text:
Difference between revisions of "Use Joomla! 1.5 on your own computer"
From Joomla! Documentation
(→To use the site and the administration pages)
(→1. Use the uninstall script)
|Line 228:
|Line 228:
:*Find the script:-
:*Find the script:-
\XAMPP\uninstall_xampp.bat (It appears on the Details list in Windows Explorer as a MS-DOS Batch File).
:*Run this script (Double-click on the file name)
:*Run this script (Double-click on the file name)
This opens a command window and asks if you want the htdocs directory deleted.
This opens a command window and asks if you want the htdocs directory deleted.
Revision as of 11:39, 1 February 2011
It is very useful to be able to learn and experiment on your own machine. The aim of this document is to help you to download a sample Joomla! site to your own computer, known as a 'localhost' installation. It has some helpful sample content that allows you to become familiar with the way that a Joomla! site is put together. You can also install an empty copy of Joomla! for creating a new site.
- 1 Who is it written for?
- 2 Summary
- 3 Download and install XAMPP
- 4 Download and install Joomla!
- 5 Configure Joomla! and install the sample data
- 6 How to install another instance of Joomla! on localhost
- 7 How to uninstall Joomla! and XAMPP
- 8 Where Next?
- 9 Further information
Who is it written for?
Not everyone using this Manual will have enough experience to feel comfortable doing this. You need to know a little about computing, for example:-
- Know where to find files on your computer and be able to create folders
- Be able to download something from a Web site and save it in an appropriate place
- You will not panic if you do not understand a concept!
Experienced developers and people with programming experience will be fine.
- If in doubt - follow the instructions and try it!
There are three basic stages in doing this:-
- Downloading and installing some software that Joomla! needs to use to run locally, that is to say on your own desktop or laptop computer. This is a web server called Apache, a database called mySQL and a scripting language called PHP. There are a few other things as well - which are downloaded together as one package called XAMPP.
- Downloading and installing Joomla!
- Configuring Joomla!
Download and install XAMPP
To run Joomla! on a Windows desktop or laptop you need to download and install some software needed by Joomla!. This includes a web server called Apache, a database called mySQL and a scripting language called PHP. The point of this to to configure your own machine to behave as if it were a server with the difference being that the result is not visible over the internet and is thus confined to your own computer. This is very useful for learning new things and even developing a new web site.
Download sites for using a Mac or Linux with documentation.
Warning: If you are not familiar with downloading software - don't be put off by unfamiliar vocabulary on the download Web site!
Before download
Make sure you have a separate folder for downloads.
- Use Windows Explorer
- Create a folder (called something meaningful like Downloads) beneath the top level of the directory. (Depending on how your computer is set up - this will be C:\Downloads)
Download XAMPP
The site for Windows download. This is a page with links to downloads as well as instructions for installation.
This is what you do:-
- Find the heading - Jump-off point
- Under Download
- Click on XAMPP
- Choose the Basic Package -
- Click on EXE for the dowmload
- In the window that opens
- Click Save File
- In the Save In box - find the Download folder on your conmputer
- Click Save
A file with the XAMPP logo is saved to the Download folder. In Windows Explorer Details view, the file type will be Application.
Install XAMPP
Extracting the software and installing the files:-
- Run the file
- Double-click the file name
- You may be asked to confirm that you want to run the file - if so - Click Run.
The next window gives on-screen instructions.
- Use the top level of the C: drive - so leave the C: as it is. (If you want it elsewhere, Browse for the folder where you want it)
- Click Install
Installation Progress is indicated on the screen. When the files are extracted, a Windows command screen asks a few questions to configure the installation.
- Respond to these with the defaults.
The files are placed in the correct locations and you are then prompted to press <Return> to continue and to confirm the timezone.
Finally the screen presents 7 choices.
- Choose 1 to start the Control Panel and press Return
- Choose x to Exit the install process
You should see a XAMPP Control Panel on the desktop. To open it is it is not already open:-
- Double-click the Control Panel icon on the desktop.
This is the Control panel with the services running.
Apache and MySQL need to run as Services (indicated by a tick against Svc in the Control Panel). Make sure the following are set:-
- Apache Svc is ticked
- Apache is Running (Click Start to run it)
- MySQL Svc is ticked
- MySQL is Running (Click Start to run it)
Now test it
- Type in the site's address in your browser - which is http://localhost/
If it has not been successful - you will get a message saying 'Unable to Connect'. The most likely cause is that Apache or mySQL are not running.
- Use the Control Panel to check these.
If it has been successful - there will be a splash page with a choice of languages.
- Choose your language
You now see a Welcome page which says 'You have successfully installed XAMPP on this system!'. There are also various links to documentation and other things to the left.
You can move on to downloading and installing Joomla! itself.
Download and install Joomla!
Before download and installation
- Create a folder for the Joomla installation with a suitable name
Under the XAMPP folder (for example C:\XAMPP\) there is a folder called htdoc (C:\XAMPP\htdoc ). This is the folder under which all content that will be seen on the localhost Web site is located. (There are already files there - such as index.html which displays the logo for XAMPP)
- Open the htdoc folder
- Create a folder under htdoc to contain the Joomla! files. (It can have any name but Joomla15 is often used for example sites).
Download files for Joomla! - this is for Joomla! 1.5
- Go to the Joomla! download site - http://www.joomla.org/download.html
- Make sure you find the files for version 1.5
- Click on the ZIP for the Full Package for the latest version.
- Save the file to the Download folder on your computer
Quick and painless. (It will be called a Compressed(zipped) Folder in the Details list in Windows Explorer)
Install the files for Joomla! in the correct folder
- Right-click the downloaded zip file
- Choose Extract All
The Extraction Wizard prompts for where you want the files to be located. This is in the folder created above - for example C:\xampp\htdoc\Joomla15
- Click Browse and find the right directory
- Click OK
- Check that the 'Files will be extracted to this Directory' box has the right folder displayed.
- Click Next
Progress is indicated by the blue bar. When completed an Extraction Complete screen displays.
- Click Finish
The files are now in the right place and you are ready to set Joomla! up for use.
Configure Joomla! and install the sample data
- Open the Joomla! site in your browser
If you called the folder for the Joomla! files 'joomla15, then enter the URL in your browser:-
If you called the file something else - then use the name of that file instead of 'joomla15'.
The Joomla! Installation screen displays. Here you are stepped through seven choices in order to set up the site, the database and a few other things. Your progress is indicated to the left of the screen.
- 1. Select the language and press the Next button
- 2. Look at the Pre-installation check. There should not be any red items, apart from Display Errors, which can read On. Press Next to continue.
- 3. Read the GNU General Public License page and press Next
- 4. The database configuration page.
- This sets up and configures the database, where all the content for the site is stored.
- Enter the details into the form:-
- Leave database Type as mysql
- Host name is localhost
- User Name is root
- Set a password for the user name for the database. Use something you will remember!
- Database name - this is the name of this instance of Joomla! - in the example here use joomla15. If you used a different name - use that here for the database name.
- Press Next when all the entries are done
- 5. Skip the FTP configuration - so press Next
- 6. Site name and sample data.
- In the form:-
- Give it a name - such as 'Sample'.
- Enter an email
- Enter a password - and remember this as it lets you use the site!
- The rubric explains why you need this.
The sample data
Why install the sample data?
- It is a useful resource
- It is helpful in showing how a Joomla! site hangs together.
- You can edit articles
- You can observe different ways of doing things.
- It is used in this series of documents
There is some documentation about using this data in the Further information at the end of this document.
If you want both a site with sample data and a site with no data - you can install another instance of Joomla! on the same computer as explained in the last part of this document.
- Click the button that says - Install Sample Data.
- The button will then read 'Sample data installed successfullly'. It is slightly confusing as you might expect it to take longer.
Sometimes there is a message that the database won't connect. The fix - Click Previous and remove the password. Check that the other settings are the same as you originally entered and then continue.
- Press Next to continue when all is done
The Finish screen has helpful advice.
You need to do one more thing - remove the installation directory. In this example it is at:-
If you try to go on to use the site without doing this, you will be prompted to do it. You are only allowed to continue when it has been deleted.
To use the site and the administration pages
There are separate web addresses for the main Site and for the administrator Back-end Assuming the site is 'Joomla15':-
:*The site (also known as the Front-end) is http://localhost/joomla15/
:*The administration page - (known also as the Back-end) is http://localhost/joomla15/administration
If you have used a different name - put that in instead of 'Joomla15'
How to install another instance of Joomla! on localhost
You can install and configure another instance of Joomla! using a different name. You do not need to download it again as it is already in your download folder.
- Create a new folder under htdoc - with a different name from the first installation. For example - development
- Extract the files from the Joomla! download in exactly the same way - but Browse for the new folder name.
Configuring Joomla!
This time:-
- Open the Joomla! site - assuming the folder was called is 'development':-
- The site is http://localhost/development/
- The administration page is http://localhost/development/administration
If you have used a different name - put that in instead of 'development'
The set up stages are the same - except that the database will need the name of the site. And do not enter a password for mySQL root if there is a database error.
And - of course - do not install the sample data if you want a clean site.
How to uninstall Joomla! and XAMPP
You may want to uninstall Joomla! and XAMPP. If you do this - make sure you have copies of anything you may need, such as configuration files.
There are two possibilities.
1. Use the uninstall script
The easy way - you can use the uninstall script.
- Find the script:-
\XAMPP\uninstall_xampp.bat (It appears on the Details list in Windows Explorer as a MS-DOS Batch File).
- Run this script (Double-click on the file name)
This opens a command window and asks if you want the htdocs directory deleted.
- If you choose 'n' - it does not delete the folders \XAMPP\htdocs and \XAMPP\mysql\data - so you will need to do this yourself.
- If you choose 'y' - it deletes these folders as well
The services are then stopped and the control panel removed from the desktop. The next message is that it will delete the files. Your response should be y for uninstalling the package.
2. Manually delete the files
The installation can be uninstalled by deleting all the files under the \XAMPP\ folder, but there may be errors if you do not stop the services and check that nothing is running first.
- Stop the services using XAMPP Control Panel
- Untick the Svr button - so that mySQL and Apache are no longer running as services
- Ensure that no other file is being used
- Highlight the folder name and press Delete
There is also documentation on the XAMPP site about uninstalling.
Where Next?
You now have a Joomla! site to work with and some documentation to go with it.
Become familiar with Joomla! by altering and adding content.
Further information
- Help with installation and creating your own content. This is the very useful Quick Start Guide. Make sure you look at this alongside this tutorial.
- Using the sample data. This has details about the sample data and what you can learn from it.
- Documentation about installing and using XAMPP. This is the documentation for XAMPP and also has links to help about xampp.
Lorna Scammell December 2010


text:
Gretna has a unique place in Scotlands story. Created to provide
housing and a community for the workers at a unique First World War munitions factory, the streets and
buildings of the town have come to form an important and lasting architectural legacy.
The towns design was overseen by one of the most influential town planners in early 20th-century Britain, Raymond Unwin. This webpage celebrates Gretnas architecture and looks at the planning which went into creating the town. Some of the buildings have been given listed status by Historic Scotland.
Map Locations
By looking at the map and video you can see some of Gretna's most interesting buildings. By downloading our booklet the story of Gretna is told in more detail.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I saw this some time ago on Noise for Airports, which claims that this may be the only Conlon Nancarrow music video in existence. Frankly, I have no reason to doubt this.
It's by Christina Agapakis, and impressively, creates the visual equivalent of Nancarrow's crazy (rhymically and otherwise) music, most of which was composed for player pianos (to which he turned after becoming frustrated by the limitations of human musicians).
For a more human take on Nancarrow's music, listen to Alarm Will Sound's most recent album "A/Rhythmia," in which the 20-piece orchestra take on "Player Piano Study 6" and "Player Piano Study 3A." Probably my favorite album of 2009.


text:
|This article or section needs to be cleaned up to meet the standards of GTA Wiki
This is a list of gang wars that take place through the Grand Theft Auto series.
Grand Theft Auto III
Leones vs. Triads
Yakuza vs. Colombian Cartel
The rivalry between the Yakuza and the Colombian Cartel is ongoing feud starting from the production of the Cartel-created drug SPANK. The sales of SPANK had attracted the Yardies attention, allying themselves with the Cartels, interrupting Kenji Kasen's interest in the city. He sends Claude to ruin the meeting between the two gangs at Rockford. All goes bad, the two have formed their alliance and now the Yardies are pushing the drug on the street of Staunton Island. Angered by this action, Kenji sends Claude to kill the Yardie pushers on the streets.
Real estate owner Donald Love takes advantage of the feud between the Yakuza and the Cartels to drop sales in real estate. Love sends Claude to steal a Cartel Cruiser to disguise as a Cartel member and kill Kenji Kasen on the parking lot roof in Newport. This action causes Kenji's sister Asuka to make an open attack on the Cartel in Fort Staunton, taking full control of the construction site.
Cartel leader Miguel was blamed for the death of Kenji and is being tortured non stop by Asuka to reveal the Cartel's plots to push SPANK across Liberty City. Asuka sends Claude to destroy the Cartel's operations by destroying Espresso 2 Go vendors, killing Cartel assassins sent by Catalina to kill Claude, and to collect all of Catalina's SPANK in a plane making its last flight through Francis International Airport. The Cartels soon return to the Construction site to kill Miguel and Asuka.
Purple Nines vs. Red Jacks
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Haitians vs. Cubans
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Ballas vs. Grove Street Families
Los Santos Vagos vs. Varrios Los Aztecas
Los Santos Vagos-Varrios Los Aztecas War
Da Nang Boys vs. Triads
Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories
Leones vs. Sindaccos
The Leones fight for territory with Sindaccos in Saint Marks (Portland), later almost the whole island.
Within Sindaccos' member Joseph 'JD' O'Toole turns on Leone by telling Toni Cipriani some mobs will attack Salvatore Leone in The Guns of Leone, the club which owned by Sindaccos is given to the Leones and change it's name.
The Sindaccos were then thrown away from Portland after a number of acts of gang warfare between the Leones, they turn to Staunton Island.
A corrupt policeman named Leone McAffrey is now working for the Leones on this Staunton, with his help, in Sayonara Sindaccos, a numbers of Sindaccos were vanished. Later, Salvatore tells Toni the Sindaccos would have a meeting with the Foreills in Newport, Toni a van to control Sindaccos leader, Paulie Sindacco's car killing every Forelli member who was in the meeting.
But with this, the Sindaccos succeed to frame Salvatore in help of O'Donavons bid to become mayor of Liberty City . Sal was then sent to jail in Shoreside Vale. Sal is angry with this, he then orders Toni to kill Pauile Sindacco in Pike Creek.
With the boom and flame lighting almost half of the Shoreside Vale, "The Sindaccos were sent to the fucking sea" said Salvatore, and those were finished in Liberty City.
Leones vs. Diablos
The War started when Massimo Torini (Underboss of The Sicilian Mafia) convinced The Diablos Street Gang to take over The Leone Crime Family's Territory Hepburn Heights
Sindaccos vs. Forellis
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories
Cubans vs. Cholos
Vance Crime Family vs. Mendez Cartel
Grand Theft Auto IV
1970: Gambetti Crime Family vs. Ancelotti Crime Family
Faustin Family vs. Petrovic Family
Pegorino Crime Family vs. Ancelotti Crime Family
Messina Crime Family vs. Pegorino Crime Family
Pegorino Crime Family vs The Lost MC
Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned
The Lost Brotherhood MC vs. The Angels of Death MC
Lost MC-Angels of Death MC War


text:
FREE PERSONALIZATION on ornaments
and FREE SHIPPING when you buy 5 or more!
Each Christmas Ornament Personalized with a Name or Special Greeting from you!
When you buy 5 or more items!Learn more >>
- Activities
- Advent Calendars
- African American / Ethnic
- Angel
- Anniversary, Wedding & Engagement
- Baby
- Birthstone
- Christmas Stockings, Tree Skirts & More
- College and University
- Diannes Gift Ideas
- Easter
- Expecting Moms/Couples
- Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes
- Fall and Halloween
- Family
- Food & Drink
- For Her
- For Him
- Glass Ball
- Glass Ornaments
- Graduation
- Grandparents
- Holiday Plaques
- Home
- Kids
- Made in America
- Made in Europe
- Memorial
- Music
- Occupations
- Patriotic
- Pets and Animals
- Picture Frames
- Piggy Banks
- Religious
- Santa & Snowman
- Snow Globes
- Space & Technology
- Sports
- Table Decorations
- Teachers and School
- Transportation
- Vacation and Travel
- Valentine
- Western
Review this product!
Personalized Christmas Ornament$10.95
This red ball has a series of six different mittens, each with a blinking light in the middle, making this a unique family ornament for a family of six or a special gift for a grandparent with six grandchildren. There is a bright pink and white striped mitten with fluffy white cuff, woolly green mitten with twinkling yellow star in the center, pretty white mitten tied elegantly with a green thread or ribbon, a purple one with bold, white zigzag pattern, fun tan colored mitten with green snowflakes and a pair of green pompoms, and finally, a black and white cow patterned mitten with fleece cuff. We can put a name with each mitten and still write a family name or message such as Grandma's Little Helping Hands or even Mittens Warm Hands, Families Warm Hearts.
Love these ornaments? Check out the blinking lights ornament blog on our website!
Material: Shatterproof


text:
Oh, yes. You read that right. The scrunchable hair staple of yesteryear is making a comeback: luxe scrunchies have found their way into the Fall 2013 collections of Missoni and Marc Jacobs. And they're yours for the taking… at upwards of $95 a piece.
In defense of the revival? Jennifer Aniston's stylist – the man behind her recently chopped look – who recently told ELLE he "loves a scrunchie."
But seriously, do you dare? Read ELLE's full history of the scrunchie here, then decide for yourself.
By Joanna Berliner, Editor
We want to see your scrunchie pics. Tweet us at @ruelala to share.
Not a Member and like The (Style) Guide? You'll love Rue La La. Join now.


text:
Orca Dive Club Flores is the second branch of Orca Dive Clubs in Indonesia after Bali. Orca Dive Club Flores is precisely located in the village Labuan Bajo, inside of the Jayakarta Suites Komodo Flores. Flores which is a part of the East Nusa Tenggara region is well-known not only as the gateway to some of the best dive sites of the world, but also to Komodo Island, the origin home of the famous Komodo Dragons.
Situated only 10 minutes away from the Komodo National Airport in Labuan Bajo, Orca Dive Club Flores is definitely easy to reach. Together with the excellent accommodation and service of the Jayakarta Suites Komodo Flores, Orca Dive Club Flores will present you the best and unforgettable holiday. Not only for diving, you and your friends or families can make trips around the island to the three-colored lake Kelimutu, Mirror Cave and many more. We will only be delighted to help you organize your holiday during your visit in this flower island.
Rest beautifully not far from our dive center is Bidadari Island. This fascinating small island featured by white sandy beach is where we will conduct our house reef dives. To get to Bidadari Island, it takes only 20 minutes by local boat from the harbor. For other dive sites around Komodo and Rinca, we will also depart from the harbor in Labuan Bajo on a day trip boat.


text:
Arthrocentesis takes joint fluid out of a joint using a sterile needle. This can be done in most of the joints in the body, but it is usually done on larger ones, such as the knee or shoulder.
Reasons for Procedure
Arthrocentesis is done to:
- Find out why a joint is painful, swollen, or fluid-filled
- Drain fluid out of a swollen joint to decrease pain and increase your ability to move the joint
- Diagnose the specific type of arthritis occurring within a joint
- Confirm a diagnosis of infection in the joint
- Check for crystals in the joint fluid, which could be a sign of gout
In some cases, medication may be injected into the joint space after the fluid has been taken out.
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Infection of the joint
- Bleeding into the joint
- Increased pain
Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include:
- Infections on the skin
- Recent fever or infection
- Bleeding disorder
- Use of blood thinners
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
You will be asked about your medical history. A physical exam will be done, including an examination of the joint.
Imaging tests to help view internal body structures may include:
You may be given local anesthesia. This numbs the area where the needle will enter the joint.
Description of the Procedure
The area where the needle will be inserted will be cleaned. Next, a needle attached to a syringe will be inserted into the fluid-filled joint cavity. The fluid will be drawn into the syringe. After this, medication may be injected into the joint through the needle. After the needle is removed, pressure will be put on the spot over the joint. A bandage will be placed over the area.
How Long Will It Take?
About 5-10 minutes
How Much Will It Hurt?
You may feel stinging or burning if local anesthesia is injected into the area.
Post-procedure Care
When you return home after the procedure, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery:
- For the first 24 hours, use an ice pack for 15-20 minutes at a time every 3-4 hours. Place a towel between your skin and the ice pack.
- To reduce discomfort, take a pain reliever.
- Ask your doctor when you can resume normal activities.
- Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions.
Call Your Doctor
After arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs:
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the site
- Pain that is not relieved by the medication you have been given
If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: John C. Keel, MD
- Review Date: 06/2015 -
- Update Date: 06/01/2013 -


text:
this wiki
Ser Jorah Mormont is a major character in Game of Thrones. He is played by starring cast member Iain Glen and débuts in the first episode of the first season.
Jorah Mormont, known by the Dothraki as Jorah the Andal, is a knight from Westeros who has fled from his homeland and is living in exile in the Free Cities. He is the son of Jeor Mormont, Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. He is the former Lord of Bear Island of House Mormont (a vassal of House Stark), losing his status as a lord for disgracing his house by trying to sell poachers into slavery to pay his debts.
Season 1
Whilst living in Pentos, Ser Jorah Mormont becomes known to Magister Illyrio Mopatis and he is invited to the wedding of Princess Daenerys Targaryen to Khal Drogo of the Dothraki. Jorah's ability to speak the Dothraki language is deemed of value to Daenerys, Drogo and Viserys. Jorah offers his fealty to Viserys, calling him 'the true king', and this is accepted. He also gives Daenerys several books of stories and histories about Westeros, which Daenerys is thankful for. Ser Jorah then accompanies Viserys and Daenerys on their way to Vaes Dothrak.[1]
Whilst traveling to Vaes Dothrak, Ser Jorah tells Viserys that he lost his home because he sold some poachers into slavery and Eddard Stark wanted to execute him for breaking the law. He fled instead. Viserys dismisses this as foolishness, saying such things will be tolerated under his rule. Mormont is less certain that this will happen.[2]
Ser Jorah is impressed by Daenerys's growing ability to command, to the point where he pointedly ignores a suicidal order from Viserys in favor of Daenerys's commands. Jorah talks to Daenerys's bodyguard Rakharo and helps him learn some Westerosi words to better serve her. Jorah and Rakharo also swap their professional opinions on the value of swords versus the arakh and some personal information: Jorah states that his father is a man of great honor and integrity, and that Jorah's disgrace betrayed him. When Jorah learns that Daenerys is pregnant, he orders a goat slaughtered and prepared as a meal to celebrate and rides to the nearby Free City of Qohor.[3] It is later revealed that he sent information to Lord Varys in King's Landing about Daenerys's pregnancy.[4]
Arriving at Vaes Dothrak, Daenerys asks Jorah if he thinks the Dothraki could retake the Seven Kingdoms for her House. Jorah points out the difficulties of persuading them to cross the Narrow Sea, but believes success possible if that could be accomplished and if King Robert was foolish enough to meet them in open battle. He says that if their opponents retreated behind stone walls, the Dothraki would not be able to root them out. They move to discussing Jorah's background and he admits to selling poachers as slaves to raise money for his expensive wife. When Daenerys asks him where his wife is, Jorah replies that she is with another man in another place.[5]
In King's Landing, Eddard Stark learns that Jorah Mormont is Varys's agent and spy in Daenerys's retinue. He puts little faith in Jorah's information that Daenerys is pregnant, considering him a traitor who will say anything for a royal pardon. However, King Robert and his council are adamant that his information can be relied on and order the assassination of Daenerys.[6]
Jorah translates for the benefit of Viserys during the ceremony where Daenerys eats a stallion's heart. When Viserys slips away, Jorah follows and finds him trying to steal Daenerys's three dragon eggs. Viserys accuses Jorah of having desires for his sister, but Jorah still stops him leaving, using a variation of the motto of his house, "Yet here I stand." Viserys backs down and leaves without the eggs. Later, when Viserys threatens Daenerys, Jorah tries to stop him. When Drogo executes Viserys with a pot of molten gold, he urges Daenerys to look away, but she refuses.[7]
Jorah accompanies Daenerys and her handmaidens to the market. He receives a message from Varys confirming his pardon, but realizes a wineseller is trying to poison Daenerys. He intervenes and prevents the assassination, saving Daenerys. Drogo rewards his loyalty with a fine horse before vowing to invade and seize the Seven Kingdoms in vengeance.[8]
Ser Jorah accompanies Daenerys as the khalasar raids the lands of Lhazar. When Daenerys orders that Dothraki warriors are to be prevented from raping the local women, Ser Jorah helps carry out the order, upsetting the Dothraki. He witnesses the fight between Drogo and Mago, Drogo wins but takes a small wound.[9]
As Drogo's condition worsens, Ser Jorah fears for the chaos that will be unleashed if he dies. Daenerys is shocked to learn that her unborn son will be killed in the resulting power struggle as different bloodriders fight to succeed Drogo. Jorah suggests they leave quietly and try to get to Asshai, where there is a port, but Daenerys refuses and begs the Lhazareen witch, Mirri Maz Duur, to help Drogo with blood magic. She agrees. When Drogo's bloodrider Qotho tries to halt the ceremony, Ser Jorah stops him with his sword. They fight and the younger Dothraki swiftly gains the upper hand through his superior agility, but his arakh is unable to penetrate Jorah's heavy armor, allowing Jorah to kill him. Daenerys is injured in the fracas, so Jorah takes her into Drogo's tent to seek Duur's aid.[10]
Jorah is with Daenerys when she wakes the next morning. She learns that her son was stillborn, badly malformed, and that Drogo is alive but comatose, whilst the khalasar has scattered to the winds. Duur admits that she orchestrated Drogo's condition and the death of Daenerys's son as vengeance for the destruction of her village. Daenerys ends Drogo's suffering by smothering him with a pillow. She builds a funeral pyre for Drogo, burns Duur alive and puts her dragon eggs in the flames. Ser Jorah tries and fails to stop Daenerys stepping onto the pyre as well. Jorah and Daenerys's remaining servants stand vigil all night until the fire finally burns out. In the ashes they find Daenerys unhurt with three newly-hatched dragons. A stunned Jorah drops to his knees and proclaims Daenerys his queen and liege, using the Dothraki declaration of undying loyalty, "Blood of my blood."[11]
|Season One appearances
|Winter is Coming
|The Kingsroad
|Lord Snow
|Cripples, Bastards and Broken Things
|The Wolf and the Lion
|A Golden Crown
|You Win or You Die
|The Pointy End
|Fire and Blood
In the books
In the Song of Ice and Fire novels, Jorah is the son of Lord Jeor Mormont of Bear Island. Ser Jorah won honor in the Greyjoy Rebellion when he was one of the first through the breach during the storming of Pyke. For his valor, he won praise from King Robert Baratheon and a knighthood . With a strong, vigorous son ready to take over the lordship, Jeor decided to join the Night's Watch and rapidly rose to the rank of Lord Commander , leaving Jorah as Lord of Bear Island .
Jorah married Lynesse Hightower, of the extremely powerful House Hightower of Oldtown. Lynesse was used to the riches and luxury of the second-largest city in Westeros, and found Bear Island primitive and rude. Jorah's attempts to please his wife led to him spending all of his money. He disgraced himself through behavior unbefitting a lord, by arresting poachers and selling them to slavers. Slavery is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms and has been for millennia. When Eddard Stark came to arrest Jorah, he and Lynesse fled across the Narrow Sea to the Free City of Lys, leaving his aunt Maege to become the ruling Lady of Bear Island. Jorah attempted to make his living as a sellsword, but was unable to provide an income acceptable to Lynesse. She left him and became a concubine to the merchant lord Tregar Oromollen.
See also
- Jorah Mormont at A Wiki of Ice and Fire (major spoilers from the books).
- ↑ "Winter is Coming"
- ↑ "The Kingsroad"
- ↑ "Lord Snow"
- ↑ "The Wolf and the Lion"
- ↑ "Cripples, Bastards and Broken Things"
- ↑ "The Wolf and the Lion"
- ↑ "A Golden Crown"
- ↑ "You Win or You Die"
- ↑ The Pointy End
- ↑ "Baelor"
- ↑ "Fire and Blood"


text:
May 6, 2016
Smithfield Foods Inc. is planning to begin its previously announced closure of a Virginia facility that makes hot dogs and deli meat.
The Smithfield, Virginia based company said Wednesday that it will begin layoffs at the Portsmouth plant in January and shut it at the end of March.
The company announced plans last year to close the plant in 2013 and shift production to a facility in Kinston in Lenoir County. Smithfield says the new $100 million facility in will hire 300 workers.
Smithfield said it was closing the plant because it cannot support the manufacturing technology changes and product development necessary to meet its needs.
Copyright 2016 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Browse more:
These brilliantly colored gloss glazes are extremely popular. Amaco Dry Powdered Gloss Glaze contains gum so only water needs to be added. Mixing three parts glaze to two parts water will yield approximately one pint per 1 lb package.
® Amaco is a registered trademark of American Art Clay Company.


text:
Division for Passport, Visa and Registration Work under the Department of Population Registration, SRS
NGO Directory, 27 October 2011
64A, Tokotogula Street
Tel: +996 312486428
NGO Directory, 27 October 2011
64A, Tokotogula Street
Tel: +996 312486428
Findings of surveys commissioned by UNHCR, Bishkek 2009.
Two decades after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, thousands of people in former Soviet republics like Kyrgyzstan are still facing problems with citizenship. UNHCR has identified more than 20,000 stateless people in the Central Asian nation. These people are not considered as nationals under the laws of any country. While many in principle fall under the Kyrgyz citizenship law, they have not been confirmed as nationals under the existing procedures.
Most of the stateless people in Kyrgyzstan have lived there for many years, have close family links in the country and are culturally and socially well-integrated. But because they lack citizenship documents, these folk are often unable to do the things that most people take for granted, including registering a marriage or the birth of a child, travelling within Kyrgyzstan and overseas, receiving pensions or social allowances or owning property. The stateless are more vulnerable to economic hardship, prone to higher unemployment and do not enjoy full access to education and medical services.
Since independence in 1991, Kyrgyzstan has taken many positive steps to reduce and prevent statelessness. And UNHCR, under its statelessness mandate, has been assisting the country by providing advice on legislation and practices as well as giving technical assistance to those charged with solving citizenship problems. The refugee agency's NGO partners provide legal counselling to stateless people and assist them in their applications for citizenship.
However, statelessness in Kyrgyzstan is complex and thousands of people, mainly women and children, still face legal, administrative and financial hurdles when seeking to confirm or acquire citizenship. In 2009, with the encouragement of UNHCR, the government adopted a national action plan to prevent and reduce statelessness. In 2011, the refugee agency will help revise the plan and take concrete steps to implement it. A concerted effort by all stakeholders is needed so that statelessness does not become a lingering problem for future generations.
UNHCR was monitoring the returns of refugees and other displaced people to southern Kyrgyzstan as tens of thousands of people headed back to their communities. Violent clashes in Osh and other cities in southern Kyrgyzstan earlier this month had sent an estimated 300,000 fleeing to the countryside, while 100,000 had fled across the border into Uzbekistan.
Days after the attacks, Kyrgyz authorities were still trying to restore law and order in the south, where they reported that some 180 people were killed and 1,900 injured. Many of the internally displaced have been staying with host families with many also sleeping rough. In Uzbekistan, authorities reported more than 50 sites hosting refugees in the border provinces of Andijan, Ferghana and Namangan. Some refugees were staying in schools and other public buildings.
UNHCR has provided more than 300 tonnes of emergency assistance in a series of relief flights over the past week, working with the concerned governments and local partners in sometimes hazardous conditions.


text:
FREE PERSONALIZATION on ornaments
and FREE SHIPPING when you buy 5 or more!
Free personalization
Each Christmas Ornament Personalized with a Name or Special Greeting from you!
Each Christmas Ornament Personalized with a Name or Special Greeting from you!
When you buy 5 or more items!Learn more >>
When you buy 5 or more items!Learn more >>
Find the perfect ornament: Gift finder Tool
- Activities
- Advent Calendars
- African American / Ethnic
- Angel
- Anniversary, Wedding & Engagement
- Baby
- Birthstone
- Christmas Stockings, Tree Skirts & More
- College and University
- Diannes Gift Ideas
- Easter
- Expecting Moms/Couples
- Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes
- Fall and Halloween
- Family
- Food & Drink
- For Her
- For Him
- Glass Ball
- Glass Ornaments
- Graduation
- Grandparents
- Holiday Plaques
- Home
- Kids
- Made in America
- Made in Europe
- Memorial
- Music
- Occupations
- Patriotic
- Pets and Animals
- Picture Frames
- Piggy Banks
- Religious
- Santa & Snowman
- Snow Globes
- Space & Technology
- Sports
- Table Decorations
- Teachers and School
- Transportation
- Vacation and Travel
- Valentine
- Western
Review this product!
Snowman - Blue Scarf and Earmuffs
Personalized Christmas Ornament$11.50
Our happy snowman bears the personalization of your choosing on his super-sized snowflake. He's dressed warmly in earmuffs and a glittery blue muffler. A great gift for anyone this holiday season from a son, godson, grandson, nephew, uncle, dad, grandpa or anyone you can think of because you can choose to either put a name in the snowflake as we have done, or maybe you would rather have a short saying that goes there and distribute at a holiday open house as a party favor for each of the guests. However you choose to use this personalized snowman ornament, he is versatile for your gift giving needs.
Dimensions: 3 1/2" x 3 1/2"
Material: Resin
Material: Resin
Please correct the following error(s) and try again:


text: The Shun Premier collection is distinguished by hand-hammered blades and walnut-colored PakkaWood handles that evoke the artistry of traditional hand-forged knives. Handcrafted in Japan, the blades are thin and lightweight. The triangular-shaped honesuki is used by Japanese chefs for boning poultry, but it also excels at other meat-trimming tasks, such as frenching a rack of lamb.


text:
Here is an excerpt from an article written about her in The Villager:
Poems, alive and thriving, flew around the fourth-floor room at Greenwich House on Tuesday afternoon as they do the second and fourth Tuesdays of every month when "Poetry for You and Me," the Greenwich House Senior Center poetry workshop, meets.
"I don't remember missing once in the past 15 years," said Sarah Zenis, the leader of the Greenwich House workshop. Zenis, a published poet and Lambs Club member, also leads another group that reads poetry at senior centers all around town.
I knew I was there.
Footprints scraped on worn pavements,
Dented into deep ridge,
Painful wisps of grass.
Zenis said she began writing poems in grammar school. She graduated from high school during the Depression and began working as a bookkeeper.


text:
May 6, 2016
The man who is accused of leading a trooper on a chase in two counties has posted bond to be released from jail, according to online jail records.
36-year-old Quinones Dixon of Kinston faces several charges after the chase Saturday in which Dixon crashed into a creek in his alleged attempt to run from a trooper.
Trooper Jackie Rogers says that he attempted the stop on NC 11 near Granger Station Road, when we're told 36-year-old Quinones Dixon of Kinston, did a u-turn and began heading North on NC-11 toward Pitt County. Trooper Rogers says he drove after Dixon who would veer off onto South Highland Avenue and briefly enter the Pitt County town of Grifton. We're told Dixon then took a right onto Contentnea Drive, which changes into Tick Bite Road. Trooper Rogers says that Dixon would go off the right side of the road and into a small creek.
Dixon would try to run into the creek, but as it got deeper, decided to surrender to authorities, Trooper Rogers said.
Dixon has been charged with felony speeding to elude, as well as reckless driving, and driving with license revoked.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Contact Us
Contact a member of our sales team:
For immediate customer support please call 1.617.444.4699 or email us at email@example.com
Please email Akamai Sales and we will contact you within 1-2 business days.
Unfortunately, the page you are trying to reach cannot be found or has been moved
Use the "Search" box toward the top right to find what you are looking for in publicly available content, or contact us for help via any of the methods below.
Contact a member of our sales team:
Have questions? Chat with an Akamai representative now.
Fill out a simple form and an Akamai representative will contact you shortly.
Alternatively, you can go to the homepage of the website or browse through following key sections of the website:


text:
Mwanza city will continue to enjoy Mainland premiership actions after their top flight side Toto Africa survived relegation battle in close shave circumstances last Sunday.
Toto ended the league on 26 points same as Villa Squad of Dar es Salaam but they missed the relegation flight courtesy of superior goal difference.
While Villa had the worst goal difference of minus 15, Toto had negative seven to stay afloat in the premiership berth.
Toto posted their last league victory against 'blood brothers' Young Africans before losing the rest of the matches thereafter.
The match against Yanga would linger long in the memory of the club as it was the first since wining promotion into the top flight berth in 2008.
Three teams including Villa Squad have been relegated to the first division. Others are Moro United and Police Dodoma who would fail to hit a twenty- point mark to stay in the teens.
Villa, one of the only two teams to have shaken champions Simba during the season by winning a match, is among three teams that regained the premiership berth last season.
They are back to the first division leaving behind Coastal Union and Oljoro JKT who also won the premiership berth promotion in the same batch last year.
Moro United ended the season as the team with the worst ever defences to concede 44 goals, just one below Villa Squad. United also posted the fewest number of wins, three, same as Police Dodoma.
The Moro United side which shifted its base from Morogoro to Dar es Salaam two seasons ago, would rue sale of their potential players during mid season transfer window.
Three other teams of Mgambo Shooting, Police Morogoro and Tanzania Prisons have won the premiership berth to replace Villa, Moro United and Police Dodoma.


text:
- Jan 6:
- Republicans vulnerable who voted to avert "fiscal cliff," raise taxes
- Jan 5:
- U.S. employers add 155,000 jobs in Dec. despite "fiscal cliff"
- Jan 3:
- 10 arcane provisions stuffed in "fiscal cliff" bill
- After fiscal cliff, lawmakers face battles on debt ceiling, spending cuts
- Jan 2:
- The losers of the fiscal cliff fight
- Winners and losers in fiscal cliff fight
- Fiscal cliff: For most, no tax boost
- Jan 1:
- Obama, Republicans reach "fiscal cliff" deal
- Dec 31:
- After day of bargaining, setbacks, no deal reached on "fiscal cliff"
- Dec 30:
- Obama pushes for stopgap measure to avert "fiscal cliff"
- Dec 29:
- Senate will try to strike deal to avert "fiscal cliff"
- Dec 23:
- Fiscal cliff: Already too late to fix payroll taxes for January
- Dec 22:
- Obama asks Congress for minimal package to avert "fiscal cliff"
A look at why it's so hard for Republicans and Democrats to compromise on matters of taxes and spending, and what happens if they fail to meet their deadline:
Q: What is the "fiscal cliff"?
A: Some scary forces come together at the start of 2013 unless Congress and President Barack Obama act to stop them. Americans will face about $536 billion in tax increases and about $110 billion in spending cuts divided equally between the military and most other federal departments. If allowed to unfold over 2013, this "fiscal cliff" would lead to recession, a jump in unemployment and financial-market turmoil, some economists predict.
Q: What if the negotiators miss the deadline?
A: The nation shouldn't plunge onto the shoals of recession immediately. There still might be time to engineer a soft landing. So long as lawmakers and the president appear to be working toward agreement, the tax-rate increases and spending cuts could mostly be held at bay for a few weeks. Then they could be repealed retroactively once a deal was reached. The big wild card is the stock market and the nation's financial confidence: Would traders start to panic if Washington appeared unable to reach accord?
Q: What if they never agree?
A: If negotiations between Obama and Congress collapse completely, 2013 looks like a rocky year. Taxes would jump $2,400 on average for families with incomes of $50,000 to $75,000, according to a study by the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center. Because consumers would get less of their paychecks to spend, businesses and jobs would suffer. At the same time, Americans would feel cuts in government services; some federal workers would be furloughed or laid off, and companies would lose government business. The nation could lose up to 3.4 million jobs.
Q: So what's the holdup?
A: Obama says any deal must include higher taxes for the wealthiest Americans, while many House Republicans oppose raising anyone's tax rates. House Speaker John Boehner tried to get the House to vote for higher taxes only on incomes above $1 million but dropped the effort when it became clear he didn't have the votes. Republicans also insist on deeper spending cuts than Democrats want to make.


text:
Cecafa Challenge Cup kicked off last Friday in Dar es Salaam with hosts Kilimanjaro Stars looking to defend the title that they won in difficult circumstances last year.
Then, the Stars as the Mainland's team is affectionately known was under the tutelage of the Taifa Stars' coach, Jan Poulsen.
This time around, two renowned local coaches Boniface Mkwasa and Jamhuri 'Julio' Kihwelu are taking charge of the team which represents a bold move by the Tanzania Football Federation (TFF).
Indeed, it would serve as a massive boost for local coaches if Mkwasa and Kihwelu could steer the team to glory in this regional championship.
However, as we are a long way from successfully defending our title, one has to look at the big picture which involves the region's finest teams. Kenya for instance, who are tentatively starting a new era in their football history, have come with a rather youthful side as coach Francis Kimanzi begins to make the transition from one generation to the next.
Although this is a laudable sign of planning for the future, it also represents something of a risk as Harambee Stars have been drawn in Group 'C' against Sudan, Malawi and Ethiopia who all have pedigree at this level.
Indeed, qualifying from this group for the knockout stages will be an arduous task for Kenya's boys.
As for the record champions Uganda Cranes, they are bound to be smarting from their failure to qualify for the African Nations Cup next year, which will make them dangerous opponents. This has already been evident from their first game on Friday when they outclassed Zanzibar 2-1 in their opening game of the competition.
Another game that was played on Friday featured veritable lightweights in Burundi versus Somalia with the former running out as convincing winners 4-1. Although in any other context, this would be a shameful defeat for the losers, one has to appreciate that Somalia has a lot more weighty matters on her mind than football these days.
Although we have so far discussed the title prospects of the three East African giants, it is worth remembering that they may ultimately not end up determining the outcome of this prestigious tournament.
Lloyd Elipokea is a sports
E-mail: [email protected]


text:
FHP issues smoke advisories for SR 19 and CR 42
Published: Friday, March 8, 2013 at 11:19 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, March 8, 2013 at 11:19 p.m.
The Florida Highway Patrol has issued smoke advisories for portions of State Road 19 and County Road 42 in Marion County.
The traffic danger is from fires that have mostly been put out but continue to produce residual smoke.
Along SR 19, FHP is monitoring the Salt Springs area near the Hopkins Prairie area in connection with the wildfire that began last Saturday. There may be residual smoke, especially in the area of Northeast 90th Street.
On CR 42, smoke may be a problem in the area of Southeast 261st Avenue in the Umatilla area. FHP urges motorists there to use caution, especially as Bike Week in Daytona Beach begins this weekend and increased traffic including motorcycles can be expected.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text: An Evening of Organ and Voice; A Collaboration Among Friends Kevin Kraak (organist) and Michael Walker (countertenor) will present a recital featuring Antonio Vivaldi's Stabat Mater as well as selections from Claudio Monteverdi, Cesar Franck, and many more. Also, Erin Colwitz (mezzo-soprano) and Michael Walker will perform some of the popular duets from the Baroque period such as Giovanni Battista Pergolesi's "Stabat Mater". Church of Nativity @ 7:00 p.m. 208 Eustis Ave SE, Huntsville, AL 35801


text:
Beetlejuice. Beetlejuice. Beetlejuice. Darn it, not again! Since we've said his name three times already, we might as well tell you about this awesome Men's Deluxe Beetlejuice Costume. Bring the hilariously creepy movie character to life with this outfit, which features a jacket, a pair of pants, and a dickie with an attached black tie. The pants and jacket are both black and white striped. You can perfect this costume by checking out some accessories that are sold separately. Some good ideas would be a pair of black shoes, a zombie makeup kit, and a Beetlejuice mask or wig. Wear this outfit to your next Halloween or theme party and people won't know whether to shriek in horror or laugh - very similar to our reactions to the movie.
Our Price: $49.47


text:
May 6, 2016
Lawmen are looking for a man they say kidnapped, assaulted and robbed someone late last month.
Onslow County deputies are looking for David Cramer. The 33-year-old man is wanted on charges of first degree kidnapping, assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injuries, robbery with a dangerous weapon and felony conspiracy.
They say the crimes Cramer is wanted for happened November 26th in Sneads Ferry. The victim was seriously injured in the assault and four others were taken into custody in the case.
Cramer is last known to be in the Sneads Ferry area.
Anyone who knows the whereabouts of Cramer should call Crime Stoppers at 910-938-3278 or the Onslow County Sheriff's Office at 910-455-3113.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Peoria's history, population, vision/mission statements, sustainability efforts, redistricting, and construction projects. Info on the P83 district, schools, the Peoria Leadership Institute seminar, and diversity.
Information on the City Council including agendas , the Mayor, the Municipal Court, City Manager and ADA along with the city's various initiatives.
News from the city of Peoria, press releases from the Office of Communications, links to RSS feeds and E-News signup. View programming on Channel 11, PeoriaTV.
Information on the employment process, a listing of current open jobs, how to apply on-line and a list of all jobs and salaries at the city.
A listing of links to directories of city services, including all online e-services.
The city of Peoria Municipal Complex is home to City Hall, the Council Chambers, the Main Library, the Development and Community Services Building, the Public Safety Administration Building, and the Municipal Court.
A listing of links to maps available on the city of Peoria Website.
The City of Peoria budget is managed by the Management and Budget Division. Find copies of the latest Program Budget and the CIP here.
The City Code and Zoning Ordinace, with updates are located here. Also, find the City Charter, and legal statements related to the website, including our Privacy Notice.
City Manager's Message on Diversity and Inclusion
How to pay bills you may have with the city, including water, sewer and trash collection fees, recreation program and class fees, traffic fines and more. Setup water and sewer service.
Home and Property Resources includes information on trash pickup,water conservation, swimming pool issues and recycling, along with other relevant information for homeowners.
Neighborhood Resources includes information on dealing with graffiti removal, block parties, animal control, street repairs, odors and other neighborhood related quality of life issues.
Helpful services provided by the fire and police departments. Report criminal activity, locate crime information, register alarms, and learn about crime prevention.
Search for scheduled events and meetings in the city including documents relating to city council meetings and other meetings.
This section contains information and links to the Peoria Public Library's website, the Arts Commission, the Center for Performing Arts, and Annual Arts festivals and Celebrations.
Information on recreation programs and classes, afterschool and preschool programs, sports leagues and locations and amenities of city parks.
Information on bus routes, park and ride, dial a ride and bicycle paths. Also, road closures and lane restrictions.
Use this page to find information on the city of Peoria website of interest to builders and developers.Included are inspections, zoning and zoning ordinance, the city code, general plan, permitting, and impact fees.
How to get a business license, tax license, sales tax schedules/forms, register to use the online eTax system, pay taxes and fees. Bidding on contracts with the city and auctions, trash collection, recycling, traffic counts.
Links to the Building Development Division and the Site Development Division of the Engineering Department
Information on Building Permits. Find out about permits for signs, temporary use of property, filming, and alarms. Download forms and track applications for development, building, planning and engineering permits.
The city's main document portal for development related documents including planning and zoning, building, engineering and fire prevention.
Economic Development Services offers Business and Real Estate Development, and other assistance for businesses and developers, on the website PeoriaAZSmart.com.
The Seattle Mariners and the San Diego Padres conduct spring training at the Peoria Sports Complex each February and March. Everything you need to know is at PeoriaSpringTraining.com.
A listing of area hotels, motels and RV Parks, listed by distance from the Peoria Sports Complex.
The city of Peoria, Arizona is proud to be the "Gateway to Lake Pleasant," one of the finest water recreation areas in Arizona.
Links to Items of interest to tourists, including VisitPeoriaaz.com, our official tourism website.
The Peoria Center for the Performing Arts consists of a 280 seat main stage auditorium and an 80+ seat black box theater, designed to bring award winning community theater to downtown Peoria.
City of Peoria hiking trails information, directions and maps.
Special Events, sponsored and hosted by the city, held throughout the year at the Peoria Sports Complex, Oldtown Peoria and other areas.
The Peoria Sports Complex is home to the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners during spring training, and many other events throughout the year.
PEORIA, Ariz. (January 25, 2012) – Tempe musical group, Darkness Dear Boy,
will be one of the opening performances for the P83 Party in Peoria. The band
will be joining national recording artist, Candlebox, the headlining act. The
P83 Party is on Saturday, March 3 following the Seattle Mariners/Oakland
Athletics Spring Training game at the Peoria Sports Complex. The P83 Party is
from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. with the beer garden opening at 3 p.m.
Darkness Dear Boy is a weekly regular at Tempe's Long Wong's at the Firehouse.
According to various websites which highlight local musical acts, the band is
described as an original, indie band that combines rock, alternative, punk,
honky tonk and reggae. They are big on dynamics, hooks, harmonies and they
incorporate interesting lyrics with infectious melodies. The band puts on a high
energy, interactive live show which captures and engages the audience.
The P83 Party is an event put on by the city to highlight businesses in the
entertainment district. Tickets are needed to enter the concert and adult
beverage areas. Prices are $10 for general admission tickets, and $25 for VIP
tickets which allow purchasers to sit close to the main stage. Children 12 and
under are free. Attendees to the Seattle Mariners vs. Oakland Athletics Spring
Training game get into the concert for free with a ticket stub from the game.
Candlebox is a rock-genre national recording artist from Seattle, Washington.
The band had several Billboard chart songs in the 1990's. Several members left
the group in 1999 and reunited in 2006. Candlebox has toured the world since
getting back together and will release their seventh album on March 13. For more
information on the band go to www.Candleboxrocks.com.
Ticket for the P83 Party and Candlebox are available at www.P83az.com, or at
Peoria Sports Complex ticket office at 16101 N. 83rd Avenue in Peoria. For more
information, call 623-773-7137.
City of Peoria8401 W. Monroe StreetPeoria, Arizona 85345


text:
Eight teams which were in the last Africa Cup of Nations (Afcon) finals in Angola have failed to make it through this time, for one reason or another.
Surprisingly enough, regular African soccer giant nations have failed to qualify, making them become falling comets, signaling their decline from the height of fame.
Some of the teams which used to be regarded as pushovers are the ones which have rose to the occasion and now set for the continental biggest soccer event.
Ghana's Black Stars, Ivory Coast and Senegal are among the few powerhouses which soccer fans will be watching in the finals to be co-hosted by Gabon and Equatorial Guinea from January 21 to February 12, 2012.
Performance of the erstwhile minnows indicates that soccer has improved and changed, to the extent that there were hardly novices in soccer any longer.
Teams which felt the pain in their last group matches are last hosts of the Fifa World Cup - South Africa's Bafana Bafana and Uganda Cranes which needed any margin of victroy to qualify but found themselves out after fetching draws.
The Cranes needed to beat old rivals Harambee Stars on home soil at the Nelson Mandela Stadium (Namboole) to book a place in the finals. Still their goalless draw with their neighbours paved the way for Angola who hit Guinea Bissau 2-0 that evening to book their short flight as well.
Hopes of Bafana Bafana to qualify were dashed after being held to a barren draw at home by Sierra Leone, perhaps the strangest result that evening.
In a stadium where Bafana Bafana had outclassed France last year, they whimpered at the hands of little known Sierra Leoneans. That brought the winner of the group to be decided on the CAF rule after the three teams had tied on points.
CAF's Article 14.1 states that when teams tie on points in group qualifying matches, a rule of 'head to head' among the concerned teams applies.
Head to head means that when two or more teams tie, they consider which team registered better results when the teams in contention for the place played each other.
In this case, Niger, South Africa and Sierra Leone tied on nine points each. But the CAF rule threw out Bafana Bafana on the merit that Niger beat South Africa 2-1 when they met on September 4, showing the team had weakened and the others were more solid.
The South African soccer body, SAFA, later appealed to CAF complaining about the rule, but at long last they abided by the regulations which they deemed not conversant with.
In fact, SAFA were not even supposed to appeal because we expected them to be knowing soccer rules than any other African country, putting in mind that they hosted the World Cup finals just last year.
Three times champions Egypt's Pharaohs did not qualify because of the war. I would imagine they failed to do so because of unrest following the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak, with whom head coach Hassan Shehata was closely affiliated. Even the local league was disrupted, but the key issue was confidence.
In Libya by contrast the team remained composed because it had no diehard Gaddafi loyalists in charge of the team.
Again it is possible they may have needed fresh blood in the team, and there was no time to scout around and build new confidences.
This is the first time Nigeria is missing the finals after 25 years of Afcon. There are also Cameroon and Algeria, among the top national sides which will surprisingly be missing at the 2012 finals.
The failure of the powerhouse teams resulted from poor performance of their foreign-based players who often do not deliver when they play for their national sides.
More kudos should go to Botswana and Libya. Botswana was the first team to qualify for the championship, and their good performance was a product of youth development as most players who were in the team were groomed from the country's recent Under-17 national side.
Libya made wonders because they played three home matches outside Libya because of the war but they made it.
Zambia has qualified but has sacked coach Dario Bonetti who made them reach there. It is normally out of place to sack a coach who makes the team succeed.
The qualification of Morocco, in the same group with Taifa Stars, did not come as luck but effort. Their national soccer body did the spade work by focusing on the country having talented youthful players in foreign clubs.
Fred Ogot is the Sports Editor of
The Guardian on Sunday


text:
Gucci G Frame Watches
All Gucci Watches
There are no products matching the selection.
Sign up to receive special offers on Gucci G Frame watches
Gucci G Frame Watches
The Gucci G-Frame collection are women's watches that have sleek corners and lines promoting a sense of clean style. G-Frame watches have clean dials that are without indexes letting them show of the classy design of their rectangular or square cases. The colored dials on Gucci G-Frame watches are the most pronounced fashion element giving each timepiece a simple and classic design. The G-Frame women's watch by Gucci is truly a homage to the design of fashion of the past.
Beginning as a luggage store in 1921, Florence, Italy, Guccio Gucci established a small business dedicated to the art of fine leather bags, shoes, gloves, and belts. What began as one man's dream has evolved into a global fashion powerhouse leading in excellence and tradition. From the Humble beginnings of being a small family owned company to a public limited company, Gucci has maintained the highest standards of fashion while embracing innovation and change. Gucci remains as iconic as ever with timeless, classic design, while still moving forward with a sense of excitement. Gucci designs products to follow the life of the mythical Phoenix wanting wearers to believe "I always feel myself on fire" when they are dressed in Gucci.
Watch Collections Manufactured By Gucci Watches
Coupe, G Chrono, G Class, G Frame, G Gucci, G Line, G Timeless, I Gucci, Marina Chain, Pantheon, Signoria, Tornabuoni, Twirl, U Play
Gucci Watches
From his humble Italian leather goods company and luggage store in his native Florence, Guccio Gucci nonetheless represented an elegance and nobility in fine leather goods, all produced via the master craftsmanship of Tuscan artisans. Following this commitment to luxury, Gucci watches have enjoyed wild success over the years, attracting a sophisticated international clientele. With stores in Milan, New York, London, Palm Beach, Paris and Beverly Hills, Gucci watches and the name Gucci are symbols of modern luxury. The collection of Gucci watches that you'll find at Dexclusive.com includes the famous Gucci Twirl, and all have been handpicked for one-of-a-kind value. You will find a wide variety of Gucci watches on sale at Dexclusive.com
Whether you are shopping for yourself or looking for a great gift, Dexclusive.com provides you with an excellent selection of products at unbelievable prices. We also have a team of friendly customer service personnel available to assist you if you have any questions about any model you see at Dexclusive.com. Please call our Toll Free Number 1-866-537-3953 or you can click on the Live Online Chat button located on the right panel and one of our agents will be happy to assist you with any questions or concerns you might have. Don't forget to follow us on Twitter @dexclusive or become a fan on Facebook for the latest news and deals from Dexclusive.com.


text:
The smooth, hard surface of Paris paper is a convenient and economical alternative to bristol board. Brilliant white, crisp, and bleedproof, it is the ideal surface for detailed pen-and-ink illustrations rendered for reproduction with crowquill pens, broad drawing pens, calligraphy, or fountain pens.
Each pad contains 40 sheets.
® Borden & Riley is a registered trademark.


text:
Taxicabs. Glittering city lights. Festive shop windows. This must be the New York, New York Sinatra crooned about. And it's here we're sending Danyelle Hunt of Plano, IL – the very lucky winner of More is More. The Sweepstakes.
She'll dine at the Palm, recharge at New York's quintessential hotel The Quin, and have her run of the concrete jungle. And to help her make the most of this once-in-a-lifetime trip, we created a little map of all the city's best hotspots and hidden gems.
Headed to New York, too? Just click the map above, print, and take it out on the town.
By Marissa Dubin, Staff Writer
Tweet us your favorite NYC spot during the holidays at @ruelala. And don't forget to add a #MoreIsMore hashtag.
Not a Member and like The (Style) Guide? You'll love Rue La La. Join now.


text:
Make your daughter a little princess-in-training with a little help from our Toddler Sofia The First Classic Costume. This outfit comes with a purple dress with puffed sleeves and detailed designs on the waist. This officially licensed item has a patch of Princess Sofia on the collar of the dress as well. The white floral design seen on Sofia's dress in the television series is also displayed on the bottom of this garment. Sofia the First is what every little girl dreams of becoming. She is a little girl with a normal background until her mother marries the King of the kingdom and she becomes royalty. She is taught at the Royal Prep Academy by Aurora and the Three Good Fairies how to act like a princess. This Halloween, make all of her princess wishes come true when she joins the royal ranks by wearing this Toddler Sofia The First Classic Costume.
Our Price: $7.99
Our Price: $7.97
Our Price: $21.96
Our Price: $1.49


text:
1st Silicon Opens Japan Sales Office, Expands Presence in AsiaSarawak, Malaysia, 8월 24, 2005.
1st Silicon (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., -- a leading 200mm wafer fabrication foundry, announced the opening of its new sales office in Yokohama, Japan, to expand and enhance the Company's customer support in the region.
The Company named Mr. Hideki Takizawa as the General Manager for the Japan office. Mr. Hideki Takizawa has more than 15 years of experience in the semiconductor business, with the past ten years dedicated to the foundry business in Japan. His previous position was as Senior Sales Manager of Chartered Semiconductor Japan.
"1st Silicon's relationship with Japanese companies is part of its legacy," stated Dr. John Nelson, 1st Silicon Chief Executive Officer. "Sharp was our first technology partner and customer seven years ago and our relationship continues today with the technology transfer of three generations of NOR Flash technologies including 0.13um technology. The new service and support center in Japan lets us quickly accommodate the needs of this and other valued customers."
Mr. Takizawa added his comments, saying, "1st Silicon can offer Japan-based semiconductor companies the flexibility and nimble responsiveness of a foundry. My goal is to provide customers with excellent support tailored to their needs and rapid in its delivery."
The 1st Silicon's office can be contacted at:
10F Shin Yokohama Daini Center Building,
3-19-5, Shin Yokohama, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 222-0033 Japan
Telephone: +81-45-470-1275
Fax: +81-45-472-9845
Email: taki(at)1si.com
About 1st Silicon ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd.
1st Silicon (http://www.1si.com) is a dedicated semiconductor foundry founded in 1998 by the Malaysian State of Sarawak. 1st Silicon's 200mm wafer fab facility is designed for production of more than 45,000 wafers per month for 0.25um down to 0.13um geometries. The Company offers volume production of digital and mixed-signal CMOS technologies in 0.25um and 0.18um processes. 1st Silicon started production of 0.25um in Q1 2001 and 0.18um qualification in Q1 2003. 0.15um will go into production in Q3 2005. 0.13um flash is in production. The Company also focuses on niche markets by offering reliable and cost-effective embedded non-volatile memory, high voltage, CMOS image sensor and CCD processes. 1st Silicon's customers include integrated device manufacturers and fabless semiconductor companies worldwide. 1st Silicon has its headquarters in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, and sales offices in US, Korea, Taiwan and Japan.


text:
Coming up in the next {{countdown}} {{countdownlbl}}
Coming up next:
Skip to this video now
Now Playing:
Play Video
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
Now Playing: Tattoos Linked to Increased Hepatitis C Risk
Now Playing: Prince's Siblings Appear in Court Over Multimillion-Dollar Estate
Now Playing: Severe Weather Hits Washington, D.C.
Now Playing: Hillary Clinton Looks to Expand Lead in Indiana
Now Playing: Hulk Hogan Takes Gawker to Court Again
Now Playing: LeBron James Rumored to Star in Potential Space Jam Revamp
Now Playing: 'Captain America: Civil War': Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany Visit 'GMA'
Now Playing: Inside the 2016 Met Ball
Now Playing: 'DWTS': Who Got the Boot in the Double Elimination?
Now Playing: Smart College Financial Choices
Now Playing: Deals and Steals on Wheels Is Live in Miami!
Now Playing: Met Gala: Inside the Hottest Night in Fashion
Now Playing: New Study Reveals Why 'Biggest Loser' Winners Often Regain Weight
Now Playing: David Hasselhoff Reportedly Sinking in Alimony Payments
Now Playing: A 'True Miracle': Woman Says She Regained Sight After 21 Years of Blindness
Now Playing: Battle for Indiana, Last Stand for Senator Ted Cruz?
Now Playing: US Serviceman Killed by ISIS in Iraq
Now Playing: Mustached Cop Gives Rescued Kitten New Forever Home With His 7 Other Pets
Now Playing: TSA Apologizes for Security Screening of Olympian
Now Playing: {{itm.title}}


text:
FREE PERSONALIZATION on ornaments
and FREE SHIPPING when you buy 5 or more!
Each Christmas Ornament Personalized with a Name or Special Greeting from you!
When you buy 5 or more items!Learn more >>
- Activities
- Advent Calendars
- African American / Ethnic
- Angel
- Anniversary, Wedding & Engagement
- Baby
- Birthstone
- Christmas Stockings, Tree Skirts & More
- College and University
- Diannes Gift Ideas
- Easter
- Expecting Moms/Couples
- Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes
- Fall and Halloween
- Family
- Food & Drink
- For Her
- For Him
- Glass Ball
- Glass Ornaments
- Graduation
- Grandparents
- Holiday Plaques
- Home
- Kids
- Made in America
- Made in Europe
- Memorial
- Music
- Occupations
- Patriotic
- Pets and Animals
- Picture Frames
- Piggy Banks
- Religious
- Santa & Snowman
- Snow Globes
- Space & Technology
- Sports
- Table Decorations
- Teachers and School
- Transportation
- Vacation and Travel
- Valentine
- Western
Review this product!
Teddy Bear with Red Ribbon
Personalized Christmas Ornament$20.95
This sweet little teddy bear wants to cuddle with you this Christmas. Wearing a red ribbon around his or her neck that has yellow polka dots, this hand-painted glass ball ornament from Salzburg, Austria is hand-blown. The painted wreath framing the bear is bedecked in green and red jewels that add an ornate touch to the ornament. The back of the ornament has a painted red poinsettia surrounded by green leaves accented with gold paint. This glass creation uses centuries-old European traditions in its making that will leave you with an old world wonder upon your tree.
Material: Glass Ball


text:
Herman Daly Festschrift: Restructuring taxes to create an honest market
The market is in many ways an incredible institution. It allocates resources with an efficiency that no central planning body can match and it easily balances supply and demand. The market has some fundamental weaknesses, however. It does not incorporate into prices the indirect costs of producing goods. It does not value nature's services properly. And it does not respect the sustainable yield thresholds of natural systems. It also favors the near term over the long term, showing little concern for future generations.
As economic decisionmakers—whether consumers, corporate planners, government policymakers, or investment bankers—we all depend on the market for information to guide us. In order for markets to work and economic actors to make sound decisions, the markets must give us good information, including the full cost of the products we buy. But the market is giving us bad information, and as a result we are making bad decisions—so bad that they are threatening civilization.
The roots of our current dilemma lie in the enormous growth of the human enterprise over the last century. Since 1900, the world economy has expanded 20-fold and world population has increased fourfold. Although there were places in 1900 where local demand exceeded the capacity of natural systems, this was not a global issue. There was some deforestation, but overpumping of water was virtually unheard of, overfishing was rare, and carbon emissions were so low that there was no serious effect on climate. The indirect costs of these early excesses were negligible.
Now with the economy as large as it is, the indirect costs of burning coal—the costs of air pollution, acid rain, devastated ecosystems, and climate change—can exceed the direct costs, those of mining the coal and transporting it to the power plant. As a result of neglecting to account for these indirect costs, the market is undervaluing many goods and services, creating economic distortions.
One of the best examples of this massive market failure can be seen in the United States, where the gasoline pump price in mid-2007 was $3 per gallon. But this price reflects only the cost of discovering the oil, pumping it to the surface, refining it into gasoline, and delivering the gas to service stations. It overlooks the costs of climate change as well as the costs of tax subsidies to the oil industry (such as the oil depletion allowance), the burgeoning military costs of protecting access to oil in the politically unstable Middle East, and the health care costs for treating respiratory illnesses from breathing polluted air.
Based on a study by the International Center for Technology Assessment, these costs now total nearly $12 per gallon ($3.17 per liter) of gasoline burned in the United States. If these were added to the $3 cost of the gasoline itself, motorists would pay $15 a gallon for gas at the pump. These are real costs. Someone bears them. If not us, our children. In reality, burning gasoline is very costly, but the market tells us it is cheap, thus grossly distorting the structure of the economy. The challenge facing governments is to restructure tax systems by systematically incorporating indirect costs as a tax to make sure the price of products reflects their full costs to society and by offsetting this with a reduction in income taxes.
Another market distortion became abundantly clear in the summer of 1998 when China's Yangtze River valley, home to nearly 400 million people, was wracked by some of the worst flooding in history. The resulting damages of $30 billion exceeded the value of the country's annual rice harvest.
After several weeks of flooding, the government in Beijing announced a ban on tree cutting in the Yangtze River basin. It justified this by noting that trees standing are worth three times as much as trees cut: the flood control services provided by forests were far more valuable than the lumber in the trees. In effect, the market price was off by a factor of three.
We know from our analysis of global warming, from the accelerating deterioration of the economy's ecological supports, and from our projections of future resource use in China that the western economic model—the fossil-fuel-based, automobile-centered, throwaway economy—will not last much longer. We need to build a new economy, one that will be powered by renewable sources of energy, that will have a diversified transport system, and that will reuse and recycle everything.
This situation has occasional parallels in the commercial world. In the late 1990s Enron, a Texas-based energy trading corporation, may have appeared on the cover of more business magazines than any other U.S. company. It was spectacularly successful. The darling of Wall Street, it was the seventh most valuable corporation in the United States in early 2001. Unfortunately, when independent auditors began looking closely at Enron in late 2001 they discovered that the company had been leaving certain costs off the books. When these were included, Enron was worthless. Its stock, which had traded as high as $90 a share, was suddenly trading for pennies a share. Enron was bankrupt. The collapse was complete. It no longer exists.
We are doing today exactly what Enron did. We are leaving costs off the books, but on a far larger scale. We focus on key economic indicators like economic growth and the increase in international trade and investment, and the situation looks good. But if we incorporate all the indirect costs that the market omits when setting prices, a very different picture emerges. If we persist in leaving these costs off the books, we will face the same fate as Enron.
As we have seen, a corporate accounting system that left costs off the books drove Enron, one of the largest U.S. corporations, into bankruptcy. Unfortunately, our global economic accounting system that also leaves costs off the books has potentially far more serious consequences.
The key to building a global economy that can sustain economic progress is the creation of an honest market, one that tells the ecological truth. To create an honest market, we need to restructure the tax system by reducing taxes on work and raising them on various environmentally destructive activities to incorporate indirect costs into the market price.
If we can get the market to tell the truth, then we can avoid being blindsided by a faulty accounting system that leads to bankruptcy. As Øystein Dahle, former Vice President of Exxon for Norway and the North Sea, has observed: "Socialism collapsed because it did not allow the market to tell the economic truth. Capitalism may collapse because it does not allow the market to tell the ecological truth."
The need for tax shifting—lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities—has been widely endorsed by economists. For example, a tax on coal that incorporated the increased health care costs associated with mining it and breathing polluted air, the costs of damage from acid rain, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in clean renewable sources of energy such as wind or solar. A market that is permitted to ignore the indirect costs in pricing goods and services is irrational, wasteful, and, in the end, self-destructive.
Some 2,500 economists, including eight Nobel Prize winners in economics, have endorsed the concept of tax shifts. Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw wrote in Fortune magazine: "Cutting income taxes while increasing gasoline taxes would lead to more rapid economic growth, less traffic congestion, safer roads, and reduced risk of global warming—all without jeopardizing long-term fiscal solvency. This may be the closest thing to a free lunch that economics has to offer."
The first step in creating an honest market is to calculate indirect costs. Perhaps the best model for this is a U.S. government study on the costs to society of smoking cigarettes that was undertaken by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In 2006 the CDC calculated the cost to society of smoking cigarettes, including both the cost of treating smoking-related illnesses and the lost worker productivity from these illnesses, at $10.47 per pack.
This calculation provides a framework for raising taxes on cigarettes. In Chicago, smokers now pay $3.66 per pack in state and local cigarette taxes. New York City is not far behind at $3 per pack. At the state level, New Jersey—which has boosted the tax in four of the last five years to a total of $2.58—has the highest tax. Since a 10-percent price rise typically reduces smoking by 4 percent, the health benefits of tax increases are substantial.
Tax restructuring can also be used to create an honest pricing system for ecological services. For example, forest ecologists can estimate the values of services that trees provide, such as flood control and carbon sequestration. Once these are determined, they can be incorporated into the price of trees as a stumpage tax. Anyone wishing to cut a tree would have to pay a tax equal to the value of the services provided by that tree. The market for lumber would then be based on ecologically honest prices, prices that would reduce tree cutting and encourage wood reuse and paper recycling.
When Nicholas Stern, former chief economist at the World Bank, released his ground-breaking study in late 2006 on the future costs of climate change, he talked about a massive market failure. He was referring to the failure of the market to incorporate the climate change costs of burning fossil fuels. The costs, he said, would be measured in the trillions of dollars. The difference between the market prices for fossil fuels and the prices that also incorporate their environmental costs to society are huge.
The most efficient means of restructuring the energy economy to stabilize atmospheric CO2 levels is a carbon tax. Paid by the primary producers—the oil or coal companies—it would permeate the entire fossil fuel energy economy. The tax on coal would be almost double that on natural gas simply because coal has a much higher carbon content. As noted in Chapter 11, we propose a worldwide carbon tax of $240 per ton to be phased in at the rate of $20 per year between 2008 and 2020. Once a schedule for phasing in the carbon tax and reducing the tax on income is in place, the new prices can be used by all economic decisionmakers to make more intelligent decisions.
Gasoline's indirect costs of $12 per gallon provide a reference point for raising taxes to where the price reflects the environmental truth. Gasoline taxes in Italy, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom averaging $4.40 per gallon are almost halfway there. The average U.S. gas tax of 47¢ per gallon, scarcely one tenth that in Europe, helps explain why more gasoline is used in the United States than in the next 20 countries combined.
Phasing in a gasoline tax of 40¢ per gallon per year for the next 12 years, for a total rise of $4.80 a gallon, and offsetting it with a reduction in income taxes would raise the U.S. gas tax to the $4–5 per gallon prevailing today in Europe and Japan. This will still fall short of the $12 of indirect costs currently associated with burning a gallon of gasoline, but combined with the rising price of gasoline itself it should be enough to encourage people to use improved public transport and motorists to buy the plug-in hybrid cars scheduled to enter the market in 2010.
These carbon and gasoline taxes may seem high, but there is at least one dramatic precedent. In November 1998 the U.S. tobacco industry agreed to reimburse state governments $251 billion for the Medicare costs of treating smoking-related illnesses—nearly $1,000 for every person in the United States. This landmark agreement was, in effect, a retroactive tax on cigarettes smoked in the past, one designed to cover indirect costs. To pay this enormous bill, companies raised cigarette prices, bringing them closer to their true costs and further discouraging smoking.
A carbon tax of $240 per ton of carbon by 2020 may seem steep, but it is not. If gasoline taxes in Europe, which were designed to generate revenue and to discourage excessive dependence on imported oil, were thought of as a carbon tax, the $4.40 per gallon would translate into a carbon tax of $1,815 per ton. This is a staggering number, one that goes far beyond any carbon emission tax or cap-and-trade carbon-price proposals to date. It suggests that the official discussions of carbon prices in the range of $15 to $50 a ton are clearly on the modest end of the possible range of prices. The high gasoline taxes in Europe have contributed to an oil-efficient economy and to far greater investment in high-quality public transportation over the decades, making it less vulnerable to supply disruptions.
Tax shifting is not new in Europe. A four-year plan adopted in Germany in 1999 systematically shifted taxes from labor to energy. By 2003, this plan had reduced annual CO2 emissions by 20 million tons and helped to create approximately 250,000 additional jobs. It had also accelerated growth in the renewable energy sector, creating some 64,000 jobs by 2006 in the wind industry alone, a number that is projected to rise to 103,000 by 2010.
Between 2001 and 2006, Sweden shifted an estimated $2 billion of taxes from income to environmentally destructive activities. Much of this shift of $500 or so per household was levied on road transport, including hikes in vehicle and fuel taxes. Electricity is also picking up part of the shift. Environmental tax shifting is becoming commonplace in Europe, where France, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom are also using this policy instrument. In Europe and the United States, polls indicate that at least 70 percent of voters support environmental tax reform once it is explained to them.
Environmental taxes are now being used for several purposes. As noted earlier, landfill taxes adopted by either national or local governments are becoming more common. A number of cities are now taxing cars that enter the city. Others are simply imposing a tax on automobile ownership. In Denmark, the tax on the purchase of a new car exceeds the price of the car itself. A new car that sells for $25,000 costs the buyer more than $50,000. Other governments are moving in this direction. New York Times reporter Howard French writes that Shanghai, which is being suffocated by automobiles, "has raised the fees for car registrations every year since 2000, doubling over that time to about $4,600 per vehicle—more than twice the city's per capita income."
Cap-and-trade systems using tradable permits are sometimes an alternative to environmental tax restructuring. The principal difference between them is that with permits, governments set the amount of a given activity that is allowed, such as the harvest from a fishery, and let the market set the price of the permits as they are auctioned off. With environmental taxes, in contrast, the price of the environmentally destructive activity is incorporated in the tax rate, and the market determines the amount of the activity that will occur at that price. Both economic instruments can be used to discourage environmentally irresponsible behavior.
The use of cap-and-trade systems with marketable permits has been effective at the national level, ranging from restricting the catch in an Australian fishery to reducing sulfur emissions in the United States. For example, the government of Australia, concerned about lobster overharvesting, estimated the sustainable yield of lobsters and then issued catch permits totaling that amount. Fishers could then bid for these permits. In effect, the government decided how many lobsters could be taken each year and let the market decide what the permits were worth. Since the permit trading system was adopted in 1986, the fishery has stabilized and appears to be operating on a sustainable basis.
Although tradable permits are popular in the business community, permits are administratively more complicated and not as well understood as taxes. Edwin Clark, former senior economist with the White House Council on Environmental Quality, observes that tradable permits "require establishing complex regulatory frameworks, defining the permits, establishing the rules for trades, and preventing people from acting without permits." In contrast to restructuring taxes, something with which there is wide familiarity, tradable permits are a concept not widely understood by the public, making it more difficult to generate broad public support.
Each year the world's taxpayers provide an estimated $700 billion of subsidies for environmentally destructive activities, such as fossil fuel burning, overpumping aquifers, clearcutting forests, and overfishing. An Earth Council study, Subsidizing Unsustainable Development, observes that "there is something unbelievable about the world spending hundreds of billions of dollars annually to subsidize its own destruction."
Iran provides a classic example of extreme subsidies when it prices oil for internal use at one tenth the world price, strongly encouraging car ownership and gas consumption. If its $37-billion annual subsidy were phased out, the World Bank reports that Iran's carbon emissions would drop by a staggering 49 percent. This move would also strengthen the economy by freeing up public revenues for investment in the country's economic development. Iran is not alone. The Bank reports that removing energy subsidies would reduce carbon emissions in India by 14 percent, in Indonesia by 11 percent, in Russia by 17 percent, and in Venezuela by 26 percent. Carbon emissions could be cut in scores of countries by simply eliminating fossil fuel subsidies.
Some countries are already doing this. Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany reduced its coal subsidy from $2.8 billion in 1989 to $1.4 billion in 2002, meanwhile lowering its coal use by 38 percent. It plans to phase out this support entirely by 2018. As oil prices have climbed, a number of countries have greatly reduced or eliminated subsidies that held fuel prices well below world market prices because of the heavy fiscal cost. Among these are China, Indonesia, and Nigeria.
A study by the U.K. Green Party, Aviation's Economic Downside, describes the extent of subsidies to the U.K. airline industry. The giveaway begins with $18 billion in tax breaks, including a total exemption from the federal tax. External or indirect costs that are not paid, such as treating illness from breathing the air polluted by planes, the costs of climate change, and so forth, add nearly $7.5 billion to the tab. The subsidy in the United Kingdom totals $426 per resident. This is also an inherently regressive tax policy simply because a part of the U.K. population cannot afford to fly, yet they help subsidize this high-cost travel for their more affluent compatriots.
While some leading industrial countries have been reducing subsidies to fossil fuels—notably coal, the most climate-disrupting of all fuels—the United States has increased its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries. Koplow, Douglas|Douglas Koplow]], founder of Earth Track, calculated in a 2006 study that annual U.S. federal energy subsidies have a total value to the industry of $74 billion. Of this, the oil and gas industry gets $39 billion, coal $8 billion, and nuclear $9 billion. At a time when there is a need to conserve oil resources, U.S. taxpayers are subsidizing their depletion.
Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. A world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change, for example, can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power will help stabilize the earth's climate. Shifting subsidies from road construction to rail construction could increase mobility in many situations while reducing carbon emissions. And shifting the $22 billion in annual fishing industry subsidies, which encourage destructive overfishing, to the creation of marine parks to regenerate fisheries would be a giant step in restoring oceanic fisheries.
We can describe this new economy in some detail. The question is how to get from here to there before time runs out. Can we reach the political tipping points that will enable us to cut carbon emissions before we reach the ecological tipping points where the melting of the Himalayan glaciers becomes irreversible? Will we be able to halt the deforestation of the Amazon before it dries out, becomes vulnerable to fire, and turns into wasteland?
What if, for example, three years from now scientists announced that we have waited too long to cut carbon emissions and that the melting of the Greenland ice sheet is irreversible? How would the realization that we are responsible for a coming 7-meter (23-foot) rise in sea level and hundred of millions of refugees from rising seas affect us? How would it affect our sense of self, our sense of who we are?
It could trigger a fracturing of society along generational lines like the more familiar fracturing of societies along racial, religious, and ethnic lines. How will we respond to our children when they ask, "How could you do this to us? How could you leave us facing such chaos?" These are questions we need to be thinking about now—because if we fail to act quickly enough, these are precisely the questions we will be asked.
Today, more than ever before, we need political leaders who can see the big picture, who understand the relationship between the economy and its environmental support systems. And since the principal advisers to government are economists, we need economists who can think like ecologists. Unfortunately they are rare. Ray Anderson, founder and chairman of Atlanta-based Interface, a leading world manufacturer of industrial carpet, is especially critical of economics as it is taught in many universities: "We continue to teach economics students to trust the 'invisible hand' of the market, when the invisible hand is clearly blind to the externalities and treats massive subsidies, such as a war to protect oil for the oil companies, as if the subsidies were deserved. Can we really trust a blind invisible hand to allocate resources rationally?"
In a troubled world economy, where many governments are facing fiscal deficits, these proposed tax and subsidy shifts can help balance the books, create additional jobs, and save the economy's eco-supports. Tax and subsidy shifting promise energy efficiency, cuts in carbon emissions, and reductions in environmental destruction—a win-win-win situation.