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Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Russian Federation
The Volcanoes of Kamchatka are a World Heritage site in the Russian Federation are located around 55°55'N, 160°35'E. One of the last pristine wilderness areas and most active volcanic regions in the world, with a high density and diversity of volcanoes and related features. The seven areas within the designation include most of the volcanic features of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The interplay of active high volcanoes and glaciers creates a landscape of dynamic beauty. The sites contain great species diversity , including the world's greatest known variety of salmonid fish and notable concentrations of sea otter, brown bear and Steller's sea eagle.
Geographical Location
The Kamchatka Peninsula is in the Russian Far East between the Sea of Okhotsk and the north Pacific Ocean. Klyuchevskoy Zakaznik is in the central valley (55°55'N / 160°35'E). Bystrinskiy Zakaznik is in a major range west of the center (56°00'N / 158°30'E). The other areas are on the mountainous shores of the Pacific Ocean: Kronotskiy Zapovednik (54°40'N / 161°00'E), Nalychevo Zakaznik (53°30'N / 159°00'E), South Kamchatka Zakaznik & South Kamchatka State Zakaznik (52°00'N / 157°50'E) and in the south-west, South Tundra Zakaznik (52°50'N / 156°50'E).
Date and History of Establishment
Volcanoes of Kamchatka. (Source: Smithsonian and USGS)
- 1882: Two reserves, for sable and sea-otter, established by imperial decree in south Kamchatka;
- 1934: Kronotskiy Zapovednik (National Nature Reserve) established by the Council of Ministers decree #1459 to protect the sable population and prevent uncontrolled hunting. Closed in 1951 and 1961; 1966: reestablished; 1982: 3-mile ocean buffer zone added (135,000 hectares);
- 1975: South Kamchatka State Zakaznik (National Nature Sanctuary) established as a federal nature reserve under a 1973 agreement between Russia and Japan to protect migratory birds;
- 1984: Kronotskiy Zapovednik recognised as a Biosphere Reserve;
- 1990: Southwest Tundra Zakaznik (Nature Park) established;
- 1995: The South Kamchatka, Bystrinskiy and Nalychevo Zakazniks (Nature Parks) established.
- 1999: Klyuchevskoy Zakaznik, established as a Nature Park; 2001: added to World Heritage sites.
The Volcanoes of Kamchatka sites comprise 4,378,115 hectares (ha):
- Bystrinskiy Zakaznik 1,500,000 ha (1,330,000 ha)
- Kronotskiy Zapovednik 1,007,134 ha (1,142,134 ha)
- South Kamchatka Zakaznik 860,000 ha
- Klyuchevskoy Zakaznik 375,981 ha
- Nalychevo Zakaznik 265,000 ha (285,970 ha)
- South Kamchatka State Zakaznik 247,000 ha (225,000 ha)
- Southwest Tundra Zakaznik 123,000 ha
Land Tenure
Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources (MEPNR) since 2000, with some long-term lease concessions to tourist companies. Kluchevskoy Nature Park is under both regional and federal jurisdictions as the land belongs to the State Forest Fund.
From sea level to 4,835 meters (m) (Klyuchevskoy), 3,607 m (Ichinskiy) and 3,528 m (Kronotskiy).
Physical Features
The 1,200 kilometer (km) - long Kamchatka peninsula is almost an island running north-south between the north Pacific and the Sea of Okhotsk. Its southern half is formed mainly by two parallel mountain ranges The western, Sredinniy range in the west center of the island, is of dormant shield and strato-volcanoes of which Ichinskiy (still active) is by far the highest. The eastern Vostochniy range which parallels the sea with nearly 30 young volcanoes, has the greatest concentration of active vulcanism in Eurasia. Between the ranges is the wide Kamchatka river valley out of which, to the north of the eastern range, rises the highest group, the Klyuchevskaya range.
This 700 km-long volcanic belt is the surface expression of the northwesterly subduction by 8-10 centimeters (cm) a year of the Pacific Ocean plate under the Eurasian plate and shows a complete range of the vulcanism characteristic of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Since 1690 some 200 eruptions have been recorded. The peninsula has some 300 volcanoes of which 33 are currently active, most of explosive character and many of perfect pyramidal form. 34 of these and the 13 most active volcanoes on Kamchatka occur in the heritage areas. Most of them are basaltic composite stratocones and andesite stratovolcanoes; some are shield volcanoes. There are also calderas, scoriae cones, lava streams, cinder fields, over 160 thermal and mineral springs, geysers, solfataras, mud pots and many other volcanic features.
Klyuchevskoy stratovolcano. (Source: University of Hawaii)
The Klyuchevskaya range has three of the highest and most active peaks. Klyuchevskoy itself is Eurasia's highest and most active volcano after Etna, and still growing: its 1988 height was 4,750 m; in 2002 it was 4,835 m. It has erupted 25 times in the last 50 years and still erupts regularly, creating a wilderness of ash and lava. Its magma flow of about 60 million tonnes per year is half of all that produced by the intensely active Kuriliy-Kamchatka region. It has a variety of features: several lateral craters, shield volcanoes, scoriae and lava cones, extrusive domes and huge detached rocks. Despite this, the Klyuchevskaya group is the largest center of glaciation in Kamchatka, with 47 glaciers covering 269 square kilometers (km2), the largest being the Erman glacier which continues to advance at 30-50 m per year. Two glaciation periods during the Pleistocene influenced much of its landscape, creating cirques, hanging valleys, u-shaped valleys, moraines and glacial till and almost all the types of ice formation common in volcanic areas. The drainage network of the Reserve consists of many dry-rivers, typical of volcanic regions, which are formed by the low water-holding capacity of the substrate. These only fully flow in the spring and after catastrophic snowmelt during eruptions.
Bystrinskiy Zakaznik in the Sredinniy range has quaternary volcanic formations in various states of conservation. Kronotskiy National Reserve is a rugged landscape with 12 active volcanoes and some 800 lakes, which also extends over 5 km of coastal waters. The Uzon caldera within it is an enormous bowl 10 km across with sides rising to 900 m and constant hydrothermal activity on its floor. The nearby spectacular Valley of the Geysers has 20 large geysers, over 100 hot springs, some with thermophilic algae, pulsating water funnels, mud cauldrons, poisonous miasmas, fumaroles, cascades, turquoise lakes and multicolored algae fields. Nalychevo Zakaznik lies in a volcanic complex; on the upper reaches of the Nalychevo River is a 40 square kilometer depression with a great number of hot and cold mineral springs. The Southern Kamchatka Zakazniks include lava tableland formed during eruptions and volcanic cones, ten of Kamchatka's most active volcanoes with a wide range of geothermal activity and coastal habitats. Volcanic rocks throughout the protected areas are formed of basalts, andesite-basalts, andesites and andesite-dacites. Other features are eroded accumulations of volcanic ash, foothills, piedmont plains and coastal lowlands, Below the ash-covered slopes, soils are tundra gley, forest-tundra and brown forest types, podzols and peat. River valleys are thickly covered with fertile volcanic alluvium.
But the volcanic area is also one of the most pristine parts of the peninsula. The Klyuchevskaya group is beautiful as well as dangerous. Most of Bystrinskiy Zakaznik in the Sredinniy range is a mosaic of different mountain landscapes. Kronotskiy National Reserve, near the north end of the eastern range, is famous for its scenery. Lake Kronotskiy and Lake Kurilskoe (in the far south), are both very scenic and important fish spawning habitats. Nalychevo Zakaznik just north of the capital city has vigorous glaciers and good hunting and fish spawning grounds. The uninhabited Southwest Tundra Zakaznik is covered with lakes, pools and peat very attractive to migrant waterfowl. The South Kamchatka and South Kamchatka State Zakazniks encompass active glaciation, wild unpolluted rivers and a spectacular coastline with several islands, deltas and wide swampy estuaries.
The peninsula being all but surrounded by sea has a moist cool maritime climate moderated by the ocean. Central Kamchatka, enclosed between the two mountain ranges, has a climate similar to the continent, and is snow-covered from October to May. On the west coast, temperatures are lowered by the cold Sea of Okhotsk. The climate is windy, often foggy and subject to very heavy snowstorms. At sea level, the mean temperature in July is 12 degrees Celsius (°C) but can reach 20°C; the mean temperature range in January is -4° to -10°C. The central valley becomes both warmer and colder than this. The rainfall is less than 400 millimeters (mm) in the center of the peninsula, nearly 1,000 mm along the western coast and nearly 2,500 mm in the southeast which is in the path of monsoonal rains.
The moist climate and rich volcanic soils have produced a thick vegetation, very lush in the lowlands. With little human exploitation, the vegetation in the reserves is in largely pristine condition. It extends from extensive coastal wetlands and meadows of tall grass, with alluvial riparian forests of Siberian and Komarov poplar Populus suaveolens and P.komarov, aspen P. tremuloides, alder Alnus kamschatica and willows Salix sachalinense and Chosenia macrolepis; through maritime taiga of Kamchatcan and Cayander larch Larix kamtschatica, and L. cayanderi, ayan and yeddo spruce Picea ajarensis, P. jezoensis and white birch Betula kamchatica; then peat wetland covered with crowberry Empertum nigrum, to very extensive higher level forests of stone birch Betula ermani which is the dominant tree of the peninsula, interspersed with meadows. Above these are a zone of elfin woodland of Korean pine Pinus koraiensis and 'cedar', dwarf mountain pine Pinus pumila, mountain ash Sorbus scoparius, and sub-alpine meadows, scrub and mountain tundra, the degree of the freeze-thaw cycle determining the zoning of higher vegetation belts.
The total number of plant species is 1,168, 10% being endemic to Kamchatka. Klyuchevskaya Nature Park has an especially diverse range of Palaearctic flora and many species of Alpine and sub-Alpine scrub, including the rare Leontipodium kamtschaticum. In Bystrinskiy Nature Park in the western range, coniferous forests grow along with 615 species with 16 endemic to Kamchatka. Kamchatkan larch and ayan spruce are dominant on the eastern slopes; stone birch dominates the west slopes. Kronotskiy National Reserve has 745 species, with 16 endemics. Over half is densely covered with boreal deciduous and mountain tundra forest with Arctic-alpine and Bering vegetation. There are isolated groves of the rare endemic Kamchatkan fir Abies gracilis, also Sakhalin fir Abies sachalinensis, unusual thermally influenced caldera communities and several nationally threatened plants such as Cypripedium macranthon, Carex viridula, Fimbristylis ochotensis, Isoetes asiatica, Poa radula and Rhodiola rosea. In Nalychevo Nature Park 549 species of vascular plants have been recorded, with many rare orchids (Cypripedium macranthon, Epipactis papillosa, Neottia asiatica) and forests of the rare Asian white birch Betula platyphylla. The South Kamchatka Nature Park and South Kamchatka National Sanctuary are in mountainous forest where the Kurile larch Larix gmelinii var.japonica grows. Their flora is very rich, with 718 species, 85 species being considered rare, including Epipogion aphyllum, Gymnadenia camtschatica, Oreorchis patens, Nuphar pumila, Carex laxa, and Lilium dauricum.
The terrestrial fauna is low in diversity, but high in subspecific endemism. In this, the Kamchatka Peninsula resembles an island. But some species are found in great abundance, including over 15,000 Kamchatcan brown bears Ursus arctos piscator, Arctic ground squirrel, Ochotona hyperborea, sable Martes zibellina, Kamchatcan wolverine Gulo gulo albus (VU), thousands of sea otters Enhidra lutris lutris (EN), 1,500 Kamchatcan reindeer Rangifer tarandus phylarchus (known as northern deer) and over 10,000 Kamchatcan snow sheep Ovis nivicola nivicola. There are no reptiles and only one species of amphibian, Siberian salamander, Hynobius kayserlingii.
Mammals in Klyuchevskoy Nature Park include a herd of wild reindeer, the largest population of brown bears, east Siberian lynx Lynx lynx wrangeli, snow sheep, wolverine and ermine Mustela erminea. Bystrinskiy Nature Park encloses the Ichinskiy zoological zakaznik, and includes Canadian beaver Castor canadensis, collared lemming Dicrostonyx lorquatus, blackcapped marmot Marmota camtschatica, muskrat Ondatra zibethicus, american mink Mustela vison, Kolymskiy moose Alces alces buterlini and large numbers of domesticated reindeer. Nalychevo Nature Park, which encloses the Three Volcanoes zoological zakaznik, has 33 mammal species. The Kronotskiy National Reserve has 60 mammal species, 900 bears and the largest population of wild reindeer in Kamchatka. It shares with the southern parks abundant marine life: Kamchatka crab Paralithodes camtschatica, sea otter (900 animals), sea lion Eumetopias jubatus (EN, 800 breeding animals), Kuril seal Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (500), spotted P.largha and ringed seals P.hispida ochotensis, Risso's dolphin grampus griseus, narwhal Monodon monoceros and walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens. Another 1,000 male sea lions live on the southernmost point of the peninsula and 2,500-3000 sea otters visit the South Kamchatka Nature Reserves during migration, where there are 57 other species of mammals. Offshore, at least ten species of whales occur: blue Balaenoptera musculus (EN), fin B.physalis (EN), sei B.borealis (EN), black right Eubalaena glacialis japonica (EN), humpback Megaptera novaeangliae (VU), bowhead Balaena mysticetus, minke Balaenoptera acutorostrata, grey Eschrichtius gibbosus, Stejneger's beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri and Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris.
Tundra birds and seabirds are very numerous. Some 179 bird species have been recorded. Nine species noted in Nalychevo Nature Park are considered nationally threatened: emperor goose Philacte canagica, brent goose Branta bernicla, osprey Pandion haliaetus, Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus (VU), white-tailed eagle H.albicilla, gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis, peregrine F. peregrinus, and solitary snipe Gallinago solitaria. Other uncommon species are golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos, redlegged kittiwake Rissa brevirostris (VU), and spotted greenshank Tringa guttifer (EN). Kamchatka, especially Lopatka Cape on its southern tip, is a major staging point on migration routes and a wintering ground for a great number of eastern bird species. There are numerous seabird colonies along the coasts of the reserves, several of which contain a notable portion of the world's population of certain species. More than half the world populations of Steller's sea eagle and of Aleutian tern Sterna aleutica nest on the peninsula. Other numerous species include the yellowbilled diver Gavia adamsii, whooper swan Cygnus cygnus, lesser whitefronted goose Anser erythropus, slatybacked gull Larus Schistisagus, Kamchatka tern Sterna camtschatica, guillemot Uria aalge, thickbilled guillemot Uria lomvia, pigeon guillemot Cepphus columbs, ancient murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus, horned puffin Fratercula Corniculata and tufted puffin Lunda cirrhata. The eagles are attracted by the sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka, at the Kurilskoye Lake which is the largest spawning ground in the world for this species of salmon.
The rivers of western Kamchatka contain the greatest concentration and diversity of salmonid fish species on earth and are the only place on the Pacific rim where all the species of Pacific salmon coexist. Nearly all the rivers are exceptionally unpolluted spawning grounds for this key food source which sustains the very large populations of brown bears, sea otters, Steller's sea-eagles and dozens of other marine and terrestrial animals. One watershed adjacent to the Bystrinsky Nature Park contains eleven species of salmonid fish, several being considered nationally threatened: king Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, silver O. kisutch, both resident and anadromous forms of sockeye salmon O. nerka and steelhead and rainbow trout Salmo mykiss, chum O. keta, pink O. gorbuscha and cherry salmon O. masu, Dolly Varden char Salvelinus malma, white-spotted char S. leucomaenis, and whitefish Coregonis ssp. The Nalychevo River and its tributaries also support great numbers of five of the above species plus Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus. Wild salmon are declining rapidly throughout their range along both the Atlantic and Pacific rims. Outside western Alaska, there are very few if any large areas left along the Pacific rim to preserve not only native runs of salmon and steelhead, but also the intact ecosystems they support and that support them.
Cultural Heritage
The oldest Paleolithic settlement in the region is 21,000 years old. The Kamchatka Peninsula became part of Russia in 1699 and the first description of Kamchatka was given in 1742 by the explorer S.P. Krashenninnikov. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Itel'meni people settled in the central and southern parts of Kamchatka Peninsula, depending on fishing. Western Kamchatka and the Bystrinsky region were settled by the Eveni people, dependent on reindeer herding. There are also some Koryak people from the north, also reindeer herders. These indigenous populations were collectivized in Soviet times and had declined to 3,000 by 1995. Traditional economic activity is prohibited or limited to a few non-intensive forms such as reindeer raising in Bystrinsky Natural Park and extremely limited winter hunting of fur animals in three parks. Recently, traditional land use areas have been zoned for permanent settlements in northern part of the South Kamchatka Nature Park and in the Bystrinsky Nature Park.
Local Human Population
Until 1992 the peninsula was a closed military zone around the home base of the Russian Pacific submarine and main fishing fleets near the capital Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. This is the major city on the peninsula, with most of the region's population. Almost the entire heritage area is uninhabited, except for protected area staff and in some parts of the South Kamchatka and Bystrinskiy Nature Parks, used by small numbers of Itel'meni and Eveni. This isolation, combined with few roads and settlements, has preserved much of the wilderness.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
Approximately 15,000 tourists visited Kamchatka in 1995, 4,000 of them foreign. Kronotskiy Nature Park is the only site in Russia with large geysers, enhancing its tourist potential. Approximately 2,000 tourists visit the Valley of the Geysers each year where a helipad and board-walk have been built and some measures taken to protect it from overuse by tourists. There are ecological education centers in both Kronotskiy Reserve and Nalychevo Park. Helicopter access to tourist cabins within Nalychevo and Southern Kamchatka Nature Reserves is available. Between 1993 and 1999 the Klyuchevskaya group averaged about 250-300 visitors a summer, 100 being foreigners, but it does not yet cater for many tourists. Projects to promote ecotourism are now underway, partly to supplement reduced government funding. The reserves are normally reached by helicopter.
Scientific Research and Facilities
The Kamchatka Institute of Ecology and Nature Use and the Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences are the main bodies conducting research in the territory. Kronotskiy Zapovednik has academic staff who pursue research with these two institutions. The Klyuchevskaya range has been monitored for 68 years and been the subject of much research: 16 previously unknown minerals have been discovered there. A network of seismic stations and geological monitoring sites is located within the boundaries of several protected areas, including the Kluchevskoy volcanology station. The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team in Petropavlovsk has since 1972 constantly monitored the condition of volcanoes in cooperation with the Alaska Volcano Observatory. Many other studies have been made in the territory and in 2001 a large field symposium was held on plants and vulcanism, a subject for which the area is ideally suited.
Conservation Value
The heritage areas cover one of the last largely unexploited and relatively pristine wildernesses in the world, and also one of its most active volcanic zones. They include a great number of unpolluted river systems with a large number of endemic species and subspecies of both plants and animals, including globally important spawning grounds for the world's greatest diversity of salmonid fish and a variety of wetlands exceptionally attractive to migratory birds. The continuing tectonic and volcanic activity constantly creates new areas for pioneer settlement by plants and animals. As a result, a range of different successional biological communities co-exist, developing in relative isolation. The only freshwater salmon species in Asia, in Kronotskiye Lake, may be the result of these processes and the wide variety of organisms living in the hot springs are another unusual feature.
Conservation Management
Protected areas were initially established in many places to protect dwindling numbers of animals; later to preserve a range of the Peninsula's most important natural areas. The Kronotskiy National Reserve was originally founded for the strict protection of its resources. The South Kamchatka State Nature Sanctuary was founded to preserve and breed species for hunting. Nalychevo Nature Park combines the conservation of freshwater wetlands, recreation and education. Bystrinskiy Nature Park was to combine conservation with traditional sustainable uses. Kronotskiy and South Kamchatka State Reserves are managed by the Kronotskiy Zapovednik Administration. The Kamchatka Regional Board of Nature Parks, a non-profit institution, manages the Klyuchevskoy, Bystrinskiy, Nalychevo and South Kamchatka Nature Reserves for the Kamchatka regional adminstration; the Federal Forest Administration manages the Southwest Tundra Park. Management is based on the Russian Federation Law 'On Strict Nature Reserves' of 1995, Kamchatka Oblast Law 'On Strict Nature Reserves' of 1997, revised 1999, and the Klyuchevskoy Nature Park statute of 1999.
Hunting, licensed fishing, and the gathering of mushrooms, berries and fuelwood occurs in the three Nature Parks, and management plans are being developed to regulate these activities in Bystrinsky, Nalychevo, and South Kamchatka Nature Parks. Bystrinskiy Park is important in stabilising the diverse ecosystems of its many headwaters. Each of the three Parks is zoned into conservation, tourist, recreation and service zones and allows limited hunting of brown bear and sheep and limited winter trapping of fur animals. There are also deer raising farms in Bystrinskiy Nature Park. Mining, military use and tourism have all impacted Kronitskiy Nature Reserve in the past. A long-term scientific monitoring program is underway for both it and the South Kamchatka Nature Sanctuary. There are also programs for species protection, the renewal of the indigenous peoples' traditional use of nature, and to develop tourism in all the territories within the nominated area, to make up for insufficient government funding, partly in cooperation with international organizations.
Management Constraints
Over the 12 years since the end of the Union, Federal funding has decreased by 90% with drastic consequences for the parks. There are as a result two opposing concepts for the future development of Kamchatka: expanded extraction of minerals (largely on land traditionally held by the native people) to help finance the regional administration, and activities based on protecting the environment which should sustain native populations and create sustainable tourism. When the National Committee for Environmental Protection was abolished in 2000, environmental issues became the responsibility of the Regional Committees on Natural Resources, and the mining interests hostile to conservation in Kamchatka gained strength. The southern boundary of the Bystrinskiy Nature Park has already been revised 50 km inwards to permit gold mining on its edge and there is pressure for nickel mining within the Park. The frequent fires in this park, a proposed new road which would expose the area to poaching and the granting by local authorities of 12 out of 24 hunting leases to business interests from outside the region cannot be monitored since the Park has no staff. Logging, and oil and gas extraction in the Sea of Okhotsk near the coast have also started and a gas pipeline with road to Petropavlovsk is projected, crossing 20 salmon rivers. Geothermal exploitation is also developing at Nizhnekoshelevsky in the South Kamchatka Nature Park and State Nature Sanctuary, an area earmarked for scientific work and regional monitoring. Any of these industrial activities might pollute salmon spawning grounds and begin to degrade the pristine wilderness.
Human-set forest fires are also a constant threat. Illegal highly organized campaigns of logging and the poaching of bears for gall-bladders and salmon for caviar; illegal sea fishing, uncontrolled commercial tourism with well-organized hunting from helicopters in the Geyser Valley, and general tourist littering, degradation and petrochemical and sewage pollution have all increased in recent years. Geothermal and other rare flora are also disappearing. Management is drastically underfunded with too few personnel, too little infrastructure, training or equipment. The public is economically challenged and lacks environmental awareness. There is no community involvement in management, and an inadequate legal and policy framework. Management plans are lacking for Kluchevskoy Nature Park, and still only in development for Bystrinsky, Nalychevo, and South Kamchatka Nature Reserves. Bystrinsky, where the boundaries are unmarked, zoning is unresolved and ecologically and valuable areas are excluded "exists only on paper". Park staffing and finance levels for all the reserves are under pressure.
The Nature Parks Board has a staff of 18 with a Director based in Petropavlovsk; each Park has an allocation of 5 field staff, but for Bystrinskiy for example the Director has only two staff for an area of 13,300 km2. Federal areas have a Director and about 40 office and field staff.
The Kamchatka Regional administration finances the Board of Nature Parks. In 2000 this totalled Rub.585,000 (US$21,000), but there were no funds for the maintenance and development of the Klyuchevskoy extension. In 2000, 20% of the revenue for Kronotskiy and South Kamchatka Reserves came from helicopter tourism. In 2001 the GEF proposed funding for the first stage of two projects: to promote sustainable conservation of biodiversity in four protected areas and to improve the development and management of salmonid fish in four western watersheds for a first stage total cost to GEF of US$2,333,700, and, with co-financing, of US$5,324,0270. The whole 7-year project could cost US$13,175,700 from all sources.
IUCN Management Category
- Kronotskiy Zapovednik Ia Strict Nature Reserve. Biosphere Reserve
- Klyuchevskoy Zakaznik V Strict Nature Reserve.
- Bystrinskiy Zakaznik IV Habitat/Species Management Area
- Nalychevo Zakaznik IV Habitat/Species Management Area
- South Kamchatka Zakaznik IV Habitat/Species Management Area
- South Kamchatska Federal Zakaznik IV Habitat/Species Management Area
- Southwest Tundra Zakaznik IV Habitat/Species Management Area
- Natural World Heritage Site, inscribed 1996; extended 2001. Natural Criteria: i, ii iii, iv
Further Reading
- Borodin, A. & Syroechkovski, E. (1983). Zapovedniki SSSR. Moscow. Lesnaya Promyshlennost Publishing house. 249 pp.
- Gyppenreiter, V. & Perkins, R. (1989). Kamchatka: Land of Fire and Ice. ISBN: 1856690202.
- IUCN (2001). Report on the State of Conservation of Natural and Mixed Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger. Gland, Switzerland
- Krever, V. et al. (1994). Conserving Russia's Biological Diversity: An Analytical Framework and Initial Investment Portfolio. WWF, Washington, DC. 207pp.
- Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve. (1984). Data sheet for UNESCO-MAB nomination. 7pp.
- Menshikov, V., Efimenko, A. & Nikiforov, V. (2000). Nomination. Nature Park Kluchevskoy for Inclusion in UNESCO World Heritage List. For the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. 22pp.+ Appendices 28pp.
- Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Russia (MEPNR) (1995). Nomination of the Volcanoes of Kamchatka for Inclusion in the World Heritage List. 28 pp.
- Murashko, O. (2001). Disturbing news from Kamchatka. Indigenous Peoples' World. Living Arctic, 4.
- Newell, J.,Chernyagina,O.,Zykov,V.,Lazarev,G.,Mosolov,V. & Rassokhina, L. (2001). Saving Russia's Far Eastern Taiga: Deforestation, Protected Areas and Forest 'Hotspots'. V: Kamchatka Region. 22pp
- Newell, J. & Wilson, E. (1996). The Russian Far East. Friends of Earth - Japan. Tokyo. 197 pp. ISBN: 1880284758.
- Ponomareva,V. et al. (n.d.). Eruptive History of Kamchatka Volcanoes. Institute of Volcanic Geology & Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. 3pp.
- Simkin, T. & Seibert, L. (1994). Volcanoes of the World. Geoscience Press, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A. ISBN: 0945005121.
- UNDP (2001). Demonstrating Sustainable Conservation of Biological Diversity in Four Protected Areas in Russia's Kamchatka Oblast. GEF, Washington, U.S.A. 75pp.
- Wilson, M. & Halupka, K. (1995). Anadromous fish as a keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology 9(3): 489-497.
- Wilson, M., Gende, S. & Marston, B. (1998). Fishes and the forest. Bioscience. 48(6): 455-462.
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


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Comments On Jan 09, 2014:The little brother to the Q2 definitely holds On roads just doesn't cross over to the track for the price of absolute bargain
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Comments On Jan 30, 2013:These tires came on my 2012 CBR600RR when i bought it new, approching 2,000 miles and they still look new, i do not ride very agressive though, i do take turns with a little speed sometimes just to make the ride more fun, i have not gotten caught in the rain yet and i hope to not get caught in the rain, they grip really well, i always make sure i have given the enough time to warm up before I push it into a corner. I belive when these wear out i will put another set back on my bike, if they are good enough for Honda to put the on their bike then they are good enough for me to put back on the bike.
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Comments On Oct 23, 2007:Same as my review on the front. Still really happy and looking forward to putting a few hundred more miles on them to break in the rest of the "strips". These tires feel so good, I plan on selling them to a commuter when I'm done wearing out the sides!
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Comments On Oct 23, 2007:Excellent tire. Great grip and hardly any wear after a few months of riding. Even hooks up well in the rain.
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Moose Racing Aluminum Throttle Tube for KX60/65 85-13
Product Information
Moose Racing Aluminum Throttle Tube for KX60/65 85-13
* Machined and knurled 6061 billet aluminum
* Removable end cap allows handguard installation without a hacksaw
* Lightweight, removable cams are compatible with G2 throttle systems
* Better accuracy and more applications than the competition
* Made in the USA
Learn more about Moose Racing
Moose Racing, USA
Moose Racing Rider Series list includes AMA Arenacross, Endurocross, GNCC and O.M.A. Nationals. Moose Racing Rider Support Program aims at offering support to all the levels of racers within U.S.A. All Moose Racing products have a warranty period of one year from date of purchase against any defects in materials and workmanship.
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I downloaded the trial version of this application to see what it can do and it's feature rich and powerful. For me though it's biggest drawback is that it's not a 64 bit application.
I generally use Photo Elements 7 when creating my fractal art composition and work with large file sizes typically in the range of 700MB to 1.4Gb which I can open with no problem in PE7; but with PSP X5 the largest file I can open is a small 450MB .psd file.
Another problem with this PSP X5 is that it does not recognize all of my system memory. I have 12GB and the program only sees 4GB, PE7 on the other hand recognizes all the memory I have in my system.
I would invest money in this application if it was a 64bit application, but since it's still 32bit it's something I can't use. If your file sizes are relatively small and you do a lot of photo editing or photo manipulations this should be a great tool, because as I said before it has a massive amount of features.


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May 4, 2016
A twelve-year-old girl on trial for stabbing a classmate with a knife pleads no contest.
The plea to first-degree reckless-injury was entered for the girl in a rock county court.
Last may, the McNeel Middle School student was arrested when she allegedly drove a serrated knife into the skull of a classmate during recess. The boy suffered minor brain damage but is making a full recovery.
The girl is scheduled to be sentenced September 10.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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- For the character in The Lost and Damned, see Brian Jeremy.
- "Step 9 requires the serenity of mind to accept that which cannot be changed, courage to change that which can and wisdom to realize the difference."
- ―Brian Meech.
Brian Meech is a random character found on the streets of Liberty City in Grand Theft Auto IV. Brian is possibly a banker and a crack addict who graduated at Vespucci University. Despite his Ivy League education, he has stooped to the lowest levels for his addictions, giving oral sex for crack.
While Brian was hanging on the street next to Roman's cab depot, high on cocaine, he met Niko Bellic, eventually giving him 100 dollars, after making fun of Niko's accent. This encounter is meant more of an introduction to random character missions than an actual mission.
Niko later encounters him at another spot in Hove Beach, around the corner from the Hove Beach Safehouse. This time Brian asks to be driven to visit some crack dealers to buy the "biggest rock in the world". Do not use a police car to drive him. If you do once you get to the location it will tell you "The deal was disrupted by police presence." The deal goes well, and Niko drops Brian off. When Brian is in a car, his hat gets removed and it is revealed he has a "High and Tight" hairstyle.
A week later, Brian meets Niko a third and final time, and relates his story -- his situation deteriorated after their last meeting (he had spent some time as a crack whore), but he is now on a nine-step recovery program for his habit, and is engaged to be married. He tells Niko he is now at step nine of his program, in which he must speak to some of the people he harmed and ask them to forgive and forget -- he apologizes for his rudeness when he first met Niko, and explains that he wants to pay back some of the former dealers he owes money to. Niko forgives him and agrees to drive Brian to their location; the dealers, however, are none too happy with Brian, and attack him -- Niko can kill them to save Brian or simply point a gun at them to scare them off, and then drives him home.
Brian is never seen again, but it's suggested he stopped using drugs and got married.
LCPD Database information
Surname: Meech
First Name: Brian
Age: 29
Place of Birth: Los Santos
Affiliations: N/A
Criminal Record:
- 2007 - Resisting Arrest and Possession Controlled Substance: Crack Cocaine
- Currently in Rehabilitation for the use of crack cocaine.
- Graduate of Vespucci University.
- Registered with the Liberty City Association of Securities Dealers.
Mission appearances
- Three Random Encounters
Video walkthrough
- Like most characters in the game, Brian will don a unique helmet when riding alongside the protagonist on a motorbike. His helmet looks very much like Niko Bellic's helmet: jet black with a clear visor, as opposed to Niko's, which has a tinted visor.
- He is one of only two characters from GTA IV to have three encounters, the other one being Jeff.
- During Brian's third encounter, he will speak in a more calm and relaxed demeanor, as he is not under the effects of any drugs unlike his first two encounters. He also won't have dark circles around his eyes because of this.


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What is RM Cash
If you're in the market for the finest riding gear around, Klim is your choice. No other brand in the industry has such an unrelenting pursuit of excellence in quality and comfort. It's the ideal option for every adventure motorcycle rider. However, even though Klim is primarily recognized in dual sport and adventure touring circles, that doesn't mean that its versatility can't offer off-road or street purists premium gear. That's why you'll find Klim products across all of our powersport categories: dual sport, ATV, dirt bike, UTV and street bike.
So what makes Klim stand out from other brands so remarkably? It largely has to do with their devotion to what matters to riders. For example, many Klim products (such as the Klim Badlands jacket) feature Gore-Tex® technology, allowing the gear to sport a highly sophisticated waterproof liner. Because of this, you'd be hard-pressed to find a product that better repels rain and still offers a highly breathable membrane.
Aside from supreme quality and comfort, Klim also takes protection very seriously. Many Klim products feature either D3O® or CE armor. Both are respectable options, though if you're the type that loves advanced technology as part of your gear, you're going to love D3O. When you're riding, it stays soft and flexible – you might forget it's there altogether. But in an impact, the molecular structure stiffens, absorbing the force and distributing it throughout the armor.
This is just the beginning of everything that Klim offers. From one of the most impressive warranties in the industry to smart designs that effectively manage body heat, you simply won't find a better set of gear. Klim has a solid reputation for well-built adventure motorcycle gear with reliable construction. Major features that appeal to dual sport or adventure riders include truly effective venting, comfortable built-in armor and integrated pieces of gear.
With a complete product line that covers everything from jackets and pants to boots and goggles, Klim has something for everyone. Pick up a new set of gear from Klim to discover how incredible it is.


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I'd be quite happy with Probiz within RL circles if only to guide and advise some of the clubs through what they can and can't do tax-wise if it helps them run a better business model and avoids some of the financial meltdowns we've seen recently. I'd also be happy for them to guide RL clubs through what has to be done regarding image rights for example.
Edited by shaun mc, 18 November 2012 - 07:16 PM.


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MONTGOMER COUNTY, Md. (WUSA9) -- The snow on Monday morning resulted in downed wires and vehicle accidents.
Montgomery County Police say wires fell on a bus on Goshen Road at Centerway Road shortly before 6:30 a.m. The driver was the only occupant of the bus at the time. There is no word on his condition.
Authorities say that a vehicle slid off the George Washington Parkway at Turkey Run. A tree is also down in the area, blocking southbound lanes at George Washington Parkway at Turkey Run, according to U.S. Park Police.
Prince George's County fire officials reported a car accident with entrapment and serious injuries in the 10800 block of Lanham Severn Road in Glenn Dale. Fire officials say four people were transported from the scene, two of those people died.
Maryland transportation officials say that Montgomery, Charles, Frederick and Anne Arundel counties are now in a Snow Emergency. Learn about Snow Emergency Plans here: http://ow.ly/jnzlz
The National Weather Service says the storm is coming from the Midwest. The storm left 6 to 10 inches of snow in central Indiana.


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FORT WAYNE, Ind. (www.incnow.tv) – The intersection of Fairfield and French Avenues will be closed for construction beginning Monday morning.
As you head into work Monday, keep in mind that the intersection of Fairfield and French Avenues will be closed due to construction.
Crews will be installing sewers through and around the intersection. The closure will last for at least 30 days.
To avoid the construction, you can take Creighton Ave., Calhoun St., and Rudisill Blvd. as detours.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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Does an impersonal desk space spell lack of commitment?
To embellish or not to embellish? If you sit at a desk all day chances are you might not have given much thought to decorating it, but Bayt.com's Suhail Masri says it is an important question to ponder.March 7, 2013 6:17


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Product Details
- Brand: Mudlark
- Contents: fragrant luminaire 4 oz., euro-wrapped soap 5.75 oz., premium lotion 8 oz.
- Size: 9 in. x 2 7/8 in. x 2 in.
- Packaging: Gift packaged
- Recipient: For Her
- WARNING: Never leave a burning candle unattended. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Never burn on or near anything that can catch fire. Trim wick 1/4" each time before lighting candle. Do not allow wick trimmings to accumulate in wax pool. Keep out of draft.


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Winter in Wartime
|Release Date: March 18, 2011
|Running Time: 103 mins.
|MPAA Rating: R
|Box Office: $542,860.00
|Genre: Adaptation, Adventure, Drama, Foreign, Period
Martijn Lakemeier
Yorick Van Wageningen
Jamie Campbell Bower
Raymond Thiry
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:Nazi-occupied Holland, 1945. In a snow-covered village, thirteen-year-old Michiel is drawn into the Resistance when he aids a wounded British paratrooper. Michiel's boyish sense of defiance and adventure soon turns to danger and desperation, as Michiel is forced to act without knowing whom to trust among the adults and townspeople around him. Wartime's harsh reality encroaches on childhood innocence as Michiel confronts good and evil, courage and duplicity, and his own burden of responsibility.


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41 U.S. Code § 2312 - Contingency Contracting Corps
prev | next
(a) Definition.— In this section, the term "Corps" means the Contingency Contracting Corps established in subsection (b).
(b) Establishment.— The Administrator of General Services, pursuant to policies established by the Office of Management and Budget, and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall establish a Government-wide Contingency Contracting Corps.
(c) Function.— The members of the Corps shall be available for deployment in responding to an emergency or major disaster, or a contingency operation, both within or outside the continental United States.
(d) Applicability.— The authorities provided in this section apply with respect to any procurement of property or services by or for an executive agency that, as determined by the head of the executive agency, are to be used—
(e) Membership.— Membership in the Corps shall be voluntary and open to all Federal employees and members of the Armed Forces who are members of the Federal acquisition workforce.
(f) Education and Training.— The Administrator of General Services may, in consultation with the Director of the Federal Acquisition Institute and the Chief Acquisition Officers Council, establish educational and training requirements for members of the Corps. Education and training carried out pursuant to the requirements shall be paid for from funds available in the acquisition workforce training fund established pursuant to section 1703 (i) of this title.
(g) Salary.— The salary for a member of the Corps shall be paid—
(1) in the case of a member of the Armed Forces, out of funds available to the Armed Force concerned; and
(h) Authority to Deploy the Corps.—
(1) Director of the Office of Management and Budget.— The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall have the authority, upon request by an executive agency, to determine when members of the Corps shall be deployed, with the concurrence of the head of the agency or agencies employing the members to be deployed.
(i) Annual Report.—
(1) In general.— The Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives an annual report on the status of the Corps as of September 30 of each fiscal year.
Source(Pub. L. 111–350, § 3,Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3739.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|2312 (except subsection (a))
|Pub. L. 93–400, § 44, as added Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title VIII, § 870(a), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4554.
|no source.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Summer Class Registration Now Open for Vol State at Highland Crest
Submitted on April 23, 2013 at 1:50 PM
Summer classes start soon at Volunteer State Community College at the Highland Crest campus in Springfield and registration is open now. There are 24 summer classes being offered in many subject areas and they come in a couple of different time frames. Some classes run for the entire summer from June 3 to August 10. Other classes run for the first five weeks, from June 3 to July 6. There is also a second five-week version from July 8 to August 10. The five-week courses are intensive and best designed for students who can devote the required time and energy. Summer classes are offered online and in hybrid formats, which combine online work with traditional classroom meetings. It's all designed to increase flexibility for the summer student, allowing them to fit college in with work, family and fun. General education classes this summer include Essentials of Biology, Human Anatomy and Physiology, English Composition, Beginning Spanish, Introduction to Philosophy and Math for Liberal Arts. Several levels of Learning Support Writing and Math are also scheduled. Visit www.volstate.edu/schedule for a complete list of classes by subject area.
New students will need to apply to the college before they can register for classes. That can be done online at www.volstate.edu or in person at the Highland Crest campus. The campus is located at 150 Laureate Avenue, just south of NorthCrest Medical Center, off of Highway 431 and Billy Batson Parkway. For more information about the campus, including a map, visit www.volstate.edu/highlandcrest. Highland Crest can be reached at 615-433-7030.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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We found a TicketWeb account that might belong to you.
Log in to link your TicketWeb account with Facebook
Sunday, Jul 08, 2012 3:00 PM CDT
Angel Island Theatre, Chicago, IL
Electra by Euripides – a new adaptation by Sonja Moser
Directed by Sonja Moser
Featuring an ensemble cast
In association with Illinois State University School of Theatre
Electra and her brother Orestes seek to avenge the death of their father at the hands of their mother and her lover. Set in John Deere country, this inventive meta-theatrical adaptation of the famous Euripides tragedy is filled with live rock music, humor, teen angst, and sweet, sweet muddy revenge. Don't be afraid to get dirty.


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Kohler K-1229-LA-NY
Dune Mariposa Collection 66" Three Wall Alcove Soaking Bath Tub with Left Hand Drain
Item # BCI1741348 | Model # K-1229-LA-NY | Mariposa Collection
Questions about Kohler K-1229-LA-NY?
Contact us for advice or more details. Our product specialists are here to help.
This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
Tub Waste Required
Pillow recommended
Tub Features:
- Kohler bathtubs are fully covered under warranty for up to a year after installation
- Tub is constructed from an Acrylic material making it strong and flex resistant
- The body contoured design of the Mariposa Collection provides enhanced comfort
- Installs in a Three-wall Alcove configuration
- A textured slip-resistant bottom takes the worry out of slipping and sliding as you move about the tub
- Product Meets or Exceeds the Following Codes and Standards: ANSI, IAPMO/UPC, CSA
- Pair this bath with other products from the Mariposa Collection for a coordinated elegant look in the bathroom
Product Technologies and Benefits:
- Material - Acrylic - A strong, flex resistant material with a smooth finish that resists chipping and cracking, as well as being easy to clean.
Tub Specifications:
- Overall Height: 20" (measured from the top of tub rim to the bottom of basin)
- Overall Width: 35-7/8" (measured from back most to front most point on outer rim)
- Overall Length: 66" (measured from left most to right most point on outer rim)
- Basin Width (Bottom): 24" (back to front measurement of the bottom of basin walls)
- Basin Length (Bottom): 48" (right to left measurement of the bottom of basin walls)
- Basin Width (Top): 30" (back to front measurement of the top of basin walls)
- Basin Length (Top): 59" (right to left measurement of the top of the basin walls)
- Water Depth: 14" (depth of water at tub's maximum capacity)
- Maximum Water Capacity: 67-gallons
- Drain Location: Left
Variations On This Tub:
- K-1229-LA: This model
- K-1229: Drop-in version of this model with reversible drain
- K-1229-RA: This model with right-hand drain
Gracious living is characterized by qualities of charm, good taste, generosity of spirit and the enhancement of nature. It is Kohler's mission that you can improve your sense of gracious living with every experience you have with a Kohler product or service.
With everything that Kohler does it lives on the leading edge of design and technology, while maintaining a constant level of quality regardless of price. Kohler sets the standard of excellence in its field, and yet is constantly striving to improve.
From sustainable products in the kitchen and bath, to engines for lawn tractors and generators, to power systems that protect data centers and urban landscapes all over the world; this is what the Kohler Company is all about.
Additional Kohler Links
This Kohler item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Kohler K-1229-LA-47
- Kohler K-1229-LA-96
- Kohler K-1229-LA-NY
- Kohler K-1229-LA-95*
Ice Grey
- Kohler K-1229-LA-55*
Innocent Blush
- Kohler K-1229-LA-G9
- Kohler K-1229-LA-71*
Seafoam Green
- Kohler K-1229-LA-6*
- Kohler K-1229-LA-Y2*
- Kohler K-1229-LA-0
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the Kohler K-1229-LA and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Kohler products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!


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Run! is a fast action track that features heavy tribal percussion and massive orchestral hits. This piece is perfect for an outdoor chase scene.
Browse through similar tracks in my Action Collection.
Genre Collections
Seasonal Collections
Can't find the right music for your project? Browse Steven's full portfolio or contact him directly for freelance work.


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WASHINGTON (WUSA9) -- D.C. police have arrested a man for allegedly sexually assaulting a woman last year after she hired a cab service.
Police say 35-year-old Anouar Habib Trabelsi of Alexandria, Va. is charged with first degree sexual abuse for the December 8, 2012 attack. According to police, at approximately 3 a.m, that day a woman was sexually assaulted while in the 3200 block of 36th Street, NW.
Thursday, Trabelsi was arrested by members of the Capital Area Regional Fugitive Task Force, say police.


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Your daily horoscope, Aquarius. Daily horoscope for Aquarius, free for today Saturday, April 30, 2016. Aquarius horoscope daily covering love, money, business and career. Free daily Aquarius horoscope from Horoscope Astrology Tarot.
Horoscope Free for 30 April 2016
Make decisions at the right time. Be more in control of your relationships and your emotions. See how you benefit from a Forecaster report, find out what's coming up in the days ahead. With prior notice of important opportunities you are able to identify the right time to handle a change of relationship, job or home, see through deceptions and learn you can to say no. View Forecaster Sample
Your Aquarius day to day horoscope Forecaster for 2016 gives you the precise dates to: Take advantage of important opportunities. Avoid over-confidence when caution is required. Face up to situations you have been trying to ignore. Deal with challenging periods. Slow down and take stock when necessary. Identify the right time to make a choice or decision.
Try a free week sample on us, or order your full Aquarius 2016 horoscope forecast with the form below:
Horoscope Free for 01 May 2016
The Aquarius love horoscope daily is available for today and tomorrow.
Your work life, daily career insights and job aspects are highlighted in the Aquarius daily business horoscope.
Aquarius daily money horoscopes focus on financial aspects, income and cash flow each day throughout 2016.
We hope you've enjoyed your free daily horoscopes, Aquarius! Don't miss your horoscope weekly Aquarius. Also, your monthly horoscope Aquarius complement the daily Aquarius predictions with a broader forecast. You'll find extended free Aquarius love horoscopes, money, career/work and business forecasts along with your general Aquarius life horoscope daily, weekly, monthly and yearly for the whole of 2016 in our 2016 Aquarius Horoscope predictions.
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Your birth chart is an invaluable astrology tool for understand yourself through the zodiac. We offer a free birth chart and personal astrology reading as well as premium astrology charts and reports.
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How Sexy Are You? - An honest look at your sexuality, what it is you find most exciting and important about making love and what you need from a sexual partner. Arouse your partner to the max!
::Sexual Astrology Reading


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The shooting happened at 1:20 Saturday morning on the 3000 block of McDonald Street.
When Fort Wayne Police arrived, they found an adult male suffering from a gunshot wound. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The victim's identity has not yet been released. FWPD are investigating the incident, but they have no suspect information at this time.
Anyone with information about the incident is asked to contact FWPD or Crime Stoppers.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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Log in
With our current economy, it seems to me that more people may be looking to stay close to home this summer when it's time for vacation. Fortunately for us, living in Michigan, there are a countless number of places to go depending on what your mood or interest might be. The Local History Room has several books which can help you pinpoint your destination. Make sure you look at:
You never know what unique and unusual place you might find…remember Mystery Spot? It's still there.
Posted by Lynn Houghton at 03/02/2009 06:35:07 PM |


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The Vampire Diaries
When Does The Vampire Diaries Season 4 Come Back From Hiatus in 2013? (UPDATE)
Fiending for more Vampire Diaries already? We feel ya! While The CW has not released an official Vampire Diaries January return date yet, we can make some educated guesses on when you'll get to see more of the sexy Salvatore brothers. (In the meantime, maybe you should cast your vote on which one you think is hotter...)
TVD typically makes its midseason return in January — if you remember, last year the show came back on January 5, 2012. We also know that The CW likes to do its January premieres in one big chunk, and we know at least one January premiere date: The Carrie Diaries is premiering on January 14, 2013. With all of this info, our best guess is that The Vampire Diaries will return in mid-January with its tenth episode. Don't worry — we'll update you as we get more information!
Update: Zap2It's Carina MacKenzie tweets that TVD will return January 17.
Here are some fun things to do during the TVD hiatus:
- Want Vampire Diaries Season 4 spoilers? We've got loads here!
- Look at pretty pictures of Ian and Nina here.
- Find out what Ian Somerhalder's up to here.
Need your daily Vampire Diaries fix? Like us on our Facebook page or follow us on Twitter!


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Check out our guidelines and learn how to create your own!
Difference between revisions of "Bharatpur"
Revision as of 19:52, 9 February 2011
Bharatpur is a city in Rajasthan state in India best known for the Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary, an important way station for many types of migratory birds including the rare Siberian Crane. This is a city with great history ruled by jats and has a distinct place in jat history.
Get in
By plane
By Bus
To Agra Local bus. Approx Rs40, 1 1/2 hours ride
To Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh Rs 12, 1 hr
Jaipur Rs 90, 5 hr
Deeg Rs 15, 1 hr
Alwar Rs 45, 4 hr
Bus's depart at bus station and also beside Tourist reception center.
The Janata express (no 9023/4) leaves new delhi at 1:45PM and arives in Bharatpur at 8:05PM, arriving in the capital at 12.50PM (2nd class sleeper Rs 68/121). There are six trains daily to Sawai Madhopur (2nd class Rs 78, 4 hr) and then at Kota after (2nd class/sleeper Rs43/121, 6 hr).
By Road
Get around
Cycle rickshaws or Auto rickshaws are availible from the bus station and the tourist office. To hotels it is roughly Rs 25 and from the train station it should be Rs 30.
Get out


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The career of Scott Haebich '78 has taken many twists and turns, including his most recent endeavor in co-owning and operating a glassblowing studio. For the past two years, Haebich has been working in a studio near Grand Rapids, MI, where he shapes his signature flowers, jewel-tone pumpkins and free-form bowls.
Home ›


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Bunny Glowing Bisque Lamp
No longer available
This cute little bunny has the warm look of handmade pottery, and is at home in any color scheme.
7.5" wide x 4.75" deep x 7" high
Crafted of white ceramic.
On/off switch.
Features a clear cord; polarized plug.
Title 20 compliant lamps will be shipped to CA addresses. Learn more to understand product differences.


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Professional coaches with a proven track record and pathway to success.
Find the perfect at a location below:
Graeme Brimblecombe
Heath Denman
Bruce Dick
Marc Svenson
About Us
LifeTime Tennis is one of Australia's leading tennis companies. Our coaches are regarded as the best in the country and our programs have changed the way that tennis is played.
We conduct programs at a number of locations across Brisbane. Our programs are based on the concept that people come to play tennis – not learn about it. NO STANDING IN LINES!
LifeTime Locations
Ambiwerra, Corinda
Spring Hill Tennis Centre
Nudgee College, Boondall
Feel free to contact us for anything and everything TENNIS!
Lessons are to be paid for in advance or on fortnightly direct debit.
Credits and Make Ups are available for Wet Weather, Public Holidays and Long Term Injury/Illness.
We have an online booking system which takes payment, books the court and issues a gate code for access.
Not all of our courts are staffed but toilets, lights and court access is available through the booking system.
One court per member at anyone time.
With our membership players can book one court at a time for no more than 3 hours at a time.
1. 01/02/16 – 19/03/16
2. 21/03/16 – 28/05/16
3. 30/05/16 – 06/08/16
4. 08/08/16 – 15/10/16
5. 17/10/16 – 10/12/16
Weekly lessons are not held over holiday weeks.
Holiday weeks are not billed.
2016 Holiday Weeks
1. 27/03/16 – 10/04/16
2. 26/06/16 – 10/07/16
3. 18/09/16 – 03/10/16


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Meet Spring 2013 graduates, who are so thankful to our donors for scholarship support
Master of Divinity
Master of Arts in Theology
Master of Arts in Liturgical Studies
Master of Arts in Pastoral Ministry
Master of Theology
Support our students, faculty, and staff as they change the world.
Thank you for your support! We are especially grateful for the generosity of those who are part of the School of Theology·Seminary Fellows Society, a community of devoted contributors who give at least $1,000 per year to the School of Theology·Seminary annual fund. For more information or to become a member, contact Grace Ellens, Director of Development, at 320-363-2551.


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100 year old Ruth's Life and Style Tips
1."I never go to bed with my makeup on. that is number one.At night you must let your skin breathe."
2."I use a lipstick brush to paint on my lipstick--It stays on longer that way. I can also use a lipstick longer than anyone else because I can dig into it."
3."Every night before I got to bed I use Elizabeth Arden's 8 hour beauty cream on my lips. You must keep your lips moisturized."
4."When it comes to fashion you must be aware of your skin tone. You don't wear orange lipstick with a red dress."
8."I dress up everyday and I don't wear blue jeans. I dress up even to mail a letter, you never know who you will meet along the way."
9.I have been active my whole life. An old Elizabeth Arden Ad said,"If you want to look like this when you are 40 start when you are 20."
10.I wake up every morning and say, "This is the day the lord has made."