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IL016: Pokémon Shipwreck
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Pokémon Shipwreck is a Season 1 episode. It is the second part of the 3-episode St. Anne story arc.
Episode Plot
This episode takes place the day after the last one. At the start of the episode, a police boat pulls up close to where the St. Anne sank. Officer Jenny steps out onto the deck of the boat and makes a small speech about how they just discovered that Ash, Misty, Brock, Jessie, and James didn't make it off the ship safely. She tosses a bouquet of flowers into the water and she and the other officers salute and one plays a trumpet as the flowers sink into the water.Meanwhile, inside the ship, Misty, Brock, and Pikachu are trying to wake Ash up. Ash wakes up and wonders why everyone is on the ceiling. He realizes that he is the one on the ceiling because his jacket is caught on the end of a table. He falls off the table and lands on Pikachu. Misty points to the porthole and Ash sees fish swimming outside. He realizes that the ship has sunk with them still on it.
The scene cuts to Team Rocket, who have just woken up and noticed that they are underneath stoves and they are burning. They jump out and they run over to some broken pipes, which they use to put out the fire. They run out into the hall and notice everything is upside down. Meowth says the ship must have capsized and sank. James starts panicking and Jessie calls out Ekans and tells it to use Acid to open up a hole in the floor. Meowth tries to stop her, but its too late. The Acid attack opened up a hole and lets in a jet of water. They try to stop the jet but they fail and the jet washes Team Rocket away.
Meanwhile, Ash and his friends run out into a stairwell, but they are forced to stop because of the water. Misty says that it will take a while for the ship to fill up with water, but they must still hurry. Ash wants to dive down to the deck but Brock says its too dangerous. Misty sends out Goldeen to look through the water. Goldeen finds Team Rocket, unconscious.
Ash and his friends wait for Goldeen to come back. Goldeen comes back, pushing Team Rocket along with it. Team Rocket wakes up and challenges them to a battle, sending Ekans and Koffing out. Ash sends out Charmander, Squirtle, and Bulbasaur while Brock sends out Geodude. The ship starts to tip and tilt side to side. Misty tells everyone to recall their Pokémon and the ship stops tilting.
Misty wants them all to work together, but they don't want to. She makes them all shake hands and form a temporary alliance. Ash shakes Jessie's hand, Brock shakes James's hand, and Pikachu shakes Meowth's paw but ends up shocking him, getting Pikachu a lecture from Misty. Misty says she knows the blueprints of the ship because she made a model of the ship once and says they should go up to the bottom of the ship and cut a hole in the hull to escape. They head to a broken staircase and Brock sends out Onix and tells everyone to use Onix as a staircase to get up.
The lights in the ship start to fail as the group heads down a hallway. Ash brings out Charmander to help everyone see where they're going. They enter the next room and find they can't cross it because of a massive fire and a large gap, cutting off the pathway to the engine room. Ash gets a brainstorm after Pikachu gives his brain a jump-startAsh sends out Bulbasaur and tells Bulbasaur to use Vine Whip to make a bridge for everyone to cross. Ash, Misty, and Brock start to cross but James is too afraid. He tells Jessie and Meowth to leave him behind. Jessie slaps him and tells Bulbasaur to bring the vines back.
They all safely make it to the engine room, even though Team Rocket is worn out. Ash brings out Charmander to cut a hole in the hull by using Flamethrower. Misty reminds everyone to strap themselves to a water Pokémon, but Team Rocket doesn't have any Water Type Pokémon. The hull opens up, sends out a waterfall. Ash recalls Charmander, since Charmander is running away from the water. Ash and Pikachu strap themselves to Squirtle, Misty straps herself to Goldeen, and Brock straps himself to Starmie. While Ash and friends swim out of the ship to safety, Team Rocket is stranded. James starts laughing and holds up his Magikarp's golden Poké Ball. They try to escape with Magikarp, but discover that it can't swim. The water picks up the ship and carries it into a trench.
Ash and his friends climb onto a small raft and they wonder what happened to Team Rocket. Brock suggest that they find dry land. Ash sends out Pidgeotto to look for it. Pidgeotto finds Team Rocket floating on the surface of the ocean, still strapped to Magikarp. Pidgeotto brings them back to the raft and Ash, Misty, and Brock think that they have died and attempt to give them a burial by pushing them back into the water. Jessie and James wake up in time and Ash and friends think they are zombies. Meowth, who was pushed in the water, starts yelling for help. Pikachu snaps his fingers, upset Meowth isn't dead.
They are all forced to stay on the raft for the night and they wake up very hungry. Ash, Brock Jessie and James think about what to make from Magikarp. Meowth attempts to eat Magikarp, but only breaks his teeth because Magikarp is nothing except skin and bones. James, mad that the Pokémon isn't even good as food, kicks off the raft and says he doesn't want to be its trainer anymore. Magikarp evolves into Gyarados. Misty gets Goldeen, Starmie and Staryu and everyone starts pushing raft as fast as they can to get away from Gyarados. Gyarados stops chasing them suddenly. Everyone thinks its tired except Misty. She remembers hearing sailor stories about Dragon Rage. The waves pick up and more Gyarados come. They start whipping up a water cyclone. The Gyarados head to the raft. Brock tries to flee again but Misty says its no use, that no one has ever survived a Dragon Rage attack. The cyclone hits the raft. Ash and his friends try to hold on but they go spinning off.
Pokémon Debuts
- When Ash and co. get hit by Gyarados' Dragon Rage, Team Rocket yells「 やなかんじ!」 "Yana Kanji!" "Bad Feeling!" in their Japanese voices, which is the Japanese equivalent of "Team Rocket is blasting off again!".
- During the scene when the Pokémon are running back and forth to give the ship more balance, Brock yells for Geodude to come back, part of Ekans can be seen to the left of Brock, even though Ekans just went to the other side.
- On a related note, after Brock tells Geodude to come back, the scene moves outside the ship for a few seconds, and then back in, and when it returns to the inside, Geodude is on the same side as all the other Pokémon, when it should be with Brock.
- When James shows Jessie and Meowth the gold-plated Poké Ball containing the Magikarp he bought in the last episode, the ball doesn't have scratch marks anymore (Meowth had scratched the front of the ball out of anger at James in the previous episode).
- Fish that aren't Pokémon appear in this episode.
- The "Who's that Pokémon" of this episode is Magikarp.
- This is the first ever episode that Ash uses a Bird Pokémon for long range surveillance.
- Brock made a reference to Noah of Noah's Ark.
- Although Misty's Goldeen has, on several occassions, been shown to be extremely weak out of the water, in the water here, it is strong enough to carry Jesse, James and Meowth, and even throw them clean out of the water.
- Jessie and James made a reference to the movie The Poseidon Adventure when Ash's Bulbasaur was letting everyone cross its vines. The St. Anne also capsizes, trapping a small group of survivors inside, as happened in the movie.
- "At first we thought all the passengers had gotten safely off the ship, but we have just discovered that five people are missing: Ash, Misty, Brock, Jessie and James. It makes all of us sad to think that these young Pokémon trainers have had their promising careers cut tragically short. May these flowers honor your memory."— Officer Jenny's eulogy
- "Hey, are you feeling ok Ash?" — Brock
- "Pikachu." — Pikachu
- "What? Oh brother. What're you talking about "Am I feeling ok"? You guys are the ones who're upside down." — Ash
- "You're definitely the one upside-down." — Misty
- "Something's really burning!" — Jessie
- "You picked a bad place for a nap." — Meowth
- "We've got to abandon ship immediately!" — James
- "I'm afraid it won't be so easy to get off while the ship's underwater." — Meowth
- "AHHH! THE SHIP SUNK! WE'RE DOOMED!" — James
- "Didn't I tell you numbskulls we're sinking? You think we need another hole on the ship?" — Meowth after Jesse's Ekans makes a hole
- "Team Rocket?" — Ash
- "They look terrible." — Brock
- "So, you followed us all the way to the bottom of the sea." — Brock about Team Rocket.
- "Geodude! Come back to this side." — Brock
- "You guys, call back your Pokémon." — Misty
- "But Team Rocket will beat us if we call our Pokémon back." — Ash
- "He's right." — Brock
- "We can't worry about that right now. We've got worse troubles." — Misty
- "Yeah." — Ash and Brock
- "Call your Pokémon back too. What's more important: A Pokémon battle or your life?" — Misty
- "She's right good point." — Jessie
- "Phew." — Everyone
- "Okay then, we all agree there won't be any battles for now. Let's work together." — Misty
- "Come on now SHAKE HANDS!" — Misty
- "This is just a temporary truce until we get out of this mess." — Jessie
- "Better believe it." — Ash
- "Pikachu!" — Misty
- "It's agreed, we work together." — Jessie
- "Now we gotta think of someway to escape." — Ash
- "Leave it to me. I forgot to mention I built my own St. Anne once." — Misty
- "Really?" — Brock
- "It was a model." — Misty
- "Oh great." — Ash
- "Let's move it or lose it!" — Misty
- "Yes ma'am." — Jessie, James and Meowth
- "Jessica" — James
- "Yes James." — Jessie
- "Whoever said 'Beauty doesn't last', must've been thinking of us." — James
- "I'll always remember what a wonderful dresser you were." — Jessie
- "So will I." — James
- "Will you two knock it off! There's gotta be someway to get off this ship! There must be some angle we haven't thought of yet." — Misty
- "Think Ash. Pikachu, give my brain a jump-start." — Ash
- "Thanks, that's just what I needed." — Ash after Pikachu shocks him.
- "Now I know what a toasted marshmallow feels like." — Meowth
- "I hate water, especially wet water." — Meowth
- "You're laughing? I don't see what's so funny James." — Jessie
- "The poor guy must be cracking up, just like the ship." — Meowth
- "You really made fun of me, but who's got the last laugh now? Well a true genius is never appreciated until there's trouble. I knew we'd need this in a tight spot, look." — James
- "Could it be?" — Jessie
- "Magikarp! We're not worthy." — Jessie and Meowth
- "Feast your eyes on the king of karp, Magikarp." — James
- "You're the best James!" — Jessie
- I take back the jokes. From now on I'll treat you with the respect you deserve." — Meowth
- "Better late than never." — James
- "Lucky for us I bought this, even if it cost next months salary." — James about his Magikarp.
- "Don't tell me this fish can't swim." — Jessie
- "Forget swim, it can barely splash." — Meowth
- "We're doomed." — Jessie
- "I remember the story of Noah who, when he had to find dry land, sent a bird to find it and return with a branch." — Brock
- "Not even Team Rocket deserved this." — Ash about Team Rocket's demise
- "AHHHH! Zombies!" — Ash, Misty and Brock
- "Who are you calling zombies?" — James
- "We are not zombies." — Jessie
- "Somebody help! My fur is getting wet." — Meowth
- "Chu!" — Pikachu, snapping his fingers.
- "If I'd known I was gonna be starving I would've stuffed my face full when I was on the St. Anne!" — Misty venting
- "Aw, I want some food." — James
- "Stop it!" — Jessie
- "Yeah, that whining makes feel even hungrier." — Mewoth
- "I wouldn't try that again if I was you. Check your Pokédex cause Magikarp is just scales and bones." — Misty about Magikarp.
- "Ugh. Not only can that fish not swim, it's not even good for eating." — James
- "See? I told you buying it was stupid." — Jessie
- "You good for nothing fish! I don't want to be your master!" — James venting on Magikarp
- "What is that?!" — James
- "Now you've done it. Magikarp has evolved into Gyarados!" — Misty
- "Gyarados? I miss Magikarp." — Jessie
- "I'm James, your master, obey me." — James
- "Dimwit! If you're the master don't act like you're scard of it!" — Jessie
- "I am scared." — James
- "How will you battle it?" — Brock
- "My strategy is... RUN AWAY!" — Misty
- "We made it!"' — Jessie and James
- "Unless the stories are true." — Misty
- "What're you talking about Misty?" — Ash
- "Sailors talk terrible stories about the Gyarados. I think this might be... it may be Dragon Rage." — Misty
- "Dragon Rage?" — Ash, Brock, Jessie and James
- "Help! We're Gyarados bait!" — James scared again.
- "Hey, what're they doing?" — Ash
- "Dragon Rage, Gyaradoses ultimate attack." — Misty
- "No one's ever gotten away from Dragon Rage." — Misty about Dragon Rage
- "Hey Brock, Misty, Pikachu! Whatever happens, don't let go!" — Ash
Pokémon Shipwreck picks up where Battle aboard the St. Anne leaves off, and the gang's fate is revealed in the next episode: IL017: Island of the Giant Pokémon!.
Release date and DVD release
These episodes originally aired September 29, 1998 and can be seen on the DVD boxset "Pokémon Indigo League Volume One: Disc 2".
Watch this and other episodes: Pokémon Episode 16: Pokémon Shipwreck


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(SportsNetwork.com) - The struggling Milwaukee Bucks look to put an end to
their losing ways when they take on the visiting Memphis Grizzlies Wednesday
night at the Bradley Center.
The Bucks have lost six in a row and 14 of their last 16 games, including
Monday's 116-94 setback at Toronto. Ersan Ilyasova scored a season-high 29
points on 11-for-16 shooting to go with nine rebounds, while Brandon Knight
and rookie Giannis Antetokounmpo scored 16 and 11 points, respectively.
Ilyasova made all three of his 3-pointers and is shooting 9-for-14 from
behind the arc over the last four games.
"I thought he brought a physicality to the game, I thought he played hard,"
Bucks head coach Larry Drew said of Ilyasova.
By making 42.2 percent of their shots at Toronto, the Bucks ended a streak of
three games with under 40 percent shooting.
Milwaukee hopes to end a three-game home losing streak Wednesday and is just
3-14 at the Bradley Center this season. The Bucks, who own the worst record in
the NBA at 7-30, are also a lowly 1-10 against teams from the Western
Conference and will visit Houston and San Antonio next on the schedule.
Memphis has been playing well of late with three straight wins and five in the
last seven games. The Grizzlies went 3-1 on a recent homestand, which
culminated with Tuesday's 90-87 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder.
The Grizzlies and Thunder exchanged blows early on, as Memphis led 24-16 after
12 minutes of play and Oklahoma City responded with a 31-19 advantage in the
second quarter. The second half was tight throughout
Zach Randolph, who had 23 points and 13 rebounds for his 21st double-double in
the last 28 games and 24th overall, was fouled late in the game and made 1-
of-2 to make it an 88-84 contest, but OKC forward Serge Ibaka answered at the
other end with a 3-pointer. Courtney Lee then knocked down a pair from the
line with 1.3 seconds left and the Grizzlies held on for the win.
Lee scored a team-high 24 points and Mike Conley added 19 for the Grizzlies,
who welcomed back reigning Defensive Player of the Year Marc Gasol. Gasol
scored 12 points and grabbed four rebounds, and was sidelined for more than
three weeks with a knee injury.
"I got the goose bumps for about a minute, or two minutes," Gasol said. "I
felt like I was a rookie again, even better than that. Today was a special day
for me, but we move on."
Grizzlies guard Tony Allen missed his fifth straight game with a sprained left
wrist and is questionable Wednesday.
Memphis looks to build on its 8-7 road mark in Milwaukee and took both
meetings with the Bucks a season ago. The Grizzlies have won five straight in
this series and are unbeaten in the last three trips to Brew City
The Sports Network

subset: commoncrawl


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April 5, 2012
Blake Alderman
After missing out on Rivals100 defensive end Darius Hamilton in the Class of 2012 the University of Florida coaching staff hopes to have better luck in the state of New Jersey for the 2013 recruiting cycle. One prospect the Gators have targeted is Jersey City (N.J.) St. Peters Prep cornerback Tre Bell. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
Robert Higgs on Obamas Spending Spree
Recorded: Monday, October 26, 2009
Originally aired on 10/26/09 on FoxNews.coms Freedom Watch. Robert Higgs, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, examines why government spending cant pull the U.S. out of economic recession.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Government Waste/Pork, Taxes
Robert Higgs on The Decline of American Liberalism with ReasonTV
Recorded: Friday, April 17, 2009
Robert Higgs, author and Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, discusses historian Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr.'s book, The Decline of American Liberalism, in an interview with Reason TV.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economists, Political Ideology and Philosophy


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Ash's Gible is Ash's only Dragon type Pokemon.
Ash first encountered his Gible when he met Old Lady Wilma, a woman who teaches Dragon Pokémon the special move Draco Meteor. Ash assisted Gible in the learning of the move and Gible decided to follow Ash. It also has the habit of biting onto heads. Later on, Ash noticed Gible followed him and eventually captured it. It has many powerful attacks such as Draco Meteor, Dig and Dragon Pulse.
He has been in quite a lot as Piplup seems to get hit by the failed Draco Meteor. In that episode Gible battled Barry's Empoleon and lost easily.
Gible has been appearing in the two following episodes DP158 and DP159, when Gible once again hit Piplup with Draco Meteor and chewed on rocks and sunk in the water and had to be saved by Ash's Buizel.
Gible wasn't seen again until DP164 where it expanded Piplup's couch gag which made Piplup learn Hydro Pump and run away.
It also helped out Ash and Volkner breaking the cage with Rock Smash in DP166 and a cameo appearance in DP167 and DP168. Also battling Dawn's Togekiss in DP172 and appear as a small appearances in DP173 onward. In DP185 it perfected Draco Meteor and used it to defeat Conway's Shuckle and to cause enough damage to Conway's Dusknoir to allow him to finish it with Dragon Pulse. Ash's Gible lost against Tobias and his Darkrai although it was able to hit Darkrai with Rock Smash.
Known moves
|A Meteoric Rise to Excellence!
|Draco Meteor
|A Meteoric Rise to Excellence!
|Dragon Pulse
|A Meteoric Rise to Excellence!
|Working On A Right Move


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Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Test Overview
A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. PSA is released into a man's blood by his prostate gland. Healthy men have low amounts of PSA in the blood. The amount of PSA in the blood normally increases as a man's prostate enlarges with age. PSA may increase because of inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis) or prostate cancer. An injury, a digital rectal exam, or sexual activity (ejaculation) may also briefly raise PSA levels.
Prostate cancer often grows very slowly, without causing major problems. Finding prostate cancer early and treating it may prevent some health problems and reduce the risk of dying from the cancer. But some treatments for prostate cancer can cause other problems, such as being unable to control urination (incontinence) or erection problems (erectile dysfunction). Some men may choose not to have a PSA test or treat prostate cancer if it is found. For example, an older man who has no bothersome symptoms of prostate cancer may choose not to treat the cancer if it is found, so he would not need a PSA test.
Health Tools
Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health.
|Decision Points focus on key medical care decisions that are important to many health problems.
|Prostate Cancer Screening: Should I Have a PSA Test?
Why It Is Done
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is done to:
- Screen men for prostate cancer. Experts agree that PSA testing is not right for all men. If a PSA test is used for screening, it is usually done for men older than age 50 or for those at high risk for prostate cancer, such as men with a family history of prostate cancer, or for African-American men who have a higher chance of developing cancer than other men. Since other common medical conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis, can cause high PSA levels, a prostate biopsy may be done if your doctor is concerned about signs of prostate cancer.
- Check if cancer may be present when results from other tests, such as a digital rectal exam, are not normal. A PSA test does not diagnose cancer, but it can be used along with other tests to determine if cancer is present.
- Watch prostate cancer during active surveillance or other treatment. If PSA levels increase, the cancer may be growing or spreading. PSA is usually not present in a man who has had his prostate gland removed. A PSA level that rises after prostate removal may mean the cancer has returned or has spread.
How To Prepare
Before you have a prostate-specific antigen (PSA), tell your doctor if you have had a:
- Test to look at your bladder (cystoscopy) in the past several weeks.
- Prostate needle biopsy or prostate surgery in the past several weeks.
- Digital rectal exam in the past several weeks.
- Prostate infection (prostatitis) or an urinary tract infection (UTI) that has not gone away.
- Tube (catheter) inserted into your bladder recently to drain urine.
Do not ejaculate for 24 hours before your PSA blood test, either during sex or masturbation.
Talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form(What is a PDF document?).
How It Is Done
The health professional taking a sample of your blood will:
- Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein.
- Clean the needle site with alcohol.
- Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be needed.
- Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
- Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
- Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed.
- Put pressure on the site and then a bandage.
How It Feels
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.
Screening tests aren't perfect. They may miss some cancers, show something that looks like a tumor when it's not one, or find cancers that will never cause a problem. Since there is no way to know which ones will cause harm, cancers are often treated. This may lead to unnecessary cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.
Talk to your doctor about whether you should have this screening test. It is important to know the risks of having this test and whether studies show that having the test will reduce your risk of dying from this kind of cancer.
There is very little chance of a problem from having a blood sample taken from a vein.
- You may get a small bruise at the site. You can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes.
- In rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. This problem is called phlebitis. A warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this.
- Ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. Aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and other blood-thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. If you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood-thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken.
A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood.
The normal values listed here—called a reference range—are just a guide. These ranges vary from lab to lab, and your lab may have a different range for what's normal. Your lab report should contain the range your lab uses. Also, your doctor will evaluate your results based on your health and other factors. This means that a value that falls outside the normal values listed here may still be normal for you or your lab.
Because normal PSA levels seem to increase with age, age-specific ranges may be used. But the use of age-specific ranges is controversial, and some doctors prefer to use one range for all ages. For this reason, it is important to discuss your test results with your doctor.
Men age 40–49:
Men age 50–59:
0–3.5 ng/mL
0–3.5 mcg/L
Men age 60–69:
0–4.5 ng/mL
0–4.5 mcg/L
Men 70–79:
0–6.5 ng/mL
0–6.5 mcg/L
High values
- High levels do not always mean prostate cancer is present. PSA levels may be high if the prostate gland is enlarged (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH) or inflamed (prostatitis).
- PSA levels above 8.0 ng/mL (or 8.0 mcg/L) may mean prostate cancer. A transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and prostate biopsy are needed to confirm a diagnosis of cancer.
A follow-up test that measures free prostate-specific antigen (free PSA) may be used to see if a prostate biopsy should be done to check for cancer. Free PSA is prostate-specific antigen that is not attached to proteins in the blood. The lower a man's free PSA level, the more likely he is to develop prostate cancer.
Percent free PSA
Probability of cancer
More than 25%:
What Affects the Test
Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:
- Recent sexual activity (ejaculation).
- Recent use of a tube (catheter) to drain urine or a cystoscopy.
- Recent urinary tract infection (UTI) or prostatitis.
- Recent digital rectal exam, prostate biopsy, or prostate surgery.
- Large doses of medicines, such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and methotrexate for cancer treatment.
- The medicines finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart), which are used to prevent further enlargement of the prostate gland in men with BPH.
What To Think About
- When combined with a digital rectal exam, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test may increase the chance of finding prostate cancer. To learn more, see the topic Digital Rectal Examination (DRE).
- A PSA level within the normal ranges does not mean that prostate cancer is not present. Some men who have prostate cancer have normal PSA levels.
- The American Cancer Society (ACS) advises men to talk with their doctors about testing and treatment before deciding about testing. The ACS says that men should not be tested without learning about the risks and benefits. The ACS advises talking to a doctor about testing:
- At age 50 for men who are at average risk of getting prostate cancer and are expected to live at least 10 more years.
- At age 45 for men at high risk, such as African Americans and men who have a first-degree relative (father, brother, or son) who had prostate cancer when he was younger than 65.
- At age 40 for men at an even higher risk, such as those with several first-degree relatives who had prostate cancer at an early age.
- The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against routine PSA tests to look for prostate cancer. The USPSTF found that testing often does more harm than good. Men who are tested may end up getting treatment they don't need, and those treatments can cause other problems. Few, if any, men are helped to live longer by having the test.
- The American Urological Association (AUA) recommends routine shared decision making only for men 55 to 69 years of age who are at average risk for prostate cancer and who don't have any symptoms of prostate cancer. The AUA says these men should talk with their doctors about the benefits and harms of PSA testing. Then they can decide based on their personal values and preferences.
- Some experts do not advise yearly testing. They say the high rate of false-negative and false-positive results and the costs and risks of further tests outweigh the benefits of yearly screening tests.
- Experts disagree about the type of testing that is appropriate if
the PSA level is high. The decision may depend on:
- Results of your digital rectal exam.
- Results of any PSA tests you have had in the past. If your PSA level gets higher in a short amount of time, follow-up testing may be recommended.
- Your age and health.
- The costs and risks of more tests and treatments.
- Other prostate tests are being evaluated to
determine how well they tell the difference between prostate cancer and benign
prostatic hyperplasia.
- The prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) test compares the PSA value to the size of the prostate gland. The size of the prostate is measured using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS).
- The PSA velocity test is a measure of how rapidly PSA levels increase over time. PSA levels increase more rapidly in men with prostate cancer and more slowly in men with prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
- A complexed prostate-specific antigen (cPSA) test may help show if a prostate biopsy should be done. This test measures the amount of several forms of PSA that are attached to proteins found in the blood.
- Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2010). Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.
Other Works Consulted
- Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2008). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders.
- Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2010). Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2012). Screening for Prostate Cancer: Recommendation Statement. Available online: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatefinalrs.htm.
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|Christopher G. Wood, MD, FACS - Urology, Oncology
|Last Revised
|May 14, 2013
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Climate change and terrestrial wildlife management in the Canadian North
This is Section 11.3.2 of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Lead Author: David R. Klein; Contributing Authors: Leonid M. Baskin, Lyudmila S. Bogoslovskaya, Kjell Danell, Anne Gunn, David B. Irons, Gary P. Kofinas, Kit M. Kovacs, Margarita Magomedova, Rosa H. Meehan, Don E. Russell, Patrick Valkenburg
Historical conditions and present status (184.108.40.206)
In comparison to ecosystems at lower latitudes in Canada most ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic are considered functionally intact, although the consequences for marine ecosystems of contaminants introduced from industrial activity to the south and climate-induced thawing are not known. Most threats typical for elsewhere in the world – such as habitat loss through agriculture, industry, and urbanization – are localized. Introduced species primarily associated with agriculture at lower latitudes are scarce, or largely confined to areas near communities. Invasive wildlife species from the south, such as moose and snowshoe hares, are primarily restricted to the tundra–forest interface. Within most arctic ecosystems, resource use through hunting is the most conspicuous influence that people have on wildlife with the exception of localized resource extraction and expanding tourism. Among the factors that can influence arctic wildlife, hunting is potentially the most manageable and its quantitative assessment needed for management is feasible. Although hunting is not currently considered a threat to terrestrial wildlife in the Canadian Arctic, it has recently interacted with other factors such as weather to locally reduce caribou abundance on, for example, some arctic islands[1]. Managed hunting is considered an important part of wildlife conservation through its emphasis on sustainability of harvest. Hunting, however, poses a threat when it causes or contributes to undesired declines or through interaction with other species with detrimental consequences. The latter is especially relevant in marine systems where knowledge of ecosystem relationships and processes are less well understood than they are for terrestrial systems. Hunting remains inextricably part of the long relationship between indigenous people of the Arctic and their environment, and they see themselves as part of the arctic ecosystems within which they dwell[2].
Fluctuations in caribou numbers over decades in the Canadian Arctic have been a frequently reiterated observation in indigenous knowledge (e.g., [3]), and this parallels archaeological evidence from western Greenland[4]. The increased hunting that followed European colonization, with the introduction of firearms and commercial hunting, accentuated or over-rode natural fluctuations in caribou numbers and contributed to the so-called caribou crisis of low numbers between 1949 and 1955[5]. Subsequently, the herds of barren-ground caribou increased five-fold. The number of caribou on the mainland tundra in four of the largest herds (Bathurst, Beverly, Qamanirjuaq, and Bluenose) was estimated at 1.4 million in the mid-1990s and numbers are believed to be remaining relatively stable.
Historically, muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) were sufficiently numerous to be an important part of the indigenous culture on the mid-arctic islands, but were less so on the mainland until a brief pulse in commercial hunting for hides in the late 1800s and early 1900s[6]. However, sharp declines in muskox numbers on the Northwest Territories (NWT) mainland followed unregulated commercial trade in muskox hides. Muskox numbers quickly collapsed and within 30 years only a handful of scattered herds remained on the mainland. Muskox hunting was banned between 1917 and 1967, after which populations had started to recover by the 1970s when subsistence hunting was resumed under quotas. Numbers of muskoxen in the NWT and Nunavut have been recently estimated at about 100,000 on the arctic islands and about 20,000 on the mainland[7].
Hunting was not the cause of all known historic wildlife declines – muskoxen virtually disappeared from Banks and western Victoria Islands in the late 1800s, before European influences. Inuvialuit elders have memory from their youth of an icing storm that encased vegetation in ice and many muskoxen died on Banks Island[8]. Muskox numbers rebounded on Banks Island from a few hundred to 3,000 by 1972 and to 64000 by 2001[9].
The number of polar bears killed by hunters increased with European exploration and trading in the Canadian Arctic. Hunting for hides was not significant until the 1950s when prices climbed in response to market demands. Snow-machines were becoming available in the 1960s, leading to increased hunting and stimulating international concern over sustainability of the polar bear harvest. In 1968, regulations imposed quotas to reduce hunting of polar bears. Canada has about 14,800 polar bears of the entire arctic population of 25,000 to 30,000 bears[10].
Present wildlife management arrangements and co-management (188.8.131.52)
The federal and territorial governments responded to the wildlife declines in the NWT during the first half of the 20th century with well-meaning but mostly poorly explained regulations that restricted hunting. These regulations largely ignored local knowledge and emphasized hunting as a threat, which alienated indigenous hunters and left them feeling bitter. Those feelings still influence discussions about hunting, although changes in management practices as a result of establishing new management regimes in recent years may be reducing mistrust[11].
Co-management is a type of regime that has emerged in response to such conditions of conflict and mistrust to shift power and responsibility to boards comprising wildlife users, as well as government representatives. Co-management agreements establish boards of user representatives and agency managers, and typically have authority for wildlife management subject to conservation, public safety, and public health interests. Although overall authority for management is vested in the appropriate government ministry and/or indigenous governing organization, co-management boards make day-to-day decisions on wildlife and are valuable in assessing problems, achieving regional consensus, and making recommendations to user communities, management agencies, and government policy-makers. Co-management potentially helps to ensure that indigenous ecological knowledge is included in wildlife management, although there is debate over its effectiveness in this regard[12]. Under land claims legislation, the territorial government determines a total allowable harvest using species-specific methods and recommends to the boards the allowable harvest for species that are regulated. If the total allowable harvest exceeds the basic needs levels, then the surplus can be allocated to non-beneficiaries or for commercial wildlife harvest, including sale of meat and guided hunts for non-resident sport/trophy hunters.
The NWT and Nunavut territorial governments use a variety of methods for determining allowable harvest. Differences in methodology are a complex of practicality, species life history, and management history. For caribou and muskox harvest management, pragmatic flexibility often takes precedence over application of theory[13]. Aerial surveys are used to track caribou and muskox population trends. For barren-ground caribou, the survey findings have not been used to limit subsistence hunting, although they have been used to set quotas for commercial use. In a few instances, communities voluntarily took action to reduce hunting on some arctic islands, based on hunter reports of decline in caribou numbers. In contrast to caribou, muskoxen are hunted under an annual quota based on a 3 to 5% harvest of the total muskoxen estimated within the management unit. The local community decides whether the quota is for subsistence or commercial use.
Managing polar bears has taken a different direction from managing caribou and muskoxen, at least partly because tracking polar bear abundance is logistically difficult and prohibitively expensive. The total allowable harvest is based on modeling the maximum number of female bears that can be taken without causing a population decline[14]. The flexible quota system, allowing sex-selective hunting, assumes that the sustainable annual harvest of adult females (greater than two years of age) is 1.6% of the estimated population, and that males can be harvested at twice that rate. Within the total annual quota, each community is allocated a maximum number of males and females. If the quota of females killed is exceeded, the total quota for the subsequent year is reduced by the exceeded amount. During the period 1995–1996 to 1999–2000 the average annual harvest of polar bears in Canadian territories, combined with harvest statistics reported in Alaska and Greenland, was 623 animals while the sustainable harvest estimate was 608[15]. Communities and territorial governments developed and jointly signed Local Management Agreements in the mid-1990s that provide background, provide for use of both scientific and traditional knowledge, and provide the procedure for estimating population size and establishing the annual harvest quota.
Progress has also been made in developing co-management for other marine mammals, notably the small whales in the eastern and western Canadian Arctic. Conservation and management of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) in Alaska and the NWT is through the Alaskan and Inuvialuit Beluga Whale Committee, which includes representatives from communities and governments as well as technical advisors[16]. However, only representatives from beluga hunting communities vote on hunting issues. In the eastern Arctic less progress has been made toward co-management for narwhal (Monodon monoceros) partly because of a failure to involve fully the Inuit hunters[17]. Advisory and co-management boards and agreements are not necessarily a guarantee of widespread hunter support[18]. Klein et al.[19] compared caribou management under the Beverly–Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board with management of the Western Arctic Caribou Herd in Alaska through a statewide Board of Game. They concluded that information was not flowing effectively from user representatives on the co-management board to the user communities, thus the users did not feel as involved in management of the caribou as in Alaska where regionally based biologists collecting data for management had more interaction with the users.
How do co-management arrangements help to meet the goals of sustainability in conditions of climate change? Experience with Canadian co-management arrangements demonstrates that these systems can be critical tools for tracking the trends in climate change, reducing human vulnerabilities, and facilitating optimal human adaptation to impacts in single-species management. Trust relations growing from formal co-management arrangements also provide conditions from which innovative ecological monitoring and research involving local/traditional knowledge and science add to the system's capacity to cope with change. In short, a focus on biological aspects of wildlife management should be complemented with institutional considerations to understand their full effectiveness in addressing the possible impacts of climate change.
Co-management is defined both with respect to institutional features of an arrangement[20] as well as by outcome of sharing of decision-making authority by local communities of resource users and agencies in the management of common pool resources[21]. Power-sharing arrangements can emerge through informal relations between parties (e.g., regional biologists and local hunters), as a result of formal agreements, or, as is most common, from a combination of de jure and de facto relations. Structures for co-management of wildlife therefore differ from conventional state resource management systems in which decision-making is bureaucratically organized and driven primarily by the principles of scientific management. As well, co-management differs from local control in which a resource user community pursues self-determination, largely independent of external parties. In practice, these arrangements result in considerable latitude in the range of authority and responsibility exercised by resource users[22].
In the Canadian Arctic, formal co-management has become a common feature of the political landscape either through constitutionally entrenched land-claims agreements or as stand-alone arrangements. Implementation is typically directed through boards of users and agency representatives that are advisory to government ministers, agencies, local communities, and various indigenous governance bodies. In most cases, co-management agreements have been struck to specify community rights to hunting and provide a meaningful role for indigenous subsistence users in management decision-making. In several cases they have proven critical in achieving compliance when facing scarcity of resource stocks (e.g., Peary Caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) of Banks Island and co-management system of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement).
What is the significance of co-management to sustainability? Meeting the goals of sustainability requires that resource managers, local communities, and other parties cooperate in resource management. These management functions typically include ecological monitoring and impact assessment, research, communication between parties, policy-making, and enforcement. As a part of this process, there is a need for adequate and integrated knowledge at multiple scales of population regulators, habitat relationships, and potential impacts of human activity, including harvesting, on the population[23]
Hunting as a threat to wildlife conservation (188.8.131.52)
Hunting can become a threat to wildlife conservation if population size changes unpredictably in response to environmental perturbations or density dependent changes (unless the population size is closely monitored and hunting is adjusted quickly). Most large mammals in the Arctic are relatively long-lived and thus somewhat resilient to interannual environmental variability that may result in loss of a single age class through breeding failure or heavy mortality of young animals. However, extreme conditions such as icing of vegetation or deep snows restricting access to forage may result in near total mortality across age classes[24] or rarely, regional extirpation of populations or subspecies[25]. Muskoxen are large-bodied grazers capable of using low-quality forage during winter and with a predominantly conservative lifestyle. Thus, they are adapted to buffering some of the consequences of variable weather and forage supplies[26]. Caribou, in their much greater range of latitudinal distribution (muskoxen are rarely found in the boreal forests) are less strongly coupled as a species by feedback loops to their forage[27]. However, their more energetic life style, associated with their morphology and behavior, predisposes them to feeding selectively for high-quality forage, necessitating extensive movements and often long seasonal migrations between the barren grounds and the boreal forests[28]. Long migrations may be an evolutionary strategy that buffers localized variables in forage quality and availability, which may be weather-related. Icing of vegetation in winter and fires on winter ranges in summer are examples of these weather-related influences on winter forage availability. Caribou are vulnerable to other aspects of weather that affect quality and availability of forage on calving grounds, the level of insect harassment and parasitism, and in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, freedom of inter-island movement. In the northernmost arctic islands, environmental variability becomes more significant as many processes are near their limits of variability, such as plant growth, which plays a large role in determining herbivore reproduction and survival. Consequently, annual variation in population attributes such as pregnancy rates and calf survival is high. For example, Thomas[29] documented annual pregnancy rates of between 0 and 80% for Peary caribou and the range in calf production and survival between 1982 and 1998 was 23 to 76 calves per 100 cows for caribou on Banks Island[30]. The amount of environmental variability may exceed the capability of large mammals to buffer changes and lead to unexpected surges in recruitment or mortality. Rate of population change and size will be more unpredictable and thus hunting will be at more risk of being out of phase with the population trend. Changes in caribou numbers on Banks Island is an example of hunting accelerating a decline likely to have already been underway in response to an environmental change (severe snow winters). Caribou declined from 11,000 in 1972 to perhaps less than 1,000[31].
North of Banks Island is the range of the Peary caribou, which are only found on Canada's high-arctic islands. Trends in Peary caribou numbers are only available from the western high-arctic islands where numbers have fluctuated within a long-term decline from 26,000 in 1961 to 1,000 by 1997[32]. In 1991, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada classified caribou on the high-arctic and Banks islands as Endangered based on the steep population declines during the 1970s and 1980s.This was believed to have been caused by climatic extremes – warmer than usual autumn storms causing dense snow and icing, which limit access to forage[33].
Institutional circumstances that may lead to wildlife vulnerability to hunting start with limitations in the ability to detect population declines. Detecting declines in caribou or muskox numbers partly depends on recognizing trends in population size[34]. The aim is to conduct regular surveys, but high costs and large survey areas have increased survey intervals to the extent that population changes have been missed. For example, the inter-island caribou population of Prince of Wales and Somerset Islands was considered to be relatively stable between 1974 and 1980 (estimated at 5,000 caribou in 1980). In the early 1990s, Inuit hunters reported seeing fewer caribou on those two islands, which triggered a survey, but not until 1995. The survey revealed that caribou had declined to less than 100[35].
Problems with detecting population declines are not just technical. Hunters frequently distrust survey techniques and disbelieve the results, especially when declines in caribou are reported[36], but the same may be true for muskoxen and hunted whales[37]. Disbelief stems from historical relationships that have involved poor communication, as well as cultural differences in relying on abstract concepts and numbers as opposed to personal observation. Further differences arise over interpretation of factors causing declines – for example, whether caribou have moved away from the survey area or whether numbers declined because deaths exceeded births[38]. However, merging information derived from scientific investigation and existing weather records with information gleaned from indigenous hunters is increasingly employed as a tool in monitoring wildlife population response to climate change[39].
Socio-economic factors can affect the vulnerability of wildlife to hunting. The two territories of NWT and Nunavut have been described as having a "Fourth World" economy[40] with the indigenous population often forming enclaves within the larger communities that are economically dominated by the North American society. The growing human population in the north, nevertheless, remains heavily dependent on hunting and fishing[41]. At present, wage earning provides the cash needed for the purchase and operation of equipment and supplies necessary for hunting and fishing, which have become highly dependent on mechanized transport[42] (Fig. 11.4), which in turn creates the need for at least part-time work. However, wage-earning opportunities are relatively limited, shifting the emphasis to commercial use of wildlife and fisheries, but the distinction between subsistence and commercial use is by no means simple. In West Greenland, for example, small-scale sales of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and fin whales (B. physalus) were considered necessary to maintain cash flow to purchase supplies for subsistence hunting[43]. But managing for commercial use that is not focused on maximizing profits is inconsistent with systems for management of commercial harvest. Clark[44] explained the economic rationale for the ease with which commercial harvesting can lead to over-harvesting, especially for long-lived species with low rates of reproduction.
Finally, a mixture of concern and defensiveness exists in response to "outside" (i.e., southern Canada and elsewhere) views or opinions about wildlife harvest and management. In a workshop on future action over the endangered Peary caribou, this was recognized as a serious issue[45], especially in the context of allowing caribou hunting while considering reduction of wolf predation through translocations or other predator control methods. Response to "outside" opinions stems partly from previous experience with some organized animal rights activists and some who see hunting as a threat to animal welfare or conservation. Indigenous hunters, who view their dependency on local resources as sustainable in contrast to the heavy dependency by southern urban dwellers on nonrenewable resources, perceive such urban-based organizations as a threat to their way of life. This view has proven to be the case, for example in the movement against seal hunting that led to the European Common Market's ban on seal skins, which resulted in a substantial loss of income from sealskins in some Inuit communities[46].
Additional threats to wildlife conservation (188.8.131.52)
The risk that hunting can become unsustainable and cause or contribute to population declines may lie in the unexpected[47]. The unexpected ranges from shortcomings in data collection or predictive models, to environmental changes accumulating in unanticipated ways not encompassed by traditional knowledge. Within this context, this includes threats to wildlife from outside the Arctic, such as atmospheric transfer of contaminants and climate change, even if there is uncertainty as to how those threats may unfold in practice. However, management of use of wildlife and associated conservation of wildlife is most difficult in the absence of available methods to monitor both the harvest levels and the status of the populations that are harvested.
Global climate change and the atmospheric transport of contaminants are factors that are already affecting some arctic populations. Global warming in the near future is projected to trigger a cascade of effects[48]. Evidence consistent with projections of global climate change in the western Arctic includes Inuvialuit reports of ecological changes such as the appearance of previously unknown birds and insects following trends of warmer weather[49]. Along the mainland central arctic coast, Inuit are expressing concerns for the deaths of caribou crossing sea ice as freeze-up is later and break-up earlier than before[50].
Sustainability of wildlife for hunting can be affected by influences of climate change on the hunted populations. For example, an increased difficulty in finding winter forage is likely for caribou on the western arctic islands if warmer temperatures bring a greater frequency of freezing rain and deeper snow. Annual snowfall for the western high Arctic increased during the 1990s and the three heaviest snowfall winters coincided with Peary caribou numbers on Bathurst Island dropping from 3,000 to an estimated 75 caribou between 1994 and 1997. Muskoxen declined by 80% during the same three winters[51].
Atmospheric and aquatic transport of contaminants has resulted in contaminants reaching detectable levels in arctic wildlife[52], although effects on population ecology are poorly understood. Although many contaminants that may be detrimental to living organisms are of anthropogenic origin, many derive from natural sources. Persistent organochlorine compounds are carried in the atmosphere, but cadmium is almost entirely from natural sources and mercury is from ocean degassing, natural breakdown, and atmospheric and anthropogenic sources[53]. Bioaccumulation of contaminants can reach levels in marine mammals that pose threats to humans who consume them, especially pregnant and lactating women and their infants (see Chapter 15).
If global warming imposes increased environmental stress on wildlife it is likely to interact with contaminants. For example polar bears, at the top of the marine food chain, accumulate contaminants by eating ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and other marine mammals. Relatively high levels of organochlorine compounds and metals are found in polar bears, with relatively strong regional patterns[54]. In female polar bears, although the existing body levels of organochlorine compounds may be sequestered effectively when fat reserves are high, the sequestration away from physiological pathways may be inadequate during a poor feeding season[55]. On western Hudson Bay, there is a trend for female bears to have less fat reserves as sea ice break-up occurs progressively earlier, forcing them ashore where they are required to fast for increasingly longer periods[56]. How contaminants in marine systems may change with a changing climate, and what may be the consequences for wildlife and the humans who consume wildlife is not understood, yet an understanding of the nature of the threats posed by contaminants in arctic systems and the processes and pathways involved is critical for the management and conservation of arctic wildlife.
Chapter 11. Management and Conservation of Wildlife in a Changing Arctic Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Management and conservation of wildlife in the Arctic
11.3 Climate change and terrestrial wildlife management
11.3.1 Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic
11.3.2 The Canadian North
11.3.3 The Fennoscandian North
11.3.4 The Alaskan Arctic
11.4 Management and conservation of marine mammals and seabirds in the Arctic
11.5 Critical elements of wildlife management in an Arctic undergoing change
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–Nagy, J., 2001. pers. comm. Government of the Northwest Territories, Inuvik, Canada Valkenburg, P., 2004.
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- ^ Berkes, F. 1989. Co-management and the James Bay Agreement. In: E. Pinkerton (ed.). Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development, pp. 181–182. University of British Columbia Press.
- ^ Berkes, F. 2002. Cross-scale institutional linkages: perspectives form the bottom up. In: E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dol_ak, P.C. Stern, S. Stovich and E.U. Weber (eds.). The Drama of the Commons, pp. 293–322. National Academy Press.
–Berkes, F. and C. Folke (eds.), 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge University Press, 459pp.
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- ^ Vibe, C., 1967. Arctic animals in relation to climatic fluctuations. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bd., 170(5):1–227.
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–Klein, D.R., 1992. Comparative ecological and behavioral adaptations of Ovibos moschatus and Rangifer tarandus. Rangifer, 12:47–55.
–Klein, D.R. and C. Bay, 1994. Resource partitioning by mammalian herbivores in the high Arctic. Oecologia, 97:439–450.
- ^ Jefferies, R.L., J. Svoboda, G. Henry, M. Raillard and R. Ruess, 1992. Tundra grazing systems and climatic change. In: F.S. Chapin, R.L. Jefferies, J.F. Reynolds, G.R. Shaver, J. Svoboda and E.W. Chu (eds.). Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective, pp. 391–412. Academic Press.
- ^ Klein, D.R., 1992. Comparative ecological and behavioral adaptations of Ovibos moschatus and Rangifer tarandus. Rangifer, 12:47–55.
- ^ Thomas, D.C., 1982. The relationship between fertility and fat reserves of Peary caribou. Canadian Journal Zoology, 60:597–602.
- ^ Larter, N. and J. Nagy, 1999. Sex and age classification surveys of Peary caribou on Banks Island, 1982–1998: a review. Northwest Territories Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development. Manuscript Rep. No. 114, 33pp.
- ^ Nagy, J.A., N.C. Larter and V.P. Fraser, 1996. Population demography of Peary caribou and muskox on Banks Island, N.W.T., 1982–1992. Rangifer Special Issue No. 9:213–222.
–Nagy, J., 2001. pers. comm. Government of the Northwest Territories, Inuvik, Canada Valkenburg, P., 2004.
- ^ Gunn, A., F.L. Miller and J. Nishi, 2000. Status of endangered and threatened caribou on Canada's Arctic islands. Rangifer Special Issue 12.
- ^ Miller, F.L., 1990. Peary Caribou Status Report. Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service Western and Northern Region, 64pp.
- ^ Graf, R. and R. Case, 1989. Counting muskoxen in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67:1112–1115.
–Heard, D.C., 1985. Caribou census methods used in the Northwest Territories. McGill Subarctic Research Papers, 40:229–238.
- ^ Gunn, A., F.L. Miller and J. Nishi, 2000. Status of endangered and threatened caribou on Canada's Arctic islands. Rangifer Special Issue 12.
- ^ Klein, D.R., L. Moorhead, J. Kruse and S.R. Braund, 1999. Contrasts in use and perceptions of biological data for caribou management. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27:488–498.
- ^ Richard, P.R. and D.G. Pike, 1993. Small whale co-management in the eastern Canadian Arctic: a case history and analysis. Arctic, 46:138–155.
- ^ Freeman, M.M.R., 1975. Assessing movement in an Arctic caribou population. Journal of Environmental Management, 3:251–257.
–Miller, F.L. and A. Gunn, 1978. Inter-island movements of Peary caribou south of Viscount Melville Sound, Northwest Territories. Canadian Field Naturalist, 92(4):331–333.
- ^ Ferguson, M.A.D. and F. Messier, 1997. Collection and analysis of traditional ecological knowledge about a population of Arctic tundra caribou. Arctic, 50:17–28.
–Kofinas, G. (with contributions from the communities of Aklavik, Arctic Village, Old Crow, and Fort McPherson), 2002. Community contributions to ecological monitoring: knowledge co-production in the U.S.-Canada Arctic borderlands. In: I. Krupnik and D. Jolly (eds.). The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change, pp. 54–91. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Fairbanks, Alaska.
- ^ Weissling, L.E., 1989. Arctic Canada and Zambia: a comparison of the development processes in the Fourth and Third Worlds. Arctic, 42:206–216.
- ^ Bureau of Statistics, 1996. Statistics Quarterly. Department of Public Works and Services, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. Vol. 18.
- ^ Wenzel, G.W., 1995. Animal Rights, Human Rights. Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic. University of Toronto Press, 206pp.
- ^ Caulfield, R.A., 1993. Aboriginal subsistence whaling in Greenland: the case of Qeqertarsuaq municipality in west Greenland. Community-based whaling in the North. Arctic, 46:144–155.
- ^ Clark, C.W., 1976. Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimum management of Renewable Resources. Wiley Interscience.
- ^ Gunn, A., U.S. Seal and P.S. Miller (eds.), 1998. Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop for Peary Caribou and Arctic-Island Caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota.
- ^ Wenzel, G.W., 1995. Animal Rights, Human Rights. Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic. University of Toronto Press, 206pp.
- ^ Holling, C.S., 1986. The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change. In: W.C. Clark and R.E. Munn (eds.). Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, pp. 292–317. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Oechel, W.C., T. Callaghan, J.I. Holten, B. Maxwell, U. Molau and B. Sveinbjornsson (eds.), 1997. Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag. 493pp.
- ^ IISD, 1999. Inuit observations on climate change. Trip report 1, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, 20pp.
- ^ Thorpe, N., 2000. Contributions of Inuit Ecological knowledge to Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change on the Bathurst Caribou Herd in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut. M.R.M. Thesis, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, 279pp.
- ^ Gunn, A., F.L. Miller and J. Nishi, 2000. Status of endangered and threatened caribou on Canada's Arctic islands. Rangifer Special Issue 12.
- ^ AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, 188pp.
–AMAP, 2002. Arctic Pollution 2002. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo. xi + 111pp.
–Elkin, B.T. and R.W. Bethke, 1995. Environmental contaminants in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 160/161:307–321.
- ^ AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, 188pp.
- ^ AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, 188pp.
- ^ AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, 188pp.
–Polischuk, S.C., R.J. Letcher, R.J. Norstrom, S.A. Atkinson and M.A. Ramsay, 1994. Relationship between PCB concentration, body burden and percent body fat in female polar bears while fasting. Organohalogen Compounds, 20:535–539.
- ^ Stirling, I., N.J. Lunn and J. Iacozza, 1999. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic, 52:294–306.


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FORT WAYNE, Ind. (www.incnow.tv) – A state-wide effort to keep prescription drugs out of the wrong hands.
It's all part of National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day, Saturday. Indiana Attorney general Greg Zoeller is pushing consumers to turn in any expired, unused, or unwanted medications.
Many people dispose of their medications by flushing them down the toilet or throwing them away, which can pose safety and health risks. That's something the Indiana State Police (ISP) say needs to stop.
"The goal is to keep those medications out of our drinking water, out of landfills, but also out of people's hands who shouldn't legally have them," said Sgt. Ron Galaviz with ISP.
In the five previous take-back events, more than two million pounds of prescription medications were collected.
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While heading nearer to Olivine City, Ash and co. stop off at the nearest Pokémon Center where they meet a Nurse Joy who has a slight problem: She hates Water Pokémon, which upsets Misty. Why does she hate Water Pokémon, and how can she deal with it? Hypnosis might help.
- This episode is the second one to have the words "The Joy of Pokémon". The first was OI011: The Joy of Pokémon.
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A man walked out to see two men breaking into his car in Colorado Springs. The men took off, but police tracked them down.
It happened early Monday morning when fresh snow covered the street. It was what the men left in the snow that led police right to them.
Thomi Payne said he came out of his house on the northeast side of the Springs near Research and Powers, at exactly the right time and caught two alleged crooks breaking into his car.
"I see my car doors open and I'm out here and I start (yelling) 'HEY! HEY!' (and) screaming obscenities at these kids," Payne said.
He said about four inches of snow covered the street. He told us, what happened next, seemed to come right out of a TV crime show.
"I've actually been watching a lot of Law and Order and CSI so I was like 'we're going to bust them.' So I call the police immediately and I'm like there are footsteps," Payne said.
Investigators followed those footprints less than a mile away, and arrested two suspects.
"I mean, I thought it was actually pretty cool that they were able to follow (the footprints)," Payne
Payne said he's been seeing more car break-ins lately. He told us a friend had camera gear stolen out of her car. Bottom line, don't keep valuables inside and be sure to lock the doors.
Clayton Romero and Nathan Roulier were arrested and charged with trespassing. Investigators told us both men confessed to breaking into cars to steal valuables.
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[CS6] My name is Kjell Ekhorn. I'm a graphic designer and an image maker. I'm living on an island outside Oslo. I think when I was growing up I just knew that I wanted to have something to do with art because I loved drawing, and I loved visual stuff. Non-Format is myself, and it's Jon Forss. I still can't see you. Ah, there you are. Cheers.<
[Jon Forss] Well, we've been working together for 7 years when I decided
that I was going to move to the US.
It was a worrying prospect.
As it turned out, technology has really allowed us to work together.
I live in St. Paul, Minnesota.
I love the winters here. I love the snow.
I love the cold.
It's about extremes.
I like the extreme cold because it forces you to put on a big coat and a hat
and to make that decision, and I'd rather that there were spikes
of weirdness thrown in there somewhere, and I think it comes out in the work,
and it comes out in where I live.
Non-Format is 2 people's brains bashing together.
That's really all it is is it's just 2 people
playing around with stuff and seeing what comes out.
[Kjell Ekhorn] We met in London in the late 90s.
We started off just doing some collaborating on
some music packaging projects and some book jackets.
[Jon Forss] And as soon as we realized that what we had created together
was better than we were creating separately
that's when we knew we had a business.
That's when we knew that we were on to something.
[Kjell Ekhorn] When we first started up we got The Wire magazine,
and after 3 years of designing it we really found our own voice.
[Jon Forss] Sometimes you work on something, and you don't know whether
it's good unless somebody else points at it and says, "That's good,"
especially if it's someone you trust.
We got very used to that dynamic, so when I moved here,
when we moved apart, we had to make sure that we could
replicate that as best as we could.
Did you send something more?
Yeah, I just sent you a screen grab of this thing.
[Kjell Ekhorn] InDesign and Illustrator and Photoshop have been
our staple diet for the last 15 years or whatever.
[Jon Forss] One of the things we do, of course, is share files across the internet.
Kjell finishes his work when I get up in the morning,
and then I have the opportunity to carry on working on them
so when he wakes up in the morning it's like the little elves have been working overnight,
and there's something for him to see.
[Kjell Ekhorn] The aesthetic of Non-Format is quite minimal.
It's quite stark, and it's quite emotional.
[Jon Forss] We tend to favor black and white over color.
We like to simplify, simplify, simplify, just keep it to the
absolute core elements that you need,
real extremes of form, so we'll have something that's incredibly heavy
against something that's incredibly light, and that tends to
be a recurring theme, if there is one.
[♪ Music ♪]
[Kjell Ekhorn] We are definitely thinking about the audience
that we are communicating to, but we are also making sure
that we make something that we think is strong.
Non-Format has a bigger ego than Kjell and Jon, which is what I like.
We have a kind of--Non-Format is the ego bit.
That's the one we don't want to let down.
We don't want to let down Non-Format.
When you have this kind of honesty with each other
it creates a trust, and you know that when somebody
is arguing for or against something they really mean it.
[Jon Forss] I'd find it incredibly difficult if I couldn't work with Kjell.
We're lucky that we trust each other so much, I think,
and it's not just that we decided to trust each other.
We have built up the trust over a decade.
Customer Spotlight: Adobe & Non-Format
Adobe CS6 Artist Series
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About This Episode
Internationally recognized for their art direction, image-making, and custom typography, Non-Format challenges what's possible with its unique vision.
Runtime : 00:04:22 Added : 04/22/2012
About this show
Adobe CS6 Artist Series
Inspiring portraits of digital artists and designers from around the world.
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Nathan Aston went unbeaten in the penultimate round of the Super One Cadet Comer Championship but a second and a third place finish in the two finals was enough to give Tom Harvey the provisional S1 title.
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Last Minute Thanksgiving Tips
LAST-MINUTE TIPS FOR A GOOD THANKSGIVING Whether you make a traditional or nontraditional meal, there may be a tip or two here that you find helpful: Keep flowers and other centerpieces lower than 8 inches so that everyone at the table can see each other. Don't use packaged bread crumbs or cubes for dressing. Use fresh sourdough bread, torn into pieces and set out to dry overnight. Do not overcook the turkey. When the thigh meat is 180 degrees, the… Read More »


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Zanzibar President Dr Ali Mohamed Shein said yesterday that the government is assessing the loss and damage to property caused by the recent rioting, before taking appropriate measures.
"We are conducting thorough assessment before taking necessary measures, including the possibility of compensation," he said describing the riots as deliberate violation of laws.
Dr Shein who was addressing a press conference, also said unauthorized religious meetings and demonstrations were banned, describing them as a threat to the existing peace and national unity.
He warned religious leaders or their followers against organising such gatherings without permision from responsible government organs, stressing: "We will not allow peace and harmony created by the National Unity Government to be threatened by a few individuals who using a religious umbrella."
Shein stressed: "There is no way we can tolerate these destructive acts…we will use all possible means to protect our peace and togetherness," he added.
He explained the government would not suppress freedom of worship, but "from now-onwards, organisers of all demonstrations and gatherings must seek permits from the government.
"We will not allow unauthorised meetings and stringent measures will be taken against those who do the contrary," he said.
He assured people from all faiths that the government will not restrict religious activities, as that right has been provided for in the Article 19 of the country's Constitution.
He said the government would continue protecting the country's security, and warned youths not to be used by groups of people who are all out to disrupt existing peace in Zanzibar.
He said the burning of churches impacted negatively on Zanzibar's tourist sector, which supported almost 60 per cent of the population and contributed to the Isles' foreign exchange earnings by 80 per cent.
On constitutional review, Dr Shein asked the people to be patient and air their comments when time is ripe, equating those giving their opinions (at this time) before the process started to be talking to the air, as their views will not be recorded.
Shein's statement comes only a day after religious leaders in Tanzania condemned the attacks on churches and Christian structures, pressing the Zanzibar government to bring to book perpetrators of the acts, which threatened peace and unity. The leaders who met the minister of State in the Second Vice President's Office, Mohamed Aboud on Wednesday, called on the Isles government to institute punitive actions against the pioneers of the burning of churches, convents in Zanzibar. Reading a statement, on behalf of the other leaders, Head of the Anglican Church, Bishop Valentine Mokiwa said the destructive acts posed a bigger threat to the security of their followers and the national unity.
"Our followers are living in fear, because of what happened to our churches some few days…there is also displeasure, on their part (followers) over government inaction and failure to take those responsible to court," said Mokiwa. The burning of churches started long time ago, but the government did not act decisively to put a stop to the acts, he said.
"This is not the first time… 25 churches have been burned so far in different parts of Zanzibar, and the government is quiet, despite the initiatives taken to report the incidents to the police. We don't know who should bear the blame…at times, it create an impression that these acts have government blessing," said Valentine, who doubles as Chairman of President of African Churches. He said pioneers of the destruction were not hooligans or mentally-ill people, but individuals of sound mind who have a special agenda.
"And the government is duty-bound to extensively trace them and bring them to book – in order to restore public trust and confidence in the government," said the cleric.


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D'Antoni, WVU football and hoops and Lee Corso
CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- The views from here, while happily winging back to the Mountain State from Spokane:
The Mountain State has always had a strong link with the Lakers, harking back to the playing days of Jerry West and, subsequently, his work as general manager. (We'll skip his coaching stint.)
The initial backlash against D'Antoni by Laker fans wasn't surprising. Phil Jackson, who was passed over, is a proven winner and fan favorite. What was surprising, however, was the media backlash. Those supposedly knowledgeable in basketball panned the move like an Elizabeth Berkley film.
I understand some of the questions. But Steve Nash loves D'Antoni. Kobe Bryant is happy with the move. And half the battle with gifted athletes is getting them on board with the coach. My hunch is D'Antoni will fare well. If owner Jerry Buss wants a return of "Showtime," D'Antoni's offense is the best option.
My question: Did Buss huddle with West? Perhaps?
You've read the city of Morgantown has given WVU grief about game-day parking on Monongahela Boulevard. Perhaps Luck should put plans for a baseball stadium on the back burner and work on a multi-level parking garage for the Coliseum.
Mountaineer fans will buy tickets for WVU basketball games. As it stands, though, they seem to only show in full force for games against "name" teams.
Part of the reason is because it's a pain to get there and park. If a parking garage would be erected and a few capable traffic cops employed, WVU could draw more fans. It would be easier. It would be more fun. It would be more profitable.
Again, fans have proven they'll show for hoops. Are they really going to show for WVU baseball?
The hosts pasted the Mountaineers 84-50 in Spokane, Wash., and we learned a couple things.
One, with the way West Virginia's team is shooting the ball, it will see lots and lots of zone this season. The Zags started in a man-to-man defense but settled into an effective 2-3 zone, partly because of foul problems. It worked like a charm.
"We weren't in the right place at the right time," said WVU guard Jabarie Hinds. "We weren't flashing. We were perimeter passing. We made their zone look better than it was."
"I feel we played as bad as we possibly could," added Juwan Staten. "We can only go up from here. It was a tough environment and we probably won't face any team that executes as well as [Gonzaga]. We just have to get better."
WVU also needs to get the ball inside more, especially to Aaric Murray, WVU's only double-digit scorer Monday.
It will be interesting to see, however, what happens after the season. Luck has said he wants accountability. It will be surprising if some of Dana Holgorsen's coaches aren't fired.
My response: absolutely, positively not. Smith has been too good and has represented WVU too well to make such a move at this point. It would be a slap at one of the Mountaineers' finest all-time football performers.
And based on the late-season defections, Holgorsen and company seem to already have team discord with which to deal.
Besides, what - beside one strike thrown against Oklahoma State - makes anyone think Paul Millard is ready for the duty?
And while you're ditching that, attach the Michael Vick talk. The Philadelphia Eagles are likewise 3-6. Neither Vick nor Sanchez are "elite." They won't be. Move on please.
While asking ESPN to retire things, I'm sure Holgorsen wouldn't mind if the World Wide Leader would mothball the "Stare Down" commercial that served the WVU program well early in the season. Oddly, it's been running a lot lately.
You know the one. The punch line has Lee Corso asking Mountaineer mascot Jonathan Kimble, hidden in the corner with a musket, ready to defend his coach, what he's looking at.
It also, though, leads into that with Kirk Herbstreit asking Holgorsen about his defense.
"Yeah," Holgorsen says, "[it's] playing pretty good. I had some new guys step up."
If only . . .
Reach Mitch Vingle at 304-348-4827, email@example.com or follow him at twitter.com/MitchVingle.


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May 2, 2016
Lauren Silberman's NFL tryout has lasted all of two kicks, neither of which traveled 20 yards.
Silberman is the first woman to compete at an NFL regional scouting combine. She is 28 years old and played club soccer at Wisconsin.
She left the New York Jets' practice field after injuring her quadriceps. She tried two kickoffs, the first going 19 yards and the second about 13 yards. She then asked to see a trainer.
As more than two dozen media, including E! Entertainment network, watched her every move, Silberman was examined by a trainer. About 30 minutes later, while 36 other kickers continued their workouts, she called the scene "surreal."
Silberman left the complex soon after that.
Copyright 2016 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
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