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text:
29 U.S. Code § 3004 - State grants for protection and advocacy services related to assistive technology
prev | next
(a) Grants
(1) In general
The Secretary shall make grants under subsection (b) to protection and advocacy systems in each State for the purpose of enabling such systems to assist in the acquisition, utilization, or maintenance of assistive technology devices or assistive technology services for individuals with disabilities.
(2) General authorities
(b) Grants
(1) Reservation
For each fiscal year, the Secretary shall reserve such sums as may be necessary to carry out paragraph (4).
(2) Population basis
From the funds appropriated under section 3007 (b) of this title for a fiscal year and remaining after the reservation required by paragraph (1) has been made, the Secretary shall make a grant to a protection and advocacy system within each State in an amount bearing the same ratio to the remaining funds as the population of the State bears to the population of all States.
(3) Minimums
Subject to the availability of appropriations, the amount of a grant to a protection and advocacy system under paragraph (2) for a fiscal year shall—
(A) in the case of a protection and advocacy system located in American Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, not be less than $30,000; and
(4) Payment to the system serving the American Indian Consortium
(A) In general
The Secretary shall make grants to the protection and advocacy system serving the American Indian Consortium to provide services in accordance with this section.
(c) Direct payment
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall pay directly to any protection and advocacy system that complies with this section, the total amount of the grant made for such system under this section, unless the system provides otherwise for payment of the grant amount.
(d) Certain States
(1) Grant to lead agency
Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, with respect to a State that, on November 12, 1998, was described in section 2212 (f)(1) [1] of this title, the Secretary shall pay the amount of the grant described in subsection (a), and made under subsection (b), to the lead agency designated under section 3003 (c)(1) of this title for the State.
(2) Distribution of funds
A lead agency to which a grant amount is paid under paragraph (1) shall determine the manner in which funds made available through the grant will be allocated among the entities that were providing protection and advocacy services in that State on the date described in such paragraph, and shall distribute funds to such entities. In distributing such funds, the lead agency shall not establish any additional eligibility or procedural requirements for an entity in the State that supports protection and advocacy services through a protection and advocacy system. Such an entity shall comply with the same requirements (including reporting and enforcement requirements) as any other entity that receives funding under this section.
(e) Carryover
Any amount paid to an eligible system for a fiscal year under this section that remains unobligated at the end of such fiscal year shall remain available to such system for obligation during the subsequent fiscal year. Program income generated from such amount shall remain available for 2 additional fiscal years after the year in which such amount was paid to an eligible system and may only be used to improve the awareness of individuals with disabilities about the accessibility of assistive technology and assist such individuals in the acquisition, utilization, or maintenance of assistive technology devices or assistive technology services.
(f) Report to Secretary
An entity that receives a grant under this section shall annually prepare and submit to the Secretary a report that contains such information as the Secretary may require, including documentation of the progress of the entity in—
(1) conducting consumer-responsive activities, including activities that will lead to increased access, for individuals with disabilities, to funding for assistive technology devices and assistive technology services;
(2) engaging in informal advocacy to assist in securing assistive technology devices and assistive technology services for individuals with disabilities;
(3) engaging in formal representation for individuals with disabilities to secure systems change, and in advocacy activities to secure assistive technology devices and assistive technology services for individuals with disabilities;
(4) developing and implementing strategies to enhance the long-term abilities of individuals with disabilities and their family members, guardians, advocates, and authorized representatives to advocate the provision of assistive technology devices and assistive technology services to which the individuals with disabilities are entitled under law other than this chapter;
(5) coordinating activities with protection and advocacy services funded through sources other than this chapter, and coordinating activities with the capacity building and advocacy activities carried out by the lead agency; and
(6) effectively allocating funds made available under this section to improve the awareness of individuals with disabilities about the accessibility of assistive technology and assist such individuals in the acquisition, utilization, or maintenance of assistive technology devices or assistive technology services.
(g) Reports and updates to State agencies
(h) Coordination
On making a grant under this section to an entity in a State, the Secretary shall solicit and consider the opinions of the lead agency of the State with respect to efforts at coordination of activities, collaboration, and promoting outcomes between the lead agency and the entity that receives the grant under this section.
[1] See References in Text note below.
Source(Pub. L. 105–394, § 5, as added Pub. L. 108–364, § 2,Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1725.)
References in Text
The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is Pub. L. 106–402, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1677, as amended. Subtitle C of title I of the Act is classified generally to part C (§ 15041 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 144 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 15001 of Title 42 and Tables.
Section 2212 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–394, title IV, § 401,Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3661.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|editShizune [1][2][3]
|シズネ Shizune
|Volume #17, Naruto Chapter #148
|Naruto Episode #85
|Kakashi Hiden: Lightning in the Icy Sky
|Naruto Shippūden the Movie
|Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2
|Hidden Leaf Village Grand Sports Festival!
|Appears in
|Anime, Manga, Novel, Game, Movie
|Voice Actors
|November 18
|Blood type
|Ninja Rank
|Ninja Registration
|Academy Grad. Age
|Chūnin Prom. Age
Shizune (シズネ, Shizune) is a jōnin-level kunoichi of Konohagakure, a talented medical-nin, as well as the Fifth Hokage's attendant.
Shizune is the niece of Dan Katō, a renowned shinobi of Konoha. Some time after her uncle's death, Tsunade, his lover, left Konoha and Shizune went with Tsunade as her attendant and apprentice. The bond between Tsunade and Shizune is strong and, above all, Shizune sees her purpose in life as caring for Tsunade.
During their time away from the village, Shizune often worried about Tsunade's constant gambling, losing money and then borrowing more. On one such occasion when they were at a gambling den, they were approached by the Fourth Raikage and Amai who beseeched Tsunade to help their injured comrade. After Tsunade complied, Shizune was actually the one to conduct the surgery, and when she told the Raikage of her master's two great losses, upon hearing his response that her master was unhinged, she chided the Raikage, throwing the Exploding Insect. Recomposing herself, she told Amai who had been aiding in the surgery to finish up.[4]
Shizune is always level-headed, practical and a rational thinker. As a result, she is the one who tends to stress over details, such as Tsunade's tendency to gamble and to think with her heart. She often gets comically worked up over any irrational decision Tsunade makes. Shizune also looks after Tonton, Tsunade's pet pig. She is also a very kind and calm person but will immediately rush to Tsunade's aide and in contrast, will become fierce and somewhat ruthless; a testament of her loyalty to Tsunade. At the same time however, she is not timid and is not afraid of objecting to Tsunade's decisions or voicing her opinion as seen when she even alerted the Konoha Council to Tsunade's intention to send Naruto on a mission that Shizune thought would put him in great peril.
She is not the type to tire easily and is very energetic and efficient while acting in her capacity of Hokage's Assistant, often urging Tsunade to finish the paperwork in order to avoid mountains of unsigned documents later on. She is often seen asking Tsunade questions about what to do with the village and the shinobi on missions.
Shizune is a fair-skinned woman of average height and slender built with black eyes and hair. Her hair is straight and shoulder-length with bangs that cover her ears and frame her face. Normally, Shizune is seen in a long bluish-black kimono with white trimmings, held closed by a white obi, and open-toed sandals with low heels. Shizune has also been seen wearing the standard Konoha shinobi outfit complete with flak jacket, when deployed on missions which has distinct, extra-long sleeves. She, however, doesn't wear a forehead protector. Shizune also has the tendency to pin her hair up when working; a trait also shared by Sakura.[5] During the Fourth Shinobi World War, she donned the standard attire of the village, but this time with shorter sleeves. She now wears the forehead protector of the Allied Shinobi Forces and a band around her right arm signifying her position.
As Tsunade's first apprentice, Shizune is a very capable ninja and a highly talented medical-nin. She is quite fast, and equally fierce and precise in her attacks during battle.[6] Her abilities were also acknowledged by Jiraiya who first went to her to counteract the drug that Tsunade had dosed him with, and later left Kabuto up to her.[7] She incorporates the use of poison-related techniques while in battle, and also favours the use of senbon in battle, which are also soaked in poison.[6] Her chakra control is also great enough to perform even the most complex medical ninjutsu leading Tsunade to have the utmost confidence in her. Another testament to this was her being put in charge of the Logistical Support and Medical Division of the Allied Shinobi Forces during the Fourth Shinobi World War. [8]
In the anime, she has made use of the Shadow Clone Technique,[9] and has been shown there to be able to create at least 36 clones. She also demonstrated capable skills in fūinjutsu, able to lead her team in the process of sealing a tailed beast. It was also shown that she was adept at using taijutsu, and was able to fight Naruto and hit his clones with enough force to dispel them.[9]
Medical Ninjutsu
Shizune is noted to be a very talented medical ninja, surpassed only by Tsunade herself. Later on Sakura Haruno: another student of Tsunade's who was said to have the potential to rival, perhaps even surpass Tsunade,[10][11] came to rival Shizune in terms of skill as noted by Tsunade herself during the beginning of her training with Sakura. It was here that the Sannin noted that she had not seen someone with so much skill since Shizune.[12] Her training has blessed her with excellent chakra control, which is the primary reason she was assigned to lead the sealing of the Three-Tails. She demonstrated her great medical knowledge when she lead a group of medics in healing Neji Hyūga, even though she had only recently returned to the village after many years of wandering the world with Tsunade in a procedure that took over three hours, and did not allow for even a hair-line mistake.[13] This was again seen when she was put in charge of the autopsy Konoha performed on the first Animal Path that Jiraiya had captured, where she and her team were able to find out the secret behind the chakra receivers embedded in the corpse.
Poison Techniques
Shizune has rarely been seen in battle, but from what has been seen of her skills thus far, it appears that her techniques are mostly based around the use of poison. Being a medical-nin, she has to keep her distance in battle, making sure not to injure herself so she can be of use in healing her team-mates when needed.
During her battle with Kabuto, Shizune showed a more ruthless side as well as the ability to think on her feet as seen when Kabuto attacked her and she took the opportunity to use the Poison Mist technique, to create a thick cloud of toxic gas capable of being fatal even if only a mere whiff is breathed in, as noted by Kabuto. She also uses poisoned senbon in a variety of ways, including firing them from a concealed wrist-mounted device as well as spitting them out of her mouth. Kakashi Hatake mentioned that Shizune was responsible for instructing Sakura on how to imbue her weapons with poison.[14]
|Hand seals
Part I
Search for Tsunade Arc
When Orochimaru came to Tsunade years later in an attempt to get her to heal his arms, Shizune attempted to persuade Tsunade against it, even trying to convince Tsunade to kill him with her assistance. When all attempts to persuade Tsunade failed, however, Shizune tried to use force to stop Tsunade from helping Orochimaru, although Tsunade easily defeated her. She later fought Kabuto Yakushi in an effort to protect an incapacitated Tsunade and Naruto Uzumaki. Despite Shizune's efforts, Kabuto proved too much for her, as he managed to dodge her attacks and incapacitate her, too. Shizune was able to heal her legs, and left the field of battle with the unconscious Naruto as the three Sannin prepared to conclude their battle. She then returned to Konoha with Tsunade after she accepted the office of Hokage.
In the anime, the group stopped in a hot springs town. When Senta and Bunzō had stolen the First Hokage's necklace which was currently worn by Naruto, the two plot to blackmail Tsunade to give them the money she owes their boss. When Shizune found the note, she couldn't find Tsunade anywhere which left her the choice to use the Transformation Technique to pose as Tsunade. When Naruto and the Akagi brothers stole the bag, Shizune in Tsunade's form goes after them. After Shizune took down Naruto, the Akagi brothers discovered that there's no money in it. Just then, the real Tsunade arrived and recognised Shizune in disguise. With help from Jirōchō Wasabi (whom Tsunade encountered in the casino), Tsunade explained that she already paid her debt to the Akagi the year before.
Sasuke Retrieval Arc
When Tsunade took on the title of Hokage, Shizune led a team consisting of Genma Shiranui, Raidō Namiashi, and Iwashi Tatami to compensate for the lack of manpower caused by the Invasion of Konoha. While in a forest recuperating from the seemingly tiring mission, they detected a presence close by. As Raidō and Genma leave to check out what is was, Shizune and Iwashi waited for their return. When the duo took too long to return, Shizune and Iwashi went to see what was taking so long. Upon their arrival, she is shocked to see Genma and Raidō injured on the forest floor. Acting immediately, Shizune gave them medical attention but noted that they needed to be hospitalised. Later, when the Sasuke Retrieval Team returned to the village, Shizune led a team of medical-nin including Kitō and Mogusa. As the operation went on, Shizune noted that even though they were using Neji's hair as a medium to heal the wounds, that every strand of hair had to be affected by chakra control. Later, though visibly tired, she happily reported the success of the operation to Tsunade.
Pre-Shippūden Filler Arcs
She appeared in almost every filler arc as Tsunade's attendant and secretary. During the Mizuki Strikes Back Arc, she was defeated by Mizuki, who used her guise to lead Naruto and Iruka into a trap.
She was with Tsunade during the Land of Vegetables crisis. When the uprising in the Land of Vegetables and the caravan that Naruto Uzumaki, Chōji Akimichi, and Hinata Hyūga were guarding was connected, Tsunade sent Shizune to gather every available ninja and head over to the Land of Vegetables immediately. While Naruto was fighting Renga, Shizune, Shikamaru Nara and the other shinobi sent with her rescued Chōji, Hinata, and Yurinojō from the ninja on Renga's side.
Part II
Shizune appears frequently in Part II, often being nearby when Tsunade is issuing orders.
Sasuke and Sai Arc
Upon hearing the information that Sakura had gained from Sasori, she objects to sending Naruto on the mission to the Tenchi Bridge however Tsunade tells her than she and Sakura are two of the few shinobi she can trust in completely so she had to send Team Kakashi. Shizune then insists if that's the case then her team could be sent instead, but Tsunade tells her that it wouldn't be the same as Sakura and Naruto had a personal stake in the mission. Still worried about Naruto's safety she tries once again to plea with her not to send him unbeknownst to her that he was eavesdropping on the conversation until Tsunade acknowledges his presence. Later when the Konoha Council asks to speak with Tsunade, it is revealed that Shizune had shared her uneasiness with Naruto constantly going up against members of Akatsuki that wanted to capture him. Shizune is present, carrying Tonton, when Team Kakashi return from their mission.
Hidan and Kakuzu Arc
In the anime, Shizune was present at Asuma Sarutobi's funeral, mourning his loss.
Three-Tails Arc
Main article: Three-Tails Arc
In the anime, Shizune was assigned to help seal the Three-Tails, joining the sealing team along with Ino, Sakura, and Hinata. Seeing the beast's sealing as a way to stop Akatsuki's plans, Shizune took charge of the process, instructing the other members in order to speed along the process. The sealing was repeatedly interrupted by Guren and her men, however, and the sealing was instead left to ANBU members.
Itachi Pursuit Arc
When Jiraiya comes in, he states that he has found the location of the Akatsuki's 'leader'. After hearing this, Shizune suggested that they formulated an immediate surprise attack, should Jiraiya's information pan out. While Jiraiya is fighting the Six Paths of Pain, Tsunade is in her office waiting for him to come back, Shizune assures her that Jiraiya will return alive. Tsunade tells her he won't as it was a part of her bet, Shizune agrees and leaves the room.
Tsuchigumo Kinjutsu Arc
Main article: Tsuchigumo Kinjutsu Arc In the anime, Team Kakashi, while under Yamato's command, is sent to aid the near-extinct Tsuchigumo clan in guarding its dangerous forbidden technique from enemies. Later, while Shizune is doing her usual duties as Tsunade's assistant, Team Kakashi sends word to Tsunade about plans to destroy the forbidden technique with the clan's consent. Shizune wonders what Tsunade will do.
Invasion of Pain Arc
After Jiraiya was killed by the Akatsuki leader, Pain, Shizune was left in charge of examining the body he had captured. When Shizune discovered that the piercings on the body were chakra receivers, she was given ANBU escorts to ensure she could share the information with as many people as possible. She meets up with Inoichi, but before they could begin to collaborate, Shizune was captured by the Human Path. It read her mind to find out that Naruto was at Mount Myōboku, and then removed her soul, killing her. In the ensuing destruction, her body was kept safe, and was later revived through Pain's resurrection technique.
Konoha History Arc
Main article: Konoha History Arc
Five Kage Summit Arc
Shizune was later seen with Naruto, Sakura, and Kakashi, looking down on Tsunade, who was now in a coma. She was later seen explaining to Samui that Tsunade was unable to take the letter meant for the Hokage, and was shocked when Danzō arrived and stated that he was the new Hokage. While later attending to Tsunade alongside Sakura, Shizune listens on as and is also present when Sai tells Sakura how Naruto feels for her.
Chikara Arc
Main article: Chikara Arc Shizune appeared alongside Tonton when Tsunade tasked Team Kakashi with the mission to investigate the massacre of the Tonika Village.
Adventures at Sea Arc
Main article: Adventures at Sea Arc
Confining the Jinchūriki Arc
Days later, Shizune senses a change in Tsunade. She sends one of the shinobi standing guard over them to announce Tsunade's awakening to the Konoha Council and the Fire Daimyō, who were about to appoint Kakashi Hatake as the Sixth Hokage. Shizune is then seen throwing herself on top of her recuperating master, crying in joy and "squeezing too hard". Shizune later watches on happily with Tonton as Tsunade consumes a large amount of food in order to regain her stamina and chakra reserves. As Tsunade demands more food, Shizune tells her that all the food in the Hokage barracks was finished and that more was on its way, Shizune after seeing Tsunade's gaze seemingly linger on Tonton. With relief she realises that Kakashi was behind her.
Shinobi World War Arc
Shizune was appointed captain of the Logistical Support and Medical Division of the Allied Shinobi Forces during the Fourth Shinobi World War. As she introduced herself and Tonton to the division, she explicitly told them that Tonton wasn't to be eaten. She later splits up her division in order to effectively aid all the wounded shinobi on the battlefield. When night fell, Shizune along with all the other medical-nin relocated to the medical compound where she later requested the aid of two jōnin-level medics in resuscitating one of the patients, before later healing Tonton's right front leg that had been sprained due to the piglet carrying too many heavy crates in her zeal to help.
After the transformed intruder that had infiltrated the compound and was killing medics had been uncovered by Sakura, the whole compound was locked down and strict orders given that no-one should go near Shizune nor enter without their identities being confirmed by HQ. Meanwhile in a tent Shizune and Sakura, guarded by an Akimichi conducted an autopsy on the White Zetsu Army clone that had been captured and realised the similarity in its DNA to those of Yamato and by extension, Hashirama's had gotten even closer since the events at the Kage Summit. They then began to piece together the truth behind the clones and later sent information to Tsunade at the headquarters.
The following day, Shizune and Sakura were approached by two Iwa-nin — one badly injured and the other begging them to save her husband. The Akimichi stationed at the gate however, told them to stay back because they were unable to tell who was who at the moment, and as such, he was wary of everyone. As she pleaded with them not to let her husband die in her arms, Sakura told them to come. The two are revealed to be White Zetsu Army imposters as they prepare to attack the two medics having slipped past the guard. As Shizune moved to aid Sakura who was being targeted first, the imposters are taken out by Naruto's shadow clone who had just arrived.
Ten-Tails Revival Arc
Later, Shizune and her division made their way to the jinchūriki's battlefield where after she announced that her division had arrived, began healing Guy while the other members of her division tended to the other wounded shinobi in their ranks. She later stood alongside the other members of the Allied Shinobi Forces and prepared to face their opposition.
Naruto: Shippūden the Movie
When Team 7 is called up and Tsunade explained the mission, she tells Tsunade that she was concerned about Naruto going on a dangerous mission, then Tsunade told her not to worry, saying that Naruto is the kind of a person who never gives up which is something very rare to find in someone. When the Ghost Army is turning away from Konoha, she suggested that they were now safe, but Tsunade said it was the exact opposite.
Naruto Shippūden 3: Inheritors of the Will of Fire
Main article: Naruto Shippūden 3: Inheritors of the Will of Fire
Naruto Shippūden 4: The Lost Tower
A young Shizune, along with Guy, Asuma, and Kakashi, is seen waiting in a long line at the grand opening of Ramen Ichiraku.
Naruto 5: Blood Prison
Main article: Naruto 5: Blood Prison
Naruto 6: Road To Ninja
In the alternate world, Shizune's appears more like Tsunade of the real world, sporting a much larger bust. While her attire is essentially the same, her kimino is more loosely open, showing her cleavage, and has a long slit on the right-side of her kimino, reaching her hip. She also wears a red lipstick.
Video Games
Shizune is a playable character in the following video games:
|Game name
|Japanese release
|English release
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja 4
|5 April 2007
|24 March 2009
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja 5
|20 December 2007
|27 November 2009
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Heroes 3
|10 December 2009
|11 May 2010
|Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2
|30 September 2004
|12 June 2007
|Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 3
|22 December 2005
|25 March 2008
|Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Heroes 2: The Phantom Fortress
|30 March 2006
|24 June 2008
Shizune is seen to be able to create swords out of chakra in a move called "Chakra Sword: Great Intersecting Wound", which causes both physical and internal damage to her opponent, and creates a huge explosion. In many games she is assisted by Tonton in battle; in Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 4, Tonton is used as a partner to Shizune, helping her out in her "Tonton Combo" technique by transforming into an image of Shizune and attacking the enemy to distract them from Shizune's main attack.
- According to the databook(s):
- Shizune's favourite food is cooked brown rice while her least favourite is pork.
- Her favourite phrase is "The flowers, the birds, the wind, and the Moon" (花鳥風月, Kachō Fūgetsu), an idiom of "the beauty of nature".
- Her hobby is visiting cultural heritage sites.
- It was shown in a post-credits omake of the Naruto: Shippūden episode 77 that she is also wary and insecure about her figure and being single way past the perceived marriageable age, even expressing jealousy of Kurenai's ample bust and relationship with Asuma. Though this was blurted out in a drunken stupor, it did not stop Tsunade from chastising her.
- Shizune shares the same voice actress in both English and Japanese versions of the anime as Tonton.
- (To Tsunade) "Lady Tsunade! You can't!! Don't listen to the offers of these liars. Your brother and my uncle wouldn't want you to do this either!!"[15]
- (To Tsunade) "Are the wishes of two people more… Tsunade!! Your dreams… your wishes… Have you forgotten them?"[15]
- (To Naruto) "You may think you're all healed, you may even look all healed, but you're NOT all healed!"
- (To Naruto) "All in good time, just as soon as you're completely healed."
- ↑ Second Databook, page 90
- ↑ Third Databook, page 87
- ↑ Fourth Databook, page 102
- ↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 287
- ↑ Naruto chapter 406, page 4
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Naruto chapter 156, pages 3-4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 165, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 515, page 14
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Naruto episode 97
- ↑ Naruto chapter 246, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 279, page 10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 238, page 6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 235, pages 9-10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 485, page 8
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Naruto chapter 157, page 5


text:
Labrador Innu land claims and the indigenous archaeology paradox
Community leader and activist and Innu Nation Chief Daniel Ashini (1959-2009) and Dominique Pokune survey the flooded shore of former Lake Michikamau in a 1995 archaeological survey. Source: Stephen Loring, Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution
Though several indigenous groups within Canada and North America have historically been exploited during the land claims process, the lack of treaties, the discovery of myriad natural resources, the hydroelectric potential, and the superimposition of provincial boundaries upon "traditional" territory have left the Innu of Interior Labrador (Nitassinan) in a uniquely challenging situation, both with regards to land claims and maintaining their autonomy. In recent years, the Innu of Nitassinan have initiated archaeological research to document sites important to their cultural heritage before they are destroyed in industrial development projects, to provide long standing evidence of land tenure to aide in land claim struggles, and even in what could be deemed "life projects" to help educate their youth.
Arguably, such projects were instrumental in bridging the gap between the Innu ontology of nutshimit ("Life on the Land") and Canadian political and corporate interests, leading to the ratification of the Tshash Petapen (or "New Dawn") Agreement in 2011 which both established land claims and mandated restitution for the damage caused to the land by the Lower Churchill Generation Project, and the Voisey's Bay Agreement, which remains a work in progress, though should follow a similar vein. In this brief paper, several of the challenges that have faced the Labrador Innu communities such as the forced abandonment of their nomadic lifestyle, extreme poverty and high suicide rates, and the tragic fire in Utshimassit will be discussed. Furthermore, the process the Innu have needed to endure to make land claims, while forced to debate issues of land tenure with the provincial governments of Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec, the federal government, and commercial industries will be methodically analyzed. Next the practices of "indigenous archaeology" and ethnohistory in North America will be outlined as they have rapidly progressed in the last several decades and are now both accessible and applicable in many facets of indigenous communities, and particularly in the arena of land claims.
The theoretical applicability of indigenous archaeology will then be juxtaposed with archaeological practice among the Innu in Labrador to demonstrate how the face of archaeology has changed, and what it can do within a community. Finally, the present successes in land claim agreements, the hope that the Innu have for the future of their communities, and ways in which archaeology can continue to help will be detailed. Ultimately, this paper aims to not only outline several of the challenges that have historically been faced by the Innu, and the recent land claim success they have had with the Tshah Petapen (New Dawn) Agreement, but some of the modern methods of a more social archaeology which serve the community in which research is conducted.
Innu communities and contextualizing land claim struggles
At present, within Interior Labrador and Quebec there are thirteen extant sedentary Innu communities, with nine located within the Quebec border, with a population of 15,000, and four in Labrador, with a population of 2,400 (Mailhot 1997: 39; Newfoundland and Labrador 2011; Wadden 1996: 7). The "native" language that is used among them is Innu-aimun, although most also speak English and French (Wadden 1996: 9). Among all communities, the demographics are extremely skewed to the extent where, in communities such as Sheshatsiu sixty percent of the population is under the age of eighteen (Wadden 1996: 7). In the Innu Nation Representative Council the Chief is currently Mark Nui (Newfoundland and Labrador 2008).With such a young community, and with the Nutshimit of the Innu at stake, the impetus to secure land claims and pass on the traditions that have so rapidly been lost within the last few centuries to the next generation is strong. Before the present struggles are outlined however, the historic struggle of the Innu within Labrador must be contextualized.
Though there was no written record of the Innu before European contact, it is believed by geographers and historians that due to glaciation and caribou migratory patterns the Innu presence in Interior Labrador stretches back approximately 2,000 years (Wadden 1997: 26). Before this, it is likely that they derived from the "Maritime Archaic" tradition, who were a coastal people who disappeared approximately 3,800 years ago (Mailhot 1997: 5). Subsequently, it is unknown when the first contact between the Innu and Europeans was made, although it is believed that it must have occurred when the Basque were whaling in Red Bay, Labrador at the Strait of Belle Isle between the early 1500s and 1600s (Tuck and Grenier 1989: 1).It is speculated that earlier than this the Innu may have come in contact with the Norse around 1000AD or even John Davis in 1586-1587, though these musings have no means by which they could be confirmed (Mailhot 1997: 7).
When Cartier arrived in 1534, the Innu apparently boarded his vessels without fear to trade, but after a period the Innu became frustrated with the efforts of the French to meddle in political and economic affairs by trying to appoint chiefs and encouraging agriculture (Wadden 1996: 26-28). In large part because of this, the Innu helped the English seize Quebec in 1629, being the lesser of two evils (Wadden 1996: 28). Even this overwhelming statement did not deter the French, and they proceeded to change tactics by the opening of the Sillery Mission to try and encourage the Innu to act less like heathens by settling down, finding God, and producing crops for the French in 1637 (Wadden 1996: 30).
This "First Indian Reserve in Canada" was a miserable failure and was shut within the year (ibid). Surprisingly, the known first documentary evidence on a map was not until 1703 where 'Sheshatshit' was denoted by a Dutch cartographer (Mailhot 1997: 1). It was also clear to the Dutch who were visiting at the time that the Innu were long accustomed to strangers, as they were trading and greeting Captain Haan with the term 'Capitaina,' which is a Basque position of title, not French (Mailhot 1997: 8). Shortly after their contact with the Dutch, the French again entered the area with the intention of trading for pelts, leading Jean Pilotte, and his son Fornel to establish the first trading post in Sheshatshit in 1743 (Mailhot 1997: 11). Though another trading post followed in 1784 they were relatively unsuccessful as the Innu were far more interested in hunting caribou for both reasons of subsistence and spirituality (ibid). Due to this, these posts were used predominately in the effort to convert the Innu to Christianity, a practice which remained in place until their closure in 1950 (ibid). Despite the lackluster performance of these trading posts the Hudson's Bay Company remained determined to develop the potential of the fur trade in the region, and in 1838 a pair of employees, Erland Erlandson and John McLean, were sent out to prospect (Loring et al 2003: 53). Though they established Fort Nascopie on Lake Petisikapau in 1838 to attract trade, but due to the Innu's "stubborn independence" and unwillingness to be incorporated into their economic hegemony, it was forced to close in 1870 (Loring and Ashini 2000:173; Loring et al 2003: 53). It was this 'tenacity' that ultimately gave them the titles of Montagnais, those who were slightly more sedentary and easier to trade with, and the Naskapi who were the 'bad Indians' unwilling to come out of the wilderness, and the unsavory title of "princes and princesses of ragged fame" (Loring 1992; Loring and Ashini 2000: 173). Gradually however, however, through the determination of McLean and his successors the Montagnais, and eventually even the Naskapi were forced to settle due to an increasing dependency on western goods, particularly alcohol and gunpowder (Wadden 1996: 30). Beyond the trading posts established, there was marginal interest in the land by the new arrivals due to the harsh climate and almost insurmountable challenge that would be presented to any foolish enough to try and cultivate the land for agriculture. However, this mentality changed in a drastic fashion when the hydroelectric potential was realized and when vast mineral deposits discovered. Soon, the development of industry in Nitassinan became a veritable free-for-all.
By 1920, much of the Labrador topography was finally assessed and mapped by missionaries, fur-traders and explorers allowing outside populations to realize the extremely great hydroelectric potential and mineral resources in the territory (Loring et al 2003: 54). In light of these discoveries, and though Innu land in the Nitassinan remained entirely unceeded to any provincial or federal government, the boundary between Quebec and Labrador was quickly drawn in 1927 with no consultation of the Innu and directly through their traditional caribou hunting grounds (Samson 2003: 45). Plans began to emerge for the industrial development of the area, and by 1971 the massive construction project for the Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project was finally completed resulting in the formation of the Smallwood Reservoir which flooded a substantial amount of valuable Innu territory, caused the loss of much hunting equipment, destroyed three ancient cemeteries, and influencing caribou migratory patterns (Loring et al 2003: 54). In 1993 at Voisey's Bay, nickel and cobalt were discovered, making that land incredibly rich in potential for development, however due to an environmental impact assessment that stated that the mine should not proceed without an Innu Nation comprehensive land claim, that project has been put on hold (Salsberg 2001: 1-2). Further, low flying bomber jets have been on a training course over Innu territory since the early 1980s, also severely disrupting their daily quality of life, and their ability to hunt without interference (Wadden 1996: 6, 41).
After the shocking lesson provided by the Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project, the Innu chose to elect their own band council in the mid-1970s as well as directors of the political organization within their community that is based on a system of favour distribution (Salsberg 2001: 54). These leaders attempted to promote comprehensive land claims for quite a time with little success, as they have been forced to work under a paradigm of land tenure (a landholding system of structured mobility) that is at odds with the western perception of land rights (Salsberg 2001: 131-133; Samson 2003: 67, 80). Perpetual frustrations led to protests among the Innu community as both groups of negotiators were unable to find a common ground from which to make progress (Wadden 1996). In the midst of this chaos, it was a truly tragic event that caused the Innu to reassess the deeper issues behind land claims, and focus on the mental and physical health of their community at large.
In February of 1992 there was a tragic house fire in Utshimassit which caused the premature and horrific death of six children in the community which left everyone stunned (Loring et al 2003; Salsberg 2001; Wadden 1996). At this many Innu found themselves wishing that their life was no longer one of forced sedentism and to once again go and pursue a caribou hunt, as this fire could have been a manifestation of Katipinimitaoch, the caribou spirit who decides the very survival of the Innu themselves and who, in recent years had been disrespected (Salsberg 2001: 30). Actions needed to change, and the community needed to find new ways to support their own well-being, and claim the land for which they had undeniable right.
With the extreme shock that came with the loss of six of their youth, the Innu reassessed their community and came to the realization that as a whole, the community needed to heal- not only from the acute loss, but from many debilitating respects of their marginalization. In claiming land rights, the protests had not succeeded. They were only further stirring the discontent amongst the population. So, necessitated by their need to produce claims of land tenure by the government, and, above all, dedicated to ensuring a more positive future for their youth, the Innu decided to collaborate with archaeologists to both document a facet of their cultural heritage and strengthen their "legal" claim to the land. Before the particulars of indigenous archaeology in Labrador is examined however, it is first important to look briefly at the development of the practice of indigenous archaeology in North America and how it grew to encompass modern societal concerns.
The practice of indigenous archaeology and ethnohistory
As indigenous archaeology has developed, specifically in North America, it has become increasingly apparent that, far from the academic Ivory Tower it was once perceived to be, archaeology holds a vast potential to try and rectify past injustices, while constructing a more holistic history of indigenous populations that can also be beneficial to the community at large. Under this new paradigm of archaeology, not only is the indigenous community collaborating with the archaeological team, but they have a manifest role in determining the research agenda itself. Though this shifting focus of research has incurred several criticisms which are worthy of mention, the ability of this field to promote the preservation of cultural heritage sites and make archaeology more accessible and applicable has, deservingly, been lauded.
Though archaeologists have always communicated with the community in which they were conducting research, the origins of indigenous archaeology as it is perceived today was established in the early twentieth century. This dramatic beginning to a new academic forum did not merely consist of a meager shift in archaeological methodology, but rather in the form of an "indigenous archaeologist" in the flesh, Arthur C. Parker, whose surprisingly affluent social connections allowed him to pursue advanced studies of archaeology even despite the adversity he faced (Colwell-Chanthaphonh 2009: 17-19). Despite few following in his footsteps during the following fifty years, this academic anomaly would later be the proof that unless trusting relationships were formed between archaeologists and the "indigenous" in whose territory they were conducting research, few locals would be willing to unequivocally support archaeology.
Tentatively, ethnoarchaeology first became engendered in the 1960s for the purpose of attempting to bond together relationships between the static material remains and modern social dynamics of groups (Simms 1992: 187). Though most of the cases that would have deemed themselves ethnohistorical in nature tended to be cautionary tales to strongly denounce the disregard of cultural heritage sites, particularly during wanton instillation of infrastructure, others came to realize that the hybrid product of materialism and behaviourism could be a systematic and quantitative study which could come to be as important as "pure" anthropology in social advocacy (Simms 1992: 186-187; Trigger 1998: 81). With the subsequent realization that, due to a distinctly non-western ontology, many "tribal histories" are strongly tied to the landscape and are minimally composed of spatial, social, spiritual, and experiential dimensions (Brooks 2002: 181; Greer 1997: 151; Howe 2002: 162-164; Lyons et al 2010), archaeology as it related to indigenous peoples was forced to undergo a paradigm shift to serve the object of the investigations (Geertz 1983: 21).
Though the resounding majority of archaeologists had previously believed themselves to be the sole stewards of the past, most were shocked in the 1970s to learn not only that many indigenous people in North America believed archaeology to be yet another means of oppression, but, as Vine Deloria Jr. so eloquently stated, that archaeologists had been seduced by the myth that the "only real Indians were dead ones" (McGuire 1997: 63-64). Determined to change, many archaeologists took the recommendations of Deloria himself to allow a fair informational exchange between parties: corrective measures were taken to alleviate "scientific misconceptions about Indians" (Deloria 1995: 60), and "Indian traditions" became contributors to the more holistic scientific study of the past, allowing such ontology to be interwoven with, and taken seriously by, a "valid body of knowledge" (ibid). Although still not a perfect practice, as time has progressed substantially more reciprocity is present, the colonial legacy has been left behind, and, though archaeologists are still regarded as the authority, the majority are no longer discrediting other views of the past, but integrating them, to try and provide the best possible explanation for the acquired data (Biolsi and Zimmerman 1997: 5; Deloria 1995: 40; Deloria 1997: 210, 221; Meyer 1988: 5; Wilcox 2010: 225). Indeed, there have even been pilot projects of indigenous field schools for younger members of the community to get involved and add their interpretations to the archaeological analysis, such as in the case of the Drum Lake Field School for Dene students which took place over the course of two years- 1985 to 1986 (Blondin-Andrew 1997: 273-274).
In the modern practice of indigenous archaeology the crux lay with the authority and the jurisdiction that is given to the descendant population. Where previously the problems of the community were liable to disappear under strata of anthropological and archaeological rhetoric, and the community was put at even greater disadvantage when trying to negotiate with national and provincial government with labels such as "tribal" or "primitive," they now had the authority over their own intellectual tradition (King 1997: 115-118). Though the "control of the past," and thereby the control of the present, is not entirely autonomous still, the shifting focus of research and collaboration under a framework comprehended by provincial and federal governments has aided in stopping the marginalization of indigenous communities (Goldstein 1992: 66). By analyzing and recording artifacts and emphasizing not only their centrality and significance in the lives of earlier indigenous residents, but also naturally implying the longstanding tenure of the land of the present population the legitimacy of their underlying title can no longer be questioned (Asch 1997: 267, 269-270; Schiffer 1992: 226, 238). Indeed Michael Asch states, when conducting research, "[a]rchaeologists must acknowledge the fundamental principle regarding jurisdiction of cultural property and work to assist Canada and the provinces to recognize it legislatively" (Asch 1997: 270). He further posits that the self-evident "aboriginal fact" needs to be recognized by federal government that indigenous populations have always held a legitimate underlying title and, furthermore, had both jurisdiction and sovereignty over the land prior to the arrival of Europeans and would have continued to do so without their imposition and incorrect assumption that Canada was a terra nullius(Asch 1993: 40; Asch 1997: 267). It has historically been made clear however, that it is the provincial authorities who were sovereign (not the indigenous people) in the Constitution Act of 1867, and despite recent Supreme Court interpretations of aboriginal rights using the Constitution Act of 1982 in which the sui generis nature of the aboriginal title is asserted, the extinguishment clause still remains central in land claims to this day, strongly downplaying the historical autonomy of these people (Asch 1993: 35-40; Kulchyski 2005). Though still grappling with the government over a title that should rightfully be theirs, Asch maintains some hope that this paradigm shift, and collaborative and socially responsible research could, in future, help to right this wrong.
Though there are many critics of indigenous archaeology and its 'radical' methodology, most of these criticisms focus on the question of whether it is comparably scientific, and cannot deny the benefits that such a method has on the larger community. One of the most vocal critics, Robert McGhee, stresses that an objective view of the past may only be obtained by historians who are aware of the biases of oral tradition and archaeologists following a strictly scientific method (McGhee 2008: 580, 591). He also believes that indigenous archaeology should not be considered more ethical simply because it incorporates a community that has been extant in the area for a long period of time, as their perspectives would be unsubstantiated, and that such a practice should be relegated to fall under the umbrella of "Aboriginal Studies" and certainly not archaeology (ibid 581, 583, 591, 594). However, the resounding response from McGhee's peers, including Stephen Loring who has worked extensively with the Innu of Labrador, is that this branch of study fosters respectful dialogue between various stakeholders (of whom archaeologists are only one component), and community activism, which are equally important aspects of not only a scientific, but also a holistic, archaeology (Silliman 2010: 219).
The unique context and benefits of indigenous (Innu) archaelogy in Labrador
L'Anse-Amour burial mound site. Source: Creative Commons Labrador has some of the most varied and unique archaeology in all of Canada due to not only the myriad of cultures which have inhabited the area, but also due to recent developments in indigenous archaeology and how it has been applied to aide in the land claims process. The oldest archaeological site in Maritime Canada from a startling 7500 years ago has been found on the south coast of Labrador at L'Anse-Amour containing a ceremonial burial of a thirteen year old boy of the Maritime Archaic tradition, a group whom many posit were the ancestors of the Innu before they were forced to move inland due to skirmishes with the Inuit (Auger 1989: 4, 52; Loring 1992; Such 1978: 11). Traces of Innu settlement have also been discovered at the Strait of Belle Isle, and in the Hamilton Inlet area which through charcoal analysis have been dated to approximately 1000 years before the first verified European contact with the Basque whose archaeological remains have also been found at the Strait of Belle Isle and dated to 1530 (Tuck 1976: 103; Tuck and Grenier 1989: 10). There have also been remains found of the Beothuk and Inuit, of which certain artifacts, specifically those made of Ramah chert which is only found in Interior Labrador, indicate that the Innu were a part of extensive trade network in the area providing evidence of economic hegemony, and territorial tenure (Hartery 2007: 37; Pastore 1992: 13).
In the field of indigenous archaeology in Labrador, and specifically among the Innu, Stephen Loring has utilized a direct historical approach and extensive collaboration to trace the dynamic history of the Innu (eg. Loring 1992; Loring 1998: 269). In respecting their kanauenitam (stewardship or duty to the land), Loring has studied sites of particular importance such as areas drowned by the Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project (Loring 1998: 269; Loring et al 2003). Not only does he realize that his results will be seen as admissible proof of land tenure among provincial and federal legislative bodies, he further sees that once land claim resolutions are resolved the Innu will be empowered by mandating activities that occur on their land and to produce and perpetuate knowledge of their ancestors in a multiplicity of forms (Loring 1998: 266). Also, citing the house fire incident as a catalyst in the Innu advancing their political, social, and economic agendas, in conjunction with several elders he established The Pathways Project in 1993, an interdisciplinary research project that provided Innu youth with motivation to go into the bush and, using archaeological methods, trace the ancient pathways used by their forbearers in tracking and hunting caribou (Loring 1998: 270-272).
Not only have the projects undertaken by Loring and his peers been unparalleled in re-energizing the community to learn about their cultural heritage by supplementing the oral tradition, but they have clearly been paramount in the settlement of the Tsash Petapen Agreement in which, among other stipulations, approximately 100 million dollars in compensation over thirty years will be granted to the Innu for the destruction caused by the flooding during the construction of the Churchill Falls hydroelectric project.
Land claim successes and future potential for Innu in Labrador
Flag of Innu Nation of Quebec and Labrador. Source: Creative Commons Finally in 2008, after several hundred years of marginalization and almost fifty years of unsolicited industrial development in the Nitassinan, the Innu finally came to a land claim agreement, appropriately titled The Tshash Petapen (or "New Dawn") Agreement with the province of Newfoundland and Labrador (Newfoundland and Labrador 1996, 2008). This claim was ratified by the Innu Nation on July 1, 2011 and was seen both as a major victory for all Innu inhabiting Labrador and as a message of hope by those residing in Quebec (Newfoundland and Labrador 2011a, 2011b). Not only does it promise substantial financial restitution for the damage done to the native territory (in the form of 100 million dollars given over the following four years, three percent of the profits generated by the hydroelectric station, and training and business opportunities) it also gives land title to 5000 square miles, hunting rights on an additional 22,000 square miles and the ability of the Innu to develop resources of their own accord within that territory as they decide (Newfoundland and Labrador 2008). Furthermore, in the ratification several additional stipulations were approved, such as the requirement of the government to remove the low-flying bombers from the area in a reasonable timeframe (Newfoundland and Labrador 2011a, 2011b). Additionally, an agreement is in process to provide fiscal compensation for the Voisey's Bay Project which would extract nickel ore from the area (Newfoundland and Labrador 2002). Specifically within the memorandum regarding the Voisey's Bay Project is a requirement for archaeological remains, particularly those of ancient Innu burials, to be respected.
Though there is still much progress to made with regards to Innu land claims and restitution in Labrador, not to mention among many indigenous communities in North America and around the world, however the positive manner in which indigenous archaeology has been able to support claims of land tenure and underlying title, while remaining accessible and beneficial to the community in which it is practiced on several levels is reassuring. Despite minor criticisms of the methodology, it has been able to succinctly bridge the gap between indigenous ontology, federal and provincial politics, industrial development, and pure scientific pursuits, and has helped the Innu on the path to the major land claim victory of the Tshash Petapen Agreement. Sometimes, a little integration can be a very good thing.
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Decisive Campaigns Warsaw to Paris
Decisive Campaigns: The Blitzkrieg From Warsaw to Paris v1.51 Patch
1. Little bigger font used in combat results.
2. Hotkey for HQ Power (Key-5) and Air/Art Range (Key-6) added.
3. Super Higher resolution now supported, bug with 2600 pixel width (or more) should be fixed.
4. New mod file lines can be added. After the buttons have all been defined there is now an optional line that takes the number of graphicfile string replacements. For each number add a line below. With two arguments: "stringtobereplaced," "stringtoreplacewith." This functionality makes it easy to make graphic mods that don't overwrite existing graphics. I will give some more info on this separately.
5. Wheel zooms in and out at location of mouse.
6. Fixed a Bug with aircraft not doing any structural damage when not faced with any opponents. (BUG)
7. When clicking OOB tab close you click through on map => fixed.
8. Some small fixes in editor and for import zip function.
9. Editor Add SfType bug fixed.
10. Fixed a bug caused by playing a regime card in the middle of giving an attack order (like air attack).
11. Fixed a bug with big map modus and switching back to small map modus using PgUp while in the middle of issuing an attack order.
12. Endless battle bug in AI with naval attacks on port should be fixed.
13. Stated in intcp mouse over that only fighters will intercept also double checked that no bombers are actually intercepting by accident.
14. Changed the d100 dice throw for intercept algorithm, this should fix issue with too often too large amount of enemy interceptors or to often too little amount of interceptors.
15. For modding: When loading ZIP game will now display any readme.txt file contents to player and if a file has been written to the mods/ directory the game will advise the player to restart the game.
16. For modding purposes: Regime Pen color is now not used for the natocounters and all text in the color is now correctly rendered in the Pen color. This should allow for modding really light counters and using black pen on top of them. If none of the rgb values of the Pen is above 128 then the text shadow is also dropped.
17. Increased highlighting of divisional parts and HQ subordinates
18. Volume control added for background music and for sound effects in the preferences tab
19. Recon does no longer destroy any completely empty units in the target hex.
20. Fixed a bug with a crash if you cancelled move by clicking outside highlighted area and then would follow up with clicking HQ link.
21. Supply is no longer already consumed in setup turn when playing with free setup variant on.
22. In the statistics the lines saying n/a no longer popup
23. Red attack arrows no longer appear on the map when moving aircraft.
24. Clicking in the detailed troop list and returning no longer resets listbox to top of list.
25. DC1 bug with less troops in campaign in France, while not played card fixed.
26. DC1 glitch in Sea Lion with German Corps units not using roman numerals fixed.
27. A minor AI bug.
Decisive Campaigns: The Blitzkrieg From Warsaw to Paris v1.50c Patch
Changelog: Fixes and Improvements - Crash during AI Strategic Transfers. - The Editor Add SFType bug. - Full scenario editor including allowing any modder or scenario designer to implement any of the rules introduced in DC: Case Blue, for example: logistical centers, air supply missions or artillery stockpiles. - Divisional highlighting mode added (highlight all parts of the same division) - Ability to change zoom level while giving an order - Mouse-wheel zoom support - HQ highlighting mode added (highlights all units under a certain HQ) - HQ power radius mode added - Artillery radius and Aircraft intercept radius mode added - HQ Counters are almost always brought to top of stack - More selection popup windows with more information - Ability to hide a lot of the bottom interface window and show more of the map - Some graphics speed optimizations - A lot of small bugs fixed - A lot of small improvements to the interface - New rewritten AI for DC:Case Blue also made available in the Editor of DC1. Plus a trial - Poland39 scenario for use with this DC2AI added for testing.
Decisive Campaigns: The Blitzkrieg From Warsaw to Paris v1.04i Patch
This update fixes a few quick issues in the unique WWII operational-level game.
Decisive Campaigns: The Blitzkrieg from Warsaw to Paris Update v1.02
This update includes a number of minor fixes, adds a few hotkeys, makes a few additional improvements, and eliminates random variants from campaigns with historical settings.
Decisive Campaigns: The Blitzkrieg from Warsaw to Paris Patch v101
The v1.01 update is focused on maintenance and fixes most of the issues reported since release, including a few of crashes and campaign issues. Overall, this update tightens up and polishes the unique and addicting gameplay.


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Robbers Fire expands to 2,250 acres burned
UPDATE 12:00 P.M. July 15 - The Robbers Fire grew to 2,250 acres overnight Saturday and was 20 percent contained as of Sunday morning.
The fire started Wednesday afternoon at Shirttail Canyon and Yankee Jims roads northwest of Foresthill and continued to burn Sunday into rural canyon land between Colfax and Foresthill and south of Iowa Hill.
Saturday evening Cal Fire announced that the fire had burned one home and three outbuildings in rural land. No location was immediately available.
There were also a reported 11 injuries by Sunday morning. Most of the injuries were due to heat exhaustion or sprained ankles with the most severe happening Friday after an inmate firefighter was hit by a loose rock and suffered a broken leg, according to Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.
On Sunday, 170 residences remained threatened and 350 residents were evacuated.
Cooler temperatures and higher humidity today are expected to help firefighters but dry conditions are working against them, Berlant said.
According to Cal Fire, the fire is moving to the north and east and threatens the Brushy Creek subdivision, Haynes Mine and Kings Hill.
Berlant said fire crews are both fighting the fire and working to protect structures.
~ Journal staff report
For coverage Saturday, read here.
For Friday video coverage of the fire fight, click here.
For Thursday's video of the Robbers Fire, click here.
For Wednesday's coverage of the Robbers Fire, click here.


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Outline of courses:
Introduction to HPC Architectures, Parallel Programming Overview and Models. UJ Cluster and CHPC Environment Set-up; Compilers, Shell Scripting and Job Submission.
Introduction to Programming Shared Memory Multicore & SMP Systems with OpenMP.
Parallel Programming Distributed Memory Systems with MPI; Introduction and Fundamentals.
Advanced Parallel Programming with MPI; Topologies and Parallel I/O.
GPGPU: Introduction to GPU Programming with CUDA, OpenCL or rapid prototyping tools.
HPC Visualization Tools and Applications: Paraview/VTK, OpenFOAM and others.


text:
this wiki
Re-newcy has designed the first solar cooker made in Cyprus, the Diamond Solar Cooker for a completely safe and healthy way of cooking and for the most convenient way to cook food without consuming fuels or heating up the kitchen.
It was Andreas Fasoulides and Kyriakos Antoniou idea to create the low technology workshop called Re-newcy.
The dramatic negative climate changes on our planet and the our personal concerning about the future of our children are the motives of creating the re-newcy workshop in Cyprus. Working with the renewable energy sources like the Sun, Wind, Biogass, etc we offer popular technology for everyone who likes to reduce the Co2 emissions in the natural environment.We offer Solar Cookers in cost prices so to reach all the people who want to use the heat from the Sun for cooking their meals.
News and recent developments
- May 7, 2012: Re-newcy organized a solar cooking show at the entrance of the old port of Paphos with great success.
Audio and video
thumb|300px|rightthumb|300px|right|12 Diamond solar oven's cooking
External links
See also
Going Green
You might also be interested in this: Cyprus Green Party
Tel: 0035799539705
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: http://www.re-newcy.com


text: This Collectors Edition Superman Muscle Costume is a top of line super hero ensemble of the king of all super heroes. Superman is the original American hero and has captivated generations and generations of fans through the years with his comic book and movie appearances. There's no character more classic than Superman and this Collectors Edition Superman Muscle Costume is the ultimate in Superman costumes. Perfect for professional appearances, this collectors edition option features a complete blue jumpsuit with latex and foam formed muscle details. You will be outfitted in Superman's trademark blue uniform with the yellow and red Superman emblem on the chest piece and flowing red cape. The costume is formed in separate pieces with arm, leg, boot covers, and chest pieces worn over the jumpsuit. You will also get a headpiece to give you that Clark Kent hair. This is the pinnacle of Superman costumes and you won't be able to find a more detailed or higher quality costume anywhere so order yours today.


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Riviera Single Chaise & Cushion
- Overview
Cast of strong, lightweight aluminum, our Riviera chaise has the subtle curves and substantial presence of classic resort furniture. Click to read an article on recommended care.
- 30" w x 90" l x 13.5" h; adjusts to 47.5" h
- Cast entirely of rustproof, weather-resistant aluminum with an antique-bronze finish
- Easily adjusts to four comfortable positions.
- Styled with scooped arms and curved legs.
- Thick cushion covered with water-repellent, ring-spun, tufted polyester canvas or non-tufted Sunbrella® fabric; imported; sold separately.
- Sunbrella® cushions and slipcovers are special order items with expected delivery in 2–3 weeks. Please click on the shipping tab for shipping and return information.
- Catalog / Internet only.
- View our Furniture Brochure.
- Dimensions & Care
- Molded aluminum is soldered together to create the slender yet rugged frames, then sanded for a smooth feel and finished by hand.
- The chaise can be adjusted to three different angles or it can lie flat.
- Cushion is available in water-repellent, spun polyester canvas or Sunbrella® fabric. The Sunbrella® cushions are not tufted; sold separately.
- Cushions remove for machine washing.
- Overall: 30" w x 90" d x 13.5" h
- Height: 13.5" minimum; 47.5" maximum
- Seat: 26.5" w x 50.5" d x 13.5" h
- Backrest: 24.5" w x 35.5" d x 47.5" h
- Clearance Under Chaise: 13.5"
- Maximum Weight Capacity: 300 lb
- Weight: 44.5 lb
- Cushion: 26" w x 83" d x 2.5" h
- Shipping & Return Info
Chaise & Cushion Set
Our new expanded delivery means that furniture orders arrive in most major cities within 7 to 10 business days. For other metropolitan locations, your furniture will be delivered to you within 2 to 3 weeks. Please allow approximately 4 weeks for delivery to all other locations.
Chaise only
Our new expanded delivery means that furniture orders arrive in most major cities within 7 to 10 business days. For other metropolitan locations, your furniture will be delivered to you within 2 to 3 weeks. Please allow approximately 4 weeks for delivery to all other locations.
Cushions only
Please allow approximately 2 to 4 weeks for delivery.
Cushions Covers
Please allow approximately 5 business days for delivery.
This is a general shipping item.
Shipping Information
Return Policy
At Pottery Barn, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction is our priority. We carefully inspect your order prior to shipment. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement. If, within 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery and 30 days for all other products, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, made to order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items which are identified by a price which ends in .99.
For returns of items purchased from your Pottery Barn registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later.
You may return merchandise through the mail for a refund or replacement. For detailed procedures for returning items through the mail, please contact Customer Service at 1.888.779.5176, 7 days a week, 5:00am - 9:00pm (PT).
Chaise Frame
- White Glove Delivery
Chaise Cushion
Please Select Fabric: Sunbrella® - Solid
- Sunbrella® - Solid
- Sunbrella® Contrast Piped - Solid
- Sunbrella® - Stripe
- Outdoor Canvas - Solid
- Outdoor Canvas - Striped
Please Select Color:
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Universal Outdoor Single Chaise Cover
Universal Furniture Cover
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text: Getting free candy from witches? No thank you! Spend tonight at your place when you throw a party in an Adult Hansel Costume. These black lederhosen have slim-fit shorts that reach down to the knees. Looped cords at the sides make for a cute accent. The black pleather waist band is attached to the black suspenders, each strap covered in a red floral print. A panel across the chest has matching floral trim. Pull them on with the black hat and its red-tipped brim will make you look good enough to eat! You've had a tough time with Halloween ever since the Gingerbread House fiasco. Put on an Adult Hansel Costume this year, though, and make some better memories! Add on white socks and buckles for your shoes (sold here) so you can go out and find Gretel.


text: Drawing upon more than 50 years of culinary experience, we've designed and developed an exclusive line of nonstick kitchen tools—perfect for use with nonstick cookware. Equally useful for prep and serving, our professional-quality spoon has an extra-deep nylon bowl for efficient scooping. The ergonomically engineered brushed-stainless-steel handle ensures excellent balance and control—and makes the spoon exceptionally comfortable to use.


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If you need makeup to complete your Halloween costume, or just want to clown around, get our Makeup Face Paint Kit, which includes a palette of cream makeup, paint sticks, two sponges, two stick applicators and instructions. The palette includes a large circle of white makeup, ideal for clowns, ghosts or ghouls. Pink, blue, green, black, yellow and orange cream makeup is also included.
Our Price: $2.47


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Diesel Braddom Jean
- Regular fit jean
- Straight from knee to hem
- Mid-rise, 15 1/4" bottom opening
- Embroidered back pockets
- Hand sanding, whiskering, grinding and dremmeling details
- Button fly
- Leather Diesel label on back
- Model Info: Height: 5'10" | Chest: 38" | Waist: 33" | Hip: 39" | Wearing Size: 31x32
- 100% Cotton.
- Machine wash cold. Non-chlorine bleach. Do not tumble dry. Dry in shade. Low iron, Do not dry clean.
- This quality denim has been hand finished for a unique, individual look. It will wear like your old favorite jeans, with each hole and tear continuing to destruct over time. We hope you love the vintage appearance and comfort of wearing jeans that have the look and feel of years of wear. Thanks for making the Buckle your denim destination.
- Made in Tunisia.
Have a Question?
View All:
Men's Jeans
Men's Diesel Jeans
|Slim Fit
|24-24 1/2" thigh
|Regular Fit
|25-25 1/2" thigh
|Relaxed Fit
|26-26 1/2" thigh
|Loose Fit
|27-27 1/2" thigh


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New arrests have been made related to burglaries in evacuation zones during the Waldo Canyon Fire.
Officers say they recovered a number of stolen items inside a unit at the Casa Del Rey apartments after executing a search warrant Wednesday, and arrested 31-year-old David Town for one burglary.
According to police, additional evidence then pointed to the involvement of 19-year-old Alexis Mendez, who is currently in jail on a separate charge.
An arrest affidavit for David Town obtained by 11 News Thursday outlines a complicated story told by three suspects. The document indicates Town knows Mendez and Cameron Moore. Moore was arrested earlier this year on charges he burglarized a home that was evacuated during the Waldo Canyon Fire. All three are now suspected of playing a part in the burglary of Ken Patterson's home.
"It would be one thing if our homes burned down, but to come in while we were gone is a slap not only in my face, but in the faces of everyone who was burglarized," Patterson said Thursday.
The affidavit indicates all of the suspects pointed the finger at each other initially when Mendez was arrested in August for a separate crime.
As part of the investigation police found a sword taken from Patterson's home in Town's apartment in August. According to the affidavit, at that time, Town said he got it from Mendez and Moore.
Early in November as part of his plea agreement, Moore told another side of the story. According to his account, he went to Town's apartment to get marijuana the night of the major Waldo Canyon Fire evacuations.
According to Moore, he, Mendez and Town drove to Garden of the Gods and Centennial, and then to a nearby parking lot that had access to a drainage channel that runs through the Pinon Valley neighborhood. Moore said Mendez wanted to break into homes, and Moore agreed to go while Town stayed behind.
Moore said he and Mendez went into Ken Patterson's house, where they stole some DVDs, a sword and some sports memorabilia. They reportedly traded some of their take to Town for marijuana. Moore said he pawned the DVDs for rent money.
Moore, who has arranged a plea agreement for his part in the crime, will be sentenced in January.
Police say Town and Mendez are persons of interest in other break-ins inside the evacuation zones, but that evidence so far has not linked them to any other burglaries.
Eighty-five confirmed burglaries, 42 in homes and 43 in vehicles, were reported during the fire. Several arrests have been made in the months since the fire, but many cases still remain unsolved.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus


text:
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Lphant the peer-to-peer file sharing program which not only allows you to download the latest music and video but you can connect with friends and make new ones who are into the same artists. The users can easily access other profiles, pictures and their music libraries. The download process is quite easy all you have to do is click here and within a few minutes you will have access to a whopping 20 million songs and videos! You can easily download out the latest pop/rock or hip-hop hits currently being played on video music channels and radio, but the extensive library of songs takes you a trip down memory lane. Lphant has the one of the best collection of retro music in various genres. In fact, the Lphant program is compatible with Apple iPod and other MP3 devices as well. The content can be downloaded in various formats including the popular MP3. A common notion about peer-to-peer programs is the risk involved in file sharing due to viruses, that is why Lphant has gone to great lengths to ensure the application is well protected against any viruses and only allows video and music file formats to be shared.
The coolest source of entertainment is just a click away!
The coolest source of entertainment is just a click away!


text:
Home » The Zen of Steve Jobs - A Graphic Novel (Updated) » The Zen of Steve Jobs
About Sweeping Zen
Established in 2009 as a grassroots initiative, Sweeping Zen is a digital archive of information on Zen Buddhism. Featuring in-depth interviews, an extensive database of biographies, news, articles, podcasts, teacher blogs, events, directories and more, this site is dedicated to offering the public a range of views in the sphere of Zen Buddhist thought. We are also endeavoring to continue creating lineage charts for all Western Zen lines, doing our own small part in advancing historical documentation on this fabulous import of an ancient tradition. Come on in with a tea or coffee. You're always bound to find something new.
Related Articles
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Liberation at Hand: Zen and Trauma — A Review of Daiho Harvey Hilbert's Zen in your Pocket
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DAIHO'S WINDING ROAD (Part 2 of a Series)
March 21, 2016
So, What Do You Zen People Believe in? – Abbots Address
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The Zen of Zen
March 11, 2016


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Ereader E60
Initially there seem to be only two buttons -- to navigate forwards or backwards between pages. But it's a design trick: the others are hidden behind a sliding screen. On the back there's a pen (the only navigation tool) to write and underline text on the screen. The E60 can also be used to read web pages and other non-ePub documents, which you export from your computer. There is a text-to- speech function to read material out loud (English only).
WIRED: Wi-Fi connection
TIRED: The 6" touchscreen's pages must be turned with the pen
£100 samsung.com/uk
Credit: Wilson Hennessy


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What is RM Cash
Rodger in AR
Worked fineRead All Reviews
Michael in TX
I used this on my WR450F mounted upside down to the tail light screws as a license plate holder. This is a solid and reasonably light piece of sheet metal that is easy to work with. I've ridden 150+ miles of gnarly single track off road and this plate is holding up well. I'm sure this would be more than acceptable as an inspection plate on a street bike.Read All Reviews
DANNY in UT
GREAT ROTOR BETTER STOPPING THAN STOCKRead All Reviews
Todd in SC
Had to replace one of the lenses for the rear turn signals on the Harley. The OEM ones get brittle after time and fade with sunlight. This replacement is low-cost and makes the bike look fresh. Get a matching set or they won't match, the old one will look dull compared to the new one. Great replacement part at a great price!Read All Reviews
MATT in UT
Bought this for an OEM replacement. Was surprised to see the quality in the rotor. After looking at this online and reading reviews from other users decided to give it a try. Fitment was excellent, finish was awesome, and when I used the EBC sintered metal brake pads I thought they would squeal. Very glad to find out that they didn't squeal at all! The braking power with the new pads and rotor are great! I would recommend this rotor to someone looking to replace an old rotor!Read All Reviews
Abraham in UT
I put my rotors on the 8th of June, they now have almost 13k thousand miles on them, and still look new. I used the sintered brake pads, great combination for my Road Glide. An amazing difference in performance over OEM pads.Read All Reviews


text:
Seattle Weekly
by Sound Publishing, Inc.
Download this app if: you want to have a go-to guide for living in The Emerald City.
Developer Notes
Consider this app your go-to guide to Seattle.
For thirty-plus years, Seattle Weekly has been Seattle's definitive guide for what to see, where to eat, and what to do. Now, all of that information — the coziest pubs, the best concerts, the trendiest restaurants — lives on your Droid. For...
Oh, The Places You Will Go — Great app for people living in Seattle. I plan on downloading before my next trip!


text:
Our paths crossed a few weeks ago. Alice Morrin was working the assignment desk at Fox 61 News' Hartford studio. I was coming over to get some things ready to tape another installment of my new show. When I called Alice and asked to be let into the rooftop entrance, she was very enthusiastic. We had met, she reminded, at a farewell lat the Arch Street Tavern for former Fox 61 reporter Katishia Cosley. Alice said she really enjoyed my columns and was very supportive of me hosting a new show.
She also was very excited about Fox 61's planned moved to the Courant's Broad Street headquarters this year. For me, Alice was one more friendly face to put a name to at Fox 61. When I learned that she had been promoted to be executive assistant to Courant Publisher and Fox 61/WTXX GM Rich Graziano, I sent Alice an e-mail wishing her well.
She certainly had the type of warm personality that would serve any CEO well.
Then, this morning, I got a call from Fox 61's Rick Hancock. Horrifying news!
Alice obviously had so much more to give. ..... A shame. My condolences to all the families impacted here.


text:
The new William Morris Endeavor is being run by one of Hollywood's most powerful Jews—Ari Emanuel. But amid the shake-ups that have accompanied the merger... More.
'Bruno' premieres in UK [video]
June 18, 2009 | 2:20 pm
Pardon my inability to get the embed code for this, but click the link and watch Bruno march upon a London crowd at the UK premiere of "Bruno."
Link to The... More.


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First of all, I love your posts kudaotai. Your input is gold and should be treated as such.
The part I like to step in is with Premium Features. I'll put in your detailed statistics idea, as I think it's a good add as well. (and I think relatively the easiest to implement)
For some other ideas I really needed to know Alteil:Horizons currency system. If it's still true everything will be changed into FM buyable, the incentives to go Premium can become bigger. If not then some ideas should be implemented with cooldowns, toned down or not implemented at al...
Premium Features:
- Expanded number of fileslots from 10 to 20. (increased number of saved decks)
- Access to Replay Theatre. (save your battle replays)
- Detailed statistics.
- Seasonal Card Exchanger. (use currency to change the cards art)
- Premium only avatars in shop.
- Rename option. (only works one time, after that you're stuck with it)
- Personalize the Assistant. (options depend on how this will be implemented in A:H. Create your own sentences up to modify looks similar to your avatar)
- Cooldown Remover. (clears the timer for ONE feature. Reusable once every 7 days)
Works as follows: You can clear the timer on one feature to keep the fun going. (for now that'll be Underdog, Daily). After that there's a week cooldown before you can use this function again.
- Gain pre-release access to all cards in new Set.
Cards will be removed during official launch of the Set. Data can be used to balance cards before they hit official release.
- Increase number of simultaneous Auctions. (?) Reset timer for Auctionhouse. (can add to the Cooldown Remover, if there's a cooldown to AH)
- Tourney Booster.
Additional bonuses to the tourneys/stories creation by Premium Members. I don't know the details to this whole tourney/story creation thing so it's hard to determine what this could be. Varies from additional setup options to just slightly better prices like +1ptcard for participants, etc.
While thinking up more daring suggestions i realised i don't know enough about the monetary system or all A:H features. It could be that Premium needs to become the main incentive to gain income for Alteil, or it could remain for vanity things while shopitems lure people into acquiring more ingame currency...
One thing we can all agree upon is that this game has to be enjoyable and collectable without spending money. How far you're willing to reward spenders becomes a difficult question. One I do need answered to give more fitting suggestions. Ofcourse I could just continiou thinking up whatever when more A:H information (like on storymode) becomes aviable.


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|8 Отзывы :
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|L'esprit de Naiyang Beach Resort is a new charming resort consisting of 30 private villas and 17 deluxe rooms accommodations.
L'esprit de Naiyang Beach Resort is dramatically located at peaceful Naiyang beach of Phuket,
a white sand rimmed with green pines of Sirinat Marine National Park, on the north
west of the island.
|With just 47 rooms and villas, 15 of which have
direct access to swimming pool, our resort combines the
sophistication and style of Thai architecture and design with the
best facilities and services. All room types offer a comfortable private space,
a serene atmosphere where guests can enjoy a wonderful relaxing holidays.
|Deluxe Room with Pool View
Deluxe Room with Pool View offer a beautiful space beach view balcony. Guest can spend relaxing time and enjoy ocean breeze from the serene Naiyang beach.
1 Bedroom Garden Villa
1 Bedroom Garden Villa is our unique designed private garden villas. These beautiful villas providing the same features as 1 Bedroom Pool Access Villa an outdoor private plunge pool in a beautiful tropical garden, offering a romantic moment with your love one.
1 Bedroom Pool Access Villa
All 1 Bedroom Pool Access Villas are located at pool side, having direct access to the a wonderful 12x75 meters pool through the individual private desk. 1 Bedroom Pool Access Villa has a unique design providing guest with their own individualized space including a romantic bedroom, a comfortable living room, sunbathing desk, lush tropical gardens and a beautiful bathroom with spa quality amenities. The living room includes a comfort daybed, LCD television with DVD player and mini-bar.
1 Bedroom Private Pool Villa
Designed architecturally to reflect Thai homes, 1 Bedroom Private Pool Villa provides the perfect accommodation for a romantic escape. All the rooms offer a romantic bedroom include a separate comfortable living room having lush garden views with private sunbath deck and natural Sukabumi natural stone pool in size 3.5x7metre. A spacious bathtub, separate rain shower and toilet enclosures complete your exotic experience. Villas range in size from 70 square meters.
From Phuket International Airport, turn right and go straight until passing 4026 main junction. Keep straight in to a local road about 2.5 km from the airport. Once you will see a signage of Adamas Road on the right, turn right to Adamas Road and make a right again at the end. Keep straight 0.5 km, then you will see an orange sign of L'esprit de Naiyang Beach Resort.
Nearby Attractions:


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Browse more:
Soft, puffy Cloud Clay is as light as air - plus, it's non-toxic and safe for small children to use! Because it's extremely pliable, Cloud Clay is fun to squeeze and model, easy to decorate, and dry to the touch while being used.
® Amaco is a registered trademark of American Art Clay Company.