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Over-the-Counter Medicines for Allergies
Topic Overview
Many over-the-counter medicines are available to control symptoms of allergies, including allergic rhinitis. These medicines work well but can have side effects.
Medicines that are safe when they are used alone can sometimes cause problems if you take them with other medicines. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking medicine for something else and want to try an over-the-counter medicine for your allergy.
Over-the-counter medicines used to control the symptoms of allergies, including allergic rhinitis, include:
reduce or stop sneezing, runny noses, and itching. Examples of over-the-counter
antihistamines include chlorpheniramine (such as Chlor-Trimeton),
diphenhydramine (such as Benadryl), or a newer, nonsedating
("second-generation") antihistamine such as loratadine (Claritin, for example).
- Over-the-counter ("first-generation") antihistamines often make you feel sleepy or tired. They may also affect your coordination, even when they do not make you drowsy. Because of this, you should not take them before you drive or operate machinery.
- Another common side effect is a dry mouth. Taking them at bedtime may help with side effects.
- Don't give antihistamines to your child unless you've checked with the doctor first.
Decongestants. Decongestants clear up a stuffy
(congested) nose. They come in nasal spray or pill form.
- Possible problems with nasal sprays include irritation, burning or itching of nasal passages, and sneezing. You should not use them for more than 3 days in a row, because they can make your congestion worse (rebound congestion). An example of an over-the-counter spray decongestant is oxymetazoline, such as Afrin, Dristan, or Neo-Synephrine.
- Decongestants you take as pills (oral decongestants) can cause you to feel nervous or shaky, have a rapid heart rate, or have trouble sleeping. If you have high blood pressure, oral decongestants may make it worse. You should use them only if your high blood pressure is under control. Examples of nonprescription oral decongestants include phenylephrine, such as Sudafed PE.
- Note: Decongestants may not be safe for young children or for people who have certain health problems. Before you use them, check the label. If you do use these medicines, always follow the directions about how much to use based on age and in some cases weight.
- Antihistamine/decongestant combinations. These combination pills work on most of the symptoms of allergies. Usually the decongestant decreases the drowsiness caused by the antihistamine. But some people feel nervous and sleepy at the same time ("tired and wired"). Examples of over-the-counter antihistamine/decongestant combinations include pseudoephedrine/chlorpheniramine maleate (such as Allerest) and pseudoephedrine/triprolidine (such as Actifed).
- Decongestant eyedrops. These medicines reduce itching and watering of eyes. Don't use them for more than 3 days in a row. They can cause symptoms when you are not having an allergic reaction. This effect is similar to the rebound congestion of nasal spray decongestants. Examples of over-the-counter eyedrops include tetrahydrozoline (such as Visine) and naphazoline (Clear Eyes). (Saline-only eyedrops for dry eyes may feel good but do not reduce allergy symptoms.)
If over-the-counter medicines do not improve your symptoms, or if they cause bothersome side effects, such as drowsiness, talk with your doctor about prescription medicines.
When you take either over-the-counter or prescription medicines, you may want to keep a medicine record. Use a notebook to record information on medicine you use, including:
- Name of the medicine.
- Form of the medicine, such as tablet, capsule, liquid, eyedrops, or spray.
- How much you take or use and how many times a day you use it.
- Special instructions.
- Side effects you notice.
Related Information
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|Rohit K Katial, MD - Allergy and Immunology
|Last Revised
|June 17, 2013
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Last Revised: June 17, 2013
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Rohit K Katial, MD - Allergy and Immunology
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Comments On Nov 30, 2015:They have held up good so far and the price was a lot better than top of the line. Good product for a trail rider
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Comments On Jan 20, 2015:Great for the price, holding up well after a lot of desert terrain. Cant beat this rim for the price.
Additional Comments On Apr 14, 2015:The rim is good for the price, but it does seem to dent easier than a quality rim. Oddly enough I have only dented this rim at the track and not in the desert.
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Comments On Dec 16, 2014:These wheels replaced my OEM ones on my KTM after the stock hub cracked in half. I followed the break-in procedure and checked the spokes after the first and second rides and they were tight both times.
I'm really happy and everything bolted up perfectly. I found out that the Warp 9 front rotor has a magnet hole in it to run the oem magnet for your speedo / computer. awesome wheel and their customer service was great when I called with a Tech question.
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Comments On Nov 11, 2014:Great rims. Fair price. Has held up good.
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Comments On Aug 20, 2014:I got the complete wheels for my yz125 and the difference was unbelievable I have had the wheels for two years and they are still going strong.
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Comments On Feb 07, 2014:it was cheaper to buy this wheel than the oem rim I cracked on my KTM, fits great and has a cutout in the rotor for the speedo magnet. you have to look for it but its there. the seals had grease where the spacers ride, that I was impressed with. obviously these guys ride the products they make
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Comments On Aug 13, 2013:wanted a second set of wheels for my 450X and picked up these Warp 9 wheels. great wheels and haven't given me any problems. note: if you call Warp 9 they have a spacer to replace the stock speedo box on the axle if you run a trail tech
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Comments On Mar 14, 2013:See my review on the rear wheel. But in summary, this is my second set and love them. Put quite a few hours on my firts set that I sold with my bike and they did great. So I purchased this set for my 2012. The new ones look far superior to my old warp 9's and my old wheels were good. The spokes on the new ones are oversized and the quality of the machining and finish on everything looks amazing. Warp 9 has definatly steped it up. Totally happy. Will be back for more when I get my next bike.
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Comments On Mar 12, 2013:I bought a front and rear set almost a year ago. I punished these poor things in Baja by ridding nearly 20 miles on a flat tire, they held up great, there still round and straight after my poor treatment of them. I purchased the Warp 9 wheels after my Excel rim cracked in 3 spots. bottom line there a great wheel.
Note: the KTM wheels I got included both front and rear wheel spacers and the front rotor which is included also had a hole in it for the oem speedo magnet... nice touch Warp 9
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Comments On Oct 07, 2012:I had a pair of warp 9 wheels and had a constant problem of the spokes coming loose all the time even after a year of riding. One day forgot to check them went for some laps around the track and then I started to get a really bad vibration in the front tire over a big jump.. Stopped and front tire was flopping around. Every spoke had backed completely off and was missing several. This was after like 5 laps. Any wheel that can go from fairly tight and safe to falling apart and almost killed me in 5 laps doesnt work for me. This was the second time this happened to me with the front tire and it did it once on the rear. So after three times I got rid of them. Ive never had wheels that the spokes would come loose so fast in my life. I could understand if they were brand new and just breaking in but I had road on them for a year and used a spoke torue wrench on them after every second ride. If I ever forgot to check them it always turned out bad Keep a very close eye on your spokes if you have bought these rims.
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Eye color is a polygenic trait and is determined primarily by the amount and type of pigments in the eye's iris.[1][2] Humans and animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color.[3] In humans, these variations in color are attributed to varying ratios of eumelanin produced by melanocytes in the iris.[2] The brightly colored eyes of many bird species are largely determined by other pigments, such as pteridines, purines, and carotenoids.[4]
Three main elements within the iris contribute to its color: the melanin content of the iris pigment epithelium, the melanin content within the iris stroma, and the cellular density of the iris stroma.[5] In eyes of all colors, the iris pigment epithelium contains the black pigment, eumelanin.[2][5] Color variations among different irises are typically attributed to the melanin content within the iris stroma.[5] The density of cells within the stroma affects how much light is absorbed by the underlying pigment epithelium.[5]
Determination of eye color
Eye color is an inherited trait influenced by more than one gene.[6][7] There are two major genes and other minor ones that account for the tremendous variation of human eye color.[8] In humans, three genes associated with eye color are currently known: EYCL1, EYCL2, and EYCL3.[9][10] These genes account for three phenotypic eye colors (brown, green, and blue) in humans.[3] Eye color usually stabilizes when an infant is around 6 months old.[11]
In 2006, the molecular basis of the EYCL3 locus was resolved.[12] In a study of 3839 people, researchers reported that 74% of total variation in eye color was explained by a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the OCA2 gene (OMIM: 203200). OCA2 was previously known because, when mutated, the gene can result in a type of albinism. The recent study showed that different SNPs strongly associate with blue and green eyes as well as variations in freckling, mole counts, hair and skin tone. The authors speculate that the SNPs may be in an OCA2 regulatory sequence and thus influence the expression of the gene product, which in turn affects pigmentation.[13] A 2008 study demonstrated that a specific mutation within the HERC2 gene that regulates OCA2 expression is responsible for blue eyes[14] (see below).
Blue eyes with a brown spot, Green eyes and Gray eyes are caused by an entirely different part of the genome. As Eiberg said: "The SNP rs12913832 is found to be associated with the brown and blue eye color, but this single DNA variation cannot explain all the brown eye color variation from dark brown over hazel to blue eyes with brown spots".
Classification of colors
Iris color can provide a large amount of information about an individual and a classification of various colors may be useful in documenting pathological changes or determining how a person may respond to various ocular pharmaceuticals.[15] Various classification systems have ranged from a basic "light" or "dark" description to detailed gradings employing photographic standards for comparison.[15] Others have attempted to set objective standards of color comparison.[16]
As the perception of color is dependent on viewing conditions (e.g. the amount and type of illumination, as well as the hue of the surrounding environment), so is the perception of eye color.[17]
Eye color exists on a continuum from the darkest shades of brown to the lightest shades of blue.[6] Seeing the need for a standardized classification system that was simple, yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et. al developed a graded one based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. There are three true colors in the eyes that determine the outward appearance; brown, yellow, and blue. How much of each color you have determines the appearance of the eye color. The color of the eyes in turn depends on how much of these colors are present. For example, green eyes have yellow and some blue, making them appear green. Brown eyes appear brown because most of the eye contains the brown color. The above is true for the species Homo sapiens. The iris color can vary in the animal world. Instead of blue in humans, autosomal recessive color in the species Corucia zebrata is black, whereas the autosomal dominant color is yellow - green.[18]
In humans, brown eyes contain large amounts of melanin (eumelanin) within the iris stroma which serves to absorb light, particularly at the shorter wavelengths. If eye color were to be listed from most common to least common, brown eyes are most common. [5][19] Very dark brown irises may appear to be black.[20][21]
Brown is predominant[22] and, in many populations, it is (with few exceptions) the only iris color present.[23] It is least common in the countries around the Baltic Sea, mostly in Finland and Estonia.
Hazel eyes are due to a combination of a Rayleigh scattering and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer.[24][5] A number of studies using three-point scales have assigned "hazel" to be the medium-color between light brown and dark green.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] This can sometimes produce a multicolored iris, i.e., an eye that is light brown near the pupil and charcoal or amber/dark green on the outer part of the iris (and vice versa) when it is open to the elements of the sun/shined in the sunlight. Hazel is mostly found in some regions of the Americas and Europe. Rarely, hazel eyes can be found in people with African, Middle Eastern and Asian descent.
There is some difficulty in defining the eye color "hazel" as it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with light-brown, gold, and other times with dark green.[32][20][25][27][30][33] Hazel eyes have been described as dark green or yellowish brown,[34] or as a lighter shade of brown.[35] Hazel eyes have also been described as being equivalent to a dark green or amber color eyes/light brown.[36] In North America, "hazel" is often used to describe eyes that appear to change color, ranging from light brown to green and even gray, depending on current lighting in the environment.
Amber eyes are of a solid color and have a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint. This might be due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called "lipochrome" in the iris (which is also found in green and violet eyes).[37][38] They are nicknamed "Wolf eyes" due to the high rate of the amber eye color in wolves.
The eyes of some pigeons contain yellow fluorescing pigments known as pteridines.[39] The bright yellow eyes of the Great Horned Owl are thought to be due to the presence of the pteridine pigment xanthopterin within certain chromatophores (called xanthophores) located in the iris stroma.[40] In humans, yellowish specks or patches are thought to be due to the pigment lipofuscin, also known as lipochrome.[24]
Green eyes are the product of moderate amounts of melanin. Only 1-2% of the world's population has green eyes. Green eyes are the least common eye color. They are most often found among people of Northern Europe and to a lesser extent Southern Europe, in parts of Central and South Asia.[1][2][3][4]. [5]Other ethnically Nordic countries like Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands[6] have a high percentage of green eyes.
Gray eyes have more melanin than blue eyes, and usually gray eyes are considered a darker shade of blue (like blue-green). They are most common in European countries, such as Russia, Finland, and the Baltic States, and are least common in Southeast Asia. Gray eyes are connected to scant pigmentation overall: those who have gray eyes often have pale skin and light hair (blond, brown, and red).
Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris.
A gray iris may indicate the presence of a uveitis. However, other visual signs make a uveitis obvious.
Visually, gray eyes often tend to appear to change between the shades of blue, green and gray. This is said to be influenced by the lighting and the surroundings (such as clothes, makeup, etc.).
The Greek goddess Athena was renowned for having "owl-gray" (in Greek, γλαυκῶπις – glaukōpis) or "sea-gray" eyes.[41]
Blue eyes contain low amounts of melanin within the iris stroma; longer wavelengths of light tend to be absorbed by the underlying iris pigment epithelium, and shorter wavelengths are reflected and undergo Rayleigh scattering.[5] The type of melanin present is eumelanin.[19] The inheritance pattern followed by blue eyes is considered similar to that of a recessive trait, however it is a polygenic trait ( meaning that it is controlled by the interactions of several genes, not just one).[7] Eiberg and colleagues showed in a study published in Human Genetics that a mutation in the 86th intron of the HERC2 gene, which is hypothesized to interact with the OCA2 gene promoter, reduced expression of OCA2 with subsequent reduction in melanin production.[42]
The authors concluded that the mutation may have arisen in a single individual around the Black Sea region 6,000-10,000 years ago, except blue eyes with brown spots around the pupil who are not related to this mutation.[42]
Blue eyes are mostly common throughout Northern and less in Eastern Europe. [How to reference and link to summary or text] One survey estimated that nearly 90% of Icelanders have blue or green eyes. Blue eyes are common in Germany, Netherlands, Iceland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Estonia. [43] They are also present in Southern Europe, India and in some population of Central Asia and the Middle East. A 2002 study found the prevalence of blue eye color among whites in the United States to be 33.8% for those born between 1936 and 1951 compared to 57.4% for those born between 1899 and 1905.[7]
As melanin production generally increases during the first few years of life (especially if exposed to the sun), the blue eyes of some babies may darken as they get older.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
The appearance of violet eyes is thought to occur from the mixing of red and blue reflections.[44] Some albinos have eyes that appear violet. Violet eyes are either a form of blue eyes or a mutation. [45]
'Red' eyes are also found in an extremely small percentage of the world's population.[How to reference and link to summary or text] This is believed to be a result of either large quantities of the normally scarce red areas in the eye, or a small leakage of blood into the iris.[How to reference and link to summary or text] Red eyes are also very common for albinos.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
The red-eye effect in flash photographs makes the pupils appear red, which does not resemble the look of red irises.
Anomalous conditions
- Main article: Aniridia
Aniridia is a congenital condition characterized by an extremely underdeveloped iris which appears absent on superficial examination.[46]
Ocular albinism and eye color
Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of albinism, the color of the irises is typically blue, but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pink eyes, as do albino rabbits, mice, or any other animal with total lack of melanin. Transillumination defects can almost always be observed during an eye examination due to lack of iridial pigmentation.[47] The ocular albino also lacks normal amounts of melanin in the retina as well, which allows more light than normal to reflect off the retina and out of the eye. Because of this, the pupillary reflex is much brighter in the albino, and this can increase the red eye effect in photographs. Edgar Winter's eyes are an example of this trait.
- Main article: Heterochromia
Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridium) is an ocular condition in which one iris is a different color from the other iris (complete heterochromia), or where the part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). It is a result of the relative excess or lack of pigment within an iris or part of an iris, which may be inherited or acquired by disease or injury.[48] This uncommon condition usually results due to uneven melanin content. A number of causes are responsible, including genetics such as chimerism and Waardenburg syndrome. Trauma and certain medications, such as some prostaglandin analogues can also cause increased or decreased pigmentation in one eye. On occasion, the condition of having two different colored eyes is caused by blood staining the iris after sustaining injury.
David Bowie (Jones) is a famous person often wrongly attributed with heterochromia. His apparent condition is due to a teenage injury. (One eye appears darker because the pupil is permanently dilated.) American actress Kate Bosworth has sectoral heterochromia, resulting in a hazel section at the bottom of her right blue eye, while the left is completely blue. American Actress Elizabeth Berkley has sectoral heterochromia; her right eye is half green and half brown, and her entire left eye is green. So does actor Anthony Head - he has a patch of hazel in his left eye where both eyes are blue-green overall. The lead vocalist of American band Rise Against, Tim McIlrath, has heterochromia; his left eye is blue while his right is brown. American actress Mila Kunis also has heterochromia, resulting in one blue eye and one brown-green eye. American Actress Demi Moore also has heterochromia, by having one green eye, and the other hazel.
Eye color change
Often, paler newborns have blue eyes, which change to green, hazel, light brown or dark brown.[How to reference and link to summary or text] This is possibly the origin of the idiom "being blue-eyed" (i.e. naïve; gullible).
It is thought that exposure to light after birth triggers the production of melanin in the iris of the eye.[How to reference and link to summary or text] By three years of age, the eyes produce and store enough melanin to indicate their natural shade. While changes in eye color of infants are more common, even in adults, eye color changes are seen, most often as a result of exposure to the sun. Sunlight triggers melanin production in the eye, as it does to the skin.
Eyedrops containing a prostaglandin analogue (such as latanoprost) may result in a permanently darkened iris; these eyedrops are commonly used to treat open-angle glaucoma.[49]
Medical implications
Those with lighter iris color have been found to have a higher prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) than those with darker iris color;[29] lighter eye color is also associated with an increased risk of ARMD progression.[50] An increased risk of uveal melanoma has been found in those with blue, green, or gray iris color.[51][7]
Eye color can also be symptomatic of disease. In particular, yellowing of the whites of the eyes is associated with jaundice and symptomatic of liver disease, including cirrhosis, hepatitis, and malaria.
See also
- ↑ Wielgus AR, Sarna T. "Melanin in human irides of different color and age of donors." Pigment Cell Res. 2005 Dec;18(6):454-64. PMID 16280011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Prota G, Hu DN, Vincensi MR, McCormick SA, Napolitano A. "Characterization of melanins in human irides and cultured uveal melanocytes from eyes of different colors." Exp Eye Res. 1998 Sep;67(3):293-9. PMID 9778410.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Morris, PJ. "Phenotypes and Genotypes for human eye colors." Athro Limited website. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
- ↑ Oliphant LW. "Pteridines and purines as major pigments of the avian iris." Pigment Cell Res. 1987;1(2):129-31. PMID 3507666.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Huiqiong Wang, Stephen Lin, Xiaopei Liu, Sing Bing Kang. "Separating Reflections in Human Iris Images for Illumination Estimation." Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2005.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sturm RA, Frudakis TN. "Eye color: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry." Trends Genet. 2004 Aug;20(8):327-32. PMID: 15262401.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Grant MD, Lauderdale DS. "Cohort effects in a genetically determined trait: eye color among US whites." Ann Hum Biol. 2002 Nov-Dec;29(6):657-66. PMID 12573082.
- ↑ Eye color mocks easy rules
- ↑ Rebbeck TR, Kanetsky PA, Walker AH, Holmes R, Halpern AC, Schuchter LM, Elder DE, Guerry D. "P gene as an inherited biomarker of human eye color." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Aug;11(8):782-4. PMID 12163334.
- ↑ "Eye color is more complex than two genes." Athro, Limited. Retrieved September 1, 2006.
- ↑ Why Babies Are Born with Blue Eyes
- ↑ Paul Rincon, Genetics of eye color unlocked, BBC News, 20 December, 2006.
- ↑ Duffy DL, Montgomery GW, Chen W, Zhao ZZ, Le L, James MR, Hayward NK, Martin NG, and Sturm, RA "A Three–Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Haplotype in Intron 1 of OCA2 Explains Most Human Eye-color Variation" Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002 80:000, 2007.
- ↑ 10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 German EJ, Hurst MA, Wood D, Gilchrist J. "A novel system for the objective classification of iris color and its correlation with response to 1% tropicamide." Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1998 Mar;18(2):103-10. PMID 9692029.
- ↑ Fan S, Dyer CR, Hubbard L. Quantification and Correction of Iris Color." Technical report 1495, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dec, 2003.
- ↑ Color Perception
- ↑ Jones, S.L., Schnirel, B.L., Subspecies comparison of the Genus: Corucia, Leeway Corucia Research Center - LCRC, Polyphemos, {2006} Volume 4, Issue 1. pp. 1-25.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Menon IA, Basu PK, Persad S, Avaria M, Felix CC, Kalyanaraman B. "Is there any difference in the photobiological properties of melanins isolated from human blue and brown eyes?" Br J Ophthalmol. 1987 Jul;71(7):549-52. PMID 2820463.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hammond BR Jr, Fuld K, Snodderly DM. "Iris color and macular pigment optical density." Exp Eye Res. 1996 Mar;62(3):293-7. PMID 8690039.
- ↑ Prieto JG. "Eye color in skin cancer." Int J Dermatol. 1977 Jun;16(5):406-7. PMID 873674.
- ↑ Eiberg H, Mohr J. "Assignment of genes coding for brown eye color (BEY2) and brown hair colour (HCL3) on chromosome 15q." Eur J Hum Genet. 1996;4(4):237-41. PMID 8875191.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lefohn, A., Budge, B., Shirley, P., Caruso, R., and Reinhard, E. 2003. An Ocularist's Approach to Human Iris Synthesis. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 23, 6 (Nov. 2003), 70-75. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2003.1242384
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Zhu G, Evans DM, Duffy DL, Montgomery GW, Medland SE, Gillespie NA, Ewen KR, Jewell M, Liew YW, Hayward NK, Sturm RA, Trent JM, Martin NG. "A genome scan for eye color in 502 twin families: most variation is due to a QTL on chromosome 15q." 1: Twin Res. 2004 Apr;7(2):197-210. PMID 15169604.
- ↑ Albert DM, Green WR, Zimbric ML, Lo C, Gangnon RE, Hope KL, Gleiser J. Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color from light brown to a medium or dark olive green. "Iris melanocyte numbers in Asian, African American, and Caucasian irides." Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2003;101:217-21; discussion 221-2. PMID 14971580.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mitchell R, Rochtchina E, Lee A, Wang JJ, Mitchell P; Blue Mountains Eye Study. "Iris color and intraocular pressure: the Blue Mountains Eye Study." Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Mar;135(3):384-6. PMID 12614760.
- ↑ Lindsey JD, Jones HL, Hewitt EG, Angert M, Weinreb RN. "Induction of tyrosinase gene transcription in human iris organ cultures exposed to latanoprost." Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Jun;119(6):853-60. PMID 11405836.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Frank RN, Puklin JE, Stock C, Canter LA. "Race, iris color, and age-related macular degeneration." Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2000;98:109-15; discussion 115-7. PMID 11190014.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Regan S, Judge HE, Gragoudas ES, Egan KM. "Iris color as a prognostic factor in ocular melanoma." Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Jun;117(6):811-4. PMID 10369595.
- ↑ Hawkins TA, Stewart WC, McMillan TA, Gwynn DR. "Analysis of diode, argon, and Nd: YAG peripheral iridectomy in cadaver eyes." Doc Ophthalmol. 1994;87(4):367-76. PMID 7851220.
- ↑ Understanding Genetics: Human Health and the Genome
- ↑ Naldi L, Altieri A, Imberti GL, Giordano L, Gallus S, La Vecchia C; Oncology Study Group of the Italian Group for Epidemiologic Research in Dermatology (GISED). "Cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. Phenotypic characteristics, sun exposure, and hormonal factors: a case-control study from Italy." Ann Epidemiol. 2005 Aug;15(7):545-50. PMID 16029848.
- ↑ April Holladay. "Funny — you can't hide those lightening eyes." USATODAY.com. October 8, 2004. Retrieved September 17, 2006.
- ↑ English JS, Swerdlow AJ, MacKie RM, O'Doherty CJ, Hunter JA, Clark J, Hole DJ. "Relation between phenotype and banal melanocytic naevi." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Jan 17;294(6565):152-4. PMID 3109545.
- ↑ Hara T. "[Increased iris pigmentation after use of latanoprost in Japanese brown eyes.]" Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2001 May;105(5):314-21. PMID 11406947.
- ↑ Howard Hughes Medical Institute: Ask A Scientist
- ↑ Eye Color
- ↑ Oliphant LW. "Observations on the pigmentation of the pidgeon iris." Pigment Cell Res. 1987;1(3):202-8. PMID 3508278.
- ↑ Oliphant LW. "Crystalline pteridines in the stromal pigment cells of the iris of the great horned owl." Cell Tissue Res. 1981;217(2):387-95. PMID 7237534.
- ↑ The Perseus Digital Library: Homeric Hymns
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Eiberg H, Troelsen J, Nielsen M, Mikkelsen A, Mengel-From J, Kjaer KW, Hansen L. "Blue eye color in human beings may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression" Human Genetics 2008 Jan 3. PMID 18172690
- ↑ Rafnsson V, Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H, Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH. "Risk factors for malignant melanoma in an Icelandic population sample." Prev Med. 2004 Aug;39(2):247-52. PMID 15226032
- ↑ BBC - h2g2 - Determination of Eye Colour
- ↑ NOAH — What is Albinism?
- ↑ eMedicine - Aniridia : Article by Daljit Singh
- ↑ eMedicine - Ocular Manifestations of Albinism : Article by Mohammed O Peracha, MD
- ↑ Imesch PD, Wallow IH, Albert DM. "The color of the human eye: a review of morphologic correlates and of some conditions that affect iridial pigmentation." Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 Suppl 2:S117-23. PMID 9154287.
- ↑ Hejkal TW, Camras CB (1999). Prostaglandin analogs in the treatment of glaucoma. Seminars in ophthalmology 14 (3): 114-23.
- ↑ Nicolas CM, Robman LD, Tikellis G, Dimitrov PN, Dowrick A, Guymer RH, McCarty CA. "Iris colour, ethnic origin and progression of age-related macular degeneration." Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;31(6):465-9. PMID 14641151.
- ↑ Stang A, Ahrens W, Anastassiou G, Jockel KH. "Phenotypical characteristics, lifestyle, social class and uveal melanoma." Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2003 Dec;10(5):293-302. PMID 14566630.
Further reading
- Baker, H. D., Henderson, R., & O'Keefe, L. P. (1989). An improved retinal densitometer: Design concepts and experimental applications: Visual Neuroscience Vol 3(1) Jul 1989, 71-80.
- Bassett, J. F., & Dabbs, J. M., Jr. (2001). Eye color predicts alcohol use in two archival samples: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 31(4) Sep 2001, 535-539.
- Beer, J., & Beer, J. (1992). Aggression of youth as related to parental divorce and eye color: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 75(3, Pt 2) Dec 1992, 1066.
- Coplan, R. J., Coleman, B., & Rubin, K. H. (1998). Shyness and little boy blue: Iris pigmentation, gender, and social wariness in preschoolers: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 32(1) Jan 1998, 37-44.
- Coren, S. (1994). Eye color and pure-tone hearing thresholds: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 79(3, Pt 1) Dec 1994, 1373-1374.
- Crowe, M., & O'Connor, D. (2001). Eye color and reaction time to visual stimuli in rugby league players: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 93(2) Oct 2001, 455-460.
- Cruz, E. M. V., & Brown, C. L. (2007). The influence of social status on the rate of growth, eye color pattern and insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Hormones and Behavior Vol 51(5) May 2007, 611-619.
- Fallone, A. R., & Baluch, B. (1993). Eye colour: An unconsidered variable in cognitive research? : Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 77(3, Pt 2) Dec 1993, 1123-1127.
- Frost, P. (2006). European hair and eye color: A case of frequency-dependent sexual selection? : Evolution and Human Behavior Vol 27(2) Mar 2006, 85-103.
- Hammond, B. R., Jr., Nanez, J. E., Fair, C., & Snodderly, D. M. (2000). Iris color and age-related changes in lens optical density: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics Vol 20(5) Sep 2000, 381-386.
- Jacklin, C. N. (1977). Review of Eye color, sex, and children's behavior: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 22 (12), Dec, 1977.
- Jacobs, G. H., Williams, G. A., & Fenwick, J. A. (2004). Influence of cone pigment coexpression on spectral sensitivity and color vision in the mouse: Vision Research Vol 44(14) Jun 2004, 1615-1622.
- Kobayashi, H., & Kohshima, S. (2001). Evolution of the human eye as a device for communication. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Publishing.
- Laeng, B., Mathisen, R., & Johnsen, J.-A. (2007). Why do blue-eyed men prefer women with the same eye color? : Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol 61(3) Jan 2007, 371-384.
- Lawrence, J., Bautista, J., & Hicks, R. A. (1994). Arousability and eye color: A test of Worthy's hypothesis: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 78(1) Feb 1994, 143-146.
- Lester, D. (1991). Eye color and personality: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 73(3, Pt 2), Spec Issue Dec 1991, 1074.
- Miller, L. K., Rowe, P. J., & Lund, J. (1992). Correlation of eye color on self-paced and reactive motor performance: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 75(1) Aug 1992, 91-95.
- Patee, T., Frewen, M., & Beer, J. (1991). Association of eye color and sex with basketball free throws by elementary school children: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 73(3, Pt 2), Spec Issue Dec 1991, 1181-1182.
- Posthuma, D., Visscher, P. M., Willemsen, G., Zhu, G., Martin, N. G., Slagboom, P. E., et al. (2006). Replicated Linkage for Eye Color on 15q Using Comparative Ratings of Sibling Pairs: Behavior Genetics Vol 36(1) Jan 2006, 12-28.
- Rohmer, S. C., & Meadows, M. E. (1992). Relation of eye color and gender to Type A scores and vocational preference: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 75(3, Pt 2) Dec 1992, 1283-1288.
- Rohmer, S. S. (1992). The relationship of eye color and gender to Type A behavioral characteristics and vocational preference: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Rowe, P. J., & Evans, P. (1994). Ball color, eye color, and a reactive motor skill: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 79(1, Pt 2), Spec Issue Aug 1994, 671-674.
- Rowe, P. J., & Miller, L. K. (1990). Correlation of eye color with performance on two motor skill tasks: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 71(2) Oct 1990, 611-614.
- Samuels, C. A., & Block, J. (1995). Eye color and behavioral inhibition: A further study: Journal of Research in Personality Vol 29(1) Mar 1995, 139-144.
- Sandem, A. I., Janczak, A. M., Salte, R., & Braastad, B. O. (2006). The use of diazepam as a pharmacological validation of eye white as an indicator of emotional state in dairy cows: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 96(3-4) Feb 2006, 177-183.
- Sandem, A.-I., Braastad, B. O., & Bakken, M. (2006). Behaviour and percentage eye-white in cows waiting to be fed concentrate--A brief report: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 97(2-4) May 2006, 145-151.
- Suedfeld, P., Paterson, H., Soriano, E., & Zuvic, S. (2002). Lethal stereotypes: Hair and eye color as survival characteristics during the Holocaust: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 32(11) Nov 2002, 2368-2376.
- Takagi, A., Ishihara, S. y., Kondo, T., Sakakibara, H., Toyoshima, H., Kono, K., et al. (1999). Age effects on pupil dilation among Alzheimer's patients: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 47(2) Feb 1999, 257-258.
- Volpato, G. L., Luchiari, A. C., Duarte, C. R. A., Barreto, R. E., & Ramanzini, G. C. (2003). Eye color as an indicator of social rank in the fish Nile tilapia: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research Vol 36(12) Dec 2003, 1659-1663.
- Worthy, M. (1991). Eye color and feeding behavior of animals: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 73(3, Pt 1) Dec 1991, 1033-1034.
- The white colored eye resembles the minimum iris size, but the iris size wasn't affected.
External links
- Genetics of eye color
- Eye Color and Human Diseases
- Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry
- Various links on human eye color
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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PYONGYANG, North Korea -- North Korea says it has tested a "miniaturized" nuclear device in defiance of U.N. orders to stop building atomic weapons.
Official state media reported Tuesday that it was conducted in a safe manner.
This third nuclear test could take North Korea closer to its goal of building a nuclear warhead small enough to be mounted on a long-range missile.
White House calls the nuclear test 'highly provocative.'
UN Security Council to meet on North Korean test
The U.N. Security Council will hold an emergency meeting Tuesday morning on North Korea's nuclear test.
South Korea's U.N. Mission says the closed-door meeting will begin at 9 a.m. (1400 GMT). South Korea joined the Security Council in January for a 2-year term and currently holds the council's rotating presidency.
South Korea's Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan is in New York to preside over a council meeting scheduled to begin at 10 a.m. (1500 GMT) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts.


text:
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text:
Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda has backed the government stand on homosexuality, saying even animals don't practice it.
Tanzania declared early this month that it was ready to end diplomatic ties with Britain if the latter imposed conditions on aid it provides, one of which was tolerance to, if not outright approval of, homosexuality.
He said that homosexuality was both immoral and unacceptable to the country's traditions and customs. He said the government stand as announced by Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation minister Bernard Membe reflected correctly the government stance on the matter.
"You are not being fair to me as the government has already made its stand clear on the matter…but since you want to get my opinion, I would like to say that homosexuality is unacceptable to our society," he said.
The premier was responding to a question from Rejia Mtema (Chadema, Special Seats), who had wanted to know whether the government had already prepared itself to forego financial assistance from the UK, following its recent threat to withhold aid to countries which suppress gay rights.
Membe said that Tanzania could not be dictated to by UK to do things that were against its laws, culture and regulations, adding that it was ready for any eventuality for the sake of protecting the country's dignity and respect of its people.
He said the government was well aware of the prevailing level of poverty in the country, but it wasn't ready to accept aid on conditions that promoted homosexuality.
Out of 54 Commonwealth member countries, only 13 have legalised homosexuality.
British premier David Cameron recently threatened to withhold assistance to governments that suppress gay rights.
Cameron raised the issue with some heads of state at the recent Commonwealth summit held in Perth, Australia.


text:
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A dislocated elbow occurs when the bones that make up the joint are forced out of alignment — typically when you land on an outstretched hand during a fall. The elbow is the second most commonly dislocated joint after the shoulder in adults, and the most commonly dislocated joint in children.
Toddlers may experience a dislocated elbow, sometimes known as nursemaid's elbow, if they are lifted or swung by their forearms.
If you or your child has a dislocated elbow, seek immediate medical attention. Complications can occur if the dislocated elbow pinches or traps the blood vessels and the nerves that serve the lower arm and hand.
A dislocated elbow can usually be realigned without surgery. However, if your elbow is also fractured, you might need surgery.
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text: This wreath adds a vibrant shot of chartreuse green to brighten any room. Clusters of reindeer moss are color-enhanced for lasting beauty and hand applied to a natural twig base, creating a massed arrangement with lush, rich texture. A large burlap ribbon is the crowning touch to this striking decoration. The moss (actually a lichen) is preserved, so no care is required. Protect from weather. For decorative use only. 17" diam. Made in Mexico. A Williams-Sonoma exclusive.


text:
Summer, Year of the UnHalfliving
Excerpts of journal entries made by Jonathan Harker, law clerk in the employ of civil litigants and personal injury law firm Cerrino & Baines.
9:13 AM–Departed by train from Auditorium Station. It was running late, as the conductor seemed unable to ascertain in which direction from him lay the opposite end of the train line. Arrived at the Allen Street station about 9:18 AM. Many strange people at the sub-terranean depot. Nothing like the usual sorts gadding about the confines of my beloved student common area back at the Amherst campus. Must write Mina. Anyway, these unusual people were dressed in immeasurably oversized garments that ostensibly bore no relevance to a particular trade or artisanic endeavor. Two or perhaps three of them attempted, quite bluntly, to converse with me but I was able to dissuade their efforts by gesturing sternly with my hands that I would show no quarter. Upon making the ground's surface again I chanced upon a man cloaked in a cumbersomely heavy overcoat made of cashmere wool. It was not unlike a smaller coat of the very same fabric under which I took shelter against the harsh gales scything in from the Erie Lake back at my Lewistown home. But this day it was quite, so very hot. How could he bear to remain blanketed in that bodyoven in this unmitigated swelter? At first he withdrew from me as I approached him to enlist his assistance. Reluctant as he was to indulge me I persevered and he eventually capitulated. I asked him if he could aid me in arriving in the center of a place called Allentown. He turned away from me to indicate an area behind himself and I saw that the backside of his coat was gravely tattered, even rotting and grotesquely soiled. And then, as if by will of The Almighty himself, a breeze blew across the withered and fetid body of this timeless soul and I caught, full-olfactory, the overwhelming stench of death-ages-gone-by. I nearly fell ill at the whiff of this and could scarcely find purchase in my stance. I staggered away from him, but he was now, more than yet, much eager to perpetuate our fellowship. As I reeled backways from him he seemed to gain momentum in his pursuit of our closeness, momentum eerily fueled by his delight in my disorientation. I fell backwards in the street, nearly being crushed by the otherworldly rush of a fantastic traveling machine. A vehicle greater in size than any I have seen apart from the docksides of the Erie basin where great journeys and seagoing cargo ships launch and land. He let out a madcap burst of hysterical laughter at my dismay. I turned to run across this hard-paved avenue, but just then a wave, nay an army, of those un-Godly land vessels rushed on me. I withdrew from their path and they stayed their course, leaving a berth of only a few feet between they and myself. When they had passed I was able to elude the maniacal, soiled man.
I wandered along the sidewalk of a street called "Allen". Some of the land vessels moved along the middle of this street as well, but much more slowly, affording me some easement of mind. I looked into shop windows and bade "good day'" to habitants perched in chairs upon their porches and passersby on the avenue, but received, in return, only perplexed and sometimes disdainful glances.
I came upon a place that looked civilized. A place that reminded me of the comforts of familiarity back in Amherst. It was called, by their sign the very curious appellation of Frizzy's, and I went inside to take repose and imbibe.
I asked the proprietor if he knew the precise location of the place from whence emanated the doings of a man called Moses, who concealed his personal deeds behind the faade of an endeavor called "Artvoice". The name of his manor may well be titled "Artvoice", I told him. He regarded me with one vacant eye and made reference to my removal from his establishment if I did not have enough money to buy a drink. I assured him, on the honor of the crown itself (as my employers fancied themselves regal) that I was endowed well and could pay at once for any goods or services rendered me by him.
I explained that I was in the employ of said firm of legal practicing and had been sent ahead to investigate circumstances surrounding a class-action suit on behalf of Allentown's business community being brought upon Moses and his Artvoicians claiming recompense for the damages suffered by merchants, restaurateurs and residents of Allentown resulting from an alfresco fete within their environs. The contention of this good man's neighbors, I explained to him, was that the Artvoice Manor had presented an event involving gaiety, revelry, the trading of sub-standard crafts (some of an occult nature) and loud, agro-rock, cover band and "extended jam" musics, all of which left a great deal of paper and food trash, debris of an un-comely origin (which decorum prohibits me from describing) and the lingering stench of "death-ages-gone-by". As was the assertion of the "Allentown Consensus", Moses and his faction made no attempt, nor did they take into their hire any party to make right the gruesome and revolting mess that their "festival" left behind.
I can assure you that the proprietor was rightly aghast and so taken aback at my depiction of this that he commanded me to find exit of his inn and as he suggested "take it down the street".
Amid the confusion surrounding my egression from Frizzy's I was able to inquire as to where I might find His Heinousness and was told to "go east till you smell him and north till you step in him. Now hit the fucking [not certain of etymology] road weirdo".
From this point further, my friends, I must tell you, things became strange beyond my darkest imaginings. I walked the streets and avenues of Allentown only to become less and less certain of my mission. I gazed into eyes of people who were lost and would never find their way. Everyone I spoke to, innkeeper, denizen or merchant shuddered at the word "Artvoice" and became positively apoplexic at the mention of the man Moses. Nothing could quell the fear in these people when I attempted interrogation concerning the events of the "fest" and its resulting atrocities. They behaved as if they wished to have never heard of "Artvoice" or Moses, some claiming never have to. But anyone, even the un-trained, could see by the depth and realness of the horror in their souls and I caught the overwhelming stench of death-ages-gone-by.that Moses swung a broad sickle. He had touched and tainted nearly every life in the region.
After a few hours I grew despondent. A pall had fallen over the landscape of Allentown and I was dread my inquest had been in vain. But just then a strange, hunched man spoke to me from the shadows in a labored voice, his breath rife with rasping, saying, "If Mosferatu be the demon ye seek, when night doth fall pursue the reek."
And now I realized that hints had been recurring and I had heretofore not taken heed. This was the third mention of a "stench" or "reek" (the first reference being in my own mind). I realized I would find these sorcerers by cover of night.
(Seven hours later)
I awoke in the narrow passage of a walking alley. The details of how I happened here are too disconcerting to recount, involving consortiums and precursors to consortium as I had never considered Christian. Nonetheless, as I gained conciousness I was drawn to a peculiar aroma. It was at first only unusual or curious but as I rose and ambled feebly towards its source I recognized it as the same malodorous wallop I had encountered in the cashmere-cloaked man. The same nefarious odor of death of which I had thought and others had spoken. I travailed along what I now believe to have been the same Allen Street from earlier that day but now it was fogged over and still as a Mass. Light rarely suggested itself through the thickness of firmament. I groped along the ground and, following the stench, turned. Yes, I turned onto Franklin St. heading…NORTH! Just as the man at Frizzy's had told me to do. "…North 'til you step in him," he left me with. I now felt that I was quite close, but by God above I felt so unprepared, so short of the necessary faith in the prevalence of righteousness. There was a cold glow ahead of me in the mist. As I neared this diffuse imbuement I trembled within. Every ounce of me fought to turn and run, even back into the dense fog. Surely whatever horror that may hold in store could be no more evil than what lay ahead of me. I crouched low, as I could see there was a window in an edifice. Now, the stench was sickeningly overwhelming. It smelled as though the souls and innards of a thousand devilish warlocks had been burned in an immense pyre of all things dark on this very spot. As I approached the glass looking into the ominous structure I noticed lettering above. What could it say? I knew full well what it may say and should have had some inner-bracing prepared for the utter terror I felt when I saw that the letters spelled "ARTVOICE!!!". I mean, an ice-cold bolt of frozen-hard iron shot through my heart at the sight of this word. Moreover, as though compelled against its will, my body was still moving toward the window that looked in. I had no choice now. I may soon see the source of all the terror, spite and consumption of will I had beheld in the streets. And I did. When my head had crested the level of the sill, I saw before me the comings and goings of a great many women. One, two, maybe four, five, six, I can't be sure. They talked on voice-telegraph transmitters. They were all wearyworn and painted with make-up from fine store counters. I was appalled yet allured by these anti-sirens, these minions apparent, but just as I relaxed to regard them a most awful and appalling beast appeared along the back wall in the room of this place. He was green and crawled vertically on all fours, making his way along the vertical boundries of the house. He was something like a small man, with arms, legs, eyes on the front of his head, brows and deadish grey hair atop him, but he could turn his body this way and that. He could go up, down, sideways and other. It was the most disturbing and ghastly vision I have ever seen. I could not be sure he was real. If he was real then there could be no God, I dared to think. He went along the back wall, perpendicular to my vantage and then came to the corner where his wall adjoined another and he changed on to that perpendicular plane as easily I could have soiled myself. But just then he stopped, as though he sensed something. He was still; perched high upon the wall and all at once his eyes shot up from his chest and speared out the window at me, into my eyes, searing me unto my soul. His ocularia were lit from within by a crimson flame and he sneer-grinned a painful visage. I fell back as he and all his aides began a huge commotion directed toward the place where I was. I stumbled back and felt the touch of a cold metal machine under me. As I fell, back-of-my-head-first, into it I noticed it was a two-wheeled vehicle-scooter of Bavarian manufacture. Then my cranium met hardened steel and I was unconscious.
Here ends the first journal entry of Jon Harker's journey into Allentown.


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Be the brightest ballerina when you wear the Neon Blue Tutu over your leotard. This dramatic tutu is made of ruffled layers of organza. It's fun for a clown or Mardi Gras costume or just to wear with a skirt or tights.
Our Price: $12.99
Our Price: $5.97
Our Price: $4.99


text:
Dazzle Jewellery Exhibition
Posted On 07 Nov 2011 By andy. Under For your diary.
Add a little sparkle to the festive season with a visit to the National Theatre's Dazzle Exhibition, which is now running until 8th January 2012. This gem of an exhibition has been ... Read MoreNo Comments


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Auror training
this wiki
- "Well, you'll need to demonstrate the ability to react well to pressure and so forth, perseverance and dedication, because Auror training takes a further three years, not to mention very high skills in practical defence. It will mean a lot more study, even after you've left school..."
- —Minerva McGonagall informs Harry Potter about the process to become an Auror.[src]
Auror training is a three year long program set by the Auror Office to train and evaluate potential Aurors. The program is considered very stringent, and only the best wizards are accepted into it.[1]
To qualify for Auror training, a witch or wizard must first have attained at least five N.E.W.T.s of no less than Exceeds Expectations. Minerva McGonagall once recommended that Defense Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, Charms, and Potions would be useful N.E.W.T. level classes for those wishing to pursue a career as an Auror.[1]
After graduating, the Ministry sets a series of character and aptitude tests to further test the worth of potential applicants. The Ministry also runs a background check into the records of new applicants; it was once implied by Dolores Umbridge that wizards with a criminal record cannot become an Auror.[1]
The course of study
For those who are accepted, Auror training takes three years of further study after Hogwarts.[1] Known subjects include Concealment and Disguise and Stealth and Tracking.[2]
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only)
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Chapter 29 (Career Advice)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Chapter 3 (The Advance Guard)


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A North Central professor performs in an outdoor production of Shakespeare's "Richard III" that's catching the attention of Chicago-area critics.
A North Central College theatre professor is performing in an outdoor production of Shakesepeare's "Richard III" that is catching the attention of numerous Chicago-area critics.
Carin Silkaitis, assistant professor of theatre and chair of North Central College's art and theatre departments, appears as Margaret through Aug. 25 at the Oak Park Festival Theatre.


text: This costume was inspired by the worshiped goddess of Greece! The Greek Empress Sexy Adult Costume comes with a white dress and a wreath headpiece. The white dress is designed with a v-shaped neckline, an empire waist that is decorated with a blue waist band that is finished Greek style graphics, and a flowing gown that is designed to show off some of your leg. The hemline is designed with same blue trimming as the empire waist. Attached to this dress is a long blue sash that hangs off the shoulder and flows down across the dress. This costume is finished with a laurel wreath headpiece that will comfortable on your head and complete the ancient Greek look. With the blue, you'll look like a vision of Greek royalty, you will be considered a goddess amongst your party guests.


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Topographic maps give a bird's-eye view of the land. They show the following:
Contour lines give a hunter important information about ground elevation, including how steep the ground is. You read this information in order to travel safely when hunting in the woods. A contour line is a continuous line of the same elevation (or height) around the edge of a feature. For example, contour lines close together signify a steep slope. Contour lines farther apart, signify a gently rising slope.


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A Poké-BLOCK Party! (Japanese: 歌う!ポケモンからくり屋敷!! Sing! Pokémon Trick House!) is the 39th episode of Pokémon: Advanced.
Get ready for the final performance of an ultra cute superstar.
As Ash and co are a mere stone throw away from Mauville City, they soon notice a poster for the House of Tricks. Anyone who navigates this wacky maze will receive a grand prize of a year's supply of Pokéblock. Along the way, May meets a cute Jigglypuff, but Ash remembers it all too well. Can anyone listen to its song all the way through?
Episode PlotEdit
The gang have nearly arrived to Mauville City, but they see a poster, advertising the "House of Tricks". The winner gets 1 year supply of Pokéblocks. Team Rocket is interested in getting the prize, even the Jigglypuff with the marker. Ash wonders what the competition looks like, but Max is being knocked out by a Whismur. A young trainer appears, scolding Whismur for going away.
The gang introduces themselves and the girl is Alanna. The woman explains that the host, the King of Tricks will explain everything. The King appears, showing the House of Tricks. The gang separates - Brock and Max take the right, Ash, his Pikachu, May and Alanna the left way. Team Rocket appears, also splitting in 2 groups.
Jigglypuff follows Ash and others. Ash, May and Alanna have come to a maze. Ash takes a way, but comes to a dead end soon enough. Brock and Max have a dispute where to go. The King of Tricks appears before Ash, May and Allana, mentioning that the doors can be opened, but he stumbles upon a sponge room and drifts off. Team Rocket appears before them, and Meowth plans to take Whismur - their boss will know what time it is when Whismur makes sounds.
Ash, May and Alanna have split, going to dead ends. Whismur and Alanna split, but Whismur has been caught by James and Meowth. Alanna tries to find it, with Ash and May helping her. Jessie overhears them and plans to capture Pikachu. As she stalks, Pikachu turns around, so she goes back. Jigglypuff appears before them, singing and making them sleep. When they wake up, May and Alanna laughs at one another, but Ash explains the deal with Jigglypuff.
James and Meowth reunite with Jessie. They have Whismur, but they need to get to Pokéblocks. Ash, May and Alanna reunite with Brock and Max as well. They think Whismur got out so they are going to see at the exit. Max determines that there must be trap doors, so he finds one. The gang have got out of the maze and the King of Tricks is impressed. Team Rocket has got out as well, and while they go, Alanna sees her Whismur found. Alanna thanks them.
Jigglypuff appears once more and sings, making everyone asleep but Whismur. Jigglypuff begins to be angry, but when it sees Whismur not asleep, it is pleased. May and Alanna laugh once more, while the rest is getting their marks off. Whismur hasn't been scribbled on and Max explains that it is sound-proof. When Team Rocket wakes up, they are sad they lost the gang. The next challenge is to pass the stream.
The King of Tricks appears again, saying that some of the logs are not safe to pass. The King of Tricks falls into the water, as the log is not safe. Jessie pushes the log, making the gang fall down into water. The next challenge is to choose a correct rope to swing, but if it is a wrong one, the person (which is King of Tricks) bumps into the wall. As they swing, Team Rocket uses a mechanical hand to push them, making them fall down.
The next challenge is to climb the rope, but if it is a wrong one, a hammer will smash them down. Just before the end, James appears (dressed) and cuts the rope. The next challenge is to cross the sand without falling into a hole. Team Rocket is confident to win, as they dig holes all the time. However, when they make their first step, they fall down. Ash is confident that the path is safe, but falls into a pitfall.
The last room seems empty, but Team Rocket appear disguised, making them believe that the last challenge is to jump 10 times the rope and they are done. They do, but the Team Rocket ties them up. They stole Pikachu and Whismur, but Ash sends Corphish. Corphish cuts the ropes, but Jessie sends Seviper and James his Cacnea. Cacnea uses Pin Missile, but is stopped by Corphish's Harden. Corphish uses Crabhammer and knocks Cacnea out. Seviper uses Wrap and wraps Whismur, but Whismur uses Screech, hurting everyone's ears. Whismur uses Super Sonic, freeing itself. Whismur uses Hyper Voice and Corphish uses Crabhammer, blasting them off.
The winner who passed the House of Tricks is Ivan - he receives the Pokéblocks. May feels a bit bad since Alanna didn't win the prize, with Team Rocket ambushing them, but Alanna thinks it was great when Whismur battled with them. Jigglypuff appears once more and sings its song, making everyone asleep. Jigglypuff leaves with everyone having marks on their faces.
- "That Jigglypuff thinks it's a star so if you fall asleep when it sings it will get mad."
- — Ash warning May and Alanna about Jigglypuff
- Featured Pokémon: Seviper.
- This is the last appearance of Jigglypuff in the anime so far.


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Benchmark crude for August delivery was up $2.20 to $101.80 a barrel at early morning Bangkok time in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract gained $1.61, or 1.6 percent, to close at $99.60 on Tuesday in New York.
Embattled Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi vowed not to resign hours before a deadline to yield to the demands of millions of protesters or see the military suspend the constitution, disband parliament and install a new leadership.
The Islamist leader demanded that the powerful armed forces withdraw their ultimatum, saying he rejected all "dictates"—from home or abroad. Outside on the streets, the sense that both sides are ready to fight to the end sharpened, with clashes between Morsi's supporters and opponents killing at least 23 people, most of them in a single incident of fighting outside Cairo University.
Egypt is not an oil producer but its control of the Suez canal, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes which links the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, gives it a crucial role in maintaining global energy supplies.
Traders are also awaiting the Energy Department's weekly report on U.S. stockpiles of crude oil on Wednesday and expect the figures to show an increase in demand.
Brent crude was up $1.45 to $105.45 a barrel on the ICE futures exchange in London.
In other energy futures trading on Nymex:
— Wholesale gasoline was up 3.4 cents to $2.817 a gallon.
— Heating oil added 4.5 cents to $2.947 a gallon.
— Natural gas was down 0.5 cent at $3.649 per 1,000 cubic feet.


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Carry this color and show your support for breast cancer research. Learn more about the Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer.
This style can be Personalized!
Learn more about Personalization
This extra-large tote truly holds it all - and looks great doing it! With a classic boxy shape that has been dressed up with colorful trim, it's the ideal tote for a long day, either at work or play.
15 ¾" W x 16" H x 7 ½" D with 7 ½" strap drop
Machine wash cold, gentle cycle, only non-chlorine bleach as needed, line dry


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What is RM Cash
KEVIN in CA
The plastic valve caps that come with tubs would always leak a little when my bike would sit for a while. I would always have to add air before I ride. With these I haven't had a problem. They are a little pricey for just a valve cap, but I used my frequent buyer cash to get them and I like them.Read All Reviews


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SnowRanger GPS Ski Resort Maps
There are SnowRanger North America GPS maps currently available for 463 ski resorts.
Our 4 Vallees, Alpe D'Huez-Les Deux Alpes, Austria/Germany, California/Nevada, Chamonix Mont Blanc, Colorado/New Mexico/Arizona, Davos-Klosters, Dolomiti Superski, Domaine Evasion Mont-Blanc, Espace Diamant, Espace Killy, France/Andorra, Italy, Ki-West/Wilder Kaiser-Brixental, Le Grand Massif, Les Sybelles, Monterosa Ski, Northeast, Northwest/Montana, Ortler Skiarena, Paradiski, Portes du Soleil, Pyrenees, Serre Chevalier, St Anton-Lech-Zurs, Switzerland, Trois Vallees, Utah/Wyoming, Via Lattea, Western Canada, Zermatt/Cervinia, and Zillertal sets are available immediately for just $29.99 each.
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Worked With:
James Corden
Birth Name: James Corden
Born: 08/22/1978
Birth Place: LondonUK
Born: 08/22/1978
Birth Place: LondonUK
James Corden was a well-known British film and television actor who had an equally successful career performing in hit plays on London's West End, as well as on Broadway. His career began in the late 1990s when, after scoring numerous film and TV guest spots, he landed his breakout role as Jamie Rymer on the British drama series "Fat Friends" (ITV 2000-2005). The success of "Fat Friends" catapulted Corden into the national spotlight in Britain, and in 2004 he received further acclaim for his role as Timms in the coming of age drama play "The History Boys." "The History Boys" would go on to become an international smash, with Corden reprising his role in the 2006 film adaptation. Corden's ... Continue Bio >>
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As I stated in the Marc Jacobs post earlier, his 60 girls for the runway had funky do's and makeup that were inspired by the 80's! Anyway, these photos are a closer look from the runway!
Credit pics: Style.com
wow these are awesome hairstyles!
pretty scary lol. Thanks for stopping by
this hair reminds me of cameron diaz from theres smtg special abt mary..


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After more than a decade at the helm of Colby College, William "Bro" Adams has announced that he'll step down in June of 2014. Since arriving at the private liberal arts school in 2000, Adams is credited with attracting a more diverse and international student body, dramatically increasing Colby's endowment for financial aid, and expanding the campus infrastructure. Adams spoke with Keith Shortall about the some of challenges facing schools like Colby.
Disclosure: Colby College President Bro Adams sits on the board of the Maine Public Broadcasting Network board of trustees.


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WINONA LAKE, Ind. (21 Alive) - Brooke Ridley had 24 points and Janelle Wilson a dozen as NAIA Div. II top ranked Saint Francis fended off the upset bid of Grace Saturday 66-63.
Kalah BAer added eleven points and ten rebounds to the USF cause.
The Lady Cougars (26-0, 14-0 Crossroads League) had to outscore Grace College 14-6 in the final five minutes for the win.
USF resumes action Wednesday at Spring Arbor.
For highlights click on the video icon on the screen above.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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INDIANA (www.incnow.tv) – Do you remember when there was a meningitis outbreak last fall due to tainted steroid injections sent to clinics across the state and nation?
The Indiana Attorney General's Office reached an agreement with the New England Compounding Center for voluntary revocation of its license in Indiana for seven years. The deal was approved by Indiana Board of Pharmacy. As of February 4th, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control identified ten deaths and 79 total cases of fungal meningitis in Indiana stemming from epidural steroid injections produced by NECC.
There have been 696 cases and 45 deaths across 20 states due to the meningitis.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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Kim Steutermann RogersThursday, October 7, 2010
We stepped up to the launch box of the first zipline, and I looked around, wishing I hadn't passed up that bathroom at the bottom of West Maui's mountain. It took 20 minutes to get to this spot above Kapalua—at 1,900 feet elevation—in a mid-1970s-built military machine outfitted with eight gears, called the "uni-mog." Blue gum eucalyptus scented the air. Christmas berry trees surrounded the clearing and molasses grass covered the ground. But there were no restrooms, not even a port-a-potty.
Until recently, the land on which we gazed at the base of the mountain was a Maui pineapple plantation. After almost a century of continuous production, Maui Land & Pineapple shut down its pineapple operations at the end of 2009. Now, the high-vitamin C and low-acidic fruit that you find at restaurants, grocery store shelves and farmers markets relies on private farmers working 1,000 leased acres. It's a laborious and time-intensive harvest, taking 18 to 24 months from hand-planting to hand-picking.
My eyes landed on Justin, our "sending guide." He sported a tattoo of Saturn on one arm and Jupiter on the other. "Nerves," he said.
I remembered hearing that one of only two fears a baby is born with is falling and loud noises. I've never outgrown either.
Justin demonstrated the starfish, the technique to slow down before slamming to a stop—55 mph to 0 in one second—at the other end of the valley, some 1,000 feet away. Then, he planted both feet together and glued both arms to his side. This was the pencil, he said, the body position that would make you go faster. I didn't think I'd be using the pencil.
Dina and Greg stepped up first. Justin clipped them onto the cable and adjusted their tethers. He called to Eric, our receiving guide, on the other side of the valley. Whooo-hooo. A second later, Whooo-hooo boomeranged back at us. Justin opened the gate and counted down, "Three-two-one." The sound of the trolley sliding along the cable rang out across the valley, reminding me of the vibration that a high-powered electric tower puts out. Ziiiiiiiingggggggggggg.
When we'd arrived at Kapalua Adventures, we were cautioned to leave our SLR cameras with interchangeable lenses, wallets, phones and backpacks behind--or risk them slipping out of our pockets or getting tangled in gear. We were instructed to wear sunglasses and closed-toed shoes, for safety reasons. They gave us a bottle of water, a helmet, harness and a 13-pound trolley to tote around. I'd signed up for the Upper Mountain Loop Adventure; it included crossing the highest and longest suspension bridge in Hawaii and five parallel ziplines. The longest zipline was 2,300 feet in length; the shortest 800. All ziplines "sky-surfed" across valleys a couple hundred feet above the ground.
We slithered into harnesses so complicated and sturdy that I thought we might be packing parachutes and be forced to base-jump off a cliff at some point. Thankfully, that wasn't the case. The harness, pulley and three-quarter-inch cables on which we zipped are designed to accommodate 30,000 pounds, Justin said. So, that Crab Cake Benedict I'd splurged on for breakfast at Plantation House wouldn't put me over the weight limit.
Ten-year-old Nick and his father Emmett went next. Then, Jennifer and Greg.
I gazed down the mountain to the coastline. A blazing sun angled for the horizon. Behind me, the peak of the mountain sat shrouded in clouds. Rain? According to Justin, this area—Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve atop Mauna Kahalawai —is the second wettest place in the United States, collecting 400 inches of rain annually and providing 75% of Maui's water. Seven miles as the crow flies, Lahaina receives 12 inches of rain annually. The name—Puu Kukui—translates to English as "hill of enlightenment."
Finally, it was my turn. Where was that bottle of water? My parched throat ached for something wet. Butterflies tickled the insides of my stomach. Justin clipped me into the cable. He tightened my six tethers, one at a time. He called to Eric; Eric called back. Justin opened the gate. "Three-two-one." I took a deep breath.
When I slammed into the coiled braking system 1,000 feet away and Eric steadied my swinging body, he asked, "How was that?"
"Too short," I said. "I want to go again."
Outfitter: Kapalua AdventuresWebsite: www.kapaluaadventures.comPhone: 808-665-3753Location: Kapalua, Maui, HawaiiTour: Upper Mountain Loop ZiplinesCurrent rate: $185


text: BPD: Man jailed after car chase Back to Article Comments Need to Register? X Remember Me Forgot your password? Top Stories Fast Five: What to look forward to May 9-15 Here's what's going on in SETX this weekend The most popular baby names in America are... Mugshots show evolution of Texas man's face tattoo TSA finds chainsaw, other weird things in luggage Surprise city named Mexican Food Capital of Texas Ex-BISD officials ordered to pay back $12 million Texas 2nd grader's rattlesnake project tops Discovery Channel Local News Beaumont PD: Man dies in motorcycle crash Ex-Beaumont ISD officials ordered to pay back $12 million Convicted fake cop now faces federal weapons charges in Beaumont Natgasoline finds partner for $1 billion-plus project along... Regional 911 system to get backup upgrades 3 indicted for alleged prison escape in Beaumont McFaddin-Ward House opens lawn for picnic SOST performs on the town Latest News Videos


text: These classic Chanel sneakers are in PRE-LOVED condition (moderate use). They feature luxe black suede and leather with a casual rubber outsole. The leather is slightly creased. The uppers, insoles, and outsoles show moderate wear. RETURN POLICY: Shoes may be returned in the condition received. They must be in the original box and/or packaging with the security tag attached.


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May 6, 2016
Medart, FL - January 19, 2013
Wakulla County Fire and EMS units were dispatched to the report of a house fire at 8:17 P.M. WCSO deputies arrived first and advised that the house had been evacuated and reported heavy flames. The Single wide mobile home had two additions and a second roof had been constructed over the original roof.
Reportedly the occupants had been cooking when they received a report that one of their children, visiting relatives next door, had received a minor injury. After checking on the child they returned home to find flames coming from the windows.
Firefighters were able to bring the fire under control within twenty minutes but not before the residence was totally destroyed. Water had to be transported to the scene by fire department tankers. Units from six different volunteer stations responded along with the on duty career crew and Wakulla County EMS.
Firefighters spent over three hours on the scene in 38 degree weather.
There were no injuries. The Tallahassee chapter of the American Red Cross was called by WCSO to assist the family.
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All for a stolen can of malt liquor
Published: Wednesday, February 27, 2013 at 12:34 p.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, February 27, 2013 at 12:34 p.m.
OCALA - Even an armed man and kick in the rear couldn't make the thief give up a 32-ounce can of Dog Bite malt liquor.
A surveillance video from the convenience store at 2066 W. Silver Springs Blvd. on Monday shows a robber taking the drink from a case, being confronted by an armed store employee, tussling with the employee, snatching up the beverage again and fleeing the store.
Police say the employee ordered the man to give back the beer and the robber refused.
Ocala Police Department Officer Doug Russell watched the video and recognized the robber as 49-year-old Tony Lytrail Taylor.
Russell found him on Tuesday, but Taylor gave him a false name and ran away, according to an OPD report. As Russell gave chase, Taylor pulled a knife from his pocket and threw it on the ground. The officer was able to catch him.
Taylor was taken to OPD and interviewed by Detective Michael Bowman. During the investigation, Taylor was also identified as the suspect in the theft of a $179.99 bicycle from Target on Tuesday.
Officers charged him with strong-arm robbery, resisting without violence, carrying a concealed weapon, and felony retail petty theft.
Taylor denied stealing the malt liquor or the bicycle. He declined a reporter's request for an interview at the jail.
Records indicate he was previously convicted on charges of grand theft and grand theft auto.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text: These shoes are in overall great condition. The uppers and heels are in overall great condition - there are a few minor scratched on the left heel. The outsoles show minimal signs of wear, and do not appear to have been worn outdoors. The insoles are clean. RETURN POLICY: Shoes may be returned in the condition received. They must be in the original box and/or packaging with the security tag attached.


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Sierra de Bahoruco, an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in the Dominican Republic has been recently identified as an IBA in Danger and is under immediate threat from development,
Dominican Republic
Forests of Hope
Dog Island is an uninhabited offshore islet lying northwest of the Caribbean UK Overseas Territory (UKOT) of Anguilla, and is considered to be the second most important individual island for seabirds in the eastern Caribbean, despite being only about 200 ha in size.
During May 2012, Sociedad Ornitológica Puertorriqueña, Inc. (SOPI, BirdLife in Puerto Rico) installed 25 signs in the Cabo Rojo Salt Flats National Wildlife Refuge to mark important nesting sites for resident shorebirds that were being disturbed by visitors.
The Mountain Chicken Project, funded by the UK government's Darwin Initiative and executed by the Department of Environment of Montserrat and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, is pleased to announce the publication of a poster and a brochure aimed at raising awareness of the Critically Endangered Mountain Chicken Leptodactylus fallax on Montserrat.
A nocturnal seabird, the black-capped petrel, may warrant federal protection as a threatened or endangered species.
BirdLife has been stepping up its efforts to build the capacity of Société Audubon Haiti, the latest chapter of which sees their field biologist Enold Louis-Jean travelling to Jersey to participate in a 12-week course designed to equip conservationists with the skills needed to manage species recovery.
Forestry staff from Montserrat's Department of Environment are currently in the field conducting the annual bird monitoring exercise to determine the bird populations in the island's Centre Hills Important Bird Area.
In August 2011, the Government of Grenada's Cabinet approved the protection of the last piece of government-owned Grenada Dove habitat through the addition of approximately 100 acres (c.40 ha) of the Beausejour Estate to the adjacent Perseverance Protected Area and Dove Sanctuary.
The Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática has just published the first ever Red Data Book for Cuban terrestrial vertebrates. The book provides a detailed baseline on the conservation status for 165 species of freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The nocturnal calls of Black-capped Petrels Pterodroma hasitata have guided Haitian researchers to discover more nesting locations for this Endangered seabird.
Una nueva localidad de anidación para el diablotín Pterodroma hasitata ha sido descubierta en Haití a través de los esfuerzos en el campo de un grupo de colaboradores dominicanos y haitianos.
A new nesting location for Black-capped Petrel has been discovered in Haiti by the efforts of a joint Dominican – Haitian field team.
Documenting new seabird-colony Important Bird Areas, finding previously undocumented colonies and colonies thought to be extirpated: these are just some of the exciting discoveries reported within Environmental Protection in the Caribbean's (EPIC's) ground-breaking Seabird Breeding Atlas of the Lesser Antilles.
The Neotropical Mangrove Conservation Alliance has awarded its first small grant to Grupo Jaragua (BirdLife in the Dominican Republic) as part of an initiative to catalyze community-based mangrove conservation in the Insular Caribbean.
Last October, the local community of El Cajuil-located in the south-west of Dominican Republic-participated in World Bird Festival (WBF) activities.
To mark its 20th Anniversary, the GEF has announced and profiled its 20 best projects funded through UNEP. This '20-best' list features two projects in which BirdLife International was a key player.
Middle East
Flooding at BirdLife's Woodbourne Shorebird Refuge in Barbados reduced the amount of suitable stop-over habitat for shorebirds this autumn, but this proved good for ducks and in September, two globally threatened West Indian Whistling-ducks turned up - the first time the species has been on the island for 50 years.
The Department of Environment Montserrat has announced a logo competition with a prize of $500 USD on offer.


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Red maple leaves in fall color.
Jack Frost is not the culprit. Some leaves change color weeks before the first icy nights.
MDC video host Kipp Woods explains why leaves change color and helps you follow the show of fall color throughout Missouri.
Follow weekly regional reports to find Missouri's best fall colors. Reporting starts in September and ends when the color fades, usually early November.
Identify 17 common fall leaves by shape and color.
MDC protects and manages Missouri's fish, forest, and wildlife resources. We also facilitate your participation in resource-management activities, and we provide opportunities for you to use, enjoy and learn about nature. Read more about our mission.


text:
There's an idea of what it means to act black that has a basis in reality.
It's not all about stupid stereotypes. All cultures just have a different way about them...values and attitudes, and interests and whatnot.
For example, when people call Obama "the whitest black person", I never would think to deny it as racism.
When they said "sit down", I stood up.
Llamas, your invention would be the first step towards preventing gamer marathon deaths related to dehydration and no food. Not to mention it would curb the no sleep thing too, since its really hard to NOT sleep when tired and full of food. Put enough hype around that sort if thing and you could get government funding towards research that makes that shizz a reality.
I'm about as black as dey cum. Well, I'm fast, I could jump decently high if needed, I play baseball, I play a lot of pickup basketball, and I can rap like a fiend. I knew this kid named Demarcus in the ATL who was black, and had all those physical attributes. I knew a total oreo named AJ who was as white as blacks come. Note: oreo is a term for a kid who's black on the outside but white on the inside. He liked golf, sucked at baseball, and his dad loved rock music.
But seriously, Big City Cletus, it's time to shut up about blax. You know why?
Niggas wanna rob me now
Bitches wanna slob me now
Hoes didn't holla last year, feel sorry now
Practice jumpshot, Reggie Mill, Robert Horry now
Nigga dat you with: played like Atari now.
Quand ils ont dis "Vous vous asseyez," je me suis levé.
This is funny because I have a black friend that doesn't act it at all and a white friend in the same group of friends who, other than not talking like eminem, acts kind of black.
Your Greg K. looks like Nietzsche to me.
I wrote a four word letter.
From where I sit, there's very little difference between the two anyway.
Bighead, I frequently find myself asking this question to myself when I read your threads, but maybe it'll help to ask you: Is there a point to this? I know you said just curious, but usually when I say that, I know I'll be using that information toward further analysis later. I have plenty of black friends who act in ways I'm sure you're thinking of as black. But I don't think of it as that, really. They're cool, chill dudes just like my other friends.
My myoosik:
The SRIs: (Thread)(Soundcloud)
McFear: (Thread)(Soundcloud)
I decided to act black and put a plate of vegetables as my avatar.
What do you mean it's not a black stereotype ?


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Travel & Local
by InfoMedia Services Ltd
Developer Notes
Everything you need to know and more about the Les Arcs resort on the new Android application. Brought to you by Skinets. Skinets is the group name for our collection of resort-based sites designed to keep you in touch with what is going on both summer and winter. Here are some of the features...


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Council members would pay $7,000 more under terms other city workers face Critics say that all city employees should have to contribute equally
Pension costs they're not paying
Elected official/ Months left in office*/ Monthly taxpayer subsidy/ Total subsidy
Bob Filner 89 $774.83 $68,959.87
Jan Goldsmith 41 $1,493.51 $61,233.91
David Alvarez 64 $581.28 $37,201.92
Marti Emerald 89 $581.28 $51,733.92
Todd Gloria 41 $581.28 $23,832.48
Sherri Lightner 41 $581.28 $23,832.48
Amount city would save with 50/50 split on pension contributions: $266,794.58
*Months left in office is as of July 1, 2013. Assumes re-election to fullest extent.
Source: U-T calculations based on city pension data
The voter-mandated overhaul of San Diego's pension system has had a wide-ranging effect on retirement benefits for the city's roughly 10,000 employees, but there's a select few who haven't seen any changes and continue to receive a big financial break at the expense of taxpayers.
Six of the city's elected officials — four City Council members, City Attorney Jan Goldsmith and Mayor Bob Filner — continue to have taxpayers pay the vast majority of the costs for their future pensions even though voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition B last June. That initiative calls for city workers to pay a "substantially equal" amount of annual pension costs, which translates into a roughly 50/50 split of the expense, and specifically prohibits the city from paying any portion of a worker's half of the costs.
Most of the city's 7,700 workers still eligible for pensions have been paying their half of the cost for years after former Mayor Jerry Sanders negotiated that into labor deals. Proposition B makes that mandatory for all workers going forward and will be reflected in labor contracts set to begin July 1.
No such change has been made for elected officials because the municipal code includes a hard cap on how much they can contribute. They currently pay 25 percent of costs while taxpayers fund the other 75 percent.
The City Council could change the law, but it would require four of its members — Democrats David Alvarez, Marti Emerald, Todd Gloria and Sherri Lightner — to vote against their own economic interests. A change to a 50/50 split would force them to pay nearly $7,000 more annually toward their pensions, or about twice what they pay now, according to a U-T analysis of pension system data.
The numbers are even higher for Filner and Goldsmith because of their larger salaries. To pay half of their costs, they would need to contribute an additional $9,300 and $17,900, respectively.
The price tag is so high because of a simple fact: Elected officials receive a far more generous pension benefit than other workers and can start collecting it as soon as they leave office rather than waiting until their 50s or 60s like everyone else. For example, two former councilmen began drawing a city pension in their 30s.
A matter of fairness?
Some critics say the issue is one of fairness as the money involved — a combined $55,000 annually — is a pittance compared to the city's $1.15 billion operating budget. There's also a legal question over whether Proposition B requires the elimination of the taxpayer subsidy for elected officials.
Pension officials and Tim Davis, the outside counsel hired by the city for labor issues, say the current contribution rates for elected officials haven't changed because they're considered vested rights and Proposition B expressly states that vested rights aren't altered by the initiative. Even if the council changed the municipal code, any of the officials who object to paying a higher rate could possibly sue the city, they say.
Proposition B supporters, including former Councilman Carl DeMaio, say the ballot measure trumps the municipal code and elected officials should already be paying their full half.


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Digital First Media
Watch must-see interview with man who rescued kidnapped Ohio girls (VIDEO)Charles Ramsey is the neighbor to the Ohio home was where three women, missing for years, were discovered Monday.Berry says he kicked in the door to help Amanda Berry escape the house. Gina DeJesus and Michelle Knight were found inside as well. ABC affiliate News Net 5 published a transcript of Ramsey's candid interview.View "Watch must-see interview with man who rescued kidnapped Ohio girls (VIDEO)" on Spundge
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