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History of astrology | |||||||||||
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Chinese • Decumbiture • Electional • Esoteric • Financial • Hellenistic • Horary • Locational • Mundane • Psychological • Meteorological • Uranian • Vedic | |||||||||||
Astrology portal | Astrology project | ||||||||||
Astrologers • Astrological organizations Astrological traditions, types, and systems |
History of astrology | |||||||||||
Aries • Taurus • Gemini • Cancer • Leo • Virgo • Libra Scorpio • Sagittarius • Capricorn • Aquarius • Pisces | |||||||||||
Categories of astrology content | |||||||||||
—————— Expand list for reference —————— | |||||||||||
Quick links: branches | |||||||||||
Chinese • Decumbiture • Electional • Esoteric • Financial • Hellenistic • Horary • Locational • Mundane • Psychological • Meteorological • Uranian • Vedic | |||||||||||
Astrology portal | Astrology project | ||||||||||
Astrologers • Astrological organizations Astrological traditions, types, and systems |
Astrological beliefs in correspondences between celestial observations and terrestrial events have influenced various aspects of human history, including world-views, language and many elements of social culture.
Among Indo-European peoples, astrology has been dated to the third millennium BC, with roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[1] Until the 17th century, astrology was considered a scholarly tradition, and it helped drive the development of astronomy. It was commonly accepted in political and cultural circles, and some of its concepts were used in other traditional studies, such as alchemy, meteorology and medicine.[2] By the end of the 17th century, emerging scientific concepts in astronomy, such as heliocentrism, were irrevocably undermining the theoretical basis of astrology, which subsequently lost its academic standing.
In the 20th century astrology gained broader consumer popularity through the influence of regular mass media products, such as newspaper horoscopes.[3]
Contents |
Astrology, in its broadest sense, is the search for meaning in the sky. It has been argued that astrology began as a study as soon as human beings made conscious attempts to measure, record, and predict seasonal changes by reference to astronomical cycles.[4]
Early evidence of such practices appears as markings on bones and cave walls, which show that lunar cycles were being noted as early as 25,000 years ago; the first step towards recording the Moon's influence upon tides and rivers, and towards organizing a communal calendar.[5] Agricultural needs were also met by increasing knowledge of constellations, whose appearances in the night-time sky change with the seasons, allowing the rising of particular star-groups to herald annual floods or seasonal activities.[6] By the third millennium BC, widespread civilisations had developed sophisticated awareness of celestial cycles, and are believed to have consciously oriented their temples to create alignment with the heliacal risings of the stars.[7]
There is scattered evidence to suggest that the oldest known astrological references are copies of texts made during this period. Two, from the Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa (compiled in Babylon round 1700 BC) are reported to have been made during the reign of king Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BC).[8] Another, showing an early use of electional astrology, is ascribed to the reign of the Sumerian ruler Gudea of Lagash (ca. 2144-2124 BC). This describes how the gods revealed to him in a dream the constellations that would be most favourable for the planned construction of a temple.[9] However, controversy attends the question of whether they were genuinely recorded at the time or merely ascribed to ancient rulers by posterity. The oldest undisputed evidence of the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records that emerge from the Neo-Sumerian period (1950-1651 BC[clarification needed]).[citation needed]
Babylonian astrology was the first organised system of astrology, arising in the second millennium BC.[10] There is speculation that astrology of some form appeared in the Sumerian period in the 3rd millennium BC, but the isolated references to ancient celestial omens dated to this period are not considered sufficient evidence to demonstrate an integrated theory of astrology.[11] The history of scholarly celestial divination is therefore generally reported to begin with late Old Babylonian texts (c. 1800 BC), continuing through the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian periods (c. 1200 BC).[12]
By the 16th century BC the extensive employment of omen-based astrology can be evidenced in the compilation of a comprehensive reference work known as Enuma Anu Enlil. Its contents consisted of 70 cuneiform tablets comprising 7,000 celestial omens. Texts from this time also refer to an oral tradition - the origin and content of which can only be speculated upon.[13] At this time Babylonian astrology was solely mundane, concerned with the prediction of weather and political matters, and prior to the 7th century BC the practitioners' understanding of astronomy was fairly rudimentary. By the 4th century, their mathematical methods had progressed enough to calculate future planetary positions with reasonable accuracy, at which point extensive ephemerides began to appear.[14]
Babylonian astrology developed within the context of divination. A collection of 32 tablets with inscribed liver models, dating from about 1875 BC, are the oldest known detailed texts of Babylonian divination, and these demonstrate the same interpretational format as that employed in celestial omen analysis.[15] Blemishes and marks found on the liver of the sacrificial animal were interpreted as symbolic signs which presented messages from the gods to the king.
The gods were also believed to present themselves in the celestial images of the planets or stars with whom they were associated. Evil celestial omens attached to any particular planet were therefore seen as indications of dissatisfaction or disturbance of the god that planet represented.[16] Such indications were met with attempts to appease the god and find manageable ways by which the god's expression could be realised without significant harm to the king and his nation. An astronomical report to the king Esarhaddon concerning a lunar eclipse of January 673 BC shows how the ritualistic use of substitute kings, or substitute events, combined an unquestioning belief in magic and omens with a purely mechanical view that the astrological event must have some kind of correlate within the natural world:
… In the beginning of the year a flood will come and break the dikes. When the Moon has made the eclipse, the king, my lord, should write to me. As a substitute for the king, I will cut through a dike, here in Babylonia, in the middle of the night. No one will know about it.[17]
Ulla Koch-Westenholz, in her 1995 book Mesopotamian Astrology, argues that this ambivalence between a theistic and mechanic worldview defines the Babylonian concept of celestial divination as one which, despite its heavy reliance on magic, remains free of implications of targeted punishment with the purpose of revenge, and so "shares some of the defining traits of modern science: it is objective and value-free, it operates according to known rules, and its data are considered universally valid and can be looked up in written tabulations".[18] Koch-Westenholz also establishes the most important distinction between ancient Babylonian astrology and other divinatory disciplines as being that the former was originally exclusively concerned with mundane astrology, being geographically oriented and specifically applied to countries cities and nations, and almost wholly concerned with the welfare of the state and the king as the governing head of the nation.[19] Mundane astrology is therefore known to be one of the oldest branches of astrology.[20] It was only with the gradual emergence of horoscopic astrology, from the sixth century BC, that astrology developed the techniques and practice of natal astrology.[21][22]
In 525 BC Egypt was conquered by the Persians so there is likely to have been some Mesopotamian influence on Egyptian astrology. Arguing in favour of this, historian Tamsyn Barton gives an example of what appears to be Mesopotamian influence on the zodiac, which included two signs – the Balance and the Scorpion, as evidenced in the Dendera Zodiac (in the Greek version the Balance was known as the Scorpion's Claws).[23]
After the occupation by Alexander the Great in 332BC, Egypt came under Greek rule and influence. The city of Alexandria was founded by Alexander after the conquest and during the third and second centuries BC, the scholars of Alexandria were prolific writers. It was in 'Alexandrian Egypt' that Babylonian astrology was mixed with the Egyptian tradition of Decanic astrology to create Horoscopic astrology. This contained the Babylonian zodiac with its system of planetary exaltations, the triplicities of the signs and the importance of eclipses. Along with this it incorporated the Egyptian concept of dividing the zodiac into thirty-six decans of ten degrees each, with an emphasis on the rising decan, the Greek system of planetary Gods, sign rulership and four elements.[24]
The decans were a system of time measurement according to the constellations. They were led by the constellation Sothis or Sirius. The risings of the decans in the night were used to divide the night into 'hours'. The rising of a constellation just before sunrise (its heliacal rising) was considered the last hour of the night. Over the course of the year, each constellation rose just before sunrise for ten days. When they became part of the astrology of the Hellenistic Age, each decan was associated with ten degrees of the zodiac. Texts from the second century BC list predictions relating to the positions of planets in zodiac signs at the time of the rising of certain decans, particularly Sothis.[25] The earliest Zodiac found in Egypt dates to the first century BC, the Dendera Zodiac.
Particularly important in the development of horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt. Ptolemy's work the Tetrabiblos laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition, and as a source of later reference is said to have "enjoyed almost the authority of a Bible among the astrological writers of a thousand years or more".[26] It was one of the first astrological texts to be circulated in Medieval Europe after being translated from Arabic into Latin by Plato of Tivoli (Tiburtinus) in Spain, 1138.[27]
According to Firmicus Maternus (4th century), the system of horoscopic astrology was given early on to an Egyptian pharaoh named Nechepso and his priest Petosiris.[28] The Hermetic texts were also put together during this period and Clement of Alexandria, writing in the Roman era, demonstrates the degree to which astrologers were expected to have knowledge of the texts in his description of Egyptian sacred rites:
This is principally shown by their sacred ceremonial. For first advances the Singer, bearing some one of the symbols of music. For they say that he must learn two of the books of Hermes, the one of which contains the hymns of the gods, the second the regulations for the king's life. And after the Singer advances the Astrologer, with a horologe in his hand, and a palm, the symbols of astrology. He must have the astrological books of Hermes, which are four in number, always in his mouth.[29]
The conquest of Asia by Alexander the Great exposed the Greeks to the cultures and cosmological ideas of Syria, Babylon, Persia and central Asia. Greek overtook cuneiform script as the international language of intellectual communication and part of this process was the transmission of astrology from cuneiform to Greek.[30] Sometime around 280 BC, Berossus, a priest of Bel from Babylon, moved to the Greek island of Kos in order to teach astrology and Babylonian culture to the Greeks. With this, what historican Nicholas Campion calls, "the innovative energy" in astrology moved west to the Hellenistic world of Greece and Egypt.[31] According to Campion, the astrology that arrived from the Eastern World was marked by its complexity, with different forms of astrology emerging. By the first century BC two varieties of astrology were in existence, one that required the reading of horoscopes in order to establish precise details about the past, present and future; the other being theurgic (literally meaning 'god-work'), which emphasised the soul's ascent to the stars. While they were not mutually exclusive, the former sought information about the life, while the latter was concerned with personal transformation, where astrology served as a form of dialogue with the Divine.[32]
As with much else, Greek influence played a crucial role in the transmission of astrological theory to Rome.[33] However, our earliest references to demonstrate its arrival in Rome reveal its initial influence upon the lower orders of society,[33] and display concern about uncritical recourse to the ideas of Babylonian 'star-gazers'.[34] Among the Greeks and Romans, Babylonia (also known as Chaldea) became so identified with astrology that 'Chaldean wisdom' came to be a common synonym for divination using planets and stars.[35]
The first definite reference to astrology comes from the work of the orator Cato, who in 160 BC composed a treatise warning farm overseers against consulting with Chaldeans.[36] The 2nd century Roman poet Juvenal, in his satirical attack on the habits of Roman women, also complains about the pervasive influence of Chaldeans, despite their lowly social status, saying "Still more trusted are the Chaldaeans; every word uttered by the astrologer they will believe has come from Hammon's fountain, ... nowadays no astrologer has credit unless he has been imprisoned in some distant camp, with chains clanking on either arm".[37]
One of the first astrologers to bring Hermetic astrology to Rome was Thrasyllus, who acted as the astrologer for the emperor Tiberius.[33] Tiberius was the first emperor reported to have had a court astrologer,[38] although his predecessor Augustus had also used astrology to help legitimise his Imperial rights.[39]
A Latin translation of Abū Maʿshar's De Magnis Coniunctionibus ("Of the great conjunctions"), Venice, 1515. | |
Full name | Abū Maʿshar, Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Balkhī |
Born | c. 787 Balkh, Khurasan |
Died | c. 886 Wāsiṭ, Iraq |
Era | Islamic Golden Age |
Region | Balkh, Baghdad |
Main interests | Astrology, Astronomy |
Influenced |
Astrology was taken up enthusiastically by Islamic scholars following the collapse of Alexandria to the Arabs in the 7th century, and the founding of the Abbasid empire in the 8th. The second Abbasid caliph, Al Mansur (754-775) founded the city of Baghdad to act as a centre of learning, and included in its design a library-translation centre known as Bayt al-Hikma 'Storehouse of Wisdom', which continued to receive development from his heirs and was to provide a major impetus for Arabic-Persian translations of Hellenistic astrological texts.[41] The early translators included Mashallah, who helped to elect the time for the foundation of Baghdad,[42] and Sahl ibn Bishr (a.k.a. Zael), whose texts were directly influential upon later European astrologers such as Guido Bonatti in the 13th century, and William Lilly in the 17th century.[43] Knowledge of Arabic texts started to become imported into Europe during the Latin translations of the 12th century, the effect of which was to help initiate the European Renaissance.
Amongst the important names of Arabic astrologers, one of the most influential was Albumasur, whose work Introductorium in Astronomiam later became a popular treatise in medieval Europe. Another was the Persian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographerAl Khwarizmi. The Arabs greatly increased the knowledge of astronomy, and many of the star names that are commonly known today, such as Aldebaran, Altair, Betelgeuse, Rigel and Vega retain the legacy of their language. They also developed the list of Hellenistic lots to the extent that they became historically known as Arabic parts, for which reason it is often wrongly claimed that the Arabic astrologers invented their use, whereas they are clearly known to have been an important feature of Hellenistic astrology.
During the advance of Islamic science some of the practices of astrology were refuted on theological grounds by astronomers such as Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) and Avicenna. Their criticisms argued that the methods of astrologers were conjectural rather than empirical, and conflicted with orthodox religious views of Islamic scholars through the suggestion that the Will of God can be precisely known and predicted in advance.[44] Such refutations mainly concerned 'judicial branches' (such as horary astrology), rather than the more 'natural branches' such as medical and meteorological astrology, these being seen as part of the natural sciences of the time.
For example, Avicenna's 'Refutation against astrology' Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm, argues against the practice of astrology while supporting the principle of planets acting as the agents of divine causation which express God's absolute power over creation. Avicenna considered that the movement of the planets influenced life on earth in a deterministic way, but argued against the capability of determining the exact influence of the stars.[45] In essence, Avicenna did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but denied our ability to understand it to the extent that precise and fatalistic predictions could be made from it.[46]
Whilst astrology in the East flourished following the break up of the Roman world, with Indian, Persian and Islamic influences coming together and undergoing intellectual review through an active investment in translation projects, Western astrology in the same period had become "fragmented and unsophisticated … partly due to the loss of Greek scientific astronomy and partly due to condemnations by the Church."[47] Translations of Arabic works into Latin started to make their way to Spain by the late 10th century, and in the 12th century the transmission of astrological works from Arabia to Europe "acquired great impetus".[47]
By the 13th century astrology had became a part of everyday medical practice in Europe. Doctors combined Galenic medicine (inherited from the Greek physiologist Galen - AD 129-216) with studies of the stars. By the end of the 1500s, physicians across Europe were required by law to calculate the position of the Moon before carrying out complicated medical procedures, such as surgery or bleeding.[48]
Influential works of the 13th century include those of the British monk Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195–1256) and the Italian astrologer Guido Bonatti from Forlì (Italy). Bonatti served the communal governments of Florence, Siena and Forlì and acted as advisor to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. His astrological text-book Liber Astronomiae ('Book of Astronomy'), written around 1277, was reputed to be "the most important astrological work produced in Latin in the 13th century".[49] Dante Alighieri immortalised Bonatti in his Divine Comedy (early 14th cent.) by placing him in the eighth Circle of Hell, a place where those who would divine the future are forced to have their heads turned around (to look backwards instead of forwards).[50]
In medieval Europe, a university education was divided into seven distinct areas, each represented by a particular planet and known as the seven liberal arts. Dante attributed these arts to the planets. As the arts were seen as operating in ascending order, so were the planets in decreasing order of planetary speed: grammar was assigned to the Moon, the quickest moving celestial body, dialectic was assigned to Mercury, rhetoric to Venus, music to the Sun, arithmetic to Mars, geometry to Jupiter and astrology/astronomy to the slowest moving body, Saturn.[51]
Medieval writers used astrological symbolism in their literary themes. For example, Dante's Divine Comedy builds varied references to planetary associations within his described architecture of Hell, Purgatory and Paradise, (such as the seven layers of Purgatory's mountain purging the seven cardinal sins that correspond to astrology's seven classical planets).[52] Similar astrological allegories and planetary themes are pursued through the works of Geoffrey Chaucer.[53]
Chaucer's astrological passages are particularly frequent and knowledge of astrological basics is often assumed through his work. He knew enough of his period's astrology and astronomy to write a Treatise on the Astrolabe for his son. He pinpoints the early spring season of the Canterbury Tales in the opening verses of the prologue by noting that the Sun "hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne".[54] He makes the Wife of Bath refer to "sturdy hardiness" as an attribute of Mars, and associates Mercury with "clerkes".[55] In the early modern period, astrological references are also to be found in the works of William Shakespeare[56] and John Milton.
One of the earliest English astrologers to leave details of his practice was Richard Trewythian (b. 1393). His notebook demonstrates that he had a wide range of clients, from all walks of life, and indicates that engagement with astrology in 15th century England was not confined to those within learned, theological or political circles.[57]
During the Renaissance, a form of "scientific astrology" evolved in which court astrologers would compliment their use of horoscopes with genuine discoveries about the nature of the universe. Many individuals now credited with having overturned the old astrological order, such as Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler, were themselves practicing astrologers.[58]
At the end of the Renaissance the view of astrology as a science collapsed with the breakdown of Aristotelian Physics and rejection of the distinction between the celestial and sublunar realms, which had historically acted as the foundation of astrological theory. Keith Thomas reports that although heliocentrism is consistent with astrology theory and poses no concern in itself, 16th and 17th century astronomical advances which had proven the regularity of comets, and Tycho Bhahe's 'new star' demonstration that the higher heavens were subject to change and decay, meant that "the world could no longer be envisaged as a compact inter-locking organism; it was now a mechanism of infinite dimensions, from which the hierarchical subordination of earth to heaven had irrefutably disappeared".[59] Initially, amongst the astronomers of the time, "scarcely anyone attempted a serious refutation in the light of the new principles" and in fact astronomers "were reluctant to give up the emotional satisfaction provided by a coherent and interrelated universe". In response, the mid-17th century astronomers made a determined effort to bring the subject of astrology up to date. However, the problem of astrology no longer having a tenable theoretical basis meant that by the 18th century the intellectual investment which had previously maintained astrology's standing as a science was ultimately abandoned.[59] Historian of science Ann Geneva reports:
Astrology in seventeenth century England was not a science. It was not a Religion. It was not magic. Nor was it astronomy, mathematics, puritanism, neo Platism, psychology, meterology, alchemy or witchcraft. It used some of these as tools; it held tenets in common with others; and some people were adept at several of these skills. But in the final analysis it was only itself: a unique divinatory and prognostic art embodying centuries of accreted methodology and tradition.[60]
The earliest use of the term jyotiṣa is in the sense of a Vedanga, an auxiliary discipline of Vedic religion. The only work of this class to have survived is the Vedanga Jyotisha, which contains rules for tracking the motions of the sun and the moon in the context of a five-year intercalation cycle. The date of this work is uncertain, as its late style of language and composition, consistent with the last centuries BC, albeit pre-Mauryan, conflicts with some internal evidence of a much earlier date in the second millennium BC.[61][62]
The documented history of Jyotish in the subsequent newer sense of modern horoscopic astrology is associated with the interaction of Indian and Hellenistic cultures in the Indo-Greek period.[63] Greek became a lingua franca of the Indus valley region following the military conquests of Alexander the Great and the Bactrian Greeks. The oldest surviving treatises, such as the Yavanajataka or the Brihat-Samhita, date to the early centuries AD. The oldest astrological treatise in Sanskrit is the Yavanajataka ("Sayings of the Greeks"), a versification by Sphujidhvaja in 269/270 AD of a now lost translation of a Greek treatise by Yavanesvara during the 2nd century AD under the patronage of the Western Satrap Saka king Rudradaman I.[64]
Indian astronomy and astrology developed together. The first named authors writing treatises on astronomy are from the 5th century AD, the date when the classical period of Indian astronomy can be said to begin. Besides the theories of Aryabhata in the Aryabhatiya and the lost Arya-siddhānta, there is the Pancha-Siddhāntika of Varahamihira.
Astrology is believed to have originated in China about the 3rd millennium BC. Its system is based on astronomy and calendars and its development is tied to that of astronomy, which came to flourish during the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD).
Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmony, heaven, earth and water) and uses the principles of yin and yang and concepts that are not found in Western astrology, such as the wu xing teachings, the 10 Celestial stems, the 12 Earthly Branches, the lunisolar calendar (moon calendar and sun calendar), and the time calculation after year, month, day and shichen (時辰).
Astrology was traditionally regarded highly in China, and Confucius is said to have treated astrology with respect saying: "Heaven sends down its good or evil symbols and wise men act accordingly".[65] The 60 year cycle combining the five elements with the twelve animal signs of the zodiac has been documented in China since at least the time of the Shang (Shing or Yin) dynasty (ca 1766 BC – ca 1050 BC). Oracles bones have been found dating from that period with the date according to the 60 year cycle inscribed on them, along with the name of the diviner and the topic being divined about. One of the most famous astrologers in China was Tsou Yen who lived in around 300 BC, and who wrote: "When some new dynasty is going to arise, heaven exhibits auspicious signs for the people".
The calendars of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the 6th century BC. The earliest calendars were employed by peoples such as the Zapotecs and Olmecs, and later by such peoples as the Maya, Mixtec and Aztecs. Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements to it were the most sophisticated. Along with those of the Aztecs, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood.
The distinctive Mayan calendar used two main systems, one plotting the solar year of 360 days, which governed the planting of crops and other domestic matters; the other called the Tzolkin of 260 days, which governed ritual use. Each was linked to an elaborate astrological system to cover every facet of life. On the fifth day after the birth of a boy, the Mayan astrologer-priests would cast his horoscope to see what his profession was to be: soldier, priest, civil servant or sacrificial victim.[65] A 584 day Venus cycle was also maintained, which tracked the appearance and conjunctions of Venus. Venus was seen as a generally inauspicious and baleful influence, and Mayan rulers often planned the beginning of warfare to coincide with when Venus rose. There is evidence that the Maya also tracked the movements of Mercury, Mars and Jupiter, and possessed a zodiac of some kind. The Mayan name for the constellation Scorpio was also 'scorpion', while the name of the constellation Gemini was 'peccary'. There is some evidence for other constellations being named after various beasts.[66] The most famous Mayan astrological observatory still intact is the Caracol observatory in the ancient Mayan city of Chichen Itza in modern day Mexico.
The Aztec calendar shares the same basic structure as the Mayan calendar, with two main cycles of 360 days and 260 days. The 260 day calendar was called Tonalpohualli and was used primarily for divinatory purposes. Like the Mayan calendar, these two cycles formed a 52 year 'century', sometimes called the Calendar Round.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.


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FULL RESOLUTION - 1152x1438
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6th November 2014 @ 11:50am
Elijah Wood has been reminiscing about working with Leelee Sobieski on the 1998 movie Deep Impact
11th March 2014 @ 02:44pm
Wilfred star Elijah Wood has opened up about his upcoming projects
IN THE ARCHIVE Allison Mack: Life After Smallville
27th June 2013 @ 08:40pm
Allison Mack starred in the hit series Smallville but what has she been up to since?

subset: commoncrawl


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1. Gentoo Linux Security Advisory
Version Information
Related bugreports: #112902
The fusermount utility from FUSE can be abused to corrupt the /etc/mtab file contents, potentially allowing a local attacker to set unauthorized mount options.
2. Impact Information
FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) allows implementation of a fully functional filesystem in a userspace program. The fusermount utility is used to mount/unmount FUSE file systems.
Thomas Biege discovered that fusermount fails to securely handle special characters specified in mount points.
A local attacker could corrupt the contents of the /etc/mtab file by mounting over a maliciously-named directory using fusermount, potentially allowing the attacker to set unauthorized mount options. This is possible only if fusermount is installed setuid root, which is the default in Gentoo.
3. Resolution Information
There is no known workaround at this time.
All FUSE users should upgrade to the latest version:
Code Listing 3.1: Resolution
# emerge --sync # emerge --ask --oneshot --verbose ">=sys-fs/fuse-2.4.1-r1"
4. References
Page updated November 22, 2005
Summary: This is a Gentoo Linux Security Advisory
Security Team Contact Address
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text:
Uptown Artworks
Next stop, Bourbon Street. . . or St. Louis Cathedral. . . or Annunciation Street. Inspired by a vintage bus roll, this list of stops in New Orleans is ideal for those who have lived in or love the Crescent City, collectors of memorabilia, or anyone whose decor would benefit from an injection of crisp black-and-white design. The canvas is finished with a luster gloss to make it scratch resistant. Arrives ready-to-hang.
Uptown Artworks founder Lori Blum was introduced to vintage bus rolls at an antiques market. She was instantly captivated by their black-and-white aesthetic and exciting decorating potential. Inspired by these rolls, Uptown Artworks reproduces the signs on thick, gallery-wrapped canvas, creating bold wall art for the home, and on complementary pillows every bit as chic.


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Online College ArticlesCampus College Articles
Choose a County
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| Texas Geography: The LandGeography and Landforms of TexasFind an overview of Texas geography, topography, geographic land area, and major rivers. Access Texas almanac furnishing more details on the state geography, climate and weather, elevation, land area, bordering states, and other statistical data. Texas is the largest of the 48 contiguous states in the US Because of this, it has a wide diversity of landforms. There are six main geographic areas in Texas: East Texas, the Gulf Coast, the Rio Grande Valley, the Blackland Prairies, the High Plains and West Texas. In the south, the Gulf Coast Plain meets the Gulf of Mexico. The North Central Plains slope upward creating some hills. The Great Plains extend to the Panhandle where they are broken by low mountains, a southern extension of the Rocky Mountains called Trans-Pecos.
Texas is made up of these Physiographic AreasChihuahuan DesertIn the United States, the Chihuahuan Desert includes the Trans-Pecos of Texas, southern New Mexico, and a small area in southeast Arizona. Broad basins and valleys bordered by sloping alluvial fans and terraces make up the dry lowlands of this region, punctuated by occasional mesas and mountain ranges. The Rio Grande and Pecos are the primary rivers of the Chihuahuan Desert. In this arid region, riparian corridors provide important habitat for breeding, in-transit, and wintering birds. Other drainages end in closed basins and include few permanent streams. Arid grass and shrubland are the primary lowland vegetation types, often dominated by creosote. This grades uphill into oak-juniper woodlands and even coniferous forest in the highest reaches. The Madrean mountains mark its western edge, the Edwards Plateau its east, and the reduced shrubbiness of the shortgrass plains its north. The Chihuahuan Desert extends south across much of the Central Plateau of Mexico, bordered by the Sierra Madre Occidental and Oriental. Coastal PrairiesThe Coastal Prairies physiographic area covers approximately 880 km of coastal shoreline from Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana to Baffin Bay, Texas. The inland boundary of this area ranges from 15 km to 150 km from the coast, capturing a complex of marshes and upland grassland and a very small amount of forested habitat. Marsh vegetation is determined largely by the salt content of the water, with community types ranging from salt marsh to brackish to fresh water marsh. Nearly all grassland habitats have been converted to agricultural use, primarily pasture lands and rice farms. Forested areas occur primarily along major riverine systems and on coastal cheniers (ancient beachfront ridges), mottes and salt domes, and man-made levees and spoil banks. The Chenier Plain is an important sub-unit of the physiographic area that is located from Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana westward to East Bay, Texas. Wooded subunits comprise only about 6% of the Chenier Plain and occur on the cheniers themselves. These are long narrow bands of woodlands dominated by hackberry and live oak that run parallel to the Gulf Coast and range in width from about 30 to 500 m and in length from about 1 to 50 km. Bottomland hardwood forests along the major river systems that drain the Coastal Prairies range in composition from cypress-tupelo to hackberry-ash-elm to water oak-willow oak dominated forest Edwards PlateauThe Edwards Plateau is entirely contained within Texas. This hilly area is clearly demarcated by the Balcones Fault escarpment to the east and south, but grades into the Chihuahuan Desert to the west and the Great Plains to the north. The plateau can be divided into four subregions. The central and western portions of the plateau are characterized by broad, relatively level uplands moderately dissected by gently sloping stream divides. The deeply dissected portion adjacent to the escarpment, the Balcones Canyonlands, is popularly known as the Texas Hill Country. This region is highly dissected by fast-moving streams through steep-sided canyons. The northeast plateau, the Lampasas Cut Plains, is characterized by broad valleys. The final subregion is the Central Mineral Valley or Llano Uplift. This area has a granitic substrate that clearly differentiates this area from surrounding areas. Oaks and PrairiesThe Oaks and Prairies extend from approximately the Red River of Oklahoma south to San Antonio, Texas, east to the acidic sandy soils of the East Texas Pineywoods and west to the Eastern Cross Timbers. Within this area, the Texas Blackland Prairie represents the southernmost extension of the North American tallgrass prairie. In this subregion, the principal habitat is tallgrass that typically occurs on higher areas with good drainage. Eleven plant associations have been described in the Blackland Prairie, and dominant vegetation includes big bluestem, little bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass, brownseed paspalum, and gramagrass. Also present in the Oaks and Prairies physiographic area are bottomland hardwood forests, where burr oak, Shumard oak, black walnut, American elm, cedar elm, and white ash are common components. Riparian forests include cottonwood, sycamore, black willow, and green ash. Common trees of upland hardwood forests occurring on the upper slopes and summits of Austin chalk escarpments include Texas oak, San Saba oak, Mexican plum, and cedar elm. There is often an associated dense scrub layer within these forests, including species such as aromatic sumac, poison oak, Carolina buckthorn, and coralberry. There are occasional wetlands and freshwater marshes in the Oaks and Prairies area, primarily associated with the peripheral areas of streams, rivers, and reservoirs. Osage PlainsThe Osage Plains, covering west-central Missouri, the southeastern third of Kansas, most of central Oklahoma, and extending into north-central Texas, is the southernmost of three tallgrass prairie physiographic areas. It grades into savannah and woodland to the east and south, and into shorter mixed-grass prairie to the west. The Osage Plains consist of three subregions. The Osage Plains proper occupy the northeast segment. Although sharply demarcated from the Ozark uplift, the Plains are nonetheless a transitional area across which the boundary between prairie and woodland has shifted over time. In the central portion of the physiographic area lies the second subregion, the Flint Hills. This large remnant core of native tallgrass prairie is a rocky rolling terrain that stretches from north to south across Kansas and extends into Oklahoma. To the west and south of these hills are the Blackland Prairies and Crosstimbers. This vegetatively complex region of intermixed prairie and scrubby cedar-mesquite woodland extends into north-central Texas. As in the rest of the Great Plains, fire, herbivory, topography, and drought maintained prairie and established the location of woodlands. Pecos and Staked PlainsThe Staked and Pecos Plains cover the western panhandle of Texas, the west end of the panhandle of Oklahoma, and extensive areas in eastern New Mexico. These high and dry plains are covered with a shortgrass prairie dominated by grama and buffalo grasses. There are also extensive areas of shinnery, a midgrass prairie with low shrubs. The area grades into taller grass to the east, to Trans-Pecos shrub savannah to the south, and more chaparral and pinyon-juniper in the Mesas and Plains area to the west. The northern border of Oklahoma is established as an arbitrary northern limit. Rolling Red PlainsThe Rolling Red Plains extend north from the Edwards Plateau in Texas to western sections of Oklahoma. The landscape is flat to rolling plains, with natural vegetation consisting of mixed grass plains, short grass high plains, shinnery oak grasslands, and mesquite grasslands plains. The mixed grass plains association is the transition zone between the tall grass prairie association and other associations that are located in the western part of the physiographic area. Grasses and forbs are the dominant vegetation. The shinnery oak grasslands are located in broad rolling topographic relief of the western and northern part of the area. Oak mottes occur throughout broad expanses of tall, mixed, or short grasses. The mesquite- grassland type is perhaps the most extensive of communities in the area. This association typically occurs on flat to gently rolling topography, and is characterized by open canopy of short mesquite trees with an understory of prickly pear and thorny scrub. These natural communities were maintained by a variety of harsh weather events, including severe winter weather, cycles of hot temperatures and drought, and tornadoes. South Texas BrushlandsThe South Texas Brushlands physiographic area, entirely in southern Texas, is part of the Tamaulipan biotic province that extends into Mexico at least as far as the Rio Soto la Marina in Tamaulipas and the Monterrey region of eastern Nuevo Leon. These parts of Mexico should be added to the Partners in Flight planning unit as soon as possible. The area is dominated by chaparral, or brushland habitat, and fairly recent agricultural fields. However, the region also includes fairly extensive grasslands, oak forests, and some tall riparian forests. In the brushlands, much of the area was originally covered by mesquite-acacia savanna, and areas of semi-open thorn scrub generally less than 3 meters tall alternating with grassy areas. The relative coverage of grassy areas is questionable, and may have varied during wet-dry cycles. Forested areas included live oak mottes and taller riparian zone forests along the Rio Grande, Nueces and other rivers. Cenizo, or purple sage, covered some of the area as well, mainly on caliche capped ridges along the Rio Grande and Bordas escarpment. Coastal acreage, relatively small in this physiographic area, were once dominated by a complex of coastal marsh, upland grasslands, and floodplain forest. West Gulf Coastal PlainThe West Gulf Coastal Plain covers northwest Louisiana, southwest Arkansas, easternmost Texas, and the southeast corner of Oklahoma. In general, uplands are dominated by pines and bottomlands by hardwood forests. The pine is originally longleaf in the southern portion and shortleaf with a significant hardwood element in the northern portion. The southern edge of the physiographic area occurs where trees become less dominant and the grasslands of the Coastal Prairies begin. The West Gulf Coastal Plain extends east to the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and north to edge of the Ouachita highlands. Drier climate and changing soils to the west mark the edge of the distribution of pine in eastern Texas and the beginnings of the Oaks and Prairies physiographic area. Texas Landscape and Landforms:East TexasThe land between the Sabine and the Trinty Rivers is East Texas. It is similar to the areas of the Deep South of the US, including pine trees, Cyprus, swamps, and the remnants of cotton plantations begun before the Civil War. The discovery of vast oil fields in this area more recently has brought new industry to this area of East Texas. Gulf CoastMajor port cities in Texas including Houston, Galveston, Corpus Christi and Brownsville make up this area known as the Gulf Coast. An important industry in this area is tourism. Rio Grande ValleyThe Rio Grande Valley contains large cattle ranches. It and the long border between Mexico and Texas is predominantly plain. Blackland PrairiesThis area includes the important cities of Waco, Dallas, Fort Worth and San Antonio. The Blackland Prairies represent some of the best farmland in Texas. High PlainsThe High Plains are to the west of the Balcones Escarpent. The climate is semi-arid and has extremes in weather. Amarillo and Lubbock are major cities there. West TexasThe primary industry in West Texas is ranching, with little suitable for farming and small amounts of rainfall or water. West Texas is also a semi-arid climate. Guadalupe Peak and Davis Mountains are located in West Texas. | US Geography Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, lit. "earth description") is a field of science dedicated to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth.
The term "United States", when used in the geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. |


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FX Energy Begins Drilling Szymanowice-1 Well; Updates Current Operations In Poland
SALT LAKE CITY, Oct. 8, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- FX Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: FXEN) today reported that drilling has started at the Szymanowice-1 well. The objective is a Rotliegend structure identified on 3D seismic and located approximately 2 kilometers southeast of the Lisewo-1 discovery. The well is expected to reach total depth (3,750 meters) in January 2014. The Szymanowice-1 well is located in the Fences concession where the Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG) is the operator and holds 51% working interest; FX Energy holds 49% working interest.
Other Current Drilling Operations
Lisewo-2 well. The Lisewo-2 well is drilling ahead at a depth of approximately 3,097 meters toward a target depth of 3,880 meters. The objective is a Rotliegend structure identified on 3D seismic and previously drilled by the Lisewo-1 discovery well. The well is expected to reach total depth before year end. The Lisewo-2 well is located in the Fences concession where PGNiG is the operator and owns 51% of the working interest; FX Energy owns 49%.
Gorka Duchowna-1 well. The Gorka Duchowna-1 well has reached the Carboniferous at a depth of 2,220 meters. The Gorka Duchowna-1 well is a planned 2,700 meter test of the Carboniferous. Drilling and possible testing of the Carboniferous is expected to take several weeks. The Gorka Duchowna-1 well is located in the northwest quadrant of the 240,000 acre Block 246 concession, where FX Energy is the operator and holds a 100% interest. Tuchola Appraisal well. The Company has started the initial permit work on three possible offset locations to the Tuchola-3K discovery well. The Company plans to begin drilling one of these offset locations before the end of this year with results expected in the first quarter 2014. The Edge concessions where the Tuchola wells are located are 100% owned and operated by FX Energy. About FX Energy FX Energy is an independent oil and gas exploration and production company with production in the US and Poland. The Company's main exploration and production activity is focused on Poland's Permian Basin where the gas-bearing Rotliegend sandstone is a direct analog to the Southern Gas Basin offshore England. The Company trades on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol FXEN. Website www.fxenergy.com FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSCheck Out Our Best Services for Investors
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I bought this as a gift so until the weather warms up I won't know how comfortable it is. It is a lovely color and feels sort of silky -- the recipients seemed happy with it. I am confused about the prices for these woven Mexican hammocks -- the price seems to change daily, from very low to relatively high -- for the same item.
Purchased for a vacation beach house , these are holding up beautifully in challenging climate conditions. Being nylon in a tropical climate is key to endure weather and salt. These hammocks are colorful and colorfast, soft and open up beautifully. We are very happy with them.
The hammock took a couple of weeks to get here which was fine as it came before my birthday. It came with all the accessories I needed as I already had the hardware bolted into the trees. Once I hung the hammock and got in was when it went downhill. It is indeed quite large but appears to be poorly constructed. The middle of the hammock was strung tighter than the sides meaning when I got into it I didn't sink down into it but had to balance on a tight middle while the sides drooped down. We tried to stretch it out but eventually decided it was just poorly constructed. I have used many similar hammocks and have never had a problem like this. It will definitely be going back.
Looks great after I hanged it between two trees used it once as it was not ideal place to hang because of stones underneath, I just wanted to check out how it looks with my pool. It's great colors vivid. I took it down along with the tree got rid of the stones and now waiting for new tree and grass to grow to use. In the end great purchase but buy it when you are 100% sure you will use it and you have found a perfect spot for it. Don't buy if your creating a spot for it unless your creation is ready.
This hammock is well made and pretty. It's plenty big- I think it is "matrimonial" size! Good buy- get yourself one and hang out for a while!
This hammock is so kewl!!! cant wait till my friend gets to swing in it., he will love it!
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Pistons Now: Josh Smith
Josh Smith lifts the Pistons over the Minnesota Timberwolves with a buzzer beater 3 point shot to give the Pistons a 99-98 victory.


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Balt Mid-Back ReFlex Series Stacking Chair
Spring-backed, self-adjustable lumbar panel automatically conforms to the shape of the user's spine. Strong steel frame provides superior durability. Transparent plastic sled-base feet protect flooring from scuffs and scrapes.
Balt Mid-Back ReFlex Series Stacking Chair
Weights & Dimensions
Country of Manufacture: Taiwan, Province of China |
About the Manufacturer
BALT has been the user's choice for space-saving versatile printer stands and adjustable ergonomic workstations serving the home, office, and educational markets. An unconditional quality guarantee, easy product assembly and competitive pricing have made BALT a pace setting leader in the office furniture industry.Balt Mid-Back ReFlex Series Stacking Chair
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Mid-Back ReFlex Series Stacking Chair is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: BLT34428


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Theology & Apologetics
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10 Lies about God: And the Truths That Shatter Deception
Erwin W. Lutzer
$14.99Add Your ReviewIs there more than one path into God's presence? Is God obligated to save followers of other religions? Does God know our decisions before we make them? Answers to these questions aren't always readily apparent--can anyone be certain? Sometimes the answers seem inconsequenti... Learn More -
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Mark Hitchcock
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101 Questions and Answers about Weather and the Bible
Donald B. DeYoung
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23 Minutes in Hell: One Man's Story of What He Saw, Heard and Felt in That Place of Torment
Bill Wiese
$14.99Add Your Review"My sincere hope is that this book is the closest you will ever come to experiencing hell for yourself." Bill Wiese saw the searing flames of hell, felt total isolation, and experienced the putrid and rotting stench, deafening screams of agony, terrorizing demons, and finall... Learn More -
23 Minutos en el Infierno
Bill Wiese
$9.99"My sincere hope is that this book is the closest you will ever come to experiencing hell for yourself." - Bill Wiese saw the searing flames of hell, felt total isolation, and experienced the putrid and rotting stench, deafening screams of agony, terrorizing demons, and fin... Learn More -
23 Questions about Hell [With DVD]
Bill Wiese
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40 Questions about Interpreting the Bible
Robert L. Plummer
$21.99Add Your ReviewThe second in the series organized around common FAQs, "40 Questions about Interpreting the Bible" tackles the major questions that students, pastors and professors ask about the hermeneutics of reading the bible (i.e. understanding the bible). This is a constant field of st... Learn More -
5 Minute Theologian: Maximum Truth in Minimum Time
Rick Cornish
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Mark Hitchcock
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Published: Monday, November 5, 2007
Learning of and living with diabetes
Often undiagnosed,
diabetes is America's fifth leading killer.
Last winter, members of the Columbiana County-based rock band Moment's Notice began noticing a change in their drummer and friend.
Normally witty and endearing, Charlie Lindesmith, 49, started coming to practice tired and grumpy. He complained of failing vision.
Something was wrong with Charlie.
For the band's bass guitarist, Joe Fabian, Lindesmith's complaints sounded all too familiar.
Fabian, 53, of Campbell, had been diagnosed with Type 2 adult-onset diabetes in 2001.
"We were sitting around talking at practice," said lead guitarist David Coleman, 54, of Lisbon. "Joe said, 'Hey listen, you might be diabetic and not know.'"
At their next practice Fabian brought his glucose meter.
Lindesmith's reading registered off-the-charts.
"It was 500," Lindesmith recalls, "That's as high as testers go."
A hospital visit confirmed the diagnosis. Lindesmith was reaching the late stages of the illness and lucky to be alive.
"If it wouldn't have been for Joe," said Lindesmith, a Salem resident, "I probably would have gone into a coma one night driving."
More than 20 million Americans suffer from diabetes. Nearly one-third, or 6.2 million people, have not been diagnosed, according to the American Diabetes Association.
The disease, which inhibits the production of insulin, interfering with sugar digestion, is on the rise in the U.S. because of surging obesity rates. It affects 7 percent of the population. An average of 4,110 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed daily.
Left untreated, the disease can be fatal. Though diabetes-related deaths are underreported because of the high proportion of undiagnosed cases, the disease is the nation's fifth leading killer, claiming about 225,000 lives annually.
According to Angela Russo of the ADA, many of the standard symptoms of diabetes were present in Lindesmith's case. Warning signs of Type 2 diabetes include blurred vision, frequent infections and tingling or numbness in the hands or feet.
Juvenile-onset, or Type 1, diabetes is often signaled by frequent urination, unusual thirst, extreme fatigue and irritability. All symptoms of Type 1 diabetes are also warning signs for the adult-onset version of the disease.
For Lindesmith, the most alarming sign of a problem was diabetes' effect on his eyes.
"For quite some time, I was feeling bad," he said. "My eyes were going bad, that was the biggest thing."
Lindesmith's eyesight was deteriorating so rapidly that he ordered glasses. By the time they arrived, 10 days later, the prescription was no longer strong enough, he said.
He was also waking to use the bathroom five times each night and drinking water constantly. He felt tired and irritable, even first thing in the morning.
Fortunately, diabetes is a treatable disease. Those with Type 1 must take regular insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes sufferers can often control the disease with diet and exercise and oral medication.
Thanks to medication and lifestyle changes, all members of Moment's Notice are rocking again.
They're back to holding practice Friday nights in Washingtonville and playing gigs in The Flying Pig in Salem, The End Zone in Washingtonville and Stephanie's Lounge in New Middletown.
Now that its drummer is feeling better, "even the band sounds better," said Lindesmith.
But Coleman hasn't forgotten that things could have been different.
"We could have lost our friend here," Coleman said. "He was dying and didn't know it."
For more information about diabetes, visit diabetes.org.
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- Closed for cleaning


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Ford Motor Company And The Parade Company Announce Major Partnership, The Ford Fireworks Presented By Target, Set For Monday, June 24
DETROIT, May 8, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F) and The Parade Company have announced a major partnership for one of the nation's largest fireworks displays – The Ford Fireworks presented by Target. The event's new name reflects lead sponsorship of the fireworks by Ford Motor Company, in addition to Target's support, making possible this free world-class event for the city of Detroit and the region.
The Ford Fireworks presented by Target will light up the sky, Monday, June 24, at 10:06 p.m., with views of the Detroit River in downtown Detroit. Created and produced by The Parade Company, the event – celebrating 55 years – attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators for one of the most anticipated summer nights in Detroit.
"We are extremely grateful for Ford Motor Company's commitment to The Parade Company, and at this incredibly exciting time in Detroit we look forward to working together on this 55-year Detroit tradition," said Tony Michaels, president and CEO, The Parade Company. "Ford consistently strives to make the Detroit region stronger, and this partnership speaks volumes to the great people of our region."
Ford Motor Company and Ford Motor Company Fund have a long history of supporting The Parade Company. In 2011 Ford became the official vehicle of America's Thanksgiving Parade ® featuring its float, "Driving a Brighter Future." Also, Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford and his wife Lisa served as grand marshals for the 85th America's Thanksgiving Parade – one of the country's largest and longest-running parades.
"Ford Motor Company is proud to support this important tradition, and honored to partner with The Parade Company as lead sponsor of the event," said Jim Vella, president, Ford Motor Company Fund and Community Services. "Ford is deeply committed to Detroit and our community, and iconic events like the fireworks bring people together to celebrate our great city." In addition to its title sponsorship of the event, Ford will kick off a community campaign to honor veterans and those who serve in the armed forces. "As we celebrate our independence and freedom, Ford wants to join with the community to honor those in the military who make it possible," said Vella.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Publisher's Description
+Leow Descrambler is a software that can help you to descramble a group of alphabets into one or more words. For example, if you supply the alphabets anceten, Leow Descrambler can turn this meaningless string of alphabets into can, canteen, and eat. You can also use regular expression to filter the search results. For example, if you want only words that begin with can, you can specify regular expression can. Version 2.1 may include unspecified updates, enhancements, or bug fixes.


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Olay Sensitive Skin Foaming Face Wash
501 reviews
76% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.0
Price: $$
Package Quality: 4.0
Price: $$
Water , Glycerin ,Sodium Myristoyl Sarcosinate, PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate , Sodium Lauroamphoacetate , Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice , Polyquaternium-10 , PEG-150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate , Glycol Distearate , Sodium Laureth Sulfate , Cocamide MEA , Laureth-10 , Disodium Lauroamphodiacetate , Sodium Trideceth Sulfate , Citric Acid , Disodium EDTA , Phenoxyethanol , DMDM Hydantoin. 6/25/12Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
This is hands down the best basic cleanser ever. It's gentle enough for sensitive skin but still gets make up off very well! I've been using this for about a year now. Every time i try something else i break out. This keeps my skin clear and healthy! The pump bottle is fantastic too. The Simple Moisturizing Facial wash is pretty similar. But this one is the best of them in my opinion.
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Red, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Tried this so many times in the past but always thought it wasnt for me. Think i didnt give it a fair chance. Been having horribly dry skin with mild eczema and this has totally been a welcoming relief. Skin feels like it isnt being dehydrated each time i cleanse like it normally would. Dont even need to moisturize after!
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Medium Brown, Warm
Hair: Brown, Relaxed, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I think I finally found the perfect cleanser for my sensitive skin. I have tried lots of cleansers in search of one that won't cause irritation. I had previously tried neutrogena "Ultra Gentle" cleanser which was horrible! It stung my face and dried it out. It also has a lot of fragrance which is a no no for sensitive skin. Ok back to the product. This foaming cleanser cleans my face very well without giving it that tight dry feeling. This is truly gentle and doesn't clog my pores or cause breakouts for me. This has everything I wanted in a facial cleanser something simple and gentle that won't over dry that cleans thoroughly and above all doesn't break me out.
My complexion is already looking clearer and more even thanks to this product. My skincare regimen is pretty simple. I wash my face with this cleanser. Then I use natural witch hazel for my toner. Then I follow with an oil free sensitive skin facial moisturizer. I will purchase this again and again.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
After using this my skin feels clean and smooth. However, I have to wash twice because I don't feel that it removes all my makeup the first go. Also, the more I use it, the more I dislike the consistancy of this product. It comes out slimy and does not suds up, there's no foamy action so I feel like I have to work harder to get my skin clean.
It burns my eyes!
I like that there's no smell and it's gentle. I think someone with dry skin that wore very little makeup would like this.... if it doesn't get in your eyes.
Age: 36-43
Skin: Very Oily, Medium, Cool
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Grey
I have been on a search for a facial cleanser that my annoyingly sensitive skin is not allergic to. When I saw this product, I thought I had found it. I thought it would be great because it is made by Olay. Wrong. This product is horrible!
For something that claims to be a foaming cleanser, this product does not foam much at all. I used the same amount I normally use (one good squirt) and got hardly any foam. So I tried using a little more. Still not much foam.
This felt like slime on my face. I wash my face in the shower. No matter how much water I splashed on my face, it still felt slimy and gross. I finally ended up using my Clinique Foaming Facial Cleanser to get it off my face. Needless to say, I didn't use this product more than once. I highly recommend the Clinique Foaming Cleanser or the Natural Apricot Scrub from Sally Beauty. Both are far superior to this cleanser. I will not be repurchasing this product.
Age: 44-55
Skin: Combination, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I use this every morning. When I first tried this cleanser, I felt that it wasn't cleaning well enough--I was used to cleansers that left me "squeaky clean"--and only used it when my skin was feeling sensitive. But I discovered that the more gently I treated my breakout prone skin, the better my complexion. All those powerful products I was using were irritating my skin and causing breakouts! I used to be a skincare junkie, but I'm done looking for cleansers--this ones a keeper.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
My HG cleanser for my sensitive, but oily and clog-prone skin that is also prone to dehydration. It removes all my makeup (which is quite heavy as I work in cosmetic sales), and never leaves my skin tight or dry. Most cleansers I've tried always sting my eyes and leave my face feeling uncomfortably tight, but not this one. My face always just feels smooth and clean. Most days this will remove just about everything, but for particularly stubborn makeup I will use a cleansing oil first, followed by this. Will repurchase forever!
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I have sensitive skin, but needed a cleanser that actually removes makeup. Cetaphil (while very easy on the skin) doesn't get much makeup off. I also use the Re9 Smoothing Facial Cleanser by Arbonne, but can only use it 3x per week or it's too harsh.
This product by Olay seems to be the perfect balance, and although my toner still gets a bit of product off, I can feel the cleanser deep cleaning while being extremely nice and gentle with my skin. Highly recommend this to anyone with sensitive skin who wears makeup.
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Green
Bought this after reading many postive reviews on MUA and wanting to cut my makeup removal/face cleaning by a step. I'm currently using Albolene for makeup removal and Lacura face wash mixed with raw honey for cleansing. Well... if it's not broke, don't fix it. This does remove makeup well, except for some longwearing eyeliner and mascara, and feels like it cleans my face - too well. On my sensitive, dry skin it left a burning, tight sensation and left my skin incredibly dry and flaky. The price was great, availability was great, and the packaging was great with the squeeze type bottle, but unfortunately this wasn't great for my skin. Would recommend this for oily skinned folks out there.
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Medium Brown, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Love this face wash! I'm buying more tomorrow! I switched from my clean and clear to this and it doesn't make my face feel tight and dry like my clean and clear would. This is actually my favorite face wash I've ever had. Glad I decided to give it a try. Also removes my makeup to a perfection.
Popular Cleansers


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I agree with all you've said up to a point, but these 50 extra pounds I'm carrying around scream "GET THIS THE FUCK OFFA ME!"
Experimenting with more starches is cool, and everything, but being fat sucks possum balls dude. I can't even really explain it to someone who ain't been there. (And hey I'm down 75lbs, whoohoo... people meeting me for the first time don't give a shit.)
Thanks for all your help on this thread.


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American Soil TEchnologies Announces That It Will Exhibit at the 2005 Golf Industry Show and GCSAA Education Conference from Feb. 10-12.
PACOIMA, Calif. -- American Soil Technologies Inc. (OTCBB: SOYL) announced today that it will be exhibiting at the 2005 Golf Industry Show held in Orlando, Fla., Feb. 10-12.Golf superintendents from around the world attend this event, which is the largest educational conference and exposition in the industry, and is the most effective way for superintendents and their affiliates to obtain real answers to golf course management questions.
The company has the unique opportunity to present its Nutrimoist(R) System utilizing the M-216 Injector Machine at the show. American Soil Technologies Inc.'s President, Carl Ranno, stated that the company "is looking forward to the opportunity to explain and demonstrate the Nutrimoist system, which helps to manage turf year-round in four simple steps. By treating and feeding the soil, golf courses look better and remain healthier." Ranno went on to state, "During the past year the company has demonstrated the effectiveness of the M-216 and has tested the Nutrimoist System in California and Arizona.
About The Golf Industry Show
The Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA) and the National Golf Course Owners Association (NGCOA) have joined forces to present an innovative trade show experience in Orlando. The Golf Course Builders Association of America (GCBAA) and the American Society of Golf Course Architects (ASGCA) are serving as supporting organizations for the Golf Industry Show by presenting a number of key education opportunities for attendees. There are 798 exhibitors and more than 20,000 persons are expected to attend the event.
GCSAA's 20,000 members are comprised of superintendents, assistant superintendents, students, educators and affiliates. The association represents 21,000 golf course management professionals and has 104 affiliated chapters, with more than 75 countries having a GCSAA member in residence. The organization started in 1926 with 60 members.
About American Soil Technologies Inc.
American Soil Technologies develops, manufactures and markets cutting-edge technology that decreases the need for water in agriculture and other plant growing environments while increasing crop yield and reducing the environmental damage caused by common farming practices. The company has an exclusive license to two method patents with cross-linked and linear polymers as their basis. The company also has three patents allowed on a revolutionary new machine, the M-216 Polymer Injector, designed to install its liquid products in mature turf as well as some standing crops. The machine has been built, tested and is now operational.
More product information can be found on the corporate Web site, located at http://www.americansoiltech.com.
This release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain as they are based on current expectations and assumptions concerning future events or future performance of the company. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are only predictions and speak only as of the date hereof. In evaluating such statements, prospective investors should review carefully various risks and uncertainties identified in this release and matters set in the company's SEC filings. These risks and uncertainties could cause the company's actual results to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements.
Reader Opinion
Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback | |
Publication: | Business Wire |
Date: | Feb 9, 2005 |
Words: | 537 |
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6 Harmony, NJ Schools and Organizations
As the starting point for many designers, contractors, architects and builders, schools and organizations are the foundation of the home design profession. Even though their primary responsibility is to educate and serve professionals, they also act as invaluable expert representatives and continuously encourage advancement in their respected fields. More
National Kitchen & Bath Association
(908) 813-4819
The National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) is the premiere association for kitchen and bath professionals. Fifty years after its inception, the NKBA has a membership of more... Read More
NARI Bucks-Mont Chapter
(610) 787-0896
Trade Organization. Resource to the remodeling industry in Bucks and Montgomery counties; building ethical, profitable and successful businesses. Read More
International Furnishings and Design Association
(610) 992-0011
The International Furnishings and Design Association (IFDA) is a trade association whose members provide services and products to the furnishings and design industry. IFDA... Read More
HBA of Bucks and Montgomery Counties
(215) 657-1300
BIA of Northeastern Pennsylvania
(570) 287-3331
List your business here for free - Learn More


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The Oscar-Bait Parade Continues...: "Gosford Park," "The Royal Tenenbaums," "In the Bedroom," and "Impostor" |
Movies - Reviews | |||
Written by Mike Schulz | |||
Tuesday, 15 January 2002 18:00 | |||
GOSFORD PARK In Robert Altman's Gosford Park, set in 1932 England, a group of well-to-do guests is invited to a country estate for a shooting party, with their numerous servants in tow, and find their weekend disrupted by the murder of their host. Everyone appears to have a motive for doing it (although the fact that he's played by the ever-vile Michael Gambon is reason enough for me), but whodunnit? The genius of the film is that no one much cares: not the guests, all of whom have familial/financial contempt for the man; not the servants, who have been treated abominably by him; not even the police, led by an incompetent klutz (Stephen Fry) eager to get the hell out of there. In breeding and station, guests, servants, and the working class are worlds apart; in their mutual loathing or disrespect for the host, they are all equal. Despite some jarring anachronisms – were Hollywood performers in 1932 really into Method acting? – and some muddled sound design in the opening 15 minutes, Gosford Park is a sensational entertainment, featuring a wily, complex script by Julian Fellowes and Altman's patented, virtuoso direction of large ensembles. Filled as it is with roughly two dozen major characters, picking out a favorite is an impossible chore, so I'll keep it to six: Eileen Atkins, Alan Bates, Jeremy Northam, Helen Mirren, Emily Watson, and the incomparable Maggie Smith are especially fine. The film might seem a genre trifle, but it boasts tremendous production design and surprising emotional heft, and might be the most sheerly enjoyable British period piece you've ever seen. THE ROYAL TENENBAUMS The way I see it, you'll either find yourself laughing all throughout Wes Anderson's The Royal Tenenbaums or staring in utter bewilderment at the goings-on. I laughed all throughout. Those who found Anderson's and co-screenwriter Owen Wilson's last effort, 1998's Rushmore, overly stylized and precious will be in utter hell here; the rest of us will find ourselves a little closer to heaven. This mostly plotless endeavor concerns a trio of childhood geniuses (Ben Stiller, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Luke Wilson) who have, in one way or another, been destroyed by the expectations and unintentional cruelty of their father, Royal Tenenbaum (Gene Hackman). When Royal, nearing death, asks for reconciliation, this dysfunctional family finds itself sharing a home once again, where all manner of petty grievances and ugly betrayals return to the surface. And yes, it is a comedy. Sharing a spirit with J.D. Salinger's short stories involving the Glass family, Tenenbaums adopts a novelistic approach; segments are broken down by chapters, fittingly bookended by a prologue and epilogue, and each one is so rich in character detail and transcendent dialog that it's a little dizzying. Wes Anderson just might be the most confident comedy director alive. He outlines his characters and themes in big, bold strokes and walks an amazing tightrope between the hilarious and the poignant; his cast, fittingly, responds to this approach with fully lived-in portrayals, each hysterical and heartbreaking in equal measure. Hackman comes through with his most masterfully detailed comic work yet, which is saying a lot, but the entire cast is remarkable: Stiller, Paltrow, Luke Wilson and his brother Owen, Anjelica Huston, Danny Glover, Bill Murray, and Seymour Cassel are flawless. From opening to close, The Royal Tenenbaums is the comedy of the year, and oftentimes, it feels like the book of the year, too. IN THE BEDROOM Filled as it is with supple direction, a real feel for time, location, and detail, and a couple of marvelous performances by Sissy Spacek and Tom Wilkinson, it's impossible not to recommend seeing the domestic drama In the Bedroom. Yet I can't be alone in thinking that the movie itself doesn't quite work. Set in the lobster-fishing village of Camden, Maine, the film details the affair between 21-year-old Frank (Nick Stahl) and the older, not-yet-divorced Natalie (Marisa Tomei), and the nightmare that results when Natalie's estranged husband (William Mapother) shows up to win back his wife's affections. Spacek and Wilkinson play Frank's parents, whose lives are permanently altered by the affair as it stirs up years-long resentments that threaten to destroy their marriage, and who eventually take terrifying measures to restore their life of "normalcy." Debuting director Todd Field shows an enormous gift for dramatizing silence, the looming threat of violence, and ambiguity; your feelings toward all of In the Bedroom's characters change from scene to scene, and Spacek and Wilkinson paint a harrowingly realistic portrait of a marriage they didn't even realize was troubled. Although you never quite believe that Stahl and Mapother are connected with the film's working-class, New England setting, the movie remains first-rate until its mid-film explosion, when it takes a turn for the sensational and becomes, sadly, a pulpy revenge fantasy. In the Bedroom is the damnedest experience. Its emotions remain startlingly true, but the material becomes formulaic; even the film's acting centerpiece, featuring Spacek and Wilkinson's emotionally violent battle, feels rote – she's uptight and controlling, he's ineffectual and lenient, that sort of thing. And without giving the ending away, it must be said that far too much of the last 20 minutes requires huge leaps of faith, as logic all but vanishes. (Basic questions the film's finale raises – like, "Where'd he get the gun?" – are ignored, and some critics appear to find greatness in that.) In many ways, In the Bedroom is a masterpiece of mood, and it certainly deserves to be seen, but it winds up a frustrating, unfulfilling work; the critics calling it the movie of the year appear to have left the theatre long before the closing credits. IMPOSTOR It's easy to see why Gary Fleder's Impostor was once withheld from distribution; intended for a summer 2000 release, it would've arrived on the heels of Battlefield Earth, another sci-fi work based on a relatively notable literary source, and who needs comparisons with that piece of crap? The bigger question is why Impostor was released at all. Based on Philip K. Dick's futuristic short story, it features Gary Sinise as a scientist who might or might not be an alien terrorist, and the film consists of one endless chase in which a team of military officials, led by a hammy Vincent D'Onofrio, attempt to hunt him down; it's a low-grade Fugitive with high-tech surveillance, and with all traces of tension and excitement sucked out. The movie is pretty tough to sit through, but its fine cast includes Madeleine Stowe, Mekhi Phifer, Tony Shalhoub, and Lindsay Crouse, and it does feature an amusing opening in which we're witness to a few Conveniences of the Future – voice-operated TVs and showers ("A little warmer, please") – and a surprisingly juicy conclusion; it's just the 80 minutes in the middle that make you yawn. Trackback(0)
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Henry Carr
Date of birth: | November 27, 1942 |
Place of birth: | Detroit, Michigan |
Career information
Position(s): | Safety |
College: | Arizona State |
NFL Draft: | 1965 / Round: 4 / Pick: 43 |
As player: | |
1965–1967 | New York Giants |
Career stats
Playing stats at NFL.com |
Olympic medal record | ||
Men's athletics | ||
Competitor for the United States | ||
Gold | 1964 Tokyo | 200 m |
Gold | 1964 Tokyo | 4x400 m relay |
Henry Carr, born November 27, 1942 in Detroit, Michigan, is a former American track and field athlete who won two gold medals at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
Early life[edit]
Prior to bringing his athletic talents to Arizona State University, Carr was a state champion sprinter for Northwestern High School in Detroit having posted a 100 yard time of 9.3 seconds. While competing for the ASU Sun Devils, he won three national titles; along the way setting world records at 200 meters, at 220 yards, and as a member of the Sun Devil 4 x 440 yard relay team.
Henry Carr won the 1963 NCAA title at 200 meters in 20.5; the same year he ran 20.69 to tie Paul Drayton for the USA title. Twice that season Carr ran world records; a non-ratified 20.4 for 200 meters and, three days later in a college triangular meet, a 20.3 for 220 yards. Henry Carr ran even faster in 1964; setting a world record of 20.2 for 220 yards. Track and Field News ranked Carr Number-One in the World at 200 meters, in 1963 and 1964.
It was at the 1964 Olympics where Carr would achieve his greatest fame; Carr won the 200 meters and anchored the winning 4 x 400 meter relay team to a world record 3:00.7.
Professional Football Career[edit]
Following the Olympics, Carr played American football in the National Football League. He was drafted in the fourth round of the 1965 NFL Draft by the New York Giants and played three seasons as a safety and cornerback with New York.
Personal Life[edit]
Carr left the NFL once he became one of Jehovah's Witnesses.
External links[edit]
- 1942 births
- Living people
- American sprinters
- American football safeties
- African-American sportspeople
- New York Giants players
- Arizona State University alumni
- Former world record holders in athletics (track and field)
- Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
- Olympic track and field athletes of the United States
- Olympic gold medalists for the United States
- Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
- Olympic medalists in athletics (track and field)