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For the most current version of this Note, see Background Notes A-Z.
Area: 2 million sq. km. (736,000 sq. mi.), about three times the size of Texas; maritime area: 7,900,000 sq. km.
Cities: Capital--Jakarta (est. 8.8 million). Other cities--Surabaya 3.0 million, Medan 2.5 million, Bandung 2.5 million.
Terrain: More than 17,500 islands; 6,000 are inhabited; 1,000 of which are permanently settled. Large islands consist of coastal plains with mountainous interiors.
Climate: Equatorial but cooler in the highlands.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Indonesian(s).
Population (July 2009 est.): 240.3 million.
Annual population growth rate (2009 est.): 1.136%.
Ethnic groups (2000 census): Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, others 38.4%.
Religions (2000 census): Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, others 3.4%.
Languages: Indonesian (official), local languages, the most prevalent of which is Javanese.
Education: Years compulsory--9. Enrollment--94% of eligible primary school-age children. Literacy--90.4% (2007).
Health: Infant mortality rate (2009 est.)--29.97/1,000. Life expectancy at birth (2009 est.)--70.76 years.
Work force: 111.5 million (2008). Agriculture--42%, industry--12%, services--44%.
Type: Independent republic.
Independence: August 17, 1945 proclaimed.
Constitution: 1945. Embodies five principles of the state philosophy, called Pancasila, namely monotheism, humanitarianism, national unity, representative democracy by consensus, and social justice.
Branches: Executive--president (head of government and chief of state) elected by direct popular vote. Legislative--The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), which includes the 560-member House of Representatives (DPR) and the 132-member Council of Regional Representatives (DPD), both elected to five-year terms. Judicial--Supreme Court is the final court of appeal. Constitutional Court has power of judicial review
Suffrage: 17 years of age universal, and married persons regardless of age.
GDP (2007): $433 billion; (2008 est.): $511 billion.
Annual growth rate (2007): 6.3%; (2008): 6.1%; (2009 est.): 3.5%.
Inflation (2007): 6.6%; (2008): 11.1%; (2009 end-February): 8.6%.
Per capita income (2008 est., PPP): $3,900.
Natural resources (11.0% of GDP): Oil and gas, bauxite, silver, tin, copper, gold, coal.
Agriculture (14.4% of GDP): Products--timber, rubber, rice, palm oil, coffee. Land--17% cultivated.
Manufacturing (27.9% of GDP): Garments, footwear, electronic goods, furniture, paper products.
Trade: Exports (2008)--$136.8 billion including oil, natural gas, crude palm oil, coal, appliances, textiles, and rubber. Major export partners--Japan, U.S., Singapore, China, Malaysia, and Republic of Korea. Imports (2008)--$128.8 billion including oil and fuel, food, chemicals, capital goods, consumer goods, iron and steel. Major import partners--Singapore, China, Japan.
Indonesia's approximately 240.3 million people make it the world's fourth-most populous nation. The island of Java, roughly the size of New York State, is the most populous island in the world (124 million, 2005 est.) and one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Indonesia includes numerous related but distinct cultural and linguistic groups, many of which are ethnically Malay. Since independence, Bahasa Indonesia (the national language, a form of Malay) has spread throughout the archipelago and has become the language of most written communication, education, government, business, and media. Local languages are still important in many areas, however. English is the most widely spoken foreign language. Education is compulsory for children through grade 9. In primary school, 94% of eligible children are enrolled whereas 57% of eligible children are enrolled in secondary school.
Constitutional guarantees of religious freedom apply to the six religions recognized by the state, namely Islam (86.1%), Protestantism (5.7%), Catholicism (3%), Hinduism (1.8%), Buddhism (about 1%), and Confucianism (less than 1%). On the resort island of Bali, over 90% of the population practices Hinduism. In some remote areas, animism is still practiced.
By the time of the Renaissance, the islands of Java and Sumatra had already enjoyed a 1,000-year heritage of advanced civilization spanning two major empires. During the 7th-14th centuries, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourished on Sumatra. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reached as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. Also by the 14th century, the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gadjah Mada, the empire's chief minister from 1331 to 1364, succeeded in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well. Legacies from Gadjah Mada's time include a codification of law and an epic poem. Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Bali, however, remains overwhelmingly Hindu. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic proselytizing took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands.
Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of Indonesia, exploiting the weakness of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit. The only exception was East Timor, which remained under Portugal's control until 1975. During 300 years of rule, the Dutch developed the Netherlands East Indies into one of the world's richest colonial possessions.
During the first decade of the 20th century, an Indonesian independence movement began and expanded rapidly, particularly between the two World Wars. Its leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. Many, including Indonesia's first president, Soekarno (1945-67), were imprisoned for political activities.
The Japanese occupied Indonesia for three years during World War II (1942-1945). On August 17, 1945, three days after the Japanese surrender to the Allies, a small group of Indonesians, led by Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta, proclaimed independence and established the Republic of Indonesia. They set up a provisional government and adopted a constitution to govern the republic until elections could be held and a new constitution written. Dutch efforts to reestablish complete control met strong resistance. After four years of warfare and negotiations, the Dutch transferred sovereignty to a federal Indonesian Government. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of the United Nations.
Shortly after hostilities with the Dutch ended in 1949, Indonesia adopted a new constitution, providing for a parliamentary system of government in which the executive was chosen by and accountable to parliament. Parliament was divided among many political parties before and after the country's first nationwide election in 1955, and stable governmental coalitions were difficult to achieve. The role of Islam in Indonesia became a divisive issue. Soekarno defended a secular state based on Pancasila, five principles of the state philosophy--monotheism, humanitarianism, national unity, representative democracy by consensus, and social justice--codified in the 1945 constitution, while some Muslim groups preferred either an Islamic state or a constitution that included a preambular provision requiring adherents of Islam to be subject to Islamic law. At the time of independence, the Dutch retained control over the western half of New Guinea (known as Irian Jaya in the Soekarno and Suharto eras and as Papua since 2000) and permitted steps toward self-government and independence.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of Irian Jaya into Indonesia failed, and armed clashes broke out between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961. In August 1962, the two sides reached an agreement, and Indonesia assumed administrative responsibility for Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963. The Indonesian Government conducted an "Act of Free Choice" in Irian Jaya under UN supervision in 1969 in which 1,025 Papuan representatives of local councils agreed by consensus to remain a part of Indonesia. A subsequent UN General Assembly resolution confirmed the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia. Opposition to Indonesian administration of Papua gave rise to small-scale guerrilla activity in the years following Jakarta's assumption of control. In the more open atmosphere since 1998, there have been more explicit expressions within Papua calling for independence from Indonesia.
Unsuccessful rebellions on Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java, and other islands beginning in 1958, plus a failure by the constituent assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system. Consequently, in 1959, when President Soekarno unilaterally revived the provisional 1945 constitution that provided for broad presidential powers, he met little resistance. From 1959 to 1965, President Soekarno imposed an authoritarian regime under the label of "Guided Democracy." He also moved Indonesia's foreign policy toward nonalignment, a foreign policy stance supported by other prominent leaders of former colonies who rejected formal alliances with either the West or Soviet bloc. Under Soekarno's auspices, these leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java, in 1955 to lay the groundwork for what became known as the Non-Aligned Movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, President Soekarno moved closer to Asian communist states and toward the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in domestic affairs. Though the PKI represented the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support base never demonstrated an ideological adherence typical of communist parties in other countries.
By 1965, the PKI controlled many of the mass civic and cultural organizations that Soekarno had established to mobilize support for his regime and, with Soekarno's acquiescence, embarked on a campaign to establish a "Fifth Column" by arming its supporters. Army leaders resisted this campaign. Under circumstances that have never been fully explained, on October 1, 1965, PKI sympathizers within the military, including elements from Soekarno's palace guard, occupied key locations in Jakarta and kidnapped and murdered six senior generals. Major General Suharto, the commander of the Army Strategic Reserve, rallied army troops opposed to the PKI to reestablish control over the city. Violence swept throughout Indonesia in the aftermath of the October 1 events, and unsettled conditions persisted through 1966. Right-wing gangs killed tens of thousands of alleged communists in rural areas. Estimates of the number of deaths range between 160,000 and 500,000. The violence was especially brutal in Java and Bali. During this period, PKI members by the tens of thousands turned in their membership cards. The emotions and fears of instability created by this crisis persisted for many years as the communist party remains banned from Indonesia.
Throughout the 1965-66 period, President Soekarno vainly attempted to restore his political stature and shift the country back to its pre-October 1965 position. Although he remained President, in March 1966, Soekarno transferred key political and military powers to General Suharto, who by that time had become head of the armed forces. In March 1967, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) named General Suharto acting President. Soekarno ceased to be a political force and lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970.
President Suharto proclaimed a "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically shifted foreign and domestic policies away from the course set in Soekarno's final years. The New Order established economic rehabilitation and development as its primary goals and pursued its policies through an administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western-educated economic experts. In 1968, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) formally selected Suharto to a full five-year term as President, and he was reelected to successive five-year terms in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. In mid-1997, Indonesia suffered from the Asian financial and economic crisis, accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and falling prices for oil, gas, and other commodity exports. As the exchange rate changed from a fixed to a managed float to fully floating, the rupiah (IDR or Rp) depreciated in value, inflation increased significantly, and capital flight accelerated. Demonstrators, initially led by students, called for Suharto's resignation. Amid widespread civil unrest, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the MPR had selected him for a seventh term. Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B.J. Habibie, became Indonesia's third President. President Habibie reestablished International Monetary Fund (IMF) and donor community support for an economic stabilization program. He released several prominent political and labor prisoners, initiated investigations into the unrest, and lifted controls on the press, political parties, and labor unions.
In January 1999, Habibie and the Indonesian Government agreed to a process, with UN involvement, under which the people of East Timor would be allowed to choose between autonomy and independence through a direct ballot held on August 30, 1999. Some 98% of registered voters cast their ballots, and 78.5% of the voters chose independence over continued integration with Indonesia. Many people were killed by Indonesian military forces and military-backed militias in a wave of violence and destruction after the announcement of the pro-independence vote.
Indonesia's first elections in the post-Suharto period were held for the national, provincial, and sub-provincial parliaments on June 7, 1999. Forty-eight political parties participated in the elections. For the national parliament, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P, Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, led by Megawati Sukarnoputri) won 34% of the vote; Golkar ("Functional Groups" party) 22%; Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB, National Awakening Party, linked to the conservative Islamic organization Nadhlatul Ulama headed by former President Abdurrahman Wahid) 13%; and Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP, United Development Party, led by Hamzah Haz) 11%. The MPR selected Abdurrahman Wahid as Indonesia's fourth President in November 1999 and replaced him with Megawati Sukarnoputri in July 2001.
The constitution, as amended in the post-Suharto era, provides for the direct election by popular vote of the president and vice president. Under the 2004 amendment, only parties or coalitions of parties that gained at least 3% of the House of Representatives (DPR) seats or 5% of the vote in national legislative elections were eligible to nominate a presidential and vice presidential ticket.
The 2004 legislative elections took place on April 5 and were considered to be generally free and fair. Twenty-four parties took part in the elections. Big parties lost ground, while small parties gained larger shares of the vote. However, the two Suharto-era nationalist parties, PDI-P and Golkar, remained in the lead. PDI-P (opposition party during the Suharto era) lost its plurality in the House of Representatives, dropping from 33% to 18.5% of the total vote (and from 33% to 20% of the seats). The Golkar Party (Suharto's political party) declined slightly from 1999 levels, going from 22% to 21% of the national vote (from 26% to 23% of DPR seats). The third- and fourth-largest parties (by vote share) were two Islamic-oriented parties, the United Development Party (PPP) (8% of the votes, 10.5% of the seats) and National Awakening Party (PKB) (10.5% of the vote, 9.45% of the seats). Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's nationalist Democratic Party (PD) won 7.45% of the national vote and 10% of the DPR seats, making it the fourth-largest party in the DPR. Seven of the 24 parties won no DPR seats; six won 1-2 seats, and the other six won between 2%-6% of the national vote (between 5-52 DPR seats).
The first direct presidential election was held on July 5, 2004, contested by five tickets. As no candidate won at least 50% of the vote, a runoff election was held on September 20, 2004, between the top two candidates, President Megawati Sukarnoputri and retired General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. In this final round, Yudhoyono won 60.6% of the vote. Approximately 76.6% of the eligible voters participated, a total of roughly 117 million people, making Indonesia's presidential election the largest single-day election in the world. The Carter Center, which sent a delegation of election observers, issued a statement congratulating "the people and leaders of Indonesia for the successful conduct of the presidential election and the peaceful atmosphere that has prevailed throughout the ongoing democratic transition."
In 2009, national legislative elections were held on April 9 and presidential elections were held in July. They were peaceful and considered free and fair. New electoral rules required that a party win 2.5% of the national vote in order to enter parliament. A total of thirty-eight national and six local (Aceh only) parties contested the 2009 legislative elections. At least 171 million voters registered to vote in these elections. Voter turnout was estimated to be 71% of the electorate. Nine parties won parliamentary seats in the House of Representatives (DPR). The top three winners were secular nationalist parties: President Yudhoyono's Partai Demokrat, with 20.85% of the vote; Vice President Jusuf Kalla's Golkar Party, 14.45%; and former president Megawati's opposition PDI-P party, with 14.03%. The next four largest parties were all Islamic-oriented parties: PKS, PAN (6%), PPP (5.3%), and PKB (4.9%). Only PKS maintained its 2004 vote share (7.88%); the other three declined significantly in popularity. The smallest two parties in Parliament, Gerindra and Hanura, with 4.46 and 3.77% of the vote respectively, are run by retired Suharto-era army generals Prabowo Subianto and Wiranto (one name only). The 2009 DPR members took their seats October 1.
Also in 2009, the threshold was revised so that only parties or coalitions of parties that gained at least 20% of the House of Representatives (DPR) seats or 25% of the vote in the 2009 national legislative elections would be eligible to nominate a presidential and vice presidential ticket. Partai Demokrat, Golkar, and PDI-P parties, the top winners in the legislative elections, nominated presidential candidates. To win in one round, a presidential candidate was required to receive more than 50% of the vote and more than 20% of the vote in 17 of Indonesia's 33 provinces. If no candidate did so, the top two candidates would have competed in a second round in September 2009.
Three tickets competed in the presidential elections. Incumbent President Yudhoyono and his running mate, non-partisan former Central Bank Chair and Economics Minister Boediono, won the election with such a significant plurality--60.6%--that it obviated the need for a second round of elections. Main challenger and former president and opposition leader Megawati Sukarnoputri and running mate Prabowo Subianto trailed with 28%. Meanwhile, Vice President Jusuf Kalla and running mate Wiranto came in last at 12.7%. Indonesia's Consultative Assembly (MPR) inaugurated President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono for his second term as president on October 20, 2009.
Natural disasters have devastated many parts of Indonesia over the past few years. On December 26, 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake took place in the Indian Ocean, and the resulting tsunami killed over 130,000 people in Aceh and left more than 500,000 homeless. On March 26, 2005, an 8.7 magnitude earthquake struck between Aceh and northern Sumatra, killing 905 people and displacing tens of thousands. After much media attention on the seismic activity on Mt. Merapi in April and May 2006, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake occurred 30 miles to the southwest. It killed more than 5,000 people and left an estimated 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region. An earthquake of 7.4 struck Tasikmalaya, West Java, on September 2, 2009, killing approximately 100 people. On September 30, 2009, a 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck Western Sumatra. There have been no official statistics released on deaths and injuries; however, press reports indicated more than 1,100 fatalities.
Indonesia is a republic based on the 1945 constitution providing for a separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. Substantial restructuring has occurred since President Suharto's resignation in 1998 and the short, transitional Habibie administration in 1998 and 1999. The Habibie government established political reform legislation that formally set up new rules for the electoral system, the House of Representatives (DPR), the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and political parties without changing the 1945 Indonesian constitution. After these reforms, the constitution now limits the president to two terms in office.
Indonesia adopted a bicameral legislative system following the establishment of the DPD (Regional Representatives Council), which was first elected in 2004. The DPD is composed of four representatives from each of Indonesia's 33 provinces. Although it can make proposals and submit opinions on legislative matters concerning the regions, it does not have the power to create legislation. The MPR consists of both the DPD and the DPR. The MPR has the power to inaugurate and to impeach the president (upon the recommendation of the DPR). The current Speaker of the MPR is Taufik Kiemas (from the opposition PDI-P Party) and the Speaker of the DPR is Marzuki Alie (from the ruling Democrat Party). These speakers and four deputy speakers for the DPR and MPR took up their positions on October 5, 2009. The largest party in the DPR, now President Yudhoyono's Partai Demokrat, filled the influential DPR speaker position.
The president, elected for a 5-year term, is the top government and political figure. The president and the vice president were elected by popular vote for the first time on September 20, 2004. Previously, the MPR selected Indonesia's president. In 1999, the MPR selected Abdurrahman Wahid, also known as Gus Dur, as the fourth President. The MPR removed Gus Dur in July 2001, immediately appointing then-Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri as the fifth President. Megawati brought a certain amount of stability to Indonesia, yet there were concerns over progress on combating corruption and encouraging economic growth. In 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected to succeed Megawati. He was re-elected in 2009.
The president, assisted by an appointed cabinet, has the authority to conduct the administration of the government.
President Yudhoyono's Partai Demokrat (PD) holds 145 of the 560 seats in the House of Representatives (DPR), making it the largest political party represented in the legislature as of September 2009. Partai Demokrat has a coalition with the four largest Islamic parties. The coalition holds a majority of the seats in the DPR. The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) has 692 members, including 560 members of the DPR and the 132 representatives of the Council of Regional Representatives (DPD). Since 2004, citizens have elected legislators for the DPR and DPD, but their vote was based on a party list system. This ensured that the party elite, placed at the top of the party candidate lists, were voted into office. In 2009, a "majority vote wins" system allowed voters for the first time to directly put the candidate who won a plurality of votes into office.
Prior to 2004, some legislative seats had been reserved for representatives of the armed forces. The military has been a significant political force throughout Indonesian history, though it had ceded its formal political role by 2004. The armed forces shaped the political environment and provided leadership for Suharto's New Order from the time it came to power in the wake of the abortive 1965 uprising. Military officers, especially from the army, were key advisers to Suharto and Habibie and had considerable influence on policy. Under the dual function concept ("dwifungsi"), the military asserted a continuing role in socio-political affairs. This concept was used to justify placement of officers in the civilian bureaucracy at all government levels and in regional and national legislatures. Although the military retains influence and is one of the only truly national institutions, the wide-ranging democratic reforms instituted since 1999 abolished "dwifungsi" and ended the armed forces' formal involvement in government administration. The police have been separated from the military, further reducing the military's direct role in governmental matters. Control of the military by the democratically elected government has been strengthened.
As a reaction to Suharto's centralization of power and reflecting historically independent sentiment, Hasan di Tiro established the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) in December 1976 to seek independence for Aceh. Some 15,000 died in military conflict in Aceh over the following three decades. Through peace talks led by former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, a peace agreement between GAM and the Indonesian Government that provided wide-ranging autonomy for Aceh was signed on August 15, 2005. By December 2005, GAM declared that it had disbanded the military wing of its organization, and the Indonesian Government had withdrawn the bulk of its security forces down to agreed levels. On December 11, 2006, Aceh held gubernatorial and district administrative elections, the first democratic elections in over half a century in Aceh, resulting in the election of a former separatist leader as governor. In 2009, Aceh participated in the national legislative and presidential elections and elected its own provincial legislature.
Principal Government Officials
President--Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Vice President--Boediono
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Marty Natalegawa
Ambassador to the United States--Salman Al-Farisi (Charge d'affaires)
Ambassador to the United Nations--Deputy Permanent Representative Hasan Kleib (acting)
The Embassy of Indonesia is at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 (tel. 202-775-5200-5207; fax: 202-775-5365). Consulates General are in New York (5 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, tel. 212-879-0600/0615; fax: 212-570-6206); Los Angeles (3457 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90010; tel. 213-383-5126; fax: 213-487-3971); Houston (10900 Richmond Ave., Houston, TX 77042; tel. 713-785-1691; fax: 713-780-9644). Consulates are in San Francisco (1111 Columbus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94133; tel. 415-474-9571; fax: 415-441-4320); and Chicago (2 Illinois Center, Suite 1422233 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601; tel. 312-938-0101/4; 312-938-0311/0312; fax: 312-938-3148).
Indonesia has a market-based economy in which the government plays a significant role. There are 139 state-owned enterprises, and the government administers prices on several basic goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity.
In the mid-1980s, the government began eliminating regulatory obstacles to economic activity. The steps were aimed primarily at the external and financial sectors and were designed to stimulate employment and growth in the non-oil export sector. Annual real gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged nearly 7% from 1987-97 and most analysts recognized Indonesia as a newly industrializing economy and emerging major market. The Asian financial crisis of 1997 altered the region's economic landscape. With the depreciation of the Thai currency, the foreign investment community quickly reevaluated its investments in Asia. Foreign investors dumped assets and investments in Asia, leaving Indonesia the most affected in the region. In 1998, Indonesia experienced a negative GDP growth of 13.1% and unemployment rose to 15-20%. In the aftermath of the 1997-98 financial crisis, the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets via debt restructuring, but subsequently sold most of these assets, averaging a 29% return. Indonesia has since recovered, albeit slower than some of its neighbors, by recapitalizing its banking sector, improving oversight of capital markets, and taking steps to stimulate growth and investment, particularly in infrastructure. GDP growth has steadily risen this decade, achieving real growth of 6.3% in 2007 and 6.1% growth in 2008. While the government reduced its 2009 growth forecast to 4.2%-4.7% given reduced global demand, the consensus forecast was for growth of 3.5%.
In reaction to global financial turmoil and economic slowdown in late 2008, the government moved quickly to improve liquidity, secure alternative financing to fund an expansionary budget and secure passage of a fiscal stimulus program worth more than $6 billion. Key actions to stabilize financial markets included increasing the deposit insurance guarantee twentyfold, to IDR 2 billion (about U.S. $174,000); reducing bank reserve requirements; and introducing new foreign exchange regulations requiring documentation for foreign exchange purchases exceeding U.S. $100,000/month. As a G-20 member, Indonesia has taken an active role in the G-20 coordinated response to the global economic crisis.
Economic Policy: After he took office on October 20, 2004, President Yudhoyono moved quickly to implement a "pro-growth, pro-poor, pro-employment" economic program. He appointed a respected group of economic ministers who announced a "100-Day Agenda" of short-term policy actions designed to energize the bureaucracy. President Yudhoyono also announced an ambitious anti-corruption plan in December 2004. The State Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) released in early 2005 a Medium Term Plan focusing on four broad objectives: creating a safe and peaceful Indonesia; creating a just and democratic Indonesia; creating a prosperous Indonesia; and establishing a stable macroeconomic framework for development. President Yudhoyono reshuffled his cabinet in December 2005, appointing former Finance Minister Boediono as Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs and moving Sri Mulyani Indrawati from the National Development Planning Agency to the Finance Ministry. In May 2008, President Yudhoyono appointed Boediono as Governor of Bank Indonesia, the central bank. In June 2008, President Yudhoyono appointed Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati to also serve as Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs. He re-appointed her as Finance Minister in his new cabinet in October 2009.
The Yudhoyono administration targeted average growth of 6.6% from 2004-2009 to reduce unemployment and poverty significantly. Indonesia's overall macroeconomic picture is stable. By 2004, real GDP per capita returned to pre-financial crisis levels. In 2008, domestic consumption continued to account for the largest portion of GDP, at 61%, followed by investment at 27.7%, government consumption at 8.4%, and net exports at 0.6%. By all measures, investment realization has climbed in each of the past several years.
Following a significant run-up in global energy prices in 2007/2008, the Indonesian Government raised fuel prices by an average of 29% on May 24, 2008 in an effort to reduce its fuel subsidy burden. Fuel subsidies had been projected to reach Rp 265 trillion ($29.4 billion) in 2008, or 5.9% of GDP. The fuel price hikes, along with rising food prices, led consumer price inflation to a peak of 12.1% in September 2008. To help its citizens cope with higher fuel and food prices, the Indonesian Government implemented a direct cash compensation package for low-income families through February 2009 and an extra range of benefits including an expanded subsidized rice program and additional subsidies aimed at increasing food production. Subsequent declines in oil and gas prices allowed the government to reduce the prices for subsidized diesel and gasoline. As of March 2009, gasoline was selling for market rates but was subject to a subsidized price cap in the event of an increase in prices.
Banking Sector: Indonesia currently has 124 commercial banks, of which 10 are majority foreign-owned and 28 are foreign joint venture banks. The top 15 banks control about 70% of assets in the sector. Four state-owned banks (Bank Mandiri, BNI, BRI, BTN) control about 37.4% of assets. The Indonesian central bank, Bank Indonesia (BI), announced plans in January 2005 to strengthen the banking sector by encouraging consolidation and improving prudential banking and supervision. BI hopes to encourage small banks with less than Rp 100 billion (about U.S. $11 million) in capital to either raise more capital or merge with healthier "anchor banks" before end-2010, announcing the criteria for anchor banks in July 2005. In October 2006, BI announced a single presence policy to further prompt consolidation. The policy stipulates that a single party can own a controlling interest in only one banking organization. Controlling interest is defined as 25% or more of total outstanding shares or having direct or indirect control of the institution. BI planned to adopt Basel II standards beginning in 2009 and to improve operations of its credit bureau to centralize data on borrowers. Another important banking sector reform was the decision to eliminate the blanket guarantee on bank third-party liabilities. BI and the Indonesian Government completed the process of replacing the blanket guarantee with a deposit insurance scheme run by the independent Indonesian Deposit Insurance Agency (also known by its Indonesian acronym, LPS) in March 2007. The removal of the blanket guarantee did not produce significant deposit outflows from or among Indonesian banks. Sharia banking has grown in Indonesia in recent years, but represents only 2.05% of the banking sector, about $4.1 billion in assets as of November 2008.
Exports and Trade: Indonesia's exports grew to a record $136.8 billion in 2008, an increase of 10% from 2007. The largest export commodities for 2007 were oil and gas (19.4%), minerals (18.8%), electrical appliances (13.27%), rubber products (6.8%), and textiles (3.6%). The top four destinations for exports for 2008 were Japan (12.8%), the U.S. (11.6%), Singapore (9.4%), and China (7.2%). Meanwhile, total imports rose to $128.8 billion in 2008. The U.S. trade deficit with Indonesia increased 1.9% in 2007 to $10.1 billion ($4.2 billion in exports versus $14.3 billion in imports).
Oil and Minerals Sector: Indonesia left the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 2008, as it had been a net petroleum importer since 2004. Crude and condensate output averaged 977,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2008. In 2008, the oil and gas sector is estimated to have contributed $25.3 billion of government revenues, or 31.5% of the total. U.S. companies have invested heavily in the petroleum sector. Indonesia ranked eleventh in world gas production in 2007. In early 2007, Qatar passed Indonesia as the world's number one exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Despite the declining trends, Indonesia's oil and gas trade balance remained positive at $2.3 billion for 2006 and $156 million in 2007, according to unofficial statistics.
Indonesia has a wide range of mineral deposits and production, including bauxite, silver, and tin, copper, nickel, gold, and coal. Although the coal sector was open to foreign investment in the 1990s, new investment was closed again after 2000. A new mining law, passed in December 2008, opened coal to foreign investment again. Total coal production reached 189.7 million metric tons in 2008, including exports of 140.3 million tons. Two U.S. firms operate two copper/gold mines in Indonesia, with a Canadian and a U.K. firm holding significant investments in nickel and gold, respectively. In 2007 Indonesia ranked fifth among the world's top gold concentrate producers. Since 1998, the number of new mines has declined compared with previous years. This decline does not reflect Indonesia's mineral prospects, which are high; rather, the decline reflects earlier uncertainty over mining laws and regulations, low competitiveness in the tax and royalty system, and investor concerns over divestment policies and the sanctity of contracts.
Investment: President Yudhoyono and his economic ministers have stated repeatedly their intention to improve the climate for private sector investment to raise the level of GDP growth and reduce unemployment. In addition to general corruption and legal uncertainty, businesses have cited a number of specific factors that have reduced the competitiveness of Indonesia's investment climate, including: corrupt and inefficient customs services; non-transparent and arbitrary tax administration; inflexible labor markets that have reduced Indonesia's advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing; increasing infrastructure bottlenecks; and uncompetitive investment laws and regulations. In each of the past three years, the Government of Indonesia has announced a series of economic policy packages aimed at stimulating investment and infrastructure improvements and implementing regulatory reform. A new investment law was enacted in 2007, which contains provisions to restrict the share of foreign ownership in a range of industries. The government is considering a review of Indonesia's negative list, but proposed revisions had not been enacted as of March 2009.
On September 2, 2008, the DPR passed long-awaited tax reform legislation. The legislation reduced corporate and personal income tax rates as of January 1, 2009. Corporate income tax rates fell from 30% to 28% in 2009 and will decline to 25% in 2010, with additional reductions for small and medium enterprises and publicly listed companies. The legislation raises the taxable income threshold for individuals, cuts the maximum personal income tax from 35% to 30%, and provides lower marginal personal income tax rates across four income categories. Taxes on dividends will also fall from a maximum of 20% to a maximum of 10%. Long-planned labor reforms have been delayed.
The passage of a new copyright law in July 2002 and accompanying optical disc regulations in 2004 greatly strengthened Indonesia's intellectual property rights (IPR) regime. Despite the government's significantly expanded efforts to improve enforcement, IPR piracy remains a major concern to U.S. intellectual property holders and foreign investors, particularly in the high-technology sector. In March 2006, President Yudhoyono issued a decree establishing a National Task Force for IPR Violation Prevention. The IPR Task Force was intended to formulate national policy to prevent IPR violations and determine additional resources needed for prevention, as well as to help educate the public through various activities and improve bilateral, regional, and multilateral cooperation to prevent IPR violations. It has yet to fully realize these aims. In 2007, Indonesia was removed from the U.S. Trade Representative's "Priority Watch" list and placed on the "Watch" list.
Environment: President Yudhoyono's administration has significantly increased Indonesia's global profile on environmental issues, and U.S.-Indonesia cooperation on the environment has grown substantially. Indonesia is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which include rising sea levels and erosion of coastal areas, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, species extinction, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. At the same time, Indonesia faces challenges in addressing the causes of climate change. Indonesia has the world's second-largest tropical forest and the fastest deforestation rate, making it the third-largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, behind China and the U.S. In December 2007, Indonesia hosted the 13th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and led efforts to highlight the importance of forests and deforestation in the climate debate.
In 2004, President Yudhoyono initiated a multi-agency drive against illegal logging that has significantly decreased illegal logging through stronger enforcement activities. The State Department and the U.S. Trade Representative negotiated with the Indonesian Ministries of Trade and Forestry the U.S. Government's first Memorandum of Understanding on Combating Illegal Logging and Associated Trade. Presidents George W. Bush and Yudhoyono announced the MOU during President Bush's November 2006 visit to Indonesia. Implementation of the MOU includes collaboration on sustainable forest management, improved law enforcement, and improved markets for legally harvested timber products. This effort will strengthen the enabling conditions for avoiding deforestation, specifically addressing the trade issues that are involved.
The U.S. Government contributed to the start of the Heart of Borneo conservation initiative to conserve a high-biodiversity, transboundary area that includes parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. The three countries launched the Heart of Borneo initiative in February 2007. In 2009, the Governments of Indonesia and the U.S. concluded a Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA) agreement. The agreement reduces Indonesia's debt payments to the U.S. over the next 8 years; these funds will be redirected toward tropical forest conservation in Indonesia.
Indonesia is also home to the greatest marine biodiversity on the planet. President Yudhoyono called for a Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) in August 2007. The Coral Triangle Initiative is a regional plan of action to enhance coral conservation, promote sustainable fisheries, and ensure food security in the face of climate change. In December 2007, the U.S. Government announced its support for the six CTI nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands). Since then, the United States has provided $8.4 million to this initiative. With projected funding of $32 million over five years, the U.S. is the largest bilateral donor to CTI, and President Bush endorsed the CTI proposal formally at the 2007 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit.
Indonesia hosted the first-ever World Oceans Conference in Manado, North Sulawesi, May 11-15, 2009. The World Oceans Conference was also the venue for the Coral Triangle Initiative Summit, at which leaders from the six CTI nations launched the CTI Regional Plan of Action. Top government officials and other leaders discussed the scientific interplay between ocean degradation, climate and weather patterns, and fishing stocks.
Indonesia's armed forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, or TNI) total approximately 350,000 members, including the army, navy, marines, and air force. The army is the largest branch with about 280,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget accounts for 1.8% of GDP, but is supplemented by revenue from many military businesses and foundations.
The Indonesian National Police were a branch of the armed forces for many years. The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process that was completed in July 2000. With 250,000 personnel, the police represent a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations.
Indonesia has peaceful relations with its neighbors. Without a credible external threat in the region, the military historically viewed its prime mission as assuring internal security. Military leaders have said that they wish to transform the military to a professional, external security force, providing domestic support to civilian security forces as necessary.
Throughout Indonesian history, the military maintained a prominent role in the nation's political and social affairs. A significant number of cabinet members have had military backgrounds, while active duty and retired military personnel occupied a large number of seats in the parliament. Commanders of the various territorial commands played influential roles in the affairs of their respective regions. With the inauguration of the newly-elected national parliament in October 2004, the military no longer has a formal political role, although it retains important political influence.
Since independence in 1945, Indonesia has espoused a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. Indonesian foreign policy under the "New Order" government of President Suharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterized the latter part of the Soekarno era. Following Suharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia's Presidents have preserved the broad outlines of Suharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. The traumatic separation of East Timor from Indonesia after an August 1999 East Timor referendum, and subsequent events in East and West Timor, strained Indonesia's relations with the international community.
A cornerstone of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy is its participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which it was a founding member in 1967 with Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Since then, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, and Cambodia also have joined ASEAN. While organized to promote common economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1979. The security policy aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, in which 22 countries participate, including the United States. At ASEAN's Singapore Summit in November 2007, the organization's members signed a new charter, a small step toward the agreed goal of creating an ASEAN Community to propel greater integration in the areas of political and security affairs, economics, and socio-cultural affairs. Indonesia was a strong proponent of further integration. Indonesia also was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and has taken moderate positions in its councils. As NAM Chairman in 1992-95, Indonesia led NAM positions away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation, advocating instead the broadening of North-South cooperation in the area of development. Indonesia continues to be a prominent leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Indonesia often supports NAM and Group of 77 (G-77) foreign policy views, taking positions regarding human rights contrary to the United States. In May 2005, the Yudhoyono administration, in a major effort to reinvigorate its leadership of the NAM and reset the movement's future course, hosted an Asia-Africa Summit to commemorate the founding of the NAM in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955.
A secular state, Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population and is a member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions while providing a moderating influence in the OIC. President Wahid, for example, pursued better relations with Israel; Foreign Minister Noer Hassan Wirajuda participated in the November 2007 Middle East peace conference in Annapolis.
After 1966, Indonesia welcomed and maintained close relations with the donor community, particularly the United States, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan, through the Intergovernmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) and its successor, the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which have provided substantial foreign economic assistance. Donors in recent years have expanded assistance to Indonesia, due to its rapid democratic consolidation.
Indonesia has been a strong supporter of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Largely through the efforts of President Suharto at the 1994 meeting in Bogor, Indonesia, APEC members agreed to implement free trade in the region by 2010 for industrialized economies and 2020 for developing economies.
In 2008, Indonesia finalized its Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan, a significant trade partner and Indonesia's biggest foreign investor. The agreement is Indonesia's first bilateral free trade deal and exempts Indonesia from 90% of Japanese import duties.
President Yudhoyono has sought a higher international profile for Indonesia. In March 2006, Yudhoyono traveled to Burma to discuss democratic reform and visited several Middle Eastern countries in April and May 2006. Yudhoyono delivered a major speech in Saudi Arabia, encouraging the Muslim world to embrace globalization and technology for greater social and economic progress. In November 2006, Indonesia sent about 1,000 peacekeeping troops to southern Lebanon to be part of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and replaced those troops with a second contingent a year later. In 2007 and 2008, Indonesia held a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council. President Yudhoyono has also developed strategic partnerships with several countries, including the Netherlands. In November 2008, President Yudhoyono suggested the U.S. and Indonesia work together to build a comprehensive partnership. Secretary of State Clinton's February 2009 visit to Indonesia helped move that partnership forward in a number of key areas. Since her visit, bilateral cooperation on education, climate change, science and technology, health, and other issues has continued to progress.
The United States has important economic, commercial, and security interests in Indonesia. It remains a linchpin of regional security due to its strategic location astride a number of key international maritime straits, particularly the Malacca Strait. Relations between Indonesia and the U.S. are positive and have advanced since the election of President Yudhoyono in October 2004. The U.S. played a role in Indonesian independence in the late 1940s and appreciated Indonesia's role as an anti-communist bulwark during the Cold War. Cooperative relations are maintained today, although no formal security treaties bind the two countries. The United States and Indonesia share the common goal of maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region and engaging in a dialogue on threats to regional security. Cooperation between the U.S. and Indonesia on counterterrorism has increased steadily since 2002, as terrorist attacks in Bali (October 2002 and October 2005), Jakarta (August 2003 and September 2004), and other regional locations demonstrated the presence of terrorist organizations, principally Jemaah Islamiyah, in Indonesia. The United States has welcomed Indonesia's contributions to regional security, especially its leading role in helping restore democracy in Cambodia and in mediating territorial disputes in the South China Sea. During Secretary's Clinton's visit to Indonesia in early 2009, she and Foreign Minister Wirajuda announced that the U.S. and Indonesia would begin discussions on developing a comprehensive partnership between the two countries.
The U.S. is committed to consolidating Indonesia's democratic transition and supports the territorial integrity of the country. Nonetheless, there are friction points in the bilateral political relationship. These conflicts have centered primarily on human rights, as well as on differences in foreign policy. The U.S. Congress cut off grant military training assistance through International Military Education and Training (IMET) to Indonesia in 1992 in response to a November 12, 1991, incident in East Timor when Indonesian security forces shot and killed East Timorese demonstrators. This restriction was partially lifted in 1995. Military assistance programs were again suspended, however, in the aftermath of the violence and destruction in East Timor following the August 30, 1999, referendum favoring independence.
Separately, the U.S. had urged the Indonesian Government to identify and bring to justice the perpetrators of the August 2002 ambush murders of two U.S. teachers near Timika in Papua province. In 2005, the Secretary of State certified that Indonesian cooperation in the murder investigation had met the conditions set by Congress, enabling the resumption of full IMET. Eight suspects were arrested in January 2006, and in November 2006 seven were convicted.
In November 2005, the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, under authority delegated by the Secretary of State, exercised a National Security Waiver provision provided in the FY 2006 Foreign Operations Appropriations Act (FOAA) to remove congressional restrictions on Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and lethal defense articles. These actions represented a reestablishment of normalized military relations, allowing the U.S. to provide greater support for Indonesian efforts to reform the military, increase its ability to respond to disasters and participate in global peacekeeping operations, and promote regional stability.
Under the terms of the FY 2008 FOAA, signed into law in December 2007, Congress did not reimpose restrictions. However, it prevented a portion of U.S. security assistance from being released before the Secretary of State reported on the status of certain measures of military reform, of accountability for past human rights abuses, of public access to Papua, and of the investigation into the 2004 murder of a prominent human rights activist.
Regarding worker rights, Indonesia was the target of several petitions filed under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) legislation arguing that Indonesia did not meet internationally recognized labor standards. A formal GSP review was suspended in February 1994 without terminating GSP benefits for Indonesia. Since 1998, Indonesia has ratified all eight International Labor Organization core conventions on protecting internationally recognized worker rights and allowed trade unions to organize. However, enforcement of labor laws and protection of workers' rights remain inconsistent and weak in some areas. Indonesia's slow economic recovery has pushed more workers into the informal sector, which reduces legal protection and could create conditions for increases in child labor.
Development Assistance from the United States to Indonesia
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and its predecessor agencies have provided development assistance to Indonesia since 1950. Initial assistance focused on the most urgent needs, including food aid, infrastructure rehabilitation, health care, and training. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, a time of great economic growth in Indonesia, USAID played a major role in helping the country achieve self-sufficiency in rice production and in reducing the birthrate. Today, USAID assistance programs focus on basic and higher education, democratic and decentralized governance, economic growth, health, water, sanitation, and the environment. Future programs will place a greater emphasis on energy.
The United States was one of the lead donors in the reconstruction efforts in the tsunami-hit area of Aceh. Most of the U.S. tsunami relief program is complete, although our efforts toward the construction of the Aceh west coast highway continues. The U.S. will remain actively engaged in conflict prevention and resolution efforts in Aceh.
Improving the Quality of Education: In October 2003, President Bush announced a $157 million Indonesia Education Initiative for 2004-2009 to improve the quality of education in Indonesia. This initiative is a cornerstone of the U.S. Government assistance program in Indonesia, directly responding to Indonesia's priorities and reflecting a joint Indonesia-U.S. commitment to revitalize education for the next generation of Indonesia's leaders. Since the initiative began in 2005, more than 1,476 schools, 23,612 educators, and 345,983 students have benefited from the assistance to improve teaching and learning, education governance, community involvement in school management, and public-private alliances. The initiative has also sparked donor interest toward increased coordination and cooperation both at the national and field levels. By 2010, the program will promote ownership of new methods for delivering basic education assistance directly to the local level where it can be more effectively and accountably targeted. Programs include:
Decentralized Basic Education (DBE): As the main component of the Indonesia Education Initiative, the Decentralized Basic Education Project focuses on improving the quality and relevance of basic education in primary and junior secondary schools. Through technical assistance and training, the program has three goals: to assist local governments and communities to manage education services more effectively; to enhance teaching and learning to improve student performance in key subjects such as math, science, and reading; and to ensure that Indonesia's youth gain more relevant life and work skills to better compete for jobs in the modern economy. USAID successfully utilizes public-private alliances to mobilize corporate sector resources for education. In partnership with ConocoPhillips, USAID is helping rehabilitate schools damaged by the May 2006 earthquake in Yogyakarta as well as Central Java; and Intel is helping teachers use technology in their classrooms. Partnerships with three U.S. universities--the University of Pittsburgh, Florida State University, and the University of Massachusetts--and 14 Indonesian universities are enabling teachers participating in the program to receive academic credit for their work, helping them meet new Government of Indonesia recertification requirements. DBE also promotes the use of information technology for education; the importance of early childhood education; in-service teacher training; and non-formal work and life skills.
Opportunities for Vulnerable Children: This program prepares the foundation for an inclusive education system by focusing on the educational rights and needs of children with visual impairments (blindness and low vision) by using an effective model for inclusion of students with visual impairments within the public education infrastructure that benefits both students with visual impairments and other disenfranchised populations. These activities have led to a substantial increase in the number of children with visual impairments attending school, and increases in the availability and quality of inclusive education services. Replicable models are being developed to expand the reach of the program to Aceh, South Sulawesi, and Central Java. In partnership with Indonesian local universities and Hilton Perkins International, a pre-service university-level program is developed to equip new teachers with effective teaching strategies and clear understanding of children with special needs.
Sesame Street Indonesia/Jalan Sesama: In partnership with the Sesame Workshop, USAID is supporting the development of a new Indonesian co-production of the renowned Sesame Street television show. Indonesia's "Jalan Sesama" is one of the largest partnerships between USAID and the Sesame Workshop. By watching "Jalan Sesama" millions of Indonesian children will be better equipped to start and stay in school. The program went on the air in 2007 and more than 3 million Indonesian children have viewed the broadcast. The show is currently ranked second in its time slot.
Higher Education: The Indonesia Education Initiative, run by the Public Affairs Section (PAS) of the U.S. Embassy, complements USAID's Basic Education Programs with a range of educational scholarships and exchanges, and English language learning opportunities. A partnership with the University of Kentucky is assisting three Indonesian universities to upgrade their academic programs in areas critical for economic growth such as agriculture, business, engineering, and public administration. A three-way partnership between USAID, the Government of Aceh Province, and Chevron supports the development of the Aceh Polytechnic, a new institution to provide quality education in applied technology fields such as information technology and electrical engineering that are in high demand in the region.
Effective Democracy and Decentralized Governance: This objective aims to support democratic reforms by supporting effective and accountable local governance, addressing conflict and encouraging pluralism, and consolidating national-level democratic reforms.
Mitigation of Conflict and Support for Peace: USAID is a key donor working to mitigate conflict and build peace in post-conflict areas, such as Aceh, Papua, Central Sulawesi, and Maluku. Assistance activities focus on: conflict resolution/mitigation; civilian-military affairs; livelihoods development in conflict areas; drafting and monitoring of relevant legislation; and emergency and post-conflict transitional assistance to conflict-affected persons.
Fighting Trafficking in Persons: USAID has assisted the Government of Indonesia and civil society to develop policies and procedures to prevent trafficking in women, girls, and men and provide protection to survivors of trafficking. The USAID Trafficking in Persons program was expected to end in late 2009.
Justice Sector Reforms: This includes support for the bureaucratic reform efforts of the Attorney General's Office through technical assistance and training for prosecutors. USAID also works with the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court to develop a more effective, professional, transparent, accountable, and independent executive branch.
Legislative Strengthening: USAID provides institutional support to the National House of Representatives, National Regional Representative Council, and over 60 district legislative councils. Activities include promoting constituency and media outreach; developing the capacity to draft and analyze legislation and operational budgets; and supporting legislative commissions to carry out their functions.
Local Governance Strengthening and Decentralization Support: This activity supports Indonesia's decentralization through assistance to more than 60 local governments to increase governmental accountability and transparency, strengthen the local legislative process, promote citizen engagement, improve the planning and budget process, and promote more responsive public services. At the national level, USAID supports the Government of Indonesia and civil society to improve decentralization policies.
Promoting Democratic Culture: USAID supports civil society organizations and government institutions to strengthen democratic civic culture, respect for pluralism, religious diversity, and the rights of women and minority groups. Activities under this program include civic education, advocacy, engaging traditional leaders, building networks to support tolerance and pluralism, and assisting the government in reviewing policies that conflict with the constitution and human rights standards.
Elections and Political Process: USAID supported the 2009 parliamentary and presidential elections through an elections support package that included political party development, election administration, voter education, election monitoring, and oversight and strengthening of the legal framework.
Tsunami Reconstruction: The U.S. Government was one of the first donors to respond to the disaster. Through numerous grants to non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations, and UN agencies, USAID has helped stabilize the humanitarian situation in Aceh, avert a public health crisis, and provide relief services to survivors.
Rebuilding Shelter and Key Infrastructure: USAID is assisting communities by providing much needed shelter, working with the Indonesian Government to rebuild key infrastructure and ensuring proper mapping and planning is considered through local cooperation.
Restoring Livelihoods: USAID enables communities to direct capacity building to benefit people at the local level. USAID's Community Based Recovery Initiative is working with 59 villages to organize local capacity-building initiatives.
Strengthening Capacity and Governance: USAID is providing assistance to restore local government services in Aceh, working to increase governmental accountability and transparency, strengthen the local legislative process, promote citizen engagement and civil service reform, and improve the delivery of basic services.
Economic Growth Strengthened and Employment Created: Assistance to the Indonesian Government and private sector focuses on sustaining growth and creating jobs by improving the trade and investment climate, increasing competitiveness in key agribusiness and industry sectors, and enhancing the safety and soundness of the financial system. USAID is working with Indonesians to ensure that future generations enjoy an increasingly prosperous, democratic, and stable country.
Trade and Investment Climate: Efforts to promote a transparent and predictable legal and regulatory business climate aim to reduce the hidden costs of doing business, increase certainty, promote good governance, enhance trade and investment, and create jobs.
Agribusiness and Industry Competitiveness: Assistance to leading agribusiness and industry sub-sectors fuels growth, exports, and jobs. These efforts also drive increased productivity and national competitiveness through the forging of public and private partnerships.
Financial Sector Safety and Soundness: Assistance to key financial and non-bank financial institutions helps build a sound financial infrastructure through improved oversight, transparency, and governance.
Improving the Quality of Basic Human Services: The USAID Basic Human Services Office provides assistance to Indonesia through an integrated strategy that aims to improve the health of local communities through support for maternal and child health, disease surveillance and control, food and nutrition, and access to safe drinking water through better watershed management and water treatment.
Environmental Services: This program supports better health through improved water resources management and expanded access to clean water and sanitation services. With a ridge to reef approach, partners improve water resource management from watershed sources, along rivers, through cities, and to coastal reefs. In the upper watershed, the program promotes forest management, biodiversity conservation, and land use planning to protect a steady, year-round source of clean water. Further downstream, the program strengthens municipal water utilities to improve and expand piped water and sanitation services to communities. Stakeholder forums link upstream and downstream communities to build consensus on water and waste management issues. Marginalized urban communities also benefit from the introduction of safe drinking water through Air Rahmat, a home chlorination product being introduced to the market through a public-private partnership.
Under the Maintaining Healthy Ecosystem special objective, the Orangutan Conservation Service program is targeting selected wild orangutan populations in Kalimantan and Sumatra. The USAID program will: 1) reduce the level of threat to select orangutan populations, 2) develop strategies that garner support by a multi-stakeholder constituency, 3) establish networks to support improved law enforcement and conservation management, and 4) set up sustainable financing schemes for long-term conservation at the sites. This project will not support orangutan rehabilitation, re-introductions, or translocation efforts. This approach is consistent with the scientific consensus that the first priority in orangutan conservation must be the protection of habitat and populations in the wild.
Health Services: Working with the government, NGOs, and other partners, USAID focuses on maternal, neonatal, and child health; reproductive health; nutrition; HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria; and decentralization of the health sector. USAID works to strengthen government commitment to improve health services, ensure sustainability and local ownership, and to build capacity to expand and improve access to quality health services including health centers, hospitals, private providers and laboratory services; the principal beneficiaries include women, newborns, and children, and high-risk populations for HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases. Improved health-seeking behaviors within communities link key hygiene promotion interventions, such as hand-washing with soap to reduce diarrheal disease, a major cause of childhood death, and increased testing and treatment for infectious diseases. Engagement of civil society and the private sector to increase equity and access to health services is an important element of USAID's programs in the health arena.
USAID's avian influenza (AI) program includes integrated public and private sector AI surveillance and response for both animal and human outbreaks and behavior change communications to minimize behaviors that facilitate the transmission of AI to both poultry and people.
Food and Nutrition: Improving the nutritional status of Indonesians, USAID food assistance targets poor communities. These activities directly affect women and children through targeted supplemental feeding and nutritional education activities. The food assistance program works with villages to construct public latrines, washing facilities, and protected water stations and to organize solid waste disposal efforts to better protect community health. Over one million people will be direct recipients of USAID food assistance under this program.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Ambassador--Cameron R. Hume
Deputy Chief of Mission--Ted Osius
Minister Counselor for Political and Economic Sections--Peter D. Haas
Political Counselor--Darcy Zotter
Economic Counselor--Debra Juncker
Management Counselor--Michael C. Mullins
USAID Director--Walter E. North
Defense Attache--COL Kevin E. Richards
Consul General--Jeffrey S. Tunis
Public Affairs Officer--Michael H. Anderson
Commercial Counselor--Joseph B. Kaesshaefer
Department of Agriculture Office--Dennis Voboril
Regional Security Officer--Jeffrey D. Lischke
Office of Defense Cooperation--LTC James O. Robinson
Legal Attache--(Acting) David C. Smith
Department of Justice Office--Gerald H. Heuett Jr.
The U.S. Embassy in Indonesia is located at Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta (tel. (62-021) 3435-9000). U.S. mail to the Embassy may be addressed to FPO AP 96520.
The U.S. Consulate General in Surabaya is located at Jalan Dr. Sutomo 33, Surabaya, East Java (tel. (62-31) 568-2287).
Principal Officer--Caryn R. McClelland
The U.S. Consulate in Medan is located at Jl. Walikota no. 13, Medan, North Sumatra (tel. (62-61) 415-2200).
Principal Officer--Sean Stein
The U.S. Consular Agency in Bali is located at Jalan Hayam Wuruk 188, Bali (tel. (62-361) 233-605.
The State Department lifted its travel warning for Indonesia in May 2008 due to objective improvements in the security situation in the country.
For information on economic trends, commercial development, production, trade regulations, and tariff rates, contact the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230.


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text:
Wilberforce Univ., Green Co., Ohio
Senator Geo. F. Hoar,
Will you kindly al-
themselves to study, in just the line in
which I am interested – that only by
careful, long, and earnest scientific
investigation will the way toward a
solution of our "problem" be pointed out.. In
entering upon this work, however, you
will, I think, realize how I am handi-
capped: My color would shut me out
of white institutions as a teacher, and no Negro school
has such a department such I as I would
like to take charge of, and upbuild; I
have thought that the city of Washington
offered perhaps the best first field for
work of this kind, and consequently
I wish to apply for a position either
at Howard University or in the Wash-
ington public schools: believing that
once established there, amid library facil-
ities, and an educated constituency, I might
do work worth doing.
I know, Sir, that you have much
I know, of course, that I have
position in my native state, and by
my acquainceship with a beneficiary
of yours, Mr. W. F. Jackson of the Washing-
ton schools. I trust you will pardon
my boldness, and, at your leisure,
write me your opinion.
I am, Sir,
Respectfully Yours,
W. E. B. DuBois
7 November, 1895


text:
FORT WAYNE (www.incnow.tv) - The Erie BayHawks spoiled opening night for the Fort Wayne Mad Ants as hot-shooting guards Nick Covington and D.J. Kennedy led Erie to a 109-100 victory Friday night at the Memorial Coliseum.
The Ants struggled all night to get their offense untracked, and the BayHawks took advantage in the second quarter, starting out with a 19-6 run that pushed their lead to 21 points, and they led 58-43 at the half.
The Ants went on a 18-7 run to cut the lead down to six with :48.9 seconds remaining in the game, but got no closer.
The BayHawks were led by Covington with 27 points and Kennedy with 21 and ten rebounds.
Ron Howard led the Mad Ants with 27 points, followed by Walker Russell, Jr. with 17 points and 6 assists.
Indiana Pacer assignees Miles Plumlee (5 points and 12 rebounds) and Orlando Johnson (15 points and 6 rebounds) had solid debuts for the Ants, who host Maine on Sunday.
For highlights click on the video icon on the screen above.
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12:00 pm: Maine Calling
2nd Annual Maine Calling 'Made in Maine Gift Guide'
1:00 pm: City Arts And Lectures
Jaron Lanier is a computer scientist, composer, artist, and author who writes on numerous topics, including high-technology business, the social impact of technology, the philosophy of consciousness and information, Internet politics, and the future of humanism. A pioneer in virtual reality (a term he coined), Lanier is currently a computer scientist at Microsoft Research. In an Op-Ed for the New York Times, Lanier wrote that "the rise of inequality isn't because of people not being needed — more precisely, it's because of an illusion that they aren't even there."
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Best & Overlooked books of 2013
1:00 pm: Commonwealth Club of California
Mark Halperin and John Heilemann: co-authors of Game Change 2012, discuss the 2012 Presidential election, from the circuslike Republican nomination fight, to the rise and fall of Mitt Romney, and to the trials, tribulations and Election Day triumph of Barack Obama.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
The Marijuana Debate
1:00 pm: IDEAS From The CBC
The Munk Debate
Be It Resolved: Men Are Obsolete
After millennia of social dominance, men appear to be losing their lead. Women are fast emerging as more successful in education, employment, personal health, and even political leadership.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
A New National Park in Maine?
1:00 pm: TED Radio Hour
Memory Games - In this hour, TED speakers discuss how a nimble memory can improve your life, and how a frail one might ruin someone else's.
Memory is malleable, dynamic and elusive. When we tap into our memories, where's the line between fact and fiction? How does our memory play tricks on us, and how can we train it to be more accurate?
12:00 pm: Here and Now
1:00 pm: The World Remembers Mandela - BBC Special
A special live tribute to the Life of Nelson Mandela
Millions of people in South Africa have been joined by people around the world mourning the death of Nelson Mandela. In this special program we will be hearing tributes, memories, and discussion about his legacy, from those who knew him or have simply been moved by his life and work.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
ACA Sign Up
1:00 pm: NPR Special
Nelson Mandela: An Audio History
Mandela's journey from freedom fighter to president capped a dramatic half-century-long struggle against white rule and the institution of apartheid.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Cyber Security
1:00 pm: It's Your World
Richard Williamson, former presidential special envoy to Sudan, and Mike Abramowitz, director of the Center for the Prevention of Genocide, discuss how the responsibility to protect citizens has been applied in recent crises such as Libya and Syria.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Richard Blanco
1:00 pm: Speaking in Maine
Seeking the Truth in the Kennedy Assassination
Speaking in Maine takes us next to Portland and the Center for Global Humanities at the University of New England for an address by Jeremy Gunn, who spent four years investigating the assassination of JFK for the US government as executive director and general counsel on the JFK Assassination Records Review Board.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
1:00 pm: It's Your World
A panel discussion in honor of the recent International Day of the Girl, featuring leaders working to advance girls' health, education and wellbeing around the world.
1:00 pm: Speaking in Maine
Making Sense of a Fast-Changing China
Speaking in Maine takes us next to Portland and the University of New England's Center for Global Humanities for a seminar featuring Jeffery Wasserstrom, a professor of history at the University of California Irvine and most recently the author of China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Disaster Preparedness
1:00 pm: It's Your World
Forty Years After the Arab Oil Embargo: Where are we with Energy Independence?
"Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition" assesses how the United States can integrate its energy and national security interests.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Cars with Jamie & John
1:00 pm: Commonwealth Club of California
Mollie Katzen, Author, The Heart of the Plate: Vegetarian Recipes for a New Generation and the Moosewood Cookbook
From the woman who brought you the iconic Moosewood Cookbook comes a new cookbook for a new generation. Katzen has just released The Heart of the Plate, serving up 250 recipes for hungry vegetarians everywhere. Hailed by The New York Times as "one of the best-selling cookbook authors of all time," Katzen is widely credited with having brought vegetarian cuisine into the mainstream.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Hip Health
1:00 pm: Intelligence Squared
An Oxford style debate on the following question: Should You Eat Anything With A Face?
According to a 2009 poll, around 1% of American adults reported being vegan. In 2011 that number rose to 2.5%--more than double, but still dwarfed by the 48% who reported eating meat, fish or poultry at all of their meals. In this country, most of us are blessed with an abundance of food and food choices. So taking into account our health, the environment and ethical concerns, which diet is best? Do vegans have the right idea, or are we meant to be carnivores?
1:00 pm: TED Radio Hour
Spoken and Unspoken
We communicate with each other in all sorts of ways, spoken and unspoken. In this hour, TED speakers reflect on how our words and methods of communication affect us, more than you might expect.
1:00 pm: It's Your World
Husain Haqqani, Senior Fellow and Director for South and Central Asia at the Hudson Institute, offers his perspective on why Pakistan and the United States can't seem to understand each other.
The 65-year strategic alliance between the United States and Pakistan has always been plagued by conflicting objectives and expectations. While the US has been a source of aid and military support, and Pakistan has played a stabilizing role in an unstable region, the alliance is deteriorating due to mutual incomprehension and the belief that one state can play the other.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Asylees and Refugees in Maine
1:00 pm: America Abroad
De-Radicalizing Terrorists
The marathon bombings in Boston reminded us that violent Islamic extremism is everywhere, even on our own soil. America Abroad examines what sort of person is most vulnerable to extremist radicalization and the ways that other countries such as Britain have had success keeping young people away from this path.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
Future of the Ski Industry
1:00 pm: Tinsel Tales
12:00 pm: Jonathan Winters' A Christmas Carol
1:00 pm: Tinsel Tales 2
1:00 pm:Commonwealth Club of California
Graham Nash - Singer; Songwriter; and Author of Wild Tales: A Rock and Roll Life
1:00 pm: IDEAS From The CBC
On The Move to Fort McMurray
It's the largest academic research project in Canadian history. Its focus: how traveling to work affects almost everything else in our lives. It begins with a case study of Newfoundlanders employed in the oil sands industry in Alberta.
12:00 pm: Maine Calling
1:00 pm: The Search for Well Being (Part 1 of 2)
The Search for Well-Being examines a fascinating new model of health care: integrative medicine.
As we enter a new era of health care, one fact looms large. More than three-fourths of U.S. medical costs are attributed to largely-preventable illnesses related to our lifestyle behaviors - what we eat, whether we exercise, how we manage stress, if we smoke.
Today's program explains integrative medicine and how it can transform the relationship between patients and their doctors and nurses.
1:00 pm: The Search for Well Being (part 2)
The Search for Well-Being examines a fascinating new model of health care: integrative medicine.
As we enter a new era of health care, one fact looms large. More than three-fourths of U.S. medical costs are attributed to largely-preventable illnesses related to our lifestyle behaviors - what we eat, whether we exercise, how we manage stress, if we smoke. The Search for Well-Being examines a fascinating new model of health care: integrative medicine.
Today's program looks at developments in medical and nursing education to prepare a new wave of professionals for integrative practice.


text: Quick View Dome Terrarium - Butterfly Glamour Garden by Dunecraft $24.95 In stock online Create a bountiful butterfly garden as unique and fun as you are. Set your dome terrarium up, plant your seeds, and then glam it up with metallic stickers, glittery jewels both small and large, cool white marble, hot pink gravel, and more! Grow plants with rainbow colored foliage while the… See Details was


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Juliana Luchkiw (LUHCH'-kyoo) was released Thursday without bail, Max Rosenblum on $35,000 bond. The 22-year-olds are due back in court later this month.
They'd briefly been held without bail. Their lawyers say they had nothing to do with Hoffman's death Sunday in a suspected heroin overdose.
Their apartment is one of two police searched Tuesday in a Manhattan building. A resident of the other apartment has been charged with possessing heroin with the intent to sell.
Two law enforcement officials say a tipster said he believed Hoffman got heroin at the building. The officials weren't authorized to discuss evidence in the investigation and spoke on the condition of anonymity.
Associated Press writer Tom Hays contributed to this report.


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May 4, 2016
Local Rockford workers got backing today from a congressman to ensure they help build Rockford's new federal courthouse.
Congressman Don Manzullo visited the city today to promote the local labor. The congressman talked about how the courthouse project would boost Rockford's sluggish economy. Planners say construction on the new courthouse is set to begin in 2004. The $52 million project would create about 500 to 1,000 jobs for the next two years.
Manzullo says since Rockford taxpayers are footing the bill, he'll hold a congressional hearing if local workers are not used.
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BEST ENTRANCE: Fashion Row Entry- Between The Colonnade Outlets and Bed Bath & Beyond
LOCATION IN MALL: Near Gap Outlet
(954) 846-2586 | Driving Directions | View Deals | Mall Map
More stores to consider
Century 21 Department Store
Nine West
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Read More
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Welcome to AOPA's Career Pilot pages. The information on these pages will help you to plot the best course to a successful career as a professional pilot.
Career Resources
Q&A: The Career Advisor
Question: I am currently in my junior year in high school, and am looking to become a pilot. What is the best road to take? Should I go to a local flight school or a well-known school? How do I get to a flying career and what are the best options?
Answer: That is a very tall order. You might begin by checking with your school's career counselor and research online to get a grip on flying careers.
Career Development
The key to being as prepared as possible for a professional piloting career is staying informed, both about the industry in general and about potential employers in particular.
Professional Training?
Some of the most important training for professional pilots involves flying as part of a multi-person crew. Mastering the concept and practices of crew resource management is a requirement for your career.
Turbine Aircraft Technology
The jet and turboprop aircraft flown by most professional pilots employ systems that are much more sophisticated than those of piston-engine training aircraft. Knowledge of these system basics will help you launch your career.
Career Success Stories
Learning about the success of others who recently attained the same objective can be inspirational and a source of motivation—and their experiences may help you decide how to pursue the career you want.
Industry News
How is the industry—and individual airlines—doing financially? What new regulations that could affect your career lurk just over the horizon? There are many reasons why you should stay informed about developments in your chosen field.
Flight Training Magazine Online
The #1 magazine for student pilots and flight instructors has assembled a wide variety of resources to speed your understanding of flight and your flight-training experience, and move you closer to your goal of becoming a professional pilot. Learn more >>


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The only bad thing about high school basketball in the metro area is that there are so many games to choose from and I am unable to make them all. This week I saw three games featuring some of the state's top players in girls' and boys' basketball.
Tuesday, December 13, 2011
I looked on as Tartan defeated St. Paul Central 60-64 in a nonconference match-up. DARRION STRONG led the winners with 16 points. Continue Reading →


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- ""Engorgio". The spider gave a little shiver, bouncing in the web. Harry tried again. This time the spider grew slightly larger."
- —Harry tests his new wand.[src]
The Engorgement Charm (Engorgio) causes the target to swell in size. It was first mentioned by Hermione Granger in 1992, where she suspected Rubeus Hagrid's pumpkins had been under magical "influence." This charm is detailed in The Standard Book of Spells, Grade 2. The counter charm is Reducio.
Known uses
- Silvanus Kettleburn used an Engorgement Charm on an Ashwinder which caused it to explode later, causing a large amount of flame. Professor Kettleburn received probation for this.
- In 1992, Hermione suspected that Rubeus Hagrid had used an Engorgement Charm on his pumpkins.
- Fred and George Weasley used this spell on their Ton-Tongue Toffees. In the summer of 1994, they "accidentally" dropped some in front of Harry's cousin Dudley, in order to test their new product. Dudley's tongue swelled to an incredible size.
- Kevin, the little boy from the World Cup campground in 1994, used an Engorgement Charm on a slug with his father's wand.
- The Fake Moody used Engorgement charms on the three spiders he used in class to demonstrate the three Unforgivable Curses, so that the spiders would easily be seen by the class.
- Harry once used the Engorgement Charm on a spider while he, Ron, and Hermione were camping in the Forest of Dean in search for Horcruxes in 1997. Since he had not won the Blackthorn wand's allegiance, the spell was not powerful enough, and it took two tries for the spider to swell up moderately. In the film, Harry used it on a magical flame, made by Hermione, but the flame got too big.
The word engorge means "to fill to excess".
Behind the scenes
- In the summer of 1993, when Harry Potter was infuriated by his Aunt Marge, he unintentionally inflated her with underage magic. This may have been a wandless and nonverbal version of the Engorgement Charm.
- Ron stated that until discovering Hagrid was a Half-giant, he assumed he had got in the way of an Engorgement Charm when he was a child.
- In the book version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Mad-Eye enlarged a spider only to demonstrate the Cruciatus Curse, while in the film version, it was to demonstrate all three of the Unforgivable Curses.
- In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1, Harry Potter casts Engorgio on the Bluebell Flames to check his blackthorn wand given to him by Ron Weasley.
- A variation of this spell may be Engorgio Skullus, which makes the head of a person bigger.
See also
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
- Harry Potter Trading Card Game
- The Tales of Beedle the Bard (Mentioned only)
- Pottermore
- Wonderbook: Book of Spells
|Grade 1 · Grade 2 · Grade 3 · Grade 4 · Grade 5 · Grade 6
|Charms included in the series: Fire-Making Spell · Levitation Charm · Locking Spell · Mending Charm · Softening Charm · Severing Charm · Unlocking Charm · Dancing Feet Spell · Disarming Charm · Engorgement Charm · Freezing Charm · General Counter-Spell · Memory Charm · Tickling Charm · Summoning Charm · Banishing Charm · Substantive Charm


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May 4, 2016
CHARLOTTE, Mich. (AP) -- The Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund Board has approved a $3 million grant for a new park that officials say would be the largest in Eaton County.
The grant is for 432 acres of land three miles east of Charlotte.
Once the grant money is released later this year, work will begin on the Crandell Park project. Full development could take five to 10 years.
Randy and Dan Crandell own the property and formerly operated a gravel pit on it. They donated more than $1 million, money that was used to gain the state grant.
The land includes a 160-acre lake that is up to 35 feet deep. It has room for athletic fields, a splash pad and trails for hiking and biking.
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