text:
US 4425114 A Abstract A blood donation unit in which a phlebotomy needle is coupled on one conduit to a source of anticoagulant contained in a flexible bag and on another conduit to a flexible collection bag. The anticoagulant bag and collection bag are placed in a chamber within which a vacuum is created, preferably by a hand pump operated by the donor. A rigid plate is disposed between the two bags. The blood flow from the donor is maintained at an adaquate flow level by the donor's pumping which provides a pressure differential between the bags and the needle. The whole blood is mixed with anticoagulant immediately after passing through the phlebotomy needle. The ratio of whole blood to anticoagulant is independent of the volume of whole blood collected and is fixed by the ratio of the surface areas of opposing bag surfaces at the interface with the plate.
Claims(22) 1. A blood collection apparatus comprising:
(a) a first flexible bag for receiving a first fluid which is a mixture of a second and third fluid; (b) a second flexible bag containing said second fluid to be mixed with said third fluid in accordance with a predetermined ratio; (c) a rigid member interposed between said first and second bags; (d) an airtight chamber enclosing said bags and member; (e) conduit means for coupling said first and second bags to respective first and second ports of a three-port junction, the third port of said junction being coupled to the proximal end of a phlebotomy needle; (f) pump means for causing a pressure differential between said first bag and the distal end of said phlebotomy needle whereby when the distal end of said phlebotomy needle is coupled to a source of third fluid, said first bag is caused to begin to fill with fluid and displace the rigid member which causes the second fluid in the second bag to begin emptying and flowing to said junction where it mixes with the third fluid and passes to the first bag. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said pressure differential is caused by pumping air out of said chamber.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said pressure differential is caused by pumping air into an air bag bag adjacent said chamber which upon expanding causes a vacuum in said chamber and moves said rigid member toward said second bag and away from said first bag.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the ratio of
(i) the surface area of the first bag adjacent and normal to said rigid member to (ii) the surface area of the second bag adjacent and normal to said rigid member: is directly proportional to the predetermined ratio of mixing of fluids, and the thickness "t" of one bag when full is substantially equal to the thickness of the other bag when full wherein "t" is the maximum allowable expanded internal width of a bag when full of fluid and confined in said chamber. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the ratio of
(a) a first flexible bag for receiving a first fluid which is a mixture of a second and third fluid; (b) a second flexible bag containing said second fluid to be mixed with said third fluid in accordance with a predetermined ratio; (c) a rigid member interposed between said first and second bags; (d) an airtight chamber enclosing said bags and member; (e) conduit means for coupling said first and second bags to respective first and second ports of a three-port junction, the third port of said junction being coupled to the proximal end of a phlebotomy needle; (f) pump means for causing a pressure differential between said first bag and the distal end of said phlebotomy needle whereby when the distal end of said phlebotomy needle is coupled to a source of third fluid, said first bag is caused to begin to fill with fluid and displace the rigid member which causes the second fluid in the second bag to begin emptying and flowing to said junction where it mixes with the third fluid and passes to the first bag. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 in which the pump means is manually operable.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the cross-sectional internal dimension between sides of one of the bags in a direction normal to the rigid member is uniform.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the cross-sectional thickness of one of said bags is non-uniform.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 in which a stop means is provided between the rigid member and a wall of said chamber.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the airtight chamber has two opposing rigid walls, the rigid member and first and second bags are disposed adjacent to such walls and the quantity of second fluid in said second bag is sufficient to fill the second bag and the first and second bag and internal chamber dimensions are such that when a vacuum is established in the chamber and the first bag is thereby totally collapsed no space is left between the adjacent walls, the collapsed first bag and the filled second bag and the member.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the thickness "t" of one bag when full is substantially equal to the thickness of the other bag when full, and wherein "t" is the maximum allowable expanded internal width of a bag when full of fluid and confined in said chamber.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the first fluid is anticoagulated whole blood, the second fluid is anticoagulant, and the third fluid is whole blood from a donor.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the pump means is manually operable.
14. A blood donor system comprising in combination:
(a) a phlebotomy needle; (b) a first conduit adapted to be connected at one end to a source of anticoagulant in an anticoagulant bag and at the other end to said phlebotomy needle; (c) a second conduit adapted to be connected at one end to a collection bag and at the other end to said phlebotomy needle and said first conduit; (d) hand held pump means creating a negative pressure differential between the distal end of the phlebotomy needle and the collection bag to cause blood from a donor to flow through said phlebotomy needle to said collection bag; (e) the anticoagulant bag and collection bag being disposed in a rigid chamber with a pressure plate intermediate the two bags forming an inter-face there between. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 in which signal means are provided in association with said pump means to indicate when the pressure differential exceeds a predetermined pressure level.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 in which a volume of blood is to be collected in the collection bag and the ratio of the surface area of the anticoagulant bag and collection bag at the interface with the pressure plate is directly proportional to the desired mixture of anticoagulated whole blood to anticoagulant.
17. A blood donor collection apparatus comprising in combination:
(a) a first conduit; (b) a second conduit; (c) a flexible bag means for containing anticoagulated whole blood connected to one end of the second conduit; (d) a flexible bag means for containing anticoagulant connected to one end of the first conduit; (e) the remaining ends of said first and second conduits being coupled to opposite branches of a three-port device, the remaining branch of which is coupled to a phlebotomy needle; (f) the ratio of the surface areas of at least one pair of adjacent surfaces of said bag means being directly proportional to the ratio of the volume of anticoagulated whole blood to be collected and the volume of anticoagulant to be mixed with the whole blood. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 in which the thickness "t" of the collection bag when full is equal to the thickness of the source bag when full and wherein "t" is the expanded internal width of a bag when filled with fluid.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 including a vacuum chamber in which the apparatus of (a)-(d) are disposed with said first and second conduits extending from said chamber.
20. The apparatus of claim 16 including a vacuum pump connected to said chamber.
21. A blood donor system comprising:
(a) a phlebotomy needle for making a venipuncture in a donor's arm; (b) an initially empty blood collection bag means; (c) an anticoagulant bag means for storing anticoagulant which is initially substantially filled with anticoagulant; (d) conduit means interconnecting each of said bag means and said needle; (e) each of said bag means being substantially thin elongate planar plastic structures; (f) hand operated pump means for causing said anticoagulant to be mixed with blood from the donor in a predetermined ratio established by the ratio of the planar surface area of said bags in the direction normal to each other when oppositely disposed and independent of the amount of blood withdrawn from the donor. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, including means on said pump to indicate when the pressure in the pump means has exceeded a predetermined range.
Description This invention is in the field of blood donation apparatus. In the collection of blood, and more particularly human blood, it is desired that the blood be collected at a controlled rate, such rate to afford minimal physiologic disturbance to the donor and which will preclude damage to the blood cells which would be caused by shearing forces in the event the flow exceeds a certain level. It is also desirable to obtain and store the blood in predetermined volumes and that the collected blood be promptly and completely mixed with anticoagulant solution at specified ratios of blood to anticoagulant so as to minimize damage to the blood. Conventional systems for collecting blood rely on venous pressure, and hydrostatic pressure to cause blood to flow from a donor's arm. Venous pressure is controllable to some extent by varying the pressure in the cuff attached to the donor's arm above the venipuncture site and by directing the donor to alternately flex and relax his or her hand. Hydrostatic pressure is achieved by positioning the collection bag below the level of the donor's arm, usually about 18" below. This produces a hydrostatic head of about 34 torr. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,982,286 to E. S. Welch, Jr., issued on May 2, 1961, there is disclosed a so-called "hemolater" which adds a third controllable source of pressure differential. The "hemolator" consists of a 500 cc flexible plastic bag which is supplied with 75 cc of anticoagulant. The bag is placed in a rigid chamber. A vacuum on the inside of the chamber and the outside of the bag is created by a vacuum pump causing a negative pressure inside the bag. Blood flows from a donor's vein, which is under a slight positive pressure due to a pressure cuff, through a needle and tube to the bag which is under controlled negative pressure. Means are supplied for agitating the bag while the blood is being drawn and means are also supplied for automatically detecting and measuring the presence of a desired amount of fluid volume in the bag. The rate of flow of blood into the bag is determined by adjustment of a vacuum regulator valve. During the collection of blood, the chamber is continuously pumped and maintained at a level of vacuum as determined by the setting of a screw on the vacuum regulator valve. In practice, this system has several deficiencies, the most important one being that the flow of blood from the donor is primarily determined by the vacuum set by the set screw in the vacuum regulator valve. The customary 16 gauge size phlebotomy needles were used in this system, and the vacuum regulator could be mistakenly set to produce a vacuum high enough to produce rapid blood flow from the donor which would lead to physiological shock conditions. With the exception of the "hemolator" as above described, it has become customary within the industry to rely solely on the venous pressure and hydrostatic pressure to determine the rate of flow from the donor. It is also customary to utilize a size 16 gauge needle because it is easy to achieve good flow rates with this size needle utilizing solely venous pressure and hydrostatic pressure. However, the 16 gauge needle which has a 0.065 inch outer diameter is a significant deterrent to donor recruitment, due to the pain associated with the venipuncture. Many of the problems associated with this common technique of whole blood collection stem from the fact that the non-anticoagulated whole blood must pass through the phlebotomy needle and at least 30 inches of tubing before it reaches the anticoagulant in the blood collection bag. If the rate of flow of blood is not maintained at a rapid enough level in the 30 inch section of tubing the activation of clotting factors may occur. When this happens, the clinical usefulness of the blood collection is greatly diminished. Other problems with the prior art technique are associated with the way the whole blood and the anticoagulant are combined. The amount of anticoagulant which is included in the collection bag is predetermined so that the ratio of final volume of whole blood to anticoagulant is controlled (for example, 7 parts whole blood to one part CPD anticoagulant). However, the first volume of blood that enters the collection bag sees a much greater anticoagulant to whole blood ratio. There is evidence that this transient inflated anticoagulant to whole blood ratio will adversely affect many of the blood components such as Factor VIII and platelet viability. This prior art technique of whole blood collection also requires accurate control of the volume of whole blood collected so that the final whole blood to anticoagulant ratio will be within clinical specifications. This results in a significant wastage of blood due to units of blood that are "overdrawn" or "underdrawn" with respect to the whole blood/anticoagulant ratio. The American Association of Blood Bank (AABB) publishes guidelines in its Technical Manual (7th Edition) which result in a fairly large percentage of: (a) rejected drawn units of whole blood for specific clinical applications because a specific volume of whole blood (405 to 495 milliliters) was not collected in less than a specific amount of time (8 minutes); (b) rejected donors, either because they are less than 110 pounds and cannot donate a full unit of blood or because their previous donation experiences have resulted in rejected units. Donors weighing less than 110 pounds may only donate if provisions are available for manually reducing the amount of anticoagulant in the collection bag so that less whole blood can be collected. The AABB also recommends that the blood collection bag be agitated during the collection process as often as every 50 milliliters (ml) of collected blood to insure proper anticoagulant mixing. The cause for rejection of the above mentioned drawn units of whole blood and potential donors is believed to be inherent in the prior art technique of blood collection. One solution for this problem has been proposed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 182510 filed Aug. 29, 1980 to Gilcher et al. In the Gilcher et al. system, whole blood is withdrawn from a donor using a needle which is between 30%-50% smaller than the outside diameter of the customary size 16 gauge needle. Anticoagulant is introduced and mixed with the whole blood at the outlet of the phlebotomy needle from a tube which is connected to a source of anticoagulant. The anticoagulant tube is passed through a roller pump. The rollers of the pump are in resilient contact with both the outer surface of the anticoagulant tubing and the outer surface of the tubing which serves as a conduit for the anticoagulated blood. Thus, the same pump which controls the flow of the anticoagulant also controls the flow of blood from the donor thereby assuring an accurate ratio of blood to anticoagulant, the ratio being determined by the ratio of the pump tube dimensions and elastic characteristics. While the Gilcher et al. system is a significant improvement over prior art systems, certain disadvantages still exist in the Gilcher et al. system for particular applications. For example, it is sometimes advantageous to obtain blood donations in remote areas where electrical power to operate the roller pump used in the Gilcher et al. system would be unavailable. Also, in the Gilcher et al. system, the dimensions of the blood tubing are relatively critical, in that it is important that the diameter of the tubing, especially at the roller pump, be precisely fixed for mixing of anticoagulant and whole blood in correct ratios. In addition, in all known prior art systems, the flow of whole blood is not in the control of the donor but depends either on hydrostatic or venous pressure or mechanical pressure means uncontrolled by the donor. Accordingly, a need exists for a simple, inexpensive method and mechanism for drawing blood from donors which may be controlled by the donor and requires no other source of energy for motive power and in which the ratio of whole blood collected to anticoagulant mixed is fixed and continuously controlled. In a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, a hand operated pump is used to create a pressure differential between the distal side of a phlebotomy needle and a pair of flexible bags or containers. In one of the bags a predetermined quantity of anticoagulant is contained. The other bag serves as a receptacle for the drawn anticoagulated whole blood. A rigid plate is interposed between the two bags. The surface area of opposing surfaces of the bags is made equal to the desired ratio of the anticoagulated whole blood to anticoagulant. These three components, two bags and a plate, are disposed within an air tight chamber having two opposing rigid walls. The bag and components and chamber dimensions are adapted such that the receptacle bag is totally collapsed when the anticoagulant bag is filled and no space is left between the rigid walls, the bags and the plate. Suitable blood compatible tubing couples the two bags to two branches of a Y-junction, the remaining branch of which is connected to the phlebotomy needle. A hand pump is connected by tubing to the air tight chamber. The apparatus is then operated after first performing a venipuncture in the donor's arm with the phlebotomy needle. The donor then operates the pump by squeezing the handle of the pump to create a vacuum in the chamber. The surface area of the filled anticoagulant bag is a predetermined fraction of the surface area of the empty receptacle. Therefore, while a vacuum is maintained in the chamber by the continuous operation of the hand pump, anticoagulant will begin to flow from the anticoagulant bag, where it is mixed at the Y-junction with whole blood withdrawn from the donor. The anticoagulated whole blood flows into the receptacle bag. The receptacle bag expands as more and more anticoagulated whole blood flows into the receptacle bag. As the receptacle bag expands it forces the planar plate against the anticoagulant bag. The ratio of the anticoagulant to whole blood is directly related to the ratio of the surface areas of the two bags against the plate. Thus, if a 7:1 mix of whole blood to anticoagulant is desired the surface area of the receptacle bag is made 8 times larger than the anticoagulant bag surface area. Under these conditions a displacement volume of 1 part anticoagulant occurs while at the same time an acceptance volume of 8 parts anticoagulated whole blood occurs in the receptacle bag. The rate at which this occurs is determined by the pressure differential established as the donor operates the hand pump. This rate is therefore literally and figuratively in the hand of the donor. As may be seen from the above description, a relatively simple apparatus and method is provided which has the following advantageous properties: the donor has complete control, each flexure of the fist to operate the hand pump creates the driving force for withdrawing blood and coincidentally improves circulation of blood in the donor's hand; the predetermined ratio of anticoagulant to whole blood is fixed by the ratio of surface bag areas and is independent of tubing dimensions, collection rate, size or length of phlebotomy needle, donor characteristics, height of collection unit with respect to donor, temperature and material characteristics of bag or tubing; no external power supply is required; few parts are required in total and specifically very few moving parts are needed; the tolerance on tubing diameters is non-critical. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the blood donor system connected to a donor's arm. FIG. 2 is an end view of the blood donor chamber with top cover 6 removed. FIG. 3 is an end view of the top cover 6. FIG. 4 is a side view of top cover 6. FIG. 5 is a partial end view of the blood chamber with top cover 6 in place. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a hand vacuum pump for use with the blood donor chamber. FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the hand pump of FIG. 6, along lines 7--7. FIG. 8 is a sectional view along lines 8--8 of FIG. 6. FIG. 9 is a partial perspective view of a bag for use in the embodiment of FIG. 10. FIG. 10 is an end view of an alternate embodiment of the invention. FIG. 11 is a sectional view through the center of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a hand pressure pump for use with the apparatus of FIG. 10. FIG. 13 is a sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 12 taken along lines 13--13. FIG. 14 is a sectional view along lines 14--14 of FIG. 13. FIG. 15 is an end view of a further embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic representation of an anticoagulant gravity feed embodiment of the invention. A preferred embodiment of this invention can be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 1-5. The apparatus comprises an anticoagulated whole blood receptacle bag 1 and an anticoagulant supply bag 2 mounted in one rigid vacuum chamber 3 preferably constructed out of a suitable transparent plastic material. The chamber 3 is closed on five sides and has a top plate 6 which opens on the sixth to provide access. The bags 1 and 2 are inserted through the open side, one on either side of a rigid plate 4 whose dimensions are such that it can easily move in either translating direction indicated by arrow A. Top plate 6 is designed to fit into the open side 15 of the rigid vacuum chamber 3. Top plate 6 has a gasket 7 (See FIG. 4) around the mating surface 8. This gasket guarantees a vacuum fit. One side 8 of top plate 6 has two half slots 9 (see FIG. 5). Likewise chamber 3 has opposite half slots 10. These are designed to grip closely the output tube 11 from the anticoagulant bag 2 and the input tube 12 for bag 1. A thin coating of vacuum grease (not shown) on these slots improves the vacuum seal of the chamber 3. The disposable software package for this invention is simply an anticoagulated whole blood bag 1, an anticoagulant bag 2, and tubes 11 and 12 made out of suitable hemocompatible plastic. The tubes merge at a conventional Y fitment 26 at the hub of a phlebotomy needle 24. The diameter of the phlebotomy needle can be reduced from the conventional 16 gauge if desired, as the system is capable of generating a wide range of vacuum pressures. The bags 1 and 2 are dimensioned such that the thickness of the anticoagulant bag when full is identical to the thickness of the whole blood bag when full and the ratio of the surface areas of bag 1 to bag 2 at the interface with plate 4 is equal to the desired ratio of anticoagulated whole blood to anticoagulant. Hand pump 60, which is manually operated by the donor, is coupled via tubing 44 to the interior of chamber 3. The apparatus of FIG. 1 operates as follows. The site on the donor's arm 22 where the venipuncture is to be made is prepared. A conventional pressure cuff 27 is fastened around the donor's arm 22 at a location above the venipuncture site and sufficient pressure applied to raise the venous pressure enough to boost blood flow from the donor's veins and facilitate venipuncture. The apparatus within chamber 3 has already been connected as shown in FIG. 1. Bag 2 is filled with anticoagulant and bag 1 is flat and empty. A venipuncture is now made and the vacuum pump 60 is manually operating by flexing the donor's fist and moving the pump handle in and out. This produces a vacuum within chamber 3, preferably in the order of 100-400 torr. The vacuum in chamber 3 results in a pressure differential between the bags in the chamber and the distal end of needle 24. Thus, whole blood will be sucked out of the donor's arm at a rate primarily determined by the pressure differential which the donor can maintain by manually pumping. As the whole blood is sucked out it will follow the path of least resistance, which is through conduit 12 to bag 1, and will enter bag 1 expanding the bag against plate 4. As previously mentioned, assuming a 7:1 ratio of whole blood to anticoagulant is desired, bag 1 is dimensioned to have a surface area 8 times the opposing surface area of bag 2. Because of the 8:1 amplification resulting from the ratio of opposing surface areas of bags 1 to bags 2, anticoagulant is expressed out bag 2 when bag 1 expands against plate 4 and plate 4 presses bag 2. The ratio of anticoagulant displaced from bag 2 to anticoagulated whole blood collected in bag 1 as aforesaid, is proportional to the bag surface area ratio at the plate interface. In the specific embodiment described, 1 unit volume of anticoagulant 20 is therefore displaced from bag 2 for each eight (8) unit volumes of anticoagulated whole blood collected in bag 1. The anticoagulant displaced from bag 2 passes through tubing 11 to Y-junction 26 where it mixes with whole blood and flows to bag 1. As previously mentioned, the vacuum pressure needed to operate the blood collection system is preferably generated by the flexure of the donor's fist. This is accomplished by operating a hand held vacuum pump 60 such as the pump shown in FIGS. 6-8. A specific embodiment of a hand pump will be described in connection with FIGS. 6-8, however, any commercially available hand operated pump capable of creating a vacuum pressure in the order of 100-400 torr will suffice. For example, a commercially available hand pump sold by Nalge Company under the designation Nalgene� hand operated vacuum pump has been employed in an experimental version of the invention. The pump 60 includes a rocker 31 which is pivotable inside housing 40 on an axle 32. Housing 40 is provided with finger grooves 30 recessed to make it comfortable to hold by the donor. Coil type return springs 38 keep the rocker 31 in compression against the stops 50 on housing 40. Donors are instructed to hold housing 40 in their hands and flex and relax their fist. As the fist is flexed, rocker 31 is pivoted into the housing 40 and the return spring is tensed. As the fist is relaxed, the return spring 38 returns rocker 31 against stops 50, and the return spring is released. Underneath rocker member 31 is flexible vacuum pouch 33 whose walls are fixed against housing 40 and the inside wall of rocker 31. Thus, when return spring 38 return rocker 31 against stop 50, vacuum pouch 33 must fill with air, through the input-output port 34. This filling air passes through tube 44, twist lock fitment 51, and one way valve 37. Valve 37 prevents any air from traveling through 51 and 44 in the reverse direction. Tube 44 connects to the vacuum chamber 3 housing the anticoagulated whole blood bag 1 and anticoagulant bag 2 previously described. When rocker member 31 is flexed into housing 40 vacuum pouch 33 is forced to collapse. Air cannot flow through valve 37 and must instead exit through exit valve 35. This one way valve closes by spring action and prevents air from entering on the return stroke. An adjustable over-vacuum valve 36 is also provided on vacuum pump 60. Valve 36 is closed as long as the vacuum pressure drawn by the hand pump is below a set range determined by the setting of threaded fitment 39. When the vacuum exceeds that range, the ball valve opens and allows air to enter into vacuum pouch 33. An acoustically driven air whistle 41 is fixed on the input to valve 36 so that an audible tone is generated whenever valve 36 opens. Valve 36 is adjusted according to the diameter of phlebotomy needle used, and threaded fitment 39 can be calibrated to be set at various needle gauges depending on the blood collection software used. A smaller diameter phlebotomy needle will require a higher vacuum pressure for the donation, so fitment 39 will be tightened which will put tension on the spring in valve 36 so that it takes a higher vacuum for it to open. In summary, as the donor's fist is flexed, rocker member 31 compresses vacuum pouch 33 and it empties through valve 35. As the donor's fist is relaxed, rocker 31 expands vacuum pouch 33 and it fills through valve 37, thus taking air from tube 44 and generating a vacuum. The whistle 41 acts to indicate too high a vacuum which means an occlusion in the donor's vein or blood tubing, or that the donation is complete. An alternate embodiment of the invention which uses positive pressure from a hand pump to operate pressure bags which cause anticoagulant to be displaced and whole blood to be withdrawn will now be described in connection with FIGS. 10 and 11. FIGS. 10 and 11 show a collection platform 102 which is adapted to rest on the floor or on a table next to the donor chair on feet 101(a), and 101(b), as shown in the figure. Collection platform 102 has only one moving part, a piston assembly 103, which is composed of an anticoagulant displacer plate 104, a blood suction plate 105, and three connecting rods 106 with return springs 121 only one of which may be seen in FIGS. 10 and 11. The connecting rods 106 ride in three oversized rod holes 107 in the central septum 108 of the collection platform 102. Between the central septum 108 and the anticoagulant displacer plate 104, two flexible air pressure bags 109a and b, are permanently fixed (one on either side of the connecting rods 106). The input tubes 110 of these bags are connected to a hand operated relief valve 142. Valve 142 is a three-way valve whose normal state allows flow from tube 144 into the pressure bags 109. When valve 142 is activated by hand it opens the pressure bags 109 to the atmosphere. The output of the valve 142 has a twist lock 143 which connects to a tube 144 which leads to a donor hand pump. A flexible membrane 112 is permanently connected between the blood suction plate 105 and the collection platform 102. The space inside the flexible membrane 112 defines a vacuum chamber 118 which generates the negative pressure needed to suck the blood from the donor's vein. The inside of membrane 112 may be provided with ribs 150 to help distribute the vacuum over the complete bag surface and prevent sticking. The side of the flexible membrane 113 opens down the middle to allow insertion of an empty blood bag, and removal of a full blood bag. A detail of the flexible membrane opening is shown in FIG. 9. The blood tube 114 has a thickened section 115 which is more rigid than the tube 114 (so it will not collapse under negative pressure) and a more precisely controlled diameter than standard blood tubing (so it will more closely fit into the slot 116 on the flexible membrane). The flexible membrane has a flattened portion or lip 117 about 1/2" wide, and a slot 116 down the center. The dimension of the thickened section 115 of the blood tube 114 is chosen to fit precisely into the slot 116 to minimize loss of vacuum pressure. A thin coating of stop-cock grease (not shown) aids in forming a good seal of the flexible membrane opening on the blood bag 120 of FIG. 11. A similar flexible membrane 151 is permanently mounted between the anticoagulant displacement plate 104 and the collection platform 102. This flexible membrane 151 defines a vacuum chamber 152 which holds the anticoagulant bag 111. The vacuum chamber 152 is smaller than the chamber 118 for whole blood--as the anticoagulant bag is only 1/8th the size of the whole blood bag. It has internal ribs 150, and an opening to accept the anticoagulant bag with lip and slot identical to 117 and 116 of chamber 118. Likewise, the anticoagulant tubing has a thickened section at its output identical to 115 of the blood bag. The vacuum chamber 152 seals in the same manner as does chamber 118. An open port 153 connects vacuum chambers 118 and 152 through one of the connecting rods 106. Thus, the pressure in chambers 152 and 118 is identical. The dimensions of the anticoagulant bag 111 to be held in chamber 152 and of the whole blood bag 120 to be held in chamber 118 are chosen so that the height H of the anticoagulant bag 111 when full (i.e., 63.5 ml anticoagulant) is equal to the height when the whole blood bag 120 is full (i.e., 450 ml whole blood+63.5. ml CPD anticoagulant). Thus, the projected surface area of the anticoagulated whole blood bag (width times length) is 8 times that of the anticoagulant bag. This guarantees a fixed ratio of anticoagulant to anticoagulated whole blood. Any motion of the piston 103 causes the displacement volume of 1 part anticoagulant and the acceptance volume of 8 parts anticoagulated whole blood. The operation of the collection platform is as follows. In order to facilitate loading of the platform, the hand operated relief valve 142 is closed and the flexible air pressure bags 109 are filled, bringing the piston 103 to the bottom and maximizing the open space in the vacuum chamber 118. The two lips 117 of the flexible membrane opening 113 are spread apart and an empty blood bag 120 is placed inside the vacuum chamber 118. The relief valve 142 is then opened and the pressure bags 109 emptied by the force in the return springs 121 bringing the piston 103 to the top and removing most of the air from the chamber 118. The lips 117 of the membrane opening 113 are then pressed together and sealed. The vacuum chamber 152 on the anticoagulant side is then opened in a manner similar to chamber 118, and a full anticoagulant bag is placed inside chamber 152. Chamber 152 is then pressed together and sealed. The hand operated relief valve 142 is then closed. As in the apparatus of FIG. 1, tubing (not shown) from the anticoagulant bag 111 joins the tubing leading to the anticoagulated whole blood bag 120 just downstream of the phlebotomy needle (not shown) with a conventional Y fitment (not shown). As air is slowly pumped into tube 144 from a hand pump (to be described) and into pressure bags 119, piston 103 is forced to move generating a vacuum in chamber 118 and in 152 and also displacing anticoagulant from the anticoagulant bag 111. The pressure needed to move the piston 103 in the collection platform 102 is preferably generated by the opening and closing motion of the donor's fist. It can be shown that 280 torr of pressure is needed to get 60 ml/min. flow rate of whole blood through a 19 gauge thin wall phlebotomy needle. This magnitude of vacuum can easily be generated by closing one's fist about a pressure bulb. Such an action also aids the blood collection, as it will increase flow from capillary to vein in the donor's arm. The pump in FIGS. 12-14 is adapted to be held in the donor's fist and is similar to the vacuum pump previously described but here it has been modified to provide positive air pressure. Recessed finger grooves 130 are provided to make the pump fit comfortably in the fist. Pump pressure is generated by the inward rocking motion of the finger rocker member 131 which rides on the pivot axle 132. Return springs 138 forces the finger rocker 131 to open and the pressure pouch 133 to refill when the fist is relaxed. Immediately beneath the finger rocker 131 is a pressure pouch 133 whose walls are fixed to the inner wall of the finger rocker 131 and the inner wall of the hand pump. This pouch can be constructed of any flexible polymer material. The volume of the pouch is so designed to provide a limit of the pressure stroke to less than 3 to 5 cc of air so as to limit the blood flow to no more than 3 to 5 ml per fist flex. The output tube of the pressure pouch 134 leads to an input check valve 135, a pressure relief valve 136, and an output check valve 137, before it terminates at a twist lock fitment 171. The valves 135, 136 and 137 are similar to those previously described and are conventional and commercially available. They are arranged so that air can enter the pressure pouch only through valve 135 and leave only through valve 137. The input diameter of the check valve 135 is made small enough to impose a dwell time to refill the pressure pouch 133 and to recoil the finger rocker 131. This dwell time will give sufficient time for the 3 to 5 ml of anticoagulant whole blood to flow into the collection bag and not allow over-work of the donor's fist. Valve 131 has an air powered whistle 141 attached at its output. Any air leaked through 136 will cause an audible signal which will serve as a warning as described below. Pressure relief valve 136 is adjustable (by turning the threaded fitment 139) and can be set for a particular phlebotomy needle design as described in connection with vacuum pump 60. In operation, the pressure regulated hand pump 140 is attached to the collection platform 102 with a conventional flexible air hose 144 with a twist lock 171. The blood collection software is mounted into the collection platform as described above. The phlebotomy is then made and the donor is given the hand pump (which can be turned upside down for righthand donors) and instructed to flex and relax his or her fist, as is currently the practice. Each time the fist is flexed some predetermined volume of air is pumped from the pressure pouch 133 in the hand pump into the flexible air pressure bag 109. This will force the piston to move and to create a vacuum in the vacuum chambers 118 and 152 and inside the blood bag 120 and a displacement pressure in the anticoagulant bag 111. This results in the flow of anticoagulant into the needle fitment, and flow of blood from the donor's arm. Each time the donor's fist is flexed, another volume of air from the hand pump pumps a ratioed volume of anticoagulant from the anticoagulant bag and sucks a ratioed volume of blood from the vein. The donor is in complete control. If an occlusion occurs some place in the system, the pressure relief valve 136 in the hand pump will open when the pressure in the pressure pouch-flexible pressure bag becomes greater than a pre-set limit. The pressurized air from the pressure pouch will then pass through the relief valve 136 and through the whistle 141. This will generate a warning tone for the nurse to hear. It will indicate that something is wrong with the system, a kink in the tube or that the phlebotomy needle is up against the wall of the donor's vein and has to be repositioned. At the end of the collection, the piston 103 will bottom out on the collection platform. Subsequent flexures of the donor's fist will generate pressures in excess of the pre-set pressure of the relief valve. Here too, the whistle 141 will sound upon each flexure and indicate that the nurse should return to the scene. An alternate embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 15. The construction of the chamber 163 is similar to that employed in FIG. 2 so a detailed description is not required here. Suffice it to say that the chamber is constructed of plastic walls 155 provided with air tight openings to permit entry of tubes 157, 158 and 164. Top wall 304 is provided with a gasket 302 about its periphery to enhance its air tight fit with the side walls. Tube 164 is connected at one end to a hand operated vacuum pump (not shown) and at the other through valve 174 to the interior of vacuum chamber 163. Anticoagulated whole blood bag 162 is disposed within chamber 163 on planar plate 184 and rests on soft spongy cradle 180 molded to form a good fit about anticoagulant bag 161 which has a cross-sectional crescent shape; but is otherwise identical to the previously described bags. As in FIG. 1, blood-compatible tubing 157 and 158 connect respective bags 162 and 161 to a Y-junction at the hub of a phlebotomy needle (not shown). A stop mechanism 300 is mounted on plate 184. The function of this stop will be described in detail below. It may thus be seen that except for the cradle 180 and the shape of bag 161 and the addition of stop 300, the embodiment of FIG. 15 is identical to that of FIGS. 1-4. Stop 300 may comprise a block of rigid material such as wood, metal or plastic, removably disposed on plate 184 as shown in FIG. 15. The height of the block determines the total lateral upward displacement of plate 184 and therefore the number of units of anticoagulated whole blood units withdrawn. Bag 162 fills as bag 161 empties until stop 300 restrains plate 184 from further motion. Various sizes of stops 300 can be made for various collection volumes. Such a capability may be of importance, for example, in pediatric blood donations. The function of the non-uniform cross-sectional dimension of bag 161 is to provide a variable ratio of anticoagulant to whole blood collection during the course of the donation procedure. This is achieved in FIG. 15 by charging the cross-sectional shape of the anticoagulant bag from a rectangular parallelepiped to a crescent shape, for example. In the rectangular bags of previous embodiments, the volume is equal to the thickness times the cross-sectional area; hence, constant volumes of anticoagulant are expressed for equal changes in thickness, inasmuch as the cross-sectional area of the bags remains substantially constant during the procedure. However, with a bag 161 of crescent cross-sectional shape as shown in FIG. 15, supported in a spongy cradle 180, varying volumes of anticoagulant will be displaced from bag 161 for each unit of displacement. It should be noted that the final ratio of whole blood to anticoagulant would always be the same in such a device, but that the instantaneous ratio of whole blood mixing with anticoagulant at the needle site at any time is variable. This might be advantageous if one wanted to mix, for example, equal parts of anticoagulant to whole blood at the very beginning of a donation procedure, while still ending up with a final ratio of 7:1 whole blood to anticoagulant. In the embodiments previously described, the ratio of anticoagulant to whole blood is maintained throughout the collection at some value determined by the geometries of a flexible anticoagulated blood receiver bag and flexible anticoagulant bag. The anticoagulant bag must be flexible, as it is emptied by the motion of a rigid plate which is driven by the filling of the anticoagulated whole blood receiver bag. Because of problems associated with the manufacture and sterilization of flexible bags, in some applications it may be desirable to manufacture the anticoagulant in a glass bottle. The embodiment of FIG. 16 represents a version of the invention which incorporates such a rigid glass anticoagulant container. In the apparatus of FIG. 16, the vacuum chamber 622 of previous embodiments has been altered to accept an anticoagulated whole blood bag 606 only. The rigid barrier and the anticoagulant bag of previous embodiments are no longer within the vacuum chamber. Instead, the anticoagulant is contained in a rigid glass vial or bottle 618 which can be held on a short I.V. stand 620 for observation. The anticoagulant tubing 614 joins the blood tubing 624 just downstream of the phlebotomy needle 612 at one side of Y-junction 610. The other side of Y-juncction 610 is connected to anticoagulated whole blood bag 606 via tubing 608. A hand powered vacuum pump 600 such as previously described, is coupled via tubing 602 to the inside of vacuum chamber 622. The anticoagulant tubing 614 includes a section of shunt tubing 616 which limits the rate of flow of anticoagulant from the anticoagulant bottle 618. The height of the anticoagulant bottle 608, h, and the inside diameter and length of the shunt tubing 616 are dimensioned so that with a pre-set vacuum pressure in the vacuum chamber, the anticoagulant bottle will empty completely in a time equal to Tmin. Tmin is the shortest time it takes to collect a full unit of anticoagulated whole blood with a given vacuum chamber, anticoagulated whole blood bag and hand pump. This time may be established by empirical measurement of a representative donor sample. For the experimental unit we employed, Tmin was 4 minutes for a vacuum chamber and bag which accepted 450 ml of whole blood mixed with 63.5 ml of anticoagulant. While the anticoagulant to whole blood ratio is high during the first 4 minutes of the donation, it will come down to the desired level at the end of the collection. Anticoagulant shock, a phenomena which occurs with prior art donation methods, is avoided because the mixture of anticoagulant with the whole blood is spread out over the first 4 minutes. Also, mixing of the blood bag during collection-- a requirement in the prior art methods--is not required as the blood and anticoagulant will be adequately mixed at the Y-junction 610. It should be noted that the section of shunt tubing 616 could be replaced by an orifice, clamp or other flow restricting device to achieve the same result. Those skilled in the art will recognize many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are part of this invention and are intended to be covered by the following claims. For example, the tubing from the anticoagulant bag could be made to intersect with the whole blood tube within chamber 3 of FIG. 1 rather than at the phlebotomy needle 24 in which case only one slot 9 would be required for the whole blood line 1. The blood and anticoagulant would then mix inside the chamber before entering the bag. It should also now be clear that because of the blood flow assist generated by the pumping action, the apparatus of the invention is capable of collecting blood with 19 or 20 gauge phlebotomy needles instead of the larger 16 gauge needles currently in use. It should also be noted that the embodiments of FIGS. 1-8 and 9-14 are equivalent in many respects. The two vacuum chambers 152 and 118 of FIG. 11 are at the same pressure level by virtue of conduit 153 and hence may be considered equivalent to the single vacuum chamber 3 of FIG. 1. The piston mechanism 103 of FIG. 11 is a way of converting the positive pressure from the hand pump of FIGS. 12-14 to create a negative pressure or vacuum in the chambers. In the apparatus of FIGS. 1-8 the vacuum pressure is created directly by means of the hand held vacuum pump 60. Referenced by
Legal Events
Rotate |


text:
more useful options | |
PerlMonks |
Re: Japh algebraby b-funk (Sexton) |
on Nov 25, 2003 at 16:07 UTC ( #309942=note: print w/ replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
Try using lots of punctuation variables for short japhs, separate operators from their operands, use funny math to hide constants, take advantage of aliases and default arguments. I like the idea you had on this one, so here it is a little less clearly:
Brandan L.
In Section
Obfuscated Code

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Accessibility links
Wednesday 04 March 2015
Search and compare millions of concert tickets, theatre tickets, comedy tickets and sports tickets for thousands of live events in the UK.
UK tour starts 27 May - Don't miss out!
UK tour Starts 28 Feb - Tickets from £51.14
Six UK shows in Autumn 2015
Last three shows this February - Tickets from £69
AC/DC tickets
Eric Clapton at Royal Albert Hall
Mark Knopfler tickets
One Direction tickets
Paloma Faith Tickets
The Stranglers tickets
Six Nations tickets
Rugby World Cup tickets
Ed Sheeran tickets
Sam Smith Tickets
Sting Tickets
Foo FIghters tickets
Music News
Rattle's return to the UK to join the London Symphony Orchestra will lift the entire British classical music scene, says Ivan Hewett
Back to top


text:
Illinois records fourth warmest winter
The statewide average temperature for this winter, including the months of December, January and February, was 34.2 degrees. That was 5.2 degrees above normal and the fourth warmest winter on record, says Illinois State Climatologist Jim Angel of the Illinois State Water Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
[x] Close Window


text:
Hi I will be attending a gun show several states away, I plan on making one or more purchases. I want to take my motorcycle. My understanding is keep unloaded gun in trunk or locked box in passenger compartment. I would like to bolt a gun case across the back of my bike and transport guns in it, locked of coarse. Does anyone see a problem with this, I want to be 100 percent leagle no grey area ? Thanks, Tom
Join FirearmsTalk.com Today - It's Free!
Are you a firearms enthusiast? Then we hope you will join the community. You will gain access to post, create threads, private message, upload images, join groups and more. Firearms Talk is owned and operated by fellow firearms enthusiasts. We strive to offer a non-commercial community to learn and share information.
Join FirearmsTalk.com Today! - Click Here
Here you go.
No offense and none taken (̿▀̿ ̿Ĺ̯̿̿▀̿ ̿)̄


text:
Sparks flew as one of the logs crashed down in the fire. You watched as the bright red sparks soared into the night sky looking like bright stars. You were out camping with your friends John, Dave and Rose, and right about now you were roasting marshmallows. "Mmmm…" You hummed as you popped a marshmallow into your mouth. "Hey guys I know what we should do!" John exclaimed. "Besides eat the wicked marshmallows that are somehow ironically screaming at us not to eat them but we do anyways." Dave said roasting the sugary sweet. You couldn't help but giggle. Dave was just so cool; you couldn't deny you had the biggest crush on him. "No Dave we should tell ghost stories. I wouldn't be a camp out if we didn't" John said excitedly. "Hmm. That does sound like a good idea" Rose said adding her input. "That's cool I guess but I'm going first" Dave said. He grabbed the flash light form John and held it under his face. You gulped down your marshmallow hoping Dave's story wouldn't be too scary.
"It all started deep in the woods much like this one. In a log cabin there lived a husband, a wife, and a sweet young baby girl. The husband worked all day chopping wood for villagers while the wife picked berries in the bushes by the cabin." Dave started off his tale. "One day an old lady came by the wife. The old lady took the wife's had and looked right into her eyes. 'Listen to me and listen to me well' the old lady said. 'Take your daughter and lock her in the house till she's eighteen. If you don't then the grizzly will come after her.' The wife was unconvinced so the old lady rambled on. 'The grizzly with one eye and silver claws. He'll come and eat her up just like he did my own daughters!' The wife believed her now. She ran back to the house and picked up the small child, bringing her inside and locking the doors. That evening the wife told her husband what the old lady had said and they agreed to never let their daughter out of the house until she was eighteen."
"Years went by and the daughter reached the age of fifteen. She had never seen the out side world and wanted nothing more then to go out and play in the grass. But still her parents would not let her out. They had never told her about the grizzly with one eye and silver claws before, only that there were things out in the woods that hurt her. One afternoon she had had enough on her life locked inside the house so when her father left for work and her mother went to pick berries she snuck out the window and into the woods. The daughter spent the whole day exploring the woods finding all kinds of new things. When she left for home late that evening she didn't realize the presence following her home. Once she reached the log cabin she called home her mother spotted her out the window and moments later the grizzly with one eye and silver claws following right behind her. The mother screamed and the daughter spun around. But it was to late. The grizzly pounced and attacked the girl. He ripped her to shreds spilling blood, flesh, and bones all over the yard. The daughter screamed in agony, pleading for her mother to help her, but she could do nothing but watch. When the grizzly was done he picked up the bones and carried them deep into the woods, putting them in a nice pile of the other young girls he had killed."
By the time Dave was done his story the fire was now only smoldering. John yawned and stretched. "That was great Dave, but I think it's time for bed." Rose nodded and you quietly got up to go to your tent. "Good night everyone" Rose said heading for her tent. "Good night" you called back. Once inside your tent you shivered trying to get the mental image the story had left out of your head. To be completely honest the tale had scared you senseless. You changed into your pj's and slipped under your sleeping bag, snuggling in to its warmth. Slowly you drifted off to sleep. But it wasn't going to be a peaceful one.
You stood in the middle of a dark forest clearing. The full moon casting an eerie light on everything. You weren't quite sure where you were and it didn't feel like a dream. For a while you wandered around the forest not noticing the large figure lurking behind you. There was the snap of a twig behind you and you turned around to see the largest grizzly bear ever. It was missing one eye and had silver claws, just like the one from Dave's story. You ran as fast as you could, the grizzly hot on your trail. The forest seemed to go on forever as you dogged through the trees. Every once and a while you'd look back to see the grizzly right there keeping pace with you. You burst through the trees to find your self face to face with a cliff. By the foot of the cliff lay a pile of clean picked human bones. You ran right to the cliff hoping there would be some way to get up it. The grizzly closed in on you slowly making it's way towards you. It was to late to do anything. You shielded your self with your arms and screamed as the grizzly's maw came down on you.
You awoke with a start inside your tent. Your face was soaked with tears and you were shivering. Without thinking you got up and ran to Dave's tent, which was directly across from yours. You tore into his tent, startling him awake. "(Name) what's wrong?" Dave asked as you buried your head in his shoulder. "Y-your story… I-I had… A nightm-mare…" You sobbed out to the best of your ability. Dave wrapped his arms around your shacking frame. "(Name)… If you were sacred you should have said something" he said soothingly. You looked up at him. "But everyone else was enjoying it so much. It wouldn't have been fair," you said. Dave wiped the tears from your face. It was such a gentile movement that you never knew the cool kid would make. "The others would have understood" he looked lovingly into your (e/c) eyes. Dave lifted the edge of his sleeping bag and patted to the spot next to him. A soft pink blush spread across your cheeks but you slid in next to him anyways. Dave pulled you in close to him. You could feel his warm chest along your back and his strong arms holding you tightly. You felt incredibly safe next to him. Nothing could harm you here. "Good night (Name)" Dave whispered into your ear. You gave a quiet moan and drifted off to sleep.
Dave brushed the hair out of (Name)'s sleeping face. She looked like a peaceful angel curled up against Dave's chest. Dave pulled the sleeping bag a little higher up on the both of them and kissed (Name)'s forehead lightly. "I love you (Name)" he said before he to drifted of to sleep.


text:
You must be logged in to save your search, you can Register an account with SciCrunch to save your searches.
orIf you have forgotten your password, please enter your account email below and we will reset your password and email you the new password.
Epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia (EB-PA), an autosomal recessive genodermatosis, manifests with neonatal cutaneous blistering associated with congenital pyloric atresia. The disease is frequently lethal, but nonlethal cases have also been reported. Expression of the alpha6 beta4 integrin is altered at the dermal-epidermal basement-membrane zone; recently, mutations in the corresponding genes (ITGA6 and ITGB4) have been disclosed in a limited number of patients, premature termination codons in both alleles being characteristic of lethal variants. In this study, we have examined the molecular basis of EB-PA in five families, two of them with lethal and three of them with nonlethal variants of the disease. Mutation analysis disclosed novel lesions in both ITGB4 alleles of each proband. One of the patients with lethal EB-PA was a compound heterozygote for premature termination-codon mutations (C738X/4791delCA), whereas the other patient with a lethal variant was homozygous for a missense mutation involving a cysteine residue (C61Y). The three nonlethal cases had missense mutations in both alleles (C562R/C562R, R1281W/R252C, and R1281W/R1281W). Immunofluorescence staining of skin in two of the nonlethal patients and in one of the lethal cases was positive, yet attenuated, for alpha6 and beta4 integrins. These results confirm that ITGB4 mutations underlie EB-PA and show that missense mutations may lead to nonlethal phenotypes.
Welcome to NIF. Explore available research resources: data, tools and materials, from across the web
Search for resources specially selected for NIF community
Search across hundreds of additional biomedical databases
Search Pub Med abstracts and full text from PubMed Central
Enter your search terms here and hit return. Search results for the selected tab will be returned.
Click here to login or register and join this community.
Narrow your search by selecting a category. For additional help in searching, view our tutorials.
Displays the total number of search results. Provides additional information on search terms, e.g., automated query expansions, and any included categories or facets. Expansions, filters and facets can be removed by clicking on the X. Clicking on the + restores them.
Displays individual records and a brief description. Click on the icons below each record to explore additional display options.


text:
UPDATE: Liz Taylor has cheated death once again! Read More
More Celebrity News
Convicted boy band impresario Lou Pearlman is singing himself now. Read More
Rapper Ludacris has been dissed big time by Barack Obama's campaign. Read More
Britney Spears' attorney has closed the door on onetime Svengali Osama "Sam" Lufti despite not seeking an extension for a restraining order. Read More
Former Moonlighting star Cybil Shepherd is haunted by ex-lover Elvis Presley. Read More
Singer Alicia Keys got pushy with a cig manufacturer who was sponsoring her concert in Jakarta, Indonesia. Read More
Presidential nominees Barack Obama and John McCain are going toe-to-toe in two comics published by IDW Publishing. Read More
Miley Cyrus mania continues unabated. Her new album Breakout is Numero Uno on the pop charts selling $371,000 copies. Read More
The judge presiding in the Phil Spector murder retrial gave prosecutors the OK to use Court TV footage testimony of a witness now deceased. Read More
Original stoner comics Cheech & Chong have finally reunited. Read More


text:
DeeHairAuburnCurly HairFine or Thin HairLove It!Working in a salon for the last 11 yrs, I've tried more shampoos and conditioners than I can count. I have fine, curly hair and I use this masque about twice a week in conjunction with the Tamanu cream shampoo, my hair has never looked and felt better!posted Jun 7, 2012Link to this post
BetsSouth CarolinaHairMedium BrownCurly HairColor Treated HairThick or Coarse HairGreat Product But Not Enough...Overall, the product works well, but at only 4 oz it's really not worth the price. The smell is nice, tropical, not overwhelming. It works great as a leave-in conditioner, it doesn't leave my hair feeling oily.posted Apr 23, 2011Link to this post
Write Your Own Review
Have you tried this product? Help out by sharing what worked (or didn't)!
Write a Review-
The Sedu Anti-Frizz Polishing Treatment with pure Argan Oil protects from heat damage and leaves hair incredibly smooth and shiny.
New Price: $16.00 -
Create hair that is incredibly smooth and manageable with L'ANZA Leave-in Noni Fruit Detangler. This lightweight, leave-in spray formula detangles, hydrates, and protects hair.
New Price: $19.99 -
Lanza Kukui Nut Conditoner gives you softer, silkier hair - Guaranteed. Deep-penetrating hydrators restore moisture, softness, and shine to dehydrated hair.
New Price: $19.99 -
L'ANZA Healing Moisture Tamanu Cream Shampoo is a rich and creamy formula that gives you softer, silkier hair - guaranteed. Deep penetrating hydrators restores moisture to dehydrated hair.
New Price: $19.99 -
Featured in the "Gadgets: On the Go" article in the June 2009 issue of Lucky Magazine, The Original SuperSolano provides extreme power with maximum benefits.
New Price: $99.99


text:
Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Learn how to create replacements parts for household appliances, furniture, and more with Tinkercad and a desktop 3D printer.
Learn about the key processes behind sketching, part modeling, creating assemblies, and drawing in Autodesk Inventor.
Introduces the interface and key processes of Inventor, the parametric design system from Autodesk.
"I am so glad that you have something for an absolute beginner. I love what you offer. You are helping to change my life and my circumstances." —Suzie D.
more from our members »


text:
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 21,704 in the 2010 census, an increase from 20,670 in the 2000 census.[1] It is one of the two counties that make up the Iowa City, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is Washington.
Category: Washington, Iowa, United States


text:
Log Out
Call in to speak with the host
(347) 857-2950
Wrestling Historian Dominic Valenti ,Plus JJ &King Jordan talk
CM Punk Quitting the WWE & Sting debut in WWE
The breaking CM Punk story has been picked up by TMZ.com, who claims they have "exclusive details" about the CM Punk's departure from WWE. TMZ is stating that Punk left primarily due to Batista winning the Rumble, going on to main event WrestleMania 30, and the fact Punk wouldn't be,I was just informed Plus we got news on Sting,,Batista
Sorry we couldn't complete your registration. Please try again.
Please enter your email to finish creating your account.
old-style code for hosted blogs
Player Size 300 x 295 400 x 370 640 x 550


text:
Lansky® 450 2 - stage Knife Sharpener
Item # WX2-135491
- Google+
This item cannot ship via any of our Next Day or Second Day express delivery methods.
This item cannot ship internationally.
- Details & Specs
Lansky® Mini - Crock Sharpener with Keychain.
Compact, lightweight and versatile... for knife and fish hook sharpening anywhere! Features a 2-stage sharpening system and 2 removable alumina ceramic sharpening rods that are easily positioned for fish hook.
Get yours ONLINE today!
- Reviews
Lansky 450 2 - stage Knife Sharpener is rated out of 5 by 3.Rated 1 out of 5 by BRIAN from Cheap plastic. Don't waste your money.Date published: 2012-11-25Rated 5 out of 5 by GARY L OR DEBOR from Handy littlr sharpener for my lunch boxDate published: 2011-01-01Rated 5 out of 5 by JOHN F from Very convenient little sharpnerDate published: 2010-07-04
<!--BVSEO|dz:Main_Site-en_US|sdk:v220.127.116.11-n|msg:Error: Request errored out - The remote server returned an error: (403) Forbidden. -->
- Articles & Tips
You May Also Like
Lansky® Quick Fix Sharpener
Buyer's Club $5.39 Non-Members $5.99 -
Lansky® Easy Grip Tungsten Carbide
Buyer's Club $6.74 Non-Members $7.49 -
Smith's® Jiff-V Knife and Scissors Sharpener
Buyer's Club $6.29 Non-Members $6.99


text:
What will happen if Roland Burris — the former attorney general of Illinois whom Gov . Rod Blagojevich has appointed to fill out the remainder of President-elect Barack Obama's Senate term, against the wishes of Senate Democrats — tries to walk onto the Senate floor next week?
"Unless he has the proper credentials, he won't be able to gain access to the floor," a Democratic Senate aide tells ABC News. "If he doesnt have at least credentials, there is no precedent to allow him on the floor."
Will the Capitol Police physically keep him off?
"Same thing as if you tried to follow a Democratic senator onto the floor," the aide says.
Referring to the Senate sergeant at arms, the aide says that Chief Terry "Gainer, who has known Mr. Burris for awhile, is confident that any potential confrontation can be avoided."
And the Senate majority whip, Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Ill., "is working to set up a meeting between Majority Leader Reid and Mr. Burris for Wednesday."
- jpt


text:
The best booksellers in the world!
For more than a decade now, Biblio.com has committed ourselves to bringing the inventories of the best independent booksellers to the world. Biblio.com is the premier destination for book collectors and readers. Here is just a small selection of the bookstores that offer their books through Biblio.com.
Search for books
Bookstores near Placentia
- Joe Staats, Bookseller in Los Angeles
- March Hare Books in El Segundo
- American Indian War Books in El Segundo
- Barnacle in Stanton
- B & L Rootenberg Rare Books & Manuscripts in Sherman Oaks
- JasonsBookstore in Sherman Oaks
- Phillips Books Market in sherman oaks
- David Brass Rare Books, Inc. in Calabasas
- Jeff Weber Rare Books in Glendale
- gustavobooks in Los Angeles
- Michael R. Thompson, Booksellers, ABAA/ILAB in Los Angeles
- Three Geese In Flight Celtic Books in Los Angeles
- Mozart Books Ltd. in Pasadena
- curtis paul books inc. in Northridge
- federal Book Depository in Anaheim
- Champ & Mabel Collectibles in San Pedro
- MediaOutlet in Norwalk
- Haven Place Books in Tustin
- ReadInk in Los Angeles
- George Houle Rare Books & Autographs in Los Angeles
- Uncle Books in Burbank
- Robert Gwodz in Burbank
- Bradley Ross Books in Los Angeles
- 3lionsbooks in Los Angeles
- ZOFBooks in San Gabriel
Bookstores in California
- Kathleen Simpson in Simi Valley
- Appleby Books in Los Angeles
- Beech Leaves Books in Los Angeles
- bookfever.com in Ione
- Hickey's Books in La Mesa
- Steven Streufert, Bookseller/Bigfoot Books in Willow Creek
- Infospec in Oakland
- Carpe Diem Fine Books in Monterey
- Bluestocking in Pleasant Hill
- Anglophile Books - AnglophileBooks.com in Lancaster
- Two Moons Books in Fresno
- Avalon Books in Stockton
- S. Howlett-West Books in Modesto
- Books On The Boulevard in Sherman Oaks
- Jeremy Norman's Historyofscience.com in Novato
Bookstores in United States
- Downtown Books & News in Asheville
- Captain's Bookshelf, Inc., ABAA in Asheville
- Chris Hartmann, Bookseller in Morganton
- Seneca Valley Used Books & Paper Collectibles in Watkins Glen
- A.B.Normal Books in Dunstable
- VELMA CLINTON BOOKS in HOPE VALLEY
- George Cross Books in Lexington
- Charles Agvent in Mertztown
- Modern Rare in Chicago
- The Published Page Bookshop in Arlington
- Pawprint Books in Monroe Twp.
- Black Dog Books in Emerson
- Vagabond Books in Warriors Mark
- Thorn Books in Cortaro
- poor mans books in VINELAND
- Your Account
- Gift Certificates
- 30-Day Return Guarantee
- Check order status
- Purchase Orders
- Coupons & Promos
- Affiliate Program
- Help & FAQ
Social Responsibility
Biblio Sites
Privacy & Security
Terms & Conditions
Site Map
Copyright © 2000-2015 Biblio, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Better than a Driving Chihuahua: Cafe Rio Opens in Spokane!
What's more awesome than a Chihuahua named Toby driving a car in Spokane, WA? Well, nothing really because that's pretty freakin awesome, and tough to top, but a close second would be Cafe Rio opening its doors in Spokane! Yes, it's true. Cafe Rio is in Spokane Washington at 13920 E. Indiana Ave.


text:
MMA Live Extra: Henderson defends title, gets engaged
MMA Live Extra recaps the action from the UFC on Fox 7 card including the third title defense for Benson Henderson.
(07:42) | April 23, 2013
More UFC Video Videos More »
Play Video
MMA Live Extra: Ortiz-Bonnar preview
UFC Video: Todd Grisham, Brett Okamoto and Reed Kuhn discuss the lead-up to the light heavyweight grudge match between Tito Ortiz and Stephan Bonnar, and identify what each fighter needs to do to win.
(05:07) | Nov 11, 2014
Play Video
Jones, Cormier brawl at press conference
UFC Video: Jon Jones and Daniel Cormier talk about the brawl they got into during a news conference to promote their title fight.
(05:44) | Aug 5, 2014
Play Video
Bisping cleared to fight
UFC Video: After a pesky eye injury, middleweight contender Michael Bisping says he's ready to return in April, faster and stronger.
(05:59) | Jan 5, 2014
Latest Video & Audio More »
Play Video
Everton six points out of relegation zone
ESPN FC on TV: The ESPN panel weigh on the critical situation that Roberto Martinez's side are facing at the near bottom of the Premier League table.
(04:05) | Mar 6, 2015
Play Video
Shaka Hislop's Power Rankings-1
ESPN FC on TV: The ESPN FC crew were surprised by Liverpool's return to the power rankings after a long hiatus.
(01:27) | Mar 6, 2015
Play Video
MLS Western Conference preview
ESPN FC on TV: The ESPN FC discuss which teams are the favourites to win the Western Conference title.
(01:46) | Mar 6, 2015
Play Video
MLS Eastern Conference preview
ESPN FC on TV: The ESPN FC discuss which teams are the favourites to win the Eastern Conference title.
(02:24) | Mar 6, 2015
Play Video
Coutinho retains spot in Brazil squad
International Football: Philippe Coutinho retained his place in the Brazil squad, while Real Madrid's Marcelo and Santos forward Robinho both earned recalls.
(02:17) | Mar 6, 2015
Play Video
Evans and Cissé charged by FA for spitting
ESPN FC on TV: The Football Association has charged both Papiss Cisse and Jonny Evans for their spitting altercation on Wednesday's Premier League match between Newcastle and Manchester United.
(01:13) | Mar 5, 2015
Rousey needs only 14 seconds to beat Zingano
If they keep looking like this, the UFC might want to consider booking Ronda Rousey two title defences per night instead of one -
Velasquez to face Werdum at UFC 188
UFC heavyweight champion Cain Velasquez will return from a 19-month lay-off against interim champion Fabricio Werdum on June 13 in Mexico City -
Anderson Silva: I'm not a cheater
Anderson Silva denies he is a cheater and says he has "never used any substances" to improve his performances, despite failing two doping tests -
Jones and Weidman to defend titles in Las Vegas
Light heavyweight champion Jon Jones will defend his title for a ninth time when he meets Anthony Johnson in Las Vegas, while Chris Weidman's long-awaited fight with Vitor Belfort co-headlines -
UFC announce landmark anti-doping plan
In a landmark move, the UFC has announced a multimillion-dollar anti-doping plan, including year-round drug-testing of its entire roster, effective from July 1
Inside the Octagon: Previewing UFC 177
Step inside the Octagon with Dan Hardy & John Gooden to take a look at the upcoming rematch at UFC 177: Dillashaw vs Barao


text:
Service Information
Celebration of life
Click here to expand.
Funeral Etiquette
Guest Book
"BERNICE WAS A VERY GOOD PERSON WE LIVE IN THE SAME PARK SHE EVEN TOOK CARE OF MY CAT MITTEN.I AM GOING TO MISS HER SHE LIVE 2 HOUSE FROM ME AND WHEN SHE..." anna murray (putney, VT)
"Sorry for your loss. She will certainly be missed. Ray & Linda Denny"
"Sorry to hear of you moms passing. Tony, Gary, Jean and family, Ma was a special person that touched many people. She was special." Archie Bricker (SC)
"So sorry for your loss." Lona Thurber McGuire (Brattleboro, VT)
"Thinking of you all as you grieve the loss of your mom/grandmother...rip Bernie xo" Katie (Scott) Dearborn
More Obituaries
Personalize Your Tribute
Make Your Plan Today


text:
Fall 2006
GOV 390L • Market Reform and Democracy in Latin America
Unique | Days | Time | Location | Instructor |
39990 |
Course Description
CANCELLED Graduate standing required. Consent of the Graduate Adviser must be obtained. This seminar will analyze the tension-filled relationship of political liberalism and economic liberalization in Latin America: Under what conditions was it politically feasible to enact drastic market reform in fragile competitive regimes? What factors triggered the region-wide change of development model, and what political tactics did reform-minded governments use to limit opposition and build support? In turn, how has determined structural adjustment affected the stability and quality of democratic regimes? What impact has neoliberalism had on Latin American party systems, on relations among the branches of government, and on civil society? By examining the causes and consequences of market reform in democratic settings, this seminar intends to examine the contemporary political economy of Latin America in a comprehensive fashion.
Grading Policy
Will be based on three brief response/discussion papers, one to two 8 - 10 pp. essays, a 25-30 pp. research paper or a 10 pp. research proposal, and ample class participation.
(preliminary listing) Javier Santiso, Latin America's Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press 2006 Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Princeton UP 1995 Susan Stokes, Mandates and Democracy, Cambridge UP 2001 Kurt Weyland, The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies, Princeton UP 2002 Marcus Kurtz, Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside, Cambridge UP, digital paperback edition 2006 Kenneth Roberts, forthcoming book on the transformation of Latin American party systems, Cambridge UP 2007 (?) Thick course reader with Xeroxed journal articles and book chapters


text:
Italian Court Clears Dolce and Gabbana of Tax Evasion
Italy's top court has cleared fashion designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana over charges of hiding hundreds of millions of euros from Italian tax authorities.
Italy's top court has cleared fashion designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana over charges of hiding hundreds of millions of euros from Italian tax authorities.
In a season lacking in creativity, a burst of innovation came from Japan, while a small and precious handful of designers managed to blend sex and saleability with new ideas, says BoF columnist Angelo Flaccavento.
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana have been found guilty of tax evasion and sentenced to one year and six months in jail by an Italian appeals court.
MILAN, Italy — Gaetano Ruta, the prosecutor representing the Italian government in tax evasion proceedings concerning Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana, has called for prison sentences of two-and-a-half years each to be awarded to the duo at the designers' sentencing hearing.
MILAN, Italy — Italy's Tax Commission has fined fashion designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana 343.4 million euros ($441 million) for tax evasion. The decision confirmed to Reuters by Italy's tax agency on Tuesday relates to payments the agency says should have been made when the designers sold their D&G and Dolce & Gabbana brands to their own Luxembourg-based holding company GADO in 2004.
We Are All Guilty for This Mess (IHT) "The current state of fashion, with designers enticed to houses where they may be rejected, removed and re-embraced, leaves a queasy feeling. The drama that started almost exactly a year ago with the breakdown and departure of John Galliano from Dior has spread across the fashion universe." Yves Saint Laurent creative head Pilati leaves (Reuters) "French fashion brand Yves


text:
EAN: 4008496725786 Male grooming has never been so easy thanks to the CruZer 6 Face Trimmer from Braun.*For a limited time only, receive 1 FREE Lynx gift set with this item, simply add either 4KJQA, 4KJNX or 4KJQ7 to your basket. The item price will be deducted at checkout. The CruZer 6 Face can be used as a trimmer and a razor, with an extra wide shaving head and Smart Foil Sytem and a twistable trimmer with two widths. There's even a precision comb to tidy up your look. Plus, it's easy to give yourself that designer stubble look with the CruZer 6 Face Trimmer. The CruZer 6 Face shaver is cordless and gives you 30 minutes' operation on a 60-minute charge, so you have total freedom of movement – you can even use it in the shower. You can create the look you want, from a simple clean shave to trimming to 4 different lengths (1.2 - 6 mm) using the adjustable comb. A handy small precision comb letting you detail your look for precise contours and an incredibly neat finish. Features:
Offer: FREE LYNX GIFT SET WITH MENS ELECTRICAL GROOMING


text:
koninklijke dsm nv
(DSM:Euronext Amsterdam)
koninklijke dsm nv (DSM) Snapshot
Previous Close
Day High
Day Low
52 Week High
12/8/14 - €54.00
52 Week Low
01/16/15 - €42.40
Market Cap
Average Volume 10 Days
Shares Outstanding
Dividend Yield
Related News
koninklijke dsm nv (DSM) Details
Koninklijke DSM N.V. operates as a life sciences and materials sciences company worldwide. The company operates in five segments: Nutrition, Pharma, Performance Materials, Polymer Intermediates, and Innovation Center. It manufactures food enzymes, cultures, savory ingredients, and other specialties, as well as nutritional products, such as vitamins, carotenoids, eubiotics, feed enzymes, premixes, nutritional lipids, and cultures for the food and beverage, feed, personal care, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical industries. The company also provides custom manufacturing and development services to the pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries; and beta-lactam active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as semi-synthetic penicillins and semi-synthetic cephalosporins, as well as nystatin. In addition, it offers engineering thermoplastic solutions; Dyneema, a strong fiber; and resins solutions for paints and coatings, composite materials, and optical fiber coatings. Further, the company produces caprolactam and acrylonitrile that are raw materials for synthetic fibers and plastics; and other products, including ammonium sulfate, sodium cyanide, cyclohexanone, and diaminobutane. Additionally, it develops materials-based solutions comprising coatings, drug delivery platforms, and a range of biomedical materials for medical device and biopharmaceutical industries; creates solutions for bioconversion of feedstocks for the production of bio-energy, such as cellulosic biofuels, as well as bio-based chemicals and materials; and provides smart coatings and surface technologies to the solar industry. The company was founded in 1902 and is headquartered in Heerlen, the Netherlands.
koninklijke dsm nv (DSM) Top Compensated Officers
koninklijke dsm nv (DSM) Key Developments
Royal DSM N.V. reported unaudited earnings results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2014. For the quarter, the company reported net sales of EUR 2,374 million against EUR 2,175 million a year ago. EBITDA was EUR 288 million against EUR 297 million for the same period a year ago. Core net profit, continuing operations was EUR 112 million against EUR 118 million a year ago. Net profit before exceptional items, continuing operations was EUR 89 million against EUR 101 million a year ago. Net loss after exceptional items, total DSM was EUR 107 million or EUR 0.63 per share against EUR 77 million or EUR 0.46 per share a year ago. Core EPS was EUR 0.65 against EUR 0.68 a year ago. Net EPS before exceptional items, continuing operations was EUR 0.52 against EUR 0.57 a year ago. Cash flow from operations was EUR 418 million against EUR 476 million a year ago supported by a strong decrease of operating working capital. Capital expenditures were EUR 241 million against EUR 204 million a year ago. Net LPS after exceptional items was EUR 0.46 against net EPS after exceptional items of EUR 0.10 a year ago. Sales in the fourth quarter increased 12% compared to fourth quarter of 2012, mainly driven by acquisitions. The company announced the fall in EBITDA was due to actions aimed to reduce inventories and lower sales for the human nutrition and health (HNH) unit, which would have left larger margins had it enjoyed better revenue. DSM Food Specialties also impacted EBITDA. For the year, the company reported net sales of EUR 9,181 million against EUR 8,858 million a year ago. EBITDA was EUR 1,168 million against EUR 1,261 million for the same period a year ago. Core net profit, continuing operations was EUR 492 million against EUR 549 million a year ago. Net profit before exceptional items, continuing operations was EUR 419 million against EUR 497 million a year ago. Net profit after exceptional items, total DSM was EUR 145 million or EUR 0.78 per share against EUR 271 million or EUR 1.52 per share a year ago. Core EPS was EUR 2.85 against EUR 3.19 a year ago. Net EPS before exceptional items, continuing operations was EUR 2.42 against EUR 2.84 a year ago. Cash flow from operations was EUR 808 million against EUR 998 million a year ago. Capital expenditures were EUR 628 million against EUR 629 million a year ago. Net debt was EUR 2,420 million against EUR 1,841 million a year ago. For the year 2015, based on current rates and the 2015 hedge effects, the overall impact of currencies on EBITDA in 2015 would be roughly neutral. Assuming the January 2015 prices persist, the negative impact on DSM's 2015 EBITDA will be around EUR 80 million. In addition, in 2015 further focus will be given to improve operating working capital management. Taking the above into account, the company aims to deliver an EBITDA in 2015 that is slightly ahead of the result of 2014.
Royal DSM proposes to maintain the dividend at EUR 1.65 per ordinary share for 2014. This will be proposed to the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 30 April 2015. An interim dividend of EUR 0.55 per ordinary share having been paid in August 2014, the final dividend would then amount to EUR 1.10 per ordinary share. The dividend will be payable in cash or in the form of ordinary shares at the option of the shareholder. Dividend in cash will be paid after deduction of 15% Dutch dividend withholding tax. The ex-dividend date is 5 May 2015.
Koninklijke DSM N.V. (ENXTAM:DSM) is looking to sell its caprolactam business.
Recently Viewed | |||
Company | Last | Change |
Ashland Inc | $128.79 USD | -1.81 |
Celanese Corp | $57.97 USD | -0.28 |
Grupo Bimbo SAB de CV | $41.92 MXN | +0.13 |
Huntsman Corp | $22.22 USD | -0.32 |
Kerry Group PLC | €63.00 EUR | -0.70 |
View Industry Companies |
Industry Analysis
Industry Average
Valuation | DSM | Industry Range |
Price/Earnings | 73.6x |
Price/Sales | 0.9x |
Price/Book | 1.4x |
Price/Cash Flow | 11.9x |
TEV/Sales | 0.5x |
Sponsored Financial Commentaries
Sponsored Links
To contact KONINKLIJKE DSM NV, please visit www.dsm.com. Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.
Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Could someone explain to me the differences between essential and removable singularity?
Like how do I decide whether the function is essential or removable singularity? for example
Have you been given definitions of what it means for a function to have certain singularities? If so, what is it about the definitions you don't understand?
I can give you definitions of the two types of singularities you asked about, from these it should be obvious what the difference between them is.
In terms of a Laurent series;
has a removable singularity at a point a if in it's Laurent series,
we have that
has an essential singularity at a if
for infinitely many
Now, about 0,
Substitute z for 1/z and then look at coefficients of negative powers of z, you should then see what type of singularity occurs at z=0


text:
But WaitThere's More
Find other great ideas in these related stories:
The hangers at the Montage Beverly Hills
As a fanatic for Zegna custom suits, Montage (view slideshow) managing director Ali Kasikci knows the importance of quality closet hardware. And he was considerate enough to insist that all guests have access to same, outfitting each room at the Montage with uncommonly wide and well-sculpted hangers to help guarantee suits stay sharp and wrinkle-free. (That said, we can't guarantee they'll fit in your carry-on.)


text:
Posted by John Heavey on 12.9.2011
Video: "Shame" at NYFF
Steve McQueen's highly anticipated sophomore feature, also his second collaboration with actor Michael Fassbender, made a huge splash at the 49th New York Film Festival and is now titillating audiences across the nation. Watch our collection of video of the director and actor at the fest. More »


text:
Click on image to zoom
Availability: In stock
Order online or call toll-free 800-628-2639 or local 419-636-3553.
What is more tempting than the flavor of strawberries combined with creamy vanilla? Strawberry and Vanilla Saf-T-Pops have a flexible loop handle, making them safer for your tumbling toddler. Each Swirl Saf-T-Pop has numbers and letters on the front, so you can use these lollipops in learning games!
They're a delicious treat that parents can trust. Grownups love the flavor of strawberry and vanilla swirl-flavored lollipops too. Each Saf-T-Pop is enclosed in its own pouch.
Quantity Per Package: 60 Strawberry and Vanilla Swirl-Flavored Saf-T-Pops per tub.
Shipping Weight: 2.45 lbs
Swirl Saf-T-Pop Nutrition Facts: This Saf-T-Pop size is .380 oz and serving size is 1 pop totaling 11 grams. 60 servings per container. 45 calories per serving size. 0 grams of fat, trans fat, sodium and protein. 11 grams of carbohydrates and 9 grams of sugar per serving.
Swirl Saf-T-Pop Ingredients: Sugar, Corn Syrup, Citric Acid, Artificial Flavor, Color Added (Includes Red 40, Blue 1).
Allergen Statement: This product does not contain peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, wheat or gluten. It has been manufactured on dedicated equipment.
Kosher Certification: Saf-T-Pops are Orthodox Union (OU) kosher certified.
Country of Origin: Manufactured by Spangler Candy Company Bryan, Ohio 43506 USA.
You have no items in your shopping cart.
You have no items to compare.


text:
Search Results for gun accessories tzcase
Narrow by Brand
- Showing only TZ Case brand.
- See all brands
- Narrow by Category
- Related Searches
Showing all 1 results.
TZCase 2-nd Amendment Plaque 4.75x3 TZ2APSS
TZCase 2-nd Amendment Plaque 4.75x3 is accessory for gun cases by TZ Case. The TZ Case Second ... Amendment Plaque features a handsome American flag and eagle. Our store carries a wide selection of gun ... Single Pistol Case 11.5x9x3.25, TZ Case 2 Amendment Duelly Fifthteen Gun Case 15x9x7in, T.Z. Case 2nd ... Amendment 4-8 Pistol Promo Case 18x13x6in, Silver TZ0301SD2 and other. We also offer gun cases by TZ ... favorite firearm or you need a waterproof case to protect your equipment and valuables, T.Z.Case has ... the perfect case for your next outdoor adventure. For your active lifestyle, rely on TZ-Case ... ! Package Contents: TZCase 2-nd Amendment Plaque 4.75x3 TZ2APSS... |
Showing all 1 results.


text:
Vibrational Spectroscopy and Dehydroxylation of Aluminum (Oxo)hydroxides: Gibbsite
Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 53, Issue 4, pp. 423-434 (1999)
Acrobat PDF (454 KB)
The infrared absorption, infrared emission, and Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectra of a series of gibbsites well defined by X-ray diffraction have been obtained. Hydroxyl stretching frequencies were found at ~ 3670, 3620, 3524, 3452, 3395, 3375, and ~ 3300 cm-1. Hydroxyl deformation vibrations were observed at 1059, 1023, 969, 938, and 915 cm-1. Hydroxyl stretching bands were observed in the Raman spectra at 3524, 3436, and 3365 cm-1 and correspond well with the three infrared bands. These bands are both Raman and infrared active. The bands at ~ 3670, 3620, and 3395 cm-1 are infrared active only. The hydroxyl stretching frequencies show a pronounced blue shift, while the hydroxyl deformation modes show a pronounced red shift. Infrared absorption bands were observed at 3413, 3283, and 3096 cm-1 for the hydroxyl stretching frequencies and at 1024, 969, and 914 cm-1 for the hydroxyl deformation frequencies. Low-frequency infrared absorption vibrations were found at ~ 860, 838, 800, 747, 666, ~ 625, 585, 560, 522, 452, and 423 cm-1 and infrared emission bands at 834, 778, 728, 652, 640, 609, 580, 512, and 489 cm-1. The infrared emission low-frequency bands moved to higher frequencies upon thermal treatment. The dehydroxylation of gibbsite was followed by the combination of infrared emission spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis over the 200 to 750 C temperature ranges. Dehydroxylation is followed by the loss of intensity of the hydroxyl stretching frequencies observed at 3620 and 3351 cm-1 and by the loss of intensity of the hydroxyl deformation modes at 1024 cm-1. Dehydroxylation starts at 220 C and is complete by 350 C. Some variation in the gibbsite endotherms was found between the synthetic and natural gibbsite dehydroxylations. Spectral changes in the low-frequency bands confirm that dehydroxylation commenced at 220 C.
Ray L. Frost, J. Theo Kloprogge, Shane C. Russell, and Jennifer L. Szetu, "Vibrational Spectroscopy and Dehydroxylation of Aluminum (Oxo)hydroxides: Gibbsite," Appl. Spectrosc. 53, 423-434 (1999)
Cited By |
OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.


text:
Spent 5 nights at this hotel recently, just prior to Chinese Labor Day holiday. Not Western-friendly from English speaking perspective, but hotel staff seemed courteous during my visit. Hotel was very clean, rooms were very clean, well laid out, and either lake-facing, or mountain valley-facing. Friday and Saturday nights are typically sold-out nights for this property due to it's proximity... More
China >
Zhejiang >
Chun'an County
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Number of rooms: 304
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Agoda, Ctrip TA, Priceline, Despegar.com and TripOnline SA so you can book your Longting New Century Hotel Qiandao Lake Hangzhou reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Longting New Century Hotel Qiandao Lake Hangzhou China/Zhejiang
#2 Best Value Hotel in Chun'an County


text:
Brahim's Holdings set to hit RM1bil revenue by 2017
17 Aug 2013 11:25pmKUALA LUMPUR, Aug 17 — RHB Research Institute Sdn Bhd (RHBRI) is confident that Brahim's Holdings is on the road to hit its RM1 billion revenue target by 2017. The research institute said the optimism was based on Brahim's potentially better contribution from the airport food and beverages outlets upon the opening of klia2. "Brahim's will also be riding on its stronger performance from its in-flight catering business due to higher passenger traffic and accretive mergers and acquisitions in the pipeline," RHBRI said in its Top Malaysia Small Cap Companies 2013 edition. Brahim's was listed among the top five small cap companies in the report. It said there could be more potential asset injections ahead for Brahim's with potential candidates such as Dewina Food Industries and Desatera Sdn Bhd. "Both companies are under Dewina Holdings, which is privately-owned by Brahim's major shareholder. We believe the potential deal will enlarge its halal food market," it said. – BERNAMA |


text:
MJM is the best magic supplier there is! My order arrived in just a few days, and now I'm getting 10% percent off on all of my purchases. MJM has...Read More ->
This site provides excellent service and prices you can't get anywhere else. They have all the magic tricks and items I would ever want and I can't...Read More ->


text:
crown capital management
Brought from the East to aid in managing aquatic plants in aquaculture industries, Asian carp has been unwittingly introduced to freshwater sources of the US. Today, they are seen as a big problem in the fishing industry for their big appetite and fast breeding, overshadowing other fish for space and food in lakes. Asian carp presence has been recorded in around 18 states and are already established in the areas of Missouri and Illinois. The fish threatening to mess with the USD 7 billion sport and commercial fishing industry of the Great Lakes can grow up to 100 pounds and measure over 4 feet.Some are saying that the easy solution for this is closing the canal systems and any other point of entry of asian carps. However, such a step will certainly cost billions, not only in construction but also in lost profit from boat traffic that uses the canal system.
Last resort options to prevent upsetting the marine biodiversity in the Great Lakes are harmful to other industries and would also worsen the road traffic, ergo an increase in carbon emissions. The Asian Carp Control Strategy Framework of the government is set to allocate USD 51.5 billion to protect the Great Lakes from the asian carp infestation. This program apparently involves methods to kill or drive them away, from poison pellets to soundwave-shooting underwater guns. A more permanent and ...


text:
Banks with branches in El Sobrante, CaliforniaBack to: El Sobrante, California, California forum, All US cities.
Note: Click on the marker icons below to localize a given bank branch.
Banks with branches in El Sobrante (2009 data):
Bank of America, National Association: El Sobrante Branch at 3939 San Pablo Dam Road, branch established on 1964-04-06
Info updated 2009-11-18: Bank assets: $1,451,969.3 mil, Deposits: $1,077,176.8 mil, headquarters in Charlotte, NC, positive income, 5782 total offices, Holding Company: Bank Of America Corporation Discuss this city on our hugely popular California forum Back to: El Sobrante, California, All US cities.


text:
Email Alerts
BT iNet ramps up headcount
BT iNet, the network services arm of BT, has embarked on a recruitment drive to bolster it's sales of cloud technologies to customers News
Trend cloud programme designed to deal with user fears
Trend Micro has launched a cloud programme for partners to arm them with the facts they need to overcome the nagging security doubts that continue to be held by customers News
Dell adds final Cloud Enabler certification to PartnerDirect programme
Six months after the official launch of its channel Cloud Services and Solutions competency certification, Dell has added the final Cloud Services Enabler specialisation to its PartnerDirect programme News
Business issues rather than technical hold back cloud
Customers are concerned about a range of issues incouding compliance and fear of contract lock-in as they weigh up the move to basing more of their IT in the cloud News
Ingram celebrates a year of channel transformation
Ingram Micro has marked the first anniversary of the Channel Transformation Alliance by outlining its plans to increase reseller support in year two News
Oracle sees hardware decline, SaaS shine
Oracle has once again seen its quarterly hardware sales tumbling, and the decline only looks set to continue as the vendor struggles to turn around its Sun business News
Cloud adoption speeding up
Adoption of cloud applications and services has speeded up over the last nine months as more customers start to embrace the technology News
Salford City Council offers cloud service to local businesses
Salford City Council will offer a private cloud service to local businesses through a partnership with ANS Group News
Should the channel embrace cloud formations?
Melvyn Wray at Allied Telesis discusses the main considerations of the channel community with regards to the evolving world of cloud formations. Opinion
Cloud still a foreign concept to many Europeans
The BSA has discovered that across Europe there are mixed attitudes towards the cloud but the majority of users have little understanding of the technology News


text:
Product Description
Rootworks Serving Tray, Natural Lacquer
Each of Enrico's hand carved root platters is uniquely beautiful and stands alone as a natural work of art. These fantastic pieces are carved from a species of Chinese Fir called Shan Mu, which grows abundantly in the mountains of central China. The stumps left by logging are reclaimed prior to replanting and hand-carved by local artisans into the shapes in this collection. They are beautiful and practical items that bring their own unique organic charm into the home. Each piece is a one-of-a-kind.
- Set of 2
- Food-safe lacquer finish
- Hand wash
- Knotholes and minor cracks add a unique charm
- Approximate Dimensions: 14" diameter x 1" thick each.
There are countless uses for these hand-carved wooden platters. Use them as chargers for a nature-themed dinner table, for serving appetizers or cheese and crackers, or even for displays or beneath a beloved potted plants. They make a wonderful addition to your home or cabin and complement every type of decor. Each is hand carved and no two are exactly alike.
Finish: | Natural Lacquer | |
Wood : | Shan Mu | |
Materials: | Fir | |
Weight: | 4 Pounds | |
Trays & Platters by Type | Round Platters, Serving Trays |
Coordinating Items
Related Items
Questions & Answers
Customer Reviews
Write an online review and be the first to share your thoughts with other customers
Tag This Product
Additional Details
Mfr Part # | |
Sku | |
Group # | 665029 |
Category | Trays & Platters - 17869 |
Style | - 0 |
Sales Rank | 69 |
You currently have no recommended items. Browse a few more items to give us an idea of what you like.


text:
Please show work and Explain! Thank you!
Image text transcribed for accessibility: The maximum current for the Op Amp shown is 12 mA (that is, i0 12 mA). Otherwise the Op Amp is ideal. Design lo achieve a 40 dB gain, with the smallest values of R| and R2 needed to satisfy the Op Amp's current limit, if = 0 10 V. R. = _____ R2 = _____


text:
The retina is a thin layer of tissue on the inside back wall of your eye, containing millions of light-sensitive cells and other nerve cells that receive and organize visual information. Your retina sends this information to the brain through your optic nerve, enabling you to see.
Retinal diseases can affect the area of the retina that serves your central vision (the macula and the fovea at the center of the macula). Many retinal diseases share common symptoms and treatments, but each has unique characteristics. The goal of retinal disease treatments is to stop or slow disease progression and preserve, improve or restore vision.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-diseases/basics/definition/con-20036725