text:
Biomass Feedstocks for Biopower in the United States
Growing willows for wood chips in Uppland, Sweden. Source: Vilseskogen/Flickr
Biopower—a form of renewable energy—is the generation of electric power from biomass feedstocks. Biopower, which comprised about 1% of electricity generation in the United States in 2008, may reduce greenhouse gas emissions, provide energy security, and promote economic development. A large range of feedstocks can be used, from woody and herbaceous biomass to agricultural residues. Each feedstock has technical and economic advantages and challenges compared to fossil fuels.
|Note: This article was derived from the Congressional Research Service Report R41440 by Kelsi Bracmort, January 20, 2011
Unlike wind or solar energy, a biopower plant is considered to be a baseload power source because some biomass feedstocks can be used for continuous power production. However, ensuring a sustainable supply of biomass feedstocks is a major challenge. Although there are multiple biopower technologies, few of them except combustion have been deployed at commercial scale nationwide.
U.S. federal policymakers are supporting biopower through feedstock supply analysis and biopower technology assessments. However, there is limited comprehensive data about the type and amount of biomass feedstock available to meet U.S. biopower needs at a national level. If the use of dedicated biomass feedstocks to generate biopower were to develop into a sizeable industry, concerns would likely include the effect of the industry on land use (i.e., how much land would it take to grow the crops needed to fuel or co-fuel power plants) and the effect on the broader economy, including farm income and food prices. To date, these have not been issues: most existing biomass feedstocks have been waste products generated by the forest products industry or by farms, or municipal solid waste for which combustion served as both a disposal method and a source of energy.
Growing crops for use as a power source would be different from using waste. Under generally accepted assumptions regarding crop yields and energy content, approximately 31 million acres— roughly the amount of land in farms in Iowa—would be needed to supply enough biomass feedstock to satisfy 6% of total 2008 U.S. electricity retail sales. When added to the amount of land needed to meet the requirements of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), a federally mandated transportation fuel requirement, the potential impacts could be significant: the RFS already consumes 35% of the nation's corn crop, and its requirements will triple between 2010 and 2022 (although much of this fuel will come from feedstocks other than corn).
Beyond land use and economic impacts, others are concerned that the use of biomass feedstocks to generate biopower, particularly through combustion, could add to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels and exacerbate climate change concerns. They fear that certain areas may be unsustainably harvested to meet biomass feedstock demand, or that less biomass may be left for other purposes (e.g., wood and paper products). The concerns exist partly because biomass used for biopower does not face the same constraints as biomass used for liquid transportation fuels under the RFS. In addition, the idea that biomass combustion is carbon-neutral is under scrutiny. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not exempted biomass combustion emissions from the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule, although it announced plans to defer for three years GHG permitting requirements for carbon dioxide emissions from biomass-fired and other biogenic sources (those produced by living organisms). In the PSD and Title V Permitting Guidance for Greenhouse Gases issued in 2010, EPA noted that biomass could be considered a best available control technology (BACT)—a pollution control standard mandated by the U.S. Clean Air Act.
The production of bioenergy—renewable energy derived from biomass—could potentially increase U.S. national energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to rural economic growth. Legislative, research, and industrial attention have focused on the production of bioenergy in the form of liquid transportation fuels (e.g., corn-based ethanol).1 Biopower—the production of electricity from biomass feedstocks—may require new national policies or incentives if Congress decides to encourage its development.
Biopower, or biomass power, comprised about 1% of electricity generation in the United States in 2008.2 It was the third-largest renewable energy source for electricity generation in that year, after conventional hydroelectric power and wind.3 The Department of Energy's (DOE's) Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that electricity generation from biomass will grow from 0.9% of total generation in 2008 to 5.5% in 2035.4 The DOE reference case for this projection assumes extension of federal tax credits, state requirements for renewable electricity generation, and the loan guarantee program in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05; P.L. 109-58) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA; P.L. 111-5).
Current concerns for accelerating biopower growth include the need for a continuously available feedstock supply, a commercial-scale facility to generate the biopower, and market certainty for investors and purchasers alike. Improved feedstock availability, technological advancements, and new forms of economic support could increase the relative contribution of biopower to meeting U.S. energy demand.
One reason for the projected growth of biopower is the fuel's ability to be used in a baseload power plant. Baseload power is the minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate. If a plant operates as a baseload plant, the plant can run continually except for maintenance and outages. With sufficient feedstock supplies, a biopower plant could provide "firm" power for baseload needs (and long-term contracts would reduce risk). In contrast, wind and solar energy require either a form of power storage, such as batteries, or a backup power source, such as natural gas turbines, in order to provide firm power.
Power generation from biomass is not limited to a specific feedstock and therefore is relatively flexible in terms of fuel suppliers. Each region of the country can pursue biomass feedstocks that are native and readily available (e.g., corn stover in the Midwest, hybrid poplar in the Northwest, switchgrass in the Southeast). The economic climate for biopower dictates that biopower plants should be located in close proximity to feedstocks to reduce transportation costs, which can be significant.5 Furthermore, existing combustion plants can be retrofitted for biopower production; power from these plants could use existing transmission infrastructure. Financing and siting of new transmission infrastructure could add uncertainty to a proposed project.
The availability and cost of biomass feedstocks determine the amount of biopower that can be produced nationally. An overarching concern is maintaining a sustainable biomass feedstock supply.6 If feedstocks are collected without regard to replenishment, or in an otherwise unsustainable manner, biopower enterprises may lead to natural resource deterioration such as soil erosion or the depletion of forested land. The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), expanded under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA; P.L. 110-140), mandates a minimum volume of biofuels to be used in the national transportation fuel supply each year. Under the RFS, biomass used for renewable fuel for transportation purposes cannot be removed from federal lands, and the law excludes crops from forested lands.7 Thus far, biomass used for biopower is not subject to the same constraints as biomass used for liquid transportation fuels under the RFS. Additionally, feedstock diversity is a formidable challenge to biopower growth, because cultivation, harvest, storage, and transport vary according to the feedstock type. Another challenge is accounting for the amount of feedstock available for biopower production due to market fluctuations and weather variability.
This article provides analyses of commonly discussed biomass feedstocks and their relative potential for power generation.
Additional biopower issues—feedstock accessibility, the biomass power plant carbon-neutrality debate, and unintended consequences of legislative activities to promote bioenergy—are also discussed.
What Kind of Biomass Is Available for Biopower?
The type, amount, and costs of biomass feedstocks available for biopower will largely determine whether biopower can thrive as a major renewable energy alternative. There is limited comprehensive data on the amount of biomass feedstocks available to meet current and future biopower needs at a national level. The supply data available is generally evaluated in terms of meeting biofuel demand. Some may argue that feedstock assessments for biofuels are adequate for biopower purposes, as the same feedstock may be used to meet both biofuel and biopower demands. Information that identifies which feedstocks exhibit the most potential for power generation in the near and long term is also scarce.8 Furthermore, ideal or feasible locations where feedstocks may be grown are not well assessed. The potential inclusion of genetically modified dedicated energy crops or selective breeding for bioenergy purposes may alter the amount of biomass feedstock available for biopower production (and may alter land use).
Additional legislative action concerning financial support of biopower may depend on better data to estimate the economic viability of biopower plants nationwide.9 Costs associated with biomass storage and transportation to a biopower plant, as well as other economic and environmental considerations, are among the factors assessed in individual biopower plant feasibility studies. These factors are key to determining which biomass feedstocks can be used.
In addition to economics, biological characteristics play a large role in determining the suitability of any type of biomass. Biomass is organic matter that can be converted into energy. Plants use photosynthesis to store energy (carbon-based molecules) within cell walls, and that energy is released when the biomass undergoes a biological process such as anaerobic digestion, or a chemical process such as combustion. Biomass can include land- and water-based vegetation (e.g., trees, algae), as well as other organic wastes (see Table 1).
Several types of feedstocks can be used as a fuel source for electric power generation. Primary biomass feedstocks are materials harvested or collected directly where they are grown (e.g., grains). Secondary biomass feedstocks are by-products of the processing of primary feedstocks (e.g., corn stover). Tertiary biomass feedstocks include post-consumer residues and wastes (e.g., construction and demolition waste). Appendix A shows the energy value, crop yield, advantages, disadvantages, and general comments for selected biomass feedstocks and fossil fuels for comparison.
Biomass would have to be grown in enormous quantities if it is to be used as a power source to satisfy a significant portion of national energy demand. For example, approximately 31 million acres—roughly the amount of land in farms in Iowa—of managed crops with a yield of 6 dry tons per acre per year would be needed to supply enough biomass feedstock to satisfy 6% of total 2008 U.S. electricity retail sales.10 Quintessential biomass crops grown specifically for energy generation (i.e., dedicated energy crops) are being considered to meet energy demand. Dedicated energy crops may possess several desirable characteristics: high yield, low energy input to produce, low cost, low nutrient requirements, low contaminant level, pest resistance, and low fertilizer input.11
Table 1. General Classification of Biomass
Biomass groups
Biomass sub-groups, varieties and species
Wood and woody biomass
Coniferous or deciduous (gymnosperm or angiosperm); stems, branches, foliage, bark, chips, lumps, pellets, briquettes, sawdust, sawmill and other wastes from various woody species
Herbaceous and agricultural biomass
Annual or perennial and field-based or process-based such as:
Aquatic biomass
Marine or freshwater algae and microalgae; macroalgae (blue, green, blue-green, brown, red); seaweed, kelp, lake weed, water hyacinth, others
Animal and human biomass wastes
Bones, meat-bone meal, chicken litter, various manures, others
Contaminated biomass and industrial biomass wastes (semi-biomass)
Municipal solid waste, demolition wood, refuse-derived fuel, sewage sludge, hospital waste, paper-pulp sludge and liquors, waste papers, paperboard waste, chipboard, fibreboard, plywood, wood pallets and boxes, railway sleepers, tannery waste, others
Biomass mixtures
Blends from the above varieties
Source: Stanislav V. Vassilev, David Baxter, and Lars K. Andersen, et al., "An Overview of the Chemical Composition of Biomass," Fuel, vol. 89 (2010), pp. 913-933. Adapted by CRS.
From Biomass to Biopower
Biomass can be converted to biopower via thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion processes. These processes include combustion (or firing), pyrolysis, gasification, and anaerobic digestion (see box, below, and Figure 1). The technologies are at varying stages of maturity (see Figure 2). The choice of conversion technique selected for a specific biomass feedstock results in differing amounts of useful energy recovered and forms for that energy.12 The systems can range substantially in scale. Small-scale systems (or modular units) may be an optimal choice for rural areas with limited electricity demand. Large-scale systems may be more economically suitable in more urbanized areas or near grid connections if feedstocks are ample.
Figure 1. Biopower Conversion Processes. Source: Peter McKendry, "Energy Production from Biomass (Part 2): Conversion Technologies," Bioresource Technology, vol. 83 (2002), pp. 47-54. Adapted by CRS.
Selected Biopower Conversion Processes DefinedCombustion is the burning of biomass in a power plant. The biomass is burned to heat a boiler and create steam. The steam powers a turbine, which is connected to a generator to produce electricity. Existing plant efficiencies are in the low 20% range, although methods are available to advance efficiency to upwards of 40%. ("Efficiency" describes which percentage of the feedstock processed is actually converted to electricity.) Approximately 180 combustion units for biomass are in operationin the United States using wood and agricultural residues as the feedstock.
Co-firing, the simultaneous firing of biomass with coal in an existing power plant, is the most cost-effective biopower technology. Co-firing with biomass using existing equipment is less expensive than constructing a new biopower plant. The existing plant does require retrofitting to accept the biomass entering the plant. Certain air particulates associated with coal combustion are reduced with co-firing, as less coal is being burned. Co-firing has a generation efficiency in the 33%-37% range; coal-fired plants have efficiencies in the 33%-45% range. Approximately 78 co-firing units for biomass are in operation using wood and agricultural residues as the feedstock.
B. Gasification is the heating of biomass into synthesis gas (syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) in an environment with limited oxygen. The flammable syngas can be used in a combined gas and steam turbine to generate electricity. Generation efficiencies range from 40% to 50%. One challenge for gasification is feedstock logistics (e.g., cost to ship or transport the feedstock to the power plant). A wide variety of feedstocks could undergo gasification, including wood chips, sawdust, bark, agricultural residues, and waste. There are currently no gasification systems for biomass at any scale.
C. Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a substance under extremely high temperatures (400°C -500°C) in the absence of oxygen. There are fast and slow pyrolysis technologies. Fast pyrolysis technologies could be used to generate electricity. Fast pyrolysis of biomass produces a liquid product, pyrolysis oil or bio-oil, that can be readily stored and transported. The bio-oils produced from these technologies would be suitable for use in boilers for electricity generation. One of the challenges with pyrolysis is that the bio-oil produced tends to be low-quality relative to what is needed for power production. Commonly used feedstock types for pyrolysis include a variety of wood and agricultural resources. There are currently no commercial-scale pyrolysis facilities for biomass.
D. Anaerobic digestion (not shown in Figure 1) is a biological conversion process that breaks down a feedstock (e.g., manure, landfill waste) in the absence of oxygen to produce methane, among other outputs, that can be captured and used as an energy source to generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion systems have historically been used for comparatively smaller-scale energy generation in rural areas. Feedstocks suitable for digestion include brewery waste, cheese whey, manure, grass clippings, restaurant wastes, and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, among others. Generation efficiency is roughly 20%-30%. Approximately 150 anaerobic digesters are in operation using manure as the feedstock.
Sources: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 2, ORNL/Tm-2009/098, December 2009. International Energy Agency, Biomass for Power Generation and CHP, ETE03, January 2007. National Association of State Foresters, A Strategy for Increasing the Use of Woody Biomass for Energy, Portland, ME, September 2008. Sally Brown, "Putting the Landfill Energy Myth to Rest," BioCycle, May 2010. John Balsam and Dave Ryan, Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Wastes: Factors to Consider, ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, IP219, 2006. Jennifer Beddoes, Kelsi Bracmort, and Robert Burns et al., An Analysis of Energy Production Costs from Anaerobic Digestion Systems on U.S. Livestock Production Facilities, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, October 2007. Personal communication with Robert Baldwin, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2010. Personal communication with Lynn Wright, biomass consultant working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory. For more information on anaerobic digestion, see CRS Report R40667, Anaerobic Digestion: Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Energy Generation, by Kelsi Bracmort.
Figure 2. Biopower and Biofuel Technology Pipeline. Source: Electric Power Research Institute, Biopower Generation: Biomass Issues, Fuels, Technologies, and Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment Opportunities, February 2010.
The volume of biomass feedstock supply necessary to run a biopower plant depends on the feedstock's energy content—the less the energy value, the more volume is needed. The growing area needed to produce the biomass that will supply a biopower plant is contingent not only on the energy value of the feedstock, but also on the power plant capacity, the power plant efficiency, and the feedstock yield (see Table 2). Power plant capacity is the maximum output of power, commonly expressed in millions of watts (megawatts, MW), that generating equipment can supply over a certain time period. Power plant efficiency is the amount of electric energy produced per unit of feedstock input. In general, the higher the yield of the biomass feedstock, the less growing area is required to produce a MW of power. Also, less biomass is needed to support power plants with high efficiency rates.
Source: Department of Energy, Relationship Between Power Plant Efficiency and Capacity and Tons Biomass Required and Acres Required, Lynn Wright, http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/resourcedata/powerandwood.html.
Notes (from original source): Raw numbers have been used in the above table. Calculations assume dry biomass at 8500 btu/lb = 19.75 Gj/MG and 3413 btu/kWH = 0.0036 Gj/kWh.
Rule of thumb relationship of 1000 acres and 5000 dry tons per MW is based on 80% capacity, 30% efficiency, and 5 dry ton/acre/year yield. A program goal would be to have a relationship of 500 acres and 4200 dry tons per MW at 90% capacity, 40% efficiency, and 8 dry ton/acre/year yield.
Yields of 1-2 dry ton/acre/year are common for natural forests but could also represent residue levels available from high yield plantations. Yields of 3-4 dry ton/acre/year are common for pulpwood pine plantations. Yields of 4-7 dry ton/acre/year are being observed in woody crop and herbaceous crop plantings without irrigation, 5dt/ac/yr still best average estimate. Yields of 7-10 dry ton/acre/year are being observed in some energy crop plantings with best clones or varieties and/or with irrigation or high water tables.
Total planted area or growing area required to supply a biomass facility should be used rather than area actually being harvested in any given year. While these are the same for a herbaceous crop harvested annually, they differ significantly for a woody crop harvested once every few years. Calculation of the annual harvested area for a wood crop requires knowing both the yield (dry ton/acre/year) and the harvest age of the woody crop. This varies from project to project.
Carbon Balance
Certain sources of biomass (e.g., forestry products, dedicated energy crops) are deemed by some to be carbon-neutral because they absorb enough CO2 during their growth period to balance the release of CO2 when they are burned for energy (see Figure 3). The term carbon-neutral is generally defined as the combustion or oxidation of matter which causes no net increase in GHG emissions on a lifecycle basis.13 One controversial aspect of the carbon neutrality debate, and what requires further study, is the magnitude in which these plant-derived feedstocks will be used for energy production and thus whether the feedstock supply can be sustained (or replenished) without environmental impairment. Some examples of environmental impairment involve disrupting forest ecosystems by cutting down large amounts of trees, or affecting the climate by not capturing GHGs emitted during bioenergy production. If the feedstocks are not replenished so that they can absorb CO2, or GHG emissions are not captured from a biopower plant, the resulting GHG releases can be akin to that of carbon-positive fossil fuels.
Figure 3. Carbon Balance of Energy. Source: John A. Matthews, "Carbon-Negative Biofuels," Energy Policy, vol. 36 (2008), pp. 940-945; Biopact, "The Strange World of Carbon-Negative Bioenergy: The More You Drive Your Car, the More You Tackle Climate Change," 2007, http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2007/10/strange-world-of-carbon-negative.html. Adapted by CRS.
Notes: Carbon-positive fuels are burned, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. Carbon-neutral fuels absorb CO2 as they grow and release the same carbon back into the atmosphere when burnt. Carbon-negative fuels absorb CO2 as they grow and release less than this amount into the atmosphere when used as fuel, either through directing part of the biomass as biochar back into the soil or through carbon capture and sequestration.
The premise that biomass energy is carbon neutral is under scrutiny.14 Some argue that biomass combustion could increase GHG emissions if biomass feedstock is handled in an unsustainable manner, among other concerns. Others contend that biopower plant emissions add no new carbon to the atmosphere because biopower plants use only materials that would decay (e.g., residuals, byproducts, and thinnings). Under the final Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule, PSD requirements apply to projects that increase net GHG emissions by at least 75,000 tons per year CO2 equivalent.15 The rule grants exemptions based on tonnage amounts, not emissions based on source category (e.g., biomass combustion). The Tailoring Rule does not exempt emissions from biomass combustion.16 EPA has decided to defer for three years permitting requirements for CO2 emissions from biomass-fired and other biogenic sources.17 Moreover, EPA decided that certain types of biomass could be regarded as a best available control technology (BACT).18 Further guidance will be issued by EPA in early 2011 on how to include biomass in the BACT selection process. PSD permits require that facilities apply the BACT. BACT is determined by individual states with EPA guidance on a case-by-case basis.19
There are other aspects associated with the designation of biomass energy as carbon neutral, many of which are beyond the scope of this report.
Implications for Legislation
Biopower straddles at least three legislative areas: agriculture, energy, and environment. The main benefits that agricultural legislation could provide, as argued by proponents for biopower, are to ensure an adequate feedstock supply, maintain productive field conditions during biomass growth and harvest, and assist farmers who participate in the bioenergy market. Energy objectives, as stated by supporters, involve establishing a robust biopower technology platform and providing financial and technical assistance for biopower technology pioneers. Protecting the environment throughout the biomass-to-biopower conversion is the major environmental objective, including monitoring GHG emissions released during energy production.
As a candidate for large-scale energy use, the biopower industry may challenge the U.S. Congress to address its evolving needs on a frequent basis until biopower is a seasoned energy alternative. One frequent topic of discussion for renewable energy is the "uneven" playing field for certain feedstocks. Supporters of pre-selected feedstocks for biopower production argue that resources can be targeted to that handful of feedstocks that display the most potential for bioenergy production. Opponents contend that pre-selecting certain feedstocks makes it difficult for other feedstocks to obtain the support needed to show their competitiveness as a biopower source. Congress currently supports biopower with the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit (PTC) and the Investment Tax Credit (ITC). The PTC is an incentive to business developers of renewable energy projects producing electricity, whereby a developer can apply for a credit against taxes for each kilowatt-hour of renewable energy produced.20 The ITC is an incentive for domestic investment in renewable energy plants and equipment.21 In lieu of tax credits, biopower administrators may apply for payments from the Department of the Treasury under the Section 1603 Program for having placed in service a specified energy property.22 Qualifying projects are those that are placed in service or under construction before the end of 2011. Moving forward, there may be unintended consequences of legislation that supports biopower. For example, initial USDA regulations for implementing the Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) led to shifting sawmill residues from products (especially particleboard) to energy rather than increasing utilization of forest waste or planting biomass feedstocks for bioenergy.23
Legislative efforts are under way to further support the biopower industry. One relevant legislative effort is the creation of a renewable electricity standard (RES) to encourage renewable energy use, and thus production of renewable energy such as biopower. One energy policy bill, introduced during the 111th Congress, that included a federal RES was the American Clean Energy Leadership Act of 2009 (ACELA, S. 1462).24 The RES would have required utilities that sell electricity to consumers to obtain a percentage of their annual electricity supply from renewable energy sources or energy efficiency, starting at 3% in 2011 and rising incrementally to 15% by 2021. S. 1462 identified biomass as an eligible renewable source. H.R. 2454, H.R. 890, S. 433, and S. 3021 were other bills introduced during the 111th Congress that would have created a federal RES. H.R. 2454, the American Clean Energy and Security Act, contained provisions that would have supported biopower, such as transmission planning and net metering, along with an RES.25
While there remain significant challenges to its future development, biopower production could increase in the coming years to satisfy U.S. renewable energy demand (e.g., state renewable portfolio standards). Generation of electricity from biopower plants has advantages over other renewable sources such as wind and solar. Biopower plants are considered baseload plants. Also, multiple biomass feedstocks can be used to generate electricity. Some disadvantages of using biomass for electricity generation include the cost to transport the biomass to the biopower plant, less biomass to be used for other purposes, and environmental tensions such as whether biomass combustion is carbon-neutral. A sustainable supply of biomass feedstocks could be favorable to biopower growth.
Questions remain about what would be needed to increase biopower production and simultaneously address technological, environmental, and agricultural concerns. Because market and regulatory uncertainties exist for biopower, the agricultural community may be hesitant to grow the amount of biomass feedstocks needed to support large-scale biopower production. Moreover, most biopower technologies, with the exception of combustion and co-firing systems, have yet to reach commercial status. Improvements to the remaining biopower conversion technologies may arise when there is a solid market for biopower. Furthermore, regulatory uncertainty has contributed to the reluctance to develop biopower. There is no federal mandate requiring the production of biopower, although more than 25 states have implemented state renewable portfolio standards or goals that include biopower. Additional assurances of federal support, whether technical, economic, or through renewable mandates, could spur commitments by investors, the technology community, and others.
Appendix A. Biomass Feedstock Characteristics for Biopower Generation
|Feedstock Type
|Energy Value Btu/lb (dry)a
|Feedstock Yieldb
|Selected Advantages
|Selected Disadvantages
|Woody Biomass
|Willow (example of a wood crop grown as a bush type or "coppice" crop in high density plantings as dedicated bioenergy crop)
|4-8 dry tons/acre/year harvested on 2-4 year cycle
|Hybrid poplar (example of a fast growing hardwood grown as a row crop for bioenergy or multiple purposes)
|3-7 dry tons/acre/year; harvested on 5-15 year cycles
|Loblolly pine (example of fast-growing softwood grown as a row crop for bioenergy or multiple purposes )
|3-7 dry tons/acre/year; harvested every 20-40 years
|Pine chips (example of forest residues from timber and fiber harvests)
|10-20 dry tons/acre of on-site residues following logging; harvested every 20-40 years
|Mill residue (from both sawmills and pulp mills)
|Highly variable depending on operating size of the mill
|Herbaceous Biomass
|Miscanthus (highly productive grass in Europe)
|4-7 dry tons/acre/year current U.S. average 4-12 dry tons/acre/year has been observed for delayed harvest yields in Europe
|Switchgrass (example of several possible perennial warm-season grasses)
|4-9 dry tons/acre/year range in research trials
|Sorghum—varieties selected for biomass production (similar to a tall thin stalked forage sorghum crop)
|4-10 dry tons/acre/year Higher yields observed
|Yields exceeding 10 dry tons/acre common
|Aquatic Biomass
|8,000-10,000 for algal mass; 16,000 for algal oil and lipids
|Estimates not available for biopower
|Agricultural Biomass and Animal Wastes
|Corn stover
|Stover amounts could range from 3-4.5 dry tons/acre/year in fields producing 100-150 bushels of grain/acre
|Wheat straw
|2.6 tons dry tons/acre
|Sugarcane bagasse (residue once juice is extracted from the sugar cane; see above for sugarcane
|14%-30% of total sugarcane yield
|Cattle manure
|Based on manure excretion rate of cow
|Industrial Biomass
|Municipal solid waste (MSW)
|5,100 (on an as arrived basis)
|1,643 lbs/person/year
|Fossil Fuels
|Coal (low rank; lignite/sub-bituminous)
|Not applicable
|Coal (high rank; bituminous)
|Not applicable
|Oil (typical distillate)
|Not applicable
Source: Compiled from various sources by CRS and Lynn Wright, biomass consultant working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Notes: The information provided in this table are estimates for general use. Multiple factors including location, economics, and technical parameters will influence the data on a case-by-case basis. Lynn Wright, biomass consultant working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, provided the following comments: The infrastructure to handle woody resources (both forest residues and plantation grown wood) already exists in the pulp and paper industry and can be easily used for the bioenergy industry. Most woody biomass resources (whether forest residues or plantation grown wood) will be delivered as chips similar to current pulp and paper industry practices. However, new equipment and harvest techniques may allow delivery as bundles or whole trees in some situations. Wood resources such as chipped pine (softwoods) and hardwoods and urban wood residues are already being used to generate electricity using direct combustion technologies, all woody feedstocks are well suited for all thermal conversion technologies including combustion, gasification and pryolysis to generate electricity. Biopower can also be produced from the black liquor by-product of both pulp and ethanol production. Clean wood chips from willow, hybrid poplar, and other hardwoods are also very suitable for conversion to liquid fuels using biochemical conversion technologies.
a. Energy values for the following feedstocks were obtained from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 2, ORNL/Tm-2009/098, December 2009, http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb/pdf/BEDB2_Full_Doc.pdf; Table A.2 "Heat Content Ranges for Various Biomass Fuels"; willow, hybrid poplar, pine = Forest Residues - softwoods, switchgrass, miscanthus (converted from kj/kg to Btu/lb) corn stover, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. Energy values for fossil fuels were obtained by converting the heating values (GJ/t) provided in Jonathan Scurlock, Bioenergy Feedstock Characteristics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2002, http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/ papers/misc/biochar_factsheet.html to an energy value (Btu/lb). The energy value for sawmill residue was obtained from Nathan McClure, Georgia Forestry Commission, "Forest Biomass as a Feedstock for Energy Production," oral presentation for Georgia Bioenergy Conference, August 2, 2006, http://www.gabioenergy.org/ppt/McClure—Forest%20Biomass%20as%20a%20Feedstock%20for%20Energy%20Production.pdf. The energy value for algae was obtained from Oilgae, "Answers to some Algae Oil FAQs—Heating Value, Yield ...," February 2007, http://www.oilgae.com/blog/2007/02/answers-to-some-algae-oil-faqsheating. html. The energy value of manure on a dry ash-free basis was obtained from Texas Cooperative Extension, Manure to Energy: Understanding Processes, Principles and Jargon, E-428, 2006, http://tammi.tamu.edu/ManurtoEnrgyE428.pdf. The manure heating value may be reduced by the ash and moisture content of the manure given certain conditions. The energy value of municipal solid waste was obtained from C. Valkenburg, C.W. Walton, and B.L. Thompson, et al., Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 1: Availability of Feedstock and Technology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-18144, December 2008, http://www.pnl.gov/ main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18144.pdf. The energy value for sorghum was obtained using a value for sudan grass, a closely related crop, from the European PHYLLIS database http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis/dataTable.asp.
b. The harvest frequency is on an annual basis unless stated otherwise. Energy yield ranges for willows, poplars, pines, switchgrass, miscanthus, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse and sorghum were provided by Lynn Wright, biomass consultant working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Energy yields for miscanthus. and switchgrass were also discussed with Jeffrey Steiner (USDA), August 2010. Energy yields for hybrid poplar were also obtained from Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Minnesota Energy from Biomass, http://www.mda.state.mn.us/renewable/renewablefuels/biomass.aspx; Energy yield for pine chips (forest residues) was obtained from calculations from data in David A. Hartman et al., Conversion Factors for the Pacific Northwest Forest Industry (Seattle, WA; Univ. of Washington, Institute of Forest Products, no date), pp. 6, 47. Energy yield for corn stover was obtained from R.L Nielsen, Questions Relative to Harvesting & Storing Corn Stover, Purdue University, AGRY-95-09, September 1995, http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/pubs/agry9509.htm. Energy yield for wheat straw was obtained from Jim Morrison, Emerson Nafziger, and Lyle Paul, Predicting Wheat Straw Yields in Northern Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007, http://cropsci.illinois.edu/research/rdc/dekalb/ publications/2007/PredictingWheatStrawYieldsFinalReportToExtensionMay2007.pdf; In general, it is assumed a dairy cow excretes 150lbs of manure/day based on the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Manure Production and Characteristics Standard D384.2, March 2005. Energy yield for municipal solid waste was calculated based on data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste http://www.epa.gov/osw/basic-solid.htm (In 2008, U.S. residents, businesses, and institutions produced about 250 million tons of MSW, which is approximately 4.5 pounds of waste per person per day). Energy yield for miscanthus in Europe was obtained from Clifton-Brown, J.C., Stampfl, P.A., and Jones, M.B., Miscanthus Biomass Production for Energy in Europe and Its Potential Contribution to Decreasing Fossil Fuel Carbon Emissions. Global Change Biology, 10, (2004) pp. 509-518; Energy yield for siwtchgrass was obtained from McLaughlin, S.B., and Kszos, L.A., "Development of Switchgrass (panicum virgatum) as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States." Biomass and Bioenergy 28 (2005) pp. 515-535. Energy yield for sorghum was obtained from W.L. Rooney, et al, "Designing Sorghum as a Dedicated Bioenergy Feedstock." Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining. 1, (2007) pp.147-157; Energy yield for sugarcane/energycane obtained from http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=251543&pf=1 (a web-published abstract of a book chapter written by Bransby et. al. and submitted for publication in February 2010); Energy yield for sugarcane baggase was obtained from http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=254594&pf=1 (an abstract of a book chapter prepared by R. Viator, P. White, and E. Richard, and entitled " Sustainable Production of Energycane for Bio-energy in the Southeastern U.S." submitted for publication by the Sugarcane Research Unit in Houma, LA in August 2010).
c. For more information on the state of combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and anaerobic digestion technologies, see the shaded text box on page 5.
d. For more information, see Stanford University, "Stanford Researchers Find Electrical Current Stemming from Plants," press release, April 13, 2010, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/april/electric-current-plants-041310.html; and John Ferrell and Valerie Sarisky-Reed, National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap, U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of the Biomass Program, May 2010, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/ algal_biofuels_roadmap.pdf.
- The Renewable Fuel Standard, a mandate to ensure that domestic transportation fuel contains a specified volume of biofuels, is one reason most legislative and administrative efforts have focused on development of biofuels for transportation. For more information, see CRS Report R40155, Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Overview and Issues, by Randy Schnepf and Brent D. Yacobucci.
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009), August 2010.
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, Renewable Energy Annual 2008 Edition, August 2010. Biopower constituted roughly 14.4% of electricity generation from renewable energy sources in 2008, preceded by conventional hydroelectric power and wind, which constituted roughly 67% and 14.5%, respectively.
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, DOE/EIA-0383(2010), Washington, DC, April 2010. The bulk of this increase is expected to come from growth in co-firing operations. Co-firing is the combustion of a supplementary fuel (e.g., biomass) and coal concurrently.
- Pew Center on Global Climate Change , Biopower, December 2009. Certain analysis indicates that feedstock supply should be located within a 50- mile radius to avoid excessive transportation costs: Marie E. Walsh, Robert L. Perlack, and Anthony Turhollow et al., Biomass Feedstock Availability in the United States: 1999 State Level Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, January 2000.
- Executive Order 13514 defines sustainability as the creation and maintenance of conditions that allow humans and animals to exist in productive harmony, and that permit fulfilling the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations. For more information, see CRS Report R40974, Executive Order 13514: Sustainability and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction , by Richard J. Campbell and Anthony Andrews.
- For more information on biomass definitions, see CRS Report R40529, Biomass: Comparison of Definitions in Legislation Through the 111th Congress, by Kelsi Bracmort and Ross W. Gorte.
- Some of this information may be provided in a forthcoming update to the frequently cited DOE/USDA Billion-Ton Study, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply, April 2005.
- In September 2010 the National Renewable Energy Laboratory released a comprehensive mapping application that may provide better data to compare biomass feedstock and biopower by location. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, "NREL Releases BioEnergy Atlas—A Comprehensive Biomass Mapping Application," press release, September 28, 2010.
- CRS calculations based on 2008 total U.S. retail electricity sales. Power plant capacity factor was assumed to be 80% with 988 growing acres required per megawatt. The yield, six dry tons/acre, is similar to what may be achieved by switchgrass. Land in farms data for Iowa obtained from the 2007 Census of Agriculture.
- Peter McKendry, "Energy Production from Biomass (Part 1): Overview of Biomass," Bioresource Technology, vol. 83 (2002), pp. 37-46.
- Peter McKendry, "Energy Production from Biomass (Part 1): Overview of Biomass," Bioresource Technology, vol. 83 (2002), pp. 37-46.
- Section 201 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA; P.L. 110-140) defines lifecycle emissions as follows: "(H) LIFECYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.—The term 'lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions' means the aggregate quantity of greenhouse gas emissions (including direct emissions and significant indirect emissions such as significant emissions from land use changes), as determined by the Administrator, related to the full fuel lifecycle, including all stages of fuel and feedstock production and distribution, from feedstock generation or extraction through the distribution and delivery and use of the finished fuel to the ultimate consumer, where the mass values for all greenhouse gases are adjusted to account for their relative global warming potential." 42 U.S.C. §7545(o)(1). For more information on lifecycle emissions, see CRS Report R40460, Calculation of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), by Brent D. Yacobucci and Kelsi Bracmort.
- For more information on carbon neutrality of biomass energy, see CRS Report R41603, Is Biopower Carbon Neutral?, by Kelsi Bracmort.
- The rule sets thresholds for GHG emissions that define when permits are required for new and existing industrial facilities. For more information on the history of the Tailoring Rule, see CRS Report R41103, Federal Agency Actions Following the Supreme Court's Climate Change Decision: A Chronology, by Robert Meltz..
- EPA's decision on biomass combustion and biogenic activities is described in further detail on pages 419-422 of the final rule. For more information on the final rule, see CRS Report R41212, EPA Regulation of Greenhouse Gases: Congressional Responses and Options, by James E. McCarthy and Larry Parker.
- Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA to Defer GHG Permitting Requirements for Industries that Use Biomass/Three-year deferral allows for further examination of scientific and technical issues associated with counting these emissions," press release, January 12, 2011. Biogenic includes facilities that emit CO2 from sources originating via a biological processes, such as landfills.
- BACT is an emissions limitation that is based on the maximum degree of control that can be achieved. It is a caseby- case decision that considers energy, environmental, and economic impact. BACT can be add-on control equipment or modification of the production processes or methods. BACT may be a design, equipment, work practice, or operational standard if imposition of an emissions standard is infeasible. Environmental Protection Agency, PSD and Title V Permitting Guidance For Greenhouse Gases, November 2010.
- Environmental Protection Agency, PSD and Title V Permitting Guidance For Greenhouse Gases, November 2010.
- U.S. Department of the Treasury, Payments for Specified Energy Property in Lieu of Tax Credits under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, January 2011.
- For more information on BCAP, see CRS Report R41296, Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP): Status and Issues, by Megan Stubbs. BCAP provides financial assistance to producers or entities that deliver eligible biomass material to designated biomass conversion facilities for use as heat, power, biobased products, or biofuels.
- For more information on the proposed RES in S. 1462, see CRS Report R40837, Summary and Analysis of S. 1462: American Clean Energy Leadership Act of 2009, As Reported, coordinated by Mark Holt and Gene Whitney.
- For more information, see CRS Report R40890, Summary and Analysis of S. 1733 and Comparison with H.R. 2454: Electric Power and Natural Gas, by Stan Mark Kaplan.


text:
President Obama is appealing to key lawmakers to compromise and cooperate on the "urgent business" of avoiding the so-called fiscal cliff.
He spoke as he convened congressional leaders Friday at the White House for an opening round of deficit talks -- their first meeting since the election.
President Obama has insisted any deal involve higher taxes on the top 2 percent of income earners. Republicans leaders are vowing to resist rate hikes as job-killers, though they've signaled they're open to added revenue through curbs on deductions and credits.
The combination of tax hikes and automatic spending cuts will hit New Year's Day unless lawmakers and Obama act. Top economists have warned the nation could be plunged back into recession if they don't.
Copyright 2016 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Life's a Beach
this wiki
- "Yeah? Well, fuck this gig, man. I'm putting together a listening party for my album, but first I need a sound system..."
- — OG Loc.
Life's a Beach is a mission in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, given to protagonist Carl Johnson by fellow Grove Street Families member and aspiring rapper OG Loc, from the Burger Shot he works for at the Marina district of Los Santos, San Andreas.
Note: This mission can only be started from between 22:00 and 07:00.
Carl recently helped out OG Loc by taking out a Vagos gang member who disrespected him in the joint. Now in a technical job at a Burger Shot, Loc is planning on putting together a house party for his album release, but he needs a sound system to pump out his tunes. It seems that a beach party is going down in the nearby Santa Maria Beach and it so happens that they have a sound system in the back of a Pony van.
Carl goes to the party and meets up with the DJ, but in order to get to the sound system, he is challenged to a dance battle, requiring the player score a minimum of 2500 points to pass. Once Carl has successfully passed the challenge, the DJ invites Carl into her van, which she refers as her "office". Given the opportunity, Carl steals the van, throwing the DJ out and prompting two party goers to pursue the van in two cars. In the ensuing chaos, the player must takes the van to a garage in Commerce, completing the mission.
Mission objectives
In order to complete the mission the player must:
- Go to the beach party
- Get a score of 2500 or greater to gain access to the sound van
- Steal the sound van
- Get the van back to the garage
- To avoid the car chase, dump the cars in water by pushing them. However, make sure not to pass on the red spot near the DJ or kill the DJ. To be on the safe side, try not to make the cars kill the attendees, too.
- Rotate the cars to face the water and push from the back from a faster speed.
The reward for completing this mission is an increase in respect. The mission Madd Dogg's Rhymes is unlocked.
Although it is stated in walkthroughs for the game that the Dancing Minigame inside nightclubs is unlocked after completing this mission, it is in fact unlocked from the beginning of the game if Carl enters the Alhambra club.
- The mission's name is a reference to the saying life's a bitch.
- In the pre-release version of the game, the required points were 4000, not 2500.
- The pursuing vehicles appear to only become an issue to Carl if he fails to take the most direct route to the garage.
- The song Pretend We're Dead always plays at the party when not doing the dance activity.
- This is one of the four missions that can't be completed with too many cheats. The other three are Burning Desire, Photo Opportunity and Madd Dogg.
- Most of the dancers will be carried with MP5's even if it's not showed in their hands. They will drop the weapon if they are killed after the mission's failure.
- If the "recruit anyone 9mm" cheat is used on the DJ, the van will become locked even after completing the dance with a score above 2500 (Tested with 9mm recruiting cheat code on PC.), thus rendering the mission unwinnable. Failing it and re-trying would solve the problem.


text:
Surya Rugs
Surya Bedding
Surya Pouf Ottomans
Surya Lighting
Surya Mirrors
All Surya Rugs
Free Shipping
Knot Round Pouf in Natural by Surya
A pouf from Surya is the perfect modern decor accessory to add to any child's nursery, bedroom or playroom. These multi function decor items will not only add a spark of visual interest and color, they are kid friendly and fun to play with! Use the Knot Round Pouf in Natural by itself or create a cozy reading nook by purchasing multiple poufs and pillows.
SIZE: 18" x 18" x 12"
Category: Furniture, Complete Surya Collection
Join Our Mailing ListTO RECEIVE UPDATES AND SPECIAL OFFERS!
©2004-2015 Rosenberry Rooms. All Rights reserved. | 3101 Stony Brook Dr., Suite 140, Raleigh, NC 27604
ecommerce enabled by fastpivot | PRIVACY POLICY


text:
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (Indiana's NewsCenter) - We've already dealt with some cold air this December, and temperatures look like they'll be even colder again next week. With cold air, we also see dry air. This dryness can sometimes have serious negative effects on people. Parkview Hospital and Jason Meyers talk about ways to stay moisturized this winter. Watch the story for more.
For more information on anything in the story, go to www.Parkview.com for more information.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
TextCaster alerts from 21Alive.com are your defining source for instant information delivered right to your cell phone and email. It's free, easy and instant. Sign-Up Now!
Powered by Summit City Chevrolet
© Copyright 2015, A Granite Broadcasting Station. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
Art Carden Talks about Regulation of Sugar
Recorded: Thursday, March 1, 2012
Research Fellow Art Carden talks about the regulation of sugar and corn syrup subsidies with Tom Ashbrook on WBUR Boston.
Experts: Art CardenType: RadioIssues: Public Health/ Consumer Protection, Regulation and Deregulation
Private Solutions for Reducing Road Congestion, Fuel Costs, Travel Time, and Waste
Recorded: Thursday, September 28, 2006
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
Congestion is not a fact of life, declared Mr. Mineta, We need a new approach, and we need it now. Such an approach is presented in the new Independent Institute book, Street Smart: Competition, Entrepreneurship and the Future of Roads.
Experts: Daniel B. Klein, Gabriel Roth, Alexander T. TabarrokType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Privatization, Transportation


text:
- About WHUT
- TV Schedule
- Watch Video
- Education
- Community Calendar
- Support WHUT
- Contact
Sickle Cell: Living It, Treating It, Curing It Sickle cell and kidney disease, serious conditions that disproportionally impact people of color, especially those of African descent. On the next vocal point we will look at the latest developments in treatments for these two critical diseases.
In January of 2009, Ron Minor, The Producer/ Director of the film "I Didn't Know" visited his doctor for a routine physical and discovered his kidneys were failing. Family and friends were tested to see if they could donate theirs, but, amazingly, it was his wife, Kathy, who turned out to be the perfect match […]
AMERICA AFTER FERGUSON on PBS to Examine the Issues Surrounding the Events in Ferguson, Missouri AMERICA AFTER FERGUSON, a one-hour town hall meeting exploring the many issues brought into public discourse in the wake of Michael Brown's death in Ferguson, Missouri. Moderated by Gwen Ifill, PBS NEWSHOUR co-anchor and managing editor and moderator and managing […]
President Frederick to Deliver Opening Convocation Address WASHINGTON (September 18, 2014) – Howard University's 17th President, Dr. Wayne A.I. Frederick, will deliver the 147th Opening Convocation address on Friday, Sept. 26, at 11 a.m. in Cramton Auditorium. He was unanimously appointed president by the Board of Trustees on July 22, 2014.The Opening Convocation at Howard University […]


text:
The crazies are already accusing President Obama of having Andrew Breitbart killed, much like they accused Hillary Clinton of having Vince Foster killed way back when. Insane conservative radio dude Michael Savage called Breitbart's death an "assassination." I'm thinking it was just too much cocaine for the heart.
A "suspicious package" near the home of Rush Limbaugh that brought the bomb squad running and my lovely colleagues making immediate connections to Limbaugh's foul contraception comments probably cemented the idea that the liberals are out to silence conservative voices, at least by the Twitter reponses I'm seeing. The liberals, in case you're wondering, are tweeting either ridiculous jokes about what the package might be (forgotten Chinese take-out, a blow-up doll, more Viagra) or cautions that we shouldn't be wishing anyone dead, which no one save a couple of losers is doing.
Turns out it was an electronic plaque commemorating the assassinations of Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth (assassination?) sent by a fan who was offering the fat guy a "business opportunity."
Still, these conservatives will go to their graves believing Breitbart was killed. Why? Because Breitbart himself, and people like him, poisoned them. They believe that liberals, progressives, Democrats are the most vile, wicked, evil, dangerous people on the planet, who will stop at nothing to impose their will on the poor helpless masses because that's what Breitbart et al have told them.
And Breitbart goes to his grave unrepentant because, as we don't seem to want to believe, it's the conserverati who will stop at nothing in their fight to return the United States to We, the White Christian Straight People.
Now, some say Breitbart really wasn't a white Christian straight supremist, and maybe he wasn't. They say he just delighted in the fight, was single-minded in his hatred of Barack Obama and used every tool he could gather to attack him, including the racist ones. They say he'd use different tools if it were somebody else.
I say if you use racist tools, you're a bigoted asshole, just by virtue of your willingness to do so. Or, you're just a run-of-the-mill soulless asshole of the first degree. Which would you prefer?
Either way, Andrew Breitbart was an asshole. And because he went after Obama and the Obama administration with racist attacks, he gained the support of the racist right. They heard what he said. They knew what he meant. And they agreed, just like they agree with Rush Limbaugh, another soulless asshole of the first degree, says the same type stuff.
Or perhaps you've not heard Limbaugh's latest. He's going after Sandra Fluke, a Georgetown University law student who was barred from speaking at Rep. Darrell Issa's hearing on contraception. Fluke subsequently spoke at a Democratic House Steering Committee meeting. Women who use birth control are sluts, Rush says. But Limbaugh, like Breitbart, doesn't generalize like that. Limbaugh, like Breitbart, makes it personal.
What does it say about the college [sic] co-ed Sandra Fluke, who goes before a congressional committee and essentially says that she must be paid to have sex? It makes her a slut, right? It makes her a prostitute. She wants to be paid to have sex.
He kept it up a day later, demanding that Fluke post sex videos online.
Here's what makes this kind of behavior so very bad: They make it personal. Breitbart didn't slam the Department of Agriculture, or the Obama administration, or even the NAACP as racist when he ran edited video of remarks made by Ag Department employee Shirley Sherrod to the NAACP. He painted HER as racist. Trouble is, the full video revealed that her point was the complete opposite.
ACORN. Again, Breitbart with James O'Keefe and edited videos. ACORN was screwing up by paying people to register voters and not putting in place any safeguards to prevent their registrars from sitting at the kitchen table and filling out all the forms, but it wasn't voter fraud. It was registration fraud — and it was stupid and preventable. But Breitbart/O'Keefe/the Right went after ACORN anyway with lies and distortions and the only organization in the country that actively works to register poor people to vote was decimated. And afterward, no fewer than three investigations, complete with views of the entire tapes, revealed that no one had broken any laws.
In both cases, here's what happened: Breitbart made a big push with his edited videos, Republicans ran with them and started calling for heads to roll, and Democrats served those heads up on a silver platter. Then we found out it was all bullshit. A triumvirate of wrong, with the driving spark provided by Andrew Breitbart.
I could go on and on detailing Breitbart's crimes, but there's no reason. Breitbart targeted the innocents. Some of the innocents may not have been all that smart, and he got plenty of help from both sides of the aisle. But none of that detracts from what he did, repeatedly. And the results were invariably damaging to individual people who lost jobs, lost valuable services provided by organizations, lost the willingness to stand up for anything out of fear something like this could happen to them.
OK, so he was right about Anthony Weiner. Even a stopped clock is right twice a day.
It's all part of the conservative game plan. Smear, lie, distort, ruin. Fast and hard hits that make it highly likely there'll just be some sort of reaction before the truth comes out. The attack on Planned Parenthood didn't work out as planned.
But that hasn't stopped the Republicans from running with the lies, nor has it stopped their Democratic enablers from cowering and looking for fresh heads to offer as sacrifices. Hence, contraception is now controversial, and conservatives have gone all out in their once underground war to bring women back under the thumb of the patriarchs, back to the good old days when men were men, women and children were property and queers were something that only existed in pulp magazines and true crime stories.
I'm not one to gloat over a death, not even someone like Breitbart. He was, after all, a human being. I think he had children. I'm sure they loved him. But when your life is infused with such poison, well, what you do will eventually come back and bite you, sometimes really hard.
Why Breitbart and not Limbaugh, who's been so full of the poison for so much longer? I can't answer that. The hows and whens and wheres and whos of karma are beyond me. All I know is what goes around comes around. You reap what you sow.
That's not to say that Breitbart was punished for his deeds by death — because death isn't a punishment. But what you do comes back to you. Always. Somehow, somewhere, some way, sometime. Not on your time or my time, but when it should. Breitbart is dead. Couldn't happen to a nicer guy.
And for those of you who think we shouldn't speak ill of the dead, who's speaking ill? I'm just speaking the truth. Besides, Breitbart had no qualms about speaking ill of the dead. He called Sen. Edward Kennedy a "villain," a "duplicitous bastard" and a "prick" on the day he died.
I'm more than willing to go off decorum to ensure THIS MAN is not beatified. Sorry, he destroyed lives. And he knew it.
Destroyed lives. Sounds like he was talking about himself.


text:
There are 4 main types of thyroid cancer, papillary (accounts for 75% of cases), follicular (15%), medullary (5%) and anapalstic (rare). Hürthle cell carcinoma is classified by the World Health Organization as a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, but others believe it is a distinctly separate disease. The disease accounts for only 3% of all thyroid cancers. Researchers believe that its behavior is similar to follicular cell carcinoma, though it does tend to be more aggressive. Given how rare this tumor is, there are a limited number of reported cases and have been no clinical trials to determine the best treatment.
Hürthle cell cancer has the highest incidence of metastases among thyroid cancers. . Hürthle cell cancer may metastasize to lymph nodes in the neck but follicular cancer does not; both hurthle cell and follicular cancers may spread by invasion into blood vessels, which may give rise to metastases outside of the neck. It has been estimated that 10-20% of patients with Hürthle cell have metastatic disease (spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body) at the time of diagnosis. The likelihood of this can be predicted by the pathology at the time of surgery; Hürthle cell cancers that are small and show no sign of invasion into blood vessels or lymph nodes are very unlikely to spread. Survival rates vary greatly in the published studies, depending on the characteristics of the individual patient such as age, and the invasiveness of the tumor, so it is difficult to generalize a long term prognosis. These tumors are most common between 50 and 60 years of age, but have been reported from age 20 to 85 years old.
Unlike many cancers, Hürthle cell cannot be definitively diagnosed with a fine needle aspiration (biopsy). While the biopsy may be suggestive of a tumor that may or may not be cancer, called a Hürthle cell neoplasm, the large majority of these will be found to be benign (called a Hürthle cell adenoma). The only way to confirm the diagnosis of cancer is by identifying capsular or vascular invasion (that is, invasive growth that is seen with cancer). This can only be determined after the nodule is surgically removed and examined by a pathologist in the laboratory. This need for surgery to confirm the diagnosis may change as genetic testing of biopsy samples improves but that is still several years away.
Once there is a diagnosis of a Hürthle cell neoplasm, surgery to remove the affected thyroid lobe is typically the next step to clarify the diagnosis. Only 15-30% of patients will receive a diagnosis of carcinoma after surgery, with the remainder finding the nodule was benign.
The main treatment of Hürthle cell carcinoma is surgery, but there is some controversy as to how extensive a surgery is required, given that some tumors will behave aggressively, while others do not. The initial size of the nodule and the patient's age and general health may help decided on the extent of the first surgery In some cases, the entire thyroid gland is removed (total thyroidectomy) once the diagnosis is confirmed, along with any enlarged lymph nodes. Detection of cancer in any lymph nodes may lead to a more extensive lymph node dissection. Some experts feel total thyroidectomy is the best procedure because it allows follow up tests to be more effective, as residual thyroid tissue can affect these.
Radioactive iodine is a useful nonsurgical treatment for many types of thyroid cancers, but Hürthle cell cancer is only treatable by radioactive iodine in about 15% of the cases. A dose of radioactive iodine may be given to destroy the remaining normal thyroid tissue after surgery. This helps to make the follow up testing for recurrence more sensitive and may also show if the tumor is able to be treated by radioactive iodine. In some cases of extensive disease patients may be treated with external beam radiation therapy.
People facing a diagnosis of Hürthle cell carcinoma require a multidisciplinary team of doctors, including an endocrinologist, head and neck surgeon or endocrine surgeon, nuclear medicine physician, pathologist and, in a few cases, a radiation oncologist. Finding an experienced team is important in treating this rare cancer. After surgery, patients will require thyroid hormone supplementation and monitoring for life. Monitoring for tumor recurrence is done with ultrasound, measurement of thyroglobulin levels (blood test), and in some cases iodine 131 total body scanning. Other radiology exams, PET scan, CT or MRI imaging, may be used in cases where iodine-131 uptake is not present.
OncoLink is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or professional services. The information provided through OncoLink should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or a disease. It is not a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you may have a health problem or have questions or concerns about the medication that you have been prescribed, you should consult your health care provider.
Information Provided By: www.oncolink.org | © 2016 Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania


text:
Vol State at Livingston Bluegrass and Barbecue Registration Celebration
Submitted on June 08, 2011 at 3:48 PM
Bluegrass and Barbecue usually means a party and in a sense the upcoming registration celebration at Volunteer State Community College at Livingston is a party, but with a very practical reason: to help students get registered for fall classes. It's all coming up on Thursday, June 16. It's a fun way to get ready for the fall semester and see what the new and expanded Livingston campus has to offer. Students don't have to register on that day. Registration will be open all summer. However, with increasing enrollment students are urged to register early to make sure they get the classes they want.
New students will need to apply to the college before they can register. That can be done online at www.volstate.edu or in-person at the campus. The Bluegrass and Barbecue Registration Celebration will be held on Thursday, June 16 from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. on the Livingston campus at 113 Windle Community Road. It is free and open to everyone. Call 931- 823-7065 for more information or toll free at 800-563-8220. Visit www.volstate.edu/Livingston for the fall class schedule.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


text:
May 5, 2016
Halifax County lawmen arrested a man they say is responsible for stealing dozens of items from multiple homes across the area.
Courtney Lynch, 33, of Roanoke Rapids, turned himself into police. Lawmen say they recovered 94 stolen items from Lynch's house last week.
Nearly half of the stolen items have been returned to the rightful owners, some of whom are in Virginia.
Lawmen say more charges and arrests are expected.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Shopping Cart
is currently empty
4/29/2007 – I purchased a Muntons Gold Continental Pilsner kit. It does not contain a priming sugar. I can not find any corn sugar in . . .
1/10/2007 – Is there a maximum amount of time that you can let the wort sit? Will it ever go bad? Does it affect the taste by not bottling . . .
12/29/2006 – In my fermenter, the bubbling has ceased. I am just asking how long after is a good time to put it in the bottles?
7/14/2006 – I started a batch of mead for the first time today and I realized I have no idea how to bottle anything! Do I just need wine . . .
5/15/2006 – I have brewed a batch of your Honey Nut Cheerio recipe and am ready to bottle it. It does not come with bottling sugar, nor . . .


text:
Carry this color and show your support for breast cancer research. Learn more about the Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer.
This style can be Personalized!
Learn more about Personalization
Abby is smooth, with sleek, styled lines and wonderful functionality. She boasts end slip pockets and a hidden, recessed zip closure, with a handle shape that makes carrying her on your wrist a breeze. One interior zip and three slip pockets complete this handheld style.
13" W x 8 ¼" H x 4" D with 3" handle drop
Spot Clean


text:
The government yesterday said that it would continue supporting contract farming in areas producing cotton because the new system of farming has proved successful and beneficial to farmers.
Minister for Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives Prof Jumanne Maghembe sounded the promise in Dar es Salaam when addressing an agricultural stakeholders' meeting.
He said that contract farming has increased yields by 45 per cent due to availability of inputs. However, he said that more investments were needed in contract farming to keep going.
Maghembe said the mode of large scale farming was the only viable vehicle to put Tanzania's cotton production at the top of the ladder in international markets.
"The remarkable output of cotton this year, the highest record ever, is due to availability of inputs on credit for farmers under contract farming, which has greatly improved the yields," he said, adding: "Results gained in few years of implementation of contract framing have been remarkable, they speak for themselves. Many farmers are happy," he said.
In order for contract farming to be successful, the Minister stressed, some important rules must be followed. He said the government was committed to providing an enabling policy environment for the cotton sector to grow and prosper, pledging to honor its commitment to farmers and investors.
"Those ginners that have not met the conditions set by the government, and have not made investments in the sector by May 15 will not be given licenses," he stressed, amid applause from stakeholders present. Prof Maghembe agreed that some non-investing ginners were against contract farming, but added that it was important for all serious ginners to come on board.
Tanzania Cotton Board (TCB) director-general Marco Mtunga said that contract farming was the solution to problems related to cotton cultivation in the country.
He said although farmers have power to control cotton prices, through contract farming yields could be increased through input support and extension services by ginners.
"There is improved quality and increased transparency at buying posts. Growers are empowered to manage their own affairs and there is increased level of mechanisation under contract farming," he explained.
The DG said a cross section of ginners, who don't want to invest in contract farming, but just do free for all buying are very much against contract farming. He said 18 companies were busy campaigning for the status quo. "The group has been sabotaging the process from the beginning," he said.
Mtunga revealed facts which made it clear that contract farming is very beneficial to farmers. In its implementation this season, about 62 per cent of estimated 500,000 growers have signed contracts with ginners through 5,565 farmer business groups (with estimated 311,000 growers) who have all received inputs on credit.
He said about 17 companies, which process 80 per cent of all cotton produced in the country have already invested by paying the input advance, and that the sector now is just waiting for strong support from the government to take another progressive step.
Mtunga said if contract farming was abandoned, Tanzania should forget about the revival of the industry.
Bunda district commissioner Francis Mtinga said that contract farming has changed the lives of many people in his district, as majority of them depend on cotton.
He said through the new system of farming, villagers were assured of getting inputs which result into improved yields.


text:
The National Weather Service is considering how it issues severe weather watches and warnings.
Spokesman Chris Vaccaro said in an email Wednesday the proposal would give the weather service the option to issue watches and warnings for storms that threaten life and property even if they are no longer hurricanes or tropical storms.
The proposal has not been adopted, but attendees at a hurricane conference last week discussed it.
The National Hurricane Center was criticized last month following Superstorm Sandy because it stopped issuing hurricane warnings after sustained winds fell below the hurricane threshold of 74 miles per hour.
Some argue that this caused residents in the Northeast to not realize the danger of the storm that did billions of dollars in damage.
Copyright 2016 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus


text:
Log in
Last year, the psychological thriller Prisoners was a break out hit for Canadian director Denis Villeneuve. With his follow-up film Enemy, once again starring Jake Gyllenhaal, the director embraces Hitchcockian style and atmosphere over formal plotting. Enemy is a kind of tone poem of dread and anxiety that I suspect will leave many a viewer grumpy and unsatisfied (more description would only spoil it). I for one enjoyed Villeneuve's playful antics and commitment to the project over any kind responsibility to provide viewers with a conventional follow up. Fans will either love the Kafkaesque horror of the film or despise it for its provocative resistance to philistinism. You decide.
Posted by Ryan Gage at 08/13/2014 09:41:19 AM


text:
In 1961, Denise Duhamel was born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. She received a BFA degree from Emerson College and a MFA degree from Sarah Lawrence College.
She is the author of numerous collections of poetry, including: Blowout (University of Pittsburgh, 2013), Ka-Ching! (University of Pittsburgh, 2009), Two and Two (2005), and Mille et un sentiments (Firewheel Editions, 2005).
Her other books currently in print are Queen for a Day: Selected and New Poems (University of Pittsburgh, 2001), The Star-Spangled Banner, winner of the Crab Orchard Poetry Prize (1999); Kinky (1997); Girl Soldier (1996); and How the Sky Fell (1996). Duhamel has also collaborated with Maureen Seaton on three volumes: Little Novels (Pearl Editions, 2002), Oyl (2000), and Exquisite Politics (Tia Chucha Press, 1997).
In response to Duhamel's collection Smile!, Edward Field says, "More than any other poet I know, Denise Duhamel, for all the witty, polished surface of her poems, communicates the ache of human existence."
She has received grants and awards from numerous organizations, including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship. She is also the guest editor of The Best American Poetry 2013.
Duhamel teaches creative writing and literature at Florida International University and lives in Hollywood, Florida.


text:
Log in
This question is one of the most often asked ones at ONEplace—by executive directors and board leaders, alike. The angst comes through various sub-questions such as: How can we get our Board members to show up to meetings? Show up prepared? Donate to the Annual Campaign? Help raise funds? Take leadership roles? These and other engagement issues…or lack of engagement issues…affect the functioning and outcomes of many organizations.
A new article by Gail Perry, MBA, CFRE, arrived via GuideStar that speaks directly to one of the underlying causes of disengagement: board members often don't know 'what your organization is trying to accomplish and what their role is in making that happen.'
"Engagement is inspiring passion in someone so they will want to take action." (J. Asker, A. Smith in The Dragonfly Effect)
To inspire passion and, therefore, action: clearly define annual goals for the organization and expectations for board members' actions toward those goals. A plan gives board members something to get their hands around and strive for.
Perry offers a four-part plan with specific, quantifiable sub-steps:
Read Gail Perry's entire article and try these strategies to get your board engaged and fired-up!
Posted by Bobbe Luce at 11/04/2010 10:55:31 AM |


text:
April 29, 2016
Friday March 15, 2013
MIAMI (AP) -- A person with knowledge of the contract says tight end Dustin Keller has agreed to terms on a one-year deal with the Miami Dolphins.
The person confirmed the agreement to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity Friday because it had not yet been announced.
Keller spent his first five NFL seasons with the New York Jets and has 17 career touchdown catches. He was slowed by a left ankle injury last year and made 28 catches for 317 yards and two scores in eight games.
The Dolphins acquired Keller to replace Anthony Fasano, their starting tight end the past four years. He signed Tuesday with the Kansas City Chiefs.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
The $9.4 Billion Question: Is Kroger Still Shopping for Safeway?
Kroger is down but not out in the contest to acquire its West Coast-based rival. There are only a few weeks left to counter another bid for Safeway.
Kroger is down but not out in the contest to acquire its West Coast-based rival. There are only a few weeks left to counter another bid for Safeway.
Cerberus' $9 billion deal to merge Safeway with Albertsons is a bet that a larger supermarket chain can better fend off an attack by big-box stores and online retailers.
The sale is part of AT&T's strategy to jettison shrinking parts of its business so it can focus on segments that are growing, particularly its wireless business
Canada's second largest bank and private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management plan to buy automotive financial products and services company Chrysler Financial for approximately $6.3 billion in cash.
Spain may be embroiled in a credit crisis, but that hasn't stopped some of its companies from striking big deals. Take Grifols SA: The medical products developer has agreed to shell out $3.4 billion to acquire Talecris Biotherapeutics Holdings from private-equity firm Cerberus.
The entity consisting of parts of the "old" Chrysler has repaid the U.S. $1.9 billion of the $4 billion it got during the 2008 financial crisis. While less than face value, Treasury says it's "significantly" more than it expected to recover.
Once icons of American industrial might, GM and Chrysler have cut jobs, closed plants, eliminated models and shed storied brands. Racing to turn business around, both companies still have a long way to go to convince consumers their products are worthy of consideration.
Cerberus, the private equity fund that nearly ruined itself by making bad bets in Detroit, particularly on Chrysler, is considering taking its gun...
For a company named after a mythical, multi-headed hound, Cerberus is definitely in the dog house with its investors. The huge private equity firm is...


text: I download the flower picture from web. I use it to do my scrapbook .Open it by photoshop and photoscape. I drag the flower pictue to patch on my page and only flower ( not the white background) come. But when i try to drag it over the page to do my photobook ( use myphotobook programe from photobook shop) the flower come with the white background ( not tranparency background). Why it occur? Can i do something to get the flower with tranparency background(not white background)? I try to ask the photobookshop programmer but he can't correct it.


text:
Search Swinburne Research Bank
Home List of Titles The scaling property of randomness: the impact of reporting frequency on the perceived performance of investment funds
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/82071
- Title
- The scaling property of randomness: the impact of reporting frequency on the perceived performance of investment funds
- Author(s)
- Finch, Nigel; Ford, Guy; Cuganesan, Suresh; Carlin, Tyrone M.
- Abstract
- This paper reports on the life-time annual returns and volatility of the largest Australian five-star-rated investment funds. Using this actual performance data, we model the likelihood that an investor would have viewed the actual performance as either positive or negative based upon the frequency of the performance reporting. By examining the scaling properties of the random returns generated by the investment, we find that the probability of an investor viewing the performance of their investment as successful, rather than unsuccessful, can be influenced by the time intervals under which the performance is reported. The findings from this research have direct implications to Australian investment managers in setting policies regarding the provisions of real-time and periodic performance reporting to their investors.
- Publication type
- Conference paper
- Source
- Proceedings of the Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies International Conference (AAFS), New Orleans, United States, 12-15 April 2006, Vol. 11(1), pp. 25-30
- Publication year
- 2006
- Keyword(s)
- Investment funds; Randomness; Reporting; Scaling
- Publisher
- Allied Academies
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2006.
- Peer reviewed


text:
Though Sunday's storm wasn't as widespread as Wednesday night's, many of our viewers still got several inches. Check out some of their photos, and feel free to share your own! Post them to our KKTV Facebook page, or e-mail them to email@example.com
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus


text:
On the upside
Georgia Gulf (NYSE: GGC) completed its acquisition of PPG's commodity chemicals business.
Idenix Pharmaceuticals (Nasdaq: IDIX) will develop all-oral direct-acting antiviral HCV combination therapies with Janssen Pharmaceuticals.
On the downside
Nomura downgraded PetSmart (Nasdaq: PETM) to Reduce and slashed its price target from $72 to $55. Details of 3D Systems' (NYSE: DDD) acquisition of Coweb were undisclosed.
Goldman Sachs downgraded AK Steel (NYSE: AKS) to a Sell rating.
In the broad market, declining issues outpaced advancers by a margin of nearly 5 to 3 on the NYSE and by nearly 10 to 9 on Nasdaq. The broader S&P 500 index eased a fraction to 1502.


text:
During Redskins games, are there rules in your house? No talking during the games? Is backtalking the TV allowed? Do guests have to contribute to the food or beer stash? And if you're going to the game instead of watching it at home, what will it cost you?
Leave a comment on WTOP's Facebook page or call the WTOP Talkback line at 1-877-222-1035.
WASHINGTON – It's finally game day at Fed Ex Field, and the Redskins are looking for the team's first NFC East crown since 1999. The Redskins tee up against long- time rivals, the Dallas Cowboys for an 8:20 p.m. kickoff.
"Once the lights come on Sunday, it's time to let whatever you have in you, out," says Redskins wide receiver Santana Moss.
The team has won six straight games so far this season, including a Thanksgiving Day win against the Cowboys. In addition to clenching the division title, a seventh straight win with Sunday's game would also mean a playoff berth for the Redskins.
"This is what you want. Everything is on the line, especially for me against my former team," says Redskins defensive end Stephen Bowen.
"You have to play like you have nothing to lose," added Redskins quarterback Robert Griffin III.
WTOP's George Wallace contributed to this report. Follow @WTOPSports and @WTOP on Twitter.
(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)
Check out the next group of inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame plus a few contenders who've yet to be nominated.


text:
Pinnacle PCTV nanoStick T2 290e review
The nanoStick is the first PC tuner to support DVB-T2 – and thus Freeview HD. Was it worth waiting for?
The nanoStick is the first PC tuner to support DVB-T2 – and thus Freeview HD. Was it worth waiting for?
It's half the size of a typical USB TV tuner but is the Nano also short on features?
Pinnacle has updated its NanoStick USB TV tuner by adding HDTV features and has wisely chosen to call the revised product NanoStick Ultimate, instead of using its more prosaic PCTV 73e model code. The Pinnacle certainly lives up to its Nano name, as the tuner measures a tiny 55mm in overall length and only projects 42mm from the USB port. Small is good, but Pinnacle has also made the NanoStick compact by using a sliding cover on the plug, instead of the usual removable cover
Pinnacle has released quite a number of TV tuners aimed at the laptop user in recent months, but this Flash stick is the first version to actually offer something a little different from just TV on the go
We're strong advocates of PC-based satellite reception. First, there's the obvious advantage of being able to experience your favourite TV and radio programmes with digital clarity
Pinnacle's sturdy little stick is a good, solid performer at a good, solid price. Coming in at under the price of the (entireley reasonable) Avermedia, but lacking the FM radio capability, there's little to choose between them.
This Freeview PC adapter from Pinnacle comes with two portable antennas, and there's a UHF input, but Pinnacle has fallen short of including video inputs for capturing purposes. A shame, as the device comes with Pinnacle Studio Quickstart
In a market where set-up procedures are usually less than straightforward and software usually disappoints, it's good to see that Pinnacle understand what users expect.
Pinnacle's Podcast Factory is a real bargain. However, it's only going to be useful if you've got some experience of audio recording and know how to make the most of the hardware and software that it provides you with.


text:
Loading Map....
Date(s) - 06/14/2014
2:30-pm - 5:00-pm
Library Auditorium
The Tale of Despereaux
Rated G
93 minutes; 2008
As a part of our Adult Programming, the Kingsport Public Library is showing free movies. Free popcorn and drinks are provided, but feel free to bring any snacks and non-alcoholic beverages you wish. While families are welcome, not all films are appropriate for children, so parental discretion is advised.


text:
11 News has confirmed that a high school student at Palmer High School has been hit by a car. It's the third time a student has been hit in the last six months.
Police tell us a car was stopped at a red light while a student was crossing the road. A second car hit the one at the red light and pushed it into the student.
The accident happened near Platte and Weber in Colorado Springs.
D-11 administrators say tell 11 News that they take precautions to make sure the students know how to be safe while walking in the crosswalks.
Colorado Springs Traffic Engineers are investigating the accident, and will make recommendations to the city if they find that the crosswalks should be changed.
The driver of the vehicle who caused the accident has been cited with reckless driving.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Bepridil/Efavirenz (mono deleted 06/12/2014)
This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. Consult your healthcare professional before taking or discontinuing any drug or commencing any course of treatment.
Medical warning:
Severe. These medicines may interact and cause very harmful effects and are usually not taken together. Contact your healthcare professional (e.g. doctor or pharmacist) for more information.
How the interaction occurs:
When these medicines are taken together, your liver may processes your bepridil more slowly.
What might happen:
Your blood levels of bepridil may increase. This may result in an irregular heartbeat, which may be life-threatening.
What you should do about this interaction:
Contact your healthcare professionals (e.g. doctor or pharmacist) as soon as possible about taking these two medicines together.Your healthcare professionals may already be aware of this interaction and may be monitoring you for it. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first.
1.Sustiva (efavirenz) US prescribing information. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company August, 2012.
2.Atripla (efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) US prescribing information. Gilead Sciences, Inc. October, 2013.


text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
Don Kates on the San Francisco Gun Ban Lawsuit
Recorded: Wednesday, September 10, 2008
Don B. Kates discusses his support for the lawsuit challenging San Francisco's public housing gun ban in a KRON 4 report.
Experts: Don B. Kates Jr.Type: TelevisionIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control
Stephen Halbrook on Supreme Court D.C. Handgun Ban Case
Recorded: Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Stephen Halbrook makes a statement to the press after the U.S. Supreme Court hears the D.C. handgun ban case (Heller case). Halbrook filed an Amicus brief for the case on behalf of 300 members of Congress.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: TelevisionIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control


text:
Move beyond the basics of synth programming, and learn techniques for creating big moving basslines, evocative percussion patterns, and rich synth pads.
All Courses
- Propellerhead (6)
- Reason
- Apple (5)
- Avid (5)
- Logic Pro (5)
- Pro Tools (5)
- Ableton (4)
- Ableton Live (4)
- Cycling74 (2)
- Max MSP (2)
- Record (1)
- Audio + Music (6)
- DAWs (3)
- Music Composition (3)
- Music Production (3)
- Virtual Instruments (3)
- Audio Plug-Ins (2)
- Mixing (2)
- Remixing (2)
- Live Performance (1)
- Mastering (1)
- Music Editing (1)
Skill level
- Intermediate
- Appropriate for all (940)
More options
Learn how to create super-pro drum sounds for electronic dance music (EDM) productions.
Learn how synthesis actually works, how to sculpt sound with filters and envelopes, and how to craft your own synth patches, including leads, pads, drums, and bass.
Arrange songs for radio play and club remixes using four different digital audio workstations: Pro Tools, Ableton Live, Logic, and Reason.
Demonstrates four time-stretching remix techniques in four major digital audio workstations: Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Reason, and Ableton Live.
Shows how to take Reason and Record from the studio to the stage, using the features as live performance tools.
"I am so glad that you have something for an absolute beginner. I love what you offer. You are helping to change my life and my circumstances." —Suzie D.
more from our members »


text:
June 26th, 2012
If there's a presidential race afoot, there's bound to be some chowing-down around town. President Obama stopped by Atlanta's classic hot dog drive-in The Varsity, entourage in tow, and ordered five chili dogs, four regular dogs, and one hamburger - which he toted back to the parking lot in a paper bag.
Stops at local haunts are de rigueur for candidates hoping to curry favor with the electorate, whether it's Brunswick stew at Harold's BBQ across town, brats and beer in Green Bay, shrimp and grits in South Carolina, loose meat in Iowa or pancakes at every diner across the U.S.A. If there's a formica table and a few votes to be nabbed, you bet the campaign bus will be taking a snack break.
Catch up on all campaign trail coverage on Eatocracy and see how CNN's Political Team likes to get their political grub on.
Previously - Last Naked Dogs Served at Atlanta's Varsity Jr
Next entry »Coffee klatsch
« Previous entryBarbecue Digest: Getting squirrelly over Brunswick stew
soundoff (100 Responses)
Next entry »Coffee klatsch
« Previous entryBarbecue Digest: Getting squirrelly over Brunswick stew
Recent Posts
Recent comments


text:
Events Calendar
Men's Soccer vs. Yeshiva University
Come cheer on the Gators in the 2011 Skyline Conference opener as Sage looks to return to the conference playoffs once again. Action commences at 1 p.m. at the Bethlehem SoccerPlex (Glenmont, NY).
Date: Sunday, September 11th, 2011
Time: 1:00 pm
Duration: 3 hours
Location: Bethlehem SoccerPlex (Glenmont, NY)
Sponsored by: Athletics
Contact: kinga2, Athletics


text: NATIONAL PENN Banking Personal Savings Accounts Print Savings Accounts Our goal is to help you reach your goals – whether it's the cost of college, your first home, a dream vacation, simple security or something more. We make it easy with a variety of options that will suit your lifestyle and encourage smart savings. Straight2Savings Making savings an easy, automatic routine > Statement Savings Interest and access rolled into one straightforward account > Kid's Account A fee-free account for smart young savers > Back to Top


text:
Well, my good sir, I think it is fairly obvious that when it comes to "realistic" maps (as in "useful" if it hadn't been for the fact they are of a fictitious world), you are the quite literally the "world champion".
You continue to astound me with your professionalism and the amount of work that must seemingly go into your maps.
I only have a few small comments, and they are totally not relevant, but if you will:
The border outlines around on your city map seem a little too faded, so I'm having some trouble reading the rather bright pastel colors. I'd like to see the same kind of black border on everything as on that one road on the north shore of the central peninsula. That has a nice boldness to it.
On the same map, the jagged hills (I think that's what they are) have a slight MC Escher-feel to them. It like that thing, you can't see all six sides of a dice at once, if you know what I mean? Anyway...
Awesome work, keep it up!


text:
Soirée raises $32,000 for Vol State student scholarships
Submitted on October 26, 2010 at 4:04 PM
An evening of down home music, dinner and dancing raised $32,000 for student scholarships at Volunteer State Community College. The Harvest Moon Soirée, held at the Bluegrass Country Club in Hendersonville, featured a silent auction and Tim Watson, the self-described "Fiddle Man."
Pictured: NorthCrest Medical Center of Springfield was the Titanium Sponsor for the Soiree. Left to right: Dr. Warren Nichols, Lisa Linville, Kim Pridgen, Amber King, Karen Mitchell and Rob DeBerry.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.