text: York County and Teamsters Union Local 340, No. 02-UDA-01, affirmed, No. AP-02-64 STATE OF MAINE MAINE LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Case No. 02-UDA-01 Issued: September 27, 2002 _________________________________ ) York County, ) ) Appellant, ) DECISION AND ORDER ON and ) UNIT DETERMINATION ) APPEAL Teamster Union Local 340, ) ) Appellee. ) _________________________________) This unit determination matter began when Teamsters Union Local 340 ("Union") filed a unit determination and election petition with the Maine Labor Relations Board ("Board") for a bargaining unit composed of the Captains in the York County Sheriff's Department ("Employer"). The Employer contends that the Teamsters Union should not be allowed to represent this unit because the Teamsters already represents bargaining units whose employees are supervised by the Captains. In order to expedite the Board's consideration of this matter, the parties signed a consent order which was issued by the executive director on June 4, 2002. In that consent order the parties agreed that a unit composed of Captains is an appropriate unit under 966(2) of the Municipal Employees Labor Relations Law ("MPELRL" or "Act"). 26 M.R.S.A. 961 et seq. The parties also agreed that, given the Board's decision in Kittery and Teamsters Union Local 48, No. 83-A-02 (Feb. 7, 1983), the hearing examiner would hold that the statute permits a bargaining agent to represent both the rank-and-file and the supervisory employees of the same public employer. The Employer appeals to the Board arguing that the Kittery decision should be overturned. [-1-] __________________________________________________________________________ JURISDICTION York County is a public employer and the Teamsters Local Union 340 is a bargaining agent within the meaning of 962(7) and 962(2) of the Act, respectively. The jurisdiction of the Maine Labor Relations Board to hear this appeal and to render a decision herein lies in 968(4) of the Act. DISCUSSION As agreed to by the parties, the sole issue in this appeal is whether Teamsters Union Local 340 can be the bargaining agent for the Captains bargaining unit at the York County Sheriff's Department in light of the fact that the Teamsters currently represent the Corrections Officers, Supervisors, Communications, Court Security, and Transportation bargaining units, all consisting of employees supervised by the Captains. The Board was presented with the very same question in Kittery and Teamsters Local 48, where the employer objected to the Teamsters representing a unit of sergeants when they also represented a unit of employees subordinate to the sergeants. No. 83-A-02 (Feb. 7, 1983), affirming No. 83-UD-04. This Board, hearing many of the same arguments heard in the present case, concluded that the statute cannot be read to restrict the right of supervisory employees to select a bargaining agent simply because that agent already represents a unit of rank-and-file employees. The Board's reasoning in the Kittery decision was sound at the time, remains so, and will not be overturned. The Act is unequivocal in granting employees the right to select a labor organization to represent them in collective bargaining. The two provisions illustrating this employee right to self-determination that were noted in the Kittery decision have not diminished in their import: -2- __________________________________________________________________________ Section 961. Purpose It is declared to be the public policy of this State and it is the purpose of this chapter to promote the improvement of the relationship between public employers and their employees by providing a uniform basis for recognizing the right of public employees to join labor organizations of their own choosing and to be represented by such organizations in collective bargaining for terms and conditions of employment. Section 963. Right of public employees to join labor organizations. No one shall directly or indirectly interfere with, intimidate, restrain, coerce or discriminate against public employees or a group of public employees in the free exercise of their rights, hereby given, voluntarily to join, form and participate in the activities of organizations of their own choosing for the purposes of representation and collective bargaining, or in the free exercise of any other right under this chapter. As the Kittery Board concluded, the "unfettered right to opt to be represented by any bargaining agent is apparent from [these] two statutes". No. 83-A-02, at p. 3. The only real limitation on the right of representation is not who may represent a bargaining unit but what standards the Board must apply in deciding whether a proposed unit is an appropriate bargaining unit. Section 966, subsections 1 and 2 of the Act provide the framework for the initial determination of bargaining units by the Board: 966. Bargaining unit; how determined 1. Bargaining unit standards. In the event of a dispute between the public employer and an employee or employees as to the appropriateness of a unit for purposes of collective bargaining or between the public employer and an employee or employees as to whether a supervisory or other position is included in the bargaining unit, the executive director or his designee shall make the determination, except that anyone excepted from the definition of public employee under section 962 may not be included in a bargaining unit. The executive director or his designee -3- __________________________________________________________________________ conducting unit determination proceedings shall have the power to administer oaths and to require by subpoena the attendance and testimony of witnesses, the production of books, records and other evidence relative or pertinent to the issues represented to them. In determining whether a supervisory position should be excluded from the proposed bargaining unit, the executive director or his designee shall consider, among other criteria, if the principal functions of the position are characterized by performing such management control duties as scheduling, assigning, overseeing and reviewing the work of subordinate employees, or performing such duties as are distinct and dissimilar from those performed by the employees supervised, or exercising judgment in adjusting grievances, applying other established personnel policies and procedures and in enforcing a collective bargaining agreement or establishing or participating in the establishment of performance standards for subordinate employees and taking corrective measures to implement those standards. Nothing in this chapter is intended to require the exclusion of principals, assistant principals, other supervisory employees from school system bargaining units which include teachers and nurses in supervisory positions. 2. Bargaining unit compatibility. The executive director of the board or his designee shall decide in each case whether, in order to insure to employees the fullest freedom in exercising the rights guaranteed by this chapter and in order to insure a clear and identifiable community of interest among employees concerned, the unit appropriate for purposes of collective bargaining shall be the public employer unit or any subdivision thereof. No unit shall include both professional and nonprofessional employees unless a majority of such professional employees vote for inclusion in such unit, except that teachers may be included in a unit consisting of other certificated employees. Section 966(1) does not mandate separate units for supervis- ory employees nor does it contain any legislative "proscription" on the placement of supervisors in a rank-and-file unit, as the Employer suggests. On the contrary, the Board has previously stated that "966(1) is permissive in nature": the hearing exam- iner may either include supervisors in the proposed unit or place -4- __________________________________________________________________________ them in a separate bargaining unit. Town of Sabattus and Teamsters Local Union No. 48, No. 82-A-01 (Sept. 17, 1981), p. 3. Section 966(1) provides guidance, but it is up to the hearing officer to decide this issue: . . . Section 966(1) does not require the exclusion of supervisory employees from bargaining units composed of the employees whom they supervise but relegates the decision of the supervisory employees' unit status to the sound discretion of the hearing examiner. . . . Except in instances where the resulting one- or two- member supervisory unit would contravene our policy of discouraging the proliferation, through fragmentation, of small bargaining units, we have approved the creation of such separate supervisory units. . . . The purpose of creating separate supervisory employee bargaining units is to minimize potential conflicts of interest within bargaining units, between supervisors and their subordinate employees, as well as to lessen conflicts of loyalty for supervisors between duty to their employer and allegiance to fellow unit employees. (citations omitted) Penobscot Valley Hospital and Maine Federation of Nurses and Health Care Professional, No. 85-A-01, at p. 8 (Feb. 6, 1985). Separate supervisory units are not required by the Act.[fn]1 We therefore agree with the Kittery Board's conclusion that the same union may represent a unit of supervisors while also representing a unit of subordinate employees: . . . [The Legislature] expressly delegated to the executive director, applying the criteria set forth in Section 966(1), the authority to determine whether said supervisors should be included in the same bargaining unit as the employees whom they supervise. . . . Since the legislature has expressly authorized the inclusion of supervisory and non-supervisory employees into the same bargaining unit and, hence, to be represented by the same bargaining agent, we must conclude that the same bargaining agent may represent a public employer's supervisory and rank-and-file employees in separate ____________________ 1 The New Hampshire cases cited by the Employer are distinguish- able because the New Hampshire statute expressly prohibits including supervisors in the same bargaining unit as the employees supervised. N.H. RSA 273-A: 8 II. -5- __________________________________________________________________________ bargaining units. We hold that this conclusion is the proper interpretation of the Act. Kittery, 83-A-02, p. 4. We must reject the employer's statutory construction argument that a supervisory unit may not be repre- sented by the same bargaining agent that represents the rank-and- file employees because the argument is based on the incorrect premise that the statute prohibits including supervisors in a unit with subordinate employees.[fn]2 Section 967 of the Act, titled "Determination of the bargaining agent," is further indication that the employees' right to be represented by the bargaining agent of their own choosing is not limited. After specifying the procedures for Board-conducted elections, section 967(2) says: When an organization receives the majority of votes of those voting, the executive director of the board shall certify it as the bargaining agent. The bargaining agent certified as representing a bargaining unit shall be recognized by the public employer as the sole and exclusive bargaining agent for all of the employees in the bargaining unit unless and until a decertification election by secret ballot shall be held and the bargaining agent declared by the executive director of the board as not representing a majority of the unit. There is no qualification to the requirement that the executive director certify the organization receiving the majority of the votes cast. Similarly, there is no qualification to the requirement that the public employer recognize the certified ____________________ 2 We also note that had the Legislature wanted to require different bargaining agents, it would have been easy to do so. Section 9(b)(3) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) prohibits the National Labor Relations Board from including security guards in a bargaining unit that includes any non-guard employees. 29 U.S.C. 159(b)(3). Not only that, a unit of guards may not be represented by a labor organization "if such organization admits to membership, or is affiliated directly or indirectly with an organization which admits to membership, employees other than guards." Id. The Maine Legislature could have easily patterned a similar requirement for supervisory units--the Legislature was cognizant of the provisions of the NLRA when it enacted the MPELRL and many sections of the Act parallel the NLRA. See, Kittery, 83-A-02, p. 3. -6- __________________________________________________________________________ bargaining agent as the exclusive representative of the unit. Simply stated, the board has no statutory authority to disqualify a union from representing the employees who have freely elected that union as their bargaining agent. As a final point supporting our conclusion, the section of the Act governing unit mergers reflects a recognition that the same union may represent a unit of supervisors at the same time it represents a unit of the subordinate employees. The merger provision, found in 966(4), creates a special process for holding an election on merging one or more bargaining units at a single employer when those units are represented by the same bargaining agent.[fn]3 There are some restrictions on when this can occur. Paragraph E of the subsection on mergers states: E. A bargaining unit composed of a majority of supervisors may not merge under this subsection with any other bargaining unit. If 966(1) prohibited a bargaining unit of supervisors from being represented by the same bargaining agent that represents the rank and file employees, then subsection 4, paragraph E would be totally unnecessary. We think that paragraph E clearly indicates that the Legislature recognized that there could be occasions where the same bargaining agent represents a supervisory unit and a unit of subordinate employees. As a final note, we think the Employer's concern that conflict-of-interest problems "will quickly become the general rule" ignores the fact that the Employer exercises some control over the situation. It is important to remember that the bargaining agent's status (and the Employer's corresponding ____________________ 3 4. Unit merger; same bargaining agent. If there is the same certified or currently recognized bargaining representative of public employees in multiple bargaining units with the same public employer, the public employer or certified or recognized bargaining representa- tive may file a petition with the executive director to merge those bargaining units. . . . -7- __________________________________________________________________________ obligations) derives from its certification as the bargaining agent for the specific bargaining unit. The fact that the agent may also represent another unit does not alter that status. The Employer is free to insist on bargaining with the Captains unit separately from the other units, as bargaining with all of the units at the same table is not required. Furthermore, if the Captains fail to fulfill their supervisory duties because of "conflicting loyalties" or if they disclose confidential infor- mation improperly, the Employer may address these issues as performance problems.[fn]4 See, Maine School Administrative District No. 14 and East Grand Teachers Association, No. 83-A-09 (Aug. 24, 1983), p. 10 (When assigning confidential collective bargaining duties, employer may caution employee that disclosure of the confidential information to the union may result in discipline). Thus, if a problem does arise, the Employer has the means to address it. From the employees' perspective, if the bargaining agent is showing a preference for the interests of one unit over another, the employees may petition for an election to certify a different agent. In addition, the union selected as the exclusive repre- sentative of a unit has a duty to fairly represent all of the members of that bargaining unit, without respect to the union's representation of other bargaining units. Thus, remedies are available to the employees as well if actual conflicts of interest interfere with their collective bargaining rights. ____________________ 4 Subject to the prohibitions in 964(1). -8- __________________________________________________________________________ ORDER On the basis of the foregoing discussion and pursuant to the powers granted to the Maine Labor Relations Board by the provisions of 26 M.R.S.A. 968(4), it is ORDERED: that the appeal of York County, filed with respect to the Consent Order in Case No. 02-UD-06, is denied and the report is affirmed as set forth above. Dated at Augusta, Maine, this 27th day of September, 2002. The parties are hereby advised MAINE LABOR RELATIONS BOARD of their right, pursuant to 26 M.R.S.A. 968(4) (Supp. 2001) to seek review of this /s/________________________ Decision and Order on Unit Peter T. Dawson Determination Appeal by the Chair Superior Court. To initiate such a review an appealing party must file a complaint /s/________________________ with the Superior Court within Karl Dornish, Jr. fifteen (15) days of the date Employer Representative of issuance of this decision and order, and otherwise comply with the requirements /s/________________________ of Rule 80C of the Maine Rules Carol B. Gilmore of Civil Procedure. Employee Representative -9- __________________________________________________________________________


text:
Fluid Replacement and Heat Stress, 1993
Pp. 23-36. Washington, D.C.
National Academy Press
David R. Lamb1
The optimal formulation of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages for the soldier in the field is an important consideration for the health and combat effectiveness of that soldier. This is especially true for soldiers who are exposed to thermal stress that leads to rapid dehydration and for those who are undergoing prolonged physical exertion that leads to both rapid dehydration and exhaustion. The combination of thermal stress and physical exertion makes beverage formulation even more critical. In this paper it is assumed that the role of the beverages in question is to replenish depleted body fluid stores for the purpose of minimizing dehydration and to supply carbohydrates for the purpose of forestalling exhaustion. Furthermore, the emphasis in this paper is on the role played by rates of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption associated with various beverage formulations in determining the efficacy of those formulations.
1 |
David R. Lamb, Exercise Physiology Laboratory School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 |
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Fluid Replacement and Heat Stress, 1993
Pp. 23-36. Washington, D.C.
National Academy Press
Formulation of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverages
David R. Lamb1
The optimal formulation of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages for the soldier in the field is an important consideration for the health and combat effectiveness of that soldier. This is especially true for soldiers who are exposed to thermal stress that leads to rapid dehydration and for those who are undergoing prolonged physical exertion that leads to both rapid dehydration and exhaustion. The combination of thermal stress and physical exertion makes beverage formulation even more critical. In this paper it is assumed that the role of the beverages in question is to replenish depleted body fluid stores for the purpose of minimizing dehydration and to supply carbohydrates for the purpose of forestalling exhaustion. Furthermore, the emphasis in this paper is on the role played by rates of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption associated with various beverage formulations in determining the efficacy of those formulations.
David R. Lamb, Exercise Physiology Laboratory School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Early Experiments
In 1944, Pitts et al. reported data from a series of experiments in which men walked on a treadmill for 1 to 4 h at 5.6 km/h up a 2.5% grade with or without fluid replenishment (Table 3-1). The environmental temperatures ranged from 32° to 38°C, the relative humidity was 35% to 83%, and the subjects were allowed to rest for 10 min each hour. When the subjects drank nothing during the walks, their rectal temperatures and pulse rates were usually higher and their sweat rates were lower than
Table 3-1 Mean Heart Rates, Rectal Temperatures, and Sweat Rates after 4 h walking at 38°C and 35% relative humidity (n = 3-7)
Fluid Type
Heart Rate (beat/min)
Rectal Temp. (°C)
Sweat Rate (liter/h)
Water ad libitum
Water each 15 min at sweat rate
0.2% NaCl each 15 min at sweat rate
3.5% Glucose each 15 min at sweat rate
Source: Pitts et al. (1944).
when water, 2% saline, or 3.5% glucose in volumes equivalent to sweat loss were consumed every 15 min or when water was consumed in quantities that just satisfied thirst. These early experiments demonstrated that progressive dehydration during prolonged exertion in the heat can adversely affect cardiovascular function, as reflected by elevated heart rates, and temperature regulation, as indicated by high rectal temperatures and reduced sweat rates. More recent investigators have confirmed these observations (Candas et al., 1988).
The experiments of Pitts et al. (1944) also suggested that thirst was not an adequate stimulus for the subjects to replace all of the water they lost as sweat. This was confirmed several years later in an experiment reported by Brown (1947), in which military recruits attempted to complete a 34-km hike in a desert environment at temperatures ranging from 30° to 33°C with or without free access to water. Without water, 7 of 13 subjects became
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exhausted before completing the hike and lost 7.5% of their body weight. When water was provided, only 1 of 9 subjects became prematurely exhausted, but the subjects still lost 4.5% of their body weight during the hike. More sophisticated contemporary studies have confirmed that during prolonged exertion in hot environments, one must consume more fluid than that which satisfies thirst if progressive dehydration is to be avoided (Hubbard et al., 1984).
Reduced Plasma Volume and Increased Body Fluid Osmolality
Even in the absence of significant dehydration during prolonged exertion, some of the plasma volume usually moves out of the capillaries and into the interstitial or intracellular spaces, but progressive dehydration during the exertion increases the overall loss of plasma. For example, Costill et al. (1981) measured fluid volume shifts in 7 men who cycled for 2 h at 50% of maximal oxygen uptake in a chamber with a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 46%. After only 10 min of cycling, there was a plasma volume loss of 4.4%, and by the end of 2 h, the plasma volume was 9% less than the baseline. Another study showed a plasma volume loss of as much as 16% during prolonged exercise (Costill and Fink, 1974). A plasma volume loss of this magnitude indicates a significant reduction in the volume of circulating blood that is availabel to meet the increasing demands for blood by muscles for producing force and by skin for dissipating heat.
A loss of plasma volume during exercise is often accompanied by a deterioration in the ability of the exerciser to regulate body temperature. However, it is apparent that there is no clear cause-and-effect association between plasma volume losses and failing temperature regulation because experimentally increasing or reducing plasma volume during exercise does not necessarily result in a systematic improvement or deterioration, respectively, in temperature regulation (Fortney et al., 1981, 1984; Nadel et al., 1980). The adverse effects of dehydration on temperature regulation appear to be a complex function of increased body fluid osmolality and decreased plasma volume (Fortney et al., 1984). Thus, even in the absence of a decrease in plasma volume, an increased plasma osmolality caused by dehydration raises the thresholds for initiation of the sweating response and vasodilation in the skin, but a decrease in plasma volume coincident with an increased plasma osmolality additionally reduces the rate of increase in skin blood flow for a given rise in core temperature and reduces the maximal rate of skin blood flow (Fortney et al., 1984; Nadel et al., 1980).
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Increased Circulatory Strain
As plasma volume declines with progressively increasing dehydration and as the cutaneous vascular capacity increases because of greater demands for heat dissipation in prolonged exercise, the actively circulating blood volume decreases. This leads to a reduction in ventricular filling pressure, a fall in stroke volume, and a compensatory increase in heart rate (Candas et al., 1986; Francis, 1979; Rowell et al., 1966) that may be inadequate to prevent a reduction in cardiac output (Fortney et al., 1983; Nadel et al., 1980; Rowell et al., 1966). With increasing dehydration, circulation to the skin decreases to shift a greater percentage of the declining blood volume to the working muscles (Fortney et al., 1983). Unfortunately, this shift of fluids away from the skin reduces the ability of the body to dissipate heat and leads to a progressive increase in heat storage.
Decreased Sweating Response
Dehydration-induced decrements in plasma volume and increments in body fluid osmolality result in a decreased threshold for the onset of sweating, and a decrease in the rate of sweating for a given increase in core temperature (Fortney et al., 1984; Harrison et al., 1978). This deterioration in sweating leads to a reduced ability to dissipate heat by evaporation and thus leads to a higher core temperature during prolonged exercise in the dehydrated than in the hydrated condition (Candas et al., 1986, 1988; Costill et al., 1970; Francis, 1979; Sawka et al., 1983).
Altered Electrolyte Distributions
Sodium and chloride are the principal electrolytes lost in sweat, but sweat is hypotonic with respect to blood plasma so that sodium and chloride (and potassium) concentrations in plasma are usually elevated by 1% to 4% during prolonged exercise without fluid replenishment (Costill et al., 1970, 1974, 1976, 1981). Plasma magnesium concentrations either decrease (Costill et al., 1981) or are unchanged from those during rest (Costill et al., 1976). There seem to be no systematic changes with exercise in intracellular concentrations of sodium, chloride, or magnesium in skeletal muscle, perhaps because of variable changes in intracellular water (Costill et al., 1976, 1981). When expressed per unit of wet muscle weight, potassium concentrations in intracellular water typically decrease by 8% to 10% (Costill et al., 1981), but all electrolyte changes in muscle during prolonged
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exercise are very minor when expressed per unit of dry weight (Costill et al., 1976, 1981).
The early experiments of Pitts et al. (1944) on men marching in the desert showed that consumption of water, 0.2% saline, or 3.5% glucose to replace sweat loss resulted in lower heart rates and core temperatures and sometimes greater sweat rates than were noted in a no-fluid condition. Francis (1979) studied eight men under three different hydration treatments during, intermittent exercise consisting of eight 15-min bouts of cycling at 50% interspersed with 5-min recovery intervals. The room air temperature was 32°C, and the relative humidity was 60% to 65%. During the rest intervals, the subjects consumed either water or an electrolyte solution (20 mM sodium, 10 mM potassium, 1.3% glucose) sufficient to replace sweat losses, or no fluid at all. In the no-fluid condition, plasma volume loss after 2 h was 17.7%; when either fluid replacement beverage was consumed, no significant loss occurred. Similarly, compared with the no-fluid condition, heart rate was 15 to 20 beat/min lower, rectal temperature was 1°C lower, and plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly reduced when either fluid was consumed during exercise.
In one experiment, four marathon runners ran on a treadmill for 2 h at 70% under each of three conditions: (1) no fluid, (2) 100 ml of water every 5 min during the first 100 min, or (3) 100 ml of a glucose-electrolyte beverage (20 mM sodium, 15.3 mM chloride, 2.4 mM potassium, 4.4% glucose) every 5 min for the first 100 min (Costill et al., 1970). Compared with the no-fluid treatment, both fluid replacement regimens significantly lowered rectal temperature and reduced the concentrations of sodium and chloride in plasma.
Brandenberger et al. (1986) and Candas et al. (1986) compared the effects of five treatments: (1) no fluid, (2) water, (3) a hypotonic beverage (0.4 mM chloride, 0.04% glucose and fructose), (4) an isotonic drink (23.1 mM sodium, 16.7 mM chloride, 3.2 mM potassium, 2.0 mM calcium, 6.8% sucrose), and (5) a hypertonic sugar solution (7.55% glucose, 7.53% fructose) on temperature regulation and cardiovascular function during 4 h of intermittent cycling at a low intensity (mean = 85 watts) in a hot environment (34°C, 10°C dew point). Fluid was consumed every 10 min after 70 min of exercise in amounts calculated to replace 80% of sweat losses. Relative to the no-fluid condition, all four fluid replenishment regimes decreased rectal temperature, heart rate, plasma protein concentration,
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plasma osmolality, and losses of plasma volume, but did not significantly affect sweat rate or skin temperature. Although the hypertonic sugar solution tended to be less effective in minimizing homeostatic disturbances, there were few significant differences attributable to the beverage composition. One exception to this observation was that plasma volume was actually expanded during the isotonic drink treatment, whereas the other beverages only minimized the plasma volume loss found in the no-fluid condition. Hormones in this experiment were determined only for the no-fluid, water, and isotonic beverage treatments; and both water and the isotonic drink negated the rises in plasma concentrations of cortisol and vasopressin and in renin activity; aldosterone increases during exercise were significantly blunted only by the isotonic drink (Brandenberger et al., 1986).
Efficacy of Electrolyte Replacement During Prolonged Exertion
Because substantial quantities of sodium, chloride, and to a lesser extent, potassium are lost in the sweat during prolonged exertion, especially in the heat, many are concerned that this electrolyte loss should be replenished during exercise to maintain the appropriate distribution of electrolytes in the various fluid compartments of the body. However, there is little direct evidence of a beneficial effect of electrolyte replacement for any but a small proportion of endurance athletes. The fact that electrolyte concentrations in plasma usually rise during exercise without fluid replacement (Costill et al., 1970, 1974, 1976, 1981) indicates that electrolyte supplements are not needed. Furthermore, during repeated exposures to prolonged physical exertion, the kidneys very effectively conserve sodium and potassium so that the electrolyte balance is usually maintained when an athlete consumes a normal diet or a diet low in potassium (Costill et al., 1976), or a diet high or low in sodium (Armstrong et al., 1985). However, recent case studies have been reported in which athletes who participated in very prolonged exercise experienced severe hyponatremia, i.e., low plasma sodium concentrations during exercise (Hiller et al., 1985; Noakes et al., 1985) or up to 7 days after competition (Noakes et al., 1985). These athletes usually consumed large quantities of water or beverages low in electrolytes. Conceivably, ingestion of electrolyte beverages for soldiers sensitive to the development of hyponatremia could be effective in obliterating or reducing the severity of hyponatremia. It should also be noted that small amounts of sodium chloride in a beverage enhance palatability. Since palatability determines in large measure how much fluid a person will voluntarily ingest (Hubbard et al., 1984), it may well be that electrolytes in beverages are important to encourage consumption of as much fluid as possible. Finally, recent evidence
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suggests that sodium in fluid replacement beverages is important for maintaining the osmotic drive for drinking during recovery from prolonged exertion (Nose et al., 1988).
Summary of Effects of Water and Saline Replacement on Homeostasis During Prolonged Exertion
Fluid replacement during strenuous prolonged exertion is unquestionably beneficial in minimizing the adverse effects of dehydration on cardiovascular function and temperature regulation. Although not all studies have demonstrated significant improvements in all markers of cardiovascular function and temperature regulation, there is overwhelming cumulative evidence that fluid replacement lowers cardiovascular strain and improves thermoregulation when compared with cardiovascular strain and thermoregulation under conditions in which fluid is withheld during prolonged exertion.
The value of electrolytes added to fluids consumed during prolonged exertion has yet to be conclusively demonstrated, but individuals susceptible to hyponatremia with water feedings alone may profit from electrolyte supplements. Also, sodium may be important for optimal rehydration following prolonged exertion. Furthermore, the low concentrations of electrolytes found in most fluid replacement beverages (Table 3-2) are apparently benign and may encourage fluid consumption by enhancing beverage palatability.
Table 3-2 Approximate Composition of Beverages That May Be Consumed During Prolonged Exercise
Beverage Type
Sodium (mM)
Potassium (mM)
Sucrose (%)
Glucose (%)
Polymers (%)
Fructose (%)
Apple juice
Body fuel 450
Cola drinks
Gookinaid ERG
Orange juice
a variable mixture of glucose and fructose
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A comprehensive analysis of the literature on gastric emptying and intestinal absorption related to beverages consumed during exercise has been published recently (Murray, 1987). Only highlights of this issue are addressed here. The first study of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of beverages consumed during exercise was that of Fordtran and Saltin (1967). They studied the gastric emptying characteristics of water and a glucose-electrolyte solution (13.3% glucose, 0.3% sodium chloride) and the intestinal absorption of six sugar-saline solutions in five subjects at rest and after an hour of treadmill running at 70% . They found that gastric emptying rates were slightly reduced during exercise and that the effects of exercise on water absorption in the intestine were highly variable. Furthermore, gastric emptying rates for the 13.3% glucose solution were substantially slower than those for water. Subsequently, Costill and Saltin (1974) systematically varied the intensity of cycling exercise and the glucose content, temperature, and volume of beverages ingested during cycling. They showed that cycling at intensities up to 60% did not significantly reduce gastric emptying rates; intensities greater than 70% did. Having demonstrated that gastric emptying during moderate-intensity exercise was similar to that during rest, Costill and Saltin (1974) tested gastric emptying characteristics of various beverages in resting subjects. One of their findings was that a solution of 2.5% glucose in 34 mM saline had emptied as rapidly after 15 min as did the saline alone, whereas 5%, 10%, and 15% glucose added to the saline progressively slowed gastric emptying. These findings with measurements of gastric emptying 15 to 20 min after beverage ingestion were generally confirmed by others (Brener et al., 1983; Coyle et al., 1978; Foster et al., 1980; Hunt et al., 1985; Neufer et al., 1986).
Gastric emptying of carbohydrate-containing beverages seems to be regulated to provide a fairly constant rate of energy delivery (i.e., 2.0 to 2.5 kcal/min) to the small intestine, regardless of the energy density or osmolality of the ingested beverage (Brener et al., 1983; Hunt et al., 1985). In other words, after a few minutes of unregulated emptying into the intestine, a solution containing 10% glucose should empty approximately half as quickly as a solution of 5% glucose to deliver energy to the intestine at the same rate. The gastric emptying rate for water is approximately 15 ml/min for the first 15 min and that for 5% carbohydrate is about 12 ml/min; solutions containing progressively greater concentrations of carbohydrate empty progressively more slowly (Brener et al., 1983). If the maximal rate of energy delivery from the stomach to the intestine is 2.0 to 2.5 kcal/min (120
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to 150 kcal/h), approximately 36.0 to 37.5 g of carbohydrate could be delivered to the intestine per hour.
Thus, if a 6% carbohydrate solution were ingested, 600 to 625 ml would have to be emptied from the stomach each hour to provide maximal rates of energy delivery. At emptying rates of approximately 10 ml/min for such a solution, this maximal rate of energy delivery is clearly possible and practical (e.g., with 150 to 250 ml feedings of a 6% solution every 15 to 20 min).
Theoretically, the difference between delivery of water and a 6% carbohydrate solution from the stomach to the intestine would be approximately 275 to 300 ml/h. If water and the glucose solution were absorbed from the intestine at similar rates, it would appear that fluid replenishment would be improved by 275 to 300 ml/h from the consumption of water compared with that of a 6% carbohydrate solution. However, because glucose stimulates water absorption from the intestine (Sladen and Dawson, 1969), this apparent advantage of water over a moderately concentrated glucose solution for fluid replacement may not exist (Murray, 1987).
It should be noted that the previously cited studies of gastric emptying characteristics of ingested beverages typically did not include measurements of cardiovascular or thermoregulatory function or performance capacity while subjects were consuming the beverages during exercise. Nevertheless, it is widely believed that cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, and physical performance are adversely affected during prolonged exertion if the ingested beverages contain sugar concentrations greater than 2.5%. This belief is unfounded.
In a study of champion marathoners, Costill et al. (1970) found similar gastric residues remaining in the stomachs of three of four runners after a 2-h run at 70% , regardless of whether they drank 100 ml of water or a glucose-electrolyte beverage (4.4% glucose, 20 mM sodium, 2.4 mM K+) every 5 min for the first 100 min of the run. More importantly, rectal temperatures, heart rates, ventilation rates, oxygen uptakes, sweat rates, and hemoconcentration values were similar for both drink treatments.
Our group investigated the effects of four beverages differing in their carbohydrate and electrolyte contents on homeostasis and performance in a cycling task to exhaustion (Brodowicz et al., 1984). Cyclists were asked to
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ride as long as possible at an intensity equal to 74% of their maximal oxygen uptake under each of the four drink conditions (Table 3-3). Rectal temperature, heart rate, plasma volume change, sweat rate, and ratings of perceived exertion and gastrointestinal distress were similar under all drink conditions. Blood glucose was higher with the carbohydrate beverages; and mean ride times (min) were 68.9, 70.8, 73.1, 75.1 for beverages P, M, L, and S, respectively (P<0.05 for P vs. S; Table 3). Glucose polymers provided no advantage over simple sugars in this experiment or in those reported by others (Massicotte et al., 1989; Mitchell et al., 1988; Murray et al., 1987; Owen et al., 1986). Because of the discrepancy between the published data showing slower rates of gastric emptying for beverages containing carbohydrate and electrolytes and the finding that assumed rates of gastric emptying
Table 3-3 Beverages Used in the Study of Brodowicz et al. (1984)
Flavored water, 0.1 mM Na+
2.5% Glucose, 10.2 mM Na+
6% Glucose polymers, 10.2 mM Na+
4.6% Sucrose, 2% glucose, 20.4 mM Na+
had no apparent bearing on homeostasis or performance, we developed a simplified procedure to track the accumulation in plasma of deuterium oxide (D2O) from D2O-labeled beverages (Davis et al., 1987). We used this D2O accumulation as an index of relative rates of fluid entry into the blood after ingestion of various beverages. We found that the technique could easily distinguish between D2O accumulation rates for drinks with known differences in gastric emptying characteristics. Profiles for D2O accumulation in plasma of rested subjects were indistinguishable for water and drinks containing carbohydrate concentrations up to 10% (Davis et al., 1990). We also found that D2O accumulation profiles for water and for beverages containing carbohydrate concentrations of 2.5% and 6% were indistinguishable during prolonged exertion (Davis et al., 1988a). However, D2O accumulation was significantly retarded by beverages containing 12% carbohydrate (Davis et al., 1988b). The 12% carbohydrate beverage was also closely associated with symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort and failure to complete the required cycling task.
Owen et al. (1986) compared water, a 10% glucose polymer solution, and a 10% glucose solution ingested in volumes of 200 ml every 30 min during treadmill running at 65% for 2 h in a hot environment; they detected no significant beverage effects on gastric emptying, plasma volume
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changes, rectal or mean skin temperatures, or sweat rates. In another comparison of water and beverages containing 5%, 6%, or 7.5% carbohydrate, it was found that all carbohydrate beverages improved performance relative to water in maximal 12-min cycling sprints following seven 12-min sprints at 70% interspersed with 3-min rest intervals (Mitchell et al., 1988). Furthermore, no important beverage-related effects were detected for plasma volume changes, weight loss, oxygen uptake, or gastric emptying. Presumably, the fact that fluid feedings in this experiment were given in relatively small volumes (167 ml) intermittently as opposed to a 400-ml single feeding (Costill and Saltin, 1974) explained the lack of gastric emptying differences among the different beverages.
Coupled with numerous other reports (see Costill, 1988, and Murray, 1987, for reviews) that show benefits to prolonged exercise performance when carbohydrate is consumed during exercise, the studies cited in this section show that any differences in gastric emptying that may exist among water and beverages with moderate (5% to 8%) concentrations of carbohydrate are of little importance in determining the efficacy of a beverage for minimizing disturbances in homeostasis and for maximizing performance. In fact, moderately concentrated carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions improve the supply of carbohydrates to the tissues and are usually associated with improved physical performance. Finally, despite numerous comparisons of alternative formulations, there seems to be no evidence that any of these are superior to those of many of the availabel commercial beverages.
Armstrong, L.E., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, D. Bassett, M. Hargreaves, I. Nishibata, and D.S. King. 1985 Effects of dietary sodium on body and muscle potassium content during heat acclimation. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 54:391-397.
Brandenberger, G., V. Candas, M. Follenius, J.P. Libert, and J.M. Kahn. 1986Vascular fluid shifts and endocrine responses to exercise in the heat: effect of rehydration. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:123-129.
Brener, W., T.R. Hendrix, and P.R. McHugh. 1983Regulation of the gastric emptying of glucose. Gastroenterology 85:76-82.
Brodowicz, G.R., D.R. Lamb, T.S. Baur, and D.F. Connors. 1984Efficacy of various drink formulations for fluid replenishment in the heat. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 16:138.
Brown, A.H. 1947Dehydration exhaustion. Pp. 208-225 in Physiology of Man in the Desert, E.F. Adolph and Associates, eds. Interscience, New York.
Candas, V., J.P. Libert, G. Brandenberger, J.C. Sagot, C. Amoros, and J.M. Kahn. 1986Hydration during exercise: effects on thermal and cardiovascular adjustments. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:113-122.
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Candas, V., J.P. Libert, G. Brandenberger, J.C. Sagot, and J.M. Kahn. 1988Thermal and circulatory responses during prolonged exercise at different levels of hydration. J. Physiol. ( London) 83:11-18.
Costill, D.L. 1988Carbohydrates for exercise: dietary demands for optimal performance Int. J. Sports Med. 9:1-18.
Costill, D.L., and W.J. Fink. 1974Plasma volume changes following exercise and thermal dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol. 37:521-525.
Costill, D.L., and B. Saltin. 1974Factors limiting gastric emptying during rest and exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 37:679-683.
Costill, D.L., W.F. Kammer, and A. Fisher. 1970Fluid ingestion during distance running. Arch. Environ. Health. 21:520-525.
Costill, D.L.,L. Branam, D. Eddy, and W. Fink. 1974Alterations in red cell volume following exercise and dehydration J. Appl. Physiol. 37:912-916.
Costill, D.L., R. Cote, and W. Fink. 1976Muscle water and electrolytes following varied levels of dehydration in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 40:6-11.
Costill, D.L., R. Cote, W.J. Fink, and P. Van Handel. 1981Muscle water and electrolyte distribution during prolonged exercise Int. J. Sports Med. 2:130-134.
>Coyle, E.F., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, and D.G. Hoopes. 1978Gastric emptying rates for selected athletic drinks. Res. Q. 49:119-124.
Davis, J.M., D.R. Lamb, W.A. Burgess, and W.P. Bartoli. 1987Accumulation of deuterium oxide in body fluids after ingestion of D2O-labeled beverages. J. Appl. Physiol. 63:2060-2066.
Davis, J.M., D.R. Lamb, R.R. Pate, C.A. Slentz, W.A. Burgess, and W.P.Bartoli. 1988aCarbohydrate-electrolyte drinks: effects on endurance cycling in the heat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:1023-1030.
Davis, J.M., W.A. Burgess, C.A. Slentz, W.P. Bartoli, and R.R. Pate. 1988bEffects of ingesting 6% and 12% glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 57:563-569.
Davis, J.M., W.A. Burgess, C.A. Slentz, and W.P. Bartoli. 1990Fluid availability of sports drinks differing in carbohydrate type and concentration. Am. J. Clin. Nutri. 51:1054-1057.
Fordtran, J.S., and B. Saltin. 1967Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during prolonged severe exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 23:331-335.
Fortney, S.M., E.R. Nadel, C.B. Wenger, and J.R. Bove. 1981Effect of blood volume on sweating rate and body fluids in exercising humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 51:1594-1600.
Fortney, S.M., C.B. Wenger, J.R. Bove, and E.R. Nadel. 1983Effect of blood volume on forearm venous flow and cardiac stroke volume during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:884-890.
Fortney, S.M.,C.B. Wenger,J.R. Bove, and E.R. Nadel. 1984Effect of hyperosmolality on control of blood flow and sweating. J. Appl. Physiol. 57:1688-1695.
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Foster, C., D.L. Costill, and W.J. Fink. 1980Gastric emptying characteristics of glucose and glucose polymer solutions Res. Q. Exercise Sport. 51:299-305.
Francis, K.T. 1979Effect of water and electrolyte replacement during exercise in the heat on biochemical indices of stress and performance. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 50:115-119.
Harrison, M.H., R.J. Edwards, and P.A. Fennessy. 1978Intravascular volume and tonicity as factors in the regulation of body temperature. J. Appl. Physiol. 44:69-75.
Hiller, W.D.B., M.L. O'Toole, F. Massimino, R.E. Miller, and R.H. Laird. 1985Plasma electrolyte and glucose changes during the Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 17:219.
Hubbard, R.W., B.L. Sandick, W.T. Matthew, R.P. Francesconi, J.B. Sampson, M.J. Durkot, O. Maller, and D.B. Engell. 1984Voluntary dehydration and alliesthesia for water. J. Appl. Physiol. 57:868-873.
Hunt, J.N., J.L. Smith, and C.L. Jiang. 1985Effect of meal volume and energy density on the gastric emptying of carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 89:1326-1330.
Massicotte, D., F. Peronnet, G. Brisson, K. Bakkouch, and C. Hillaire-Marcel. 1989Oxidation of a glucose polymer during exercise: comparison with glucose and fructose. J. Appl. Physiol. 66:179-183.
Mitchell, J.B.,D.L. Costill, J.A. Houmard,M.G. Flynn,W.J. Fink, and J.D. Beltz. 1988Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on gastric emptying and exercise performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 20:110-115.
Murray, R. 1987The effects of consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages on gastric emptying and fluid absorption during and following exercise. Sports Med. 4:322-351.
Murray, R., D.E. Eddy, T.W. Murray, J.G. Seifert et al. 1987The effect of fluid and carbohydrate feedings during intermittent cycling exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 19:597-604.
Nadel, E.R.,S.M. Fortney, and C.B. Wenger. 1980Effect of hydration state on circulatory and thermal regulations. J. Appl. Physiol. 49:715-721.
Neufer, P.D., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, J.P. Kirwan, R.A. Fielding, and M.G. Flynn. 1986Effects of exercise and carbohydrate composition on gastric emptying Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 18:658-662.
Noakes, T.D., N. Goodwin, B.L. Rayner, T. Branken, and R.K. Taylor. 1985Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 17:370-375.
Nose, H., G.W. Mack, X.R. Shi, and E.R. Nadel. 1988Role of osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans J. Appl. Physiol. 65:325-331.
Owen, M.D., K.C. Kregel, P.T. Wall, and C.V. Gisolfi. 1986Effects of ingesting carbohydrate beverages during exercise in the heat. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 18:568-575.
Pitts, G.C., R.E. Johnson, and F.C. Consolazio. 1944Work in the heat as affected by intake of water, salt and glucose Am. J. Physiol. 142:253-259.
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Rowell, L.B., H.J. Marx, R.A. Bruce, R.D. Conn, and F. Kusumi. 1966Reductions in cardiac output, central blood volume and stroke volume, with thermal stress in normal men during exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 45:1801-1816.
Sawka, M.N., M.M. Toner,R.P. Francesconi, and K.B. Pandolf. 1983Hypohydration and exercise: effects of heat acclimation, gender, and environment. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:1147-1153.
Sladen, G.E., and A.M. Dawson. 1969Interrelationships between the absorptions of glucose, sodium and water by the normal human jejunum. Clin. Sci. 36:119-132.

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Chicken Coops for Backyard Flocks
Want to raise chickens but not sure what type of coop is best for your backyard? These 11 stylish hen houses will help you decide whether to buy one or design and build one yourself plus how to make a coop work with your landscape.
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Étienne de La BoétieLa Boétie, Étienne de (ātyĕnˈ də lä bôāsēˈ) [key], 1530–63, French judge and writer. He served with Montaigne in the Bordeaux parlement and is immortalized in Montaigne's essay on friendship. La Boétie's writings include a few sonnets, translations from the classics, and an essay attacking absolute monarchy, Discours sur la servitude volontaire; ou Contr'un (tr. 1735, 1942). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: French Literature: Biographies |
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I love talking about marketing, mindset and money…and I make it a conscious habit to talk about it often. Why? Because without speaking intention in your life and into your business…you have no compass for which to fuel the action behind your goals. You can't attract what you want if you are uncomfortable talking about it. So talk about the things that you want to manifest in your life and stay VERY comfortable with it.
Having the right mindset, a confident, winning, mindset means you know that all things are possible. And once you actually believe you can achieve the things in life you set out to, you can put forth the right actions to get the desired results. This includes creating a profitable and wildly successful business –even in this "challenging" economy. I put that in quotation marks because when I look at my world, my business, my life and I don't see a failing economy, I see a prime opportunity for people like you and ME. I see abundance. Victory. Success. Winning. And this year, has been the best year I've ever had.
An economy like the one we are currently facing is an indication that people have a stronger need–and impact makers, coaches, marketers, teachers, dreamers, entrepreneurs and go-getters have a greater opportunity. It's that easy.
So… what are the gold medal mindsets that'll keep you winning in business and life instead of living small?
To succeed you must be CLEAR and DECISIVE. Nothing will keep you failing and living beneath your potential like waffling. Think about the last time you had the urge to take action BUT didn't move on your feelings. How did it make you feel? Did you feel small, filled with regret, not very empowered, like you missed an opportunity to WIN. I'm sure you did.
I talk to a whole lot of people who say they want financial freedom, but they choose to stay unhappy in a job year after year don't understand that dreams are seeded for a reason. They just think their dreams are something you long for, and not an indication of what you're supposed to be doing. Your dream, that gut feeling, those small nudges that feel almost divine – that is your destiny. Taking action on your intentions, being clear and decisive takes belief and courage…and if you have the mindset of a champion…which I know you do – you can choose to begin making the decisions that will set you on the right course.
You can't win without a game plan. Creating success is like solving a puzzle….just imagine success as a big box of random pieces with no instructions. Are you going to sit with the box and your pieces and TRY to fit them together… hour after hour? Or are you going to go out and find a manual? Look around…Online marketing, information marketing, affiliate marketing – all multi-billion dollar niches. I have coached and consulted people who had the passion to make money using the Internet as a platform…but didn't yet have the profits. A game plan allows you to turn your ideas into income and your passions into profits. You'll be surprised by how fast things begin to manifest when you've got a game plan.
3. INVEST IN YOU. This one is HUGE. Some people really think that opportunities are going to just fall from the sky into their laps…Oh, how I wish it were that simple. But I'm here to tell you, it doesn't work that way. You have to do your part first. You have to take the first step. You've got to create, construct, build and produce your dream for it to happen. You have got to see that you are worth the investment. That your dream is worth the investment. That your financial future is worth the investment. No one will invest in you if you don't invest in yourself first.
I'll share something with you that I tell my students all the time. Stop praying, wishing and hoping an opportunity falls in your lap. Make a decision and take action so that you can become the type of person who can attract the right opportunities to you.


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People are blowing this way out of proportion. I mean, to like fantastically fucking stupid levels.
I'm upset about it too, but I'm not about to raise a pitchfork and go bray on Hasbro's doors until it's fixed or I'm heard. That's stupid. People need to stop a moment, chill the hell out, and think for a minute before mindlessly foaming at the mouth like an enraged zealot.
I do remember talk in the past of the name "Derpy" being registered to a character, and that using said name officially might lead to legal problems. If I were to wager a guess, that's probably why they changed it. I would have too if I were in their shoes. All they're doing is watching their own asses. And I can understand why. Their PR department doesn't need that kind of hit and I wouldn't want them to.
=EDIT: So it turns out that the actual reason may have in fact been because of the crying people did about her making fun of disabled people. (Read this! kreoss.deviantart.com/journal/…)
Point still stands though. As a corporation that makes shows and toys for kids, I'd want to handle something like this with kid gloves too. And Again, PR doesn't need to deal with that kind of flak.=
And this entire boycott against Hasbro in light of all this has to be the most mind-numbing and embarrassing thing I've heard just recently. Seriously, what good will that even fucking do? Except tell Hasbro that their fan base is filled with people who are quick to act and slow to think, and mindlessly rage like children about everything that doesn't go their way? I'm sure the kids the show was aimed at are behaving better than most of these people are!
Look at how many shout outs other fandoms get for their favorite shows. Look at the fact that, despite the changes, Derpy is still in the episode and she still had her dialogue. We should all consider ourselves extremely lucky to even have gotten half the number of shout outs that we did. If something like a change to a background character that was made most likely for PR and legal reasons can so violently shake the faith a fan has in the show and its producers, then they need to make some serious re-evaluations.
All I've heard from all of this is a lot of crying, ill-deserved hatred for the producers, and mindless raging. And it's funny, because at the end of the day, people will still call her Derpy, whether it's an official name for her or not. And people will still continue to watch and love the show and discuss the things they like or dislike about it. Very little will actually change and life will go on. It's just embarrassing to see so many people become so blindly furious over there mere mention of this without investing any real thought to it.
Stop making those of us with half a brain to think and rationalize look bad, goddammit.


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Diffusion of red, green and blue liquid into water.
ambience, beverage, clear, cocktail, color, colour, contamination, corrugate, diffusion, discharge, dissolve, drink, drop, dye, effect, element, experiment, food, fruity, glass, gravity, homogeneous, ink, lab, laboratory, lifestyle, light, liquidation, live, material, mirror, mix, mixture, motion, move, natural, pigment, poison, reflection, spreading, still, timeless, water, watercolor, wave, wet, white triptych, red, blue
Gert Lavsen is a photographer based in Denmark. He enjoys photographing landscape and other nature subjects as well as conceptual still lifes in his studio.
"I view the art of photography as a subtractive process, a distilling of reality into a personal vision. As such I often use the tools of modern photography, filters, digital enhancements etc., to try to capture in an image the emotions I felt at the moment I tripped the camera's shutter.
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Get into Grammar: Past Tense
Need help with past tense? These sentences are in the present tense, but they actually happened yesterday. Ask your child to convert them to past tense, the verb tense used to refer to something that occurred in the past. He'll get more familiar with the past tense as he works on his handwriting skills!
Check out the other worksheets in this series for more grammar practice.
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What does FFAII stand for?
What does FFAII mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: FFAII.
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FFAII | Free Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin |
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"FFAII." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/FFAII>.


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06-28-2012, 01:44 PM | #1 (permalink) |
Join Date: Apr 2012
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FS: 2012 Gnu Billy Goat 159 (new)
Selling a brand-new, never ridden 2012 Gnu Billy Goat. Same board as ridden by Snowolf and reviewed here, but it is the 159 size.
More info and specs here. Getting rid of it because I am going abroad to study and need to downsize my quiver. Stock picture, just to confirm/clarify which graphics 2012 is. Need this gone quick, so highest bid by beginning of next week will get it. Last edited by hktrdr; 06-30-2012 at 12:45 AM. Reason: Picture not showing before |
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06-29-2012, 09:58 AM | #5 (permalink) |
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A couple of people have asked about potential trades. I will consider (and can pay/receive cash to account for differences in price, condition, etc.), but only if the trade helps me reduce my quiver.
In effect that means trade for something a bit less hard charging and slightly more playful than the Billy Goat - maybe a Riders Choice, TRS/Banana Magic, NS Heritage/Proto/Cobra, Smokin Superpark, or possibly a Jones Mountain Twin. |
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07-01-2012, 09:49 AM | #9 (permalink) | |
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Has it occured to you that people PM me their offers because they do not want them posted here? I am not going to violate their privacy*by unilaterally disclosing their identity - there is a reason that it is called a Private Message... Finally, I take exception to the insinuation that I am lying/full of shit. I post pretty regularly on this site and contribute to variety of threads - while you just trawl the Buy & Sell section. |
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I have ordered from other online stores, including ebay, by far MJM is the best. Amazing prices, outstanding customer service, and incredibly fast...Read More ->
Just wanted to say they matched the competitors price straight away when I told them about the competitor's cheaper price. Also, my international...Read More ->


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Multidisciplinary Psychiatric Grand Rounds Schedule
MultidisciplinaryPsychiatricGrand Rounds |
Multidisciplinary Psychiatric Grand Rounds is sponsored by a joint venture of The Acadia Hospital, Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center, Community Health and Counseling Services, Eastern Maine Medical Center, Husson University and University of Maine School of Nursing.
"Eastern Maine Medical Center designates this education activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credit TM. Physician should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity".
Eastern Maine Medical Center is accredited by the Maine Medical Association's Committee on Continuing Medical Education to provide Continuing Medical Education (CME) to practicing Physicians.
- NOTES: Multidisciplinary Psychiatric Grand Rounds for 2012 will be held every second and fourth Friday in the Penobscot Room at The Acadia Hospital, from 12:00‐1:00 p.m. A light lunch will be provided.
- Free parking is available.
- The most up to date schedule will posted on the EMMC web site at:


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This site does not currently take bookings here on Pitchup.com.
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Enjoying a level, parkland setting adjacent to the River Plym, Riverside Caravan Park is a friendly, family owned touring park convenient for all that Plymouth and south Devon has to offer. We welcome caravans, motorhomes and tents and also have convenient ferry pitches for those arriving late or leaving early.
Our attractive and reasonably priced bar, restaurant and takeaway is open at Easter and then from the end of May to September with entertainment in the high season. We also have a heated outdoor swimming pool (end of May to mid September) and a children's play park.
Reception (also with a shop area featuring essentials) is open 365 days a year and we take great pride in ensuring that our toilet and shower facilities are clean and well maintained.
Site type
Languages spoken
✓ English
Plymouth City Centre, the world famous Hoe and Barbican and The National Marine Aquarium are all less than four miles away as is the Brittany Ferries terminal with sailings to Roscoff in France and Santander in Spain. Featured in the film Sense and Sensibility, the National Trust's Saltram House is located less than two miles away.
For the active amongst you we have a dry ski slope within walking distance, two golf clubs within four miles and the natural splendour of Dartmoor National Park approximately six miles away. Great walking and cycle routes which can take you to Dartmoor can also be accessed from our entrance.
Water quality at nearby bathing waters
Distance | Type | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |
Plymouth Hoe East Plymouth, Devon |
3.4m | Estuary | Excellent | Excellent | Poor | Excellent |
Plymouth Hoe West Plymouth, Devon |
3.5m | Estuary | Good | Excellent | Poor | Excellent |
Bovisand South Hams, Devon |
4.6m | Estuary | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Excellent |
Wembury South Hams, Devon |
5.6m | Sea | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Excellent |
Kingsand Caradon, Cornwall |
6.7m | Sea | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Excellent |
Must see
- National Marine Aquarium (2.9 miles)
- Dartmoor Zoological Park (4.2 miles)
- Buckfast Abbey (15.1 miles)
National Trust
- Salcombe: Thurlestone to Torcross (1.3 miles)
- Saltram (1.3 miles)
Cycle routes
Find local routes on the National Cycle Network - over 12,000 miles of cycling routes.
- Saltram House (NT) Circular (0.5 miles)
- Mt Batten - Bovisand - Down Thomas - Hooe Lake (3.3 miles)
- Moorland Hotel - Wotter - Saddlesborough Tor - Cadover Bridge - Pipeline - Shaugh Prior - Beatland Corner (3.5 miles)
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8.5 |
Overall rating based on 23 reviews |
Rating distribution
91% would recommend this site to a friend. 91% would stay here again. |
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From the manager...
Thank you for your review. I would like to point out that we do have a dedicated disabled shower room. The price of our wifi does get cheaper for the longer period used. Our rules are for the comfort of all our customers and are common sense. |
stayed here several times, before new management. 29 Apr 2014 jeffallan (Mature couple, 2 reviews)
From the manager...
We are not part of the caravan club. I am sure that most people would be happy about signing their visitors in as part of security as we do need to know who is on site because if anything went missing I am sure we would be to blame if we do not know who is on site. We prefer visitors to park their cars in our car park as it can get very congested on the road through the site if there are lots of vehicles around a particular caravan. We do have lots of dog walks just outside the site which are still on the site's land. There is a lovely walk along the river bank and we have wood to the back of us where you can walk your dog. |
Nice Site 7 Apr 2014 geoffdelivett (Mature couple, 35 reviews, 47 photos) Confirmed
Fantastic family friendly site 17 Aug 2013 Keppel (Family with young children, 1 review)
weekend camping trip 30 Jul 2013 Nicola_W3 (With friends, 1 review) Confirmed
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Leisure on site
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Indoor swimming pool
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Outdoor swimming pool
Play area
TV room
Take away
Amenities on site
Bath available
Disabled facilities
Drying room
Food shop
Free wifi
Ice pack freezing
Internet access
Parent & baby washroom
Pick-up from public transport
Public telephone
Shower available
Toilet block
Washing-up area
Charging facilities
Chemical disposal
Gas cylinders available
Recycling available
Renewable energy
Touring and motorhomes
Electrical hook-up points for tourers
Hard standings
Motorhome service point
Campfires allowed
Commercial vehicles allowed
Dogs allowed
Dogs allowed all year
Gay friendly
Nearby leisure
Canoeing/kayaking nearby
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Fishing nearby
Golf nearby
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Groups welcome
Family friendly
Motorcycle friendly
Single-sex groups welcome
Student groups welcome
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Public transport nearby
Shop nearby
Large (51-200 pitches)
Ordnance Survey maps (GB and Northern Ireland only) are available at lower levels via the drop-down menu.
Nearest transport
- Coach stations
Marsh Mills (Plymouth): Bus Layby — 0.6mi
Plymouth Bus Station Bretonside — 2.9mi
Saltash: North Rd Coach Stop — 5.5mi
- Train stations
Plymouth Rail Station — 2.9mi
Devonport Rail Station — 4.0mi
Dockyard (Plymouth) Rail Station — 4.1mi
- Ferry ports
Plymouth (Barbican) Landing Stage — 3.1mi
Plymouth Mount Batten Ferry Landing — 3.2mi
Plymouth Ferry Terminal — 3.9mi
- Airports
Plymouth City Airport — 1.9mi
From the A38 (Devon) - Exit signposted Plymouth City Centre/Marsh Mills by Sainsburys. From the roundabout take the third exit signposted Plympton. Once past the retail park turn left into Longbridge Road. After approximately 300 metres turn right into Leigham Manor Drive. Follow this lane until you see our entrance on the right.
From the A38 (Cornwall) - Exit signposted Leigham/Parkway Industrial Estate. Take the third exit signposted Marsh Mills Retail Park onto Longbridge Road. Follow this road through the mini-roundabout with the BMW garage on your left and take the next left into Leigham Manor Drive. Follow this lane until you see our entrance on the right.


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A project of People For the American Way dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities of the right-wing movement. Learn More >
Daniel Lapin
Daniel Lapin Posts Archive
SUBMITTED BY: Kyle Mantyla, Thursday 12/04/2014, 12:14pm
On his television program last night, Glenn Beck interviewed Rabbi Daniel Lapin about the unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, which Lapin said was motivated by the same beliefs responsible for Kristallnacht, the infamous Night of Broken Glass during which Nazi paramilitary forces ransacked, looted, and destroyed Jewish homes and business.
"When the dark pathology of liberalism, not so much a doctrine as a sick and twisted pathology, manages to strip Judeo-Christian belief out of American society, congratulations guys, welcome to Ferguson," Lapin said. "You succeeded."
When Beck... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Miranda Blue, Monday 08/25/2014, 2:23pm
In the latest installment of the right-wing victimhood saga, the Illinois-based World Congress of Families has released an open letter accusing "sexual radicals" of launching a "smear campaign" against them in advance of a planned conference in Melbourne later this week.
"Sexual radicals have launched a smear campaign to discredit the Melbourne conference, which misrepresents the international pro-family movement and the positions of the World Congress of Families," the letter says. "Specifically, it is alleged that advocacy of the natural (or... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Brian Tashman, Tuesday 05/27/2014, 12:15pm
On Sunday, the Religious Right movement's favorite rabbi, Daniel Lapin, devoted a segment of his weekly radio show to "liberalism's love affair with Islam," part of a running theme among right-wing activists about a purported alliance between progressives and radical Islamists. Lapin said that unlike conservatism, "liberalism is incredibly feminine" and as a result "loves [the] hard masculinity" found in Islam.
"If there is one thing that Islam has proven itself to be, certainly in recent years and even longer ago than that, it is very... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Brian Tashman, Monday 03/31/2014, 11:50am
Conservative activist Daniel Lapin, the Religious Right's favorite rabbi who was also tied to the Jack Abramoff corruption scandal, appeared today on the 700 Club to tell host Pat Robertson about his new book on the "ancient Jewish wisdom" of "making money."
Robertson introduced Lapin by asking: "What is it about Jewish people that make them prosper financially? You almost never find Jews tinkering with their cars on the weekends or mowing their lawns. That's what Daniel Lapin says and there's a very good reason for that... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Kyle Mantyla, Friday 03/21/2014, 10:03am
Stu Burguiere sat in for Glenn Beck on last night's television program where he interviewed Rabbi Daniel Lapin ostensibly about reports that a gay couple was going to sue the Church of England for the right to get married in the church.
Lapin said that instances like this, as well as the various cases that have occurred in the United States, are not about equal rights at all but rather are part of an all-out effort to destroy Judeo-Christian values and the Bible.
"This is a flagrant attempt to censor, undermine, and ultimately obliterate Christianity," Lapin said. "That... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Kyle Mantyla, Tuesday 01/21/2014, 10:40am
Glenn Beck apparently lives in complete isolation from the world around him because there is no other way to explain how he can go about decrying the anti-gay fascism that is rising in Russia on his radio broadcast yesterday while simultaneously declaring that "I don't know anybody who is anti-gay, at least not any of my friends."
We have no idea what Beck's definition of "anti-gay" must be if it doesn't apply to the people that he surrounds himself with since, as we pointed out last week, his good friend Ken Hutcherson was probably best known for being a... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Kyle Mantyla, Friday 10/25/2013, 11:08am
On his television program last night, Glenn Beck interviewed a special needs student who has been ruthlessly bullied by fellow students at her Plano, Texas high school.
Beck followed up that segment with an interview with Rabbi Daniel Lapin, where he asked Lapin what was happening to us as a nation that this sort of thing was becoming more and more common place. Lapin responded by declaring that America is "no longer one nation under God" and was being taken over by a secular socialist values system, the very sort that led to the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia.
This... MORE >
SUBMITTED BY: Kyle Mantyla, Thursday 07/25/2013, 10:56am
On several occasions, Glenn Beck has made it clear that he does not share the Religious Right's panicked belief that marriage equality will destroy the nation and even stated that the push for equality is winning "because the principle of it is is right."
So it was a little odd that he handed over his television program last night to David Barton and Rabbi Daniel Lapin who spent the entire hour making the case that, in fact, marriage equality will destroy the nation and that government has no right to change God's definition of marriage.
While Barton claimed that the... MORE >
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I'm looking at SIG options for CCW. I'm not interested in a duty pistol. Unfortunately, while SIG seems to do a great job for duty guns, I'm just not sure they're good for CCW.
The p238 and p232 look like the only viable options, really. A friend recommended the p239. But here's the thing. My Glock 19 is smaller in every dimension, weighs less, costs much less and (this is key) holds almost twice the ammo. I guess what I'm asking is who carries SIGs regularly and recommends them for CCW. Thanks.


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Apparently there is this web of lesbian interconnectedness that I have yet to be plugged into. Maybe it's because I'm not technically totally completely a lesbian's lesbian (which my friends constantly remind me of), or maybe it's because I haven't actually dated any girls yet (just obsessed from afar), or maybe it's because I don't quite 'fit in' with the clique of gay girls at school. Whatever it is, I haven't been initiated into it.
That ever happen to you? Scary shit. You go to log in and you see this list of names you only barely recognise and none of them feel right.
Then you put your glasses on or you remember and you can deal with yourself again, however ineffectually you were managing that before.
The result of a pot of coffee and a weird night.
Baptism And Drowning
A song I wrote, sort of to blow off steam.
No Dostoevsky Tonight
Some nights I can deal
With Raskolnikov
And such
Some nights it seems
That even Wilde
Is too much
There will be no Dostoevsky tonight
No more Russian angst and blight
I had a bad day, and I'm sorry to say
That I can't read Dostoevsky tonight
Some nights I need calm
So I read Neruda
In the dark
I've been listening to a millieu of music from various musicals of late. Mostly Gypsy and Les Miz. It entertains me, and Ethel Merman seems to counteract depression.


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quote:I actually agree with you. In reading the books, Cersei was the only character I pictured entirely different than the one I saw in the show. Cersei is supposed to be one of, if not the most, beautiful ones in the known world, but she has a nasty streak and great cunning. I just don't see t hat with Lena.
quote:and the TWoW chapter that GRRM included with it is Barristan I.
quote:I thought it was going to be Damphair.
quote:the TWoW chapter that GRRM included with it is Barristan I.
quote:The one we have already sene, where he marshalls out from behind the walls?
quote:Damphair is Damp Hair.
quote:Wow just wow, I don't mean to be rude...but isn't it literally explained out in his first chapter why he is named that?
quote:I have no idea how I never made the connection before because it is explained in the book. I just always pronounced it as Damfair
quote:I'm so guilty too.


text:
This elevated toilet seat by Drive Medical fits most standard and elongated toilets. The lock ensures a tight fit providing additional safety and added feeling of security. A wide opening in the front and back allow for worry-free personal hygiene. The elevated seat and padded arms will help individuals who need a boost sitting down or standing up from the toilet. For consumers using a wheelchair tool free removable arms allow for easy transfer to and from the raised toilet seat. The product comes protected by a manufacturers limited lifetime warranty.
Category: Toilet Seat Risers
My 92 year old mother has not been able to go traveling b/c of the toilet situation especially the personal hygiene areas that are built in. The one we had did not have arms or the hygiene areas.
Pros:It is wonderful fits the toilets that we have used but the most important part to my mother is the hygiene area that is built in; front & back.
Cons:It fits loosely on the back part of the toilet but is secure in the front. Have only used on elongated toilets.
Overall: Yes, I would recommend this product.
Product information lacks specific measurements. The seat could not be installed securely on the elongated toilet in mt home. The specifications should definitely include inside bowl dimensions since this is the only dimension critical to installation.


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rdseed is for reading FDSN SEED formatted volumes, enabling conversion of SEED to SAC (binary or ascii), AH, SEGY, CSS, miniSEED or fullSEED. rdseed is available for Mac OS X, Sun Solaris, Linux and other UNIX platforms. It will also now run on Windows when the user has installed Cygwin.
A Java port of rdseed is currently under development, and an evaluation version is available for download.
Please fill in all the fields below. Requests that are missing information will be rejected.
IRIS adheres to the ISO 3166 standard for country names and codes.
The Software-info Mailing List provides a means for announcing new software products, IRIS software releases, and new features.


text: Florida boy injured by celebratory gunfire is improvingBy the CNN Wire StaffUpdated 5:39 AM ET, Wed January 4, 2012Diego Duran, 12, was in critical condition at Tampa General Hospital on Sunday.Story highlightsDiego Duran's condition is upgraded from critical to seriousThe bullet is still lodged in his headThe 12-year-old boy was watching fireworks when he was hit"It's a miracle that he's alive," says the boy's motherA 12-year-old west Florida boy apparently struck by a bullet fired skyward during a New Year's Eve celebration is improving, but remains in serious condition, authorities said Tuesday.Overnight, his condition was upgraded from critical to serious, said Larry McKinnon of the Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office.The bullet is still lodged in the boy's head, and doctors are working to control the swelling around his brain. Until the bullet is removed, detectives cannot compare it to other bullets to help determine a possible suspect in the shooting, said McKinnon.Diego Duran, 12, was sitting in the front yard of his Ruskin, Florida, home watching fireworks about 1 a.m. Sunday when he fell to the ground, bleeding from the nose and eyes, McKinnon said.The victim's mother drove him to South Bay Hospital in Sun City Center, where doctors determined that a gunshot had gone through the top of the boy's head. The child was then transported to Tampa General Hospital, where he was in critical condition Sunday afternoon.Just WatchedMother: 'Miracle' that son is alivereplayMore Videos ...Mother: 'Miracle' that son is alive 02:27PLAY VIDEOJust WatchedChild hit by celebratory gunfirereplayMore Videos ...Child hit by celebratory gunfire 00:56PLAY VIDEOJust WatchedCrackdown on New Year's gunfirereplayMore Videos ...Crackdown on New Year's gunfire 03:27PLAY VIDEOThe boy's mother, Sandy Duran, spoke to reporters Monday about her son."His brain is still in that stage of the 48 to 72 hours where it swells. There's a lot of inflammation going on, so the doctors cannot say what he will and won't be able to do," she said. "The good news is that he is moving his extremities. He can move his hands. He can move his legs. He has opened his eyes."Duran described her son as "noble" and said he enjoyed skating and playing guitar. He is the youngest of three children, and her family is taking it "hour by hour," she said."For me, it's a miracle that he's alive considering what has just happened to him," said Duran.No one in the immediate area around the victim's house was firing a gun, the boy's relatives and neighbors told detectives. Police believe that celebratory gunfire, possibly shot from miles away, wounded the boy.If the wound is determined to be from a celebratory gunshot, it would not be the first time a child was inadvertently shot in the Southeast on New Year's Eve and in the hours after midnight. In 2009, 4-year-old Marquel Peters died after a bullet went through the roof of a suburban Atlanta church and hit him.The boy's mother, Nathalee Peters, has launched an online effort -- called Marquel's Pledge -- to urge people not to shoot into the air in celebration. It's one of several such campaigns nationwide, including one in Miami called, "One bullet kills the party."Duran similarly spoke about the need to educate the public about the dangers of celebratory gunfire. "I'm speaking out because I don't think there's enough awareness out there," she said. "A firearm is a weapon. It's a weapon that takes a life. It's not a toy for celebration."More from us'Top Gun' carrier makes final journeyHarrison Ford survives plane crashFederal judge shot in apparent robbery attempt in DetroitPowered by Livefyre


text:
Learning Disability edge win
Bath Cricket Club played host to a cricket match with a difference on Monday as an ECB Learning Disability team took on a Physically Disabled Select XI in a Twenty20 match.
The Learning Disability side edged a closely fought encounter by two runs in spite of Shaun Rigby's innings of 58 not out which saw the Physically Disabled side run their opponents close.
The day was a real celebration of the diversity of cricket because in addition to hosting the first Twenty20 fixture between the England and New Zealand Women in the afternoon, Bath also hosted a Twenty20 fixture between
Both of the teams were made up of players who represent counties that play in the ECB's Disability County Championship and this was the first time that either side had played the Twenty20 form of the game.
Captain of the Physically Disabled side Graham Sprack (Isle of Wight) won the toss and elected to field. Things didn't start well for the Learning Disability side as they lost opener Doug Randall (Isle of Wight) bowled by Keiron Cozens (Somerset)for 0 in the first over.
But fellow opener Gavin Randall (Hampshire), held the innings together with a fine 43 which include some crashing straight drives.
The physically disabled side took regular wickets with Steve Dancer (Wales) being the pick of their bowlers with figures of four overs - one maiden - four for 10 that destroyed the middle order and included the vital wicket of Randall. Dancer was assisted by Wayne Dunne (IoW) who took 2 for 17 off three overs.
The Learning Disability eventually reached an innings total of 122 for 8 thanks to a wonderful cameo of an innings from Cheshire's Ronnie Abbott who scored 24 including four fours.
Each boundary was greeted by the sound of thumping music provided by the local radio station and the most memorable image of the day was of Abbott doing a jig in the middle of the wicket after smashing a boundary to the tune of "I Feel Good".
His dancing matched his batting and both were appreciated by the growing crowd that was gathering in anticipation of the women's fixture that was following.
In reply the Physically disabled XI lost opener Andy Whitaker (Lancashire) bowled by Peter Brown (IoW) for nought in the second over. Other wickets fell regularly with only Hayden Coventry (Yorkshire) and Cozens offering any support to Shropshire's Rigby who held the innings together.
Although the physically disabled always appeared slightly behind the run rate it was felt that they always had a chance whilst Rigby was at the crease.
Going into the last over they needed seven to win but fell three runs short with Rigby finishing on 58 not out off 51 balls and having carried his bat after opening the innings.
Rigby's innings included eight boundaries and he was warmly applauded as he left the pitch. The pick of the Learning Disability bowlers was Dan West of Hampshire who took two for 16 off his three overs.
While the game was fiercely contested by both sets of players the main aim of the day was to showcase disability cricket to a wider audience and both of the international women's teams and the crowd were very generous in their appreciation of the game and their support for disability cricket.
The game was played in brilliant sunshine on a fantastic ground and was thoroughly enjoyed by all involved and who attended.
ECB's Head of Development Peter Ackerley presented a man of the match award to each team with Shaun Rigby taking the award for the Physical Disability Side and Ronnie Abbott narrowly pipping Gavin Randall to the award for the Learning Disability side.
Our thanks go to Bath Cricket Club and Gill McConway at ECB for agreeing to stage the game and to Sitec who sponsored the playing kit for the Physically Disabled XI.
For further information please contact Ian Martin of the ECB's Disability Management Committee on email@example.com or 07894 584590.
Scorecard - ECB Learning Disability XI v Physical Disability XI, August 12 2007 (40 KB)


text:
Trapt – The Machine Shop 4/13/12
Trapt rolled through Flint this past Friday night for an almost sold our crowd. Check out the pics here.
Trapt rolled through Flint this past Friday night for an almost sold our crowd. Check out the pics here.
Check out the pics from last night Trapt show at The Machine Shop.
Check out the pics from the on air performance of Free Beer & Hot Wings live from The Machine Shop. The Banana crew and listeners were out early in the morning to see this first time event.
Get ready, the show is this Friday! Join us for the special Free Beer & Hot Wings Live Show, Friday April 13th at The Machine Shop. The guys will broadcast live from 5am-10am courtesy of Whigville Party Store. Want to join us? Details after the jump.
No details are in yet but due to a family emergency Taproot will not be performing tonight at The Machine Shop. The show will be rescheduled very soon, just hold onto your tickets as they will be honored for the make up date. Keep it locked into the Banana for any updates or changes.
This Friday night Maggie will be out broadcasting live at The Machine Shop with the return of Bobaflex. Tickets are only $8 in advance and plenty are still available. Opening up the show will be Atom Smash and Edisun. Check out the latest video from Bobaflex as well as all the openers.
Janus rolled through Flint on Saturday for the band's CD release show. It was a killer night of rock that also featured No Resolve, Stealing Betty and Ghosts of August.
Check out the pics from the Janus cd release concert. The Banana crew and a few hundred friends were out to help end the Machine Shop 10 year anniversary month with a bang.
The Machine Shop in Flint, MI continues to celebrate their 10 year anniversary this weekend with the return of Janus on Saturday! It has been a great month long celebration with shows from Pop Evil, Sponge, The Dreaming and more.
It is great to see and read all of the recent coverage about the Shop. NBC 25 anchor Brett Dickie stopped by there this morning and interviewed Kevin Zink. Check out the video after the jump.
Your votes have been tallied and we've narrowed the field to just four -- vote now for your favorite band to ever perform at the The Machine Shop during it's kick-ass ten year run in Flint, Michigan.
Check out these kick ass pictures from the sold out Pop Evil concert at the Machine Shop.
Check out the pics from the "free" concert by the bands The Dreaming and Rains in thanking Flint for supporting live rock at The Machine Shop for 10 years.


text: On 3/18/2005 07:34, John McGinn wrote: > So, Im at a crossroads. Either give up on Gnome and it's 4gazillion > libraries that are needed to create HelloWorld in GTK and move to QT when > I need only 4 huge libraries. Or, I have to start from scratch and build a > brand new LFS 6.0 system in my (nonexistent [job/married/14mo son]) spare > time. (And hell no, am I going back to M$!) You probably won't totally be able to get away with no GTK+ 'cause an awful lot of stuff uses it. I've been kinda interested in getting to know motif now that it's free (dunno if that's a good use of time) and then there's wxWidgets which can use either GTK+ or just base X11 libs. I wonder if the mono project has anything going like you can do with the MS version of C# for "easy" gui programming? ~Jason --


text:
It's an irony most parents have experienced at least once: they buy their kids the latest and greatest bells-and-whistles toy, only to find them playing for hours with … the cardboard box the toy came in. What's so great about cardboard? For one thing, it requires no batteries. But more importantly, it leaves plenty of room for kids' imaginations. So in honor of the humble box, we've rounded up 10 amazing cardboard toys your kids are sure to love. View them all after the jump!
Read more from Rachelle on Rachelle's blog!
Follow Rachelle on Pinterest, Facebook and Twitter for updates!
Did you find yourself looking for Babble's Black Friday Toys Fads this year?


text:
Pope Francis issued an appeal for the protection of the weak, the poor and the world environment Tuesday at a special Mass marking his inauguration as the new leader of the world's 1.2 billion Roman Catholics.
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text:
Product Description
Available while supplies last.
This Comfort Pointe Accent Chair has a fruitwood finish. Comes with plush tan/black zebra print upholstery.
This ornate, oversized oval back chair features beautifully crafted scroll arms. The chestnut finish is wonderfully matched with the printed chenille cushions. Made with solid hardwood construction this chair is sure to be a staple in your home for years to come.
- Intricate detailed hand carvings
Finish: | Fruitwood | |
Upholstery: | Plush Tan/Black Zebra Print | |
Materials: | 78% Rayon and 22% Polyester / Solid Hardwood | |
Weight: | 37.4 Pounds | |
Usage: | Assembly Required | |
Arms | With Arms | |
Chair Features Chairs can come with many different features. Narrow down your results by the function you want your chair to have. Features include nailheads, tufted cushions, adjustable arms and backrests among others. | Chair Features | Exposed Wood |
Chair Movement | Stationary | |
Application | Residential | |
Accent Chair Design Features Accent Chairs can come with several different features. Narrow down your results by the function and style of the chair. Look for exposed wood, tufted cushions, recliners and many other features by using this filter. | Accent Chair Design Features | Exposed Wood |
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Category | Accent Chairs - 1014 |
Style | Traditional - 143 |
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For new questions please post at magento.stackexchange.com, the community-run support site for the Magento community. We will be providing updates on the new forum solution soon. For questions or concerns please email email@example.com.
Hi.. We just upgrade a client\'s site from 1.2 to 22.214.171.124.
We did it on localhost and it was woking perfect. Just the frontend no products were displaying. We also did the 1.4 compatible theme .
Now, we wanted to move this to our live server and we uploaded the files and folders to the live server and imported the db to a database..
Then edited the local.xml and tried the site , but it gives this error always,
SQLSTATE[28000] [1045] Access denied for user \'root\'@\'localhost\' (using password: NO)
Now, I dont know, for WTF , its not taking the local.xml
All the correct connection details are there at local.xml , but still its not connecting and giving this f**king error…
Its such a frustrating thing.. Anyone got a solution ?
Hi SOAMJENA, Have you changed web/unsecure/base_url and web/secure/base_url values in core_config_data table?
Yes, everything is done…
Looks like, Magento 1.4.1 is using some other file for database connection and not using local.xml
Even if I have updated it with new connection details, its still pointing to the old database. Such a pain this is. DAMN!!
Magento for sure uses only /app/etc/local.xml file for DB connection. Please check if you changed it correct. Also try to clean the cache /var/cache
Dude, my whole 2 days have got wasted in this..
And there is no question of placing incorrect db info.. We have done more than 60 successful Magento sites with 184.108.40.206 .
And cache is deleted as well.
Ok, I fixed the whole thing.. Posted the tutorial here, http://www.learnmagento.org/magento-bug-fixes/there-are-no-products-matching-the-selection-magento-fix/