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Public Health Statement for Chromium
This article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by EoE editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the EoE.
September 2000
Public Health Statement for Chromium
This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for Chromium. It is one in a series of Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health effects. A shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is also available. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
This public health statement tells you about chromium and the effects of exposure.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation. These sites make up the National Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for long-term federal cleanup activities. Total Chromium has been found in at least 1,036 of the 1,591 current or former NPL sites. Chromium(VI) has been found in at least 120 of the 1,591 current or former NPL sites. However, the total number of NPL sites evaluated for this substance is not known. As more sites are evaluated, the sites at which chromium is found may increase. This information is important because exposure to this substance may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure.
When a substance is released from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. This release does not always lead to exposure. You are exposed to a substance only when you come in contact with it. You may be exposed by breathing, eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact.
If you are exposed to chromium, many factors determine whether you'll be harmed. These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and how you come in contact with it/them. You must also consider the other chemicals you're exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health.
What is chromium?
Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms. The most common forms are chromium(0), trivalent (or chromium(III)), and hexavalent (or chromium(VI)). Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that sugar, protein, and fat can be used by the body. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. No known taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is a steel-gray solid with a high melting point. It is used mainly for making steel and other alloys. The naturally occurring mineral chromite in the chromium(III) form is used as brick lining for high-temperature industrial furnaces, for making metals and alloys (mixtures of metals), and chemical compounds. Chromium compounds, mostly in chromium(III) or chromium(VI) forms, produced by the chemical industry are used for chrome plating, the manufacture of dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. Smaller amounts are used in drilling muds, rust and corrosion inhibitors, textiles, and toner for copying machines.
What happens to chromium when it enters the environment?
Chromium enters the air, water, and soil mostly in the chromium(III) and chromium(VI) forms as a result of natural processes and human activities. Emissions from burning coal and oil, and steel production can increase chromium(III) levels in air. Stainless steel welding, chemical manufacturing, and use of compounds containing chromium(VI) can increase chromium(VI) levels in air. Waste streams from electroplating can discharge chromium(VI). Leather tanning and textile industries as well as those that make dyes and pigments can discharge both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) into waterways. The levels of both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in soil increase mainly from disposal of commercial products containing chromium, chromium waste from industry, and coal ash from electric utilities.
In air, chromium compounds are present mostly as fine dust particles. This dust eventually settles over land and water. Rain and snow help remove chromium from air. Chromium compounds will usually remain in the air for fewer than 10 days. Although most of the chromium in water binds to dirt and other materials and settles to the bottom, a small amount may dissolve in the water. Fish do not accumulate much chromium in their bodies from water. Most of the chromium in soil does not dissolve easily in water and can attach strongly to the soil. A very small amount of the chromium in soil, however, will dissolve in water and can move deeper in the soil to underground water. The movement of chromium in soil depends on the type and condition of the soil and other environmental factors.
How might I be exposed to chromium?
You can be exposed to chromium by breathing air, drinking water, or eating food containing chromium or through skin contact with chromium or chromium compounds. The level of chromium in air and water is generally low. The concentration of total chromium in air (both chromium(III) and chromium(VI)) generally ranges between 0.01 and 0.03 microgram (µg) (1 µg equals 1/1,000,000 of a gram) per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). Chromium concentrations in drinking water (mostly as chromium(III)) are generally very low, less than 2 parts of chromium in a billion parts of water (2 ppb). Contaminated well water may contain chromium(VI). For the general population, eating foods that contain chromium is the most likely route of chromium(III) exposure. Chromium(III) occurs naturally in many fresh vegetables, fruits, meat, yeast, and grain. Various methods of processing, storage, and preparation can alter the chromium content of food. Acidic foods in contact with stainless steel cans or cooking utensils might contain higher levels of chromium because of leaching from stainless steel. Refining processes used to make white bread or sugar can decrease chromium levels. Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient for humans. On the average, adults in the United States take in an estimated 60 µg of chromium daily from food. You may also be exposed to chromium from using consumer products such as household utensils, wood preservatives, cement, cleaning products, textiles, and tanned leather.
People who work in industries that process or use chromium or chromium compounds can be exposed to higher-than-normal levels of chromium. An estimated 305,000 workers in the United States are potentially exposed to chromium and chromium-containing compounds in the workplace.
Occupational sources of chromium exposure (with chemical forms of interest shown in brackets) may occur in the following industries:
- Stainless steel welding (chromium(VI))
- Chromate production (chromium(VI))
- Chrome plating (chromium(VI))
- Ferrochrome industry (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
- Chrome pigments (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
- Leather tanning (mostly chromium(III))
Examples of other occupations that may involve chromium exposure include these:
- Painters (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
- Workers involved in the maintenance and servicing of copying machines, and the disposal of some toner powders from copying machines (chromium(VI))
- Battery makers (chromium(VI))
- Candle makers (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
- Dye makers (chromium(III))
- Printers (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
- Rubber makers (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
- Cement workers (chromium(III) and chromium(VI))
You may be exposed to higher-than-normal levels of chromium if you live near the following:
- Landfill sites with chromium-containing wastes
- Industrial facilities that manufacture or use chromium and chromium-containing compounds
- Cement-producing plants, because cement contains chromium
- Industrial cooling towers that previously used chromium as a rust inhibitor
- Waterways that receive industrial discharges from electroplating, leather tanning, and textile industries
- Busy roadways, because emissions from automobile brake lining and catalytic converters contain chromium
In addition, you may be exposed to higher levels of chromium if you use tobacco products, since tobacco contains chromium.
How can chromium enter and leave my body?
Chromium can enter your body when you breathe air, eat food, or drink water containing chromium. In general, chromium(VI) is absorbed by the body more easily than chromium(III), but once inside the body, chromium(VI) is changed to chromium(III). When you breathe air containing chromium, chromium particles can be deposited in the lungs. Particles that are deposited in the upper part of the lungs are likely to be coughed up and swallowed. Particles deposited deep in the lungs are likely to remain long enough for some of the chromium to pass through the lining of the lungs and enter your bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, chromium is distributed to all parts of the body. Chromium will then pass through the kidneys and be eliminated in the urine in a few days. Everyone normally eats or drinks a small amount of chromium daily. Most of the chromium that you swallow leaves your body within a few days through the feces and never enters your blood. A small amount (about 0.4–2.1%) will pass through the lining of the intestines and enter the bloodstream. Chromium(III) present in food can attach to other compounds that make it easier for chromium to enter your bloodstream from your stomach and intestines. This form of chromium is used by your body to carry out essential body functions. If your skin comes into contact with chromium, very little will enter your body unless your skin is damaged.
How can chromium affect my health?
To protect the public from the harmful effects of toxic chemicals and to find ways to treat people who have been harmed, scientists use many tests.
One way to see if a chemical will hurt people is to learn how the chemical is absorbed, used, and released by the body; for some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing may also be used to identify health effects such as cancer or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method to get information needed to make wise decisions to protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Laws today protect the welfare of research animals, and scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines.
Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient that helps the body use sugar, protein, and fat. An intake of 50–200 µg of chromium(III) per day is recommended for adults. On the average, adults in the United States take in an estimated 60–80 µg of chromium per day in food. Therefore, many people's diets may not provide enough chromium(III). Without chromium(III) in the diet, the body loses its ability to use sugars, proteins, and fat properly, which may result in weight loss or decreased growth, improper function of the nervous system, and a diabetic-like condition. Therefore, chromium(III) compounds have been used as dietary supplements and are beneficial if taken in recommended dosages.
The health effects resulting from exposure to chromium(III) and chromium(VI) are fairly well described in the literature. In general, chromium(VI) is more toxic than chromium(III). Breathing in high levels (greater than 2 µg/m3) chromium(VI), such as in a compound known as chromic acid or chromium(VI) trioxide, can cause irritation to the nose, such as runny nose, sneezing, itching, nosebleeds, ulcers, and holes in the nasal septum. These effects have primarily occurred in factory workers who make or use chromium(VI) for several months to many years. Long-term exposure to chromium has been associated with lung cancer in workers exposed to levels in air that were 100 to 1,000 times higher than those found in the natural environment. Lung cancer may occur long after exposure to chromium has ended. Chromium(VI) is believed to be primarily responsible for the increased lung cancer rates observed in workers who were exposed to high levels of chromium in workroom air. Breathing in small amounts of chromium(VI) for short or long periods does not cause a problem in most people. However, high levels of chromium in the workplace have caused asthma attacks in people who are allergic to chromium. Breathing in chromium(III) does not cause irritation to the nose or mouth in most people. In the same way, small amounts of chromium(VI) that you swallow will not hurt you; however, accidental or intentional swallowing of larger amounts has caused stomach upsets and ulcers, convulsions, kidney and liver damage, and even death. The levels of chromium(VI) that caused these effects were far greater than those that you might be exposed to in food or water. Although chromium(III) in small amounts is a nutrient needed by the body, swallowing large amounts of chromium(III) may cause health problems. Workers handling liquids or solids that have chromium(VI) in them have developed skin ulcers. Some people have been found to be extremely sensitive to chromium(VI) or chromium(III). Allergic reactions consisting of severe redness and swelling of the skin have been noted. Exposure to chromium(III) is less likely than exposure to chromium(VI) to cause skin rashes in chromium-sensitive people. The metal, chromium(0), is less common and does not occur naturally. We do not know much about how it affects your health, but chromium(0) is not currently believed to cause a serious health risk. We have no reliable information that any form of chromium has harmful effects on reproduction or causes birth defects in humans, though it does not seem likely that the amount of chromium that most people are exposed to will result in reproductive or developmental effects.
In animals that breathed high levels of chromium, harmful effects on the respiratory system and a lower ability to fight disease were noted. However, we do not know if chromium can lower a person's ability to fight disease. Some of the female mice that were given chromium(VI) by mouth had fewer offspring and had offspring with birth defects. Some male mice that were given chromium(VI) or chromium(III) by mouth had decreased numbers of sperm in the testes. The birth defects or the decrease in sperm occurred in mice at levels about several thousand times higher than the normal daily intake by humans. Some chromium(VI) compounds produced lung cancer in animals that breathed in the particles or had the particles placed directly in their lungs. In animals that were injected with some chromium(VI) compounds, tumors formed at the site of injection.
Because some chromium(VI) compounds have been associated with lung cancer in workers and caused cancer in animals, the Department of Health and Human Services has determined that certain chromium(VI) compounds (calcium chromate, chromium trioxide, lead chromate, strontium chromate, and zinc chromate) are known human carcinogens. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that chromium(VI) is carcinogenic to humans, based on sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds as found in chromate production, chromate pigment production, and chromium plating industries. IARC's determination is also based on sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate, zinc chromate, strontium chromate, and lead chromate; and limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium trioxide (chromic acid) and sodium dichromate. IARC has also determined that chromium(0) and chromium(III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans. The EPA has determined that chromium(VI) in air is a human carcinogen. The EPA has also determined that there is insufficient information to determine whether chromium(VI) in water or food and chromium(III) are human carcinogens.
How can chromium affect children?
This section discusses potential health effects from exposures during the period from conception to maturity at 18 years of age in humans.
Children who live near wastes sites where chromium is found are likely to be exposed to higher environmental levels of chromium through breathing, touching soil, and eating contaminated soil. Children at age five years or younger have higher levels of chromium in their urine than do adults and children living outside of contaminated areas. Very few studies have looked at how chromium can affect the health of children. Children need small amounts of chromium(III) for normal growth and development. It is likely that the health effects seen in children exposed to high amounts of chromium will be similar to the effects seen in adults. We do not know whether children differ from adults in their susceptibility to chromium.
We do not know if exposure to chromium will result in birth defects or other developmental effects in people. Birth defects have been observed in animals exposed to chromium(VI). Death, skeletal deformities, and impaired development of the reproductive system have been observed in the newborn babies of animals that swallowed chromium(VI). Additional animal studies are needed to determine whether exposure to chromium(III) will result in birth defects.
One animal study showed that more chromium(III) will enter the body of a newborn than an adult. We do not know if this is also true for chromium(VI). We have no information to suggest that there are any differences between children and adults in terms of where chromium can be found in the body, and how fast chromium will leave the body. Studies with mice have shown that chromium crosses the placenta and concentrates in fetal tissue. Therefore, pregnant women who were exposed to chromium in the workplace or by living near chromium waste sites may transfer chromium from their blood into the baby where it may build up at levels greater than in the mother. There is some evidence in humans that chromium can be transferred from mother to infant through breast milk.
How can families reduce the risk of exposure to chromium?
If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to significant amounts of chromium, ask whether your children might also be exposed. Your doctor might need to ask your state health department to investigate.
Children living near chromium waste sites are likely to be exposed to higher environmental levels of chromium through breathing, touching soil, and eating contaminated soil. Some children eat a lot of dirt. You should discourage your children from eating dirt. Make sure they wash their hands frequently and before eating. Discourage your children from putting their hands in their mouths or hand-to-mouth activity. Although chromium(III) is an essential nutrient that helps the body use sugar, protein, and fat, you should avoid excessive use of dietary supplements containing chromium such as chromium picolinate. You should only use the recommended amount if you choose to use these products and store these products out of children's reach in order to avoid accidental poisonings.
Is there a medical test to determine whether I have been exposed to chromium?
Chromium can be measured in the hair, urine, serum, red blood cells, and whole blood. However, since chromium(III) is an essential nutrient, low levels of chromium are normally found in body tissues and urine. Tests for chromium exposure are most useful for people exposed to high levels. These tests cannot determine the exact levels of chromium you may have been exposed to or predict whether or not health effects will occur. High chromium levels in the urine and red blood cells indicate exposure to chromium(VI) or chromium(III) compounds. Since the body changes chromium(VI) to chromium(III), the form of chromium that you were exposed to cannot be determined from levels in the urine. Much more chromium(VI) can enter red blood cells than chromium(III), but chromium(VI) can be changed to chromium(III) within these cells. Therefore, chromium levels in the red blood cells indicate exposure to chromium(VI). Because red blood cells last about 120 days before they are replaced by newly made red blood cells, the presence of chromium in red blood cells can show whether a person was exposed to chromium 120 days prior to testing but not if exposure occurred longer than 120 days before testing. Skin patch tests may indicate whether a person is allergic to some chromium salts.
What recommendations has the federal government made to protect human health?
The federal government develops regulations and recommendations to protect public health. Regulations can be enforced by law. Federal agencies that develop regulations for toxic substances include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health but cannot be enforced by law. Federal organizations that develop recommendations for toxic substances include the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Regulations and recommendations can be expressed in not-to-exceed levels in air, water, soil, or food that are usually based on levels that affect animals; then they are adjusted to help protect people. Sometimes these not-to-exceed levels differ among federal organizations because of different exposure times (an 8-hour workday or a 24-hour day), the use of different animal studies, or other factors.
Recommendations and regulations are also periodically updated as more information becomes available. For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. Some regulations and recommendations for chromium include the following:
EPA has set the maximum level of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) allowed in drinking water at 100 µg chromium/L. According to EPA, the following levels of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in drinking water are not expected to cause effects that are harmful to health: 1,400 µg chromium/L for 10 days of exposure for children, 240 µg chromium/L for longer term exposure for children, 840 µg chromium/L for longer term exposure for adults, and 120 µg chromium/L for lifetime exposure of adults.
OSHA regulates chromium levels in the workplace air. The occupational exposure limits for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek are 500 µg chromium/m3 for water-soluble chromic (chromium(III)) or chromous [chromium(II)] salts and 1,000 µg chromium/m3 for metallic chromium (chromium(0)), and insoluble salts. The level of chromium trioxide (chromic acid) and other chromium(VI) compounds in the workplace air should not be higher than 52 µg chromium(VI)/m3 for any period of time.
For chromium(0), chromium(II), and chromium(III), NIOSH recommends an exposure limit of 500 µg chromium/m3 for a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. NIOSH considers all chromium(VI) compounds (including chromic acid) to be potential occupational carcinogens and recommends an exposure limit of 1 µg chromium(VI)/m3 for a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek.
Where can I get more information?
If you have any more questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO • 888-232-6348 (TTY)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Information line and technical assistance:
Phone: 888-422-8737
ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances.
To order toxicological profiles, contact:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Phone: 800-553-6847 or 703-605-6000
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Editor's Notes
- The Encyclopedia of Earth article "Animal testing alternatives" supplements this entry.
- Hyperlinks were created by the Encyclopedia of Earth, not by the Content Source.


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Breast Cancer Myth vs. Fact
Fact: Having lumpy or fibrocystic breasts does not increase your chances of developing breast cancer. Following a breast health program with regular breast exams will increase your chances of detecting cancer.
Fact: It is rare, but Men do get breast cancer. If you see a lump in your partner's breast tissue, make sure he sees a doctor.
Fact: While breast cancer can be detected at earlier with regular exams, not all cancers will be detected. Most breast cancers have been present for 8 to 10 years before a lump is discovered.
Fact: Chemotherapy and radiation are highly toxic and do not guarantee a cure.
Fact: While it's true that the majority of this disease, up to 78%, is found in this age group, there is still a significant number of cases found in women under the age of thirty.
Fact: Of the majority of women who get breast cancer, 90% have no family history and 70% have none of the identifiable risk factors.
Fact: While none of these are proven to be beneficial for your health, reducing or stopping your intake can improve your overall health.
Fact: Trauma to the breast may result in detection of breast cancer, however this is not due to the injury. Rather it is because the breast is being examined and followed more closely than usual.
Fact: It may be more difficult to find lumps and irregularities in breast tissue with wet, soapy fingers. The best way is while lying down, about a week after your period every month. You should be intimately aware of your body and breast. Consult your doctor, sites on the internet and magazines for the correct way to do breast self exams.
Fact: Regardless of breast size, race or socioeconomic status, all woman are susceptible to breast cancer.
Greeley Fire Department Battles Garage Fire
Top 10 "Bad Boy" Names
What Is Net Neutrality?


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Business News
Patagonia to re-open its Chamonix store
18 Jan. 2013
Patagonia refits its store in ChamonixPatagonia Inc, the Californian outdoor gear and apparel company, has announced the re-opening of its very first European store in Chamonix. Opened in 1987, by Yvon and Malinda Chouinard, it was the first Patagonia store to open in Europe and the first of all the outdoor brand stores that opened in Chamonix.
With 200 square metres of retail space, the store will be a showcase for the entire Patagonia offering focusing on core technical alpine and ski/snowboard products and including lifestyle products, kids, packs and footwear collections.
Patagonia store in Chamonix: ground floor
The first floor will be entirely dedicated to women; the ground floor will feature all men's products and the new retail space created in the basement has kids and footwear collections and a wall full of packs. The outdoor courtyard will be used to welcome Patagonia's community during summer. The store will be the venue for a host of events taking place throughout the year. In line with Patagonia's environmental consciousness, local environmental groups will also be encouraged to use the space.
The new merchandising gives more space to the products. Light has been emphasized and the materials used were all sourced locally. The cashier is decorated by Andy Parkin, climber and local artist, fixtures are made of hevea wood by a local partner and all furniture is second hand.
Melanie Gropler
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Nurses trust ANA because of our dedication to standards, guidelines, and principles. We work hard to elevate the nursing profession by defining the values and priorities for registered nurses across the nation. Through this work, ANA can provide direction to nurses across the nation, influence legislation, and implement a framework to objectively evaluate nursing excellence.
Policy Statement – The ANA Code for Nurses
"The American Nurses Association's (ANA) Code for Nurses with Interpretive Statements (Code for Nurses) explicates the goals, values and ethical precepts that direct the profession of nursing. The ANA believes the Code for Nurses is nonnegotiable and that each nurse has an obligation to uphold and adhere to the code of ethics."
Read more…
About the Process
Our members are nurses on the floor and in the field. So when a challenge or trend arises in our profession, ANA relies on our members as the first link in developing an official resource. Members are nominated to a working group that thoroughly researches the issue and writes a statement before going to ANA for final approval. This bottom-up approach to our statements helps ensure our standards are current and accurately represent nurses across the nation.
Popular Resources
Code of Ethics for Nurses
This definitive guide demonstrates how to carry out your nursing responsibilities while providing quality care and meeting your ethical obligations.
ANA Position Statements
When a hot topic arises in the industry, ANA will create an explanation, justification, or recommendation for a course of action — otherwise known as a position statement.
ANA Principles for Nursing Practice
From pay to staffing, delegation to documentation, and even cutting-edge topics such as social media – ANA has principles aimed at giving you practical information for your professional practice.
Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, 2nd Edition
As the premier resource on nursing practice, Scopes and Standards gives you a broad, non-clinical description of the art and science of nursing. A Scopes and Standards CE course is also available.


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Eastport, Maine, is the eastern-most city in the United States. It once was one of the busiest seaports on the East Coast and the world's largest producer of sardines. Today it serves up salmon raised on farms and Down East hospitality handed down through generations.
Eastport: Where America Begins Its Day was produced by John Gfroerer of Accompany Films.
Purchase the DVD
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[Eastport: Where America Begins It's Day originally aired on MPBN Community Films December 29, 2011.]


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Adobe Creative Suite CS2 for $0 + free shipping
Free download of Adobe Photoshop Creative Suite CS2 for Mac and Windows. Must have an Adobe account to login and download.
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93 Comments add a comment
Piracy or not, you know it's Virus Free!
@whytcolr: not a deal, but hardly piracy. Misappropriation maybe.
@j5:"Adobe is turning a blind eye to the whole thing and letting people do what they will with it.
In a professional position I wouldn't go near it, but for personal use?"
I'd say that using this for personal use is a no harm, no foul situation. I think that doing so might actually gain Adobe some business in the long run. However, pretending that we're all ALLOWED to do this with Adobe's blessing is wrong. Installing and using this software is, in a very real sense, piracy.
How would people feel if I posted a "deal" around tax time that said, "If you get a TurboTax CD from someone, you can use it to file for free without authenticating or anything! Even for State filing! Even if you didn't buy it!" (This has, actually, been the case for the last few years.) This isn't a deal -- its piracy.
I'm not making personal judgements, here. I'm just asking that people call this what it is... Or at least stop calling it a "deal."
@whytcolr: I'm not saying you're wrong, because you aren't. The terms clearly state what they state, but your analogy is a commonly used one in copyright arguments, and just as commonly misapplied.
This is more equivalent to Old Man Jenkins posting a note on the front of his register saying "Hey, the pie recipe I sold you won't work any more since we no longer make a key ingredient, here is a new recipe with a substitute key ingredient. This is for my yummy pie recipe customers to continue to make yummy pies". People find out, OMJ gets flooded with traffic, and removes the recipe from his register. After a few hours, he just posts the recipe in his shop window. Now, every actual customer, as well as every passerby, deal follower, or Google Streets user can get the "yummy pie recipe".
Adobe is turning a blind eye to the whole thing and letting people do what they will with it.
In a professional position I wouldn't go near it, but for personal use?
@karlsworld: Two representatives of Adobe -- one in a web chat with myself and one in a public Adobe forum -- have specifically stated that this software is not a free giveaway and was meant for owners of the software who could no longer install due to the activation servers being shut down.
Let's say I walk by Old Man Jenkins' shop and see he's left a whole table full of tasty pies out. There's a tiny note on the door that says, "if you got one of the bad pies, please take one of these as a replacement."
Now, if I post on a local message board, "Hey, Old Man Jenkins left a bunch of pies on a table outside his shop. They're free, just go grab one!" and then 100 people go take Old Man Jenkins' pies, we can argue about how stupid Old Man Jenkins was to leave his pies out, but we can't argue about whether it was theft, can we? Old Man Jenkins left the pies out for the people who got bad pies. Those who didn't get a bad pie, but took one of the pies on the table, stole a pie.
@sehrgut: "There's no court in the country..." That's all well in good if software compliance issues regularly made it to court. Usually they don't. Usually, they're resolved in arbitration. Guess what? Most organizations don't have enough money to go up against the BSA and the like in court. When it comes to software audits, proof of ownership is paramount. If Adobe was, in fact giving this away for free, a printout of the announcement from Adobe would suffice as proof.
@ecolodge: This is interesting. Unfortunately, the same document makes the distiction between "software" and "license" in section 13. Also, section 5 states, "Updates. If the Software is an upgrade or update to a previous version of Adobe software, you must possess a valid license to such previous version in order to use such upgrade or update." Since this software was posted by Adobe as an update for users who couldn't install after Adobe shutdown the activation servers, I would argue it is an update.
@whytcolr: "THIS IS NOT A DEAL. THIS IS PIRACY"
Please, get over yourself! I will trust that when Adobe offers download links to their outdated software AND provides serial numbers for the software, they have every intent of sharing the software. What I will NOT trust is some self righteous person's false interpretation of the facts and their insulting accusations of piracy. So like I said, get over yourself!
And BTW, THANKS ADOBE and perishedstar!
@whytcolr: It might not technically be a "deal," but it sure ain't "piracy" either. Here are the terms you agree during install:
"2. Software License. If you obtained the Software from Adobe or one of its authorized licensees and as long as you comply with the terms of this agreement, Adobe grants you a non-exclusive license to use the Software in the manner and for the purposes described in the Documentation, as further set forth below."
Yes, I indeed got this software from adobe's website. Adobe provided the product keys as well publically. There was nothing on the download page indicating that it was for previous users only.
@whytcolr: Flipping noob.
When they made a mistake, and published the software openly, they waived any right to not have it downloaded and used. No court in the country would uphold any claim they make to restrain use of openly-published software, especially given the fact that they COULD have used private channels to distribute validated download links.
@mzkhadir: Really? That's your position? "I might be downloading and installing a product illegally, but definitely don't check... Because ignorance of the law is an excuse for breaking it, right?"
Seriously, I am responsible for making sure the software in my organization is legitimately licensed. Having unlicensed software installed could result in their me losing my job. So, you're damn right I'm going to check with the source. This was an open link to support software, not a giveaway. The absence of any official announcement from Adobe initially made me question it. Subsequently, Adobe support has clarified that this is to be used by people who already have CS2 licenses.
Which means that everyone who didn't buy CS2 but have downloaded and installed this software anyway have pirated the software and broken the law. Ethically, this is not much different from firing up bittorrent and downloading software you don't own.
Got it! ...finally, @ 1:20AM. To be fair, I'd forgotten about it, but now that everyone's asleep, it was quick & easy!!
Deal's live again
@miquinn: not only did they re-enable the deal, they took off the account requirement.
Can this be Adobe saying "ah what the hell, free old crap for all"?
Not dead! I just got through first try with no problem!
This is not true. Effective December 13, Adobe disabled the activation server for CS2 products and Acrobat 7 because of a technical glitch. These products were released over 7 years ago and do not run on many modern operating systems. But to ensure that any customers activating those old versions can continue to use their software, we issued a serial number directly to those customers. While this might be interpreted as Adobe giving away software for free, we did it to help our customers.
@j5: Good point, I RIP'd it. If it comes back, feel free to tattle and we will Un-RIP it. I was going to delete the whole thing, but figured the OP could use the rep...
@josefresno: now this is unRIP but free-tagged?
I've been using PS since version 5 and yeah I do have a copy of CS2. However, I think it's a pretty gray area. It's true it is posted on their site but you do either have to log in or create an account. So that would mean it's not really in a public area.
On the other hand it would seem to me it's a great marketing ploy. Once you get the hang of it (Oh yeah there's a STEEP learning curve) they may have you hooked on upgrading. It is "quite" inferior to CS6 but it still runs rings around anything else out there.
@omnichad: HEAD requests are usually blocked by servers. We have been down that road. We simply allow links to large files. If they are too big, the request will timeout. Usually this has not been an issue because events like this rarely happen.
@omnichad: but yea, you are right, I am not the internet cop... However cool that would be. These links were causing timeouts for other users. So, I had to step in and remove them.
@josefresno: The serial numbers WERE, in fact, posted on the Adobe site. At the time I reposted them, it appeared that the server was buckling under the load, not that they had removed the page entirely. Hours later, I'm unable to edit the contents of an older post.
You now know that you probably need some safeguards in your redirect to protect against your wasting of resources on things like large EXE files. You can still have your redirect there to do link tracking, but whatever else you normally do can be blocked.
An HTTP Head request should tell you the size of the download before you retrieve the file- especially on a big public download server like Adobe's. I understand not all HTTP servers support this.
If the serial numbers are released, they will appear on the adobe site.
Our system is more complicated than a simple 302...
Deals.Woot allows download links for the purpose of posting links to PDF product manuals and other such things. Links to large ISO files are not recommended.
@josefresno: The size of the content being linked to shouldn't have any effect on a 302 redirect. For all intents and purposes, a serial number that were freely released would not be a DMCA violation. If Adobe hadn't meant that, then they really needed better wording on the page that provided them.
And thanks to DMCA safe harbor provisions, you're free to leave it there until you get a takedown notice.
We're talking about what appeared at the time to be an offer of free software, reported by sources that are assumed to be reputable such as Forbes. Please don't come in here and claim we were all acting in willful defiance of copyright law.
Personally, it's a deal to me either way. I actually have an old copy of CS2 lying around, but it was the Mac version. They don't offer support, but offered activation, so I had no legal way to switch it back to the Windows version until this deal was posted.
1) this software is not free
2) posting serial numbers on public forums is illegal: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
3) these links to large EXE's increase the load on our link verification system.
4) please don't post "deals" like this.
5) thanks
@omnichad: yeah, saw that.
It's another mess, but Adobe doesn't care. They will continue doing what they do.
Pirates will pirate.
Businesses wil buy.
The end.
@j5: Probably this reason:
At least a scientist that works for Adobe is fairly certain that Adobe never meant to release CS2 for free - just provide it to owners of CS2 since the activation-required versions no longer work.
However, no official word from Adobe yet. They're likely still trying to figure out what to make of the disaster.
065d0370b8a29c7eac0b5ba40a9e022e CS20IENonRetD3.dmg.bin
761debf76091143187ae853f747af40e CS2.0WWEExtras1.exe
c7493983322cd17c2a0e8770ed9ac372 CS2installMac.pdf
70219720c2eeba32e66eaeb52e6fbfbd CS2installWin.pdf
30054e8f57c820e2fad4076f0f3ee38a GLCS2UENonRet.dmg.bin
8436b46d53df6c2d053dd62150ee2948 GLCS2UENonRet.exe
3bfaabe4937833bff117bb71f9d07c24 ICCS2UENonRet.dmg.bin
6e791c97b841226c3bc98013684a0572 ICCS2UENonRet.exe
82ab3fc6cda27c779162031c5e0946b4 IDCS2UENonRet.dmg
77f5ad35be0d820504553e736e5918cd IDCS2UENonRet.exe
0865e62d120025d15bbd680982acef41 PhSpCS2English.dmg.bin
c24f1c53297ca179650031094571dce0 PhSpCS2English.exe
03a7ca38a20528ff14f3777433906aa1 PPRO2.0Ret-NHUE.zip
1557f2c06e6156cd4e0260af635df4d1 PSE4MacWWEESD1.dmg.bin
5327c0f72a909600d7f0985b57b1e733 PSE5.0WINESD1ENG.exe
09b841158637bbff01209ae4d0e57cd1 VCS2.dmg
7055d99fedbb8e199368382aa1a3bbc6 VCS2.zip
MD5s courtesy of some folks at SD:
a786d07cc41dac530c30fd9433dad0d0 12001748.dmg
8ad37b04affbcec812ee2a558ed906f6 22001904.exe
a526cd7db16f17883b71199eb224c93a AC3D1.0VolumeNACKWWE.zip
ce05b328b9443bd5fab8c45ae6d1aaf7 ADBEAuditionESD1WWEFGJIS.exe
23c1b2ae9b84a1c07301b230e4aa920f ADBEAuditionloopolgy.7z
3885ddd4fcaca783873268f8652f5903 ADBEAuditionloopolgy.exe
864336c12c2f4e14fcf6e739a51d4b37 AICS2IENonRet.dmg.bin
be05180f4d45d91ac2d53b3dc91c1525 AICS2IENonRet.exe
ce5d9c7b1ee3d383f510422f6ef9f81c APRO23WinESD1WWEFG.exe
7ab681c382845924c0e6a5e6e03651e2 APRO8MacWEBWWEFG.dmg
0dbf6277295e0daf313f9b15a7c55c0c CreativeSuiteCS2Disc1.exe
675febf07d9b0104564228b66be7f1e1 CreativeSuiteCS2Disc2.exe
5dc80c66a3c9a11cad90a33a4bf39996 CreativeSuiteCS2Disc3.exe
4c956cd9e0afcc58bd439c94bde80ede CS2.0IEExtras1.dmg.bin
30e947c88351a867b0500b50623ac8d1 CS20IENonRetD1.dmg.bin
4b95117369178ee2cab0072efd0fd882 CS20IENonRetD2.dmg.bin
@erickrarick: International Edition vs. US Edition in one case (IE vs. UE), Retail vs. Non Retail in the other (Ret. vs. NonRet).
downloads are still working for me, nice deal!
@w855173w: I don't think so.. but I wonder if you have any insight as to the differences between the
CS20IENonRetD1.dmg.bin as provided here
CS20UERetD1.dmg.bin as listed in the PDF
Both seem to be valid files available for download.
(woot messed up the formatting by turning the underscores into italics, but you know what I mean)
@erickrarick: welcome! need any other links ?
@w855173w: Thanks!
Why is this RIPed?
@erickrarick: sure!
[Edit] Links Removed [/Edit]
Any direct links for the Mac files by chance?
@twinnii: nice!
@w855173w: Works, downloading the exe's now. Thanks.
@findpryan: @bobbyatkinson:
I posted a link to the slickdeals Wiki.
It has the direct DL, and keys, and installation help.
All still work.
Hey woot, get out of the links, you're just screwing them up.
You make it a PIA to copy the links to use later when the target site is less hammered.
I just got Audition so it's still there. Just getting hammered I imagine.
@findpryan: I just happened to leave my page open and it looks like the files are still there. here are the windows creative suite links, maybe they will work for you
[Edit] Links removed [/Edit]
I can't believe I just missed this.
@nachokingp: @videogrinch:
Now that the entire US is awake, I'm guessing it's more DDOS than Adobe yanking the deal.
It definitely seems to be dead now, can't get through no matter how many times I try.
@mzkhadir: Yep. Gone.
Finally got to download page, had to try a number of times...
@maineman99: Im sure the Forbes writer found this deal on WOOT as well.
I'm getting the same unavailable error. Does anyone know if it's completely unavailable, or if this is one of those "keep hitting refresh until you get in" things? ;)
SlickDeals has wikified the whole thing
Direct Downloads still work according to several posters.


text: Rancho Loaded QuickLift Leveling Systems will level the front end suspension of your SUV or Pickup and remove the uncomfortable factory rake. Rancho Loaded QuickLift Leveling Systems are designed to quickly and easily allow your vehicle to clear up to 35" tires for better off road capabilities. Preassembled coil spring and upper mount simplify installation, and QuickLift has 9-position tuning technology to easily adjust ride quality and enhance performance.


text: I'm really enjoying this series of maps. Maybe a little more deep shadow around the edges of the planets, they terminate a bit bright for me. The rust effect could be fun if its intended to look like a map hanging up someplace, but if you are going to rust the frame you should show other signs of aging as well, fading of the color of the print, water damage, or if its hanging in a public space some cracks and graffiti if its under plastic protection, maybe screws for affixing it (with one missing). Good texturing on the planets they have that feeling of hanging in space like heavenly bodies with the rich colors and sharp edges.


text: Pre-loved (light use). The exterior leather is lightly scratched and worn. The hardware is moderately scuffed. The interior is noticeably scratched and worn. SIZE: Small. SPECIAL DETAILS: The term 2.55 refers to the first release of the design by Coco Chanel in February of 1955. The medium is the third largest of the style.


text:
49 U.S. Code § 40125 - Qualifications for public aircraft status
prev | next
(a) Definitions.— In this section, the following definitions apply:
(1) Commercial purposes.— The term "commercial purposes" means the transportation of persons or property for compensation or hire, but does not include the operation of an aircraft by the armed forces for reimbursement when that reimbursement is required by any Federal statute, regulation, or directive, in effect on November 1, 1999, or by one government on behalf of another government under a cost reimbursement agreement if the government on whose behalf the operation is conducted certifies to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration that the operation is necessary to respond to a significant and imminent threat to life or property (including natural resources) and that no service by a private operator is reasonably available to meet the threat.
(2) Governmental function.— The term "governmental function" means an activity undertaken by a government, such as national defense, intelligence missions, firefighting, search and rescue, law enforcement (including transport of prisoners, detainees, and illegal aliens), aeronautical research, or biological or geological resource management.
(3) Qualified non-crewmember.— The term "qualified non-crewmember" means an individual, other than a member of the crew, aboard an aircraft—
(b) Aircraft Owned by Governments.— An aircraft described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of section 40102 (a)(41) does not qualify as a public aircraft under such section when the aircraft is used for commercial purposes or to carry an individual other than a crewmember or a qualified non-crewmember.
(c) Aircraft Owned or Operated by the Armed Forces.—
(1) In general.— Subject to paragraph (2), an aircraft described in section 40102 (a)(41)(E) qualifies as a public aircraft if—
(B) the aircraft is operated in the performance of a governmental function under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 and the aircraft is not used for commercial purposes; or
(2) Limitation.— An aircraft that meets the criteria set forth in paragraph (1) and that is owned or operated by the National Guard of a State, the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States, qualifies as a public aircraft only to the extent that it is operated under the direct control of the Department of Defense.
(d) Search and Rescue Purposes.— An aircraft described in section 40102 (a)(41)(D) that is not exclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days by the government of a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States or a political subdivision of 1 of those governments, qualifies as a public aircraft if the Administrator determines that—
Source(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, § 702(b)(1),Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 155; amended Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, § 1078(b), (c),Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 334; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title V, § 35003,July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 843.)
2012—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141added subsec. (d).
2008—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–181, § 1078(c)(1), substituted "section 40102 (a)(41)" for "section 40102 (a)(37)".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–181, § 1078(c)(2), substituted "section 40102 (a)(41)(E)" for "section 40102 (a)(37)(E)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 110–181, § 1078(b), inserted "or other commercial air service" after "transportation".
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) ofPub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
Effective Date
Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 ofPub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468 (b), 551 (d), 552 (d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Educational Partnerships
Shoreline Community College is committed to preparing its students, faculty and staff to learn, work and live more fully in an ever-changing global environment.
Contact Information
|Diana Sampson
|Executive Director
|International Education
Shoreline works hard to serve its local and global communities and is recognized internationally as an outstanding community college. We have a broad range of international education programs and services, including:
Each program is designed to increase intercultural and international knowledge, skills and awareness for all the people we serve.
To provide the best in international education, Shoreline Community College partners with a number of local and national organizations, including:


text:
Green Your Holiday Gift-Giving – Power with Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines™ Batteries
Holiday gift-giving means toys and appliances powered by batteries. Keep your gifts as green as they can be by purchasing Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines™ Batteries to power up those gifts for Hanukkah and on Christmas morning.
Today, more and more people are mindful of the products they use every day and how those products affect our environment. Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines™ Batteries have completed a rigorous evaluation of their carbon footprint, reducing emissions where possible, then neutralize the remaining greenhouse gases associated with the entire life cycle of each battery. By purchasing Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines™ Batteries, you're doing your part to reduce the CO2 and climate change impact from the production, distribution, and disposal of alkaline batteries.
"Eco Alkalines™ Batteries continue to lead the market in environmental conservation and sustainability initiatives," says Eric M. Carlson, president of Carbonfund.org Foundation. "By measuring, reducing and neutralizing their products' carbon footprint, Eco Alkalines™ Batteries become the most environmentally responsible batteries available on the market today."
Eco Alkalines™ Batteries packaging is manufactured with 80% of recycled materials and the batteries are derived from earth elements which have no trace amounts of harmful metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead. Eco Alkalines™ perform equal to or better than the leading national brands in usage and longevity tests, and despite these eco accolades, Eco Alkalines™ batteries are competitively priced compared to the leading national brands. Eco Alkalines™ have a guaranteed 5-year shelf life and a unique patented leak resistant seal.
Eco Alkalines™ Batteries are available online, at Amazon Smile (please support Carbonfund.org when you shop here!), and in retail stores in the US, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand. Keep the holidays green – power up with Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines™ Batteries this season.
Tandus Centiva Renews Certified Carbonfree® Flooring Products Registration
Tandus Centiva, A Tarkett Company, offers a unique line of flooring products as a true fit-for-purpose approach to enhance building spaces for learning, working, healing and living. An important component of its product line is offering Certified Carbonfree® flooring products to its customers, through a program developed by Carbonfund.org.
The company utilizes Cradle to Cradle principals to strategically design and manufacture its products. This closed-loop approach focuses on four key areas: the choice of good materials in the design of products, the responsible use of resources to minimize impacts on the environment, the well-being of people during product use and closed loop recycling at the end-of-use to produce new products with good materials.
The Certified Carbonfree® Product program relies upon a full cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment of each registered product, to determine the entire carbon footprint associated with each square yard of flooring material. Tandus Centiva has renewed its Certified Carbonfree® Product Registration again this year for seven of its flooring products.
"Tandus Centiva will continue to conserve energy and utilize renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with its operations and products," explains Glen Hussmann, President of Tandus Centiva. "Additionally, registering Powerbond® and modular products as Carbonfree® through the Carbonfund.org provides Tandus Centiva customers with a credible means of purchasing Carbonfree® floor coverings."
Tandus Centiva uses a multifaceted approach to reduce the carbon footprint of its operations and products including the reduction of energy, water and solid waste, the increased use of recycled material and renewable energy, along with a continued emphasis on closed loop recycling and post-consumer reclamation of its products. These strategies along with the Certified Carbonfree® Product options places Tandus Centiva among the sustainability leaders in the flooring industry.
Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines Batteries™ Supports RMC's Zero-Waste Recycling in Ontario
There's a battle over battery recycling and materials recovery processes brewing in Ontario, Canada. A proposed new battery recycling program could threaten the local industry and jobs, and impact the US environment as well.
Expanding its commitment to environmental sustainability, LEI Products' Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines Batteries™ recently partnered with Raw Materials Company (RMC) to support 100% recycling of its batteries. In addition to assessing the batteries' full life cycle carbon emissions and neutralizing those emissions through Carbonfund.org, Eco Alkalines wanted to ensure that their battery was truly sustainable through the end-of-use and disposal portion of its life cycle.
RMC uses an innovative mechanical process that crushes the batteries to separate all of the component materials. 100% of each battery is reused and up to 92% is up-cycled. The paper and plastic from alkaline batteries, which makes up approximately 8% to 15% of the battery depending on type, is used to produce energy. RMC's process to recycle alkaline batteries creates negligible greenhouse gas emissions and produces zero secondary waste -- none of the component materials are sent to the landfill. Additionally, all of the recovered materials are consumed locally within 300 miles of RMC.
By partnering with RMC, Eco Alkalines is confident that the end-of-life processing of the batteries achieves the greatest possible recycling and environmental outcomes.
But the recent revelation that Waste Diversion Ontario is actively considering a proposal by a company called Call2Recycle, which could potentially wipe out Raw Materials Company, is causing concerns ranging from potential job losses to compromised environmental standards.
Eco Alkalines Batteries™ does not support the proposal put forth by Call2Recycle to process old batteries, as they view this alternative for battery recycling as a return to more wasteful and environmentally harmful methods.
It's also worth noting that Call2Recycle's proposal likely would result in exporting the battery recycling, and its attendant waste and carbon dioxide emissions, to the US.
So why would Waste Diversion Ontario, be considering another option for battery recycling, especially since the Canadian government currently is considering a proposed Waste Reduction Act, Bill 91, with progressive new recycling standards?
Call2Recycle, who represents major battery players Duracell and Energizer, has historically used Pennsylvania-based smelter company INMETCO to process old batteries. Not only would a move to Care2Recycle's proposal likely put RMC out of business, eliminating the employment of close to 50 Ontario residents in a period marked by economic instability, but also it likely would prove to be a much less environmentally sound option. The smelting process is cheap; however, the environmental performance is extremely poor because a steel smelter was not designed to recycle alkaline batteries. The burning process creates unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions as well as a secondary waste called slag, which contains high concentrations of heavy metals. This slag is often used as filler for asphalt roads and considered by most to be a waste as it cannot be re-used.
Call2Recycle may be able to quote a lower bid, but the costs to the local Ontario economy and the impact on the environment may well outweigh the perceived benefit of a reduction in Canada's government spending. Carbonfund.org joins Eco Alkalines Batteries ™ in supporting innovative product recycling, reclamation and reuse developed by companies like Raw Materials Company.
Certified Carbonfree® Eco Alkalines™ Batteries Launch with Best Buy Canada
Eco Alkalines™ Batteries are pleased to announce their upcoming product launch with Best Buy Canada, the nation's fastest growing retailer of consumer electronics. Best Buy Canada, a specialty retailer and e-tailer of consumer electronics, personal computers and entertainment, shares Eco Alkalines™ vision for creating and supplying sustainable businesses and communities.
Best Buy is strongly committed to doing it share in protecting the planet and conserving the earth's resources. As an electronics retailer company, Best Buy feels a responsibility to prevent old and unwanted electronics from making their way to Canadian landfills. In the spring of 2013, select Best Buys stores across Canada teamed up and collected more than 37,000 pounds of e-waste of local residents. Additionally, every Best Buy location in Canada offers in-store recycling where customers can recycle everything from batteries and cell phones to printers and TVs. Best Buy is also committed to offering a wide range of sustainable products such as Eco Alkalines™ batteries.
Like Best Buy Canada, Eco Alkalines™ batteries are a Canadian company committed to environmental sustainability and green innovation. Eco-Alkalines™ batteries are environmentally friendly and landfill safe. They are manufactured with earth friendly derivatives and contain 0% trace amounts of harmful metals such as Mercury, Cadmium and Lead. They have been certified as Carbonfree® by Carbonfund.org Foundation and NSF Sustainability and can be used to count towards prerequisites and credits in LEED certified building projects and building operation.
"Certification sets us apart from our competitors," says Lalonde. "We are currently the world's only disposable alkaline battery with this certification. We have found that certification has helped to increase our market share and create customer and brand loyalty among consumers who are seeking to purchase and use eco-friendly products."
Carbonfree® certification also lends credibility to Eco Alkalines™, a relatively newer brand, in a marketplace of well-known battery products. "Although many products claim to be 'green' or 'eco-friendly,' these terms are often used loosely or without a clear description of what that means. We wanted third-party verification from two trusted and recognizable organizations – Carbonfund.org and NSF International - so that consumers would understand and have faith in our green claims," added Lalonde.
In addition to their innovative and unique green credentials and applications, Eco Alkalines™ batteries have excelled in performance and longevity tests, consistently demonstrating that Eco Alkalines™ perform equal to or better than the leading national brands. Eco Alkalines™ have a guaranteed 5-year shelf life and a unique patented leak resistant seal ensuring that they will not leak into your devices.
Despite their pioneering eco accolades and novel technology, Eco Alkalines™ batteries are competitively priced compared to the leading national brands. As eco-friendly technology evolves to a 'must' rather than a choice, Eco Alkalines™ batteries offer consumers and companies a green product at market prices. Carbonfund.org is proud to partner with Eco Alkalines™ batteries and applauds this expansion of market availability through Best Buy Canada for the Certified Carbonfree® batteries.
New LEED v4 Introduces Project Points for Carbon Offsets to Mitigate Scope 1 and 2 Emissions
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) launched the newest version of the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) green building program at the annual Greenbuild International Conference and Expo in Philadelphia this week. Since 1998, the LEED program is credited with transforming the built marketplace as the world's standard for the design, construction and operation of high-performance green buildings.
Among the many new provisions and improvements introduced in LEED v4, carbon offsets now may be used to mitigate Scope 1 or Scope 2 emissions on a metric tonne of carbon dioxide–equivalent basis and earn LEED points – up to two points for new construction projects and up to five points for existing building projects.
This is an exciting new provision to the LEED program, and Carbonfund.org looks forward to assisting building project owners, design and construction professionals earn Scope 1 and 2 emissions neutralization points by supporting our third-party verified and validated carbon reduction projects.
Carbonfund.org visited the GreenBuild Expo hall this week, courtesy of our Certified Carbonfree® Product Certification partners at NSF Sustainability, to talk with green building product manufacturers and building project design professionals about the LEED v4 changes. We were pleased to talk with some of our business partners exhibiting there, including Certified Carbonfree® Product partner Tandus Flooring, Spiezle Architectural Group, and IceStone, LLC.
"LEED v4 is a quantum leap for LEED," commented Rick Fedrizzi, president, CEO and founding chair, USGBC. "Over the past 15 years, LEED has fundamentally revolutionized how we design, construct, operate and maintain our buildings and communities. LEED has created a completely new industry of business enterprise committed to energy savings and efficiency. LEED v4 is as much a testament to the achievements of LEED project teams around the world as it is to the green building community's ambition to create significant global and local change through resource-efficient, cost-effective green buildings."
If you're involved with new building project development or an existing building renovation, please contact Carbonfund.org to discuss earning LEED v4 points for Scope 1 and 2 emissions mitigation.
Five Years Certified Carbonfree® Nika Water Expands Mission to Reduce Global Water Crisis
Clean water - a basic necessity for life and sustainability, yet almost 800 million people in our world still lack access to it. Carbonfund.org Certified Carbonfree® partner Nika Water not only ensures that their products' carbon dioxide emissions are fully neutralized, but Nika uses the power of water to help bring clean water to those in need.
Five years ago, Nika took the important step to perform a life cycle assessment of their bottled water, measuring the carbon emissions required to source and transport the water, manufacture the bottles, caps, labels and packaging, deliver the water to distribution outlets, then use and recycle the empty water bottles. As each bottle of Nika Water is sold, Nika makes a corresponding donation to Carbonfund.org to neutralize the carbon emissions attributable to that bottle of water. Nika's ongoing donations to Carbonfund.org support reforestation projects around the world that absorb carbon dioxide emissions while providing additional environmental benefits to the wildlife, habitat and communities in and around the projects.
"After extensive research, we determined that Carbonfund.org was the superior provider of carbon footprint solutions due to their professionalism, pragmatic and business friendly solutions, list of available projects and complete operational transparency ensuring that Nika was devoting its resources in a truly meaningful way," explains Jordan Mellul, General Manager for Nika.
Now Nika has launched another project to bring a safe, clean source of water to a community in need. In the West Sumatra region of Indonesia, the community of Muntei Kecil uses the river as their primary water source, even though the unsanitary condition and poor quality of the water threatens their health. As part of Nika's ongoing mission to use the power of water to make a positive impact, Nika is partnering with Surfaid to build a solar powered water pump with water source protection to serve the community in Muntei Kecil.
With access to clean water, the community will be able to grow and become sustainable. All Nika Water purchases participate in this project and others that Nika supports in addressing the growing need for clean, safe drinking water around the world. By directing 100% of its profits from the sale of its bottled water to alleviate water and sanitation needs in impoverished countries, Nika hopes to solve the water needs of thousands of families throughout the world. Carbonfund.org values our partnership with Nika Water and supports their efforts to reduce the global water crisis.


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FRESH Brand Keaton Jean
- Slim fit jean
- Straight from knee to hem
- Low rise, 17" bottom opening
- Embroidered back pockets
- Hand sanding, whiskering and grinding details
- Zip fly
- Paper FRESH Brand label on back
- 100% Cotton.
- Machine wash in cold water gentle cycle, inside out and separately. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low. Iron low setting on reverse side if necessary.
- This quality denim has been hand finished for a unique, individual look. It will wear like your old favorite jeans, with each abrasion continuing to wear over time. We hope you love the vintage appearance and comfort of wearing jeans that have the look and feel of years of wear. Thanks for making the Buckle your denim destination.
- Made in China.
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Men's FRESH Brand Jeans
- Model Info: Height: 6'1" | Chest: 40" | Waist: 31" | Hip: 39 1/2" | Wearing Size: 31x34
|Slim Fit
|24-24 1/2" thigh
|Regular Fit
|25-25 1/2" thigh
|Relaxed Fit
|26-26 1/2" thigh
|Loose Fit
|27-27 1/2" thigh


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fragments - The Hamilton Photography of Jack Whorwood
Jack Whorwood has been taking photographs all of his life. In fact, he earned his living as a professional photographer for decades. Although now officially retired, Jack is nevertheless still a photographer. As he says, "You simply never stop being a photographer, whether you're being paid or not."
The exhibition of Jack's photographs in the "fragments" exhibition feature dozens of his black and white images taken during the late 1950's through to the mid 1970's in downtown Hamilton. From Gore Park the way it was, to the before and after of Jackson Square and of York Boulevard. But Jack Whorwood did not simply record the way it was. His images demonstrate his remarkable eye for urban details. They include the buildings in Hamilton's core, as well as the people who lived and worked in those buildings. His is an emotionally infused catalogue of the Hamilton that is now, for so many, simply history.


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Vol State Taps Job Growth in Medical Records TechnologyYou may have noticed that your medical records are going high tech. Your doctor can now pull up an x-ray from last week or even five years ago on an iPad while chatting with you in the office. That revolution is due, in part, to a federal mandate, called the HITECH Act. It requires medical practices and hospitals to move to electronic medical records. That is causing a demand for people who can manage health technology systems. Volunteer State Community College has had a successful Health Information Technology program for several years. Now, the school is meeting the need for developers and technicians to support those computer systems. The first set of Medical Informatics students at the college are getting ready to graduate and they should have plenty of jobs to choose from. New research in the journal "Industrial Relations" shows an 86 percent increase in job postings with the terms "informatics" or "electronic health records" in the job description.
"I have friends in the IT (information technology) field that assure me that there will be plenty of job opportunities," said Medical Informatics student Jeff Crutcher of Hendersonville. Crutcher is set to graduate from the program in May. He says layoffs in manufacturing and a downturn in the economy caused him to look for a new career path.
"I wanted to get into something in medicine," he said. "I really thought that Medical Informatics would be a good fit. I realized that I was going to have to go to school and get new skills."
"Someone who likes technology and has good organizational skills would be good at Medical Informatics," said Valerie Bowling, director of Health Information Technology at Vol State. "It also helps if they would like to work in a health care setting, such as a hospital or a doctor's office."
The Vol State Medical Informatics Associate of Applied Science degree program is designed to provide students with the training they need to quickly get into the health care workplace. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the field will grow by 18 percent in coming years. Vol State students choose between a developer and technician path in the program. Possible job titles for graduates include implementation support specialist, implementation manager, technical and software support staff member and trainer. Generally these positions fall into three job fields: IT professional, health information management professional and clinical informatician.
Students can start on a Medical Informatics degree in the upcoming spring semester at Vol State. Classes begin January 16. Students can apply now. For more information contact Kellie Jones at firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone at 615-230-3543. The web site address is www.volstate.edu/MedicalInformatics


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Log in
This is National Library Week. We join with libraries, schools, bookstores, and publishers in celebrating this week to highlight the value of libraries. This year's theme is "Lives change @ your library."
In the mid 1950s, research showed that Americans were spending less time with books and more times with radios, TV, and musical instruments. Concerned we were reading less, publishers formed a National Book Committee. In 1957, they developed a plan for National Library Week. The first celebration was held in 1958 with the theme "wake up and read." The celebration continues.
Each day of the week now has a focus. Tuesday is National Library Workers Day, Thursday is Celebrate Teen Literature Day. A relatively new aspect of the week is Library Snapshot Day. We'll be taking photos all day Tuesday to show "a day in the life of the library." Look for photos on our website.
Celebrate National Library Week with us and visit one of our five locations or through our website. Much has changed in society and in libraries since the first celebration, but we still provide a wealth of information and a wide variety of services with staff to help.
Posted by Ann Rohrbaugh at 04/14/2014 08:52:44 AM |


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25 U.S. Code § 3804 - Authorization of appropriations
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There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this chapter. Funds provided under this chapter are to be considered nonreimbursable.
Source(Pub. L. 103–302, § 5,Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1563.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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The Parliament is expected to discuss the doctors-government crisis following persistent pressure from the lawmakers to have the matter expressly resolved.
The Parliamentary Steering Committee met with the Parliamentary Committee on Social Services in Dodoma yesterday evening to discuss the findings of the latter committee tasked by the House to investigate the crisis.
No official communication was made public after the proceeding of the committees' meetings, but after the question-and-answer session yesterday morning Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly Job Ndugai accepted MPs' call to have the crisis discussed by the House.
"The situation in the hospitals is getting worse because of the ongoing strike...the people will not understand us (MPs) if we continue to remain silent," he told the House.
Ndugai, who is also the MP for Kongwa, was responding to a private motion moved by Peter Serukamba (Kigoma-Urban, CCM) to ask the House to discuss the doctors' strike under certificate of emergency.
"Fellow legislators have been pushing the House Speaker to allow this crisis to be discussed...and, one more time, I wish to move the same motion, appealing to this august House to exhaustively discuss the crisis as an emergency issue," Serukamba said.
According to the legislator, it sounds imprudent, for the MPs to continue discussing other matters and neglect people who are dying and suffering due to suspended hospital services.
After he had spoken, many MPs—both from the ruling and opposition parties stood up in support of him, who backed his motion with Parliamentary Rule No. 47.
Responding, Deputy National Assembly Speaker Job Ndugai, admitted that the doctors' strike was increasingly becoming a national disaster, saying the Parliament cannot remain silent about it.
He explained that although the Parliamentary Committee on Social Services was still working on the matter in Dar es Salaam, "concerns and arguments about the strike, repeatedly raised by MPs should not just be ignored."
"This is the sixth legislator (Serukamba) pushing this House to discuss the doctors' strike under certificate of emergency. As people's representatives, we cannot remain silent any more...Tanzanians will fail to understand us if we don't make our stand on this crisis before this House concludes its work on Friday," Ndugai noted.
Even though, he said, before allowing the House to discuss the crisis, the Speaker's Office would today (yesterday) seek advice from the Parliamentary Steering Committee, comprising all chairmen and vice-chairmen of the parliamentary committees—on the modalities of discussing the matter.
"I want (you) MPs to be patient...give us time to work on the matter—to consult the government-- on how we can go about it," Ndugai said.
Going by the Deputy Speaker's words, hopes are high that the Parliament may discuss the doctors' strike, which has adversely paralysed health service delivery in the country's hospitals leading to deaths of patients.
Responsible government organs are yet to give out specific figures on the deaths caused by the crisis, but the media reported yesterday that services at the country's three referral hospitals had ground to a halt as the strike continued to bite.
The hospitals include Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Mbeya Referral Hospital and Bugando Referral Hospital in Mwanza, and Temeke Municipal Hospital in Dar es Salaam.
Activists, members of the public and pressure groups, have repeatedly called on the doctors and the government to go back to the negotiation table in order to save lives.
In another development the Parliamentary Committee on Social Services yesterday visited Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) met with the Parliamentary Steering Committee in Dodoma yesterday after concluding its work.
The committee tasked to engage doctors and other health stakeholders in talks aimed at fizzling out the stand-off between the government and medical staff visited various medical facilities currently involved in the strike.
Led by its chairperson Margret Sitta, the committee visited, among other places, hospital wards, but did not make any comments to the media.
"Neither me nor any committee member is allowed to comment on the matter before we present our report Parliament," Sitta said.
A survey done by The Guardian on the situation at MNH however has shown that there were virtually no services.
Few heads of departments were found at the Emergency Unit attending to only a small number of patients remaining in the hospital.
Many beds remained empty in the wards as patients after most patients had left to their homes or sought medical services in private hospitals.
Meanwhile, doctors at the Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) yesterday joined the strike blaming the government's laxity resolving their demands.


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Quick Links
Immunology in the spotlight at the Dover ID Trial
The May issue of Nature Immunology contains a "Commentary" essay on the role that evolutionary immunology played in the now-famous cross-examination of Michael Behe on Day 12 of the Kitzmiller v. Dover trial in the fall of 2005. The essay is available at the Nature Immunology website, although a subscription or fee is currently required.
Royal Society issues statement on evolution
A statement opposing the misrepresentation of evolution in schools to promote particular religious beliefs was published on April 11, 2006, by the Royal Society of London, the United Kingdom's national academy of science.
Both antievolution bills in Maryland dead
The Maryland General Assembly adjourned on April 10, 2006, meaning that both antievolution bills introduced during the legislative session are dead.
Dover teachers honored by NSTA
The Dover, Pennsylvania, teachers who, in January 2005, refused to read the antievolution disclaimer mandated by the Dover Area School Board were honored by the National Science Teachers Association with its very first Presidential Citation, which recognizes "individuals or organizations who have significantly promoted the profession of science education." The award was accepted by two of the Dover teachers -- Bertha E.
Canadian controversy over funding for research on antievolutionism
While delivering a talk to the Royal Society of Canada on "Intelligent Design, God & Evolution" on March 29, McGill University's Brian Alters dropped a bombshell. Throughout his talk he had contrasted the contentious state of evolution education in the United States with its relatively sedate counterpart in Canada.
News Alerts
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Evolution and Climate Education Update


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Published: February 25, 2016, 12:00 AM (CT)
Updated: February 25, 2016, 11:34 AM (CT)
by LSUsports.net (@LSUsports), LSU Sports Interactive
2015-16 LSU Tiger Girls Dance Team
- To easily find this page, visit www.LSUsports.net/tigergirls.
- To request an LSU Spirit Squad for your event, click here.
Front row (left to right): Regen Lavergne, Samantha Nevin, Macy Alexander, Morgan Clay, Aubrey Daboval, Cersten Bradley
Middle row (left to right): Emily Sullivan, Kristen Lebato, Bryce Tramonte, Heidey Hanks, Alexandra Chiasson, Jenna Hebert, Lauren Dionne
Back row (left to right): Leanna Higgins, Payton Ibos, Samantha Ponseti, Bailey Nance, Lauren Sullivan, Emma Moore, Micah Odom, Olivia Priola
- 2014-15 Tiger Girls
- 2013-14 Tiger Girls
- 2012-13 Tiger Girls
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- 2008-09 Photos
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Dates: Feb. 28, March 20 (1-4 p.m. CT); April 15 (5-8 p.m.).
Location: Maravich Center
Cost: $65 per session
Note: These are NOT mandatory in order to audition
About: Learn how to prepare for high school and college dance team tryouts from Tiger Girls coach Kandace Hale.
Register: Click here
2016 Auditions
Mandatory Registration/Meeting: April 15, 8 p.m.
Dates: April 16-17 8 a.m.- 6 p.m.
General Information
The Tiger Girls are under the Direction of Pauline Zernott. For more information about the Tiger Girl program or to schedule and appearance by the Tiger Girls, please contact us at email@example.com.
For more information on LSU Tiger Girl Auditions click here.


text: At Rod Hatfield Chrysler Dodge Jeep and RAM , we can offer you a variety of 2014 and 2015 models. We are pleased to have new models in stock like the 2015 Chrysler 200, the 2015 Dodge Journey, and the 2015 Jeep Cherokee. Be sure to check out our online showroom that displays our 2014 inventory. If you need more information or have any questions, be sure to contact us or stop on by our Winchester dealership. We are ready to find you a new Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, or RAM vehicle so start searching our new inventory today!


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Primary tabs
Chris Gilmore was born in Brooklyn New York, but has since lived in the Gainesville area for more than half his life.
A graduate from the IB program at Eastside High School, Chris attended the University of Florida where he graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Telecommunication-Broadcast News and a minor in Anthropology.
He began his career in news as an intern at WCJB and started reporting full time in summer 2012.
After growing up in the area and graduating from the University of Florida, it's safe to say that he bleeds orange and blue.
The idea of going into news business started while Chris was a teenager and after working at several of UF's radio and TV stations while a student, he knew that reporting was something that he wanted to do.
Chris has done everything in the newsroom from anchoring short news segments to operating cameras and tele-prompters.
As much as Chris loves telling stories and reporting the news, he's equally as passionate about what goes on behind the camera.
He has produced several small music videos for local artists, documentaries for charities, and spent time working in special event videography/photography.
Some of the major stories he's reported on include, the Christian Aguilar dissappearance, Controversies Surrounding the Dove World Outreach Center, the Casey Anthony Trial, and coverage of Tropical Storm Debby.
He's had the pleasure of interviewing Rev Run of Run DMC, Governor Rick Scott, Presidential Candidate Herman Cain, and Senator Bill Nelson
When not reporting on the latest story for TV20, Chris can be found hanging out with friends, taking photos, playing music, or traveling.
Chris is very excited to report the news in his hometown and even more excited to be a part of the TV20 team!
Feel free to contact him with any story ideas via email, facebook, or follow him on twitter @cgilmoretv20 , He'd love to hear from you!


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NIC Stock Hits New 52-Week High (EGOV)
TheStreet) -- NIC (Nasdaq: EGOV) hit a new 52-week high Monday as it traded at $11.84 compared with its previous 52-Week high of $11.80. NIC is changing hands at $11.84 with 977 shares traded as of 9:30 a.m. ET. Average volume has been 272,300 shares over the past 30 days. NIC has a market cap of $745.3 million and is part of the technology sector and internet industry. Shares are up 21.1% year to date as of the close of trading on Friday. NIC Inc. provides eGovernment services that enable governments use the Internet to provide various services to businesses and citizens in the United States. It operates in two segments, Portal Outsourcing, and Software and Services. The company has a P/E ratio of 41.8, equal to the average internet industry P/E ratio and above the S&P 500 P/E ratio of 16.2.NEW YORK (
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Estephania StephanieFollow Estephania
26-year-old Female living in Chungnam South Korea
I love travel. I will visit every Spanish speaking country and live in at least one of them for at least one year. Everywhere I've been and everyone I've met have been so amazing and wonderful in their own way. I could NEVER choose a favorite city or country!! (18 countries and counting!!)
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1 tour
2 countries
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Scale, automation, and process: Maximize value during the PC lifecycle with Lenovo Services
Did you know hardware and software costs represent only about 'half' the cost incurred during a PC's lifecycle? We go further to evaluate your organization's PC lifecycle costs and identify areas for cost reduction, productivity enhancement, and PC optimization, both before and after the purchase.
- Identify each phase of the PC lifecycle
- Understand key decision points
- Focus on cost reduction and productivity enhancement
10 Reasons to upgrade to Windows Server® 2012 with Lenovo ThinkServers®
Upgrading to Windows Server 2012 is a key priority for all organizations. In order to take part of today's information society, it's critical for companies to modernize their IT infrastructure. This checklist helps you:
- Get cloud ready
- Reduce operating expenditures
- Improve server performance
- Securely support mobility and remote access
- Control the data deluge
Recent CAD/CAM application updates demand workstation upgrades
With this checklist, compare current requirements of popular CAD/CAM applications to specifications of last generation and current Lenovo workstations to understand why it's a critical time to upgrade.If your workstation performance is starting to lag, check into key upgrade indicators with this detailed checklist.
90% of surveyed notebook users want a touch-enabled device at work
90% of Intel's 6,000 employees declared a preference for touch-enabled notebooks in a recent survey. This shift is being driven by three key factors:
- Consumerization: Business users have widely adopted touch-enabled devices in their homes and want the same experience at the office.
- Multi-mode: New devices like the ThinkPad® Yoga provide a form-factor ideal for content consumption with the power and utility of a traditional notebook design.
- New Software: Touch-enabled software from enterprise application developers, such as SAP and IBM, is flooding the market, with most applications scheduled to support touch devices within the next 12-18 months.


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Leah Durner Trays
No longer available
Art is served. These vibrantly designed trays are the result of our collaboration with Leah Durner, a New York-based artist who has shown work all over the world. Each tray features a lacquered print of her original artwork. This collaboration will help support the continued growth of Leah Durner, while maintaining the integrity of her process and bringing her designs to a global audience at a great value.
Created in collaboration with Leah Durner.
Learn more
Engineered wood with lacquered finish.
Wipe clean.


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Market Printed Growlers - Fill er Up
No longer available
Exclusive to west elm Market, the Fill 'er Up growler is an effective way to store and transport your beer. Equally suited for tailgating season as it is for keeping homemade microbrews fresh, it makes a great gift.
64 fl. oz. capacity.
Glass; metal cap.
Made in the USA.


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About this font family
This ALL CAPS font family comes in four weights, plus two additional styles-- outline and shadow.
Ephesus is a great font to use when creating logos, posters, t-shirts, etc. "Ephesus" is named after the antique city in Izmir in Turkey.
available in all of the styles in this family:
only available in some of the styles in this family:
- Basic text strings
- Random text strings
- News feeds
- Pangrams
Ephesus Light
Ephesus Bold
Ephesus ExtraBold
Ephesus Demo ExtraBold
Ephesus Bold Outline
Ephesus ExtraBold Outline
Ephesus Bold Shadow
Ephesus ExtraBold Shadow
Available formats
available in all of the styles:


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White Matter Microstructural Integrity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
- Jo Ann V. Antenor-Dorsey1,
- Erin Meyer2,
- Jerrel Rutlin1,
- Dana C. Perantie1,
- Neil H. White4,
- Ana Maria Arbelaez4,
- Joshua S. Shimony3 and
- Tamara Hershey1,2,3⇓
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- 2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- 3Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- 4Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Corresponding authors: Tamara Hershey, tammy{at}wustl.edu, and Jo Ann Villanueva Antenor-Dorsey, joann{at}wustl.edu.
Decreased white and gray matter volumes have been reported in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but the effects of hyperglycemia on white matter integrity have not been quantitatively assessed during brain development. We performed diffusion tensor imaging, using two complimentary approaches—region-of-interest and voxelwise tract-based spatial statistics—to quantify white matter integrity in a large retrospective study of T1DM youth and control participants. Exposure to chronic hyperglycemia, severe hyperglycemic episodes, and severe hypoglycemia, as defined in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), were estimated through medical records review, HbA1c levels, and interview of parents and youth. We found lower fractional anistropy in the superior parietal lobule and reduced mean diffusivity in the thalamus in the T1DM group. A history of three or more severe hyperglycemic episodes was associated with reduced anisotropy and increased diffusivity in the superior parietal lobule and increased diffusivity in the hippocampus. These results add microstructural integrity of white matter to the range of structural brain alterations seen in T1DM youth and suggest vulnerability of the superior parietal lobule, hippocampus, and thalamus to glycemic extremes during brain development. Longitudinal analyses will be necessary to determine how these alterations change with age or additional glycemic exposure.
- Received May 25, 2012.
- Accepted July 25, 2012.
- © 2012 by the American Diabetes Association.
Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.