
Constitution: The Interim National Constitution was adopted on July 6, 2005. It was drafted by the National Constitutional Review Commission, as mandated by the January 2005 CPA. The Government of Southern Sudan also has a constitution adopted in December 2005; it was certified by the Ministry of Justice to be in conformity with the Interim National Constitution and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement.
Branches: Executive--executive authority is held by the president, who also is the prime minister, head of state, head of government, and commander in chief of the armed forces; effective July 9, 2005, the executive branch includes a first vice president and a vice president. As stipulated by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Interim National Constitution, the first vice president position is held by the president of Southern Sudan, assuming the president is from the North. Legislative--National Legislature. The National Assembly, the lower house, has 450 elected members; an additional 46 seats will be appointed under a political agreement between the two CPA parties to resolve disputes over the accuracy of districting based on the May 2008 census. There is also an upper house, the Council of States, which is composed of two representatives from each of the nation's 25 states, and two observers from the Abyei Area. Judicial--High Court, Minister of Justice, Attorney General, civil and special tribunals.
Administrative subdivisions: Twenty-five states, most with an elected governor, along with a state cabinet and elected state legislative assembly.
Political parties: Currently there are many political parties in both the nation's north and south. Seventy-two parties registered to take part in the April 2010 elections. All political parties were banned following the June 30, 1989 military coup. Political associations, taking the place of parties, were authorized in 2000. Some parties are in self-imposed exile. The principal national parties are the National Congress Party (NCP), which attracts mainly northern support, and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), a southern Sudan-based party. These two parties are signatories to the CPA.
Central government budget (2007 est.): $9.201 billion.
Defense (2005 est.): 3% of GDP.
GDP (2009 est.): $92.81 billion
GDP annual growth rate (2009 est.): 3.8%.
Per capita income GDP (2009 est.): $2,300.
Avg. annual inflation rate (2009 est.): 12.3%.
Natural resources: Modest reserves of oil, natural gas, gold, iron ore, copper, and other industrial metals.
Agriculture: Products--cotton, peanuts, sorghum, sesame seeds, gum arabic, sugarcane, millet, livestock.
Industry: Types--motor vehicle assembly, cement, cotton, edible oils and sugar refining.
Trade: Exports (2009 est.)--$8.464 billion f.o.b.: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, gold, sorghum, peanuts, gum arabic, sugar, meat, hides, live animals, and sesame seeds. Major markets China, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, South Korea. Imports (2009 est.)--$6.823 billion f.o.b.: oil and petroleum products, oil pipeline, pumping and refining equipment, chemical products and equipment, wheat and wheat flour, transport equipment, foodstuffs, tea, agricultural inputs and machinery, industrial inputs and manufactured goods. Major suppliers--European Union, China, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, and India.
Fiscal year: January 1-December 31.
Sudan's population is one of the most diverse on the African continent. Within two distinct major cultures--Arab and black African--there are hundreds of ethnic and tribal subdivisions and language groups, which make effective collaboration among them a major political challenge.
The northern states cover most of the Sudan and include most of the urban centers. Most of the 30 million Sudanese who live in this region are Arabic-speaking Muslims, though the majority also uses a non-Arabic mother tongue--e.g., Nubian, Beja, Fur, Nuban, Ingessana, etc. Among these are several distinct tribal groups: the Kababish of northern Kordofan, a camel-raising people; the Ja'alin and Shaigiyya groups of settled tribes along the rivers; the semi-nomadic Baggara of Kordofan and Darfur; the Hamitic Beja in the Red Sea area and Nubians of the northern Nile areas, some of whom have been resettled on the Atbara River; and the Nuba of southern Kordofan and Fur in the western reaches of the country.
The southern region has a population of around 8 million and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. Except for a 10-year hiatus, southern Sudan has been embroiled in conflict, resulting in major destruction and displacement since independence. The conflict has severely affected the population of the South, resulting in over 2 million deaths and more than 4 million people displaced between 1983 and 2005. The Southern Sudanese practice mainly indigenous traditional beliefs, although Christian missionaries have converted some. The South also contains many tribal groups and many more languages than are used in the north. The Dinka--whose population is estimated at more than 1 million--is the largest of the many black African tribes in Sudan. The Shilluk and the Nuer are among the Nilotic tribes. The Azande, Bor, and Jo Luo are Sudanic tribes in the west, and the Acholi and Lotuhu live in the extreme south, extending into Uganda.
According to new census results released in early 2009, Sudan's population has reached an estimated 41.1 million.
Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. However, neither the Egyptian nor the Mahdist state (1883-1898) had any effective control of the southern region outside of a few garrisons. Southern Sudan remained an area of fragmented tribes, subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders.
In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the "expected one," and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan. His followers took on the name "Ansars" (the followers) which they continue to use today and are associated with the single largest political grouping, the Umma Party, led by a descendant of the Mahdi, Sadiq al Mahdi.
Taking advantage of dissatisfaction resulting from Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and maladministration, the Mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885. The Mahdi died shortly thereafter, but his state survived until overwhelmed by an invading Anglo-Egyptian force under Lord Kitchener in 1898. While nominally administered jointly by Egypt and Britain, Britain exercised control, formulated policies, and supplied most of the top administrators.
In February 1953, the United Kingdom and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination. The transitional period toward independence began with the inauguration of the first parliament in 1954. With the consent of the British and Egyptian Governments, Sudan achieved independence on January 1, 1956, under a provisional constitution. This constitution was silent on two crucial issues for southern leaders--the secular or Islamic character of the state and its federal or unitary structure. However, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system, which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that launched 17 years of civil war (1955-72).
Sudan has been at war with itself for more than three-quarters of its existence. Since independence, protracted conflict rooted in deep cultural and religious differences have slowed Sudan's economic and political development and forced massive internal displacement of its people. Northerners, who have traditionally controlled the country, have sought to unify it along the lines of Arabism and Islam despite the opposition of non-Muslims, southerners, and marginalized peoples in the west and east. The resultant civil strife affected Sudan's neighbors, as they alternately sheltered fleeing refugees or served as operating bases for rebel movements.
In 1958, General Ibrahim Abboud seized power and pursued a policy of Arabization and Islamicization for both North and South Sudan that strengthened Southern opposition. General Abboud was overthrown in 1964 and a civilian caretaker government assumed control. Southern leaders eventually divided into two factions, those who advocated a federal solution and those who argued for self-determination, a euphemism for secession since it was assumed the south would vote for independence if given the choice.
Until 1969, there was a succession of governments that proved unable either to agree on a permanent constitution or to cope with problems of factionalism, economic stagnation, and ethnic dissidence. These regimes were dominated by "Arab" Muslims who asserted their Arab-Islamic agenda and refused any kind of self-determination for southern Sudan.
In May 1969, a group of communist and socialist officers led by Colonel Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiri, seized power. A month after coming to power, Nimeiri proclaimed socialism (instead of Islamism) for the country and outlined a policy of granting autonomy to the South. Nimeiri in turn was the target of a coup attempt by communist members of the government. It failed and Nimeiri ordered a massive purge of communists. This alienated the Soviet Union, which withdrew its support.
Already lacking support from the Muslim parties he had chased from power, Nimeiri could no longer count on the communist faction. Having alienated the right and the left, Nimeiri turned to the south as a way of expanding his limited powerbase. He pursued peace initiatives with Sudan's hostile neighbors, Ethiopia and Uganda, signing agreements that committed each signatory to withdraw support for the other's rebel movements. He then initiated negotiations with the southern rebels and signed an agreement in Addis Ababa in 1972 that granted a measure of autonomy to the South. Southern support helped him put down two coup attempts, one initiated by officers from the western regions of Darfur and Kordofan who wanted for their region the same privileges granted to the south.
However, the Addis Ababa Agreement had no support from either the secularist or Islamic Northern parties. Nimeiri concluded that their lack of support was more threatening to his regime than lack of support from the south so he announced a policy of national reconciliation with all the religious opposition forces. These parties did not feel bound to observe an agreement they perceived as an obstacle to furthering an Islamist state. The scales against the peace agreement were tipped in 1979 when Chevron discovered oil in the south. Northern pressure built to abrogate those provisions of the peace treaty granting financial autonomy to the south. Ultimately in 1983, Nimeiri abolished the Southern region, declared Arabic the official language of the South (instead of English) and transferred control of Southern armed forces to the central government. This was effectively a unilateral abrogation of the 1972 peace treaty. The second Sudan civil war began in January 1983 when southern soldiers mutinied rather than follow orders transferring them to the North.
In September 1983, as part of an Islamicization campaign, President Nimeiri announced that traditional Islamic punishments drawn from Shari'a (Islamic Law) would be incorporated into the penal code. This was controversial even among Muslim groups. Amputations for theft and public lashings for alcohol possession became common. Southerners and other non-Muslims living in the north were also subjected to these punishments.
In April 1985, while out of the country, Nimeiri was overthrown by a popular uprising in Khartoum provoked by a collapsing economy, the war in the south, and political repression. Gen. Suwar al-Dahab headed the transitional government. One of its first acts was to suspend the 1983 constitution and disband Nimeiri's Sudan Socialist Union.
Elections were held in April 1986, and a civilian government took over power. There were tentative moves towards negotiating peace with the south. However, any proposal to exempt the south from Islamic law was unacceptable to those who supported Arabic supremacy. In 1989, an Islamic army faction led by General Umar al-Bashir mounted a coup and installed the National Islamic Front. The new government's commitment to the Islamic cause intensified the North-South conflict.
The Bashir government combined internal political repression with international Islamist activism. It supported radical Islamist groups in Algeria and supported Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Khartoum was established as a base for militant Islamist groups: radical movements and terrorist organizations like Osama Bin Laden's al Qaida were provided a safe haven and logistical aid in return for financial support. In 1996, the UN imposed sanctions on Sudan for alleged connections to the assassination attempt on Egyptian President Mubarak.
Meanwhile, the period of the 1990s saw a growing sense of alienation in the western and eastern regions of Sudan from the Arab center. The rulers in Khartoum were seen as less and less responsive to the concerns and grievances of both Muslim and non-Muslim populations across the country. Alienation from the "Arab" center caused various groups to grow sympathetic to the southern rebels led by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), and in some cases, prompted them to flight alongside it.
The policy of the ruling regime toward the South was to pursue the war against the rebels while trying to manipulate them by highlighting tribal divisions. Ultimately, this policy resulted in the rebels' uniting under the leadership of Colonel John Garang. During this period, the SPLM/A rebels also enjoyed support from Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Uganda. The Bashir government's "Pan-Islamic" foreign policy, which provided support for neighboring radical Islamist groups, was partly responsible for this support for the rebels.
The 1990s saw a succession of regional efforts to broker an end to the Sudanese civil war. Beginning in 1993, the leaders of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya pursued a peace initiative for the Sudan under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD), but results were mixed. Despite that record, the IGAD initiative promulgated the 1994 Declaration of Principles (DOP) that aimed to identify the essential elements necessary to a just and comprehensive peace settlement; i.e., the relationship between religion and the state, power sharing, wealth sharing, and the right of self-determination for the south. The Sudanese Government did not sign the DOP until 1997 after major battlefield losses to the SPLA. That year, the Khartoum government signed a series of agreements with rebel factions under the banner of "Peace from Within." These included the Khartoum, Nuba Mountains, and Fashoda Agreements that ended military conflict between the government and significant rebel factions. Many of those leaders then moved to Khartoum where they assumed marginal roles in the central government or collaborated with the government in military engagements against the SPLA. These three agreements paralleled the terms and conditions of the IGAD agreement, calling for a degree of autonomy for the south and the right of self-determination.
End to the Civil War
In July 2002, the Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A reached an historic agreement on the role of state and religion and the right of southern Sudan to self-determination. This agreement, known as the Machakos Protocol and named after the town in Kenya where the peace talks were held, concluded the first round of talks sponsored by the IGAD. The effort was mediated by retired Kenyan General Lazaro Sumbeiywo. Peace talks resumed and continued during 2003, with discussions focusing on wealth sharing and three contested areas.
On November 19, 2004, the Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A signed a declaration committing themselves to conclude a final comprehensive peace agreement by December 31, 2004, in the context of an extraordinary session of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in Nairobi, Kenya--only the fifth time the Council has met outside of New York since its founding. At this session, the UNSC unanimously adopted Resolution 1574, which welcomed the commitment of the government and the SPLM/A to achieve agreement by the end of 2004, and underscored the international community's intention to assist the Sudanese people and support implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement. In keeping with their commitment to the UNSC, the Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A initialed the final elements of the comprehensive agreement on December 31, 2004. The two parties formally signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) on January 9, 2005. The U.S. and the international community welcomed this decisive step forward for peace in Sudan.
National elections took place from April 11-15, 2010. The elections were largely peaceful. However, there were widespread irregularities reported during the polling and counting periods, as well as serious restrictions on political space in both north and south leading up to and during the elections. The NCP and SPLM won the overwhelming majority of the electoral races, and incumbent presidents were elected for the Government of Sudan and the semi-autonomous Government of Southern Sudan.
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
The 2005 CPA established a new Government of National Unity and the interim Government of Southern Sudan and called for wealth-sharing, power-sharing, and security arrangements between the two parties. The historic agreement provides for a ceasefire, withdrawal of troops from southern Sudan, and the repatriation and resettlement of refugees. It also stipulated that by the end of the fourth year of an interim period there would be elections at all levels, including for national and southern Sudan president, state governors, and national, southern Sudan, and state legislatures. These elections were held in April 2010.
On July 9, 2005, the Presidency was inaugurated with al-Bashir sworn in as President and John Garang, SPLM/A leader, installed as First Vice President of Sudan. Ratification of the Interim National Constitution followed. The Constitution declares Sudan to be a "democratic, decentralized, multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-religious, and multi-lingual State."
On July 30, 2005, the charismatic and revered SPLM leader John Garang died in a helicopter crash. The SPLM/A immediately named Salva Kiir, Garang's deputy, as First Vice President of the Government of National Unity and President of the Government of Southern Sudan.
Implemented provisions of the CPA include the formation of the National Legislature, appointment of Cabinet members, establishment of the Government of Southern Sudan and the signing of the interim Southern Sudan Constitution, and the appointment of state governors and adoption of state constitutions. The electoral law paving the way for national elections was passed in July 2008, and elections were held at six levels in April 2010. Laws governing the Southern Sudan and Abyei referenda and the popular consultations in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile were passed in December 2009, and the parties agreed in February 2010 to begin demarcation of the north-south border.
New CPA-mandated commissions have also been created. Thus far, those formed include the National Electoral Commission, Assessment and Evaluation Commission, National Petroleum Commission, Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission, and the North-South Border Commission. The Ceasefire Political Commission, Joint Defense Board, and Ceasefire Joint Military Committee were also established as part of the security arrangements of the CPA.
With the establishment of the National Population Census Council, a population census was conducted in April/May 2008 in preparation for national elections that took place from April 11-15, 2010. The results from the census were released in early 2009. The CPA mandated that a referendum be held no later than January 2011, giving southerners the opportunity to vote either for unity within Sudan or separation, and that a parallel referendum be held for the people of Abyei to determine whether they wish to remain in the North or join the South.
On January 15, 2011 the week-long Southern Sudan referendum concluded, and official results were announced on February 7, 2011. More than 3.85 million people, or 97.58% of registered voters, participated with 98.83% voting for secession according to the final results. During the February 7, 2011 announcement ceremony, the Government of Sudan thanked the international community and issued the following statement: "In accordance with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and the Constitution of 2005, we accept the referendum result, and we renew our commitment to building constructive relations with the new state in the South." On the same day, President Barack Obama congratulated the people of Southern Sudan, and announced the United States' intent to formally recognize Southern Sudan as a sovereign, independent state in July 2011. In a separate statement on February 7, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton congratulated all of Sudan, and signaled the United States would initiate the process of withdrawing Sudan's state sponsor of terrorism designation.
While significant progress has been made since 2005, and completion of the referendum is a major achievement, several post-referendum issues--including citizenship, security, debt, oil management, wealth sharing, and currency--remained unresolved as of April 2011. The parties continue to work through these issues, and the United States remains actively engaged through its support of the African Union High Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP) and its chairman, President Thabo Mbeki.
The status of Abyei also remained unresolved as of April 2011. Although the boundaries of Abyei were defined through arbitration in The Hague in July 2009, and both sides have accepted the arbitration decision, issues persist and the Abyei boundary has not been demarcated. In August 2009, in conjunction with discussions facilitated by the United States, the two CPA parties signed an agreement charting a path forward on 10 points critical to implementation of the CPA. The parties continue to work through issues related to CPA implementation.
Popular consultations in Blue Nile are underway, citizen hearings have been completed, and technical hearings should begin in April 2011. The process in Southern Kordofan remains on hold until state-level elections scheduled for May are concluded; voter registration for the May elections was completed in February 2011.
In March 2011, Princeton N. Lyman became U.S. Special Envoy for Sudan, replacing J. Scott Gration.
In 2003, while the historic north-south conflict was on its way to resolution, increasing reports began to surface of attacks on civilians, especially aimed at non-Arab tribes in the extremely marginalized Darfur region of Sudan. A rebellion broke out in Darfur, led by two rebel groups--the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). These groups represented agrarian farmers who are mostly non-Arabized black African Muslims. In seeking to defeat the rebel movements, the Government of Sudan increased arms and support to local, rival tribes and militias, which have come to be known as the "Janjaweed." Their members were composed mostly of Arabized black African Muslims who herded cattle, camels, and other livestock. Attacks on the civilian population by the Janjaweed, often with the direct support of Government of Sudan Armed Forces (SAF), have led to the death of hundreds of thousands of people in Darfur, with an estimated 2 million internally displaced people and another 250,000 refugees in neighboring Chad.
On September 9, 2004, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility--and that genocide may still be occurring." President George W. Bush echoed this in July 2005, when he stated that the situation in Darfur was "clearly genocide."
Intense international efforts to solve the crisis got underway, and a cease-fire between the parties was signed in N'Djamena, Chad, on April 8, 2004. However, despite the deployment of an African Union (AU) military mission to monitor implementation of the cease-fire and investigate violations, violence continued. The SLM/A and JEM negotiated with the Government of Sudan under African Union auspices, resulting in an agreement being signed regarding additional protocols addressing the humanitarian and security aspects of the conflict on November 9, 2004. Like previous agreements, however, these were violated by both sides. Talks resumed in Abuja on June 10, 2005, resulting in a July 6 signing of a Declaration of Principles. Further talks were held in the fall and early winter of 2005 and covered power sharing, wealth sharing, and security arrangements. These negotiations were complicated by a split that occurred in SLM/A leadership. The SLM/A now had a faction loyal to Minni Minawi and a faction loyal to Abdel Wahid.
The African Union, with the support of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the U.S., and the rest of the international community, began deploying a larger monitoring and observer force in October 2004. The UNSC had passed three resolutions (1556, 1564, and 1574), all intended to compel the Government of Sudan to rein in the Janjaweed, protect the civilian population and humanitarian participants, seek avenues toward a political settlement to the humanitarian and political crisis, and recognize the need for the rapid deployment of an expanded African Union mission in Darfur. The U.S. has been a leader in pressing for strong international action by the United Nations and its agencies.
A series of UNSC resolutions in late March 2005 underscored the concerns of the international community regarding Sudan's continuing conflicts. Resolution 1590 established the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of 6 months and decided that UNMIS would consist of up to 10,000 military personnel and up to 715 civilian police personnel. It requested UNMIS to coordinate with the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to foster peace in Darfur, support implementation of the CPA, facilitate the voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, provide humanitarian demining assistance, and protect human rights. The resolution also called on the Government of Sudan and rebel groups to resume the Abuja talks and support a peaceful settlement to the conflict in Darfur, including ensuring safe access for peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.
Resolution 1591 criticized the Government of Sudan and rebels in Darfur for having failed to comply with several previous UNSC resolutions, for ceasefire violations, and for human rights abuses. The resolution also called on all parties to resume the Abuja talks and to support a peaceful settlement to the conflict in Darfur; it also forms a monitoring committee charged with enforcing a travel ban and asset freeze of those determined to impede the peace process or violate human rights. Additionally, the resolution demanded that the Government of Sudan cease conducting offensive military flights in and over the Darfur region. Finally, Resolution 1593 referred the situation in Darfur to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and called on the Government of Sudan and all other parties to the conflict in Darfur to cooperate with the ICC.
Following the UNSC resolutions and intense international pressure, the Darfur rebel groups and the Government of Sudan resumed negotiations in Abuja, Nigeria in early 2006. On May 5, 2006, the government and an SLM/A faction led by Minni Minawi signed the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA). Unfortunately, the conflict in Darfur intensified shortly thereafter, led by rebel groups who refused to sign. In late August government forces began a major offensive on rebel areas in Northern Darfur. On August 30, the Security Council adopted UNSCR 1706, authorizing the transition of AMIS to a larger more robust UN peacekeeping operation. To further facilitate an end to the conflict in Darfur, President Bush announced the appointment of Andrew S. Natsios as the Special Envoy for Sudan on September 19, 2006.
In an effort to resolve Sudan's opposition to a UN force, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and African Union Commission Chair Alpha Oumar Konare convened a meeting of key international officials and representatives of several African and Arab states in Addis Ababa on November 16, 2006. The agreement reached with the Government of Sudan provided for graduated UN support to AMIS culminating in the establishment of a joint "hybrid" AU-UN peacekeeping operation in Darfur.
International efforts in 2007 focused on rallying support for DPA signatory and non-signatory rebel movements to attend renewed peace talks, and on finalizing plans for the joint AU/UN hybrid operation. UN Security Council Resolution 1769 was adopted on July 31, 2007, providing the mandate for a joint AU/UN hybrid force to deploy to Darfur with troop contributions from African countries. The Joint AU-UN Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) was to assume authority from AMIS in the field no later than December 31, 2007.
Following the passage of UNSCR 1769, a conference was held August 3-5 in Arusha, Tanzania between key UN and AU officials and delegates from Darfur rebel groups. Many movements' political and military leaderships were brought into the discussion in preparation for earnest peace talks. Peace talks between the Government of Sudan and rebel factions took place in Sirte, Libya on October 27, 2007. However, limited rebel participation and continuing disagreement about objectives and processes limited the effectiveness of these talks. Following the Sirte talks, the SPLM hosted workshops in Juba, Southern Sudan, to unite the rebel groups and allow them to come together to present a common front during negotiations. The Juba talks led to a consolidation of rebel factions down to five groups from an estimated 27. On December 21, 2007 President Bush announced the appointment of Richard S. Williamson as Special Envoy for Sudan, following the resignation of Andrew S. Natsios.
On July 14, 2008 the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno-Ocampo, announced that he was seeking an arrest warrant for President Bashir for allegedly masterminding genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity in Darfur. In order to move quickly to find a solution to the violence in Darfur under the pressure of a possible ICC indictment, Sudan opened the Sudan People's Initiative in October 2008. The conference brought together many Darfur rebel groups with the government for a conference to explore solutions and how to better implement the existing framework of the DPA. It culminated in the announcement of a unilateral Darfur ceasefire, which was reportedly violated within days of the declaration.
On March 4, 2009 the ICC announced that it was issuing an arrest warrant for President Bashir for crimes against humanity and war crimes. The three-judge panel that issued the warrant did not feel there was enough evidence to include the crime of genocide on the warrant. In response to the ICC indictment, the Government of Sudan expelled 13 international non-government organizations (NGOs) and closed down three Sudanese NGOs, which severely hindered international humanitarian aid efforts in Darfur. Despite the warrant for his arrest, Bashir has traveled freely to a number of countries in Africa and the Middle East since his indictment.
In early 2009, the Joint African Union-United Nations Chief Mediator Djibril Bassole convened talks in Doha, Qatar, between the Government of Sudan and several Darfuri rebel groups, most notably JEM. Although JEM and the government signed a goodwill agreement in February 2009, talks collapsed in May over prisoner swaps and humanitarian access. Throughout the summer of 2009, the AU-UN mediation team worked individually with the parties and civil society to prepare for a new round of negotiations, while President Obama's Special Envoy to Sudan, J. Scott Gration, supported these efforts by working to unify a number of splintered rebel factions in preparation for negotiations, and pressing the government to commit to a new round of talks. In November 2009, the mediation team organized a series of meetings in Doha between the parties and Darfuri civil society in an effort to better represent the voices of the Darfuri people in the peace process.
On January 15, 2010, Sudan and Chad signed an accord in N'Djamena, Chad, to secure their joint border and remove the threat posed to one another by cross-border rebel proxies operating on Sudanese and Chadian territory. The U.S. supported the signing of this agreement, which, if fully implemented, could help to improve the security situation on the ground in Darfur. On April 13, 2010, the parties announced that elements of the joint border force had been deployed and the border had been officially opened for commerce and transit.
On February 3, 2010, the ICC Appeals Court decided that the original three-judge panel used too high an evidentiary standard to omit genocide from the March 4, 2009, indictment of Bashir, and instructed the panel to revisit its decision. On July 12, 2010 the ICC issued a second arrest warrant for Bashir, adding genocide to charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
On February 23, 2010, the Government of Sudan and JEM signed a 12-point framework agreement in Doha, in which the parties agreed to a ceasefire, a prisoner release, and the opening of a new round of formal negotiations. In the wake of this initial progress with JEM, several other armed movements, including SLA factions unified by the efforts of the U.S. and Libya, joined together in Doha under the umbrella of the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM). On March 18, 2010, the Government of Sudan and the LJM signed a framework agreement and a ceasefire. Although negotiations in Doha were suspended during the April 11-15 national elections, talks between the Government of Sudan and the LJM resumed in June 2010. On May 3, JEM announced that it was "freezing" its participation in the Doha talks due to the Government of Sudan's offensive against JEM positions in Jebel Moon, West Darfur. Since that time, the talks between the Government of Sudan and the LJM have continued. The African Union/United Nations Joint Chief Mediator announced at the beginning of September, along with the host Government of Qatar, a timeline that would produce a final outcome document from these negotiations. Doha mediation teams have continued to work on a final document, with JEM sending a small delegation on December 16, 2010 and Abdul Wahid's faction of the SLA considering sending representation following a press by the international community for negotiations without preconditions. The Government of Sudan has urged the conclusion of the Doha talks in favor of a Darfur Political Process (DPP). The DPP would include consultations with a broad spectrum of Darfur civil society members, in addition to rebel groups, and culminate in the All-Darfur Conference (ADC), an inclusive forum intended to establish a corporate representation of Darfuris to finalize the elements of a political settlement for Darfur. The United States continues to support the Doha process as there are ongoing concerns about the enabling environment for talks in Darfur.
Humanitarian Situation
Sudan continues to cope with the countrywide effects of conflict, displacement, and insecurity. During more than 20 years of conflict between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), violence, famine, and disease killed more than 2 million people, forced an estimated 600,000 people to seek refuge in neighboring countries, and displaced approximately 4 million others within Sudan, creating the world's largest population of internally displaced people. Since the 2005 signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which officially ended the North-South conflict, the UN estimates that nearly 2 million displaced people have returned to Southern Sudan and the Three Areas of Southern Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Abyei. As of September 2009, the UN estimated that Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)-related violence had displaced approximately 85,000 people in Southern Sudan, including more than 18,000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. In addition, inter-ethnic conflict in Jonglei, Upper Nile, and Lakes states has killed more than 2,000 people and displaced approximately 250,000 individuals since January 2009.
In March 2009, following the ICC's issuance of the arrest warrant for Bashir, the Government of Sudan expelled 13 international humanitarian aid organizations from Sudan and shut down three national aid organizations in a decision it publicly claimed was "long-overdue." These organizations served as U.S. Government and UN implementing partners for the provision of, among other services, water and sanitation, health care, and protection, and their forced departure, according to the UN, affects 50% of aid delivery in Sudan. In the absence of expelled non-governmental organizations (NGOs), UN agencies and remaining NGOs stepped in to fill some of the critical gaps and address immediate humanitarian needs. The UN, the United States, and other members of the international community have since urged the Government of Sudan to reverse its decision on the expulsions, to identify and respond to gaps in life-saving operations, and to facilitate an orderly transition to working through the remaining NGOs. On March 18, 2009 President Obama announced the appointment of J. Scott Gration as the U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan. Special Envoy Gration negotiated with the Government of Sudan to allow the entry of four new NGOs to help address the humanitarian gaps. The Government of Sudan has been somewhat cooperative regarding the loosening of some administrative and bureaucratic impediments that have hindered the fast and effective delivery of humanitarian assistance in the past.
The conflict in the western region of Darfur entered its seventh year in 2010, despite a 2006 peace agreement--the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA)--between the Government of National Unity and one faction of the Sudan Liberation Army, that of Minni Minawi. It remains to be seen whether the ongoing Doha peace process will be able to effectively help quell the fighting in Darfur among armed opposition group factions, the Sudanese Armed Forces, and militias, which continued to displace thousands of civilians into 2010--230,000 since January 2008 alone. The complex emergency in Darfur affects approximately 4.2 million people, including more than 2.7 million internally displaced people, approximately 250,000 refugees in Chad, and approximately 50,000 refugees in the Central African Republic.
The U.S. Government is the leading international donor to Sudan and has contributed more than $8 billion in humanitarian, development, peacekeeping, and reconstruction assistance for the people in Sudan and eastern Chad since 2005, including more than $2 billion in FY 2009 alone. The U.S. Mission in Sudan has declared disasters due to the complex emergency on an annual basis since 1987. On October 1, 2009, President Obama renewed the Sudan complex emergency disaster declaration for FY 2010. The U.S. Government continues to lead the international effort to support implementation of the CPA, while providing for the humanitarian needs of conflict-affected populations throughout the country. U.S. Government humanitarian assistance to Sudan includes food aid, provision of health care, water, sanitation, and hygiene, as well as programs for nutrition, agriculture, protection, and economic recovery.
Principal Government Officials
President, Prime Minister, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces--Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir
First Vice President--Salva Kiir Mayardit
Vice President--Ali Osman Muhamad Taha
Foreign Minister--Ahmed Ali Karti
Ambassador to the U.S.--Sudan is represented by Charge d'Affaires John Ukec Lueth
Ambassador to the UN--Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman
Sudan maintains an embassy in the United States at 2210 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel: (202) 338-8565; fax: (202) 667-2406); and a Consular Office at 2612 Woodley Place, NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel: (202) 232-1492; fax: (202) 232-1494).
The regional Government of Southern Sudan maintains a liaison office in the United States at 1233 20th St. NW, Suite 602, Washington, DC 20036 (tel: (202) 293-7940; fax: (202) 293-7941).
In 2004, the cessation of major north-south hostilities and expanding crude oil exports resulted in 6.4% GDP growth and a near doubling of GDP per capita since 2003. The aftereffects of the 21-year civil war and very limited infrastructure, however, present obstacles to stronger growth and a broader distribution of income. The country continued taking some steps toward transitioning from a socialist to a market-based economy, although the government and governing party supporters remained heavily involved in the economy.
Sudan's primary resources are agricultural, but oil production and export have taken on greater importance since October 2000. Although the country is trying to diversify its cash crops, cotton, and gum arabic remain its major agricultural exports. Grain sorghum (dura) is the principal food crop, and millet and wheat are grown for domestic consumption. Sesame seeds and peanuts are cultivated for domestic consumption and increasingly for export. Livestock production has vast potential, and many animals, particularly camels and sheep, are exported to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab countries. However, Sudan remains a net importer of food. Problems of irrigation and transportation remain the greatest constraints to a more dynamic agricultural economy.
The country's transportation facilities consist of 5,978 kilometers of railways, 16 airports with paved runways, and about 11,900 kilometers of paved and gravel road--primarily in greater Khartoum, Port Sudan, and the north. Some north-south roads that serve the oil fields of central/south Sudan have been built; and a 1,400 kilometer. (840 miles) oil pipeline goes from the oil fields via the Nuba Mountains and Khartoum to the oil export terminal in Port Sudan on the Red Sea.
Sudan's limited industrial development consists of agricultural processing and various light industries located in Khartoum North. In recent years, the GIAD industrial complex introduced the assembly of small autos and trucks, and some heavy military equipment such as armored personnel carriers and the proposed "Bashir" main battle tank. Although Sudan is reputed to have great mineral resources, exploration has been quite limited, and the country's real potential is unknown. Small quantities of asbestos, chromium, and mica are exploited commercially.
Extensive petroleum exploration began in the mid-1970s and might cover all of Sudan's economic and energy needs. Significant finds were made in the Upper Nile region and commercial quantities of oil began to be exported in October 2000, reducing Sudan's outflow of foreign exchange for imported petroleum products. There are indications of significant potential reserves of oil and natural gas in southern Sudan, the Kordofan region and the Red Sea province.
Historically, the U.S., the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have supplied most of Sudan's economic assistance. Sudan's role as an economic link between Arab and African countries is reflected by the presence in Khartoum of the Arab Bank for African Development. The World Bank had been the largest source of development loans.
Sudan will require extraordinary levels of program assistance and debt relief to manage a foreign debt exceeding $21 billion, more than the country's entire annual gross domestic product. During the late 1970s and 1980s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and key donors worked closely to promote reforms to counter the effect of inefficient economic policies and practices. By 1984, a combination of factors--including drought, inflation, and confused application of Islamic law--reduced donor disbursements, and capital flight led to a serious foreign-exchange crisis and increased shortages of imported inputs and commodities. More significantly, the 1989 revolution caused many donors in Europe, the U.S., and Canada to suspend official development assistance, but not humanitarian aid.
However, as Sudan became the world's largest debtor to the World Bank and IMF by 1993, its relationship with the international financial institutions soured in the mid-1990s and has yet to be fully rehabilitated. The government fell out of compliance with an IMF standby program and accumulated substantial arrearages on repurchase obligations. A 4-year economic reform plan was announced in 1988 but was not pursued. An economic reform plan was announced in 1989 and implementation began on a 3-year economic restructuring program designed to reduce the public sector deficit, end subsidies, privatize state enterprises, and encourage new foreign and domestic investment. In 1993, the IMF suspended Sudan's voting rights and the World Bank suspended Sudan's right to make withdrawals under effective and fully disbursed loans and credits. Lome Funds and European Union agricultural credits, totaling more than 1 billion euros, also were suspended.
Sudan produces about 401,000 barrels per day (b/d) (2005 est.) of oil, which brought in about $1.9 billion in 2005 and provides 70% of the country's total export earnings. Although final figures are not yet available, these earnings may have risen to an estimated $2 billion as of the end of 2004. Oil production in Sudan as of 2007 was at 466,100 barrels of oil a day. With a resolution of its 21-year civil war between the North and South, Sudan and its people can now begin to reap the benefit from its natural resources, rebuild its infrastructure, increase oil production and exports, and be able to attain its export and development potential.
In 2000-2001, Sudan's current account entered surplus for the first time since independence. In 1993, currency controls were imposed, making it illegal to possess foreign exchange without approval. In 1999, liberalization of foreign exchange markets ameliorated this constraint somewhat. Exports other than oil are largely stagnant. The small industrial sector remains in the doldrums, and Sudan's inadequate and declining infrastructure inhibits economic growth.
The Sudan People's Armed Forces is a 100,000-member army supported by a small air force and navy. Irregular tribal and former rebel militias and Popular Defense Forces supplement the army's strength in the field. This is a mixed force, having the additional duty of maintaining internal security. During the 1990s, periodic purges of the professional officer corps by the ruling Islamist regime eroded command authority as well as war-fighting capabilities. Indeed, the Sudanese Government admitted it was incapable of carrying out its war aims against the SPLA without employing former rebel and Arab militias to fight in support of regular troops. Additionally, as mandated in the CPA, the Southern Sudanese maintain their own armed forces in the form of the SPLA.
Sudan's military forces historically have been hampered by limited and outdated equipment. In the 1980s, the U.S. worked with the Sudanese Government to upgrade equipment with special emphasis on airlift capacity and logistics. All U.S. military assistance was terminated following the military coup of 1989. Oil revenues have allowed the government to purchase modern weapons systems, including Hind helicopter gunships, Antonov medium bombers, MiG 23 fighter aircraft, mobile artillery pieces, and light assault weapons. Sudan now receives most of its military equipment from China, Russia, and Libya.
The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in southern Sudan is currently in the process of transformation from a guerrilla force to a professional military organization.
Solidarity with other Arab countries has been a feature of Sudan's foreign policy. When the Arab-Israeli war began in June 1967, Sudan declared war on Israel. However, in the early 1970s, Sudan gradually shifted its stance and was supportive of the Camp David Accords.
Relations between Sudan and Libya deteriorated in the early 1970s and reached a low in October 1981, when Libya began a policy of cross-border raids into western Sudan. After the 1985 coup in Sudan, the military government resumed diplomatic relations with Libya, as part of a policy of improving relations with neighboring and Arab states. In early 1990, Libya and the Sudan announced that they would seek "unity," but this unity was not implemented.
During the 1990s, as Sudan sought to steer a nonaligned course, courting Western aid and seeking rapprochement with Arab states, its relations with the U.S. grew increasingly strained. Sudan's ties with countries like North Korea and Libya and its support for regional insurgencies such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Eritrean Islamic Jihad, Ethiopian Islamic Jihad, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Lord's Resistance Army generated great concern about its contribution to regional instability. Allegations of the government's complicity in the assassination attempt against the Egyptian President in Ethiopia in 1995 led to UNSC sanctions against the Sudan. By the late 1990s, Sudan experienced strained or broken diplomatic relations with most of its nine neighboring countries. However, since 2000, Sudan has actively sought regional rapprochement that has rehabilitated most of these relations.
Sudan broke diplomatic relations with the U.S. in June 1967, following the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War. Relations improved after July 1971, when the Sudanese Communist Party attempted to overthrow President Nimeiri, and Nimeiri suspected Soviet involvement. U.S. assistance for resettlement of refugees following the 1972 peace settlement with the south added further improved relations.
On March 1, 1973, Palestinian terrorists of the "Black September" organization murdered U.S. Ambassador Cleo A. Noel and Deputy Chief of Mission Curtis G. Moore in Khartoum. Sudanese officials arrested the terrorists and tried them on murder charges. In June 1974, however, they were released to the custody of the Egyptian Government. The U.S. Ambassador to the Sudan was withdrawn in protest. Although the U.S. Ambassador returned to Khartoum in November, relations with the Sudan remained static until early 1976, when President Nimeiri mediated the release of 10 American hostages being held by Eritrean insurgents in rebel strongholds in northern Ethiopia. In 1976, the U.S. decided to resume economic assistance to Sudan.
In late 1985, there was a reduction in staff at the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum because of the presence in Khartoum of a large contingent of Libyan terrorists. In April 1986, relations with Sudan deteriorated when the U.S. bombed Tripoli, Libya. A U.S. Embassy employee was shot on April 16, 1986. Immediately following this incident, all non-essential personnel and all dependents left for 6 months. At this time, Sudan was the single largest recipient of U.S. development and military assistance in sub-Saharan Africa. However, official U.S. development assistance was suspended in 1989 in the wake of the military coup against the elected government, which brought to power the National Islamist Front led by General Bashir.
U.S. relations with Sudan were further strained in the 1990s. Sudan backed Iraq in its invasion of Kuwait and provided sanctuary and assistance to Islamic terrorist groups. In the early and mid-1990s, Carlos the Jackal, Osama bin Laden, Abu Nidal, and other terrorist leaders resided in Khartoum. Sudan's role in the radical Pan-Arab Islamic Conference represented a matter of great concern to the security of American officials and dependents in Khartoum, resulting in several draw downs and/or evacuations of U.S. personnel from Khartoum in the early-mid 1990s. Sudan's Islamist links with international terrorist organizations represented a special matter of concern for the U.S. Government, leading to Sudan's 1993 designation as a state sponsor of terrorism and a suspension of U.S. Embassy operations in Khartoum in 1996. In October 1997, the U.S. imposed comprehensive economic, trade, and financial sanctions against the Sudan. In August 1998, in the wake of the East Africa embassy bombings, the U.S. launched cruise missile strikes against Khartoum. The last U.S. Ambassador to the Sudan, Ambassador Tim Carney, departed post prior to this event and no new ambassador has been designated since. The U.S. Embassy is headed by a Charge d'Affaires. The Embassy continues to re-evaluate its posture in Sudan, particularly in the wake of the January 1, 2008, killings of a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) employee and his Sudanese driver in Khartoum.
The U.S. and Sudan entered into a bilateral dialogue on counterterrorism in May 2000. Sudan has provided concrete cooperation against international terrorism since the September 11, 2001, terrorist strikes on New York and Washington. However, although Sudan publicly supported the international coalition actions against the al Qaida network and the Taliban in Afghanistan, the government criticized the U.S. strikes in that country and opposed a widening of the effort against international terrorism to other countries. Sudan remains on the state sponsors of terrorism list.
In response to the Government of Sudan's continued complicity in unabated violence occurring in Darfur, President Bush imposed new economic sanctions on Sudan in May 2007. The sanctions blocked assets of Sudanese citizens implicated in Darfur violence, and also sanctioned additional companies owned or controlled by the Government of Sudan. Sanctions continue to underscore U.S. efforts to end the suffering of the millions of Sudanese affected by the crisis in Darfur.
Despite policy differences the U.S. has been a major donor of humanitarian aid to the Sudan throughout the last quarter-century. The U.S. was a major donor in the March 1989 "Operation Lifeline Sudan," which delivered 100,000 metric tons of food into both government and SPLA-held areas of the Sudan, thus averting widespread starvation. In 1991, the U.S. made major donations to alleviate food shortages caused by a 2-year drought. In a similar drought in 2000-2001, the U.S. and the international community responded to avert mass starvation in the Sudan. In 2001 the Bush administration named a presidential envoy for peace in the Sudan to explore what role the U.S. could play in ending Sudan's civil war and enhancing the delivery of humanitarian aid. Andrew Natsios and subsequently Ambassador Richard Williamson served as presidential envoys to Sudan during the Bush administration. On March 18, 2009 President Obama announced the appointment of J. Scott Gration as the U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan.
On October 19, 2009, Secretary Clinton, accompanied by Special Envoy Gration and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice, announced the Obama administration's new Sudan strategy. U.S. strategy in Sudan is comprised of three core principles: 1) Achieving a definitive end to conflict, gross human rights abuses, and genocide in Darfur; 2) Implementation of the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that results in a peaceful post-2011 Sudan, or an orderly path toward two separate and viable states at peace with each other; and 3) Ensuring that Sudan does not provide a safe haven for international terrorists.
In March 2011, Princeton N. Lyman was appointed U.S. Special Envoy for Sudan.
Principal U.S. Officials
Charge d'Affaires--Robert E. Whitehead
Deputy Chief of Mission--Dennis Hankins
USAID Director--Bill Hammink
Political-Economic Chief--Helen C. Hudson
Public Affairs Officer--William Bellis
The U.S. Embassy in Sudan is located at Embassy Road, Kilo 10, Soba, off Wad Medani Highway, Khartoum (tel. 249-187-022000). Hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Sunday through Thursday.
Short URL: http://m.state.gov/md180520.htm


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If your child loves learning about life before modern inventions, our Child's Founding Father Costume will be a perfect fit! This historic outfit includes a red coat, pants, and boot covers. Your son can pretend to be one of the Founding Fathers of the United States with the red jacket and attached white vest and jabot collar. Blue pants and black boot toppers complete the red, white, and blue color scheme. Patriotic colors are just another reason this ensemble is a great pick for patriotic holidays like the 4th of July of a colonial reenactment. Top off your colonial soldier uniform with fun props and accessories like a musket, tricorn hat, boots, or gloves. A colonial wig and mustache are also fun items to add detail to your look. Prepare for war with our boy's colonial patriot costume.
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33 U.S. Code § 984 - General powers of Corporation
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(a) For the purpose of carrying out its functions under this chapter the Corporation—
(4) may adopt, amend, and repeal bylaws, rules, and regulations governing the manner in which its business may be conducted and the powers vested in it may be exercised;
(5) may make and carry out such contracts or agreements as are necessary or advisable in the conduct of its business;
(6) shall be held to be an inhabitant and resident of the northern judicial district of New York within the meaning of the laws of the United States relating to venue of civil suits;
(7) may appoint and fix the compensation, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, of such officers, attorneys, and employees as may be necessary for the conduct of its business, define their authority and duties, and delegate to them such of the powers vested in the Corporation as the Administrator may determine;
(8) may acquire, by purchase, lease, condemnation, or donation such real and personal property and any interest therein, and may sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of such real and personal property, as the Administrator deems necessary for the conduct of its business;
(9) shall determine the character of and the necessity for its obligations and expenditures, and the manner in which they shall be incurred, allowed and paid, subject to provisions of law specifically applicable to Government corporations;
(10) may retain toll revenues for purposes of eventual reinvestment in the Seaway. [1]
(11) may provide services and facilities necessary in the maintenance and operation of the seaway, including but not limited to providing, at reasonable prices, services to vessels using the seaway and to visitors to the seaway, but not to include overnight housing accommodations for visitors;
(12) may participate with the Saint Lawrence Seaway Authority of Canada, or its designee, in the ownership and operation of a toll bridge company: Provided, That the United States' portion of the revenue from the tolls charged to the users of any toll bridge operated under this section shall be applied solely to the cost of the bridge and approaches, including maintenance and operation, amortization of principal and interest, as established by the Secretary of the Treasury; and
(13) [2] shall be credited with amounts received from any of the activities authorized by clauses (10) and (11) [3] of this subsection.
(13) [2] shall accept such amounts as may be transferred to the Corporation under section 9505 (c)(1) of title 26, except that such amounts shall be available only for the purpose of operating and maintaining those works which the Corporation is obligated to operate and maintain under subsection (a) ofsection 983 of this title.
(b) Amounts credited under subsection (a)(12) [3] of this section are available to pay any obligation or expense of the Corporation under this chapter, except as specifically provided in subsection (a)(11) [3] of this section.
[1] So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
[2] So in original. There are two pars. designated (13).
[3] Clauses (10), (11), and (12) redesignated (11), (12), and (13) by Pub. L. 97–369.
Source(May 13, 1954, ch. 201, § 4,68 Stat. 94; Pub. L. 85–108, § 1(1)–(3), July 17, 1957, 71 Stat. 307; Pub. L. 92–310, title II, § 232,June 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 214; Pub. L. 97–369, title III, § 311,Dec. 18, 1982, 96 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 99–662, title XIV, § 805(a)(1)–(3), Nov. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 4272.)
In subsec. (a)(7), "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" substituted for "the Classification Act of 1949" on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, § 7(b),Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
1986—Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 99–662added par. (13) relating to acceptance of amounts transferred to the Corporation under section 9505 (c) of title 26.
1982—Subsec. (a)(10) to (13). Pub. L. 97–369added par. (10) and redesignated former pars. (10) to (12) as (11) to (13), respectively.
1972—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 92–310struck out provisions which empowered the Corporation to require bonds from such officers, attorneys, and employees as the Administrator might designate.
1957—Subsecs. (a)(10) to (12), (b). Pub. L. 85–108added pars. (10) to (12) and subsec. (b).
Effective Date of 1986 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–662, title XIV, § 805(b),Nov. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 4272, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 988a of this title and amending this section] shall take effect on April 1, 1987."
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Power is back on for thousands of people in southwest Pueblo and Canon City after outages Monday evening- most likely caused by high winds.
Some people where in the dark for about four hours.
The wind also knocked over a large tree in Canon City, crushing an SUV.
Bobby, the 11 News viewer who sent us this picture, says no one was hurt.
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What is RM Cash
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
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Comments On Nov 26, 2013:I like the look and the idea of them. But the fit just didn't work with my body type I guess.... Quality seemed to be there. Just the fitting for me was off.... I am 5'9". 190lbs. 31" inseam... Wanted them for over my cloths...
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