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22 U.S. Code § -
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(a) Environmental reform measures; instructions to Executive Directors of Multilateral Development Banks
The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Directors of the Multilateral Development Banks to—
(1) vigorously promote a commitment of these institutions to—
(A) add professionally trained staff with experience in ecology and related areas to undertake environmental review of projects, and strengthen existing staff exercising environmental responsibilities;
(B) develop and implement management plans to ensure systematic and thorough environmental review of all projects and activities affecting the ecology and natural resources of borrowing countries, including—
(ii) appointment of an environmental advisor to the Presidents of the Multilateral Development Banks,
(2) vigorously promote changes in these institutions in their preparation of projects and country programs that will prompt staff and encourage borrower countries to—
(A) actively and regularly involve environmental and health ministers, or comparable representatives, at the national, regional and local level, in the preparation of environmentally sensitive projects and in bank-supported country program planning and strategy sessions;
(B) actively and regularly seek the participation of non-governmental indigenous peoples and conservation organizations in the host countries at all stages of project planning and strategy sessions;
(C) fully inform local communities and appropriate non-governmental organizations with interests in local development projects of all project planning sufficiently in advance of project appraisal to allow informed participation of local communities and non-governmental organizations that may be adversely affected by them;
(3) establish a regular integrated multidisciplinary planning process to conduct land use capability analyses in reviewing potential loans. Such plans shall include, but not be limited to, a review of ongoing or other potential resource utilization efforts in and adjacent to the project area;
(4) vigorously promote a commitment of these institutions to develop and implement plans for the rehabilitation and management of the ecological resources of borrower nations on a sustained basis. Special attention shall be paid to soil conservation, wildlife, wetlands, estuaries, croplands, grasslands, forests, and fisheries, including—
(B) provision of adequate extension workers, park rangers, social forestry experts, and other appropriate personnel; and
(5) vigorously promote a commitment of these institutions to increase the proportion of their programs supporting environmentally beneficial projects and project components, such as technical assistance for environmental ministries and institutions, resource rehabilitation projects and project components, protection of indigenous peoples, and appropriate light capital technology projects. Other examples of such projects include small scale mixed farming and multiple cropping, agroforestry, programs to promote kitchen gardens, watershed management and rehabilitation, high yield wood lots, integrated pest management systems, dune stabilization programs, programs to improve energy efficiency, energy efficient technologies such as small scale hydro projects, rural solar energy systems, and rural and mobile telecommunications systems, and improved efficiency and management of irrigation systems. [1]
(6) place an increased emphasis on upgrading the efficient use of energy and other resources by borrower nations. Such efforts shall include, but not be limited to—
(A) significantly increasing the proportion of energy project lending for energy efficiency improvements, and decentralized small scale facilities such as solar, wind, or biomass generating facilities; and
(7) seek a commitment of these institutions to fund projects to protect and preserve crucial wetland systems and to avoid expenditures for projects designed to convert major wetland systems. Development proposals which may affect these areas should be the subject of detailed impact assessments so as to avoid detrimental impacts to fisheries, wildlife and other important resources;
(8) vigorously promote the establishment within the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank of a component which provides training in environmental and natural resource planning and program development;
(9) regularly raise, at meetings of the Boards of Directors of these institutions, the issue of their progress in improving their environmental performance, with specific focus on the measures set forth above; and
(b) Joint evaluation of potential environmental problems and remedial measures
The Secretaries of Treasury and State, and the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, shall ensure and coordinate a thorough evaluation within the United States Government of the potential environmental problems, and the adequacy of measures to address these problems, associated with all proposed loans for projects involving large impoundments of rivers in tropical countries; penetration roads into relatively undeveloped areas; and agricultural and rural development programs. The potential environmental problems to be addressed in such evaluations shall include those relating to deterioration of water quality; siltation; spread of waterborne diseases; forced resettlement; deforestation; threats to the land, health and culture of indigenous peoples; wetlands disruption; topsoil management, water logging and salinization in irrigation projects; and pesticide misuse and resistance.
(c) Additional initiatives
The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of State shall regularly undertake and continue diplomatic and other initiatives, in addition to those mentioned in subsection (a)(5), to discuss measures to improve the environmental performance of the Multilateral Development Banks with the representatives to these institutions, and with ministries from which they receive their instructions, of borrower and donor nations. In particular, joint efforts shall be undertaken with borrowers and donors to ensure cooperative implementation of the reforms described above.
(d) Special meetings of Boards of Governors
The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of State shall propose formally that the Boards of Governors of each Multilateral Development Bank hold a special meeting within the next twelve months, focused specifically on environmental performance and better implementation of multilateral development policies designed to protect the environment and indigenous peoples.
(e) Reporting requirements generally
The Secretary of the Treasury shall prepare and submit to the Committees on Appropriations by January 15, 1987, and annually thereafter, a report documenting the progress the Multilateral Development Banks have made in implementing the environmental reform measures described in paragraphs one through eight of subsection (a).
(f) Reporting requirements respecting environmental staffing
In the report of the Secretary of the Treasury required by subsection (e), regarding the implementation of staffing measures suggested in subsection (a)(1)(A), the Secretary of the Treasury shall specifically discuss the progress of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in upgrading and adding environmentally trained professionals to each of its six regional offices to review projects for their prospective ecological impacts.
(g) Duties of Administrator of Agency for International Development
The Administrator of the Agency for International Development in conjunction with the Secretaries of Treasury and State shall—
(1) instruct overseas missions of the Agency for International Development and embassies of the United States to analyze the impacts of Multilateral Development Bank projects proposed to be undertaken in the host country well in advance of a project's approval by the relevant institution. Such reviews shall address the economic viability of the project; adverse impacts on the environment, natural resources, and indigenous peoples; and recommendations as to measures, including alternatives, that could eliminate or mitigate adverse impacts. If not classified under the national security system of classification, such information shall be made available to the public;
(2) in preparation of reviews required by subsection (g)(1), compile a list of categories of projects likely to have adverse impacts on the environment, natural resources, or indigenous peoples. The list shall be developed in consultation with interested members of the public and made available to the Committee on Appropriations by December 31, 1986 and semiannually thereafter; and
(h) Adverse impacts to environment, natural resources, or indigenous peoples; instructions to Executive Director of Multilateral Development Bank
If a review required by subsection (g)(1) identifies adverse impacts to the environment, natural resources, or indigenous peoples, the Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Director of the Multilateral Development Bank to seek changes to the project necessary to eliminate or mitigate those impacts.
(i) Committee on Health and the Environment
The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall appoint a Committee on Health and the Environment to examine opportunities for assisting countries in the proper use of agricultural and industrial chemicals and processes and alternatives such as integrated pest management. The committee shall be broadly representative of industry, agriculture, labor, health and environmental interests and shall report its preliminary findings to Congress before hearings on the fiscal year 1988 budget.
[1] So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
Source(Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(f) [title V, § 539], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–213, 1783–232, and Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(f) [title V, § 539], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–214, 3341–232.)
Section is from the Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1987.
Pub. L. 99–591is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 262l,Pub. L. 102–391, title V, § 532,Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1666, which related to environmental and energy initiatives, benchmarks, Global Warming Initiative, and appropriations, was transferred to section 262l–3 of this title.
Another prior section 262l,Pub. L. 101–167, title V, § 533,Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1225, is set out as a note below.
Another prior section 262l,Pub. L. 100–461, title V, § 535,Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–28, which related to sustainable use of natural resources and use of agricultural and industrial chemicals, was transferred to section 262l–2 of this title.
Another prior section 262l,Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 537], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–161; Pub. L. 101–240, title V, § 541(d)(8),Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2518, which related to sustainable economic growth and management of natural resources, environmental impact of loans, pest management, addition of trained professionals, and "early warning system", was transferred to section 262l–1 of this title.
Similar Provisions
Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 101–513, title V, § 533,Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2013, as amended by Pub. L. 102–27, title III, § 308,Apr. 10, 1991, 105 Stat. 152.
Pub. L. 99–190, § 101(i) [title V, § 540], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1291, 1309.
Economic Growth To Be Predicated on Sustainable Management of Natural Resources; Global Climate Change
Pub. L. 101–167, title V, § 533,Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1225, provided that:
"(a) It is the policy of the United States that sustainable economic growth must be predicated on the sustainable management of natural resources. The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Directors of each multilateral development bank (MDB) to promote vigorously within each MDB the expansion of programs in areas which address the problems of global climate change through requirements to—
"(1) augment and expand the professional staff of each MDB with expertise in end-use energy efficiency and conservation and renewable energy;
"(2) develop methodologies which allow borrowing countries to include investments in end-use energy efficiency and renewable energy as explicit alternatives in the 'least cost' energy sector investments plans they prepare with MDB assistance. Such plans shall give priority to projects and programs which support energy conservation, end-use efficiency and renewable energy sources in major economic sectors, and shall compare the economic and environmental costs of those actions with the economic and environmental costs of investments in conventional energy supplies;
"(3) provide analysis for each proposed loan to support additional power generating capacity, comparing the economic and environmental costs of investments in demand reduction, including energy conservation and end-use energy efficiency, with the economic and environmental costs of the proposal;
"(4) assure that systematic, detailed environmental impact assessments (EIA) of proposed energy projects, or projects with potential significant environmental impacts, are conducted early in the project cycle. Assessments should include but not be limited to—
"(A) consideration of a wide range of alternatives to the proposed project including, where feasible, alternative investments in end-use energy efficiency and non-conventional renewable energy; and
"(B) encouragement and adoption of policies which allow for public participation in the EIA process;
"(5) include environmental costs in the economic assessment of the proposed projects with significant potential environmental impacts, or power projects, and if possible for all projects which involve expansion of generating capacity of more than 10 MW, develop a standard increase in project cost as a surrogate for the environmental costs;
"(6) encourage and promote end-use energy efficiency and renewable energy in negotiations of policy-based energy sector lending, and MDBs should consider not proceeding with policy-based sector loans which do not contain commitments from the borrowing country to devote a significant portion of its sector investments toward energy efficiency and renewable energy;
"(7) provide technical assistance as a component of all energy sector lending to help borrowing countries identify and pursue end-use energy efficiency investments. This technical assistance shall include support for detailed audits of energy use and the development of institutional capacity to promote end-use energy efficiency and conservation;
"(8) work with borrowing countries, with input from the public in both borrowing and donor countries, to develop loans for end-use energy efficiency and renewable energy, where possible 'bundling' small projects into larger, more easily financed projects; and
"(9) seek the convening of a special seminar for board members and senior staff of each MDB concerning alternate energy investment opportunities and end-use energy efficiency and conservation.
"(b) The Secretary of the Treasury as a part of the annual report to the Congress shall describe in detail, progress made by each of the MDBs in adopting and implementing programs meeting the standards set out in subsection (a), including in particular—
"(1) efforts by the Department of Treasury to assure implementation by each of the MDBs of programs substantially equivalent to those set out in this section, and results of such efforts;
"(2) progress made by each MDB in drafting and implementing least cost energy plans for each recipient country which meets requirements outlined in subsection (a)(2);
"(3) the absolute dollar amounts, and proportion of total lending in the energy sector, of loans and portions of loans, approved by each MDB in the previous year for projects or programs of end-use energy efficiency and conservation and renewable energy.
"(c) Not later than April 1, 1990, the Secretary of the Treasury shall request each MDB to prepare an analysis of the impact its current forestry sector loans will have on borrowing country emissions of CO2 and the status of proposals for specific forestry sector activities to reduce CO2 emissions.
"(d)(1) The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall issue guidance to all Agency missions and bureaus detailing the elements of a 'Global Warming Initiative' which will emphasize the need to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, through strategies consistent with their continued economic development. This initiative shall emphasize the need to accelerate sustainable development strategies in areas such as reforestation, biodiversity, end-use energy efficiency, least-cost energy planning, and renewable energy, and shall encourage mission directors to incorporate the elements of this initiative in developing their country programs.
"(2) The Agency for International Development shall—
"(A) increase the number and expertise of personnel devoted to end-use energy efficiency, renewable energy, and environmental activities in all bureaus and missions;
"(B) devote increased resources to technical training of mission directors, in energy planning, energy conservation, end-use energy efficiency, renewable energy, reforestation, and biodiversity;
"(C) accelerate the activities of the Multi-Agency Working Group on Power Sector Innovation to enable completion of case studies of at least ten countries in fiscal year 1990; and
"(D) devote at least 10 percent of the resources allocated for forestry activities to the preservation and restoration (as opposed to management for extraction) of natural forests.
"(3) Funds appropriated by this Act [see Tables for classification] to carry out the provisions of sections 103 to 106 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151a to 2151d] may be used to reimburse the full cost of technical personnel detailed or assigned to, or contracted by, the Agency for International Development to provide expertise in the environmental sector.
"(4)(A) [Amended section 2151q of this title.]
"(B) Not less than $10,000,000 of the funds appropriated to carry out the provisions of sections 103 through 106 of such Act [22 U.S.C. 2151a to 2151d] (including funds for sub-Saharan Africa) shall be made available for biological diversity activities, of which $2,000,000 shall be made available for the Parks in Peril project, pursuant to the authority of section 119(b) [of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 22 U.S.C. 2151q (b)] and $1,000,000 shall be available for the National Science Foundation's international biological diversity program.
"(C) Funds obligated in prior fiscal years pursuant to the authority of section 119(b) may be expended in fiscal year 1990 pursuant to the authority of such section as amended by subparagraph (A).
"(e) The Secretary of the Treasury shall—
"(1) instruct the United States Executive Directors to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the Inter-American Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, to actively support lending portfolios which allow debtor developing countries to reduce or restructure debt in concert with the sustainable use of their natural resources. As a part of any such debt restructuring program, the United States Executive Director should require a thorough review of opportunities this initiative may offer for providing additional financial resources for the management of natural resources. The Secretary shall submit a report to the Committees on Appropriations on the progress of this program by April 30, 1990;
"(2) instruct the United States Executive Directors to the international financial institutions to seek the support of other donor countries in the implementation of this policy; and
"(3) instruct the United States Executive Director to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to actively seek the implementation by the World Bank of the recommendations set forth in its April 1, 1988, report on 'Debt-for-Nature swaps', including the setting up of a pilot debt-for-nature swap program in one or more interested countries. The Secretary shall submit a progress report on the implementation of this program to the Committees on Appropriations by April 1, 1990.
"(f) The Secretary of the Treasury shall seek to incorporate natural resource management initiatives throughout the implementation of the Brady Plan. The Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations a report by April 15, 1990, describing how such initiatives have been incorporated into the Brady Plan and identifying any such initiatives undertaken to date.
"(g) The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Director to the Inter-American Development Bank to—
"(1) seek implementation of the environmental reform measures agreed to as part of the Bank's 7th Replenishment;
"(2) seek adoption of Bank policies regarding indigenous people, relations with nongovernmental organizations, and the protection of wildlife and unique natural and cultural features;
"(3) require the Bank to demonstrate how it has improved, and will improve, the monitoring of environmental and social components of loans; and
"(4) within four months after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 21, 1989] report to the Committees on Appropriations on the progress the Bank has made in implementing each of these reforms."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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MARIETTA, Ga-- Cobb County Police investigators are searching for a man they say murdered his ex-wife in the Marietta home they used to share at 3960 Tall Pine Drive.
Police say Saturday around 11am authorities resonded to a 911 call and found Donna Nations Kristofak, 48, unresponsive. She was transported to Wellstar Kennestone Hospital, where she died a short time later.
According to Officer Mike Bowman, the victim's ex- husband, John Stephen Kristofak, 58, is facing charges of aggravated assault and His whereabouts remain unknown. He was last seen driving a late-model, brown Chevrolet Equinox with the Georgia tag BUV 2635.
According to neighbors the couple divorced about a year ago.
Laurie Marks has a son who was involved in sports along with the Kristofaks' older son.
"They were a great couple. We had them and their two sons over numerous times. We don't know what happened," said Laurie Marks.
Marks' son, Shane, reached out to his friend after the murder.
"My friend was actually home asleep. He said he heard his mom screaming and ran down to the garage. That's when he saw his dad stabbing his mom," said Shane Marks.
11Alive News has learned John Kristofaks was recently released from jail after serving time on a felony conviction of stalking.
Family friends say the person he was accused of stalking was his ex-wife.
Cobb County police say Krisofak is considered armed and dangerous. Anyone with information is asked to call 9-1-1.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Benjamin Powell on Balancing Budgets Without Medicare Cuts
Recorded: Monday, May 23, 2011
Benjamin Powell, Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, talks to Freedom Watch's Judge Napolitano about Americans wanting to balance the budget without cutting from Medicare funds.
Experts: Benjamin W. PowellType: TelevisionIssues: Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Taxes
Benjamin Powell on American Spending Levels
Recorded: Friday, May 20, 2011
Benjamin Powell, Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, speaks to Neil Cavuto on Fox News Channel about the wealthy class are continuing to spend at the precrisis spending levels despite the rising costs of food and gas.
Emily Skarbek on the Government Cost Calculator
Recorded: Thursday, May 12, 2011
Emily Skarbek, Director of the Center on Entrepreneurial Innovation, talks to Nick Gillespie from Reason about the many features of the Government Cost Calculator, found at MyGovCost.org.
Experts: Emily C. SkarbekType: TelevisionIssues: Fiscal Policy/Debt, Taxes
Emily Skarbek on Rejection of Goolsbee Claim
Recorded: Friday, January 14, 2011
Emily Skarbek on International PressTV explains why the failure of the U.S. government in raising the debt ceiling is not "catastrophic" as President Barack Obama's chief economic advisor Austan Goolsbee claims.
Experts: Emily C. SkarbekType: TelevisionIssues: Fiscal Policy/Debt
Richard Vedder on the National Debt Crisis
Recorded: Wednesday, January 12, 2011
Richard Vedder on PressTV explains why the U.S. government has done little to reduce a national debt that is approaching its current ceiling of $14.3 trillion.
Experts: Richard K. VedderType: TelevisionIssues: Fiscal Policy/Debt
Ivan Eland on Pentagons Faux Budget Cuts
Recorded: Tuesday, October 5, 2010
Ivan Eland on Russia Today discusses why cuts to the U.S. military budget are unlikely to happen, given how the defense industry is closely tied to campaign funding for politicians.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt
The Jason Lewis Show Interviews Emily Skarbek on the Government Cost Calculator
Recorded: Wednesday, September 29, 2010
Dr. Emily Skarbek, Director of the Government Cost Calculator was interviewed on the nationally syndicated radio program, The Jason Lewis Show (Premiere Radio Networks). In the program, Dr. Skarbek uses MyGovCost.org to explain the specific effects of rampant government spending on the personal situation for any individual in America.
Experts: Emily C. SkarbekType: RadioIssues: Fiscal Policy/Debt, Taxes
Dr. Emily Skarbek Talks about the Government Cost Calculator on Taking Back America
Recorded: Wednesday, September 29, 2010
Dr. Emily Skarbek, Director of the Independent Institutes MyGovCost.org was interviewed on the nationally syndicated, web, radio blog, Taking Back America. During the interview, Dr. Skarbek uses MyGovCost.org to explain the specific effects of rampant government spending for any individual in America. Dr. Skarbek illustrates how an individual can find out what their own personal costs imposed by government are, and what they could have earned instead.


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The heroin is a part of Grand Theft Auto IV's storyline including The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony. Like the diamonds, it also has a large part of the game that involves the protagonists Niko, Johnny and Luis.
When the Platypus arrived in Liberty City, the heroin, which belonged to the Algonquin Triads and brought in from the east, was smuggled into the city together with the diamonds and Niko Bellic. The heroin was stolen from the Triads by The Angels of Death to sell it on the streets but the Angels soon lose it when Johnny Klebitz and The Lost Brotherhood destroy the AoD clubhouse and steal the heroin for themselves. Through Elizabeta Torres, The Lost try to sell the heroin, along with Niko Bellic and Playboy X as supervisors but the deal turns out to be an LCPD sting. Johnny escapes with the heroin and takes it back to the Lost MC clubhouse while Niko and Playboy escape empty-handed.
The Lost MC decide they will try to sell the heroin back to the Triads. Johnny, Billy Grey, Jim Fitzgerald and Brian Jeremy all go to the heroin deal which was actually a trap set up by the Triad Leader and Billy to kill Johnny and Jim. The hit fails and Johnny and Jim escape while Billy is arrested by the LCPD and the Triads regain their heroin. On a side note, Luis Fernando Lopez and Tony Prince had previously met with the Triad leader (after he spoke with Billy Grey about killing Johnny and Jim) to discuss some licensing arrangements for the planning department on behalf of Rocco Pelosi.
Phil Bell, an associate of the Pegorino Family hires Niko Bellic to ambush the Triads and steal the heroin before they can offload it. Niko hijacks the truck containing the heroin and takes it to an abandoned house in Westdyke, where Phil's nephew, Frankie Gallo will "sit" on the product until it is safe to sell it. After some time, Niko and Phil go to the house to move the heroin, however, the house is being monitored by the FIB. The three of them fight off the FIB and NOOSE before hiding the heroin again in a house in Leftwood.
Eventually the boss of the Pegorino Family, Jimmy Pegorino, makes a deal with the Russian Mafia head Dimitri Rascalov, joining forces. Pegorino gives all the heroin to Dimitri to sell it to Ray Bulgarin and asks Niko to accompany Phil when overseeing the deal. Niko is reluctant due to his personal grudge against Dimitri, but Jimmy attempts to persuade him otherwise. However, Niko is again left unsure when his cousin Roman and girlfriend Kate advise him in opposite directions, with Roman urging him to do the deal and Kate telling him to cut his ties with Dimitri altogether due to his previous betrayal.
Niko then either takes Revenge or does the Deal.
Niko Bellic's Choice
If Niko does the deal, Dimitri betrays Bulgarin by killing his men who were acting as buyers and keeps the heroin, claiming he doesn't wish to sell it at such a price. He then informs Niko and Phil of this, leaving them to the mercy of the men who were supposed to give them the money. However, Phil and Niko kill the men and steal the money. Dimitri sends a hitman to kill Niko at Roman's wedding, but Roman is killed instead during the struggle. In retaliation Niko pursues Dimitri and Pegorino to an abandoned casino in Alderney. There, Dimitri kills Pegorino in another act of betrayal (mentioning that he "did not work that hard to share the spoils of a victory") before escaping by helicopter. Niko, now ready to finally end things with Dimitri once and for all, chases him in a helicopter provided to him by Little Jacob and corners him on Happiness Island after both their helicopters go down. There, Niko confronts Dimitri about what he's done before shooting him repeatedly and watching him succumb to his wounds.
After Dimitri's death, Ray Bulgarin claims the heroin (which was stored on the Platypus) and takes it to Funland. Luis Lopez goes there in pursuit of Bulgarin and kills Bulgarin's right-hand man Timur and destroys the heroin. After that, Luis rushes to the airport, aided by Yusuf Amir, and kills Bulgarin aboard his private jet.
If Niko chooses to take revenge, he goes to the Platypus, where Dimitri is hiding and storing the heroin, and carries out a full-blown assault where he kills Dimitri and his men. After killing Dimitri, Niko leaves the scene, and the heroin is left on the ship.
Niko's revenge leaves the Pegorino's ruined, without the money or the heroin. Niko then attends Roman's wedding, but Pegorino interferes and tries to kill Niko by firing on the guests, though Kate McReary is killed instead. Niko chases Pegorino to his hideout in a casino in Alderney where he confronts Pegorino. Pegorino escapes in a boat, while Niko grabs a dirt bike, eventually using it to jump into a helicopter piloted by Little Jacob and Roman. After a lengthy chase through land, sea and air; Niko kills Pegorino on Happiness Island
Around the same time, Bulgarin and Timur claimed the heroin from the Playtpus and took it to Funland in Broker to be unloaded. Luis carries out an attack and destroys the heroin. He then races to the airport to catch Bulgarin after learning from Timur that he was planning to flee back to Russia. Finally, Luis kills Bulgarin, who drops a grenade, which causes his jet to explode over Firefly Island. Luis escapes, parachuting to the ground.
Trio's involvments
Niko Bellic
After the Triads take back their heroin, which they believe is cursed, they later attempt to ship it. The Pegorino's hear about this and so Niko, under orders from Phil Bell, steals the heroin and hides it in an abandoned house. When Niko and Phil go to pick up the heroin, the FIB attempt to bust them. After they escape the FIB and NOOSE, the Pegorino's ally with the Russians and try to sell it to another Mafia Family. Pegorino gives the heroin to Dimitri, who says he has found a buyer. But Dimitri kills the buyers and steals the heroin for himself in the "Deal" ending, while in the "Revenge" ending he never gets a chance to try and sell it due to Niko's ambush on the Platypus.
Johnny Klebitz
Johnny and the Lost MC steal the heroin from the Angels of Death clubhouse, unaware that the Angels of Death had stolen it from the Triads to begin with. First, Johnny arranges for Elizabeta Torres to help him offload it. Elizabeta uses Playboy X and Niko Bellic to oversee the deal. However, it turns out to be an LCPD sting, the three of them escape, and Johnny takes the heroin back to the Lost MC clubhouse. When the Lost MC discover the heroin belonged to the Triads, Billy sends Jim and Johnny to sell it back to them. However, it is revealed that Billy arranged for the Triads to ambush and kill Johnny when he arrived. Johnny and Jim survive the ambush, however, and the Triads take back their heroin. In the meantime, the cops show up and arrest Billy, and Johnny does not see or hear of the heroin afterwards.
Luis Lopez
After Dimitri was killed, Luis destroys all of the heroin, and kills Bulgarin soon after. In "Deal", Luis does this immediately after Dimitri's death on Happiness Island. In "Revenge", Luis does this at some unknown time after Niko kills Pegorino.
Mission appearances
Note the following missions are sorted in chronological order of the timeline.
- The Cousins Bellic (GTA IV) - Appears being loaded into a Schafter by the Triads.
- Action/Reaction (TLAD) - Stolen by Johnny Klebitz, Billy Grey, and Brian Jeremy from their rivals, the Angels of Death.
- Blow Your Cover (GTA IV) and Buyer's Market (TLAD) - Elizabeta Torres gets Niko Bellic & Playboy X to supervise Johnny Klebitz during a deal with a stranger. The deal turns out to be a sting by the LCPD, but Johnny, Playboy and Niko all escape.
- This Shit's Cursed (TLAD) - Johnny Klebitz and Jim Fitzgerald try to sell the Heroin back to the Algonquin Triads, only to have it stolen. They escape the building, killing many of the Triads in the process, only to discover that Billy Grey has been arrested. In TBOGT, it is revealed that Billy originally set up an ambush with the triads to kill Johnny and Jim; but he failed to account for the police.
- Truck Hustle (GTA IV) - Niko Bellic, on the orders of Phil Bell, steals the Heroin being held by the Triads and sends it over to Frankie Gallo.
- To Live and Die in Alderney (GTA IV) - Niko and Phil go to collect the heroin, only to discover that Frankie was under surveillance by the FIB. After a lengthy chase around Alderney and a shootout with NOOSE, Niko, Phil, and Frankie deliever the heroin to an apartment in Leftwood.
- If the Price is Right (GTA IV; Deal) - Niko discovers the Heroin he thought he was dealing was stolen by Dimitri Rascalov, forcing him and Phil to fight through the buyer's warehouse to steal the money. They kill all of the buyers and leave with the money.
- A Dish Served Cold (GTA IV; Revenge) - Dimitri is supervising the Heroin shipment on the Platypus, but Niko launches an attack on the ship, killing many of Dimitri's goons and Dimitri himself. With Dimitri gone, Ray Bulgarin claims ownership of the heroin.
- Departure Time (TBOGT) - After destroying the heroin and killing Timur at Funland, Luis Lopez rushes to the airport with Yusuf Amir's help and kills Ray Bulgarin aboard his private jet.
- The Heroin, like the Diamonds, are a key part of the Pegorino Family's missions; Ray Boccino operates with the Diamonds while the others operate around the Heroin.
- With the exception of Niko, Johnny, Luis, Elizabeta and Phil, everyone involved with the Heroin dies; this includes Billy Grey, Brian Jeremy, Frankie Gallo (optional), Jim Fitzgerald, Jimmy Pegorino, Dimitri Rascalov, Playboy X (optional), Timur and Ray Bulgarin.
See Also
- Drugs for other uses of heroin in the Grand Theft Auto series.


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República Portuguesa (Portuguese)
|Anthem: A Portuguesa
|Official language(s)
Portugal is a country situated in Western Europe. Its language, the portuguese is the 7th most spoken language in the world, and is the official language in Portugal and the former Portuguese colonies (a full count of 7 [formerly 9, including Portuguese India and Macau]) . There are a few references to it, throughout the GTA Series.
3D Universe
- In Grand Theft Auto:Vice City Stories there are groceries called "Verdi" . This is a missplelling of "verde" , which means "green" in portuguese.
HD Universe
- In GTA IV, the Alderney district of Leftwood has got lots of portuguese flags, which is a nod to the portuguese community of New Jersey, upon which Alderney is based off.
- Still in Leftwood, there are portuguese bakeries, called "Tomada do Forno" , which would roughly translate to "Took from the oven" or "Taken from the oven".
- Also, there are pedestrians that speak portuguese. They speak with brazilian accent, though.
- EFLC version of Electro-Choc has two DJ's (Crookers). They apparently speak italian, but some players think they speak italian mixed with portuguese and spanish.
- Bahama Mamas, a club in the GTA IV Era, has the word "mamas" , which means "boobs" is portuguese.
- Mijo is one of Niko Bellic's deceased war buddies, and though he is serbian, his name is portuguese for "piss".


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Allegheny Mountains > Spruce Knob > Climber's Log
Spruce Knob Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|chugach mtn boy
|N Ridge in snow
Date Climbed: Nov 25, 1981
|A great early winter overnight over the Huckleberry Trail. The ridge has a nice open feel in places as though it brushes treeline--more like the New England ranges than anything farther south.
|Posted Dec 7, 2007 12:24 pm
|Drove, yuck
Date Climbed: May 31, 2004
|Short on time so I drove to the parking lot near the summit and walked the short trail to the tower. I'll have to visit again to hike to the top.
|Posted Nov 9, 2007 9:48 pm
|Quick trip
Date Climbed: Oct 26, 2001
|I was in DC for some meetings and wanted to pick up the 3 state highpoints in the area so I did a whilwind tour of WV, PA, and MD.
|Posted Sep 27, 2007 12:29 am
|Backward Climb
|My family was on vacation in nearby Black Water Falls State Park and decided to climb this mountain. Actually did it in reverse. Since we could not find a hiking trail on the drive up, we started at the top, hiked down and then back up to our car.
|Posted Sep 15, 2007 10:57 pm
|Bark Eater
|Nice trip!
Date Climbed: Aug 25, 2007
|Beautiful park. It was 75F and breezy at the top, probably 95F in the valley. Highly recommend the side trip to Spruce Knob Lake. The dogs had a great time swimming in it!
|Posted Aug 26, 2007 4:18 pm
|Great views from the top and the drive down was entertaining.
|Posted Aug 16, 2007 11:48 am
|Third of the day
Date Climbed: Jul 28, 2007
|Beautiful views, great day. Awesome time with my hiking buddy.
|Posted Aug 4, 2007 11:07 pm
|Three of Three
Date Climbed: Jul 28, 2007
|Beautiful Views after a long drive up to the top. We could easily see rain storms to the West.
|Posted Aug 3, 2007 12:07 pm
|Drive Up
Date Climbed: Jul 22, 2007
|Easy summer walk. Beautiful clear day and some wide ranging views.
|Posted Jul 23, 2007 5:19 pm
|Highpoint #15
Date Climbed: Jun 9, 2007
|Beautiful day for HP 15 and 3rd for that day.
|Posted Jun 10, 2007 7:07 pm
|Summit Number Ten
Date Climbed: Apr 12, 2007
|My dog Spanky and I made it to the top of Spruce Knob on a cold, cloudy, and snowy morning. For a complete trip report pls go to http://50summits.blogspot.com
|Posted Apr 19, 2007 9:07 pm
|The edge
Date Climbed: Apr 14, 2002
|Hat trick achieved...
3 out of 3 in the same day...
|Posted Mar 14, 2007 3:10 pm
|Nice drive
|I have to give credit for the ascent to my Toyota truck. It did all the work! Been here many times.
|Posted Mar 8, 2007 4:18 pm
|many times
|to many times to count.....followed by Seneca Rocks play days
|Posted Feb 14, 2007 9:29 pm
|Winter Wonderland
Date Climbed: Oct 25, 2006
|A recent snow storm made the drive to the top an adventure. There was quite a bit of snow above about 4,000 feet. The short walk to the summit tower was nice with the trees to block the wind. Once at the tower the winds and below freezing temperatures made it feel like the middle of January - not October.
|Posted Oct 30, 2006 4:53 pm
Date Climbed: Oct 15, 2006
|Last day of a weeklong trip. Conference in Cleveland, surprised by the beauty of Ohio. Spruce Knob was 5th state and 25th county HP of the trip. Wonderful views; Mt Porte Crayon, Weiss Knob, Potomac valley and the Alleghany front. What a beautiful country we live in. Now over to my last county at Snowshoe and then the 300+ mile trip home (2100+ miles for the week) May take awhile to do the state HP's (Took me 17 years to do #20), too many places to go.
|Posted Oct 18, 2006 5:45 pm
|Drove Up
Date Climbed: Oct 15, 2006
|This was the first of three highpoints for the day (WV, MD, PA). It was a beautiful day! Clear, brisk, and windy. I had the entire summit to myself. Great views! HP #23.
|Posted Oct 16, 2006 3:30 pm
|In rain - and a car
|Had tons of rain, so I wimped out and drove it. The walk to the lookout and area was wet. Would like to go back someday!
|Posted Sep 12, 2006 10:19 pm
|mad maximus
Date Climbed: Aug 19, 2006
|Long drive through winding roads.. Does this state have a straight road anywhere? :)
|Posted Aug 22, 2006 1:40 pm
|Short hike up in fog
Date Climbed: May 16, 1989
|That WV mud sticks like crazy, went to my uncle's house afterwards and hosed off all I could while he was at work. When he got home he said, "That's awful dirty, you should use my hose and wash it off."
|Posted Aug 8, 2006 10:39 pm


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Travis spearheads technology-related projects that lay the groundwork for social networks both locally and worldwide. "Increasingly, art and design are a social enterprise in terms of process and product," he explains. "Artists and designers need to learn to work with one another to get things done." In the school's YACHT CLUB project, students participated in new media workshops with peers at Tsinghua University in China. More recently, Travis led an interdisciplinary group on a design ethnography expedition to Beijing and Hong Kong, where students and faculty brainstormed with the research and development departments of companies such as Nokia and BBH Worldwide."It's not about telling students, 'Sit down and let us tell you how things are.' It's about reversing that role by creating an environment that allows for exchange and collaboration," says Travis. "We are really a sort of incubator—it's not always clear where the next idea is coming from, and it's not necessarily coming from the professors. It could be coming from students or from interactions in the outside world."
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Narutopedia:Spoiler policy
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- Keep in mind that these policies are ultimately guidelines. If it's found that a policy restricts something that the reason the policy was created didn't intend to restrict, then the policy should be changed.
This is the Spoiler Policy of Narutopedia.
What is a "Spoiler"
See Spoiler on Wikipedia. The first paragraph from the article;
Spoiler is Genex slang for any element of any summary or description of any piece of fiction that reveals any plot element which will give away the outcome of a dramatic episode within the work of fiction, or the conclusion of the entire work. Because enjoyment of fiction sometimes depends upon the dramatic tension and suspense which arise within it, the external revelation of such plot elements can "spoil" the enjoyment that some consumers of the narrative would otherwise have experienced.
Manga Spoiler Release Dates
Due to the dubious nature of scanlation and fansubbed works, Narutopedia, despite when the chapter/volume is released in Japan, the wiki recognises the chapters release when it is available to read in manga form.
This is done for two reasons.
- Various websites have access to chapters before they are publicly released and the information they provide is either incomplete or fake.
- Following the standard free release dates of various official websites such as Crunchyroll and Viz Media, these websites typically wait a full week before releasing new episodes or chapters to none premium members. Because Narutopedia is a free edit wiki, waiting a few days from when the chapters are released online is acceptable.
Anime Spoiler Release Dates
Official episodes of Naruto Shippūden are released on Crunchyroll on Thursday morning at 3:00AM Pacific Time. Therefore, information from those episodes can be added as soon as the episode is officially released. Articles created before the release of an episode will be deleted on sight.
Reasons for the above and the discrepancy with the manga spoilers:
- The episodes are released officially as opposed to fansubbing. Once they are officially online, they are free to be posted.
What happens if you see a Spoiler
If any spoilers are added to any article before the chapter is released in Manga form, or the episode before Thursday, those edits can be removed on sight. Adding comments to the articles Talk Page based on spoilers can also be removed on sight. Consequences for adding spoilers before Thursday will first be a one day blocking and a warning, then a three day blocking with another warning, then finally a week blocking.


text:
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
Between Explorer, Excursion and Expedition, Ford has just as many "Exes" as Demi Moore. One of them, the subject of this overview, Ford's Expedition was introduced back in 1997, as a replacement for the Ford Bronco. The O.J. Simpson "slow-speed chase" in Los Angeles — piloted by Simpson's longtime friend Al Cowlings — made that Ford suv infamous.
And while that bit of trivia undoubtedly had very little to do with Ford's discontinuation of the Bronco, the subject of this overview, the Ford Expedition, did benefit from the Bronco's axing. And while it was Ford's mid-size SUV when it was introduced, today, the Expedition is Ford's largest SUV offering. Additionally, with the conversion of the Explorer to a unibody configuration, the Expedition is the last body-on-frame, truck-based SUV in Ford's lineup.
There have been three generations of the Ford Expedition offered since it was introduced.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
1997 - 2002
First offered in late 1996, as a 1997 model, the Ford Expedition was based on the Ford F-150 pickup truck of the time. In a crafty bit of strategy, Ford's engineers positioned the Expedition to be larger than Chevrolet's Tahoe, but smaller than the company's Suburban, with seating for up to nine passengers.
This was accomplished with a bench seat up front, as well as a third row bench seat in the rear of the Expedition. In addition to its remarkable people packing skills, acquiring that first Expedition bought considerable kit as well. Offered in two levels of trim, XLT and Eddie Bauer, Ford's Expedition featured, in addition to the three row seating we referred to above, a choice of captain's chairs in the first and second rows, premium leather upholstered seating surfaces, running boards with illumination, heated outside mirrors, a power-operated moon roof, dual zone automatic climate control, and the body shakin' Ford Mach Audio system with a subwoofer stashed in the back of the Expedition.
Powering that first Expedition was a pair of V8 engines; the 4.6-liter V8 made 215 horsepower and 290 ft-lbs of torque. The big engine was a 230-horsepower, 5.4-liter V8, which delivered 325 ft-lbs of torque. Offered in both rear-drive and four-wheel drive configurations, Expeditions ran their power through four-speed automatic transmissions.
With the 5.4 and a heavy-duty tow package, the Expedition would pull up to 8,100 pounds. The 1997 Expedition also carried a payload of 2,000 pounds.
A special offroad kit included skid plates for additional underbody protection, as well as a limited-slip rear differential. The optional pneumatic suspension system enabled the driver to raise and lower the Expedition as needed for either additional ground clearance, or to make ingress and egress easier when employing the system's "kneel down" mode.
The 1997 Expedition's four-wheel drive system came with a heavy-duty transfer case and was capable of operating in four different drive modes; 2WD-high, Auto, 4WD-high with the differential locked, and 4WD-low with the differential locked.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
With so much already on offer, Ford let the Expedition ride into model year 1998 with no significant changes.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
For 1999, the Command Trac four-wheel drive system was revised. Its 2WD-high mode was dropped from the choice of drive configurations, making CommandTrac Expeditions full-time 4WD. Both of Expedition's engines got power upgrades, with the 4.6 being bumped to 232 horsepower and 291 ft-lbs of torque and the 5.4 increased to 260 horsepower and 345 ft-lbs of torque. On the cosmetic side, a new front grille was installed as well as a new front bumper with integrated foglights.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
Detail changes carried the Expedition into the last year of the 20th century. Ford's engineers added adjustable pedals to make the Expedition adapt to a broader variety of drivers, and the radio antenna was integrated into the right rear quarter panel window. Auto dimming rearview mirrors were incorporated, turn signal repeaters were added to the side view mirror frames, and sonar backup sensors were installed to aid in backing and reversing maneuvers.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
For 2001, rear seat passengers in the base-level XLT Expedition could go incognito, thanks to the addition of rear privacy glass to its roster of standard features. Home Link was added to the list of Eddie Bauer features, 4WD Eddie Bauers also got a class IV trailering package. Captain's chairs were specified as standard equipment for the second row of the upscale Expedition; swathed in leather — of course. Rear seat video entertainment was introduced as an Eddie Bauer option for 2001 as well.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
With an impending redesign in the works, 2002 Expeditions ran the same configurations as 2001 models.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
2003 – 2006
For 2002, Expedition got an all-independent suspension system, making it the first full-size body-on-frame SUV to run that arrangement. This enabled Ford's engineers to improve the Expedition's ground clearance by nearly an inch and a half. Towing capacity was increased to 8,900 pounds when paired with the heavy-duty tow package and the proper axle ratio.
CommandTrac got its 2WD mode back, and the system got computer controlled terrain sensing technology to regulate slip. The steering system was replaced, the brake rotors were enlarged, and the brake calipers were reinforced as well — all in an effort to improve the towing ability of Ford's (then) mid-size SUV. As remarkable as it seems when you see an Expedition in the flesh, back in 2003, Ford had an even bigger SUV in its lineup, the aircraft carrier-sized Ford Excursion.
With the redesign came three models (XLT, Eddie Bauer and FX4); along with four trim levels; XLT Value, XLT Popular, XLT Premium, and Eddie Bauer. XLT Value was the base model — featuring a CD player, air conditioning, a flip-up rear hatch window and power-adjustable pedals. The next level up, the Popular package, added running boards, rear-seat climate controls and auto-dimming mirrors. Moving farther up the scale to the Premium package brought leather upholstered power seats and a floor console.
The 2003 Eddie Bauer package's trip computer, automatic climate control, reverse sensing system, and in-dash six-disc CD changer, comprised the components of the ultimate pre-packaged Expedition. However, there were standalone options as well; a CD-based navigation system, DVD entertainment system, a power folding third-row seat, heated and cooled front seats, and a tire-pressure monitoring system.
The FX4 model, configured specifically for off road, er—expeditions (you had to know that was coming at some point…) included skid plates, off-road shock absorbers, and tubular running boards. That model was available only with 4WD and the 5.4-liter engine.
Engine choices and output remained the same as they had been since the last engine upgrade in 1999 took the 4.6 to 232 horsepower and 291 ft-lbs. The 5.4-liter V8 returned as well for '03, still producing 260 horsepower. However, its torque output was increased to an even 350 ft-lbs. Ford stuck with the four speed automatic transmissions as well.
Safety gear included four-wheel disc brakes with ABS, electronic brake assist and electronic brake force distribution. Ford's Personal Safety System was the catchall phrase applied to its suite of active restraints including; dual stage airbags, seat belt pretensioners and sensors that determined the intensity of airbag deployment based on the size of the driver and the severity of the crash.
Ford's Safety Canopy System provided side and head impact protection for the both the first and second row passengers. Rollover sensors adjusted airbag deployment for additional protection.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
The FX4 nomenclature was dropped in favor of the NBX designation. The XLT Value model was redesignated XLS and the XLT Sport trim level was added.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
The year of the most significant number of changes for the GEN2 Expedition, 2005 saw the 4.6-liter V8 discontinued, leaving the 5.4 to power all Expedition models. The good news is, it got even more power. For 2005, the 5.4-liter made 300 horsepower and 365 ft-lbs of torque. The four-speed automatic transmission was reworked to incorporate electronic shift scheduling, improving fuel economy and smoothness.
New roof rails were fitted and the Expedition lineup got a new even more high-end model than the Edie Bauer. Called Expedition Limited, it featured chromed roof rails, chromed aluminum wheels, power seats, powered folding side view mirrors and a chromed exhaust tip. The interior of the King Ranch Expedition Limited was laced with both genuine wood trim and simulated wood trim, in addition to "Castano" leather seating surfaces. Also for 2005, Expedition became Ford's largest SUV. Excursion was cancelled in 2004.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
The last year of production for the second generation of the Expedition saw only minor adjustments. Park assist and the SafetyCanopy airbag kit were added to the standalone options list.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
The third generation Expedition debuted with primarily mechanical updates, although there were cosmetic changes as well. The chassis was reinforced for more stiffness, the brakes were enlarged, and the four-speed automatic transmission was replaced by a six-speed (finally). The 5.4-liter V8 carried over, still making 300 horsepower and 365 ft-lbs of torque.
Stability control and seat-mounted airbags were included as standard equipment, as were side curtain airbags for all three rows. Soundproofing was enhanced, the seats were redesigned, the air conditioning system was given more capacity and the tech invasion hit Ford's now largest SUV. The optional navigation system was upgraded to a DVD-based solution and got a touchscreen. The 2007 Expedition's newly upgraded audio systems incorporated an MP3 player audio input jack and Sirius satellite radio compatibility.
Three trim levels were offered: XLT, Eddie Bauer and Limited. XLT seated five and came with seventeen-inch wheels, automatic headlights, running boards, a Class III trailer hitch, air-conditioning, a six-speaker CD stereo with an MP3 player input jack, front captain's chairs with six-way power adjustments for the driver, cruise control, and full power accessories.
If all of that wasn't enough for you, you could opt into the Expedition Eddie Bauer. That version seated eight with a power-folding third-row seat. Its dual-zone automatic climate control system offered separate rear controls, and music sounded better in the Bauer thanks to its more powerful sound system—which also included an in-dash six-disc CD changer.
Additional comfort was afforded via leather upholstery, a ten-way power adjustable driver's seat with memory, and a six-way power front-passenger seat. Rounding out the Expedition Eddie Bauer's feature set was a trip computer and an auto-dimming rearview mirror.
And if that wasn't enough for you either, the full boat Expedition Limited came with eighteen-inch chromed wheels, heated and cooled perforated leather seats, a ten-way power adjustable front-passenger seat, and a wooden steering wheel trimmed with leather.
The options list featured a manually folding third-row seat for the XLT, which would increase its seating capacity to eight. A set of second-row captain's chairs, a sunroof, a rear-seat DVD video entertainment system, and Sirius satellite radio was available as well. Eddie Bauer and Limited models could be equipped with a DVD-based navigation system and a power liftgate. A Class IV towing package was available, enabling a 9,200-pound towing capacity. And while the NBX off road package wasn't offered for 2007, XLT buyers could get the skid plates and tubular step bars it was offered with in 2006.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
The King Ranch edition was brought back for '08, with its more plush "Chapparal" leather, a specific set of eighteen-inch wheels and genuine wood trim. Power operated running boards became available, which deployed when the doors were opened to make climbing "Mt. Expedition" much easier. A rear view backup camera system, transmitted its picture to a monitor hidden in the Expedition's rear-view mirror as an option for all except the XLT trim level. The look of the XLT models went more upscale, thanks to the replacement of the black plastic trim with body colored panels. Ford's keyless entry keypad became standard, as did an auxiliary air conditioning system for the rear-seat passengers.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
Ford's capless fuel filling system, smart windshield wipers, and the Microsoft Sync telematics system were folded in the Expedition's mix of features. While the V8's horsepower rating was upped to 310, the torque rating stayed the same at 365 ft-lbs.
The Sync system developed for Ford by Microsoft, enabled voice control of telephone, navigation and audio entertainment. With the Sirius satellite radio subscription was offered Sirius Travel Link. This feature provided traffic, sports and weather information—in addition to movie listings and local fuel prices.
The rearview camera's feed was ported to the navigation system's touch-screen monitor, rather than the rear-view mirror — unless of course, the nav system was not fitted to the model ordered. A 10-gig hard drive permitted the storage of music files, eliminating the need to haul CDs around in the Expedition. And, Bluetooth appeared in the Expedition for the first time in 2009.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
Ford's MyKey system was incorporated, enabling owners to set predetermined operating parameters for the Expedition. Top speed of the Expedition could be limited, the audio system's maximum volume could be arbitrarily established and a continuous alert could be enabled if seatbelts weren't fastened. The trailer sway control system added to the Expedition for 2010 would apply braking and throttle adjustments if sway were detected in the trailer.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
Current Model (2011)
The Eddie Bauer designation was phased out, and a more modestly equipped version of the Expedition debuted called XL. Headrest monitors were embraced for the video entertainment system and a complimentary three-year subscription was offered for the Sirius Travel Link system.
Ford Expedition Used SUV Buyer's Guide
Seamlessly adopting the mantle of Ford's largest SUV with the demise of the Excursion in 2004, Ford's Expedition is a robust solution to any large family's transportation needs. If you routinely haul a lot of gear, pull a big boat, or tow a large horse trailer, an Expedition could be just the ride you need as well.
Times have changed considerably since the Expedition was launched however, and the advent of the car-based crossover suv has introduced newfound comfort and refinement to the species. For many people, something along those lines is all they really need. As time as worn on, the need for something like the Expedition has become more and more specialized.
Of course, this is America; what people need and what they want doesn't always inhabit the same plane. That said, if you've got your heart set on a traditional full-size SUV, Ford's Expedition has a lot going for it. Unlike many of the other SUV's in its category, the Expedition boasts genuine offroad capability—particularly when equipped with the FX4 or NBX packages.
As for reliability, the engines and transmissions fitted to the big Ford are highly proven, robust, and durable besides. Yes, there have been recalls of the Expedition over the years, and you'll do well to research the model year of your interest to learn which apply and ensure they required updates were fitted.
The best way to do this is with a thorough pre-purchase physical inspection by a trusted professional mechanic, one well-versed in the ways of big Ford sport utes. Additionally, you'll want to order up a vehicle history report to make sure you're not getting an Expedition that has been victimized by likes of flood damage, or a salvage title.


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Small-business owners in the food or retail industry might want to reconsider their sales pitches, according to The Associated Press.
Small business owners waiting for the right opportunity to launch a mobile version of their website should strike as soon as possible.
The annual national health care spending rate will increase 1 percent
faster than the expected economic growth rate.
Opening your own business is a very exciting time.
After a viciously frigid winter, many small-business owners around the country are asking how they can protect their businesses from natural disaster
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View: Larger Image
Forest of Beech Trees, c.1903
Framed Art Print
By Gustav Klimt
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Decorate with photos you love. With Photos to Art, you can transform your favorite snapshots into one-of-a-kind works of art that you'll be proud to hang on your wall. Choose from artistic canvas, custom framing, wood mounting and more to update your décor with art that is totally you.
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Gustav Klimt (1862 – 1918) was a brilliant Austrian iconoclast who rose from childhood impoverishment to become an artist who enormously impacted the Viennese Secession and Art Nouveau movement. Known for elaborate, explicitly sensual paintings and murals, Klimt's works also encompass themes of regeneration, love and death. Embedding his work with images symbolizing the freedom of art from traditional Western culture, Klimt's eclectic range of influences included Egyptian, Classical Greek, Byzantine and Medieval styles. A forerunner of Modernism and the Art Deco movements, Klimt's huge creative influence still resonates in modern art, decorations and jewelry.
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From time immemorial loving and sharing, fighting and competing, grabbing and teasing, tattling and keeping secrets, agreeing and disagreeing, playing and hiding from one another have existed between brothers and sisters. The bible mythology, fairy tales, songs, dances, and drams all illustrate the universality of the harmony, rivalries and tensions that exist between siblings.
This can be understood if it happens among young children but things can get tough when your children who are also parents in their own rights start fighting over something and stop talking to each other.
How then as a parent will you handle such a scenario/this might sound funny but I have a real scenario whereby two of my uncles disagreed over something and the battle became so big that it involved their wives, children and other relatives to some extent.
For instance if you had a gathering, once one learnt the other is attending, they wouldn't. Or they would both attend but there would be so much tension and friction to the extent that it ended up disturbing other parties.
Maybe we better trace back such problems to childhood. Children should learn to deal with sibling rivalry at an early age lest that might disturb them in their adult life.
It is hard for each child to understand that he/she has to share the attention of parents. Even an only child will have problems sharing the attention of his mother with his father or sharing the attention of his father with his mother.
Don't be surprised when your children display this sense of selfishness. All you need to do is teach them that there is need for them to share your love and that they are equally important to you. The sooner you do this the better because if you let them grow with that feeling, it might lead to lifelong hatred.
Quite often you might realise that your children start fighting over petty issues. It could be the remote control. They might fight over which television channel to view, whether to switch the fan on or not, the list is endless. The situation is worse off if they are boys. I cannot tell you how my two boys behave, one minute they are fighting the next minute they playing peacefully.
What do you do then as a parent? The best thing to do is stay out of it and let them solve their disputes. Many parents feel it is their right to intervene and solve the problem. The truth however, is that you will actually make the situation worse by intervening. Just stay out of it as long as they don't hurt each other. Give them a room to solve their dispute if you can and you will realise that it works.
Don't entertain them at all. One might come to you complaining imploring on you to intervene. Never do that, just tell him to go and sort it out with his brother or sister. "Musa, I understand how you feel but please go and sort it out with your brother I am sure you can reach an agreement if you both talk about it," I have found myself saying that statement often and believe me it works.
Children can be tricky at times. You know they might give you a tough time trying to establish who did what. For instance, you might have a broken window etc but no one owns up.
Don't bother yourself trying to establish who messed up if they are up to protect each other. Just put them in the same boat. Punish the innocent and guilty alike, that way they will get to know that they are interdependent and take care of one another. If one wants to go astray they will help bring him back on track.
Another way of solving these minor squabbles and constant fights is putting them to task. Get them to do something productive if you see that they are constantly fighting. That way they will use their energy constructively and reduce emotional toil.
Get them to wash some dishes, clean the car, any constructive task.
Another solution worth trying is asking them to put in writing what happened and explain the part they played in the fight. This is quite tricky and it will allow them to release all their emotions as they write but will also give you the chance to see who is emotionally charged and who is not for the emotionally charged one will tend to write a lengthy explanation paying particular attention to detail. He will include all the nitty-gritties and will be very bitter about the whole ordeal.
On the other hand the one who is not very emotional will be brief and to the point, including only those things that are important. That can help giving you a starting point on how to solve the dispute and bring harmony between the feuding siblings.
All in all, it is important for us as parents to ensure that these squabbles do not grow into adulthood. It is natural for siblings to argue, fight and quarrel but it shouldn't be too much and they should be able to solve their squabbles without harbouring any bitterness.
We should avoid taking sides and always be fair in dealing with our children if at all we want them to maintain a loving relationship throughout their lives. We should start fostering this at an early age.


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Britex Fabrics' buttons will add extraordinary finishing aplomb to any new outfit, or modernize a time-worn favorite garment. Our extensive selection of buttons offer something to suit every style and need, from show-stopping glitz and glitter, to understated glamour and elegance, to wooly and rugged butchness. Browse our classic horn buttons, jaunty metal buttons, delightful vintage buttons and more, when you're ready to complete your next project.
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text: The exterior of this handbag is in gently loved condition. The nylon has a few stains and snags. The casing along the top handles is cracked, and the bottom piping shows light wear as well. The interior is in gently loved condition, with stains on the lining. It ships with a designer dust bag.


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Extensions Plugin Manager
From Joomla! Documentation
Revision as of 17:37, 15 September 2012 by Chris Davenport (Talk | contribs)
The plug-in manager is accessed from the back-end Joomla! administrator panel. It is used to edit an installed plug-in's details and options.
How to Access
Select Extensions → Plug-in Manager from the drop-down menu of the Joomla! Administrator Panel.
The Plug-in Manager allows you to enable and disable Joomla! plug-ins and to edit a plug-in's details and options. It is also useful for quickly enabling/disabling multiple plug-ins at once.
Column Headers
- Checkbox. Check this box to select one or more items. To select all items, check the box in the column heading. After one or more boxes are checked, click a toolbar button to take an action on the selected item or items.
- Name. The name of the plug-in.
- Enabled. A green circle with a check mark or a red circle showing whether the use of the extension is enabled/disabled. Click the icon to toggle the item between enabled and disabled.
- Ordering. Ordering. The order to display items. If the list is sorted by this column, you can change the order by clicking the arrows or by entering the sequential order and clicking the 'Save Order' icon which looks like a little floppy disk. Note that the display order on a page is set in the 'Advanced Options' section for each menu item. If that order is set to use something other than 'Order' (for example, 'Title - Alphabetical'), then the order value in this screen will be ignored. If the menu item's order option is set to use 'Order', then the items will display on the page based on the order in this screen.
- Access. Which user 'access levels' have access to this item. You can change an item's Access Level by clicking on its name to open it up for editing. The default user 'access levels' which come preconfigured with Joomla! are:
- Public: Everyone has access including website visitors who have not logged in
- Registered: Only users with registered status or higher will have access
- Special: Only users with author status or higher have access
- Type. The Type of the plug-in. Some possible types are: authentication, content, editors, editors-xtd, search, system, and user. These are also the names of the website sub-directories where the plug-in files are located. For example, plug-ins with a type of 'authentication' are located in the website directory 'plugins/authentication'.
- Element. The plug-in directory name which contains the plug-in's files. This directory will be located in the directory which corresponds to its type. For example, the 'Authentication - Joomla' plug-in is of type 'Authentication' and element 'joomla'. So the website directory it is located in is 'plugins/authentication/joomla'
- ID. The ID number. This is a unique identification number for this item assigned automatically by Joomla!. It is used to identify the item internally, for example in internal links. You cannot change this number.
- Display #. The number of items to display on one page. Note that if you have a large number of items, it may be helpful to use the Filter options, located above the column headings, to limit which items display (where applicable).
List Filters
The list of plug-ins which appears on this screen may be very large. You can use one of the available filters or any combination of them to limit the number of plug-ins displayed to just the plug-ins which match your filter parameters.
Filter by Partial Name
You can filter the list of items by typing in all of part of its name. Or you can select a combination of Access Level, Enable/Disable State and Type.
- Filter. In the upper left corner just above the column headings is a Filter field and two buttons, as shown below:
If you have a large number of items on the list, you can use this filter to find the desired item(s) quickly. Enter either all or part of the name and press 'Search' to display the matching items. You can enter in whole words or part of a word. For example, 'ooml' will match all titles with the word 'Joomla!' in them.
Filter by Access, State and Type
In the upper right area, above the column headings, are 3 drop-down list boxes as shown below:
The selections may be combined. Only items matching all selections will display in the list.
- Select Access. Select the 'Access Level' from the drop-down list box to only show plug-ins accessible by uses of the selected 'Access Level'
- Select State. Select a state (Enabled or Disabled) from the drop-down list box to show only plug-ins with the selected state.
- Select Type. Select a Type from the drop-down list box to show only plug-ins of the selected Type.
At the top right you will see the toolbar:
The functions are:
- Edit. Opens the editing screen for the selected plug-in. If more than one plug-in is selected (where applicable), only the first plug-in will be opened. The editing screen can also be opened by clicking on the Title or Name of the plug-in.</translate>
- Enable. Makes the selected plug-in available for use on your website. You may also toggle between Enabled and Disabled by clicking on the icon in the 'Enabled' column.
- Disable. Makes the selected plug-ins unavailable for use on your website. You may also toggle between Enabled and Disabled by clicking on the icon in the 'Enabled' column.
- Check-In. Checks-in the selected plug-ins. Works with one or multiple plug-ins selected.</translate>
- Options. Opens the Options window where settings such as default parameters can be edited.</translate>
- Help. Opens this help screen.</translate>
Quick Tips
- To enable or disable a group of Plug-ins, check the check box for each desired Plug-in and then click the Enable or Disable toolbar button.
- Starting with Joomla! 1.6, configurable plug-in settings are referred to as 'options'. In previous versions of Joomla! these configurable settings were referred to as 'parameters'. You may see the terms 'options' and 'parameters' used interchangeably in help documentation and tutorials you encounter.
Related Information
- To change the Details or Options for a Plug-in: Plugin Manager - Edit
- To install Plug-ins: Extension Manager - Install
- To uninstall Plug-ins: Extension Manager - Manage


text: Fondly, Pennsylvania is a joint blog of HSP's archives, conservation, and digitization departments. Here you will find posts on our latest projects and newest discoveries, as well as how we care for, describe, and preserve our collections. Whether you are doing research or just curious to know more about the behind-the-scenes work that goes on at HSP, please read, explore, and join the conversation!


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29 U.S. Code § 667 - State jurisdiction and plans
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(a) Assertion of State standards in absence of applicable Federal standards
Nothing in this chapter shall prevent any State agency or court from asserting jurisdiction under State law over any occupational safety or health issue with respect to which no standard is in effect under section 655 of this title.
(b) Submission of State plan for development and enforcement of State standards to preempt applicable Federal standards
Any State which, at any time, desires to assume responsibility for development and enforcement therein of occupational safety and health standards relating to any occupational safety or health issue with respect to which a Federal standard has been promulgated under section 655 of this title shall submit a State plan for the development of such standards and their enforcement.
(c) Conditions for approval of plan
The Secretary shall approve the plan submitted by a State under subsection (b) of this section, or any modification thereof, if such plan in his judgment—
(1) designates a State agency or agencies as the agency or agencies responsible for administering the plan throughout the State,
(2) provides for the development and enforcement of safety and health standards relating to one or more safety or health issues, which standards (and the enforcement of which standards) are or will be at least as effective in providing safe and healthful employment and places of employment as the standards promulgated under section 655 of this title which relate to the same issues, and which standards, when applicable to products which are distributed or used in interstate commerce, are required by compelling local conditions and do not unduly burden interstate commerce,
(3) provides for a right of entry and inspection of all workplaces subject to this chapter which is at least as effective as that provided in section 657 of this title, and includes a prohibition on advance notice of inspections,
(4) contains satisfactory assurances that such agency or agencies have or will have the legal authority and qualified personnel necessary for the enforcement of such standards,
(5) gives satisfactory assurances that such State will devote adequate funds to the administration and enforcement of such standards,
(6) contains satisfactory assurances that such State will, to the extent permitted by its law, establish and maintain an effective and comprehensive occupational safety and health program applicable to all employees of public agencies of the State and its political subdivisions, which program is as effective as the standards contained in an approved plan,
(7) requires employers in the State to make reports to the Secretary in the same manner and to the same extent as if the plan were not in effect, and
(d) Rejection of plan; notice and opportunity for hearing
If the Secretary rejects a plan submitted under subsection (b) of this section, he shall afford the State submitting the plan due notice and opportunity for a hearing before so doing.
(e) Discretion of Secretary to exercise authority over comparable standards subsequent to approval of State plan; duration; retention of jurisdiction by Secretary upon determination of enforcement of plan by State
After the Secretary approves a State plan submitted under subsection (b) of this section, he may, but shall not be required to, exercise his authority under sections 657, 658, 659, 662, and 666 of this title with respect to comparable standards promulgated under section 655 of this title, for the period specified in the next sentence. The Secretary may exercise the authority referred to above until he determines, on the basis of actual operations under the State plan, that the criteria set forth in subsection (c) of this section are being applied, but he shall not make such determination for at least three years after the plan's approval under subsection (c) of this section. Upon making the determination referred to in the preceding sentence, the provisions of sections 654 (a)(2), 657 (except for the purpose of carrying out subsection (f) of this section), 658, 659, 662, and 666 of this title, and standards promulgated under section 655 of this title, shall not apply with respect to any occupational safety or health issues covered under the plan, but the Secretary may retain jurisdiction under the above provisions in any proceeding commenced under section 658 or 659 of this title before the date of determination.
(f) Continuing evaluation by Secretary of State enforcement of approved plan; withdrawal of approval of plan by Secretary; grounds; procedure; conditions for retention of jurisdiction by State
The Secretary shall, on the basis of reports submitted by the State agency and his own inspections make a continuing evaluation of the manner in which each State having a plan approved under this section is carrying out such plan. Whenever the Secretary finds, after affording due notice and opportunity for a hearing, that in the administration of the State plan there is a failure to comply substantially with any provision of the State plan (or any assurance contained therein), he shall notify the State agency of his withdrawal of approval of such plan and upon receipt of such notice such plan shall cease to be in effect, but the State may retain jurisdiction in any case commenced before the withdrawal of the plan in order to enforce standards under the plan whenever the issues involved do not relate to the reasons for the withdrawal of the plan.
(g) Judicial review of Secretary's withdrawal of approval or rejection of plan; jurisdiction; venue; procedure; appropriate relief; finality of judgment
The State may obtain a review of a decision of the Secretary withdrawing approval of or rejecting its plan by the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the State is located by filing in such court within thirty days following receipt of notice of such decision a petition to modify or set aside in whole or in part the action of the Secretary. A copy of such petition shall forthwith be served upon the Secretary, and thereupon the Secretary shall certify and file in the court the record upon which the decision complained of was issued as provided in section 2112 of title 28. Unless the court finds that the Secretary's decision in rejecting a proposed State plan or withdrawing his approval of such a plan is not supported by substantial evidence the court shall affirm the Secretary's decision. The judgment of the court shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States upon certiorari or certification as provided in section 1254 of title 28.
(h) Temporary enforcement of State standards
The Secretary may enter into an agreement with a State under which the State will be permitted to continue to enforce one or more occupational health and safety standards in effect in such State until final action is taken by the Secretary with respect to a plan submitted by a State under subsection (b) of this section, or two years from December 29, 1970, whichever is earlier.
Source(Pub. L. 91–596, § 18,Dec. 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 1608.)
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Sinjoh Ruins
this wiki
In-Game Method
The only known way to the Sinjoh Ruins is by way bringing an Arceus from a Nintendo event or the Hall of Origin to the Ruins of Alph. If the Arceus is currently the player's partner Pokémon, the lead archaeologist will come across it and ask the player to enter the ruins to unlock a secret. After some waiting, the screen will turn black and both the player and Arceus will be teleported to the Sinjoh Ruins. In a nearby cabin outside the snowbound ruins, Cynthia will be found waiting for the player, and will tell them that she feels that something is going to happen at the Mystri Stage (Japanese: みつぶたい Triad Stage).
Cynthia will escort the player back into the ruins and show them the stage, which is linked to Arceus's power of creation. The player will get a choice to obtain only one of either Dialga, Palkia, or Giratina at level 1, equipped with their respective orbs. Arceus must be the only Pokémon in the player's party for this to occur, and a PC is inside the cabin near the ruins for the player to use to deposit all others. Once the player chooses one of three circles, a swarm of Unown will surround Arceus, and a sequence will follow whereby Arceus will create an egg of the desired legendary Pokémon. As the event ends, the player and Arceus will be teleported back to the Ruins of Alph, where the archaeologist will observe that the nature of the Unown and Arceus' connection is yet another unsolved mystery.
It has been found that if you have both a TRU/Michina Arceus and a Hall of Origin Arceus, and you go down into the room where you teleported you can repeat the event. You can only use an Arceus that hasn't participated in the event. Arceus from Action Replay will not work henceforth since its not the real one from the movie or event.


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May 5, 2016
A Florida man was found guilty of attempted drug trafficking in New Bern after authorities say he changed a prescription.
Investigators say John Campana of Florida used a fraudulent prescription for oxycodone at the Realo Pharmacy in New Bern, and changed the quantity dispensed from 50 to 150 dosage units.
The 46-year-old was arrested immediately after he was given the prescription.
Campana was given a suspended sentence of 25 - 42 months, three years probation and ordered to pay a 1-thousand dollar fine.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Slow Food USA Blog
Reflections, insights and news about the food movement and "going Slow"
An Interview With Preserving Maven Sherri Brooks Vinton
May. 22, 2014
Sherri Brooks Vinton has been knee-deep in the Slow Food movement for more than a decade. In fact, Sherri credits Slow Food USA for helping to guide her through complicated issues and inspiring her to write the "Put 'em Up!" preserving series. We caught up with Sherri last week to talk about her latest book in the series: "Put'em Up! Preserving Answer Book."
In Search of Diversity, Taste and Tradition
May. 22, 2014
I've been cheating lately on my intimate relationship—the one I have with Italian food. As a master student at the University of Gastronomic Sciences, I have an unfailing passion for food and relish the opportunity to indulge in the incredible Italian cuisine that surrounds me. Yet for dinner last week I swapped out eggy tajarin al ragù for Israeli shakshuka and challah, and a few days later, I opted not to have a morning cappuccino and freshly baked cornetto at the local Caffè Converso, in exchange for a Hungarian chocolate pastry called kakaós csiga. Should I feel ashamed? The traditionalists I live amongst in the town of Bra may question these out-of-the ordinary foods, but here at UNISG, it is all part of the learning experience.
We Are Not Luddites
May. 21, 2014
In the SFUSA Food News we have featured a number of recent articles that address the shrill and troubling tone that accompanies the GMO debate. Our side sends out plumes of smoke to alert consumers to the dangers of polluting our food supply with untested and unproven GMOs. The other side accuses us of Malthusian desires to starve the planet. Though we may find the science that supports our side compelling, it is safe to say that consensus about the safety of eating foods that contain GMOs does not yet exist. Consider what is to be learned from global warming debates. Overwhelming consensus among scientists about rising temperatures persists. And yet, the public relations campaigns to stymie policy changes have kept meaningful change at bay.
A Preview of Carlo Petrini's Latest Book: Cibo e libertà (Food and Freedom)
May. 21, 2014
The New Oxford American Dictionary defines "gastronomy" as "the practice or art of choosing, cooking, and eating good food." Carlo Petrini reckons that, in its thirty-year history, Slow Food has—at first unwittingly, then consciously—reformulated the meaning not only of the word but also of its practical and theoretical implications. He explains how in his impassioned new book "Cibo e libertà", to be published this Fall in English as "Food and Freedom".
If Variety Is the Spice of Life, Then Meat Got a Lot Blander
May. 2, 2014
As part of a special pre-Slow Meat 2014 blog series, Josiah Lockhart, Executive Manager of Lockhart Family Farm, discusses the importance of biodiversity among food animals. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization estimates the USA has now lost at least 95% of its edible species (75% globally), and more than 90% of each meat market is now dominated by single breeds.


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PorkBridge Educational Series Returns in December
AMES, Iowa – The seventh year of the successful distance education series, PorkBridge, begins Dec. 6. The 2012-2013 program includes a variety of topics presented by recognized industry experts. Operating through the collaboration of 11 land-grant universities, PorkBridge reaches producers and industry professionals across the country and around the world in an every other month series of six sessions.
Iowa State University Extension and Outreach swine specialist Ken Stalder is the Iowa contact for PorkBridge. He said the distance education series provides relevant and accurate information for those who own, manage or work in swine grow-finish facilities.
"Producers and others in the industry can get the information they need without the hassle of traveling or giving up a whole day to attend a meeting," Stalder said. "PorkBridge participants can take part where it works best for them whether at home, in an office or in the swine unit. And all of them can download audio files from each session for later use."
Stalder, who also is a swine specialist with Iowa Pork Industry Center at Iowa State, said PorkBridge combines electronic information viewed on a computer with live presentations by topic experts via phone. About a week before each session, subscribers receive a CD or Web link (depending on their location) that contains that topic's specific presentation and additional information provided by the presenter. Participants call in for the audio portion of each session and follow along with the presentation on their computer. All sessions begin at noon Central time and last approximately 90 minutes. Each session includes time for questions of the presenter.
"The course fee has not changed since the program began in 2005, and is a great deal at $125 for the entire year," Stalder said.
The subscription form and payment must be received by Nov. 12 to assure receipt of program materials in time for the first session on Dec. 6. An informational brochure with subscription information is available on the IPIC Web site at www.ipic.iastate.edu/PorkBridge/IPIC2012PB.pdf. Iowa residents who want more information can call Stalder at 800-808-7675.
Session dates, speakers, their industry affiliations and topics are as follows.
- Dec. 6, 2012 – John Patience, Iowa State University, "Strategies to Reduce Feed Costs"
- Feb. 7, 2013 – Mike Ellis, University of Illinois, "Optimizing Stocking Density in Wean-Finish Barns"
- April 4, 2013 – Aaron Gaines, the Maschhoffs, "Managing Finishing Pigs to Improve Production Efficiency"
- June 6, 2013 – Mark Whitney, University of Minnesota, "Managing Heat Stress"
- Aug. 1, 2013 – Mike Tokach and Hyatt Frobose, Kansas State University, "Effect of Optimizing Feed Withdrawal Length and Fiber Levels Prior to Marketing on Net Return"
- Oct. 3, 2013 – Andrew Bowman, The Ohio State University "Pigs, Flu and You"
IPIC coordinates all program details, including registration and subscriber mailings. Mark Whitney and Lee Johnston of the University of Minnesota coordinate the PorkBridge program.
IPIC was established in 1994 as a coordinated effort of the college of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the college of Veterinary Medicine at ISU. Its mission is to promote efficient pork production technologies in Iowa, maintain Iowa's pork industry leadership and strengthen rural development efforts. IPIC focuses its efforts on programs that are integral and complementary to ISU Extension and Outreach. Through IPIC, Iowa producers receive accurate and timely information to make their operations more efficient and profitable.
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41 U.S. Code § 7104 - Contractor's right of appeal from decision by contracting officer
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(a) Appeal to Agency Board.— A contractor, within 90 days from the date of receipt of a contracting officer's decision under section 7103 of this title, may appeal the decision to an agency board as provided in section 7105 of this title.
(b) Bringing an Action De Novo in Federal Court.—
(1) In general.— Except as provided in paragraph (2), and in lieu of appealing the decision of a contracting officer under section 7103 of this title to an agency board, a contractor may bring an action directly on the claim in the United States Court of Federal Claims, notwithstanding any contract provision, regulation, or rule of law to the contrary.
(2) Tennessee valley authority.— In the case of an action against the Tennessee Valley Authority, the contractor may only bring an action directly on the claim in a district court of the United States pursuant to section 1337 of title 28, notwithstanding any contract provision, regulation, or rule of law to the contrary.
(3) Time for filing.— A contractor shall file any action under paragraph (1) or (2) within 12 months from the date of receipt of a contracting officer's decision under section 7103 of this title.
Source(Pub. L. 111–350, § 3,Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3820.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|Pub. L. 95–563, § 7, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2385.
|Pub. L. 95–563, § 10(a), Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2388; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 161(10), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 49.
In subsection (a), the words "of contract appeals" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "agency board" in section 7101 of the revised title.
In subsection (b)(1), the words "United States Court of Federal Claims" are substituted for "United States Claims Court" because of section 902(b)(1) of the Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102–572, 106 Stat. 4516, 28 U.S.C. 171 note).
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.