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Food packaging and public health
Source: NIEHS. Credit:Brian A. Jackson/Shutterstock.com
It is known that chemical components from packaging can migrate into foods, but questions of how much migration occurs and what the potential health effects may be are gaining more attention from researchers and regulators. Food packaging is a complicated issue.
This article, written by Luz Claudio, Ph.D.*, appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectives—the peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
Our Food: Packaging & Public Health
Your daily routine has many close encounters with food packaging: For breakfast, cereal from a paperboard box and a can of energy drink. For lunch, canned tuna and a plastic bottle of water. Afternoon snack, a foil-lined plastic bag of potato chips and a shrink-wrapped tray of fruit. By the time you dish up your supper of baked chicken and frozen broccoli, you've reaped the benefits of—and discarded—numerous different food-packaging materials. "Packaged food is very convenient. It is nice to have good food that you can grab and go," says Claudia DeMegret, director of education at the City Parks Foundation in New York. "You try to be conscientious—buy fresh food and recycle. But you also have to wonder about how all this packaging affects the food we feed our kids and . . . how much of it ends up in landfills."
Food packaging does much more than simply hold a product. It keeps food safe and fresh, tells us how to safely store and prepare it, displays barcodes that facilitate purchasing, provides nutritional information, and protects products during transport, delivery, and storage. On the other hand, packaging also fills trash containers and landfills, lasting far longer than the products it was made to contain. It consumes natural resources. And it can also transfer chemicals into our food, with unknown health effects. Our relationship with packaging—you could say it's complicated.
A History of Benefits
For millennia, humans stored their food in containers they found in nature—dried gourds, shells, hollow logs, leaves—as well as baskets and pottery. By the first century BC, the Chinese were wrapping foods with treated tree bark and other forerunners of paper. Centuries later, Napoleon Bonaparte used some of the first mass-produced canned food to feed his troops in the Franco-Austrian War of 1809. Plastics were discovered in the decades following that innovation but were not used beyond military purposes until well into the twentieth century.1,2
The art and science of food packaging have evolved a long way from those origins. Today, products often are wrapped in multiple layers of packaging to get them safely from the point of manufacture to consumers' cupboards and refrigerators. Food packaging can improve food safety by alleviating bacterial contamination. It has been proposed that increased use of packaging for fresh produce could prevent contamination with Salmonella spp., a leading cause of foodborne diseases.3
"We appreciate foodservice packaging because of the convenience it affords for our busy lifestyles, but often we forget about the main benefit: sanitation," says Lynn Dyer, president of the Foodservice Packaging Institute, an industry association. "That's why single-use products were invented over 100 years ago—to help stop the spread of contagious diseases."
In addition to preventing bacterial contamination, food packaging also extends the shelf life of products, which allows for broader distribution and reduced food waste. Food waste is a significant problem in the United States. The Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 34 million tons of food was thrown away in 2010, representing close to 14% of the municipal solid waste generated in the United States.4 (Ironically, using more packaging to reduce food waste creates another waste problem: In 2010 household packaging constituted almost one-third of the municipal solid waste generated.5)
In the United States, all food-contact substances (FCSs)—defined as substances "intended for use as a component of materi-als used in manufacturing, packing, packaging, transporting, or holding food if such use is not intended to have any technical effect in such food"6—are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Different packaging materials offer different advantages. Glass preserves taste well and is chemically inert. Paper and paperboard are economic to produce and easy to print on. They are also lightweight, which reduces the fuel used for the transport of goods.7 Steel and aluminum offer the advantages of malleability, impermeability, and ease of recycling. Aluminum can also be bound to paper or plastic films for more versatility in the types of packaging that can be produced. And plastics have revolutionized the packaging industry because they are highly moldable into infinite shapes, lightweight, inexpensive, easy to seal, and durable.
Potential Chemical Exposures from Packaging
It is well known that chemical components from packaging can migrate into foods, but questions of how much migration occurs and what the potential health effects may be are gaining more attention from researchers and regulators.8 However, few studies to date have looked at adverse human health effects of these exposures.
Different types of packaging materials pose different potential chemical exposures. Glass, for instance, is generally recognized as safe by the FDA when used as a container for holding food. But some glass bottles and jars may contain lead. Researchers at the Institute of Environmental Geochemistry of the University of Heidelberg in Germany assessed 125 brands of drinking water from 28 countries and showed that waters packaged in glass bottles contained 26–57 times more lead than comparable waters bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. The increased lead content appeared to be a result of leaching from glass containers, although at < 1–761 ng/L, even the highest lead levels detected were well below maximum allowances for drinking water (10 µg/L in the European Union and Can-ada, and 15 µg/L in the United States).9
Other studies have found chemical contamination of food coming not from glass itself but from materials used to seal the metal lids on glass jars. In work by a Danish group, some foods in glass jars sealed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gaskets were found to contain di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates at levels deemed unacceptable by the European Food Safety Authority.10,11 These studies did not assess potential health effects from this exposure, but in other studies phthalates have been associated with endocrine disruption in humans.12,13,14
Environmental health concerns associ-ated with the use of paper food packaging have focused on the use of recycled paper products. Printing inks from earlier incarnations of the paper can be trapped in this material, potentially exposing consumers to phthalates as well as to other suspected endocrine disruptors, including benzophenones and mineral oils.8 A study conducted by a German group showed that infant foods packed in recycled paperboard boxes with coated paper liners were contaminated with diisobutyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate, with a few samples containing the former at levels exceeding European Commission limits for food contaminants.15 The authors noted that inner liners made of aluminum-coated foil were much more effective than coated paper at blocking the migration of phthalates from recycled paperboard packaging.
There also have been problems with the liners themselves in some paper boxes. In 2010 Kellogg Company recalled 28 million boxes of cereal because of elevated levels of methylnaphthalene16 that leached from the coated paper lining the boxes.17 Although the potential consequences of ingestion of this compound are not well understood, at least five consumers reportedly became ill after eating the contaminated cereal.18
Perhaps the hottest current debate regarding food packaging is the use of epoxy-based resins containing bisphenol A (BPA) in metal can liners (BPA is also used in hard, clear polycarbonate plastic).19 In 2008 the Nat-ional Toxicology Program released a review of the evidence on the toxicity of BPA expressing "some concern" that the compound may adversely affect the brain and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and children at exposure levels documented in the general U.S. population.20 The Natural Resources Defense Council has petitioned the FDA to ban the use of BPA in food packaging, but on 30 March 2012 the FDA issued an interim ruling denying that request, pending further research.21 Currently the FDA allows the use of BPA in food-contact applications.
In one Texas-based study of BPA in packaged foods, researchers assessed 105 samples of fresh, plastic-wrapped, and canned foods, and found detectable levels of the chemical in 60% of them (including some of the fresh foods).22 The researchers calculated BPA intake for adults and children eating regular servings of some of the foods sampled. Their estimates fell between the reference doses established by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Food Safety (10 µg/kg/day) and the U.S. EPA (50 µg/kg/day). Despite the relatively low estimated doses from eating any one food, these authors and others8,23 point out there are multiple sources of intake of BPA, and evidence increasingly suggests that BPA and other endocrine disruptors—like the hormones they mimic—may cause unexpected effects even at tiny doses, although the extent to which these effects may occur in humans is still under investigation.24
Click for Larger Image.
Any food packaging that is not recycled or properly disposed of is likely to end up as litter. Since 1986 volunteers with the Ocean Conservancy's annual one-day International Coastal Cleanups have picked up tens of millions of food-packaging items from beaches around the world.29 Other debris makes its way into oceans, perhaps most notoriously ending up as part of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and other accumulations of trash formed by converging ocean currents. A study released 9 May 2012 estimates plastic contamination in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch has increased by two orders of magnitude since 1972.30
Although these patches can contain large chunks of debris, they consist primarily of microscopic weathered particles of plastic and other materials, forming a sort of "trash soup" that is difficult to quantify and clean up.29 Charles J. Moore, founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation and one of the first people to document waste contamination of the North Pacific Central Gyre,31 says this soup likely finds its way up the food chain as it mixes with the plankton consumed by fish. It is unclear whether ingesting microplastic particles causes any adverse health effects anywhere in the food chain, although there is evidence these particles may bind relatively large amounts of persistent organic pollutants found in seawater, then release them into marine organisms, with unknown effects.32
© John Lund/Getty Images
Some chemicals of concern, such as phthalates, have been phased out of use in food packaging. For instance, the American Plastics Council has stated that "phthalates are not used in plastic beverage bottles, nor are they used in plastic food wrap, food containers, or any other type of plastic food packaging sold in the United States."25 Steve Russell, vice president of the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council, says that in the United States very little PVC is used in food contact except for meat and cling wrap, and in that application, phthalates have been replaced with alternative plasticizers such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. Adipates have been shown to potentially leach into foods, and their effects are being studied in laboratory animals, but effects on humans—if any—are not known.26,27
Room for Improvement
Although food packaging is important for sanitation and convenience, studies such as these point to the need for a better understanding of the scope and impact of chemical contamination of food via packaging. In a 2007 review of packaging contaminants in European food, Koni Grob and colleagues of the Official Food Control Authority of Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, estimated that migration of contaminants from food packaging may greatly exceed that of other contaminants, such as pesticides and environmental pollutants. "In terms of amounts," the authors wrote, "migration from packaging material is the most important source: it exceeds most others by a factor of 100–1000."28
Although the authors noted these amounts "measure the degree of contamination and are not indicative of risks," they further point out, "Legal limits for migration from packaging materials are high: the global migration limit sanctions a contamination which is unparalleled, and restrictions for specific components . . . probably [do] not correspond to the expectations of the consumers."28
It is difficult to estimate the risk of chronic ingestion of contaminants from food packaging, as so little is known. It is even more difficult, at this point, to estimate any public-health impact that might result from that ingestion or to weigh the potential negative impacts against the known benefits related to reduced spoilage and microbial contamination.
Click for Larger Image.
What Is Being Done to Address Environmental Impacts?
Reduce: Source reduction can be achieved by "lightweighting," or using less material to make the same packaging. Glass containers have decreased in weight by nearly 50% in 10 years, and between the 1970s and 2000s, two-liter PET soft-drink bottles got 25% lighter, aluminum cans got 26% lighter, and steel cans and plastic grocery sacks each lightened up by 40%.33,34 Another form of lightweighting is the use of pouches made of a thin film of plastic combined with other materials. The Swedish packaging developer Ecolean produces a one-liter pouch that weighs only 16 grams, nearly half as much as a one-liter polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle.35
Reuse: Reusable and refillable containers are another way in which companies can implement source reduction. Although refillable milk bottles are no longer common in the United States, they are still used in some areas of Britain where milk production is local. In Germany, about half the soft drinks and mineral water and most of the beer is sold in refillable bottles.36
Recycle: Recovery for recycling is encouraged by beverage container laws, also known as "bottle bills," in which a cash deposit of 5–10¢ is added to the product and reimbursed when the empty container is redeemed. Currently only 10 U.S. states have such laws in place—California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Vermont (unclaimed deposits, which can amount to millions of dollars per year, revert to the state and/or bottlers and distributors).37 According to the nonprofit Container Recycling Institute, states that do not have bottle bills have a beverage-container recycling rate of about 24%, whereas states with bottle bills recycle about 60% of their containers.38
Glass can be recycled endlessly with little loss of quality or purity of the material. The demand for glass for recycling exceeds supply, with only 33% of discarded glass bottles and jars actually recovered for recycling in 2010. Paper food packaging is one of the least recycled materials, with 25% of discarded cartons, boxes, and bags recovered for recycling the same year. Steel cans were the most highly recycled metal food packaging material at 67% recovery, followed by aluminum cans at 50% recovery. Just under 30% of PET and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containers were recovered.5
Although most food-packaging plastics can, in theory, be melted to make new products, some are easier and cheaper to collect and process than others, and the demand for recycled plastics differs by material, according to Steve Russell, vice president of the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council. Metallized plastics and laminates such as those used in juice pouches are difficult to recycle because of the mixtures of materials used. However, TerraCycle, a Trenton, New Jersey–based recycling company, collects these and other types of hard-to-recycle waste and "upcycles" them—that is, uses them to create new and innovative household and personal items.39
Recycled material may not be of the same quality or purity as the original raw material, or additional steps may be necessary to achieve the quality or purity needed for the next use of the material. For instance, plastics containing additives to help them degrade may be unsuitable as food-contact substances in their next life if any of the degradable additives remain after recycling, says Russell. The FDA therefore must preapprove any recycled materials intended to be used in contact with food.40
There's much more to recycling than reducing the waste stream, however. "The main concern with large volumes of packaging waste is not that we are filling up landfills, it is that we are squandering materials," says Mathy Stanislaus, assistant administrator for the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. For instance, in 2006 about 331 million barrels of petroleum and natural gas were used to make plastic materials in the United States, representing 4.6% of total U.S. petroleum consumption that year.41 "When we fail to find better ways to reduce, reuse, or recycle [packaging] materials, then we must use new materials," Stanislaus says, "and that has significant negative impacts on human health and the environment."
© Ryan McVay/Getty Images
But the need for more research is clear. "While pesticides are thoroughly evaluated and well controlled in their use, only a small fraction of the substances migrating from food packaging have been evaluated—less than fifteen hundred—and the majority have not even been identified," Grob says. "If fifty to a hundred thousand sub-stances migrate [from packaging into foods] at levels sometimes exceeding the threshold of toxicological concern, and if one out of a hundred substances harms our health, this is likely to cause serious damage."
EHP Editor's note: Innovations in packaging materials and processes are being developed that use alternative materials to address the migration of potentially toxic chemicals into foods. Others address the volume of food-packaging trash by incorporating biodegradable components. EHP will explore food-packaging innovations in an upcoming issue.
1. Berger KR 2005. Gainesville, FL:Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. A Brief History of Packaging. Available: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AE/AE20600.pdf [accessed 7 May 2012].
2. Food packaging history and innovations. J Agric Food Chem 57(18):8089–8092. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf900040r
3. Hanning IB, et al. 2009. Foodborne Path Dis. Salmonellosis outbreaks in the United States due to fresh produce: sources and potential intervention measures. pp. 635–648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2008.0232
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5. EPA. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling and Disposal in the United States: Tables and Figures for 2010. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Dec 2011). Available: http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2010_MSW_Tables_and_Figures_508.pdf [accessed 7 May 2012].
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7. 2005. Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press.
8. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: an updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 127(1–2):118–127. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.10.004
9. Lead in bottled waters: contamination from glass and comparison with pristine groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 41(10):3508–3513. 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062964h
10. Petersen JH, Jensen LK 2010. Food Addit Contam: Part A: Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. Phthalates and food-contact materials: enforcing the 2008 European Union plastics legislation. pp. 1608–1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.501825
11. Pederson GA, et al. 2008. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. Migration of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and phthalates from twist closures into food and enforcement of the overall migration limit. pp. 503–510. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/02652030701519088
12. The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environ Health Perspect 111(9):1164–1169. 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5756
13. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 113(8):1056–1061. 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8100
14. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and endocrine disruption: a review. Curr Drug Targets: Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 4(1):37–40. 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568008043340017
15. Analysis and migration of phthalates in infant food packed in recycled paperboard. J Agric Food Chem 57(22):10675–10681. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf902683m
16. Lunder S. Kellogg's Cereal Recall: Health Risks from Packaging? Washington, DC:Environmental Working Group (12 Jul 2010). Available: http://www.ewg.org/health-risks-from-packaging [accessed 7 May 2012].
17. Harrington R. Kellogg Issues Massive Recall as Tainted Packaging Sparks Health Fears. FoodProductionDaily.com (28 Jun 2010). Available: http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Quality-Safety/Kellogg-issues-massive-recall-as-tainted-packaging-sparks-health-fears [accessed 7 May 2012].
18. Brat I, Becker N. Kellogg Recalls Cereal. The Wall Street Journal, Business section, online edition (26 Jun 2010). Available: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703615104575328883385848118.html [accessed 7 May 2012].
19. Vandenberg LN, et al. 2009. Endocrinol Rev. Bisphenol-A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. pp. 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0021
20. NTP. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol-A. Research Triangle Park, NC:Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction, National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Sep 2008). Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/bisphenol/bisphenol.pdf [accessed 7 May 2012].
21. FDA. Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application [website]. Silver Spring, MD:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (updated 30 Mar 2012). Available: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm064437.htm [accessed 7 May 2012].
22. Bisphenol A (BPA) in U.S. food. Environ Sci Technol 44(24):9425–9430. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102785d
23. Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: is packaging a relevant source? Sci Total Environ 407(16):4549–4559. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.006
24. Ahearn A. Low-dose exposure to endocrine disruptors, with Laura Vandenberg [podcast]. Environ Health Perspect; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.trp060112 [online 1 Jun 2012].
25. Phthalates not in plastic food packaging. Environ Health Perspect 114(2):A89–A90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a89
26. Estrogenicity of food-associated estrogenic compounds in the fetuses of female transgenic mice upon oral and IP maternal exposure. Reprod Toxicol 27(2):133–139. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.01.010
27. Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. Reprod Toxicol. 19(4):pp. 505–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.11.005
28. Food contamination with organic materials in perspective: packaging materials as the largest and least controlled source? A view focusing on the European situation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46(7):529–536. 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390500295490
29. Ocean Conservancy. Tracking Trash: 25 Years of Action for the Ocean. Washington, DC:Ocean Conservancy (2011). Available: http://act.oceanconservancy.org/pdf/Marine_Debris_2011_Report_OC.pdf [accessed 7 May 2012].
30. Goldstein MC, et al. Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect. Biol Lett; http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0298 [online 7 May 2012].
31. A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Mar Pollut Bull 42(12):1297–1300. 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X
32. Gorycka M. Environmental Risks of Microplastics. Amsterdam, the Netherlands:Vrije Universiteit (6 Jul 2009). Available: http://www.cleanup-sa.co.za/Images/Environmental_Risks_Microplastics.pdf [accessed 7 May 2012].
33. Food packaging—roles, materials, and environmental issues. J Food Sci 72(3):R39–R55. 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00301.x
34. EPIC. The Invisible "R" Reduction. Mississauga, Canada:Environment and Plastics Industry Council. Available: http://www.plastics.ca/_files/file.php?fileid=itemThReciXyTj&filename=file_files_Invisiblr_R.pdf [accessed 7 May 2012].
35. Ecolean. Environmental Comparison, Ecolean Air [website]. Helsingborg, Sweden:Ecolean AB (2012). Available: http://www.ecolean.com/en/environment/environmental-comparison-ecolean-air/ [accessed 7 May 2012].
36. INCPEN. Reuseable Packaging [fact sheet]. Reading, UK:Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment (2010). Available: http://www.incpen.org/displayarticle.asp?a=5&c=2 [accessed 7 May 2012].
37. Bottle Bill Resource Guide [website]. Culver City, CA:Container Recycling Institute (2011). Available: http://www.bottlebill.org/ [accessed 7 May 2012].
38. Bottle Bills [website]. Culver City, CA:Container Recycling Institute (2003–2013). Available: http://www.container-recycling.org/issues/bottlebills.htm [accessed 7 May 2012].
39. Products Index [website]. Trenton, NJ:TerraCycle, Inc. (2012). Available: http://www.terracycle.net/en-US/products/page/1.html [accessed 7 May 2012].
40. FDA. Submissions on Post-Consumer Recycled (PCR) Plastics for Food-Contact Articles [website]. Silver Spring, MD:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (updated 2 Mar 2012). Available: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?rpt=recyListing&displayAll=true [accessed 7 May 2012].
41. EIA. Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Oil Is Used to Make Plastic? [website]. Washington, DC:Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy (updated 27 May 2011). Available: http://220.127.116.11/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=34&t=6 [accessed 7 May 2012].
Editor's Notes
- *Luz Claudio, PhD, is a tenured associate professor of preventive medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, where she is director of International Health.
- Citation: Claudio L 2012. Our Food: Packaging & Public Health. Environ Health Perspect 120:a232-a237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.120-a232
- Online: 01 June 2012


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When you take a cold shower, or rub ice cubes on your balls, causing them to shrivel up and become hard. The testicles then become weapons used to break a nose (Of your girlfriend). When coupled with a Zombie Mask they form a One-two punch.
Eric: My favorite part of winter is snowball fights!
Shawn: My favorite part of winter is snowballing Eric's girlfriend!
Shawn: My favorite part of winter is snowballing Eric's girlfriend!
Sex em' up! tarafından 2 Ocak 2007, Salı
When a girl gets a cum load in her mouth and shares the jizz with her gf in treesome. guys who eat cum even if thier own are concidered homosexual.
After my girlfriend and her best friend took turns bobbing on my cock, i blew into one of thier mouths and they snowballed my goo.
MtrendZ tarafından 11 Mart 2009, Çarşamba
when a girl gives a guy head and then plays a came of french kiss switching the cum back and forth betwwen them
yo we snow balled it last night
johnny 135542 tarafından 16 Kasım 2005, Çarşamba
When a guy cums in a girls/guys mouth and then puts his balls in their mouth (teabags them) swishs the cum onto the balls (white balls->snowballs)then sucks them clean and swallows.
My girlfriend snowballed me last night. It was mind-blowing!
Anonymus P. tarafından 7 Nisan 2008, Pazartesi
A variation of Cocaine, unsurprisingly spherical in shape before either being burnt and inhales or cut up and snorted.
Mr A: You got the Grand's worth of Snow?
Mr B: I've got the goods if you've got the Fabric.
Mr B: I've got the goods if you've got the Fabric.
The G Daddy tarafından 9 Eylül 2003, Salı
Kissing after oral sex
"Hell no dont snow ball that back to me" said Joe Blow to Betty when she came up to kiss him
Jude-e tarafından 4 Aralık 2001, Salı
to lie your way through a situation to reach a favorable outcome.
"I really had to snow ball my way through that interview, now I'm making 6 figures a year."
zorro1701e tarafından 4 Şubat 2009, Çarşamba

subset: commoncrawl


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Wetsuits are a great way to keep you warm in cold waters while participating in activities such as surfing and triathlons. A wetsuit works by allowing a thin layer of water to penetrate the suit for insulation. The layer of water between your skin and the suit becomes warm due to body heat and allows you to comfortably swim in cold waters.
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Cardiovascular Disease Overview (Holistic)Skip to the navigation
About This Condition
Get smoke-free
Quit smoking and stay clear of cigarette smoke to lower your risk of several types of cardiovascular disease
Watch what you eat
Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and avoid fats from meat, dairy, and processed foods high in hydrogenated oils
Stay active
Couch potatoes have increased cardiovascular disease risk, so make sure you get regular exercise
Get tested
See your doctor to find out if you have problems with high blood pressure or high blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose
About This Condition
Cardiovascular disease is a wide-encompassing category that includes all conditions that affect the heart and the blood vessels.
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the United States. This introductory article briefly discusses several diseases that have a role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Many risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease; most can be managed, but some cannot. The aging process and hereditary predisposition are risk factors that cannot be altered. Until age 50, men are at greater risk than women of developing heart disease, though once a woman enters menopause , her risk triples.1
Many people with cardiovascular disease have elevated or high cholesterol levels.2 Low HDL cholesterol (known as the "good" cholesterol) and high LDL cholesterol (known as the "bad" cholesterol) are more specifically linked to cardiovascular disease than is total cholesterol.3 A blood test, administered by most healthcare professionals, is used to determine cholesterol levels.
Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) of the vessels that supply the heart with blood is the most common cause of heart attacks . Atherosclerosis and high cholesterol usually occur together, though cholesterol levels can change quickly and atherosclerosis generally takes decades to develop.
The link between high triglyceride levels and heart disease is not as well established as the link between high cholesterol and heart disease. According to some studies, a high triglyceride level is an independent risk factor for heart disease in some people.4
High homocysteine levels have been identified as an independent risk factor for heart disease.5 Homocysteine can be measured by a blood test that must be ordered by a healthcare professional.
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the risk increases as blood pressure rises.6 Glucose intolerance and diabetes constitute separate risk factors for heart disease. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease caused by hypertension.
Abdominal fat, or a "beer belly," versus fat that accumulates on the hips, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart attack.7 Overweight individuals are more likely to have additional risk factors related to heart disease, specifically hypertension, high blood sugar levels, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, and diabetes.
People with cardiovascular disease may not have any symptoms, or they may experience difficulty in breathing during exertion or when lying down, fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting, depression , memory problems, confusion, frequent waking during sleep, chest pain, an awareness of the heartbeat, sensations of fluttering or pounding in the chest, swelling around the ankles, or a large abdomen.
Healthy Lifestyle Tips
Both smoking8 and exposure to secondhand smoke9 increase cardiovascular disease risk.
Moderate exercise protects both lean and obese individuals from cardiovascular disease.10
Eating Right
The right diet is the key to managing many diseases and to improving general quality of life. For this condition, scientific research has found benefit in the following healthy eating tips.
|Eat healthfully
Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and avoid fats from meat, dairy, and processed foods high in hydrogenated oils
A high intake of carotenoids from dietary sources has been shown to be protective against heart disease in several population-based studies.11 , 12 A diet high in fruits and vegetables,13 fiber ,14 and possibly fish15 appears protective against heart disease, while a high intake of saturated fat (found in meat and dairy fat) and trans fatty acids (in margarine and processed foods containing hydrogenated vegetable oils)16 may contribute to heart disease. In a preliminary study, the total number of deaths from cardiovascular disease was significantly lower among men with high fruit consumption17 than among those with low fruit consumption. A large study of male healthcare professionals found that those men eating mostly a "prudent" diet (high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry) had a 30% lower risk of heart attacks compared with men who ate the fewest foods in the "prudent" category.18 By contrast, men who ate the highest percentage of their foods from the "typical American diet" category (high in red meat, processed meat, refined grains, sweets, and desserts) had a 64% increased risk of heart attack, compared with men who ate the fewest foods in that category. The various risks in this study were derived after controlling for all other beneficial or harmful influencing factors.
A parallel study of female healthcare professionals showed a 15% reduction in cardiovascular risk for those women eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables—compared with those eating a diet low in fruits and vegetables.19
|Limit salt
High salt intake has been tied to increased cardiovascular disease incidence and death among overweight, but not normal weight, people. Further research is needed to confirm the link.
Preliminary evidence has linked high salt consumption with increased cardiovascular disease incidence and death among overweight, but not normal weight, people. Among overweight people, an increase in salt consumption of 2.3 grams per day was associated with a 32% increase in stroke incidence, an 89% increase in stroke mortality, a 44% increase in heart disease mortality, a 61% increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, and a 39% increase in death from all causes.20
|Enjoy alcohol now and then
Drinking alcohol moderately appears to protect against heart disease.
Moderate alcohol consumption appears protective against heart disease.21 However, regular, light alcohol consumption in men with established coronary heart disease is not associated with either benefit or deleterious effect.22
Our proprietary "Star-Rating" system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by some in the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.
For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.
3 Stars Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
2 Stars Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
1 Star For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.
2 Stars
Sea Buckthorn
10 mg three times daily of a flavonoid extract of sea buckthorn for six weeks
Sea buckthorn berries, their oil, or flavonoid-rich extracts of the fruit have lowered biochemical indicators of increased cardiovascular risk in some, though not all, preliminary and double-blind human studies.
Sea buckthorn berries, their oil, or flavonoid-rich extracts of the fruit have lowered biochemical indicators of increased cardiovascular risk in some,23 , 24 , 25 though not all,26 , 27preliminary and double-blind human studies. In a preliminary trial, people with heart disease who took 10 mg three times daily of a flavonoid extract of sea buckthorn for six weeks had less chest pain, lower blood cholesterol, and improved heart function.28 Double-blind research is needed to confirm these findings.
1 Star
Hemp Protein
Refer to label instructions
Hemp protein may prevent cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol levels and through antioxidant activity.
Researchers have found that small amino acid chains found in hydrolyzed hemp protein can act as antioxidants, and suggested that these same amino acid fragments are likely formed during normal digestion of hemp protein.29 These antioxidants could protect blood vessels and cell membranes from the free radical damage linked to cardiovascular disease progression.
In animal research, hemp seed meal was found to increase antioxidant activity and reduce cholesterol absorption in the digestive tract.30 Whether hemp protein has antioxidant and cholesterol lowering effects in humans is not yet known.
1 Star
Pea Protein
Refer to label instructions
Pea protein might help prevent cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
A pea protein supplement lowered cholesterol and triglyceride levels more than casein protein in rats.31 Whether pea protein has the same effect in humans is not yet known.
Related Information
- Angina
- Atherosclerosis
- 8 Secrets for Becoming Smoke-Free
- Top Supplements for Heart Health
1. Kannel WB. Hazards, risks, and threats of heart disease from the early stages to symptomatic coronary heart disease and cardiac failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11 Suppl:199-212 [review].
2. Kinosian B, Glick H, Garland G. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: predicting risks by levels and ratios. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:641-7.
3. Kwiterovich PO Jr. The antiatherogenic role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:Q13-21 [review].
4. Gotto AM Jr. Triglyceride as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1998;1998;82:Q22-5 [review].
5. Seman LJ, McNamara JR, Schaefer EJ. Lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and remnantlike particles: emerging risk factors. Curr Opin Cardiol 1999;14:186-91.
6. Kannel WB. Office assessment of coronary candidates and risk factor insights from the Framingham study. J Hypertens Suppl 1991;9:S13-9.
7. Megnien JL, Denarie N, Cocaul M, et al. Predictive value of waist-to-hip ratio on cardiovascular risk events. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:90-7.
8. Freund KM, Belanger AJ, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB. The health risks of smoking. The Framingham Study: 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol 1993;3:417-24.
9. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. BMJ 1997;315:973-80.
10. Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:373-80.
11. Kritchevsky SB. Beta-carotene, carotenoids and the prevention of coronary heart disease. J Nutr 1999;129:5-8 [review].
12. Palace VP, Khaper N, Qin Q, Singal PK. Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:746-61.
13. Law MR, Morris JK. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:549-56.
14. Pietinen P, Rimm EB, Korhonen P, et al. Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Prevention Study. Circulation 1996;94:2720-7.
15. Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, et al. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA 1998;279:23-8.
16. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:531-40.
17. Strandhagen E, Hansson PO, Bosaeus I, et al. High fruit intake may reduce mortality among middle-aged and elderly men. The Study of Men Born in 1913. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:337-41.
18. Kinosian B, Glick H, Garland G. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: predicting risks by levels and ratios. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:641-7.
19. Kannel WB. Hazards, risks, and threats of heart disease from the early stages to symptomatic coronary heart disease and cardiac failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11 Suppl:199-212 [review].
20. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, et al. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA 1999;282:2027-34.
21. Schaefer FJ, Lamon-Fava S, Ordovas JM, et al. Factors associated with low and elevated plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-1 levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. J Lipid Res 1994;35:871-82.
22. Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG. Alcohol intake and mortality in middle aged men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Heart 2000;83:394-9.
23. Lehtonen HM, Suomela JP, Tahvonen R, et al. Different berries and berry fractions have various but slightly positive effects on the associated variables of metabolic diseases on overweight and obese women. Eur J ClinNutr 2011;65:394-401.
24. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database citation: Zhang MS, et al. Treatment of ischemic heart diseases with flavonoids of Hippophaerhamnoides. Chinese J Cardiol 1987;15:97-9.Pubmed citation: Zhang MS. A control trial of flavonoids of Hippophaerhamnoides L. in treating ischemic heart disease. ZhonghuaXinXue Guan Bing ZaZhi 1987;15:97-9 [in Chinese].
25. Larmo P, Alin J, Salminen E, et al. Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J ClinNutr 2008;62:1123-30.
26. Suomela JP, Ahotupa M, Yang B, et al. Absorption of flavonols derived from sea buckthorn (Hippophaërhamnoides L.) and their effect on emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease in humans. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:7364-9.
27. Eccleston C, Baoru Y, Tahvonen R et al. Effects of an antioxidant-rich juice (sea buckthorn) on risk factors for coronary heart disease in humans. JNutrBiochem 2002;13:346-354.
28. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database citation: Zhang MS, et al. Treatment of ischemic heart diseases with flavonoids of Hippophaerhamnoides. Chinese J Cardiol 1987;15:97-9.Pubmed citation: Zhang MS. A control trial of flavonoids of Hippophaerhamnoides L. in treating ischemic heart disease. ZhonghuaXinXue Guan Bing ZaZhi 1987;15:97-9 [in Chinese].
29. Girgih A, Udenigwe C, Aluko R. Reverse-phase HPLC separation of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) protein hydrolysate produced peptide fractions with enhanced antioxidant capacity. Plant Foods Hum Nutr2013;68:39-46. doi: 10.1007/s11130-013-0340-6.
30. Lee M, Park S, Han J, et al. The effects of hempseed meal intake and linoleic acid on Drosophila models of neurodegenerative diseases and hypercholesterolemia. Mol Cells2011;31:337-42. doi: 10.1007/s10059-011-0042-6. Epub 2011 Feb 10.
31. Rigamonti E, Parolini C, Marchesi M, et al. Hypolipidemic effect of dietary pea proteins: Impact on genes regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 1:S24-30. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900251.
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Copyright © 2015 Aisle7. All rights reserved. Aisle7.com
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The information presented in Aisle7 is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Self-treatment is not recommended for life-threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor's care. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires June 2016.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
The New International Arms Race in SpaceAnd How to Avoid It
Recorded: Friday, March 7, 2008
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Did the United States test an anti-satellite weapon when it shot down an out-of-control spy satellite earlier this month? Or was it a precautionary measure to protect people on the ground who might have been hit with a fuel tank filled with a poisonous gas?
Experts: Peter L. Hays, Theresa Hitchens, Jeff Kueter, Mike MooreType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Government Secrecy, History (International), History (U.S), Science, Technology
The Secret to Making Poor Nations Rich
Recorded: Thursday, February 21, 2008
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
For decades, efforts to end world poverty have focused on redistributing wealth, rather than creating it. This approach, however, has done little to foster long-term economic progress in Africa.
Experts: George B. N. Ayittey, Benjamin W. Powell, Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Economic History and Development (International), Economic Policy, Free Market Economics, History (International), Latin America, Nationalism, Property Rights, Regulation and Deregulation, Taxes, Trade
Is the U.S. Now Provoking an Arms Race in Space?
Recorded: Tuesday, February 12, 2008
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty designated space for peaceful purposes as the province of all mankind. Virtually all spacefaring nations now favor a new treaty to accommodate major changes in geopolitics and military technology. The United States, however, has blocked negotiations, citing potential threats to U.S. rights, capabilities, and freedom of action.
Experts: Mike MooreType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, History (International), History (U.S), Nationalism, Technology, Terrorism and National Crises, Trade


text:
Anesthesia: Malignant Hyperthermia Response
Topic Overview
Malignant hyperthermia is a rare, inherited (genetic) disorder that is potentially fatal. It can be triggered by exposure to certain anesthetics, particularly the potent inhalation anesthetics and by succinylcholine (Anectine and Quelicin), a muscle relaxant.
The disorder is caused by too-rapid metabolism by the cells of certain skeletal muscle tissue that leads to a breakdown of these muscles. Signs of malignant hyperthermia include increased carbon dioxide in the blood and lungs and increased blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. A rapid increase in body temperature (hyperthermia) is frequently a late sign. If untreated, malignant hyperthermia is usually fatal.
When triggered by anesthesia, malignant hyperthermia typically occurs shortly after anesthesia is first given. But it can occur at any time during anesthesia or in rare cases may occur as late as 24 hours after surgery.
Malignant hyperthermia is very rare. But you may be at an increased chance of getting it if:
- You have a medical history that suggests you had malignant hyperthermia before.
- Someone in your family has a medical history that suggests he or she had this condition before.
- You have rare conditions or other diseases that affect the muscles.
You can have a test to help find out if you have an increased chance of malignant hyperthermia.
People at risk of malignant hyperthermia may have a family history of unexplained death during anesthesia, an unexpected serious complication during anesthesia, breakdown of muscle tissue during exercise, muscle disorders, heatstroke, or heat intolerance.
Treatment for malignant hyperthermia includes discontinuing the anesthesia immediately, giving the person 100% oxygen to breathe, and administering the medicine dantrolene. The person usually needs to continue receiving dantrolene for 12 to 48 hours and needs to be closely watched in an intensive care unit.
If a person who is at possible risk of malignant hyperthermia needs anesthesia, the condition can be safely and completely avoided by choosing anesthetic agents that do not trigger malignant hyperthermia.
You can get more information about malignant hyperthermia from the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States (MHAUS). Go to the website at www.mhaus.org.
Related Information
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|John M. Freedman, MD - Anesthesiology
|Last Revised
|September 30, 2011
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Author: Healthwise Staff
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Vol State Student Tackles Mechanical Engineering as a Way to Help Kids
Submitted on July 16, 2012 at 2:28 PM
Jon VanDoran wanted to use a wheelchair. His parents wouldn't let him. Born prematurely, VanDoran had a blood clot in his spine that left him paralyzed for the first year of his life. Even after his legs started working again miraculously, it was with greatly diminished strength.
"My parents were very old fashion and they weren't willing to take it easy on me," VanDoran said. "I wanted to use my wheelchair and my father wouldn't let me. They just wanted me to develop the discipline to be successful. They wanted to push me hard, but not too hard. Their big challenge was finding that balance."
Today VanDoran can be seen moving along the campus sidewalks at Volunteer State Community College using crutches, as he has since his youth. He goes at a pretty good clip. It took his wife Talia to get him to use a wheelchair, even occasionally. He admits that at first he didn't want to do it and now he feels better having the option.
His drive to succeed helped him earn a second degree black belt in San Soo Kung Fu. He also built a motorcycle that he can use without his legs.
"I found an old '92 Harley Fatboy. I met up with a guy who works on motorcycles and we figured out what I needed to do to modify it for me. The biggest trick was the shifting, but I never found a good answer to that problem. I started doing research to do it better. I put it all together and made my own design. I machined all the pieces myself. It's a jockey shift set-up with the clutch on the handle of the shifter."
A sidecar, painted with the bright red jaws of a shark, holds the Harley upright. The motorcycle project and years of thinking led him in a new direction. His wife helped to put it in focus.
"She knew that I was intelligent and had more to offer than the jobs I was working. She wanted me to live up to my potential."
Now VanDoran is working on his Mechanical Engineering degree at Vol State. He has a vision for his future.
"The field is called adaptive technology. You have someone with a disability that has something they want to do and you design it for them. I want to go into children's outdoor sports. That stems from me growing up as a child with a disability and there not being many options for me. Going hiking, rock climbing and repelling was tricky. I was always involved in the outdoors, but it was really hard."
VanDoran knew from experience that adaptive technology is often cumbersome and clunky.
"Kids want something that is cool. I want to develop pieces that kids would be proud to have."
To that end, VanDoran is building new skills, which isn't easy for a 30 year-old.
"I grew up hating math. When I was in machinist school I became comfortable with numbers. Once I decided to become an engineer I knew I had to learn to love math. Now I'm a complete math nerd and I love it. The math and science program here has been great in helping me with that."
The next step will be transferring to Tennessee Tech for its well-known engineering program. From there it will be a matter of following the dream.
"I could imagine owning my own company and providing kids with a way to not be afraid to be handicapped. In my mind, that's the end goal."
For more information on Math and Science at Vol State visit: www.volstate.edu/mathscience
Pictured: Jon VanDoran of Mt. Juliet modified a Harley to meet his physical needs and found a new dream: to help kids at play.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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25 U.S. Code § 1401 - Funds appropriated in satisfaction of judgments of Indian Claims Commission or United States Court of Federal Claims
prev | next
(a) Use and distribution
Notwithstanding any other law, all use or distribution of funds appropriated in satisfaction of a judgment of the Indian Claims Commission or the United States Court of Federal Claims in favor of any Indian tribe, band, group, pueblo, or community (hereinafter referred to as "Indian tribe"), together with any investment income earned thereon, after payment of attorney fees and litigation expenses, shall be made pursuant to the provisions of this chapter.
(b) Amounts remaining to be held in trust unless otherwise provided
Except as provided in sections 164 and 165 of this title, amounts which the Secretary of the Interior has remaining after execution of either a plan under this chapter, or another Act enacted heretofore or hereafter providing for the use or distribution of amounts awarded in satisfaction of a judgment in favor of an Indian tribe or tribes, together with any investment income earned thereon and after payment of attorney fees and litigation expenses, shall be held in trust by the Secretary for the tribe or tribes involved if the plan or Act does not otherwise provide for the use of such amounts.
Source(Pub. L. 93–134, § 1,Oct. 19, 1973, 87 Stat. 466; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 160(a)(1),Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 48; Pub. L. 100–153, § 4,Nov. 5, 1987, 101 Stat. 886; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(b)(1),Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516.)
References in Text
The Indian Claims Commission, referred to in text, terminated Sept. 30, 1978. See Codification note set out under former section 70 et seq. of this title.
1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–572substituted "United States Court of Federal Claims" for "United States Claims Court".
1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–153, § 4(1), (2), designated existing provision as subsec. (a) and substituted "any investment income" for "any interest".
Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 100–153, § 4(3), added subsecs. (b) and (c).
1982—Pub. L. 97–164substituted "United States Claims Court" for "Court of Claims".
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 ofPub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 1982 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 ofPub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
These wooden inking plates are great for rolling ink out in preparation for inking up a plate or block. They also work well as a stop when carving by placing the linoleum or wood block on the plate against the lip.
Choose a ¾" off-white Melamine surface on pine, or a pressboard surface with pine ends. Both are stapled and glued, and measure 11¼" long × 7½" wide.
see also ...
® Melamine is a registered trademark of Melamine Chemicals, Inc.


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text:
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on Monday rejected two parts of Gov. Paul LePage's proposed Medicaid cuts while allowing two parts of the plan to remain intact.
AUGUSTA, Maine (AP) _ In letters dated Jan. 7, the federal government rejected the LePage administration's request to end MaineCare insurance coverage for more than 20,000 low-income Mainers.
Secretary Kathleen Sebelius denied the governor's request to lower the income threshold for Maine parents and to drop coverage for 19- and 20-year-olds altogether.
The former Republican-controlled Legislature voted to eliminate coverage for parents with incomes from 100 percent to 133 percent of the federal poverty level, along with 19- and 20-year-olds and seniors and disabled people in the Medicare Savings Program. The projected savings were $20 million.
In a letter, Sebelius did grant permission to reduce coverage under the Medicare Savings Program and for parents making between 133 percent and 150 percent of the poverty level.
The LePage administration requested permission for the cuts claiming hardship due to the budget deficit facing the state.
Maine DHHS Commissioner Mary Mayhew said the ruling gives the state some flexibility but she's disappointed that the full changes weren't approved.
In a statement released to the press, Sara Gagne-Holmes, executive director for Maine Equal Justice Partners said, "the LePage administration has been determined to eliminate access to health care for thousands of Maine families. The U.S. Department of Health and Human has rightly rejected major parts of his plan as illegal."
Maine Equal Justice Partners is an advocacy group for low-income families.
The group estimates that about 14,500 working parents and 6,500 19- and 20-year-olds were protected by the federal ruling. Another 14,000 adults and 5,600 seniors and people with disabilities will lose coverage.
(This story was updated to include reporting from the Associated Press at 3:00 pm on 01/08/2013)
(Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
May 6, 2016
They've been the targets of armed robbers recently, and now Internet sweepstakes cafes in one city are the targets of new regulations by city leaders.
The Greenville City Council passed an ordinance last night to force Internet sweepstakes cafes to be a half-mile apart from each other. These businesses have been the focus of the city council for several months, since the number of them has exploded in recent years. There is a moratorium preventing any new Internet sweepstakes cafes from opening while the city council considers regulation.
Meanwhile, local law enforcement continues to investigate whether hold-ups at these types of businesses over the past several weeks are connected.
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Emtek 86184US15
Satin Nickel Baden 8" Center to Center Solid Brass Modern Door Pull
Item # BCI1882670 | Model # 86184US15 | Baden Collection
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Accentuate any door with these pulls from Emtek's Brass Modern Cabinet Hardware Collection. Like all Emtek products, the craftsmanship and materials that go into their cabinet hardware is top quality. Emtek's Brass Modern Hardware offers a wide variety of finishes that coordinate perfectly with any home's decor.
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text:
Head of Ravenclaw House
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|"We must've been through hundreds of books already and we can't find him anywhere —"
This article is lacking a section listing all of its known appearances in canon. Please help the Harry Potter Wiki by adding such a section, so that it conforms with our layout guide.
The Head of Ravenclaw is a Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who has the duty of looking after and punishing the students of their House, Ravenclaw. The Head of House also serves as a Professor of a Subject, assumedly a more academic subject for a Head of Ravenclaw. Most, if not all, of the heads of Ravenclaw house attended Hogwarts and were in Ravenclaw during their tenure at the school, for example Filius Flitwick. It is unknown how a professor would be elected to the post, but it's likely that the headmaster chooses the professor who embodies all the qualities of Ravenclaw: intelligence, wisdom, and wit.
The first Head of Ravenclaw House was the famous co-founder of Hogwarts, Rowena Ravenclaw, and the only other known Head of House was Filius Flitwick. As no Ravenclaw students are known to have returned to Hogwarts to teach, it is unknown who the next Head of House will be.
Known Heads of Ravenclaw
- Rowena Ravenclaw - One of the four Hogwarts founders and founder of the Ravenclaw House.
- Filius Flitwick - Head of Ravenclaw during Harry Potter's time at Hogwarts.


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Tuesday, May 25, 2010
A Straw Hat for Summer
Posted by Ari at 1:07 AM
3 comments:
- Persuaded said...
What a dapper gent!
- May 25, 2010 at 9:21 PM
- ronelmarin.net said...
such a awesome hat
- May 26, 2010 at 12:10 AM
- paulinementpas said...
That is so cute! I'm a nineteen year old girl, very interested in fashion and I love reading your blog. It's just full of hapiness, joy and fun. I think elder peaople are very inspiring and they can be far more young in their mind than teenagers themselves.
I love to come here! Thank you for this awesome blog :D
- May 27, 2010 at 7:50 AM
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Nabors Industries Ltd Stock Hold Recommendation Reiterated (NBR)
TheStreet) -- Nabors Industries (NYSE: NBR) has been reiterated by TheStreet Ratings as a hold with a ratings score of C . The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its robust revenue growth, expanding profit margins and largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures. However, as a counter to these strengths, we also find weaknesses including deteriorating net income, weak operating cash flow and relatively poor performance when compared with the S&P 500 during the past year.Editor's Note: TheStreet ratings do not represent the views of TheStreet's staff or its contributors. Ratings are established by computer based on metrics for performance (which includes growth, stock performance, efficiency and valuation) and risk (volatility and solvency). Companies with poor cash flow or high debt levels tend to earn lower ratings in our model. NEW YORK (
--Written by a member of TheStreet Ratings Staff. FREE from Real Money's Jim Cramer: Winners and Losers Election 2012 - Steps to take NOW so you can profit no matter who is in charge! Free Download Now
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- The revenue growth came in higher than the industry average of 13.3%. Since the same quarter one year prior, revenues rose by 29.3%. This growth in revenue does not appear to have trickled down to the company's bottom line, displayed by a decline in earnings per share.
- NABORS INDUSTRIES LTD has exprienced a steep decline in earnings per share in the most recent quarter in comparison to its performance from the same quarter a year ago. This company has reported somewhat volatile earnings recently. But, we feel it is poised for EPS growth in the coming year. During the past fiscal year, NABORS INDUSTRIES LTD increased its bottom line by earning $1.17 versus $0.37 in the prior year. This year, the market expects an improvement in earnings ($1.83 versus $1.17).
- NBR's debt-to-equity ratio of 0.81 is somewhat low overall, but it is high when compared to the industry average, implying that the management of the debt levels should be evaluated further. Regardless of the somewhat mixed results with the debt-to-equity ratio, the company's quick ratio of 1.39 is sturdy.
- In its most recent trading session, NBR has closed at a price level that was not very different from its closing price of one year earlier. This is probably due to its weak earnings growth as well as other mixed factors. Looking ahead, the stock's rise over the last year has already helped drive it to a level which is relatively expensive compared to the rest of its industry, implying reduced upside potential.
- The company, on the basis of change in net income from the same quarter one year ago, has significantly underperformed when compared to that of the S&P 500 and the Energy Equipment & Services industry. The net income has significantly decreased by 137.3% when compared to the same quarter one year ago, falling from $193.20 million to -$72.04 million.
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31 U.S. Code § 9502 - Definitions
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In this chapter—
(1) "Government pension plan"—
(A) means a pension, annuity, retirement, or similar plan (except a plan covered under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.) or a plan or program financed by contributions required under chapter 21 or 22 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 3101 et seq., 3201 et seq.)) established or maintained by an agency, for any of its officers or employees, regardless of the number of participants covered by the plan; and
(B) includes—
Source(Pub. L. 97–258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1050; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2,Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|Sept. 12, 1950, ch. 946, 64 Stat. 832, §§ 123, 124; added Nov. 4, 1978, Pub. L. 95–595, § 1, 92 Stat. 2542.
In clause (1), before subclause (A), the word "Federal" is omitted as unnecessary. In subclause (A), the words "whether or not such plan is an employee pension benefit plan within the meaning of section 3(2) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 [29 U.S.C. 1002 (2)]" are omitted as surplus. The words "an agency" are substituted for "Government of the United States, or any agency or instrumentality thereof" because of section 101 of the revised title. In subclause (B), before subclause (i), the words "but is not limited to" are omitted as surplus. The text of 31:68c(b)(words before colon) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.
In clause (2), 31:68d(1st sentence) is omitted as executed. The definition in 31:68d(last sentence) is made applicable to the chapter for clarity because the defined term is used in 9503(a)(1)(B) of the revised title.
References in Text
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in par. (1)(A), is Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 18 (§ 1001 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables.
1986—Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954".
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468 (b), 551 (d), 552 (d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
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May 6, 2016
Walton County Sheriffs Deputies say they received a call early Sunday morning regarding two armed men that allegedly shot into a home on County Highway 1883.
Police say 25 year old William Curry and 26 year old Shawn Bradley Holloway kicked the door in, pointing guns at the victims.
One of the men allegedly hit a female victim in the mouth with a firearm.
Officials say the female knew the suspects saying Holloway is the father of her child.
The men were arrest in Holmes County.
Both have multiple charges including two counts each of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.
Both will be extradited to the Walton County Jail.
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Experience historic elegance and gracious hospitality in our fully appointed guest rooms, which seamlessly combine old world charm and modern luxury in our Hermann, MO bed and breakfast. Highly recommended by discriminating travelers, our Hermann, MO Bed and Breakfast offers twenty eight guest rooms, fully restored with every attention to architectural detail and comfort. Each guest room at our Hermann B&B has a private bath, European-quality linens, and is furnished with both period antiques and reproductions designed to celebrate the lifestyle of a bygone era. View Our Specials
Choose to stay in one of our eight outstanding guest rooms located on the second and third floors of our Inn in Hermann MO, or select one of our twenty unique guest rooms located in hillside cottages a few blocks away on Hermann's beautiful East Hill. These units are located in fully restored historic wine houses originally built in the mid 1800s. Either way, your stay at our Hermann Missouri Lodging will include spectacular views of the town and the Missouri River. In addition, the world class wineries, shops, galleries and cultural activities within walking distance, will make our Hermann Bed and Breakfast the perfect spot for a satisfying and restful getaway in Missouri Wine Country.
Our friendly staff look forward to your visit and promise to pamper you with beautiful period rooms, superior amenities, and delicious gourmet breakfasts; all designed to provide you with an exceptional experience at the Inn at Hermannhof, our Missouri Winery Bed and Breakfast.


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Topic: caterpillars
Tuesday, September 14, 2010
Last Sunday I decided to enjoy the beautiful fall weather and eat my lunch outside. About halfway through my sandwich, I glanced up to see something fuzzy crawling down my bangs onto my nose – UGH! It was a fall webworm – you know, those nasty hairy caterpillars whose giant webs appear...
Topics Covered: biology, caterpillars, Creatures, fall, life cycle, science, science museum, science museum of virginia, stem, trees, virginia science museum, webworms


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May 6, 2016
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The 113th Congress is in session.
The House re-elected John Boehner as speaker.
The embattled Ohio Republican will serve another two-year term.
In the Senate, Vice President Joe Biden swore in 12 new members elected in November and South Carolina Republican Tim Scott.
The former House member will fill the remaining term of Sen. Jim DeMint, who resigned to head a Washington think tank.
Copyright 2016 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
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May 6, 2016
This week's Teacher Of The Week is Jodi Stocks.
She teaches Kindergarten at Moss Hill Elementary School in Lenoir County, the same school she attended as a child.
The person who nominated Jodi says she makes the transition into kindergarten excellent for students and that Jodi clearly loves her job.
Jodi says she has always wanted to be a teacher. In fact, as a child, she would sit her stuffed animals in a row and have school, complete with grading papers and centers.
Jodi graduated with a BS in Elementary Education from ECU in 2011 and was in fact released early from her internship so she could begin teaching second grade at Moss Hill.
She then made the transition into teaching kindergarten.
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Afraid of an IRS Audit? It's Not As Bad As You Think
No one is claiming that an IRS audit is a cakewalk. But a tax audit is probably less likely -- and less gruesome -- than most people fear. And the IRS isn't allowed to swoop down upon you just any old time: Their clock is ticking.


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Wind Tower Systems (WTS), a Heber City, Utah-based provider of tower and lifting system solutions for the utility-scale wind turbine marketplace, has hired David Oliphant as vice president of engineering.
At WTS, Oliphant will be responsible for ensuring that the company's space frame tower and lifting system meet customer technical and schedule requirements. He brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the position, including his most recent position as vice president of engineering at IsoTruss Structures, where he drove customer-based product changes and set up a fabrication facility and technical engineering team in Sri Lanka.
'The addition of David Oliphant is a significant step as WTS moves to full commercialization of our space frame towers and lifting system,' says Tracy Livingston, WTS' chief executive officer. 'David's expertise and experience complement the talented engineering team in place and will help ensure the timeliness and quality of our products as we roll them out into the wind energy marketplace.'


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The North Fork Watershed is situated in one of the wetter parts of the state. Data available from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC 1999) for 10 National Weather Service and cooperative stations located in and near the watershed, indicate an average annual precipitation of 43.26 inches for the period of 1946 to1995(Figures Hy01 and Hy02). This time period has been chosen for analysis of certain hydrological characteristics of the watershed in order to make use of the most complete and long-term precipitation and discharge data available. The maximum recorded annual precipitation amount at an individual station during this period is 65.37 inches, while the minimum recorded annual precipitation during this period is 20.31 inches.
Average annual precipitation in the watershed has increased over time. A comparison of average annual precipitation for two time periods, 1946 to1970 and 1971 to1995, indicates an increase of 2.55 inches within the watershed. Figure Hy02 shows annual precipitation amounts as well as average annual amounts for the previously discussed time periods. Average monthly precipitation data for the period 1946-1995 indicates that the combined months of April, May, and June receive the most precipitation at 13.42 inches. The combined months of December, January, February receive the least amount of precipitation at 8.45 inches. Average monthly precipitation data also indicates that May receives the most precipitation while January receives the least (Figure Hy03). Distribution of monthly precipitation amounts has shifted over time. Average monthly precipitation comparisons between the periods 1946 to 1970 and 1971-1995 indicate an increase in precipitation in 8 of the months, while the other 4 months have experienced a decrease in precipitation. The most notable change has been an increase in the amount of average monthly precipitation occurring in the months of September, October, November, and December (Figure Hy04).
United States Geological Survey Gauging Stations
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) currently (1999) has two active stream discharge gaging stations within the North Fork River Watershed. Station #07057500 is located on the North Fork River, 3.5 miles northeast of Tecumseh upstream from Dawt Mill (USGS 1999a). The datum of the gage is 584.67 ft above sea level. Station #07057500 has been recording water stage data from October 1944 to the present. Station #07058000 is located on Bryant Creek 0.8 miles downstream from Caney Creek near Tecumseh (USGS 1997). The datum of the gage is 573.15ft above sea level (USGS 1997) (Figure Hy01). Historical records from station #070578000 exist from 1944-1985 1994-1996, and 1997-1998. Historical water stage and discharge records exist from eleven other sites positioned throughout the watershed (Table Hy01 and Figure Hy01)(MDNR 1994, USGS 1998, and USGS 1999b).
Average Daily Discharge
Long-term discharge data exists for the two operational gage stations, one on the North Fork River near Tecumseh (07057500) and the other on Bryant Creek near Tecumseh (07058000). The average daily discharge at gage station 07057500 for the last 54 years is 756 cubic feet per second (cfs) with the number of observations (n) equaling 19,723 (USGS 1999c). The average daily discharge at gage station 07058000 for the 43 years of record is 534 cfs (n=16,121) (USGS 1999d). Average daily discharge at both stations was lowest during the months of August, September, and October and highest during March, April and May (Figures Hy05 and Hy06). Comparison of two time periods, 1946 to 1970 and 1971 to 1995 indicates a substantial increase in average daily discharge at both stations 07057500 and 07058000 during the latter time period. Station 07057500 has experienced an increase of 134 cfs while Station 07058000 has experienced an increase of 85 cfs. Analysis of percent change in average daily discharge by month between two time periods indicates a substantial increase in the months of March, April, September, November, and December coupled with a notable decrease in July (Figure Hy04).
Months with the lowest amount of precipitation do not necessarily exhibit the lowest flows within the watershed. As indicated previously, the combined winter months of December, January, February receive the least amount of precipitation. However the lowest daily flows occur during the late summer/early fall months of August, September, and October. Increased evaporation and transpiration rates during this period may explain this.
Flow Duration
Flow duration curves are useful for inter/intra watershed comparisons of discharges. Daily flow duration data available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Daily Values Statistical Program (DVSTAT) (1999e) was compared to determine if the North Fork River and Bryant Creek had become more or less susceptible to flooding or drying in recent years. Figure Hy07 indicates the duration of flows from 1946 through 1970 and 1971 through 1995 on the North Fork River near Tecumseh. Figure Hy08 indicates the duration of flows from 1946 to 1970 and 1971 through 1985 plus data from 1994 and 1995 on Bryant Creek near Tecumseh.
The flow duration curves from the latter time period have made an upward shift indicating higher discharges at both stations. The upward shift of the flow duration curve reflects, in part, an overall increase in discharge in the latter time period. The changes in the flow duration curve and discharge rates are an indication of possible changes in precipitation, land use, and/or spring output. Changes in the amount, intensity, seasonal timing, and/or duration of precipitation could impact discharge. As stated previously, the area of the watershed has experienced an overall increase in average annual precipitation during the last 25 years. In addition seasonal timing of this rainfall has changed over the past 25 years (Figure Hy04). Data on intensity and duration of precipitation is unavailable. Land use practices can significantly alter flow duration and discharge. A change in land use from pasture or clear-cut to timber can slow the rate of surface runoff, alter the ratio of surface to subsurface flow, and reduce over-bank flow velocities. The variability of land use data collection methodology and analysis makes it difficult to reliably determine actual land use/land cover changes which have occurred within the watershed for the previously discussed time periods. If significant changes have occurred, it would seem that changes in the slopes of the flow duration curves would be apparent. However, while the curves have shifted upward for both stations (probably due to increased precipitation), neither has experienced a significant change in slope. Thus flow duration does not appear to have been significantly altered by any change in land use in the watershed.
A comparison of flow duration curves for the time period 1946-1995 for both the North Fork River and Bryant Creek stations indicate a slightly steeper curve for Bryant Creek (Figure Hy09). This is perhaps due to the fact that a large amount of water within the upper portion of Bryant Creek is thought to be lost to the ground water system to reemerge in the North Fork thus sustaining the latter for extended periods of time. Another explanation is that perhaps the slightly lower percentage of forest/woodland cover within the Bryant Creek Subwatershed promotes an increased rate of runoff which decreases the sustainability of discharges over time. However the percentage difference is so negligible (<5%), that it is difficult to determine, with certainty, if this is one of the primary causes. In addition, average gradients for fourth order and larger streams within the Bryant Creek Subwatershed are slightly higher than those of streams in the North Fork Drainage above Bryant Creek. This would lead to a higher rate of runoff and thus a steeper flow duration curve.
10:90 Ratio
The ratio of the flow rate which is equaled or exceeded 10% of the time to the flow rate which is equaled or exceeded 90% of the time is called the 10:90 ratio. The 10:90 ratio for the North Fork River near Tecumseh is 5:1. The 10:90 ratio for Bryant Creek near Tecumseh is 8:1. The 10:90 ratios at both of these sites are considered low. Low 10:90 ratios are indicative of low overall flow variability. In the North Fork Watershed, ground water contributes significantly to the overall water supply to the North Fork and Bryant Creek. Therefore, flow in these streams would be less affected by fluctuations in precipitation amounts over relatively short periods of time than streams with higher ratios.
Instantaneous Discharge
Table Hy02, lists the highest and lowest instantaneous discharge rates that have occurred at each of the above sites during the period of record.
7-day Q2, Q10, Q20 Low Flow and Slope Index
Seven day low flow statistics were computed for the two currently operating gage stations within the North Fork Watershed. The North Fork River near Tecumseh has seven day Q2 and Q20 low flow values of 295 and 195 cfs, respectively. Bryant Creek near Tecumseh has seven day Q2 and Q20 low flow values of 150 and 100 cfs, respectively.
Slope indices (SI, ratio of the seven day Q2 to Q20) were calculated for the North Fork River near Tecumseh and Bryant Creek near Tecumseh. The SI were 1.5 for both sites. These are extremely low slope indices, an indication of low variability in annual low flows.
Flood Frequency
Table Hy03 indicates the frequency and magnitude of flooding on the North Fork River and Bryant Creek near Tecumseh. The watershed areas above the gage stations on the North Fork River and Bryant Creek are 561 and 570 square miles, respectively (USGS 1997 and USGS 1999a). As the similarities in the size of the watersheds would suggest, the flood frequency and magnitudes on the North Fork River and Bryant Creek are very similar to each other. The frequency and magnitude of the floods on the North Fork River and Bryant Creek are comparable to streams of similar size within the Ozark Region.


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Maine fire investigators say their probe into the propane explosion, which killed Dale Ann Fussell, 64, is now closed.
BATH, Maine (AP) _ The Maine fire marshal's office says no charges will be filed in a home explosion that killed a woman.
A leak in a propane line caused the explosion in Bath.
WMTW-TV reports that the fire marshal's office said Tuesday that the case is now closed.
Fire investigators say the leak was in the wall of the unit next to one where 64-year-old Dale Ann Fussell's body was found. Investigators believe fumes seeped into a crawl space before being ignited from an unknown source.
Four other people were taken to the hospital.
The blast flattened the building, awakened neighbors and scattered debris as far as a quarter mile away.


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25 U.S. Code § 1758 - Extension of Federal recognition and privileges
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(a) Applicability of United States laws and regulations
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, Federal recognition is extended to the Tribe. Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, all laws and regulations of the United States of general application to Indians or Indian nations, tribes or bands of Indians which are not inconsistent with any specific provision of this subchapter shall be applicable to the Tribe.
(b) Filing of organic governing document and amendments
The Tribe shall file with the Secretary a copy of its organic governing document and any amendments thereto. Such instrument must be consistent with the terms of this subchapter and the Act to Implement the Settlement of the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Land Claim as enacted by the State of Connecticut and approved June 9, 1982.
Source(Pub. L. 98–134, § 9,Oct. 18, 1983, 97 Stat. 855.)
In subsec. (c), "October 18, 1983" substituted for "the date of enactment of this Act", meaning the date of approval of Pub. L. 98–134.
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