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Spring cleaning season is upon us. The days are getting longer and all of the sunlight
pouring into your house is showing off all of your winter grime. Spring Cleaning
can be a daunting task and you may be putting it off as long as you can, but pretty
soon, you are going to buckle under the pressure. When you do, make sure you take
along Sears Carpet & Air Duct Cleaning's Spring Cleaning Tips.
The first thing you will want to do is call Sears Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning
and set up your carpet & upholstery cleaning appointment. Set your carpet &
upholstery cleaning appointment for your target "Spring Cleaning" completion date.
This will keep you motivated to stay on schedule. You want to have all of your other
cleaning done before the Sears cleaning crew arrives.
Determine how you would like to handle your cleaning schedule. One method is to
identify how much time you have to spend on the project and divide that by the number
of areas you must conquer in that time. In example if you have 8 hours and 7 areas,
that is 480 minutes divided by 7, that gives you about an hour in each area. We
have broken this down into different rooms so you can mark your calendar to do one
section of the list below each week.
Collect all of your home cleaning supplies and place together in a tote. Include
– gloves, furniture polish, glass cleaner, multi-purpose cleaner, bath cleaner,
toilet bowl cleaner, paper/regular towels, and newspaper. Whether you choose to
do all at once or break into segments, we will save the vacuum for last so you will
not need to carry that around.
Label a box for donation and place in an accessible area.
Do a quick pick-up and make sure that everything is in its place. (This will avoid
distractions while deep-cleaning.) Identify any items that are no longer used that
should be placed in donation or thrown away.
Remove bed linens from the bed
Remove curtains, table covers, laundry and place inside of bed linens set outside
of the bedroom door or take them to the laundry room. Replace with freshly washed
linens. (Quick Tip – If you have washable curtains, simply wash, shake, and re-hang
damp. This will give your room a fresh aroma and avoid additional drying time in
the clothes dryer. Depending on the fabric, there shouldn't be any wrinkles but
if there are you can always take them down another day and iron.)
Dust all light fixtures and replace any missing light bulbs
Polish furniture – Make sure to include, picture frames, ornaments, etc.
Clean Glass- Clean all glass surfaces next don't forget mirrors, picture glass,
decorations, table tops, and windows. (Quick Tip – Many believe that using newspaper
instead of paper towels when cleaning glass gives a streak and lint free finish.)
Use your multi-purpose cleaner and a towel to wipe down any remaining surfaces –
light switches, door knobs, electrical plates, dusty walls, baseboards, etc.
Empty waste basket and make sure all cleaning supplies are placed back into your
Make sure that your vacuum is ready to go – check bag or canister and empty if needed.
Work your way through each area. Use attachments to clean cob webs from ceilings/walls,
cold air returns, baseboards, stair steps, hard to reach crevices, cloth lamp shades,
upholstered furniture, etc.
Take the extra time to move any furniture that may have dust and debris collecting
beneath it such as tables, chairs, couches, etc.
Posted on April 9, 2013
There is something about an older home that emits charm and warmth. Perhaps it is
the thick woodwork or the many other handcrafted details. Unfortunately, years of
built up dirt and debris from previous owners may not be so charming. One area where
this is particularly noticeable is tiled floors. Often it isn't even the tile, even
if the color or texture of the tile is outdated. Usually it is the porous grout
that runs between the tiles, ever-collecting dirt, grease, and grime. If you look
closely, you will see that these porous joints resemble mortar joints in between
brick. This material has many nooks and crevasses where dirt collects. It could
be from years of basic traffic, poor cleaning habits, or wrong cleaning methods.
Standard tile cleaning methods only move dirty water around on your floors, pushing
more dirt and grime deeper into the grout pores. Sears professional Tile & Grout
Cleaning technicians use high powered tile and grout cleaning brushes and vacuums
that quickly extract the dirty water from your tile and grout. Leaving your floors
as clean as possible.
However, depending on how long the floors have gone unmaintained, the grout may
be stained and a regular grout cleaning may not be enough. If you want to give your
tile floors a whole new look, don't stop with Sears professional Tile & Grout
Cleaning, ask your Sears Technician about our Grout re-coloring service. Grout re-coloring
hides stubborn & deeply embedded stains to give your grout a beautiful new,
clean, look. In addition, grout re-coloring seals the grout pores for easier, more
effective, home cleaning. Choose from our wide selection of grout color seal options
to get a grout color seal option that is best for your tile and décor. Grout re-coloring
can give your tile and room a whole new look without the costly expense of replacing
your tile. Besides, chances are, the tile isn't even the problem. Call Sears Tile
& Grout cleaning and re-coloring professionals to learn more about giving your
tiled floors a makeover you can't even imagine.
Posted on January 14, 2013
The long lasting beauty of your carpet depends in most part on your carpet cleaning
methods. There are two phases of carpet cleaning –Interim carpet cleaning and deep
down carpet cleaning.
Interim carpet cleaning consists of thoroughly vacuuming the carpet at least once
a week-especially in high traffic areas. And spot cleaning the carpet as soon as
possible after a spill occurs. It is best to use a clean white cloth along with
a residential carpet spot removal product such as Sears Professional Spot Remover.
Deep down carpet cleaning means using a professional carpet cleaning company like
Sears Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning to remove the embedded dirt and grime that
accumulates with traffic over time. Most carpet manufacturers recommend the hot
water extraction (steam Cleaning) method of carpet cleaning be used at least once
every 12 to 24 months. Hot water extraction or Steam carpet cleaning may also be
required by the carpet manufacturers to maintain the carpet warranty.
The carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) has a Seal of Approval program which identifies
carpet cleaning products, processes and companies that remove the most amount of
dirt from carpet. Sears Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning has earned the Platinum
Seal of Approval which is the highest possible CRI rating.
Sears Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning not only uses the hot water extraction, or
steam cleaning, carpet cleaning process but also performs a second step. Using a
PH balancing rinse to leave the carpet soft to the touch and helping it to stay
cleaner longer (that's because there is no residue left in the carpet to attract
So, proper interim carpet cleaning coupled with a periodic professional carpet cleaning
from Sears Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning can prolong the life and beauty of your
Posted on November 2, 2012
When choosing your Carpet Cleaning & Upholstery Cleaning provider we know you have
lots of things to consider. Typically, our carpet & upholstery cleaning customers
are seeking convenient appointments, professional technicians, and getting the best
results attainable. And the Sears Blue Crew is happy to deliver!
But how do you know you are getting the best results? What sets Sears Carpet &
Upholstery Cleaning methods apart from the rest? Sears two-step, hot water extraction
process, and our specially formulated cleaning solutions and fiber rinse are unlike
most other carpet & upholstery cleaners. Some other carpet and upholstery cleaning
companies offer carpet shampooing, dry cleaning, or carbonated/ "bonnet cleaning",
methods. These methods have proven to leave behind dirt, dander, and even cleaning
shampoo residue. When cleaning shampoo residue is left behind, it can act as a magnet
to dirt and your carpet & upholstery can get dirty faster. Additionally, these
methods have been recognized as more of a "topical" cleaning as they are
only able to temporarily remove dirt from the carpet and upholstery surface. They
are not considered "deep-cleaning" methods.
Like Sears, most carpet cleaning & upholstery cleaning companies today perform
a warm/hot water extraction process or "steam cleaning" process. With
the steam cleaning process, warm/hot water is used to loosen dirt embedded deep
in the carpet fibers then it is quickly extracted with powerful vacuum equipment.
Typically the dirt is then run through hoses out of the house to the truck mounted
cleaning unit. Sears Carpet & Upholstery cleaning takes this cleaning process
to the next level by adding a separate pH balance fiber rinse. Our second step,
the Fiber Rinse, ensures that we have removed the most dirt and cleaning solution
(residue) from your carpet so it will be soft, fresh and stay cleaner longer. Our
carpet cleaning process is not only the process recommended by America's largest
carpet manufacturer, but the Sears 2-step deep cleaning process was also tested
by the Carpet & Rug Institute and awarded the Platinum Seal of Approval for removing
the most dirt from carpet. The Platinum Seal is the highest possible level of achievement.
Below you will find an excerpt from The Carpet & Rug Institute that describes the
stringent requirements to be awarded with the Platinum Seal of Approval.
Soil removal – CRI uses NASA-enhanced x-ray fluorescence technology to measure
the precise amount of soil removed from the carpet, and soil removal efficiency
is rated on four levels. Extractors that exceed average soil removal levels receive
a Bronze Seal rating. Those achieving higher levels of soil removal receive a Silver
or Gold rating. Extractors that remove the highest level of soil earn the CRI Platinum
Seal of Approval.
Water removal – The extractor or system must remove most of the moisture resulting
from a wet cleaning process. Dirty water that remains in the carpet could be a source
of fungal growth and could prolong the drying process.
Fiber surface retention – The product must not harm the carpet pile.
If a system is being tested, additional test criteria are included and mirror those
from the Cleaning Solutions protocol. These include:
Rate of resoiling – This ensures that the product does not attract dirt to
the cleaned areas faster than the rest of the carpet.
pH – A more neutral pH ensures that carpet dyes and fibers are not adversely
Optical brighteners – None is allowed, as optical brighteners can leave some
patches of carpet lighter than the rest.
Colorfastness – Products must not be so aggressive that they cause a color
change in the carpet.
Source –
Posted on September 21, 2012
According to the National Air Duct Cleaner's Association (NADCA), a typical
six-room home creates over 40 pounds of dust annually through everyday living. In
addition, the typical family generates a great deal of contaminants and air pollutants
such as dander, dirt and chemicals. These contaminants are pulled into the HVAC
system and re-circulated 50 to 70 times per day on average. Over time, this re-circulation
can cause a build-up of contaminants in the air duct work.
There are a few things that the EPA recommends you do to keep your air duct system
clean and free of contaminants:
Use a highest efficiency air filter
Change filters regularly
If your filters become clogged, change them more frequently
Be sure you do not have any missing filters and that air cannot bypass filters through
gaps around the filter holder
Have your air coils and drained pans cleaned
During construction or renovation work that produces dust in your home, seal off
supply and return registers and do not operate the heating and cooling system until
after cleaning up the dust
Remove dust and vacuum your home regularly. (Use a high efficiency vacuum (HEPA)
cleaner or the highest efficiency filter bags your vacuum cleaner can take. Vacuuming
can increase the amount of dust in the air during and after vacuuming as well as
in your ducts)
If your heating system includes in-duct humidification equipment, be sure to operate
and maintain the humidifier strictly as recommended by the manufacturer
Your home would be a candidate for Sears Air Duct Cleaning if:
You can visibly see built up dirt, dust or dander in your ducts or have never had
them cleaned
a build-up of dirt at the registers
particulates / dust blowing out of your vents
unusual odors
a unit that runs longer than it used to
a coil that ices up
smoking in the home
family members that suffer from indoor allergies
recently remodeled your home
Sears Indoor Air Quality & Air Duct Cleaning professionals are trained to thoroughly
and correctly perform air duct cleaning as per the NADCA guidelines. Sears Air Duct
Cleaning professionals will not clean partial systems. The EPA warns consumers not
to hire air duct cleaning professionals who only partially clean the system. Air
Duct Cleaning of only part of the system could result in the loss of the benefit
of air duct cleaning as dust, debris, and dirt that is left behind will continue
to circulate and re-contaminate your home's air ducts. Sears Indoor Air Quality
Specialists also offer HVAC system filters. Ask the Sears Air Duct Cleaning technician
about our filter replacement program where you get several filters and an email
reminder when it is time to change or clean your air filter. We also offer air cleaners,
and air purification products, to help improve the indoor air quality in your home.
Ask your Sears Indoor Air Quality Specialists what products would best fit your
needs and the needs of your home or visit Sears Air Duct Cleaning to read more or view
air duct cleaning pictures and videos.
Sources: EPA.gov,
The Carpet & Rug Institute (CRI) is a not for profit trade association that
represents the manufacturers of over 95% of the carpet made in the United States.
The CRI realizes that proper carpet cleaning is an integral factor in how long a
carpet lasts and how well consumers enjoy their carpet. So, the CRI decided to scientifically
test carpet cleaning products and carpet cleaning processes and then to rate them
on how much dirt was removed from the carpet. In essence, this rating system helps
consumers understand which products and processes clean carpet the best.
Their testing and rating system is called the CRI Seal of Approval Program. While
some carpet cleaning products/processes do not pass, there are four (4) levels of
approval based upon the percent of soil removed from carpeting:
90% to 100% Removal = SOA Platinum
80% to 89% Removal = SOA Gold
70% to 79% Removal = SOA Sliver
55% to 69% Removal = SOA Bronze
Sears Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning was one of the first companies to receive the
Platinum Seal of Approval for a deep-cleaning system. The carpet cleaning "system"
is the combination of the carpet cleaning machine and a particular carpet cleaning
solution, following a set procedure.
There are stringent cleaning standards that must be met in the following categories
to receive the Seal of Approval awards:
Soil removal
Water removal
Texture retention
Other rating criteria that must be met are:
Rate of re-soiling (How quickly carpet becomes dirty again)
pH balancing (Neutralization of carpet after cleaning)
No optical brighteners (additives to detergent that make carpets "appear"
Color fastness (Does not alter color of carpet or fabric)
Posted on August 8, 2012


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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//188.8.131.52//NONSGML kigkonsult.se iCalcreator 2.20// CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH X-WR-CALNAME:SARDAA X-WR-CALDESC:Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America X-FROM-URL:http://www.sardaa.org X-WR-TIMEZONE:America/Chicago BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:America/Chicago X-LIC-LOCATION:America/Chicago BEGIN:STANDARD DTSTART:20151101T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0500 TZOFFSETTO:-0600 RDATE:20161106T020000 TZNAME:CST END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20160313T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0600 TZOFFSETTO:-0500 TZNAME:CDT END:DAYLIGHT END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT UID:email@example.com DTSTAMP:20160506T185841Z CATEGORIES: CONTACT:https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/738258137 DESCRIPTION:
The National Institutes of Health ag ree that engaging the brain-related patient advocacy community is integral to the success of this initiative. It is the hope of NIH that every Amer ican Brain Coalition (ABC) member will have at least one member from their organization participate (if not more) in what we hope is the first of a series of ways the ABC can help keep the patient advocacy community inform ed and engaged around this exciting initiative.\n
For those of you w
ho are not familiar\, the NIH Brain Research through Advancing Innovative
Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative is part of a new Presidential focus a
imed at revolutionizing our understanding of the human brain. By accelerat
ing the development and application of innovative technologies\, researche
rs will be able to produce a revolutionary new dynamic picture of the brai
n that\, for the first time\, shows how individual cells and complex neura
l circuits interact in both time and
\nspace. Long desired by researc hers seeking new ways to treat\, cure\, and even prevent brain disorders\, this picture will fill major gaps in our current knowledge and provide un precedented opportunities for exploring exactly how the brain enables the human body to record\, process\, utilize\, store\, and retrieve vast quant ities of information\, all at the speed of thought.
https://www1.g otomeeting.com/register/738258137\n

subset: commoncrawl


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May 6, 2016
Police are investigating break-ins at two local businesses early this morning, and they believe the two are connected.
New Bern police say thieves broke into but Tom's Coins and Antiques on Middle Street just before 1:00 a.m. this morning, but stole nothing. An hour later, detectives think the same duo broke into Realo Discount Drugs in Bridgeton; they're still working on that crime scene.
We don't have a description of the suspects yet, only that they were in a pick-up truck.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Visualizations for Teaching About the Ocean System
If you have a visualization that would be helpful for teaching undergraduate oceanography, please contribute to our continually expanding collections.
- Bathymetry - Images and animations that show sea floor topography.
- Coastal Wave Mechanics - Animations and movies depicting how waves and water molecules behave along the shore and in deep water settings.
- Coral Reefs and Atolls - Images and photographs that show the living organism of a coral reef and its marine inhabitants.
- Deltas and Sediment Plumes (in Geomorphology) - Images and animations that illustrate both modern and ancient delta systems. Photos and 3D animations depict the development of deltas on both the temporal and spatial scales.
- Earth Science Image Archives (in Teaching Geoscience with Visualizations) - Contemporary and historic photographs, data-derived and satellite image collections from agencies such as USGS, AGI, NASA, etc. Collections include oceanography-related images and also span the range of earth science topics.
- El Nino/La Nina - Animations, models, and images related to how El Nino affects sea surface temperature, sea surface level, thermocline depth, weather and more.
- Hurricanes (in Hazards) - visualizations of the 2005 hurricane season, various record breaking storms, and models of hurricane structure.
- Longshore Drift and Depositional Landforms (in Geomorphology) - Animations and images showing a variety of depositional landforms resulting from longshore drift and the impact of river and coastal engineering projects on sediment transport processes.
- Ocean Chemistry and Productivity Visualizations - Visualizations about phytoplankton plankton blooms, nutrient circulation, carbon cycling, chlorophyll concentrations and other ocean productivity topics.
- Ocean Circulation and Upwellings - images and animations about ocean surface currents, upwellings and circulation models.
- Ocean Surface Currents - images and animations about the dynamics, causes and effects of ocean surface currents.
- Oil Spills (in Hazards) - Visualizations, activities, and references that speak to the effects of oil spills and aid educators in teaching about these catastrophic events.
- Rocky Coastlines and Erosional Landforms (in Geomorphology) - Animations and images related to erosional landforms such as cliffs, arches, sea stacks and other morphological features.
- Sea Surface Temperature - images and animations about sea surface temperature, including global maps, real-time and observed data, and temperature anomalies related to climate change.
- Sedimentation Models (in Sedimentary Geology) - Animations, videos, photos and images representing conceptual models, output from computer simulations, and physical experimental models of clastic and carbonate sedimentation and stratigraphy.
- Sequence Stratigraphy (in Sedimentary Geology) - Images, animations and videos about the processes and products of sequence stratigraphy.
- Tidal Visualizations - Photos, animations, maps and videos that help teach about tides, their distribution in space and time, their role in sedimentary processes, and their use as an energy source.
- Tsunami Visualizations (in Hazards) - Animations and photos of recent and historic
tsunami episodes.
- Turbidite Visualizations (in Sedimentary Geology) - Photos, videos and images of sediment transport models and events.
Search the Oceanography Visualization Collection Help
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Oil Spills
Oil spills cause enormous amounts of damage to ocean and coastal ecosystems and the human populations that depend on them for subsistence, employment, and commerce. These resources speak to the effects of oil spills and aid educators in teaching about these catastrophic events.
Resource Type: Audio/Visual: Audio/Visual:Collections


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26 U.S. Code § 278 - Repealed.
prev | next
Section, added Pub. L. 91–172, title II, § 216(a),Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 573; amended Pub. L. 91–680, § 1(a), (b), (d),Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2064; Pub. L. 94–455, title II, § 207(b)(1), (2),Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1538, related to capital expenditures incurred in planting and developing citrus and almond groves, and certain capital expenditures of farming syndicates.
Effective Date of Repeal
If any interest costs incurred after Dec. 31, 1986, are attributable to costs incurred before Jan. 1, 1987, the repeal of this section is applicable to such interest costs only to the extent such interest costs are attributable to costs which were required to be capitalized under section 263 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and which would have been taken into account in applying section 189 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (as in effect before its repeal by section 803 ofPub. L. 99–514) or, if applicable, section 266 of such Code, see section 7831(d)(2) ofPub. L. 101–239, set out as an Effective Date note under section 263A of this title.
Repeal applicable to costs incurred after Dec. 31, 1986, in taxable years ending after such date, except as otherwise provided, see section 803(d) ofPub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 263A of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Girard Collection by Hudson Valley
If you want light with a vintage look, then the Girard Collection by Hudson Valley has what you need. Make a statement with the sophisticated and sleek pieces in this collection. With their aged silver shades, these lamps offer classic style. Add the table lamp or floor lamp to accent your dining room, bedroom or dining room decor.


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May 2nd, 2013
This is the twelfth installment of "Eat This List" - a regularly recurring list of things chefs, farmers, writers and other food experts think you ought to know about. Today's contributor is the pseudonymous blogger The Bitchy Waiter. He lives and works in New York City, and has appeared as a guest on Dr. Phil and a guest commentator on CBS Sunday Morning and in a previous Eat This List. Follow him on Facebook and on Twitter @bitchywaiter - and don't forget to tip.
When customers go to a restaurant, many variables can affect their dining experience. The server is in charge of some of these things, but many of them are beyond his or her control.
This does not, however, keep some people from punishing their poor, defenseless server in the form of a lower than average tip. I would like to apologize in advance for some of the things my customers might be unsatisfied with the next time they sit in my section.
If you need your dinner to arrive in just a few minutes, might I suggest something other than an appetizer followed by an extra well-done steak? But I'm really sorry.
2. The food
If you're unhappy with it because you hoped it would taste like fried catfish and mashed potatoes and it instead tastes like pan-seared monkfish and celery root slaw, that's the risk you take for broadening your palate. But I'm really sorry.
3. The noise
It is not me who decides what music is playing or how loud it is, I can't change the acoustics of the building and I don't want to approach a baby to rub Anbesol on its gums or give it a shot of brandy. But I'm really sorry.
4. The prices
I guess the one consolation I can offer you is that if restaurants paid their servers a living wage and did away with the annoying expectancy of tipping, that cost would be offset by customers and your burger would cost approximately $133. But I'm really sorry.
5. The timing
At some places, management requires me to "check back" with the table a certain number of times to make sure your needs are being taken care of. Trust me, I would rather not have you try to answer my questions while I am watching a piece of romaine lettuce securing itself between your two front teeth, but I am just making sure you're satisfied. But I'm really sorry.
Will there be anything else for you this evening?
Of course there are times when the server is absolutely at fault. Perhaps he wrote down the wrong order or maybe he ignored you even though there were no other customers in the restaurant. In those cases, the tip should be a reflection of the service received.
Sometimes though, it's easy to forget that there are lots of other factors that can ruin a restaurant experience and the blame doesn't always fall squarely onto the server's shoulders. It's easy for your waiter to apologize but just because he says he is sorry doesn't mean that is was necessarily his fault.
But I'm really sorry.
Complaints? Share 'em in the comments below. See more of The Bitchy Waiter's musings at thebitchywaiter.com
Next entry »No meat on the menu at this elementary school
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|"The Power Granted…!!"
|(与えられし力…!!, Ataerareshi Chikara…!!)
|Chapter Info
|The Path That Should Be Followed…!! (#7)
|"All-Out War…!!"
|Naruto #56
|"Ten Hours Earlier"
|Chūnin Exam Arc
|Naruto #33
Sakura notes the Cursed Seal on Sasuke's body. Sasuke says he feels great, and that he understands that he's an avenger, so he must gain power at whatever cost. He turns his attention to Team Dosu. Shikamaru gets apprehensive, and rushes Ino to leave Kin's body, which she does. Dosu is scared by Sasuke's chakra, but Zaku ignores it and attacks Sasuke. He thinks he landed a hit, but Sasuke is behind him, hitting him hard with one arm. Dosu notes to himself how fast Sasuke was, specially since he carried Naruto and Sakura. Sasuke attacks with a Fire Release technique, which Zaku defends against, but is hit by the shuriken hidden inside the flames. Sasuke reaches Zaku, and breaks his arms. Ino notes that Sasuke's chakra is very different from when they were at the Academy. Sakura remembers Orochimaru's words. Sasuke turns to face Dosu, and Sakura stops him, thinking he's not acting like himself. The Cursed Seal of Heaven recedes and Sasuke falls tired. Dosu surrenders his team's scroll, saying Sasuke is strong. He says he'll retreat for the time being, needing to find something out, but if they should cross paths again, he won't back down. He picks up Zaku and Kin Tsuchi, and Sakura asks who is Orochimaru and what does he want with Sasuke. Dosu says he doesn't know, and wonders about Orochimaru's intentions. Neji wonders about Sasuke's abnormal chakra.


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An introduction to the benefits of learning more about breast cancer and its treatment
Read about symptoms, risk factors, care, and more
The stages of breast cancer are described in detail
Learn about after treatment care and discover breast reconstruction options
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women today, after skin cancer. Current reporting rates suggest that 1 out of every 8 women will suffer from breast cancer in her lifetime. Understandably, a breast cancer diagnosis usually triggers an initial reaction of fear and worry. There are many frightening breast cancer myths out there. Accurate information about breast cancer, its stages, and recovery opportunities can help you feel less afraid and isolated. Many women will make a complete recovery from breast cancer.
Some patients who have surgery rarely get to see their surgeons, but in the case of breast cancer survivors, many got to have lunch with the doctors that saved their lives.
Between Aug. 24 to 26, more than a thousand individuals participated in the Susan G. Komen 3-Day walk through Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., as reported by CBS News.
© Mentor Worldwide LLC 039628-150901 2009-2015. All Rights Reserved.Third party trademarks used herein are trademarks of their respective owners.This site is published by Mentor Worldwide LLC which is solely responsible for its contents.This site is intended for residents of the United States.
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MENTOR® MemoryGel® Breast Implants, MemoryShape® Breast Implants, and Saline-filled Breast Implants are indicated for breast augmentation – in women who are at least 22 years old for MemoryGel® Implants and MemoryShape® Implants, and at least 18 years old for Saline Breast Implants - or for breast reconstruction. Breast implant surgery should not be performed in women with active infection anywhere in their body; with existing cancer or pre-cancer of their breast who have not received adequate treatment for those conditions, or who are currently pregnant or nursing.
The most common complications with MemoryGel® Implants, MemoryShape® Implants, and Saline-filled Breast Implants include reoperation, capsular contracture, asymmetry, breast pain, implant removal, wrinkling, ptosis, and implant rupture and deflation. Detailed information regarding the risks and benefits associated with MemoryGel® Implants and MemoryShape® Implants is provided in patient brochures available from your surgeon or on line at www.mentorwwllc.com. For more complete safety information click here.


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The man convicted in the death of his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend was sentenced to 22 years in prison.
Mark Manyik was found guilty in October in the murder of Robert Miles. Monday a judge sentenced him to 22 years for 2nd degree murder, 10 years for aggravated battery and 3 years for tampering with physical evidence. The sentences will be served concurrently.
Manyik and his girlfriend Traci Adams lured Miles to Manyik's home in El Paso County in October, 2011. Court records show Manyik confessed to planning the murder and concealing the evidence.
Police say Adams called Miles 16 times before he arrived at the house. Manyik shot him once with a shotgun.
The couple also admitted in interviews that they stole the Miles' cell phone and threw it out of their truck to get rid of evidence that they called him.
Adams was convicted in August of murder. She was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
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The Power of Independent Thinking
Alexander Tabarrok on Folly of Gun Buyback Programs
Recorded: Friday, February 8, 2013
Research Director Alex Tabarrok speaks about gun buyback programs on Seattles KIRO-TV.
Type: TelevisionIssues: Crime, Culture/ Society, Law Enforcement
Full Video of The Independent Institutes 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty
Recorded: Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Full Video of The Independent Institutes 2011 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty held November 15, 2011.
Part 1: Introductory Remarks and Tribute to Robert Higgs
Part 2: Tribute to Mario Vargas Llosa
Part 3: History of The Independent Institute and Fund for the Future
Part 4: Tribute to Lech Walesa
Part 5: Special Tributes, Sponsors, and Credits
Experts: Leszek Balcerowicz, Price V. Fishback, Robert Higgs, Ron Paul, Jorge Quiroga, David J. Theroux, Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, Mario Vargas Llosa, Lech Wałęsa, Yuri Yarim-AgaevType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Business, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Defense and Foreign Policy, Democracy, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Government Power, History (International), History (U.S), Latin America, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Privatization, Property Rights, Terrorism and National Crises
Alexander Tabarrok on Bounty Hunting & Defending the Indefensible
Recorded: Thursday, August 18, 2011
Alexander Tabarrok, Research Director at the Independent Institute, speaks with John Stossel of Fox Business Networks Stossel on bounty hunting and defending the indefensible.
Experts: Alexander T. TabarrokType: TelevisionIssues: Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Law Enforcement, Privatization
Is U.S. Justice Broken?
Recorded: Thursday, December 9, 2010
From fingerprinting to criminal sentencing, from lawyer licensing to judicial selection, and from eminent domain to wealth transfers via class-action lawsuits, how do perverse incentives impact the law and what reforms would create a more just and efficient legal system?
Experts: David D. Friedman, Alex Kozinski, Edward J. López, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Law Enforcement
Jeffrey A. Miron on Legalizing Drugs
Recorded: Friday, November 20, 2009
Originally aired on 11/20/09 on FoxBusiness.com Live. Jeffrey A. Miron, Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and author of Drug War Crimes, argues in favor of legalizing marijuana and other drugs in the U.S.
Experts: Jeffrey A. MironType: TelevisionIssues: Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Drugs (Illicit)
Ivan Eland on Fort Hood Shooting
Recorded: Thursday, November 5, 2009
Originally aired 11/5/09 on Russia Today. Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, provides perspective on the shooting at Fort Hood in Texas.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Crime, Defense and Foreign Policy, Terrorism and National Crises
Alvaro Vargas Llosa on Honduras, Zelaya
Recorded: Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Originally aired on TNRtv on 6/30/09. Alvaro Vargas Llosa discusses Zelaya and Chavez, as well as changes in Argentine leadership.
Experts: Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: TelevisionIssues: Democracy, Latin America
Liberty for Latin America: How to Undo 500 Years of State Oppression
Recorded: Tuesday, May 3, 2005
Alvaro Vargas Llosa, author of "Liberty for Latin America:
How to Undo Five Hundred Years of State Oppression."
Experts: Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Government Power, History (International), Latin America, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy


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NORTH CAROLINA (www.incnow.tv) -- An air man from Portland, Indiana has been accused of killing his 15-month-old son after the baby's body was discovered in a bag on the side of a highway.
Matthew Theurer, 21, was arrested and charged with voluntary manslaughter, negligent homicide and murder Wednesday. The body of his son was found approximately 100 miles from the Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.
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|Brain: Cerebellum
|Figure 1a: A human brain, with the cerebellum in purple.
|Figure 1b: MRI image showing a mid-sagittal view of the human brain, with the cerebellum in purple.
|subject #
|Part of
|superior, inferior
The cerebellum (Latin: "little brain") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor control. In order to coordinate motor control, there are many neural pathways linking the cerebellum with the cerebral motor cortex (which sends information to the muscles causing them to move) and the spinocerebellar tract (which provides proprioceptive feedback on the position of the body in space). The cerebellum integrates these pathways, like a train conductor, using the constant feedback on body position to fine-tune motor movements.[1]
Because of this 'updating' function of the cerebellum, lesions within it are not so debilitating as to cause paralysis, but rather present as feedback deficits resulting in disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning. Initial observations by physiologists during the 18th century indicated that patients with cerebellar damage show problems with motor coordination and movement. Research into cerebellar function during the early to mid 19th century was done via lesion and ablation studies in animals. Research physiologists noted that such lesions led to animals with strange movements, awkward gait, and muscular weakness. These observations and studies led to the conclusion that the cerebellum was a motor control structure.[1] However, modern research shows that the cerebellum has a broader role in a number of key cognitive functions, including attention and the processing of language, music, and other sensory temporal stimuli.[2]
General features
The cerebellum is located in the inferior posterior portion of the head (the hindbrain), directly dorsal to the pons, and inferior to the occipital lobe (Figs. 1 and 3). Because of its large number of tiny granule cells, the cerebellum contains more than 50% of all neurons in the brain, but it only takes up 10% of total brain volume.[3] The cerebellum receives nearly 200 million input fibers; in contrast, the optic nerve is composed of a mere one million fibers.
The cerebellum is divided into two large hemispheres, much like the cerebrum, and contains ten smaller lobules. The cytoarchitecture (cellular organization) of the cerebellum is highly uniform, with connections organized into a rough, three-dimensional array of perpendicular circuit elements. This organizational uniformity makes the nerve circuitry relatively easy to study. To envision this "perpendicular array," one might imagine a tree-lined street with wires running straight through the branches of one tree to the next.[clarify]
Development and evolution
During the early stages of embryonic development, the brain starts to form in three distinct segments: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The rhombencephalon is the most caudal (toward the tail) segment of the embryonic brain; it is from this segment that the cerebellum develops. Along the embryonic rhombencephalic segment develop eight swellings, called rhombomeres. The cerebellum arises from two rhombomeres located in the alar plate of the neural tube, a structure that eventually forms the brain and spinal cord. The specific rhombomeres from which the cerebellum forms are rhombomere 1 (Rh.1) caudally (near the tail) and the "isthmus" rostrally (near the front).[4]
Two primary regions are thought to give rise to the neurons that make up the cerebellum. The first region is the ventricular zone in the roof of the fourth ventricle. This area produces Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons. These cells are the primary output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and cerebellum. The second germinal zone (cellular birthplace) is known as the external granular layer. This layer of cells—found on the exterior the cerebellum—produces the granule neurons. Once born, the granule neurons migrate from this exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer. The external granular layer ceases to exist in the mature cerebellum, leaving only granule cells in the internal granule layer. The cerebellar white matter may be a third germinal zone in the cerebellum; however, its function as a germinal zone is controversial.
The cerebellum is of archipalliar phylogenetic origin. The pallium is a term for gray matter that forms the cortex. The archipallium is the one of the most evolutionarily primitive brain regions. The circuits in the cerebellar cortex look similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals (e.g., Fig. 2). This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all vertebrate species.
The cerebellum contains similar gray and white matter divisions as the cerebrum. Embedded within the white matter—which is known as the arbor vitae (Tree of Life) in the cerebellum due to its branched, treelike appearance—are four deep cerebellar nuclei. Three gross phylogenetic segments are largely grouped by general function. The three cortical layers contain various cellular types that often create various feedback and feedforward loops. Oxygenated blood is supplied by three arterial branches off the basilar and vertebral arteries.
The cerebellum can be divided according to three different criteria: gross anatomical, phyologenetical, and functional.
Gross anatomical divisions
On gross inspection, three lobes can be distinguished in the cerebellum: the flocculonodular lobe, the anterior lobe (rostral to the "primary fissure"), and the posterior lobe (dorsal to the "primary fissure"). The latter two can be further divided in a midline cerebellar vermis and lateral cerebellar hemispheres.
Phylogenetic and functional divisions
The cerebellum can also be divided in three parts based on both phylogenetic criteria (the evolutionary age of each part) and on functional criteria (the incoming and outgoing connections each part has and the role played in normal cerebellar function). From the phylogenetically oldest to the newest, the three parts are:
|Functional denomination (phylogenetic denomination)
|Anatomical parts
|Vestibulocerebellum (Archicerebellum)
|Flocculonodular lobe (and immediately adjacent vermis)
|The vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements. It receives vestibular input from both the semicircular canals and from the vestibular nuclei, and sends fibres back to the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. It also receives visual input from the superior colliculi and from the visual cortex (the latter via the pontine nuclei, forming a cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway). Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause disturbances of balance and gait.
|Spinocerebellum (Paleocerebellum)
|Vermis and intermediate parts of the hemispheres ("paravermis")
|The spinocerebellum regulates body and limb movements. It receives proprioception input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (including the spinocerebellar tract) as well as from the trigeminal nerve, as well as from visual and auditory systems. It sends fibres to deep cerebellar nuclei which in turn project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. The spinocerebellum contains sensory maps as it receives data on the position of various body parts in space: in particular, the vermis receives fibres from the trunk and proximal portions of limbs, while the intermediate parts of the hemispheres receive fibres from the distal portions of limbs. The spinocerebellum is able to elaborate proprioceptive input in order to anticipate the future position of a body part during the course of a movement, in a "feed forward" manner.
|Cerebrocerebellum (Neocerebellum)
|Lateral parts of the hemispheres
|The neocerebellum is involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways), and sends fibres mainly to the ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus (in turn connected to the inferior olivary nucleus, which links back to the cerebellar hemispheres). The neocerebellum is involved in planning movement that is about to occur[5] and has purely cognitive functions as well.
Much of what is understood about the functions of the cerebellum stems from careful documentation of the effects of focal lesions in human patients who have suffered from injury or disease or through animal lesion research.
Deep nuclei
- Main article: Deep cerebellar nuclei
The four deep cerebellar nuclei are in the center of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter. These nuclei receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber pathways. Most output fibers of the cerebellum originate from these nuclei. One exception is that fibers from the flocculonodular lobe synapse directly on vestibular nuclei without first passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei. The vestibular nuclei in the brainstem are analogous structures to the deep nuclei, since they receive both mossy fiber and Purkinje cell inputs.
From lateral to medial, the four deep cerebellar nuclei are the dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigial. An easy mnemonic device to remember these names and positions relative to their position from the midline is the phrase "Don't Eat Greasy Food", where each letter indicates the lateral to medial location in the cerebellar white matter. Some animals do not have distinct emboliform and globose nuclei, instead having a single, fused nucleus interpositus (interposed nucleus). In animals with distinct emboliform and globose nuclei, the term interposed nucleus is often used to refer collectively to these two nuclei.
In general, each pair of deep nuclei is associated with a corresponding region of cerebellar surface anatomy. The dentate nuclei are deep within the lateral hemispheres, the interposed nuclei are located in the paravermal (intermediate) zone, and the fastigial nuclei are in the vermis. These structural relationships are generally maintained in the neuronal connections between the nuclei and associated cerebellar cortex, with the dentate nucleus receiving most of its connections from the lateral hemispheres, the interposed nuclei receiving inputs mostly from the paravermis, and the fastigial nucleus receiving primarily afferents from the vermis.
Cortical layers
There are three layers to the cerebellar cortex; from outer to inner layer, these are the molecular, Purkinje, and granular layers. The function of the cerebellar cortex is essentially to modulate information flowing through the deep nuclei. The microcircuitry of the cerebellum is schematized in Figure 5. Mossy and climbing fibers carry sensorimotor information into the deep nuclei, which in turn pass it on to various premotor areas, thus regulating the gain and timing of motor actions. Mossy and climbing fibers also feed this information into the cerebellar cortex, which performs various computations, resulting in the regulation of Purkinje cell firing. Purkinje neurons feed back into the deep nuclei via a potent inhibitory synapse. This synapse regulates the extent to which mossy and climbing fibers activate the deep nuclei, and thus control the ultimate effect of the cerebellum on motor function. The synaptic strength of almost every synapse in the cerebellar cortex has been shown to undergo synaptic plasticity. This allows the circuitry of the cerebellar cortex to continuously adjust and fine-tune the output of the cerebellum, forming the basis of some types of motor learning and coordination. Each layer in the cerebellar cortex contains the various cell types that comprise this circuitry.
Granular layer
The innermost layer contains the cell bodies of two types of cells: the numerous and tiny granule cells, and the larger Golgi cells. Mossy fibers enter the granular layer from their main point of origin, the pontine nuclei. These fibers form excitatory synapses with the granule cells and the cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei. The granule cells send their T-shaped axons—known as parallel fibers—up into the superficial molecular layer, where they form hundreds of thousands of synapses with Purkinje cell dendrites. The human cerebellum contains on the order of 60 to 80 billion granule cells, making this single cell type by far the most numerous neuron in the brain (roughly 70% of all neurons in the brain and spinal cord, combined). Golgi cells provide inhibitory feedback to granule cells, forming a synapse with them and projecting an axon into the molecular layer.
Purkinje layer
The middle layer contains only one type of cell body—that of the large Purkinje cell. Purkinje cells are the primary integrative neurons of the cerebellar cortex and provide its sole output. Purkinje cell dendrites are large arbors with hundreds of spiny branches reaching up into the molecular layer (Fig. 6). These dendritic arbors are flat—nearly all of them lie in planes—with neighboring Purkinje arbors in parallel planes. Each parallel fiber from the granule cells runs orthogonally through these arbors, like a wire passing through many layers. Purkinje neurons are GABAergic—meaning they have inhibitory synapses—with the neurons of the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. Each Purkinje cell receives excitatory input from 100,000 to 200,000 parallel fibers. Parallel fibers are said to be responsible for the simple (all or nothing, amplitude invariant) spiking of the Purkinje cell.
Purkinje cells also receive input from the inferior olivary nucleus via climbing fibers. A good mnemonic for this interaction is the phrase "climb the other olive tree", given that climbing fibers originate from the contralateral inferior olive. In striking contrast to the 100,000-plus inputs from parallel fibers, each Purkinje cell receives input from exactly one climbing fiber; but this single fiber "climbs" the dendrites of the Purkinje cell, winding around them and making a large number of synapses as it goes. The net input is so strong that a single action potential from a climbing fiber is capable of producing a "complex spike" in the Purkinje cell: a burst of several spikes in a row, with diminishing amplitude, followed by a pause during which simple spikes are suppressed.
Molecular layer
This outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex contains two types of inhibitory interneurons: the stellate and basket cells. It also contains the dendritic arbors of Purkinje neurons and parallel fiber tracts from the granule cells. Both stellate and basket cells form GABAergic synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites.
Similarly, the cerebellum follows the trend of "threes", with three major input and output peduncles (fiber bundles). These are the superior (brachium conjunctivum), middle (brachium pontis), and inferior (restiform body) cerebellar peduncles.
|While there are some afferent fibers from the anterior spinocerebellar tract that are conveyed to the anterior cerebellar lobe via this peduncle, most of the fibers are efferents. Thus, the superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output pathway of the cerebellum. Most of the efferent fibers originate within the dentate nucleus which in turn project to various midbrain structures including the red nucleus, the ventral lateral/ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus, and the medulla. The dentatorubrothalamocortical (dentate nucleus > red nucleus > thalamus > premotor cortex) and cerebellothalamocortical (cerebellum > thalamus > premotor cortex) pathways are two major pathways that pass through this peduncle and are important in motor planning.
|This is composed entirely of afferent fibers originating within the pontine nuclei as part of the massive corticopontocerebellar tract (cerebral cortex > pons > cerebellum). These fibers descend from the sensory and motor areas of the cerebral neocortex and make the middle cerebellar peduncle the largest of the three cerebellar peduncles.
| This carries many types of input and output fibers that are mainly concerned with integrating proprioceptive sensory input with motor vestibular functions such as balance and posture maintenance. Proprioceptive information from the body is carried to the cerebellum via the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. This tract passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and synapses within the paleocerebellum. Vestibular information projects onto the archicerebellum.
The climbing fibers of the inferior olive run through the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
This peduncle also carries information directly from the Purkinje cells out to the vestibular nuclei in the dorsal brainstem located at the junction between the pons and medulla.
There are three sources of input to the cerebellum, in two categories consisting of mossy and climbing fibers, respectively. Mossy fibers can originate from the pontine nuclei, which are clusters of neurons located in the pons that carry information from the contralateral cerebral cortex. They may also arise within the spinocerebellar tract whose origin is located in the ipsilateral spinal cord. Most of the output from the cerebellum initially synapses onto the deep cerebellar nuclei before exiting via the three peduncles. The most notable exception is the direct inhibition of the vestibular nuclei by Purkinje cells.
Blood supply
Three arteries supply blood to the cerebellum (Fig. 7): the superior cerebellar artery (SCA), anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).
Superior cerebellar artery
The SCA branches off the lateral portion of the basilar artery, just inferior to its bifurcation into the posterior cerebral artery. Here it wraps posteriorly around the pons (to which it also supplies blood) before reaching the cerebellum. The SCA supplies blood to most of the cerebellar cortex, the cerebellar nuclei, and the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles.
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
The AICA branches off the lateral portion of the basilar artery, just superior to the junction of the vertebral arteries. From its origin, it branches along the inferior portion of the pons at the cerebellopontine angle before reaching the cerebellum. This artery supplies blood to the anterior portion of the inferior cerebellum, and to the facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII).
Obstruction of the AICA can cause paresis, paralysis, and loss of sensation in the face; it can also cause hearing impairment. Moreover, it could cause an infarct of the cerebellopontine angle. This could lead to hyperacusia (dysfunction of the stapedius muscle, innervated by CN VII) and vertigo (wrong interpretation from the vestibular semi-circular canal's endolymph acceleration caused by alteration of CN VIII).
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The PICA branches off the lateral portion of the vertebral arteries just inferior to their junction with the basilar artery. Before reaching the inferior surface of the cerebellum, the PICA sends branches into the medulla, supplying blood to several cranial nerve nuclei. In the cerebellum, the PICA supplies blood to the posterior inferior portion of the cerebellum, the inferior cerebellar peduncle, the nucleus ambiguus, the vagus motor nucleus, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the solitary nucleus, and the vestibulocochlear nuclei.
General Function
Functionally, the climbing fiber and the mossy fiber-granule cell-parallel fiber pathways are the two main types of afferents to the cerebellum as a whole and to the Purkinje cells in particular ( [6], [7]. These afferent systems differ dramatically in their connectivity. The Purkinje cell and its climbing fiber afferent have a one-to-one relationship and the overall projection is organized to produce synchronous activation of specific groupings of Purkinje cells in a rostrocaudal orientation. The relationship between the Purkinje cell and the mossy fiber-parallel fiber system can be characterized as many-to-many. With the directionality being mediolateral orientation within the molecular layer i.e. at right angles to the Purkinje cell dendrites which are isoplanar .
The climbing fiber system.
Originates from the contralateral inferior olive. As a result of the electrical coupling between inferior olivary neurons, their dynamic decoupling via return inhibition from the cerebellar nuclei [8] and the topography of the olivocerebellar projection, this system generates synchronous (on a millisecond time scale) complex spike activation of Purkinje cells, in rostrocaudally oriented bands. These activity bands are about 250 µm wide in the mediolateral direction but can be several millimeters long in the rostrocaudal direction and extend down the walls of the cerebellar folia and across several lobules [9]. The moment–to–moment synchrony distribution of motor control is dynamically modulated by the inferior olive with the major role of the olivary afferents being to determine the pattern of "effective" electronic coupling between olivary neurons and thereby the distribution of synchronous complex spike activity across the cerebellar cortex. Changes in synchrony patterns are associated with movements made by animals performing a motor task [10]. [11]. Indeed. The olivocerebellar system can be considered an electrically malleable substrate from which unique motor synergies can be sculpted.
The Mossy Fiber-Parallel fiber system
In contrast to the punctate nature of cerebellar activation by the olivocerebellar system, the mossy fiber-parallel fiber system provides a continuous and very delicate regulation of the excitability of the cerebellar nuclei, brought about by the tonic activation of simple spikes in Purkinje cells, which ultimately generates the fine control of movement known as motor coordination. The fact that the mossy fibers inform the cerebellar cortex of both ascending and descending messages to and from the motor centers in the spinal cord and brainstem gives us an idea of the ultimate role of the mossy fiber system: it informs the cortex of the place and rate of movement of limbs and puts the motor intentions generated by the brain into the context of the status of the body at the time the movement is to be executed. Moreover, through its effects on the inhibitory GABAergic cerebellar nuclear cells, which project back to the inferior olive, it helps shape the pattern of coupling among olivary cells and hence the synchrony distribution in the upcoming olivocerebellar discharge.
The cerebellar Nuclei
The Purkinje cells are the only output of the cerebellar cortex and are inhibitory in nature [12] Their axons contact the cerebellar and Deiters vestibular nucleus as their only target. The activity of the cerebellar nuclei is regulated in three ways: (1) by excitatory input from collaterals of the cerebellar afferent systems, (2) by inhibitory inputs from Purkinje cells activated over the mossy fiber pathways, and (3) by inputs from Purkinje cells activated by the climbing fiber system
Overall Cerebellar Function
The output of the cerebellum (the cerebellar nuclei axons) proceed to generate the background activity that serves to set the overall tone and posture that gives the motor cortex the ability to execute movements on the basis of intention (the strategy of movement). In this context the cerebellum provides the tactics of the multiple muscle activation required to support such define movements. And so, while the motor brain determines where to move (executive imperative) the cerebellum implements its proper timing and modulates the force given to every motor command, as the coordination of movement is a non-continuous function. [13]
Ataxia is a complex of symptoms, generally involving a lack of coordination, that is often found in disease processes affecting the cerebellum. To identify cerebellar problems, the neurological examination includes assessment of gait (a broad-based gait being indicative of ataxia), finger-pointing tests and assessment of posture.[1] Structural abnormalities of the cerebellum (hemorrhage, infarction, neoplasm, degeneration) may be identified on cross-sectional imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice, as computed tomography is insufficiently sensitive for detecting structural abnormalities of the cerebellum.[14]
Theories about cerebellar function
Two main theories address the function of the cerebellum, both dealing with motor coordination. One claims that the cerebellum functions as a regulator of the "timing of movements". This has emerged from studies of patients whose timed movements are disrupted.[15]
The second, "Tensor Network Theory" provides a mathematical model of transformation of sensory (covariant) space-time coordinates into motor (contravariant) coordinates by cerebellar neuronal networks.[16][17]
Like many controversies in the physical sciences, there is evidence supporting each of the above hypotheses. Studies of motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex and eyeblink conditioning demonstrate that the timing and amplitude of learned movements are encoded by the cerebellum.[18] Many synaptic plasticity mechanisms have been found throughout the cerebellum. The Marr-Albus model mostly attributes motor learning to a single plasticity mechanism: the long-term depression of parallel fiber synapses. The Tensor Network Theory of sensorimotor transformations by the cerebellum has also been experimentally supported.[19][20]
With the advent of more sophisticated neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET),[21] and fMRI,[22] numerous diverse functions are now at least partially attributed to the cerebellum. What was once thought to be primarily a motor/sensory integration region is now proving to be involved in many diverse cognitive functions. Paradoxically, despite the importance of this region and the heterogeneous role it plays in motor and sensory functions, people who have lost their entire cerebellum through disease, injury, or surgery can live reasonably normal lives.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
Cerebellar modeling
As mentioned in the preceding section, there have been many attempts to model the cerebellar function.[23] The insights provided by the models have also led to extrapolations in the domains of artificial intelligence methodologies, especially neural networks. Some of the notable achievements have been Cerebellatron ,[24] Cerebellar Model Associative Memory or CMAC networks, and SpikeFORCE for robotic movement control,[25] and "Tensor Network Theory".[26]
Additional images
See also
- Brain
- Central nervous system
- Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller
- Cerebellar stroke syndrome
- Regions in the human brain
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fine EJ, Ionita CC, Lohr L (2002). The history of the development of the cerebellar examination. Semin Neurol 22 (4): 375-84. PMID 12539058.
- ↑ Rapp, Brenda (2001). The Handbook of Cognitive Neuropsychology: What Deficits Reveal about the Human Mind, 481, Psychology Press.
- ↑ http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_cr/d_06_cr_mou/d_06_cr_mou.html
- ↑ Muller F, O'Rahilly R (1990). The human brain at stages 21–23, with particular reference to the cerebral cortical plate and to the development of the cerebellum. Anat Embryol (Berl) 182 (4): 375–400. PMID 2252222.
- ↑ Kingsley, R. E. (2000). Consise Text of Neuroscience, 2nd edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- ↑ Ramon y Cajal. R. (1904). "La Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y los Vertebrados". Madrid: Moya.
- ↑ Eccles J.C Ito, M and Szentagothai J. (1967). "The cerebellum as a neuronal machine". Springer Verlag
- ↑ Llinás, R., Baker, R. and Sotelo, C. (1974). "Electrotonic coupling between neurons in cat inferior olive". J. Neurophysiol 37: 560-571.
- ↑ Sugihara, I., Lang, E.J. and Llinás, R. (1993). "Uniform olivocerebellar conduction time underlies Purkinje cell complex spike synchronicity in the rat cerebellum". J. Physiol. Lond. 470: 243-271.
- ↑ Welsh, J.P., Lang, E.J., Sugihara, I. and Llinás, R. (1995). "Dynamic organization of motor control within the olivocerebellar system". Nature 374: 453-457
- ↑ Lang, E.J. (2001). "Organization of olivocerebellar activity in the absence of excitatory glutamatergic input". J. Neurosci. 21: 1663-1675
- ↑ Ito, M., Yoshida, M. and Obata, K. (1964). "Monosynaptic inhibition of the intracerebellar nuclei induced from the cerebellar cortex". Experientia 20: 575-576.
- ↑ Llinas R. (1991) " The noncontinuous nature of movement execution. In: Motor Control: Concepts and Issues, eds. D.R. Humphrey and H.J. Freund, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Dahlem Konferenzen pp 223-242"
- ↑ Gilman S (1998). Imaging the brain. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (13): 889-96.
- ↑ Ivry RB, Keele SW, Diener HC (1988). Dissociation of the lateral and medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution. Exp Brain Res 73 (1): 167-80. PMID 3208855.
- ↑ Pellionisz, A., Llinás, R. (1980). Tensorial Approach To The Geometry Of Brain Function: Cerebellar Coordination Via A Metric Tensor. Neuroscience 5: 1125—-1136.
- ↑ Pellionisz, A., Llinás, R. (1985). Tensor Network Theory Of The Metaorganization Of Functional Geometries In The Central Nervous System. Neuroscience 16 (2): 245–273.
- ↑ Boyden ES, Katoh A, Raymond JL (2004). Cerebellum-dependent learning: the role of multiple plasticity mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 27: 581–609. PMID 15217344.
- ↑ Pellionisz A, Llinas R (1982). Space-time representation in the brain. the cerebellum as a predictive space-time metric tensor. Neuroscience 7 (12): 2949–70. PMID 7162624.
- ↑ Gielen CC, van Zuylen EJ (1986). Coordination of arm muscles during flexion and supination: application of the tensor analysis approach. Neuroscience 17 (3): 527-39. PMID 3703248.
- ↑ Obayashi S (2004). Possible mechanism for transfer of motor skill learning: implication of the cerebellum. Cerebellum 3 (4): 204-11. PMID 15686098.
- ↑ Kim SG, Ugurbil K, Strick PL (1994). Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing. Science 265 (5174): 949-51. PMID 8052851.
- ↑ Pellionisz, A (1986). "David Marr's Theory of the Cerebellar Cortex: A Model in Brain Theory for the 'Galilean Combination of Simplification, Unification and Mathematization'" Palm G., & Aertsen, A. Brain Theory, 253–257, Springer Verlag.
- ↑ Dr Evor L. Hines. Intelligent Systems Engineering - Major Characteristics of Expert Systems and Artificial Neural Networks. Intelligent Systems Engineering (ES3770) Lecture Notes. URL accessed on 2006-03-28.
- ↑ SpikeFORCE: Real-time Spiking Networks for Robot Control. (PDF) URL accessed on 2006-03-28.
- ↑ Pellionisz, András J.. "Tensor Network Theory of the Central Nervous System" George Adelman Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, II, 1196–1198, Birkhauser.
Further reading
- Ito M. Cerebellum and Neural Control. New York: Raven Press; 1984. ISBN 0890041067
- Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN 0838577016
- Llinás, R, Sotelo C. The Cerebellum Revisited. New York: Springer; 1992. ISBN 0387976930
- Parent A, Carpenter MB. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins; 1995. ISBN 0683067524
Book chapters
- Miall R.C. (2001) Cerebellum. in Encyclopaedia of Neurological Science, Academic Press: in press.Full Text
- Miall R.C. & Wolpert D.M. (1995) The cerebellum as a predictive model of the motor system: A Smith Predictor hypothesis. in Neural Control of Movement. W.R. Ferrell & U. Proske (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 215-223. Full text
External links
- A worldwide list of laboratories that do research on the cerebellum
- Cerebellum and timing
- Cerebellum and multiple sclerosis
- Basal ganglia and cerebellum
- "The Treasure at the Bottom of the Brain"
- Cerebellum images
- Images of histological sections of the macaque monkey cerebellum
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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82 tracked gamers have this game, 22 have completed it (26.83%)
This game currently has no walkthrough. Interested in creating one? Click here for more details.
Copyright © 2016 TrueGaming Network Ltd, All Rights Reserved
Playstation, Playstation Network, and all other Playstation specific terms are registered trademarks of Sony.
Available on Mobile (beta)
Concept, Design, Programming and Server Stuff by Rich Stone
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Wednesday, June 13, 2012
Molly Parkin on Life and Style
Last week I had the incredible opportunity to meet with the gorgeous and inspiring Molly Parkin.Molly turned 80 last January and she is feeling better than ever. We had a magical afternoon talking about her life and style. Check out the videos above to learn more about this fabulous woman.
26 comments:
- lorenabr said...
Love her style!
- June 13, 2012 at 5:28 AM
- The Magical Christmas Wreath Company said...
Love Molly Parkin. She's a wild free spirit that we could all learn a few lessons from. Talk about living life to the max. Fabulous, fabulous, fabulous!
Paul x
- June 13, 2012 at 5:33 AM
- Skylar Magazine said...
What a wonderful idea for a blog! I have always respected my elders. I get so mad when I'm out and I don't see others respecting them. I was taught to respect them and to help them when they are in need, hold doors for them.
Anyway, I love this concept, they don't get the credit they deserve. I mean this woman looks like she'd be so much fun. She's so vibrant:)
I am a new follower and a new fan!
- June 13, 2012 at 5:36 AM
- Olive Green Anna said...
What you are doing is fantastic.
These older folks are so inspiring. I feel like living life to the fullest when I read your blog!
Thank you!
- June 13, 2012 at 6:18 AM
- Olive Green Anna said...
What you are doing is fantastic.
These older folks are so inspiring. I feel like living life to the fullest when I read your blog!
Thank you!
- June 13, 2012 at 6:18 AM
- Chicatanyage said...
Great photos. Molly is such a creative and flamboyant character, always has been. It was good to meet her again at your book signing in London and of course to meet you. You are inspiring so many women and men of a certain age. I always look forward to your posts.
- June 13, 2012 at 6:42 AM
- SACRAMENTO said...
Absolutely breathtaking, ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.
I am so grateful, my dear Ari for all the beauty you bring my way.
- June 13, 2012 at 6:52 AM
- Claudia Pantoja said...
Great color, & pic!!!
- June 13, 2012 at 8:57 AM
- Beach-Combing Magpie said...
That must be a case of serendipity!
Thanks! If you go onto http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/3807f0c1#b010xy3d
you get to hear her choice of music and her life choices...
- June 13, 2012 at 9:33 AM
"Girls, stick at it!" Yes Molly, I will. Thank you Ari for the inspiration I find each day on your blog. Molly makes my next 30 to 40 years look delicious.
- June 13, 2012 at 10:09 AM
Fabulous personality. Fabulous unique style.
- June 13, 2012 at 12:49 PM
- Victoria said...
I share her love for fabric and tidbits of trim. She is very inspirational in knowing never to give up because the best is always before you. Although, I am not sure I will ever, if I get to 80, be able to put a dent in my collection of fabric, trims and buttons in working out designs ideas.
- June 13, 2012 at 2:11 PM
- Beach-Combing Magpie said...
Sorry to go on, but here's another great lady I'd love to see covered, although she's not exactly advanced in age.... Camila Batmanghelidjh. She is truly inspirational on absolutely every level, but just take a look at that style!!!
- June 13, 2012 at 3:46 PM
- VertigoKris said...
- June 13, 2012 at 4:26 PM
Totally loving the hat....what an exciting life! God bless you Molly, you encourage all.
Cathy G
- June 13, 2012 at 8:27 PM
- Ulla-Marie said...
Great turban!
- June 14, 2012 at 1:15 AM
- ECLECchic said...
Oh, Absolutely gorgeous!!
- June 14, 2012 at 3:40 AM
- BExCLUSIVE MAGAZINE said...
ciao ciao from Rome
BExCLUSIVE MAGAZINE
- June 14, 2012 at 3:41 AM
- That's Not My Age said...
Molly Parkin is a star!
- June 14, 2012 at 4:47 AM
- Tamera said...
Oh I LOVE IT!!! She's a free spirit and it shows!
- June 14, 2012 at 5:12 AM
- Jon said...
I met Molly Parkin last year at Polari gay literary salon, when she did a reading to launch her own (salacious) memoirs "Welcome to Mollywood". She is a fabulous woman. I have admired her for many years! Jx
- June 14, 2012 at 5:50 AM
- Forest City Fashionista said...
I wouldn't mind living to be 80 if I have half as much fun as Molly! I love her flamboyant, colourful style and her creative, open approach to life.
- June 14, 2012 at 4:16 PM
- Electrik Sheep said...
The necklace is very unique, and very colourful.
- June 16, 2012 at 2:19 PM
she is just amazing and BEAUTIFUL , and crafty!
- June 19, 2012 at 12:02 PM
- true-fashion said...
wow.love the color.
- June 20, 2012 at 11:16 PM
- Kathleen Lisson said...
I want to thank you again for capturing these ladies' wisdom on camera and film. A treasure!
- June 27, 2012 at 10:57 AM


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Dominique Dutoit, who's home is in France, has been using the CooKit panel cooker to introduce solar cooking to communities in Madagascar. He has been trying to find ways to make the cooker even more affordable to local residents. One option is to find an alternative material other than the typical corrugated cardboard, something that is available or can be made locally.
He began teaching solar cooking in Madagascar in 2013, and has taught 500 people to use the cooker, and has subsidized the distribution of 20 cookers.
Recent news and developments
- August 2013 Dominique reports that his has taught 500 people to solar cooking in workshops in Madagascar during the past year.
- April 2013: Dominique worked with his group modifying the CooKit design to construct a version made from woven grass called the Gasy Nahandro. The mats are then covered with reflective film. With little expense in materials, possibly less than $2USD, they hope to begin selling the solar panel cooker at local retailers in Madagascar.
Audio and video
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Dominique Dutoit
17 rue Henri Rossignol
Vigneux sur Seine, 91270
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text: Scrap the scraps. Use our Chalkboard Tablet to replace paper lists on your desktop, refrigerator and bedside table. The base is made from reclaimed oak and sanded smooth, though it may show character marks like nail holes. The black leather details are made from the reclaimed leather of early 1900s gun slings.


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Aberdeen Research and Extension Center
Please call (208) 397-4181 for the most up-to-date information while this website is under construction.
The Aberdeen Research and Extension Center conducts research into many of Idaho's most important crops, including potatoes, wheat and barley. Operated by the University of Idaho College of Agricultural and Life Sciences through the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, the center conducts research into plant breeding and crop production.
The center also supports close collaborative efforts with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, which focuses on potato and small grains germplasm improvement and on increasing rainbow trout production efficiency through use of grain-based feeds. The center supports discovery and development of native plants for the horticulture industry.
Current research activities include:
Small Grains
- Aberdeen Wheat Breeding and Genetics Program more info
- South Central and South Eastern Extension Cereals Program more info


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43 U.S. Code § 951 - Right of way for water transportation, domestic purposes, or development of power
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Rights of way for ditches, canals, or reservoirs heretofore or hereafter approved under the provisions of sections 946 to 949 of this title may be used for purposes of a public nature; and said rights of way may be used for purposes of water transportation, for domestic purposes, or for the development of power, as subsidiary to the main purpose of irrigation or drainage.
Source(May 11, 1898, ch. 292, § 2,30 Stat. 404; Mar. 4, 1917, ch. 184, § 2,39 Stat. 1197.)
Repeal of Section
Section repealed by Pub. L. 94–579, title VII, § 706(a),Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2793, effective on and after Oct. 21, 1976, insofar as applicable to the issuance of rights-of-way over, upon, under, and through the public lands and lands in the National Forest System.
Savings Provision
Repeal by Pub. L. 94–579insofar as applicable to the issuance of rights-of-way not to be construed as terminating any valid lease, permit, patent, etc., existing on Oct. 21, 1976, see section 701 ofPub. L. 94–579, set out as a note under section 1701 of this title.
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May 5, 2016
Friday, Feb. 15, 2013
EMANUEL COUNTY, Ga. (WRDW) -- The Emanuel County Sheriff's Office is looking for a man who they say has failed to register as a sex offender.
Dechane Shamik Jones, 21, also has an outstanding warrant for violation of probation.
Jones was convicted of molesting a child in May 2011.
Jones is a black male and is approximately 5'11" and 135 pounds.
If you have any information, call the Emanuel County Sheriff's Office at (478) 237-7526.
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From PostgreSQL wiki
Revision as of 10:43, 7 June 2009 by Mastermind (Talk | contribs)
This page is designed as a resource for people writing articles, presentations, brochures, or other advocacy related materials, to give them an overview of some of the new features coming in PostgreSQL 8.4. The format of the entries is:
- Feature
- What does it do and/or what does it change.
Furthermore, the items have been split into 4 sections:
- SQL, for new SQL-standard and query features
- Administration features which help you keep your database up and running
- Monitoring for tools which help you see what's happening inside your database
- Performance, for performance-related features.
- Procedures, for new function, PL/pgSQL, trigger and similar features
- Tools, for improvements in psql and other built-in tools
- Developer, for developer features not included in any of the above.
- 3rd Party, for features that are not included with the core server, but which are new in the 8.4 cycle.
For more information, see the 8.4 Release Notes
- Windowing Functions
- Otherwise known as "windowing aggregates", these functions allow you to do aggregate operations, such as count, sum, and rank, over a subset of your data. This means that multilevel reports which would have taken 3 or 4 queries (and possibly procedural code) can now be generated with a single query. It also broadens the number of Business Intelligence applications PostgreSQL can support.
- Common Table Expressions & Recursive Queries
- CTEs allow users to create "named subqueries" which can then be reference in other clauses of the query to which they are attached. In addition to removing the need to create temp tables for some operations, the most exciting use of CTEs is for recursive queries, in which you an transverse a tree or graph structure with a single query, efficiently. This is extremely useful for the many applications which have tree-structured data, such as forums, file managers, and org charts.
- ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART and TRUNCATE TABLE RESTART IDENTITY
- More easily and safely start autonumber sequences back at 1 when you alter other objects in the database, or when you empty a table.
- Default Parameters for stored procedures.
- Permits definition of default values for stored procedure parameters not supplied by the user. This makes stored procedure
¿Need better definition?
- allow limit based on subquery
- sql standard interval handling
- add TABLE sql 2008 spec command
- Database-level Collations
- Character collations (the order in which things sort) are now a database instead of an installation property. This allows users to easily have multiple languages fully supported in the same PostgreSQL installation, as well as paving the way for per-column collations in a later version of PostgreSQL.
- Visibility Map
- An in-memory register which tracks data pages dirtied by multiple transactions. Most importantly, this allows VACUUM to only read the data pages which actually need vacuuming instead of the whole table, resulting in large decreases in required VACUUMing on large tables. Also paves the way for future index-only access to infrequently updated tables.
- Auto-Tuning Free Space Map
- Did you love that max_fsm_pages setting? Well, it's gone now. The Free Space Map now automatically sizes itself to the amount of free space you need to track (available memory permitting).
- PgBench with timed execution
- pg_conf_load_time() function
- EXPLAIN VERBOSE column level output
- report all queries involved in a deadlock error
- pg_settings now shows available options for guc with defined set
- pg_stat_statments contrib module
- column level privilege support
- improved SSL certificate handling
- add columns to views
- allow you to add columns to a view (at the end), without having to recompile the view / dependencies. still can't modify / remove columns though.
- multi-column GIN indexes
- the pgstat file tracks usage statistics in postgresql. currently it can lead to very high i/o on the fs, which can be hard to track down. 8.4 reduced usage of file, but also made the file relocatable, so you can put it on ramdrive or similar.
- pg_hba.conf name=value syntax
- pg_hba.conf usermaps
Security & Connections
- Column Permissions
- DBAs can now grant permissions (SELECT, UPDATE) on specific columns as well as on entire tables. This makes it easier to secure sensitive data in your database.
- SSL Authentication
- Users can now authenticate using SSL certificates.
- pg_stat_statements (contrib module)
- Allows real-time monitoring of summary query statistics, letting you see at a glance which of your normalized queries is executing the most often and using the most system time. pg_stat_statement will speed up the process of "bad query" troubleshooting by an order of magnitude.
- auto_explain (contrib module)
- Lets you automatically log select EXPLAIN plans to the PostgreSQL log for later analysis. Will help a great deal with troubleshooting slow stored procedures, as well as queries which perform differently between production and testing. Also allows logging of EXPLAIN plans for nested statements, that is, statements executed from within a function.
- pg_stat_user_functions
- This system view tracks how many times each of your functions is accessed, as well as aggregate execution times spent both inside the function and on nested function calls. Administrators of stored procedure applications will now be able to definitively identify their slowest procedures.
- Hash Methods for DISTINCT/UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPTION queries
- Previously, operations like distinct would require Postgres to sort and then eliminate data to achieve the distinct results. Now PostgreSQL can use hash based methods (similar to group by) to achieve these results. This should make many of these queries faster without needing any changes.
- Cursor_tuple_fraction GUC
- Tell the planner what fraction of a cursors results you expect to return for a given cursor query. This allows the planner to use plans that are more optimal based on estimated percentage of rows you expect to return.
- default_statistics_target = 100
- Variadic Parameters
- Enables of stored procedures with variable numbers of arguments. This makes it easier and more natural to write stored procedures in interpreted languages (Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Tcl). It also helps with change management of stored procedure based applications, and migrating databases from SQL Server and Sybase.
- Application developers, users porting databases
change management, and porting database applications from SQL Server and Sybase, significantly easier.
- Application developers, users porting databases
- CASE control structure support in PL/pgSQL
- RETURNS TABLE for PL/pgSQL functions
- Support HINT, DETAIL, and SQLSTATE in RAISE command for PL/pgSQL
- RETURN QUERY EXECUTE support in PL/pgSQL
- EXECUTE USING for PL/pgSQL
- allow srf functions to be called in select clause for PL/pgSQL
- Parallel Restore
- pg_restore can now be run in parallel process mode, and loading data and creating database objects in several parallel streams. Depending on your hardware and database design, this allows restore of database backup files two to eight times faster than single-process restore. 8.4's parallel restore can also be used to restore 8.3 or 8.2 databases.
- Database administrators, upgrading users
- pg_migrator
- This beta tool allows in-place upgrade of databases from 8.3 to 8.4, without the downtime of dump and reload. Currently has some limitations around full text indexing.
- Upgrading users, DBAs
psql Improvements
- Improved handling of long lines and tab characters in psql
- Column storage type display in psql
- Improved sequence display in psql
- Better control of \timing in psql
- display enum values in enum type display for psql
- add table size display in psql
- add display of referencing tables to \d output in psql
- add tablespace and database size information to \l in psql
- improved tab completion support for tables in multiple schemas
- remove system objects from \dX commands in psql
- added the \ef in psql for functions edition
- \ef <functioname> will bring up a function definition in your editor, so you can edit functions on the server.
- pgstat temp file
Other Developer Features
- Common Table Expression (aka CTE, WITH queries)
- Case Insensitive Text module
- Partial Match support for Full Text Search
- Generate subscripts allows for easier array traversal. You used to be able to do this with generate_series and array_upper and array_lower, but this new version should be easier to use and faster as well.
- Support for statement level triggers for TRUNCATE command
- make column alias keyword "as" optional (per sql spec)
This ones shall be moved to "procedures"?
- generate_subscripts() function
- Time based generate_series() functions
- quote_nullable()
- suppress_redundent_updates() trigger
- array_aggregate() function
- unnest() function
3rd Party Tools
Put off to 8.5
There is already an active "queue" of items that are being deferred for 8.4, in addition to the ToDo Lists.


text:
Tuesday, Dec. 4, 2012
AUGUSTA, Ga. -- A 69-year-old Augusta man is now half a million dollars richer after winning an instant game from the Georgia Lottery.
Samuel Testino won the top prize in the $500,000 Green game. Testino bought his ticket at the DLS Gas Station on Mike Padgett Highway.
He says he bought four tickets and was shocked when he scratched off the top prize.
"And I couldn't believe it. So what I did, I came back up and I said, 'I gotta have somebody to verify this.' So I asked the girl that sold me the ticket, I held it in front of her and I said, 'Is this real? Did I really win?' and she said, 'Yes, you've won half a million dollars,'" Testino said.
The father of five won the money on his youngest son's birthday.
Testino says he plans on retiring, playing a lot of golf and getting rid of all his debt.
Profits from the Georgia Lottery go to educational programs throughout the state, including the HOPE Scholarship Program and Georgia's Pre-K Program.
Have information or an opinion about this story? Click here to contact the newsroom.
Copyright WRDW-TV News 12. All rights reserved. This material may not be republished without express written permission.