text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (December 2012) |
Institutional racism is any system of inequality based on race. It can occur in institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations (such as media outlets), and universities (public and private). The term was introduced by Black Power activists Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in the late 1960s.[1] The definition given by William Macpherson within the report looking into the death of Stephen Lawrence was "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin".[2]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2013) |
The concept of institutional racism re-emerged in political discourse in the late 1990s after a long hiatus, but has remained a contested concept that has been critiqued by multiple constituencies.[3] Institutional racism is the differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society. When the differential access becomes integral to institutions, it becomes common practice, making it difficult to rectify. Eventually, this racism dominates public bodies, private corporations, and public and private universities, and is reinforced by the actions of conformists and newcomers. Another difficulty in reducing institutionalized racism is that there is no sole, true identifiable perpetrator. When racism is built into the institution, it appears as the collective action of the population.
Professor James M. Jones postulates three major types of racism: (i) Personally mediated, (ii) internalized, and (iii) institutionalized.[4] Personally mediated racism includes the specific social attitudes inherent to racially prejudiced action (bigoted differential assumptions about abilities, motives, and the intentions of others according to), discrimination (the differential actions and behaviours towards others according to their race), stereotyping, commission, and omission (disrespect, suspicion, devaluation, and dehumanization). Internalized racism is the acceptance, by members of the racially stigmatized people, of negative perceptions about their own abilities and intrinsic worth, characterized by low self-esteem, and low esteem of others like them. This racism can be manifested through embracing "whiteness" (e.g. stratification by skin colour in non-white communities), self-devaluation (e.g. racial slurs, nicknames, rejection of ancestral culture, etc.), and resignation, helplessness, and hopelessness (e.g. dropping out of school, failing to vote, engaging in health-risk practices, etc.).
Persistent negative stereotypes fuel institutional racism, and influence interpersonal relations. Racial stereotyping contributes to patterns of racial residential segregation, and shape views about crime, crime policy, and welfare policy, especially if the contextual information is stereotype-consistent.[5]
Institutional racism is distinguished from racial bigotry by the existence of institutional systemic policies, practices and economic and political structures which place minority racial and ethnic groups at a disadvantage in relation to an institution's racial or ethnic majority. One example is public school budgets (including local levies and bonds) and the quality of teachers, which in the U.S. are often correlated with property values: rich neighborhoods are more likely to be more 'white' and to have better teachers and more money for education, even in public schools. Restrictive housing contracts and bank lending policies have also been listed as forms of institutional racism. Other examples sometimes described as institutional racism are racial profiling by security guards and police, use of stereotyped racial caricatures, the under- and mis-representation of certain racial groups in the mass media, and race-based barriers to gainful employment and professional advancement. Additionally, differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society can be included within the term institutional racism, such as unpaved streets and roads, inherited socio-economic disadvantage, "standardized" tests (each ethnic group prepared for it differently; many are poorly prepared), et cetera.
Some sociological[who?] investigators distinguish between institutional racism and "structural racism" (sometimes called structured racialization).[citation needed] The former focuses upon the norms and practices within an institution, the latter upon the interactions among institutions, interactions that produce racialized outcomes against non-white people.[citation needed] An important feature of structural racism is that it cannot be reduced to individual prejudice or to the single function of an institution.
The racial segregation and disparities in wealth between white and black people are legacies of historical policies. In the Social Security Act of 1935, agricultural workers servants, most of whom were black, were excluded because key white southerners did not want governmental assistance to change the agrarian system.[6] In the Wagner Act of 1935, "blacks were blocked by law from challenging the barriers to entry into the newly protected labor unions and securing the right to collective bargaining."[6] In the National Housing Act of 1939, the property appraisal system tied property value and eligibility for government loans to race.[6][7] The 1936 Underwriting Maual used by the Federal Housing Administration to guide residential mortgages gave 20% weight to a neighborhood's protection, for example, zoning ordinances, deed restrictions, high speed traffic arteries, from adverse influences, such as infiltration of inharmonious racial groups.[8] Thus, white-majority neighborhoods received the government's highest property value ratings, and white people were eligible for government loans. Between 1934 and 1962, less than 2 percent of government-subsidized housing went to non-white people.[7]
In 1968, the Fair Housing Act (FHA) was signed into law to eliminate the effects of state-sanctioned racial segregation. But it failed to change the status quo as the United States remained nearly segregated as in the 1960s. A new recent discriminating lending practice was the subprime lending in the 1990s. Lenders targeted high-interest subprime loans to low-income and minority neighborhoods who might be eligible for fair-interest prime loans. Securitization, mortgage brokers and other non-deposit lenders, and legislative deregulation of the mortgage lending industry all played a role in promoting the subpriming lending market.[8]
Institutional racism affects access to health and health care in non-white minority communities, resulting in racial disparities in health status.[9] During 1865-1906 period, racial discrimination in the union army disability pension system adversely affected black veterans' application and access to disability pension.[10] The over-representation of minorities in disease categories (including AIDS), is partly related to racism, according to J. Hutchinson. In a 1992 article, he describes how the federal government's national response to the AIDS epidemic in minority communities has been slow, showing insensitivity to ethnic diversity in preventive medicine, community health maintenance, and AIDS treatment services.[11]
Institutional racism can impact upon minority health directly through health-related policies, as well as through other factors indirectly. For example, racial segregation disproportionately exposed black communities to chemical substances such as lead paint, respiratory irritants such as diesel fumes, crowding, litter, and noise. Also, black communities were more likely to lack safe recreational spaces and healthy food, and to be targeted for risky behaviors (e.g. alcohol and tobacco advertisement).[9] Racial minority groups who have a disadvantaged status in education are employment are more likely to be uninsured, which significantly impedes them from accessing preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic health services.[9]
Although approximately two thirds of crack cocaine users are white or Hispanic, a large percentage of people convicted of possession of crack cocaine in federal courts in 1994 were black. In 1994 84.5% of the defendants convicted of crack cocaine possession were black while 10.3% were white and 5.2% were Hispanic. Possession for powder cocaine was more racially mixed with 58% of the offenders being white, 26.7% black, and 15% Hispanic. Within the federal judicial system a person convicted of possession with intent to distribute powder cocaine carries a five-year sentence for quantities of 500 grams or more while a person convicted of possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine faces a five-year sentence for quantities of five grams or more. With the combination of severe and unbalanced drug possession laws along with the rates of conviction in terms of race, the judicial system has created a huge racial disparity.[12]
The previous sections talk about institutional racism against black people or communities. Many other minorities group also suffer from institutional racism. One example is immigration policies against Chinese. The intensified job competition during the 1870s on the West Coast between Chinese workers and Whites invoked anti-Chinese movement. The first Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed to prohibit Chinese immigrating to the United States, resulting in only 10 Chinese immigrants into the U.S. in 1887. The labor shortage after the decline of Chinese immigrant labor proved the fact of White racism.[13] For more information, see History of Chinese Americans.There were other anti-immigration policies in history against France and Ireland in late 1700s(see Oppostion to immigration), Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, Jews, Africans, Arabs, East Asians, and Indians (see Immigration Act of 1924). Anti-immigration sentiment can also affect minorities who have been U.S. citizens for severnal generations(see Internment of Japanese Americans).
Standardized testing has also been considered a form of institutional racism, because it is believed to be biased in favor of people from particular socio-cultural backgrounds. Some minorities have consistently tested worse than whites on virtually all standardized tests, even after controlling for socioeconomic status. The achievement gap between white and black students mirrors the gap between the two groups in a variety of IQ tests, many of which are designed to be culturally neutral.[14] The cause of the achievement gap between black, Hispanic, and white students has yet to be fully elucidated.
In the 1960s, students of color started attending colleges and universities in record numbers after the passage of the Civil Rights and Higher Education Acts. However, the obstacles of integration in predominantly white institutions of higher education led to unforeseen obstacles for faculty and students of color working and studying in such environments. "Few colleges and universities were prepared for the inherent challenges in educating such a diverse population of college students. As a result, the history of intergroup relations is marked by periods of campus unrest and heated, if not violent, exchanges between diverse groups of students" [15]
The 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education decision was the beginning of the process of desegregation and the elimination of de jure discrimination. However, it was hard to determine the challenges that the process would present and the obstacles that would continue to this day. If anything, "evidence in the post-Brown era points to increases in bias-related incidents, ranging from verbal and physical intimidation to the use of degrading and insensitive stereotypes,".[15] The increase of racial tension and racial incidents in institutes of higher education are said to be due to the "lack of knowledge, experience, and contact with diverse peers; peer-group influence; increased competition and stress; the influence of off-campus groups and the media; alcohol use; changing values; fear of diversity; and the perception of unfair treatment".[15] Institutionalized racism in higher education has received little national attention, even though it is a relevant issue affecting many colleges and universities.
Faculty of color face racism within institutions of higher education as they challenge widely held beliefs regarding race relations in America. Structural inequality may be ignored under the assumption that racism will disappear within its own time.[16] Racism is manifest in a variety of ways, including but not limited to, undervaluation of research, unwritten rules and policies regarding the tenure process, and a lack of mentorship for faculty of color.[17] Women of color faculty are often caught within a double bind as they face discrimination based on both race and gender.[18] Faculty members at institutions of higher education are predominately white, with faculty of color constituting roughly 17% of total faculty, with 7.5% Asian, 5.5% Black, 3.5% Latino, and 0.5% American Indian (see chart).[17] Failure to fully implement Affirmative Action is identified as another contributing factor to low numbers of representation.[17]
Faculty members of color often engage in research regarding issues of diversity, which is frequently deemed "risky" by white faculty members.[18] Widespread beliefs founded on the concept of meritocracy, where success is based solely on individual effort, put into question research revealing structural issues that contribute to success.[16] Political undertones of research within the social sciences are used to put the validity and scientific nature of the findings into question, despite the fact that research in these fields is conducted in the same manner as research in less politically contentious areas of interest.[16] Research methodologies long accepted in other disciplines are called into question depending on the implications of findings, particularly when these findings may reveal racial inequities in the general population and/or the institution itself.[16] "Thus, research appearing to be neutral and scholarly, has important political manifestations, including the justification for racial inequalities that are replicated within the student and alumni bodies of institutions that formally state that they value diversity even as all of their internal mechanisms reproduce exclusionary dominance for some racial groups".[16]
This concern is especially glaring in private institutions, where concerns regarding the reception of said research by alumni, corporate interests, and other potential donors play into acceptance of research by faculty.[16] In one case study, race- and diversity-related research deemed valid by the highest level of national disciplinary associations was rejected by faculty and administrators, alluding to the existence and enforcement of unwritten rules regarding research acceptance.[16] The rejection of research by faculty of color is a contributing factor to difficulty attaining tenure, with a higher performance bar set for those whose findings may contradict widely accepted beliefs regarding race relations.[16]
Faculty members of color also face barriers as they work to include topics of diversity in their courses, as White students often resist the inclusion of multicultural perspectives.[18] Challenges in the classroom appear to be connected to issues of gender and age as well as race. For example, African American women faculty aged 35 and younger are challenged more by White female students in their 20s, while those 40 and older face more challenges from students in nontraditional age groups.[18]
The racial demographics of institutions of higher education in the United States are quickly changing. Institutions of higher education were often traditionally known as Predominantly White Institutions (PWI's).[19] These institutions are now challenged to improve their diversity efforts and create policies that address the root cause of negative racial climate on PWI campuses. It is estimated that by 2010, 40% of high school graduates would be non-white.[20] While racial segregation in high schools increased, institutions of higher education were becoming more racially diverse.[20] Due to segregation in high schools, a lot of college students find themselves having their first interracial contact in college. Universities and colleges that have identified diversity as one of their priorities should plan how to strategically and in a sensitive manner create a campus climate in which all students, in particular students of color in a PWI, do not have to risk feeling unsafe, discriminated against, marginalized or tokenized to obtain a post-secondary degree.
Data has shown that students of color and White students have different perceptions of campus racial climates. In a survey of 433 undergraduate students at one institution found that, in comparison to White students, students of color felt differently about campus policies. White students were more often to describe their campus racial climate as positive, while students of African descent rated it as negative. Findings indicate that students of color experience harassment that is, "offensive, hostile, or intimidating" at higher rates than White students, which interferes with their learning. Further, "students of color perceived the climate as more racist and less accepting than did White students, even though White students recognized racial harassment at similar rates as students of color".[20]
White students also felt more positive about their classroom experience and the way professors presented various viewpoints in the curriculum, about institutional policies as well as recruitment and retention of student of color. Students of African descent and other students of color felt the campus environment was not friendly and that they had been targets of racism. In another study of 5,000 first year students at 93 institutions, White students were more likely to agree with the statement that "racial discrimination is no longer a problem" than students of color.[20] White students were also more likely to feel that the campus climate is improving in comparison to students of color. White students felt the campus climate was non-racist, friendly, and respectful while students of color felt that it was racist, hostile, and disrespectful.[20] Research has shown that racial diversification in colleges and universities, without intentional education about systematic racism and the history of race in the United States, can lead to creating a racial campus climate that is oppressive towards students of color. There needs to be, "intentional education interventions related to the changing racial composition of college students [which] would likely influence how the climate of an environment changes".[20]
If institutional racism is to be addressed in institutes of higher education, different types of interventions need to be created, in particular interventions created specifically for the academy. Rankin and Reason's research concluded that for intervention to be effective, faculty would need to be used as socializing agents on campus, in particular because, intellectual and behavioral norms on most campuses are set by faculty and, these norms have a heavy impact on campus climate.[20] An example of students trying to change racial campus climate is the Being Black at the University of Michigan #BBUM moment. The Black Student Union is organizing and collaborating with organizations to bring attention to the racial climate at the University of Michigan and how it is affecting all students.[21] It order to create interventions that lead to sustainable learning about race, institutions of higher education need to equally value the histories and experiences of students of color and White students. One example of this is required coursework through the departments of African/African-American Studies, Xicano studies, Arab American studies, and Native American studies alongside the History department. Research has shown that curricular diversity is positively associated with intergroup attitudes, decreased racial prejudice and intergroup understanding, and attitudes toward campus diversity.[22]
The Canadian government passed The Chinese Immigration Act, 1885 levying a $50 head tax upon all Chinese immigrating to Canada. When the 1885 act failed to deter Chinese immigration, the Canadian government then passed The Chinese Immigration Act, 1900, increasing the head tax to $100, and, upon that act failing, passed The Chinese Immigration Act, 1904 increasing the head tax (landing fee) to $500, equivalent to $8000 in 2003[23] — when compared to the head tax — Right of Landing Fee and Right of Permanent Residence Fee — of $975 per person, paid by new immigrants in 1995–2005 decade, which then was reduced to $490 in 2006.[24]
The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, better known as the "Chinese Exclusion Act", replaced prohibitive fees with a ban on Chinese immigration to Canada — excepting merchants, diplomats, students, and "special circumstance" cases. The Chinese who entered Canada before 1923 had to register with the local authorities, and could leave Canada only for two years or less. Since the Exclusion Act went into effect on 1 July 1923, Chinese-Canadians referred to Canada Day (Dominion Day) as "Humiliation Day", refusing to celebrate it until the Act's repeal in 1947.[citation needed]
The Malaysian Chinese and Indian-Malaysians - who are significant ethnic minorities in Malaysia - were granted citizenship by the Malaysian Constitution but this implied a social contract that left them at a disadvantage in other ways, as Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia refers to the special "position" of the Malay people,
In 1970 the Malaysian New Economic Policy a program of Affirmative action aimed at increasing the share of the economy held by the Malay population, introduced quotas for Malays in areas such as public education, access to housing, vehicle imports, government contracts and share ownership.
Since Article 160 defines a Malay as "professing the religion of Islam", those eligible to benefit from laws assisting bumiputra are, in theory, subject to religious law enforced by the parallel Syariah Court system.
There are four main ethnic groups on the island of Sri Lanka: the Sinhalese who made up 69% of the population in 1946, Indian Tamils (12%), Sri Lankan Tamils (11%) and Sri Lankan Moors (6%).[25] The discrimination against the Sri Lankan Tamil minority by the Sinhalese controlled Sri Lankan state was one of the main causes of the 26 year Sri Lankan Civil War which killed between 80,000 and 100,000 people.[26][27][28]
Immediately after independence the Sinhalese dominated government of Ceylon introduced the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 which deliberately discriminated against the Indian Tamil ethnic minority by making it virtually impossible for them to obtain citizenship of Ceylon.[29] Approximately 700,000 Indian Tamils were made stateless.[30] Over the next three decades more than 300,000 Indian Tamils were deported back to India.[29] It wasn't until 2003, 55 years after independence, that all Indian Tamils living in Sri Lanka were granted citizenship but by this time they only made up 5% of the island's population.[25][29]
In 1956 the Ceylon government introduced the Sinhala Only Act, replacing English with Sinhala as the official language of Ceylon. The Act was a deliberate attempt to correct the perceived disproportionately high number of Sri Lankan Tamils working in the Ceylon Civil Service and other public services.[31] However, the Tamil language speaking minorities of the Ceylon (Sri Lankan Tamils, Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Moors) viewed the Act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them.[32] Many Tamil speaking civil servants/public servants were forced to resign because they weren't fluent in Sinhala.[33] The detrimental impact of the Act on the civil/public services forced the government to relax the language laws: in 1977 Tamil was made a 'national language' and in 1987 it was made an official language.[34]
The 1971 Universities Act introduced a policy of standardization to correct disproportionately high number of Sri Lankan Tamils students entering universities. Officially the policy was meant to discriminate in favour of students from rural areas but in reality the policy discriminated against Sri Lankan Tamil students who were in effect required gain more marks than Sinhalese students to gain admission to universities.[31][32] The number of Sri Lankan Tamil students entering universities fell dramatically. The policy was abandoned in 1977.[34]
Other forms of official discrimination against the Sri Lankan Tamils included the state-sponsored colonisation of traditional Tamil areas by Sinhalese peasants, the banning of the import of Tamil-language media and the precedence given by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka to Buddhism, the main religion followed by the Sinhalese.[31][32]
The Sri Lankan Tamils reacted to the discrimination by calling for political devolution (federalism) and staging peaceful protests but were met with violence and ethnic riots.[32] This in turn resulted in moderate Tamils calling for self determination but some young Tamils reacted by forming a number of militant groups, the most prominent being the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). By 1983 full scale civil war had erupted between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government. The civil war ended in May 2009 with the defeat of the LTTE but many independent/international observers recognised that the continued discrimination against the Tamils would leave the ethnic conflict unresolved. The United Nations Human Rights Council has urged the Sri Lankan government "to combat discrimination against persons belonging to ethnic minorities".[35]
In the United Kingdom, the inquiry about the murder of the black Briton Stephen Lawrence concluded that the investigating police force was institutionally racist. Sir William Macpherson used the term as a description of "the collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin", which "can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behaviour, which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping, which disadvantages minority ethnic people".[36] Sir William's definition is almost identical to Stokely Carmichael's original definition some forty years earlier. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton 1967 were black power activists and first used the term 'institutional racism' to describe the consequences of a societal structure that was stratified into a racial hierarchy that resulted in layers of discrimination and inequality for minority ethnic people in housing, income, employment, education and health (Garner 2004:22).
The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Report, and the public's response to it, were among the major factors that forced the Metropolitan Police to address its treatment of ethnic minorities. More recently, the former Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Ian Blair said that the British news media are institutionally racist,[37] a comment that offended journalists, provoking angry responses from the media, despite the National Black Police Association welcoming Sir Ian's assessment.[38]
According to the Institute for the Study of Academic Racism, scholars have drawn on a 1979 work by social psychologist Michael Billig - "Psychology, Racism, and Fascism" - that identified links between the Institute of Psychiatry and racist/eugenic theories, notably in regard to race and intelligence, as for example promoted by IOP psychologist Hans Eysenck and in a highly publicised talk in August 1970 at the IOP by American psychologist Arthur Jensen. Billig concluded that "racialist presuppositions" intruded into research at the Institute both unintentionally and intentionally.[39] More recently in 2007, the BBC reported that a "race row" had broken out in the wake of an official inquiry that identified institutional racism in British psychiatry, with psychiatrists, including from the IOP/Maudsley, arguing against the claim,[40] while the heads of the Mental Health Act Commission accused them of misunderstanding the concept of institutional racism and dismissing the legitimate concerns of the Black community in Britain.[41] Campaigns by voluntary groups seek to address the higher rates of sectioning, over-medication, misdiagnosis and forcible restraint on members of minority groups.[42]
In South Africa, during Apartheid, institutional racism has been a powerful means of excluding from resources and power any person not categorized or marked as white. Those marked as black were further discriminated against differentially, with Africans facing more extreme forms of exclusion and exploitation than those marked as coloured or Indian. One such example of institutional racism in South Africa is Natives Land Act, 1913, which reserved 90% of land for white use and the Native Urban Areas Act of 1923 controlled access to urban areas, which suited commercial farmers who were keen to hold labour on their land. Africans, who formed the majority of the population, were relegated to barren rural reserves, which later became homelands.[43]
More modern forms of institutional racism in South Africa are centered around interracial relationships. Opposition to interracial intimate relationships may be indicative of underlying racism, and that conversely acceptance and support of these relationships may be indicative of a stance against racism.[44] Even though the prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was repealed in 1985, the term "mixed" continued to exists, thus carrying forth the inherent stigmatization of "mixed" relationships and race. Consequently, discourse is a framework that realizes language can produce institutional structures and relations. However, language constitute who we are, interact with others and understand ourselves. So discourse is viewed as inextricable link to power and necessarily more than a medium utilized to transmit information.[44]


text:
This site does not currently take bookings here on Pitchup.com.
Find nearby sites with availability…
If you are the owner of this site, upgrade today to add more detail to this page and start taking bookings through Pitchup.com.
We reckon this Somerset site will have you breaking out in cheesy grins: stunning views of the Cheddar valley and Mendip Hills, spankingly clean amenities and a café with sun terrace where you can watch the kids whirling their whey around the play park…it's all gouda.
Lying between Wells and Cheddar, the family-friendly Bucklegrove Caravan & Camping Park is the oldest family-run park in the Cheddar valley and is set up for all ages in mind: as well as the play park and the family-friendly licensed café, the log cabin with indoor pool also comes with a smaller pool for mini cheddars, at no extra cost. There's a games room too with pool table.
For grown-up concerns, Bucklegrove has a licensed shop, fully-equipped coin launderette and free use of the ice block freezer; there's free hot water for dish washing and showers, with separate family bathrooms and full-sized baths available for a nominal extra charge. If you need to stay in touch or upload pictures of the views to Facebook, there's good mobile phone coverage and wifi across the park at a reasonable fee. The licensed café sells home-cooked meals and there's another pub within a couple of miles; Bucklegrove is 15—20 minutes from Wells, Cheddar and Weston-super-Mare for pubs and restaurants further afield (there's a bus stop just outside the park entrance for those getting about under their own steam).
Bucklegrove guests can take their pick from a tent pitch in the landscaped grass area of The Grove or bed down in a luxury log camping cabin complete with freeview telly and DVD player. Either way, we think you'll brie pretty happy – say cheese…
Site type
Tourist board rating
Languages spoken
✓ English
Bucklegrove is only a few miles away from two Somerset absolute must-sees: the spectacular Wookey Hole Caves and home of the Witch of Wookey for spellbinding shenanigans, and the Cheddar Caves and Gorge for would-be smugglers, children's adventure story fans and historyheads. That'll be all of us then. The Cheddar Gorge is deep in records: it's the largest gorge in the country, has the biggest colony of endangered greater horseshoe bats and is the discovery site of Cheddar Man, the oldest complete human skeleton found in Britain and a name we want to say in a dramatically deep 'superhero' voice; find out about him and his ancestors in the caves' Museum of Prehistory. Outdoors around the gorge, there are the 274 steps of the Lookout Tower to puff up for sweeping Somerset views, and a clifftop walk and open-top bus tour.
Apart from witchy and subterranean goings-on, holidaymakers in this corner of the country will find gardens, history, farm parks, theme parks, beaches and more within easy reach and other main Somerset attractions like Bristol and Bath within an hour's drive. Glastonbury, with its abbey and tor (oops, we should have said 'three Somerset must-sees'), is less than half an hour away, and medieval Wells, Britain's second smallest city (that's four now) has a thirteenth century cathedral and bishop's palace complete with moat.
Feeling driven? The Haynes Motor Museum at Yeovil has the UK's biggest collection of cars from around the world and is one of several museums in Somerset on the quirkier side: also try the privately-owned Oakham Treasures near Bristol for retail and farming history, the Helicopter Museum at Weston-super-Mare or the American Museum at Bath, the only American art museum outside the USA.
Little monkeys are spoilt for choice with the wildlife parks, zoos and aquariums in the area: whet their appetites at Noah's Ark Zoo Farm in Bristol or the SeaQuarium at Weston-super-Mare before taking them to an adrenaline-inducing day at Longleat Safari Park just over the border in Wiltshire. Rollercoasters and fairs more their thing? Brean Leisure Park has 40 rides, river rides and splash parks; stroll along the miles of sandy stretch from here past Berrow and to seaside town Burnham-on-Sea.
Sticking closer to Cheddar, there's abseiling, caving, sampling the wares at Somerset cider farms, meandering around the Mendips or visiting the town's sweet factory all to be had – and did we mention the cheese…?
Water quality at nearby bathing waters
Distance | Type | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |
Burnham Jetty North Sedgemoor, Somerset |
11.6m | Estuary | Excellent | Good | Good | Good |
Weston-Super-Mare Uphill Slipway Woodspring, North Somerset |
12.5m | Estuary | Good | Good | Poor | Good |
Berrow North Of Unity Farm Sedgemoor, Somerset |
12.7m | Estuary | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Excellent |
Weston Main Woodspring, North Somerset |
12.8m | Estuary | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
Weston-Super-Mare Sand Bay Woodspring, North Somerset |
13.1m | Estuary | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Excellent |
Must see
- Wookey Hole Caves & Papermill (2.8 miles)
- Cheddar Caves & Gorge (3.1 miles)
- Ebbor Gorge National Nature Reserve (3.7 miles)
National Trust
- King John's Hunting Lodge (4.8 miles)
- West Pennard Court Barn (8.5 miles)
Cycle routes
Find local routes on the National Cycle Network - over 12,000 miles of cycling routes.
- Wookey Hole - Priddy - Ebbor Gorge (2.0 miles)
- The Mendip Hills – a circular walk from Priddy (2.4 miles)
- Wookey Hole and Ebbor Gorge (2.8 miles)
Show me reviews by: |
Staying in: |
8.2 |
Overall rating based on 22 reviews |
Rating distribution
86% would recommend this site to a friend. 86% would stay here again. |
More ratings
Sorted by stay date (latest first). | |
From the manager...
Dear Daniel.B, we are happy to hear that you enjoyed your stay and consider us 'good value'. Thank you for your kind words about our staff and facilities. Delighted to hear that you will recommend us and come back again. |
From the manager...
Dear Simon N, so happy that you and your family enjoyed your stay and thank you for posting a review. I promise to look into improving the recycling signage as we're really quite passionate about ethical recycling. Look forward to seeing you again! |
From the manager...
Dear Gary, thank you for recognising our friendly, helpful staff and clean facilities. I'm sorry to hear you were disturbed as it's unusual for anything to get past our night patrol-man. |
From the manager...
Dear Marcin, we are so happy you consider us 'absolutely fantastic'. Thank you for your review. We can't wait to have you back again for another memorable stay! |
Not a great family site :-( 25 Aug 2014 stuart_t4 (Family with young children, 1 review) Confirmed
From the manager...
I am very distressed to read you were left with such a poor impression! Please accept my apologies. I assure you that I will personally look into your comments and pass on your kind words to Stuart. |
From the manager...
Thank you for your kind words in recognising our teams' hard work, we are always happy to provide our guests with a memorable stay and we would be delighted to have you visit us again. |
From the manager...
So happy that you had a great weekend. Thank you for the suggestion about an outside sink; good idea. We look forward to welcoming you back soon! |
From the manager...
Hi David, thanks for the great review, come back soon. Best wishes. |
From the manager...
Thank you for choosing to stay at Bucklegrove for your anniversary. There are big plans afoot for the bar area over the winter so watch this space. We are delighted that you had a good time and look forward to welcoming you back. |
Alas, no reviews for your selected filters. But reviews are brilliant - they help thousands of other people to find the right holiday. Be bold, be the first to review this site. It only takes a minute.
Leisure on site
Bar or club house
Cycle hire
Evening entertainment
Fitness centre
Games room
Indoor swimming pool
Kids' club
On-site restaurant/cafe
Outdoor swimming pool
Play area
TV room
Take away
Amenities on site
Bath available
Disabled facilities
Drying room
Food shop
Free wifi
Ice pack freezing
Internet access
Local produce
Parent & baby washroom
Pick-up from public transport
Public telephone
Shower available
Toilet block
Washing-up area
Charging facilities
Chemical disposal
Gas cylinders available
Recycling available
Renewable energy
Touring and motorhomes
Electrical hook-up points for tourers
Hard standings
Seasonal pitches
Max. motorhome length: 7.5 metresRules
Campfires allowed
Commercial vehicles allowed
Dogs allowed
Dogs allowed all year
Gay friendly
Spectacular scenery
Walkers' paradise
Nearby leisure
Canoeing/kayaking nearby
Climbing nearby
Cycle hire nearby
Cycling nearby
Fishing nearby
Golf nearby
Horse riding nearby
Leisure/theme park nearby
Outdoor pool nearby
Restaurant nearby
Sailing nearby
Tennis nearby
Groups welcome
D. of E. welcome
Family friendly
Motorcycle friendly
Rallies welcome
Single-sex groups welcome
Student groups welcome
Nearby amenities
Bar nearby
Nearby farmers' market
Public transport nearby
Large (51-200 pitches)
Camping 2.0
Camping pods
Ordnance Survey maps (GB and Northern Ireland only) are available at lower levels via the drop-down menu.
Nearest transport
- Coach stations
Wells: Princes Rd Bus Station — 4.3mi
Glastonbury Coach Stop — 6.7mi
Street: Leigh Rd Coach Stop — 8.1mi
- Train stations
Highbridge & Burnham-on-Sea Rail Station — 10.6mi
Yatton Rail Station — 11.0mi
Worle Rail Station — 11.1mi
- Ferry ports
Bridgwater Ferry Terminal — 13.3mi
Weston-super-Mare Knightstone Harbour — 13.4mi
The Cottage Ferry Landing — 14.9mi
- Airports
Bristol International Airport — 10.0mi
Cardiff International Airport — 28.4mi
Important note for GPS users: Please do not rely solely on the route provided by your satnav as some of the local lanes are not suitable for large/towing vehicles.
From the M5 motorway
Leave at junction 22 and take the A38 north (signposted Cheddar). As you come into the village of Cross, take a right turn onto the A371. Stay on this road through Cheddar and Draycott (towards Wells). Continue through the village of Rodney Stoke (passing the Rodney Stoke Inn on your right), up the hill and the park is on the left after the 'S' bend. Please use the second entrance.
From the A303
At Wincanton turn onto the A371 towards Shepton Mallet. Continue through Shepton Mallet on the A371 towards Wells. Upon reaching Wells take the second exit off the roundabout and proceed through the first set of lights, bearing left at the second lights (signposted Cheddar). Continue along the A371 though the villages of Haybridge, Easton and Westbury-sub-Mendip. The park is approx half a mile on the right after leaving Westbury-sub-Mendip.
A local bus service (126) stops directly outside the park. The route runs from Weston-super-Mare train station and through to Wells via Cheddar and local towns.
Permitted arrival/departure time
Camping and touring | ||
Arrive: | 2 p.m. – | 6 p.m. |
Depart: | noon | |
On-site accommodation | ||
Arrive: | 2 p.m. – | 6 p.m. |
Depart: | 11 a.m. |
Please call us when you are on your way if you are running late and may arrive after 6pm.
Cancellation policy
Cancellation of the holiday by you
You may cancel your holiday at any time. Cancellation will be effective on the date it is received by us.
Cancellation charges for camping cabin balance is payable as follows:
49 to 15 days before arrival = 50% of balance
14 to 2 days before arrival = 70% of balance
Within 48 hours = full cost of holiday.
Please note that your deposit is paid to Pitchup.com and is non-refundable.
Payment of balance
Bucklegrove Caravan & Camping Park will contact you to arrange payment.
Camping pitches: payable on arrival. Camping cabins: balance due 3 days after making your booking or as soon as possible if your booking is within 3 days. An additional £2 fee will be added for payments by credit card (no charge for debit cards).
Payment methods accepted on the park

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ask a Question Please complete this question form so we can get back to you! Thank you.
Harker Amy Pie or Cake Server $ 15.00 By Harker in the "Amy" pattern, a Cake or Pie Server. No chips or cracks- good trim -very good condition. I have 2 currently. Different trim type on each server so please specify which one in your order. Thanks. Priced each at
Any Questions?
Your Name
Thank you
Store Home | Site History | Contact | Order Policy | Privacy | Security | Collector Online Home Tell a Friend About this Site! Join our Mailing List
Debbi Stewart Contact us! P. O. Box 322United, PA 15689United States Updated Thursday, March 05 2015©1995-2010 Collector Online.COM. All rights reserved.


text: Image text transcribed for accessibility: Consider ihe circuit shown in Figure The reverse-saturation currents of the Schottky diode and pn junction diode are 10-2 A and 10-12 A. respectively. Determine the value of R such that the currents in the diodes are equal. What is the voltage across each diode?


text:
Birthday and anniversary marked by niece of murder victim
The niece of murder victim Noel Starback called this week to say she'll be thinking about her uncle today.
Yesterday, he was Judge Robert L. Holzberg, mediating a $1.1 million settlement in the lawsuit of a New London woman who sued the Catholic Diocese of Norwich.
Today, he's just Bob from Middletown.
Holzberg has retired after 22 years on the bench to become a partner at Pullman & Comley in Hartford.
I had the pleasure of serving on a Judicial-Media committee with him. He always brought good ideas to the table. I suspected often that he was five steps ahead of me in thinking something through, but he was never smug. Holzberg didn't discuss confidential matters, but was still a court reporter's dream: well-informed, cheerful and accessible.
On his last day of work, Holzberg agreed to help the parties in the priest sex abuse case attempt a last-minute resolution in Hartford Superior Court. By lunchtime, it appeared an agreement was in place, but the diocese needed the final OK from an executive at its insurance company.
Holzberg's retirement party was scheduled for that night and he was due to pick up a relative at the airport. He agreed to go to Bradley during the lunch hour and return to the courthouse to finalize the deal and announce it from the bench.
Holzberg made it look easy, and he appeared to leave everyone in the courtroom feeling as if he or she had been treated fairly.
He'll be missed.
The niece of murder victim Noel Starback called this week to say she'll be thinking about her uncle today.


text:
German firm to be 1st foreign firm to set up in joint North-South Korea Kaesong complex
Published on Jun 10, 2014 6:15 PM
SEOUL (AFP) - South Korea on Tuesday said it had green-lighted a German company supplying industrial needles to set up as the first foreign company in the Kaesong joint industrial zone run with North Korea.
Groz-Beckert will provide its needles to South Korean company operating in the Kaesong complex, which opened in 2004 as a rare symbol of cross-border cooperation, the South's Unification Ministry said.
"It will be the first foreign company to do business there, although its office is not a manufacturing facility," a ministry official told AFP.
The office will be manned by two North Korean workers and several staff from Groz-Beckert's branch in South Korea.
To continue reading, log in if you are a subscriber
If you are not a subscriber, you can get instant, unlimited access here


text:
Accommodation Rates Map Photographs Links
ACTIVITIES Day Outings Overnight Treks Scenic Drives & 4x4 Northern Lesotho Southern Lesotho Bird List Bushman Paintings
MALEALEA NEWS History Wedding Television & Magazines Newsletters
BASOTHO CULTURE Sesotho Greetings Basotho Pony Basotho Beliefs Basotho History Basotho Blankets
Development Projects
MALEALEA LODGE & PONY TREK - CENTRE - LESOTHO has been selected by Lonely Planet travel guides 2012 as one of the Top Ten Best Value Destinations from aroung the world. Book Now
Malealea - Bookings: SA +2782-552-4215 Lodge Enquiries, +266 5840-7816, 5018-1341 email@example.com Malealea is situated in a remote part of Western Lesotho, breathtaking in its beauty and a chance to experience traditional Basotho life. Perfect for a 2 or 3 night stay from Johannesburg en-route to Cape Town, East London or Port Elizabeth. Drakensberg - MALEALEA - Graaff-Reinett. For an ideal stopover between Lesotho and the Cape, visit the Royal Hotel - Bethulie near Lake Gariep in the southern Free State. The Royal Hotel has an LP vinyl collection of over 100,000 LP records and as many books
"Wayfarer, Pause and Look Upon A Gateway of Paradise"
Inscription in the rock by Mervyn Bosworth-Smith, founder of Malealea, Trading Station in the early 1900's - now Malealea Lodge.
Lesotho is a world without fences. Breathtaking scenery abounds and every season has unique attractions. Malealea Lodge is run by the Jones Family, Mick & Di Jones both born in Lesotho and credited with more local knowledge than anyone. Jacqui, Glenn and Debbie Jones grew up in Lesotho and Michael Deutschmann have joined the team. Mick & Di Jones, both born in Lesotho and credited with more local knowledge than anyone. Various Basotho Children's choirs and a Local Basotho Band, using their local home-made instruments, entertain the guests in the evenings around a campfire.
Scenes from Malealea Lodge Gardens
A Memorable Holiday at Malealea
Specialised Outings at Malealea
Day Hikes & Pony Treks & Mountain Bike Trails
Hikers: Take the "donkey work" out of backpacking by hiring horses to carry your luggage Overnight Pony Trek & Hiking Trails Routes:
Lesotho adventures start at Malealea, exploring the day outings before travelling across the country. Companions can be arranged at Malealea to accompany your trip, introducing you to local chiefs, helping in locating night camping sites, and ensuring your safety.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
x86-64 (also known as x64, x86_64 and AMD64) is the 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set. It supports vastly larger amounts (theoretically, 264 bytes or 16 exbibytes) of virtual memory and physical memory than is possible on its 32-bit predecessors, allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory. x86-64 also provides 64-bit general purpose registers and numerous other enhancements. The original specification was created by AMD, and has been implemented by AMD, Intel, VIA, and others[who?]. It is fully backwards compatible with 16-bit and 32-bit x86 code.[1](p13–14) Because the full x86 16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation, existing x86 executables run with no compatibility or performance penalties,[2] whereas existing applications that are recoded to take advantage of new features of the processor design may achieve performance improvements.
Various names are used for the instruction set; prior to the launch, x86-64 and x86_64 were used, while upon the release AMD named it AMD64.[3] Intel initially used the names IA-32e and EM64T before finally settling on "Intel 64" for its implementation. Some in the industry, including Apple,[4][5][6] use x86-64 and x86_64, while others, notably Sun Microsystems[7] (now Oracle Corporation) and Microsoft,[8] use x64 while the BSD family of OSs and several Linux distributions[9][10] use AMD64.
The AMD K8 processor was the first to implement the architecture; this was the first significant addition to the x86 architecture designed by a company other than Intel. Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified NetBurst family which was fully software-compatible with AMD's design and specification. VIA Technologies introduced x86-64 in their VIA Isaiah architecture, with the VIA Nano.
The x86-64 specification is distinct from the Intel Itanium (formerly IA-64) architecture, which is not compatible on the native instruction set level with the x86 architecture.
The AMD64 instruction set is implemented in AMD's Opteron, Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon II, Athlon X2, Turion 64, Turion 64 X2, later Sempron, Phenom, Phenom II, FX, and Fusion processors.
AMD64 was created as an alternative to the radically different IA-64 architecture, which was designed by Intel and Hewlett Packard. Originally announced in 1999[11] with a full specification in August 2000,[12] the AMD64 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an evolutionary way to add 64-bit computing capabilities to the existing x86 architecture, as opposed to Intel's approach of creating an entirely new 64-bit architecture with IA-64.
The first AMD64-based processor, the Opteron, was released in April 2003.
The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of 64-bit general-purpose processor registers (for example, rax and rbx), 64-bit integer arithmetic and logical operations, and 64-bit virtual addresses. The designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well. Some of the most significant changes are described below.
Although virtual addresses are 64 bits wide in 64-bit mode, current implementations (and all chips known to be in the planning stages) do not allow the entire virtual address space of 264 bytes (16 EB) to be used. This would be approximately four billion times the size of virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future, so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit. AMD therefore decided that, in the first implementations of the architecture, only the least significant 48 bits of a virtual address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup).[1](p120)
In addition, the AMD specification requires that bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47 (in a manner akin to sign extension), or the processor will raise an exception.[1](p131) Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form."[1](p130) Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256 TB of usable virtual address space. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines.
This feature eases later scalability to true 64-bit addressing. Many operating systems (including, but not limited to, the Windows NT family) take the higher-addressed half of the address space (named kernel space) for themselves and leave the lower-addressed half (user space) for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other data regions.[18] The "canonical address" design ensures that every AMD64 compliant implementation has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. Also, enforcing the "canonical form" of addresses by checking the unused address bits prevents their use by the operating system in tagged pointers as flags, privilege markers, etc., as such use could become problematic when the architecture is extended to implement more virtual address bits.
Current 48-bit implementation | 56-bit implementation | Full 64-bit implementation |
Implementations of canonical address space (diagram not to scale). |
The first versions of Windows for x64 did not even use the full 256 TB; they were restricted to just 8 TB of user space and 8 TB of kernel space.[18] Windows did not support the entire 48-bit address space until Windows 8.1 (released October 2013).[18]
The 64-bit addressing mode ("long mode") is a superset of Physical Address Extensions (PAE); because of this, page sizes may be 4 KB (212 bytes) or 2 MB (221 bytes).[1](p120) Long mode also supports page sizes of 1 GB (230 bytes).[1](p120) Rather than the three-level page table system used by systems in PAE mode, systems running in long mode use four levels of page table: PAE's Page-Directory Pointer Table is extended from 4 entries to 512, and an additional Page-Map Level 4 (PML4) Table is added, containing 512 entries in 48-bit implementations.[1](p131) In implementations providing larger virtual addresses, this latter table would either grow to accommodate sufficient entries to describe the entire address range, up to a theoretical maximum of 33,554,432 entries for a 64-bit implementation, or be over ranked by a new mapping level, such as a PML5. A full mapping hierarchy of 4 KB pages for the whole 48-bit space would take a bit more than 512 GB of RAM (about 0.196% of the 256 TB virtual space).
The operating system can also limit the virtual address space. Details, where applicable, are given in the "Operating system compatibility and characteristics" section.
Current AMD64 implementations support a physical address space of up to 248 bytes of RAM, or 256 TB.[14] A larger amount of installed RAM allows the operating system to keep more of the workload's pageable data and code in RAM, which can improve performance,[19] though various workloads will have different points of diminishing returns.[20][21]
The upper limit on RAM that can be used in a given x86-64 system depends on a variety of factors and can be far less than that implemented by the processor. For example, as of June 2010, there are no known motherboards for x86-64 processors that support 256 TB of RAM.[22][23][24][25] The operating system may place additional limits on the amount of RAM that is usable or supported. Details on this point are given in the "Operating system compatibility and characteristics" section of this article.
Operating mode | Operating sub-mode | Operating system required | Type of code being run | Default address size | Default operand size | Supported typical operand sizes | Register file size | Typical GPR width |
Long mode | 64-bit mode | 64-bit operating system or boot loader | 64-bit code | 64 bits | 32 bits | 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits | 16 registers per file | 64 bits |
Compatibility mode | 64-bit operating system or boot loader | 32-bit protected mode code | 32 bits | 32 bits | 8, 16, or 32 bits | 8 registers per file | 32 bits | |
64-bit operating system | 16-bit protected mode code | 16 bits | 16 bits | 8, 16, or 32 bits | 8 registers per file | 32 bits | ||
Legacy mode | Protected mode | 32-bit operating system or boot loader, or 64-bit boot loader | 32-bit protected mode code | 32 bits | 32 bits | 8, 16, or 32 bits | 8 registers per file | 32 bits |
16-bit protected mode operating system or boot loader, or 32- or 64-bit boot loader | 16-bit protected mode code | 16 bits | 16 bits | 8, 16, or 32 bits | 8 registers per file | 16 or 32 bits | ||
Virtual 8086 mode | 16- or 32-bit protected mode operating system | 16-bit real mode code | 16 bits | 16 bits | 8, 16, or 32 bits | 8 registers per file | 16 or 32 bits | |
Real mode | 16-bit real mode operating system or boot loader, or 32- or 64-bit boot loader | 16-bit real mode code | 16 bits | 16 bits | 8, 16, or 32 bits | 8 registers per file | 16 or 32 bits |
The traditional x87 FPU register stack is not included in the register file size extension in 64-bit mode, compared with the XMM registers used by SSE2, which did get extended. The x87 register stack is not a simple register file although it does allow direct access to individual registers by low cost exchange operations. Also note that 16-bit code written for the 80286 and below cannot use the 32-bit general-purpose registers (GPRs). 16-bit code written for the 80386 and above can use 32-bit GPRs, but defaults to using 16-bit operands.
The architecture has two primary modes of operation, long mode and legacy mode.
The architecture's intended primary mode of operation; it is a combination of the processor's native 64-bit mode and a combined 32-bit and 16-bit compatibility mode. It is used by 64-bit operating systems. Under a 64-bit operating system, 64-bit programs run under 64-bit mode, and 32-bit and 16-bit protected mode applications (that do not need to use either real mode or virtual 8086 mode in order to execute at any time) run under compatibility mode. Real-mode programs and programs that use virtual 8086 mode at any time cannot be run in long mode unless those modes are emulated in software.[1]:11 However, such programs may be started from an operating system running in long mode on processors supporting VT-x or AMD-V by creating a virtual processor running in the desired mode.
Since the basic instruction set is the same, there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code. This is unlike Intel's IA-64, where differences in the underlying instruction set means that running 32-bit code must be done either in emulation of x86 (making the process slower) or with a dedicated x86 processor. However, on the x86-64 platform, many x86 applications could benefit from a 64-bit recompile, due to the additional registers in 64-bit code and guaranteed SSE2-based FPU support, which a compiler can use for optimization. However, applications that regularly handle integers wider than 32 bits, such as cryptographic algorithms, will need a rewrite of the code handling the huge integers in order to take advantage of the 64-bit registers.
The mode used by 16-bit ('protected mode' or 'real mode') and 32-bit operating systems. In this mode, the processor acts like a 32-bit x86 processor, and only 16-bit and 32-bit code can be executed. Legacy mode allows for a maximum of 32 bit virtual addressing which limits the virtual address space to 4 GB.[1](p14)(p24)(p118) 64-bit programs cannot be run from legacy mode.
The following processors implement the AMD64 architecture:
Intel 64 is Intel's implementation of x86-64. It is used in newer versions of Pentium 4, Celeron, Celeron D, Xeon and Pentium Dual-Core processors, the Atom 230, 330, D410, D425, D510, D525, N450, N455, N470, N475, N550, N570, N2600 and N2800 and in all versions of the Pentium Extreme Edition, Core 2, Core i7, Core i5, and Core i3 processors.
Historically, AMD has developed and produced processors with instruction sets patterned after Intel's original designs, but with x86-64, roles were reversed: Intel found itself in the position of adopting the ISA which AMD had created as an extension to Intel's own x86 processor line.
Intel's project was originally codenamed Yamhill (after the Yamhill River in Oregon's Willamette Valley). After several years of denying its existence, Intel announced at the February 2004 IDF that the project was indeed underway. Intel's chairman at the time, Craig Barrett, admitted that this was one of their worst kept secrets.[26][27]
Intel's name for this instruction set has changed several times. The name used at the IDF was CT (presumably for Clackamas Technology, another codename from an Oregon river); within weeks they began referring to it as IA-32e (for IA-32 extensions) and in March 2004 unveiled the "official" name EM64T (Extended Memory 64 Technology). In late 2006 Intel began instead using the name Intel 64 for its implementation, paralleling AMD's use of the name AMD64.[28]
The first processor to implement Intel 64 was the multi-socket processor Xeon code-named Nocona in June 2004. In contrast, the initial Prescott chips (February 2004) did not enable this feature. Intel subsequently began selling Intel 64-enabled Pentium 4s using the E0 revision of the Prescott core, being sold on the OEM market as the Pentium 4, model F. The E0 revision also adds eXecute Disable (XD) (Intel's name for the NX bit) to Intel 64, and has been included in then current Xeon code-named Irwindale. Intel's official launch of Intel 64 (under the name EM64T at that time) in mainstream desktop processors was the N0 Stepping Prescott-2M. All 9xx, 8xx, 6xx, 5x9, 5x6, 5x1, 3x6, and 3x1 series CPUs have Intel 64 enabled, as do the Core 2 CPUs, as will future Intel CPUs for workstations or servers. Intel 64 is also present in the last members of the Celeron D line.
The first Intel mobile processor implementing Intel 64 is the Merom version of the Core 2 processor, which was released on July 27, 2006. None of Intel's earlier notebook CPUs (Core Duo, Pentium M, Celeron M, Mobile Pentium 4) implements Intel 64.
The following processors implement the Intel 64 architecture:
VIA Technologies introduced their version of the x86-64 architecture in 2008 after five years of development by its CPU division, Centaur Technology.[29] Codenamed "Isaiah", the 64-bit architecture was unveiled on January 24, 2008,[30] and launched on May 29 under the VIA Nano brand name.[31]
The processor supports a number of VIA-specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low-power appliances. It is expected that the Isaiah architecture will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in floating-point performance as the previous-generation VIA Esther at an equivalent clock speed. Power consumption is also expected to be on par with the previous-generation VIA CPUs, with thermal design power ranging from 5 W to 25 W.[32] Being a completely new design, the Isaiah architecture was built with support for features like the x86-64 instruction set and x86 virtualization which were unavailable on its predecessors, the VIA C7 line, while retaining their encryption extensions.
Although nearly identical, there are some differences between the two instruction sets in the semantics of a few seldom used machine instructions (or situations), which are mainly used for system programming.[33] Compilers generally produce executables (i.e. machine code) that avoid any differences, at least for ordinary application programs. This is therefore of interest mainly to developers of compilers, operating systems and similar, which must deal with individual and special system instructions.
and BSR
instructions act differently than AMD64's when the source is zero and the operand size is 32 bits. The processor sets the zero flag and leaves the upper 32 bits of the destination undefined.SYSCFG
, and TOP_MEM2
only in 64-bit mode (not in compatibility mode),[34] and allows SYSENTER
in both modes.[35] AMD64 lacks SYSENTER
in both sub-modes of long mode.[36]FLD
or FSTP
of an 80-bit signalling NaN, while Intel processors do not.FXSAVE
and FXRSTOR
, AMD64 processors execute the general protection fault handler in privilege level 3, while on Intel 64 processors it is executed in privilege level 0.[39][40]In supercomputers tracked by TOP500, the appearance of 64-bit extensions for the x86 architecture enabled 64-bit x86 processors by AMD and Intel (orange and blue on the diagram on the right, respectively) to replace most RISC processor architectures previously used in such systems (including PA-RISC, SPARC, Alpha and others), as well as 32-bit x86 (green on the diagram), even though Intel itself initially tried unsuccessfully to replace x86 with a new incompatible 64-bit architecture in the Itanium processor.
As of 2014[update], the main non-x86 CPU architecture which is still used in supercomputing is the Power Architecture used by IBM POWER microprocessors (red on the diagram), with SPARC being far behind in numbers on TOP500, while recently a Fujitsu SPARC64 VIIIfx based supercomputer without co-processors reached number one that is still in the top ten. Non-CPU architecture co-processors (GPGPU) have also played a big role in performance. Intel's Xeon Phi coprocessors, which implement a subset of x86-64 with some vector extensions,[49] are also used, along with x86-64 processors, in the Tianhe-2 supercomputer.[50]
The following operating systems and releases support the x86-64 architecture in long mode.
Preliminary infrastructure work was started in February 2004 for a x86-64 port.[51] This development later stalled. Development started again during July 2007[52] and continued during Google Summer of Code 2008 and SoC 2009.[53][54] The first official release to contain x86-64 support was version 2.4.[55]
FreeBSD first added x86-64 support under the name "amd64" as an experimental architecture in 5.1-RELEASE in June 2003. It was included as a standard distribution architecture as of 5.2-RELEASE in January 2004. Since then, FreeBSD has designated it as a Tier 1 platform. The 6.0-RELEASE version cleaned up some quirks with running x86 executables under amd64, and most drivers work just as they do on the x86 architecture. Work is currently being done to integrate more fully the x86 application binary interface (ABI), in the same manner as the Linux 32-bit ABI compatibility currently works.
x86-64 architecture support was first committed to the NetBSD source tree on June 19, 2001. As of NetBSD 2.0, released on December 9, 2004, NetBSD/amd64 is a fully integrated and supported port. 32-bit code is still supported in 64-bit mode, with a netbsd-32 kernel compatibility layer for 32-bit syscalls. The NX bit is used to provide non-executable stack and heap with per-page granularity (segment granularity being used on 32-bit x86).
OpenBSD has supported AMD64 since OpenBSD 3.5, released on May 1, 2004. Complete in-tree implementation of AMD64 support was achieved prior to the hardware's initial release due to AMD's loaning of several machines for the project's hackathon that year. OpenBSD developers have taken to the platform because of its support for the NX bit, which allowed for an easy implementation of the W^X feature.
The code for the AMD64 port of OpenBSD also runs on Intel 64 processors which contains cloned use of the AMD64 extensions, but since Intel left out the page table NX bit in early Intel 64 processors, there is no W^X capability on those Intel CPUs; later Intel 64 processors added the NX bit under the name "XD bit". Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) works on OpenBSD's AMD64 port, starting with release 3.6 on November 1, 2004.
It is possible to enter long mode under DOS without a DOS extender,[56] but the user must return to real mode in order to call BIOS or DOS interrupts.
It may also be possible to enter long mode with a DOS extender similar to DOS/4GW, but more complex since x86-64 lacks virtual 8086 mode. DOS itself is not aware of that, and no benefits should be expected unless running DOS in an emulation with an adequate virtualization driver backend, for example: the mass storage interface.
Linux was the first operating system kernel to run the x86-64 architecture in long mode, starting with the 2.4 version in 2001 (prior to the physical hardware's availability).[57][58] Linux also provides backward compatibility for running 32-bit executables. This permits programs to be recompiled into long mode while retaining the use of 32-bit programs. Several Linux distributions currently ship with x86-64-native kernels and userlands. Some, such as Arch Linux,[59] SUSE, Mandriva, and Debian GNU/Linux, allow users to install a set of 32-bit components and libraries when installing off a 64-bit DVD, thus allowing most existing 32-bit applications to run alongside the 64-bit OS. Other distributions, such as Fedora, Slackware and Ubuntu, are available in one version compiled for a 32-bit architecture and another compiled for a 64-bit architecture. Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux allow concurrent installation of all userland components in both 32 and 64-bit versions on a 64-bit system.
x32 ABI (Application Binary Interface), introduced in Linux 3.4, allows programs compiled for the x32 ABI to run in the 64-bit mode of x86-64 while only using 32-bit pointers and data fields.[60][61][62] Though this limits the program to a virtual address space of 4 GB it also decreases the memory footprint of the program and in some cases can allow it to run faster.[60][61][62]
64-bit Linux allows up to 128 TB of virtual address space for individual processes, and can address approximately 64 TB of physical memory, subject to processor and system limitations.[63]
Mac OS X v10.4.7 and higher versions of Mac OS X v10.4 run 64-bit command-line tools using the POSIX and math libraries on 64-bit Intel-based machines, just as all versions of Mac OS X v10.4 and 10.5 run them on 64-bit PowerPC machines. No other libraries or frameworks work with 64-bit applications in Mac OS X v10.4.[64] The kernel, and all kernel extensions, are 32-bit only.
Mac OS X v10.5 supports 64-bit GUI applications using Cocoa, Quartz, OpenGL, and X11 on 64-bit Intel-based machines, as well as on 64-bit PowerPC machines.[65] All non-GUI libraries and frameworks also support 64-bit applications on those platforms. The kernel, and all kernel extensions, are 32-bit only.
Mac OS X v10.6 is the first version of OS X that supports a 64-bit kernel. However, not all 64-bit computers can run the 64-bit kernel, and not all 64-bit computers that can run the 64-bit kernel will do so by default.[66] The 64-bit kernel, like the 32-bit kernel, supports 32-bit applications; both kernels also support 64-bit applications. 32-bit applications have a virtual address space limit of 4 GB under either kernel.[67][68]
OS X v10.8 includes only the 64-bit kernel, but continues to support 32-bit applications.
The 64-bit kernel does not support 32-bit kernel extensions, and the 32-bit kernel does not support 64-bit kernel extensions.
OS X uses the universal binary format to package 32- and 64-bit versions of application and library code into a single file; the most appropriate version is automatically selected at load time. In Mac OS X 10.6, the universal binary format is also used for the kernel and for those kernel extensions that support both 32-bit and 64-bit kernels.
Solaris 10 and later releases support the x86-64 architecture.
For Solaris 10, just as with the SPARC architecture, there is only one operating system image, which contains a 32-bit kernel and a 64-bit kernel; this is labeled as the "x64/x86" DVD-ROM image. The default behavior is to boot a 64-bit kernel, allowing both 64-bit and existing or new 32-bit executables to be run. A 32-bit kernel can also be manually selected, in which case only 32-bit executables will run. The isainfo
command can be used to determine if a system is running a 64-bit kernel.
For Solaris 11, only the 64-bit kernel is provided. However, the 64-bit kernel supports both 32- and 64-bit executables, libraries, and system calls.
x64 editions of Microsoft Windows client and server—Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition—were released in March 2005. Internally they are actually the same build (5.2.3790.1830 SP1), as they share the same source base and operating system binaries, so even system updates are released in unified packages, much in the manner as Windows 2000 Professional and Server editions for x86. Windows Vista, which also has many different editions, was released in January 2007. Windows 7 was released in July 2009. Windows Server 2008 R2 and later versions will only be available as x64 versions.
Prior to Windows 8.1/Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows for x64 offered:
instruction.[72]Under Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, both user mode and kernel mode virtual address spaces have been extended to 128 TB.[18] These versions of Windows will not install on processors that lack the CMPXCHG16B
The following additional characteristics apply to all x64 versions of Windows:
programs) and dynamic link libraries (.dlls) using WoW64. Furthermore, a 32-bit program, if it was linked with the "large address aware" option,[69] can use up to 4 GB of virtual address space in 64-bit Windows, instead of the default 2 GB (optional 3 GB with /3GB boot option and "large address aware" link option) offered by 32-bit Windows.[73] Unlike the use of the /3GB boot option on x86, this does not reduce the kernel mode virtual address space available to the operating system. 32-bit applications can therefore benefit from running on x64 Windows even if they are not recompiled for x86-64.PlayStation 4 and Xbox One include Jaguar, a multi-core processor designed by AMD. Both use x86-64 to address 8 GB of RAM.[77][78]
Since AMD64 and Intel 64 are substantially similar, many software and hardware products use one vendor-neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations. AMD's original designation for this processor architecture, "x86-64", is still sometimes used for this purpose,[4] as is the variant "x86_64".[5][6] Other companies, such as Microsoft[8] and Sun Microsystems/Oracle Corporation,[7] use the contraction "x64" in marketing material.
The term IA-64 refers to the Itanium processor, and should not be confused with x86-64, as it is a completely different instruction set.
Many operating systems and products, especially those that introduced x86-64 support prior to Intel's entry into the market, use the term "AMD64" or "amd64" to refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64.
[5] and in their developer documentation.[4][6]Intel licenses to AMD the right to use the original x86 architecture (upon which AMD's x86-64 is based).[81][82] In 2009, AMD and Intel settled several lawsuits and cross-licensing disagreements, extending their cross-licensing agreements.[83][84]
Figures 5, 6 and 7 also show the 32-bit version of WAS runs applications at full native hardware performance on the POWER and x86-64 platforms. Unlike some 64-bit processor architectures, the POWER and x86-64 hardware does not emulate 32-bit mode. Therefore applications that do not benefit from 64-bit features can run with full performance on the 32-bit version of WebSphere running on the above mentioned 64-bit platforms.
The kernel and developer tools have standardized on "x86_64" for the name of the Mach-O architecture
Physical address space increased to 48 bits.[dead link]
Physical address space increased to 48 bits
The read/write speed of a hard drive is much slower than RAM, and the technology of a hard drive is not geared toward accessing small pieces of data at a time. If your system has to rely too heavily on virtual memory, you will notice a significant performance drop. The key is to have enough RAM to handle everything you tend to work on simultaneously.
There's a point of diminishing returns where adding more RAM won't give you better system performance.
There is, however, a point of diminishing returns at which adding memory to the server may not be justifiable based on price and performance.
To install a 64-bit OS on a 64-bit PC, your processor needs to support CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, and LAHF/SAHF.
Status: The kernel, compiler, tool chain work. The kernel boots and work on simulator and is used for porting of userland and running programs
This was the original paper describing the Linux x86-64 kernel port back when x86-64 was only available on simulators.
You can either use the multilib packages or a i686 chroot.
The /LARGEADDRESSAWARE option tells the linker that the application can handle addresses larger than 2 gigabytes.


text:
GE Healthcare Survey Reveals Many Healthcare Organizations Not Prepared For Capacity Management Challenges
Myers explains, "The hospital is a complex organism. We can now draw data from multiple information sources and make nonlinear references between seemingly disparate areas of the organization to better manage capacity today and in the future."
Stewart adds, "Most organizations expect to improve their operations and patient flow to accommodate a higher throughput of patients, but are being limited by widespread lack of interconnected data to inform them of how they are operating at a holistic level. That's where congestion problems lie, beds are sitting empty and patients are facing long wait times. Though most hospitals collect patient flow data at the department level, few have mechanisms to share and pool it for hospital executives to evaluate and plan for future scenarios. Collecting capacity management data to analyze performance across the entire care continuum is critical to hospitals' ability to care for growing numbers of patients in fewer steps and reduce unnecessary operational costs."
The business announced the survey results from the floor of the annual HIMSS conference in New Orleans this week. For additional information regarding the survey and its findings, please visit the HealthLeaders website.
GE Healthcare Performance Solutions works with hospitals and health systems around the world to improve operational performance. With its combination of advisory services, technology, governance strategies and world-recognized GE management and operations methodologies, Performance Solutions helps hospitals identify and reduce unnecessary waste, unintended clinical variation and fragmented care delivery while delivering cost savings and improving the quality of patient care.
About GE Healthcare GE Healthcare provides transformational medical technologies and services to meet the demand for increased access, enhanced quality and more affordable healthcare around the world. GE (NYSE: GE) works on things that matter - great people and technologies taking on tough challenges. From medical imaging, software & IT, patient monitoring and diagnostics to drug discovery, biopharmaceutical manufacturing technologies and performance improvement solutions, GE Healthcare helps medical professionals deliver great healthcare to their patients.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
Action Alerts PLUS
Portfolio Manager Jim Cramer and Director of Research Jack Mohr reveal their investment tactics while giving advanced notice before every trade.
Product Features:
- $2.5+ million portfolio
- Large-cap and dividend focus
- Intraday trade alerts from Cramer
Quant Ratings
Access the tool that DOMINATES the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500.
Product Features:
- Buy, hold, or sell recommendations for over 4,300 stocks
- Unlimited research reports on your favorite stocks
- A custom stock screener
Stocks Under $10
David Peltier uncovers low dollar stocks with serious upside potential that are flying under Wall Street's radar.
Product Features:
- Model portfolio
- Stocks trading below $10
- Intraday trade alerts
Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
Dividend Stock Advisor
David Peltier identifies the best of breed dividend stocks that will pay a reliable AND significant income stream.
Product Features:
- Diversified model portfolio of dividend stocks
- Updates with exact steps to take - BUY, HOLD, SELL
Trifecta Stocks
Every recommendation goes through 3 layers of intense scrutinyquantitative, fundamental and technical analysisto maximize profit potential and minimize risk.
Product Features:
- Model Portfolio
- Intra Day Trade alerts
- Access to Quant Ratings
Options Profits
Our options trading pros provide over 100 monthly option trading ideas and strategies to help you become a well-seasoned trader.
Product Features:
- Actionable options commentary and news
- Real-time trading community


text:
The policemen had put Becky in her van, at the back. Unfortunately for her, they were parked at the opposite of the cab Harley and Ivy were still in, meaning the girls didn't see her. No one could save her
She hadn't seen or talked to her mother in two years; the young woman had hoped to never see her again. She didn't even manage to face her in a hallucination
She didn't have time to prepare. She had no fear gas, no Jonathan, nothing !
The red-head was shaking on one of the benches of the van. One of the policemen seating across her noticed, and exclaimed : "Don't worry. The Scarecrow won't find you."
What happened to him ? Is he in Arkham ?"
"Yeah, the Joker and him are locked up. Hopefully this time it'll be for good
"Did Batman beat him up ?" she asked, biting her nails nervously.
"Not much. A little less than usual. From what I heard, the freak only has a black eye and a busted lip
but stop worrying about that. That guy is out of your life now."
"No ! I don't want him to be out of my life ! I want to be with him , godamnit ! Why does everyone think they know what's in my best interest ? Why don't I have the right to choose ?"
Sighing, the young girl crossed her arms and closed her eyes. If she wanted to face her mother, she would have to rest
"Dang, she's not coming back, Red."
"Do you think she ran away ? Maybe she doesn't want to save the Scarecrow after all." Pam said, looking at her long legs.
"I don't know
It would be weird. She really looks like she cares about him. And now it's too late to save my puddin'
" the blonde buried her face in her friend's dress, sobbing.
The Mother of plants sighed and ran her hand through the other girl's hair. "He's the Joker, Harls. He can take care of himself."
"That's not the problem
I know he doesn't need help
But I love him, ya know ? So I wanna save him, even if he can save himself. That's just what you do when you're in love."
"I wouldn't know." Ivy admitted, smiling softly.
Like usual, Jonathan was put in the same cell as Tetch. He was pushed inside by some guards, and Jervis' face brightened when he saw his old friend.
"Jonathan ! How are you ?"
"I could be better." He answered, pointing at his damaged face.
"The Batman caught you too." Jervis affirmed.
"Yes." The Scarecrow sat on the bottom bunk bed, still looking at his friend. Jervis was sitting on the floor, humming.
"How's Becky ?"
"She was going out with Harley and Ivy when Batman caught me. I think she's fine
I hope she is."
"Have you talked to Alice ?" The blonde man said, with hope in his voice.
"A little. She called us after you were put back in Arkham. She's at her parents' house; she's really worried about you."
"As I am about her." The Hatter sighed sadly. "I miss her."
"You'll find another Alice."
The Hatter frowned and clenched his fists. "Stop with that ! Do I tell you can find another Becky ? No ! Because there are no others !"
"I haven't lost Becky. I'll escape and get her back."
"Will she even want you back ? It'll take you at least a few months to escape. What memory of you will she be left with during that time ? You, yelling at her on the phone. What a precious memory
Remember what she did the last time you left ? She started to date another guy. That might be a habit
"It's different now. We weren't in love back then."
"She doesn't seem to know you love her."
"Of course she does ! I've told her countless times
"But you've never proven it to her. And actions mean much more than words
"I hope you will." The blonde man said, staring blankly at a wall.
The van finally stopped, after at least half an hour of driving. One of the policemen opened the door, smiling to the young woman.
"We're here. I'll escort you to the door."
"Hum, okay
" The red-head got up, feeling her legs shake. She got off the van, holding herself to its door to not fall.
The house was just as she remembered
It was old, made of stone. It looked rather European, and had wooden structures to hold the windows and doors. They were two stories, with a red roof above them. There was no frontyard, only a small backyard.
"Well, the door seems to be open. I'll be leaving
"Okay. Thanks." She said without looking at him, touching the wooden door with her left hand. There was light coming out of the window, meaning her mother was awake. Waiting for her, probably
Her body was shaking violently. The young college student was so nervous she didn't hear the police van starting and driving away
She stood like this for five more minutes.
"Come on, girl. Open the damn door
"I can't. Mom is here
"Damnit, Becky ! Aren't you the Fear Monger ? Don't you face your fears ?"
"Seeing my mom in a hallucination is nothing compared to seeing her in the flesh. She could kill me."
"Yeah ? Well, you could kill her too. You killed some men, Becky. You're a criminal. You're friends with some Rogues ! That bitch is nothing compared to you !"
"She's my mom. She's the only person I fear."
"Then fight your fucking fear. You were weak, back then; you saw her as a demon. Now that you're strong, you'll see she's nothing. Spend a few days with her. Analyse her. Find out what she's afraid of
and throw it in her ugly face."
The young woman breathed in deeply, and opened the door, very slowly. She had so many flashes of her old life in this house
It was horrible.
The furniture was still placed exactly the same way
Dust had accumulated on them.
Hi, mom !" She called. She wasn't even sure her mother would answer.
"Rebecca. I'm here." A voice resonated from the living-room.
The red-head walked into the room, looking around to spot her mother. She suddenly saw her, slouching on the couch. Her mother had gained weight; she had become
pudgy. Her hair, that used to be golden, was now merely yellow, with grey roots, as if she had been dying it. Her face looked like it had rashes all other it, and her eyes resembled those of a rat. Her whole body looked inflated, and had blue and purple stretch marks all over.
"She was so beautiful when you were a child
Now look at that fat bitch."
"Yes, you've said that already." Mrs. Albright interrupted coldly. "Sit." She indicated a chair by pointing at it with her fat finger.
The young woman quickly did as asked. "Now, tell me. What have you done again ? Why is the police making you stay here ?"
"I haven't done anything." She shook her head brutally.
"Really ? Then why are you here ?"
She couldn't tell her mother the truth. She would have to play the victim's part, again
"A man is after me. A criminal."
"Why ? Did you steal from him ? That wouldn't surprise me
" the woman snorted.
he wants me to join him. He says he loves me."
"Loves you ?" Her mother cackled. "Who the heck would love an ugly, scrawny thing like you ? He must be the most retarded and desperate man on earth. What did you do to him ? Did you seduce him ? You whore
"No, mom. I didn't. He's just
"Well, birds of a feather flock together ! Why don't you join the damn criminal, instead of coming here ?" Her fat jiggled as she talked.
"I would if the police only let me, bitch."
"He's a criminal and a madman, mom." The young woman clenched her fists and her jaw. It hurt her to pretend to not care for him, but she couldn't possibly tell her mother the truth.
"Not very different from you, then. You're the one who made my Megan go away
That's your crime. As for the madness
Spending your life reading stupid books and studying makes you one hell of a weirdo."
Feeling tears rushing to her eyes, the young woman rose from the chair.
"I feel exhausted. I'm going to bed."
"Yeah, you do that." The woman said, looking at her nails.
The red-head ran up the stairs and to her old room. Nothing had been moved : it was still the same cramped, dark, sad room she had as a child. There were no toys, no drawings, no posters; only a bed with pink sheets, a large mirror right across it, a desk and a chair, and a small window. The bed was even smaller than the one she had in her apartment, and less comfortable. The window couldn't be opened; it was only there for decorative purposes. It gave a view to an empty and ugly street. The desk was extremely small, too small. And the mirror
how she remembered hating that mirror ! It covered an entire wall, and the young woman saw herself reflected in it whenever she sat on the bed. She had cried so many times because of it
Her mother had probably put it there on purpose; it was a way to make Becky constantly face her appearance, that she hated. She would always catch a glimpse of her twisted body and disgusting face at each time she moved around the room
When one's bedroom is usually a safe heaven, Becky's room was a hell. There, she felt suffocated, like she was drowning. The air was rancid, there was nothing appealing to hold on to, nothing to comfort her. There was only her own reflection. Feeling faint, the young woman quickly opened the desk's drawers. Empty. Her books had been moved
If she got out of the room to search for them, she would have to face her mother. Better to stay in purgatory than to jump in hell
With a sob, the girl threw herself on the bed, burying her face in the hideously pink sheets. She wasn't ready to face herself, to face her mother, to face anything. She felt like a child again
A weak, helpless child.


text:
Our Blog
Oct 21
PBR Finals Coming to Saskatoon!
The PBR Canadian National Finals are coming to the Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon November 18-19, 2011. Get your tickets to the finals now by clicking here.
The Heritage Inn Hotel & Convention Centre is a proud sponsor of this event. New to the city of Saskatoon? Our hotel is located 2 km from the Saskatoon airport and minutes away from the Credit Union Centre. Don't miss out on our great rates for this event.


text: Sale closed See all from Scots Feather Company White Pyrenean Goose Feather & Down Surround Standard Pillow Scots Feather Company White Pyrenean Goose Feather & Down Surround Standard Pillow ACHICA Loading Reserved. Please try again later. Sold Out In your basket For perfect support throughout the night, this luxurious pillow from Scots Feather Company is the ideal choice. Plump with Pyrenean goose feathers and down clusters, this pillow provides a comfortable resting place for your head and neck all night long, ensuring you wake feeling refreshed and relaxed.Dimensions: W75 x L50cmCover material: 100% CottonFilling: 85% Pyrenean Goose Feather and 15% Pyrenean Goose DownMade in Scotland Product Code: MTR-SFCPGFDP Variant Code: : Delivery Returns Help You will be sent an email as soon as your order is placed. For more information please click here. We hope you will be thrilled with your purchases but in the unlikely event that you want to return something, you can find full return instructions on the back of your delivery note or click here. If you need assistance, please contact us here


text:
Southern Illinois
Recent Articles
Daily Dribble: 11/27
Should be interesting to see who is #1 when the polls come out later today. My choice is UCLA. Though Florida is still probably the best team in the country and there's no shame in losing to Kansas.. UCLA should be #1 because they are undefeated. Pittsburgh and Ohio State are also undefeated.. but UCLA went to Maui and beat Kentucky and Georgia Tech. The Panthers and Buckeyes are a combined 13-0 by beating garbage on their home floor. I have no respect for teams until they leave their buildings to play top teams. The Buckeyes can earn respect with a big game against UNC next weekend, while Pitt still plays nobody for almost 3 more weeks.
MVC Preseason Poll & All-Conference
Creighton is favored in the MVC Preseason Coaches & Media Poll.


text:
Fired up oOh! looks at Eye
PUBLISHED: 02 Apr 2012 00:04:18 | UPDATED: 02 Apr 2012 06:27:15PUBLISHED: 02 Apr 2012 PRINT EDITION: 02 Apr 2012Outdoor advertising company oOh! Media has the financial firepower to buy up rival Eye Corp, says chief executive Brendon Cook, after owner Ten Network put Eye on the block last month.
Already a subscriber? Please login here
Stay with the story for less than $1.90 a day
Read more
People | Brendon Cook, Geoffrey Wild, Darren Smorgon, Barry Zuckerman |
Topics | Media & Marketing /Advertising & Marketing , Company News |


text:
Politics the perfect stuff for comedy of errors
PUBLISHED: 22 Sep 2012 00:04:10 | UPDATED: 22 Sep 2012 00:31:08PUBLISHED: 22 Sep 2012 PRINT EDITION: 22 Sep 2012Scottish writer and director Armando Iannucci has built his career lampooning unelected, inexperienced political spin doctors who have replaced Yes Minister's Sir Humphrey Appleby as the central character in the modern political spoof.
Already a subscriber? Please login here
Stay with the story for less than $1.90 a day
Read more
People | Tony Blair, Mitt Romney, Barack Obama, Bill Shorten, David Cameron, Nick Clegg |
Topics | Politics, Arts & Entertainment /Television |


text:
HURLEY Men's Phantom Grain Boardshorts
Eligible Free Shipping on Outerwear, Shoes, Clothes! (see promotion details) |
Eligible for Free Shipping on Orders $49 or More! (see promotion details) |
Members of The League get 5% back when you spend $100! (see promotion details) |
Product Details
Dive into a day of splashing action in these super-stretchy and eco-friendly HURLEY® Phantom Grain boardshorts for men! Constructed from recycled polyester, the shorts feature 4-way stretch fabric for total freedom of movement and repel water to help them dry quickly once you come ashore. The front lace closure provides an easily adjustable fit, and a zip pocket on the left leg offers convenient storage for smaller must-haves.
- 92% recycled polyester, 8% spandex
- 4-way stretch construction for optimal range of motion
- Fabric repels water to help them dry
- Lace closure
- Zip pocket on left leg
- Inseam: 12"
- Made in China


text:
Social Security head: Program fraying from neglect
Thursday, February 14, 2013
WASHINGTON (AP) — Outgoing Social Security Commissioner Michael J. Astrue has some parting shots for Congress, the White House and advocates for seniors. They have all "really walked away from Social Security," he says, leaving the program "fraying because of inattention to its problems." |


text: Dan Nicholson wrote: > On 3/4/06, DJ Lucas <dj at linuxfromscratch.org> wrote: > >>Replying to myself. Took a trip over to dnsstuff.com and did a lookup >>there. 18.104.22.168 (expo) has files, 220.127.116.11 (gabe) does not >>have files, 22.214.171.124 (?my ISP resolves there) does not have files, >>and no ftp at keithp.com AFAICT. > > > According to dig, my ISP is going to 18.104.22.168, and I see the > files at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/releases/. If I try to browse > directly to 126.96.36.199, I go to some spam site. Weird, I don't know > what to say about that. I guess you could put the IP addresses in the > wget scripts. > > -- > Dan I put in the http links for freedesktop.org. For whatever reason, the ftp is mirrored on only some of the servers (I guess). I just now put the files on belg so it'll be a little bit before they get to the mirrors. -- DJ Lucas


text:
4.5 Left me wanting more... Evielwok | 30/04/2009 | See all Evielwok's reviews (2) My initial thoughts before reading Seven Troop was to expect to read about some of the covert and overt operations that McNab and his fellow colleagues had undertaken... What I read was an up close and personal insight into the lives of Seven Troop and that the real fight wasn't against the enemy with guns and bullets, but the psychological emotions that pushed them to the limit and beyond.Dedicated to four men that you'd wish you could call friends, it made me envy Andy McNab to have know them.
4.5 must read julienjim | 19/12/2008 | See all julienjim's reviews (1) It's an absolutly fantastic action packed book that puts you right there.You feel everything Andy Mcnab writes about in this book.
4.5 Fantastic SkinnerChinner | 13/10/2008 | See all SkinnerChinner's reviews (28) First of McNab's work Ive read, and Im glad to say Im glad I did! The book is great, and focuses on his time in "Seven Troop", the friendships and commaraderie forged in his 16 years services. With laughs, the intensity of the action it also has a deep message to get across to readers, and as McNab puts it "He who dares, doesnt always win" giving a moving insight to the effects such horror can have on soldiers...A must have really
4.5 Absolute Must Read !!! mav1975 | 13/10/2008 | See all mav1975's reviews (7) This has to be one of the best books i have read in years. I have read all Mcnabs books and this is by far the best.There is everything in this book, it really is an emotional rollercoaster and makes you aware of PTSD in the uk forces.Well done Mr Mcnab, an outstanting book !!!!!
4.5 Seven Troop 24341272 | 12/10/2008 | See all 24341272's reviews (1) Excellent, this must be one of the best yet, it brought back some very happy memories of time gone by, having worked both Nish & Al in battalion, Andys portrayal of both these top men is spot on.Once I picked up this book, it was difficult to put down.My reccomendation is buy it read & I promise you will enjoy it.Well done Andy, Keep em coming Pal
4.5 7 Troop chunkmonster | 12/09/2008 | See all chunkmonster's reviews (1) Another gripping account of McNab's life in the military but this time focusing on his years with "7 Troop"This book features laughs and the intensity of modern war and what life is like after the military and in particular, the SAS (The world's original SF unit).This book had new material and is not another version of "Immediate Action" or "Bravo Two Zero", although there are some bits in here from his original books.A definate must*****


text:
Pronunciation: кык
Added on: 2009-05-03
Listened: 135 times
Pronunciation in Udmurt [udm]
- Pronunciation by udmurtlyk (Male from Russia)
- Pronunciation by sermak (Male from Finland)
- Could you do it better? different accent? Pronounce кык in Udmurt
Accents & languages on maps
кык is pending pronunciation in:
- Komi[kv] Do you know how to pronounce кык?
- Random word: аслаз
by Bing Translator English translation:
кык = kyk
Modify word:
· Add languages
· Add categories
Report word:
Is there anything wrong with this word?
Please report it here.