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Isis Announces Expedited Development Of ISIS-TTR Rx And Amendment To The Collaboration With GSK To Support Phase 2/3 Study
CARLSBAD, Calif., Nov. 5, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ISIS) announced today that Isis and GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE: GSK) have agreed to amend the clinical development plan and financial terms relating to ISIS-TTR Rx to reflect the accelerated development plan for the drug. ISIS-TTR Rx is an antisense drug in development with GSK for the treatment of TTR amyloidosis, a severe and rare genetic disease characterized by progressive dysfunction of peripheral nerves and/or heart tissue. The revised development plan anticipates initiation of a Phase 2/3, registration-directed, clinical study later this year. ISIS-TTR Rx is one of several promising drugs in Isis' pipeline that Isis expects will begin registration-directed studies within the next several years.
"In our Phase 1 study, we demonstrated that ISIS-TTR Rx was generally well tolerated and produced dose-dependent significant reductions in TTR protein with several subjects reaching TTR protein levels that were below the limit of assay detection," said Brett Monia, Ph.D., senior vice president, antisense drug discovery at Isis. "We anticipate initiating the next clinical study this year, which will evaluate the effects of ISIS-TTR Rx on neurological dysfunction and on quality-of-life in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy."
Under the terms of the original collaboration agreement with GSK, which includes five programs in addition to the TTR program, Isis is eligible to receive on average up to $20 million in milestone payments per program, before Phase 2 proof-of-concept, plus a licensing fee, additional post-licensing milestone payments and double-digit royalties on sales from each product. Isis has already received $10 million in milestone payments from GSK related to the development of ISIS-TTR Rx. Under the amended terms of the agreement Isis will receive a $2.5 million upfront payment and is eligible to earn a $7.5 million milestone payment upon the initiation of the ISIS-TTR Rx Phase 2/3 study. Isis is also eligible to earn an additional $50 million in pre-licensing milestone payments to support the ISIS-TTR Rx Phase 2/3 study. In addition, GSK has increased the regulatory and sales milestones payable to Isis should the product achieve registration and meet certain sales thresholds. Isis will also receive double-digit royalties on sales of ISIS-TTR Rx.
"We have a robust pipeline of novel new drugs. Many of which, including ISIS-TTR Rx, could advance into registration studies in the next 12 to 18 months. Together with GSK, we have been able to rapidly advance the TTR program from research to late-stage clinical development in just over two years," said B. Lynne Parshall, J.D., chief operating officer and chief financial officer at Isis. "Under the updated plan, Isis continues to manage the clinical development of ISIS-TTR Rx while benefiting from GSK's late-stage development and commercial expertise. We believe that ISIS-TTR Rx could be a best-in-class medicine for patients who have limited therapeutic options."
ABOUT ISIS-TTR Rx Transthyretin amyloidosis is a genetic disease in which the patient inherits a mutant gene that produces a misfolded form of transthyretin (TTR) protein, which progressively accumulates in tissues, impairing their function. In patients with transthyretin amyloidosis, both the mutant and normal forms of TTR can build up as fibrils in tissues, including heart, peripheral nerves, and the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of TTR aggregates interferes with the normal functions of these tissues, and as the TTR protein aggregates enlarge more tissue damage occurs and the disease worsens. There are two common types of transthyretin amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy(FAP), which affects more than 10,000 patients worldwide, and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC), which affects more than 40,000 patients worldwide. Patients with FAP have TTR build up in peripheral nerve tissue leading to the loss of nerve function and wasting. Patients with FAC have TTR build up in the heart muscle and succumb to heart failure five to six years after symptom onset. ISIS-TTR Rx is an investigational drug that is designed to inhibit the production of all forms of TTR, and could offer an alternative approach to treat all types of transthyretin-related amyloidosis. ABOUT ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.Isis is exploiting its leadership position in antisense technology to discover and develop novel drugs for its product pipeline and for its partners. Isis' broad pipeline consists of 25 drugs to treat a wide variety of diseases with an emphasis on cardiovascular, metabolic, severe and rare diseases, and cancer. Isis' partner, Genzyme, plans to commercialize Isis' lead product, KYNAMRO™, following regulatory approval. Isis' patents provide strong and extensive protection for its drugs and technology. Additional information about Isis is available at www.isispharm.com. ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS' FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTThis press release includes forward-looking statements regarding Isis' collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline and the development, activity, therapeutic potential and safety of ISIS-TTR Rx. Any statement describing Isis' goals, expectations, financial or other projections, intentions or beliefs, including the planned commercialization of KYNAMRO, is a forward-looking statement and should be considered an at-risk statement. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, particularly those inherent in the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. Isis' forward-looking statements also involve assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove correct, could cause its results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Although Isis' forward-looking statements reflect the good faith judgment of its management, these statements are based only on facts and factors currently known by Isis. As a result, you are cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These and other risks concerning Isis' programs are described in additional detail in Isis' annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and its most recent quarterly report on Form 10-Q, which are on file with the SEC. Copies of these and other documents are available from the Company. In this press release, unless the context requires otherwise, "Isis," "Company," "we," "our," and "us" refers to Isis Pharmaceuticals and its subsidiaries.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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subset: commoncrawl


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The Deal of the Day today at Best Buy is a $50 iTunes giftcard for $45. The lowest I've ever seen $50 cards is $42.50 (15% off), so this deal is really very good. The only thing is that it ends tonight at midnight, so hurry on over!
$50 iTunes Gift Card for $45
This post may contain affiliate links. Read my disclosure policy here.December 8, 2012 By


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Buckle gets Gulls budget increase
Torquay United boss Paul Buckle has had his Plainmoor playing budget increased following further rumours linking him with a move elsewhere.Acting chairman Simon Baker told BBC Sport: "Paul is happy at Torquay. "Only yesterday we agreed to slightly increase his playing budget. And remember he signed an extension to his contract only last month." The latest managerless club to be linked with highly-rated Buckle, 38, are non-league Luton Town. The Hatters have been without a manager sin.... read more
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This Compensation Policy can be used by a company to establish compensation rates and annual increases and how deductions are to be issued to employees. This template covers all types of employees, from support staff and professional staff, to upper third employees and management. Additionally, this template is designed to meet the standards of the Fair Labor Standards Act ('FLSA"). This document should be used by small businesses or other entities to establish a consistent and universal compensation policy for all of their employees. Compensation Policy Policy Number: ___ Policy Owner: Human Resources / Payroll Page No. 2 of 2 Date of Policy: ___ Date of Revisions: ___ I. Scope of Policy This policy applies to: (1) ___[Company Name] and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and affiliates; (2) any other entity or organization in which ___[Company Name] owns a direct or indirect equity interest of fifty percent (50%) or more; and (3) any organization or company in which ___[Company Name] or an affiliate either manages or controls the day-to-day operations of the organization or company (each a "___[Company Name] entity"), and all employees, contractors and temporary workers of any ___[Company Name] entity. All such references to ___ [Company Name] shall hereinafter be referred to as "Company." II. Purpose The purpose of this policy is to: 1. ensure the company's compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) regulations; 2. to attract qualified candidates; 3. to provide a level of compensation that will motivate staff to provide their best work; and 4. to communicate to staff Company's basic compensation procedures. III. Policy It is the policy of Company that compensation is determined in accordance with applicable law and regulation, including the FLSA; and that where applicable, the requirements of any collective bargaining agreements as the provisions thereof relate to compensation. IV. Procedure 1. In order to promote this policy, Company will establish rules and regulations to be followed by all stakeholders. 2. Company will increase awareness of this policy through the use of regular communication, training and education. 3. Company will determine employee compensation by using the following indicators and applying a predetermined formula that accounts for the statistical weight of each indicator in Company's geographic area. a. Salary surveys prepared by reputable firms that include data specific to Company's industry and geographic area. © Copyright 2013 Docstoc Inc. 2 Compensation Policy Policy Number: ___ Policy Owner: Human Resources / Payroll Page No. 3 of 2 Date of Policy: ___ Date of Revisions: ___ b. Department of Labor standards and the requirements of the FLSA. c. Experience level of the employee. 4. Company will determine annual compensation increases by using the following increase planning matrix. Where Salary Falls in Pay Range Lower Third Middle Third Upper Third 80-93% of market 94-107% of market 108-120% of market Support Staff value value value 73-91% of market 92-110% of market 111-127% of market Professional Staff value value value Moderate increase due to Upper Third Maximum increase. being over market value. Performance Level Middle Third (Average Level of Median increase. Performance) Less experienced staff = median or above increase. Lower Third Minimum or no increase. Experienced staff = below median or no increase. 5. Company will address all disputes related to payroll amounts and payment methods in a timely and fair manner. a. Employees are required to report disputes or issues with compensation immediately, but in no event later than seven business days following the date they were first aware of the issue. Disputes and problems should be reported to the employee's immediate supervisor, who will direct the employee to the proper personnel in the human resources or payroll department. b. The appropriate representative will promptly investigate the claim and will provide the employee with a response in a timely manner. © Copyright 2013 Docstoc Inc. 3 Compensation Policy Policy Number: ___ Policy Owner: Human Resources / Payroll Page No. 4 of 2 Date of Policy: ___ Date of Revisions: ___ c. If a compensation error has occurred, the appropriate representative will take steps to correct it and prevent recurrence. The representative will further determine if the same mistake has occurred in the past, and if so, will remediate those issues as well. d. The resolution of all compensation issues will be documented and placed in the employee's records, along with the employee's acknowledgement of the same. 6. Company may, in certain instances, deduct amounts from an employee's pay, where such employee is exempt from overtime. The following list is inclusive of some such deductions, but may not be exhaustive of all potential deductions. a. Absences when an employee has no accrued vacation, sick, personal, or other time. b. For penalties imposed as the result of lost identification badges or other Company property, or for safety infractions that are the result of the employee's willful negligence or are repeated subsequent to appropriate remedial actions. c. Deductions permitted by the Family Medical Leave Act. V. References 1. Fair Labor Standards Act (29 USC §201) 2. Family Medical Leave Act (29 USC §2601) © Copyright 2013 Docstoc Inc. 4 Compensation Policy Policy Number: ___ Policy Owner: Human Resources / Payroll Page No. 5 of 2 Date of Policy: ___ Date of Revisions: ___
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Graphic India, YouTube Debut Grant Morrison's '18 Days'
YouTube and the transnational media company Graphic India are launching comics writer Grant Morrison's motion comic, 18 Days, a science fiction and fantasy treatment based on the epic Eastern myth Mahabharata, the tale of a war between gods.
House of Anansi, Other Press Bring Rising Danish Star to North America
Danish author Jonas T. Bengtsson has drawn critical acclaim, and hit myriad foreign bestseller lists. Now, House of Anansi Press and Other Press are primed to introduce the Danish author to North American readers.
Agency Group Creates New Division
The Agency Group has created a new literary division, based in its London office.
Bertelsmann Takes Full Ownership of Random House Mondadori
A week after announcing that it was forming a joint venture with Pearson to create Penguin Random House, Bertelsmann said this morning that it has agreed to acquire the 50% stake in the Spanish-language publisher Random House Mondadori that had been held by its Italian partner. The purchase is expected to be completed before the end of the year.
Employees to Buy European Publisher VBK
The management and staff of Veen Bosch & Keuning Publishing Group, a major publisher of trade books in the Netherlands and Belgium, will take over ownership of the company November 1.
Flammarion Sale Approved
The French commission on competition in publishing has given its approval for the sale of the French publisher Flammarion to the Gallimard group Madrigall.
Trajectory, De Gruyter, Commercial Press Ink Deals at Beijing Fair
As the Beijing International Book Fair kicks off, U.S. digital publisher Trajectory, Berlin academic house De Gruyter and Chinese publisher Commercial Press separately announced new deals.
Little, Brown Pays Seven Figures for Debut Novel By Aussie Author
The one sale that's invigorated the publishing industry during an otherwise sleepy summer is the major buy Little, Brown just made for Australian novelist Hannah Kent's Burial Rites.
De Gruyter Completes Birkhäuser Purchase
The Berlin-based academic publisher De Gruyter has completed its purchase of the Swiss-based German-language Birkhäuser. Alongside the acquisition of Birkhäuser's architecture and design publishing division, the acquisition includes the Birkhäuser brand name, which is includes a range of STM publications.
Germany's Weltbild for Sale
After weeks of controversy over the revelation that it was selling "soft porn," the German publishing and bookselling powerhouse Weltbild has been put up for sale by 18 dioceses of the Catholic Church that own the company.
Bonnier and Sonoma in European Acquistion Deal
As reported in the European publishing press, Finnish publishing house Bonnier Books has acquired WSOY, Finland's largest general trade book publisher, from Sonoma, strengthening Bonnier's general publishing list in Finland. As part of the acquisition, Sonoma has acquired Bonnier Learning in Sweden and Tammi Learning from Bonnier. The deal allows both publishers to focus on their core business areas.
Agents Keeping Foreign Publishers on Digital Leash
As the London Book Fair goes through its annual run this week, American agents are trying to figure out the best way to sell digital rights to foreign publishers in markets that are far behind the U.S. in e-book sales. Even though many international publishers are just starting to dabble in producing e-books, almost all recognize that digital books are the future and that, in a few years, their local market will look more like the current one in America, where e-books are accounting for as much as 8% of revenue among the major houses. For this reason, most American agents are including digital rights in their foreign deals, but not without caveats.
PubMatch, The International Rights Service, Inks Deal with Lee's Literary Agency
PubMatch, the book publishing portal and rights database jointly owned by Publishers Weekly and Combined Book Exhibit, has joined forces Lee's Literary Agency in the first step to expand the service. The agreement position the site to dramatically increase its global membership and become the leading Web site for multilingual rights information around the world.
AbeBooks Buys German Company
AbeBooks Europe GmbH, the German subsidiary of the Amazon-owned Abebooks, has reached an agreement with Mediantis AG to acquire the assets of the ZVAB.com business, the online marketplace of German rare antiquarian books with over 3,000 professional antiquarians in 27 countries that offers customers an inventory of over 35 million used, antiquarian and out-of-print books in many languages.
Kodansha, Dai Nippon Acquire Vertical Inc.
Japanese publishing giant Kodansha Ltd. has joined with Japanese printing giant Dai Nippon Printing to acquire Vertical Inc., a Tokyo- and New York City-based publisher of contemporary Japanese prose fiction and nonfiction and classic manga in translation.
S&S Signs Up New YA Trilogy by Tonya Hurley
Simon & Schuster has acquired U.S. and audio rights to The Blessed, a trilogy by Tonya Hurley, author of ghostgirl and its two sequels. The trilogy—a contemporary, supernatural romance that is a reimagining of the martyrdom legends of three saints—will be edited by executive editor Zareen Jaffery; the inaugural novel will be published in July 2012.
Center Street Signs Rand Paul Book
Hachette's Center Street imprint has signed Rand Paul's The Tea Party Goes to Washington. The Kentucky senator-elect, and controversial Tea Party-er, is planning to crash the book so it publishes in February 2011, just as he starts his first term in office.
RH in Unique Multi-Language Deal for New Rushdie
In what it's claiming is a first, in scale and scope, Random House has closed its most significant multi-language deal for a single title by acquiring the rights to publish the latest Salman Rushdie book in every territory where it has a subsidiary. Through the deal, RH will publish the title in English, German, and Spanish. RH described the acquisition as its "most far-reaching multi-national" to date, and bought rights to the work in all formats--hardcover, paperback, audio, and e-book.
Deals: Week of 10/18/10


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This looks like a wonderful recipe! I can't wait to try it. The Deviled Tomatoes will be a cute alternative to my next girlfriends lunch!
Deviled Tomatoes
If you no longer eat eggs but have a craving for the retro classic, deviled eggs, you'll really enjoy these deviled tomatoes — a completely vegan rendition. The combination of chickpeas, nutritional yeast, and vegan mayo add up to a fairly egg-like flavor and consistency. And these are even easier to make than the originals. Though these are somewhat spring-y (for instance, they'd be a lovely vegan Easter appetizer) they can be a treat any time of year for brunch, as an appetizer, or even to pack into the lunch box in a container. These are rather addictive, and with no worry about cholesterol, be prepared for them to disappear quickly! Photos by Hannah Kaminsky.
Makes 16 or more
- 15- to 16-ounce can chickpeas, drained and rinsed
- 1/3 cup vegan mayonnaise
- 2 tablespoons nutritional yeast
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 2 teaspoons yellow mustard, or more, to taste
- 1 teaspoon curry powder, or more, to taste
- Pinch of ground cumin, or more, to taste
- Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
- 2 tablespoons finely chopped chives or scallion
- 8 to 10 ripe plum (Roma) tomatoes or other small tomatoes
- Paprika for topping
- Shredded romaine lettuce or baby greens, optional
Combine the chickpeas, mayonnaise, nutritional yeast, lemon juice, mustard, curry powder, and pepper in a food processor fitted with the metal blade. Pulse on and off until the mixture is nicely melded, but don't puree—leave a little texture. Add the chives or scallion through the feed tube and pulse on and off a few times to whirl in.
If you don't have a food processor, simply mash the chickpeas well in a bowl, and stir in the mayonnaise, nutritional yeast, lemon juice, mustard, curry powder, pepper, and chives.
Cut the tomatoes in half and scoop out the seedy center with a spoon. You'll be left with a neat shell (save what you've scooped out for another use, such as blending into a juice or sauce).
Stuff the tomatoes generously with the chickpea mixture. Sprinkle with paprika. Arrange on a platter atop a bed of lettuce or baby greens.
- Add a tablespoon or two of pickle relish.
– Use black salt (kala namak — which is actually pink —available in Indian groceries) instead of regular salt; it adds a distinctive egg-like flavor.
- Here are more tasty vegan appetizers.
- Explore more of VegKitchen's easy, festive vegan brunch recipes and menus.
19 comments on "Deviled Tomatoes"
Linda -
Jennifer Arent OMGoodness! I just made these and they are WONDERFUL!!! I doubled the curry powder and mustard and added salt. This is one of my new favorites!!!!! Thanks so much!
Hareen Can the yeast and mustard be replaced with something eles?
Hareen Nvr mind I found the yeast.
Barb Njos I too just made these & they are wonderful. I lined the plate with spinach & the color contrast was beautiful. I printed it & it definitely will be made over & over.
Jessica These are AMAZING! I have made them several times since Easter and all my vegan friends love them and make this recipe too now!
Beth I teach a hands-on cooking class at a community based cancer center and this recipe has become one of our favorites. We usually double the curry and add a little more mustard. It's easy to make and for anyone trying to eat more plant based meals this one is a winner! I love your website and passion for healthy food!
Dawn Acero I recently went 100% vegan when diagnosed with gestational diabetes. I have been enjoying new flavors and dishes. This one is next, for a late lunch! Looks delicious and satisfying! Perfect timing to find it on Face Book. Thank you very much!!
Kimberly Lipscomb I can't wait to try this. I think my three year old daughter will like this. She likes garbanzo beans with nutritional yeast as a seasoning so I'm sure she will like this.
Heather I made these at Christmas and they were a huge hit! Thank you!!
Jenniffer This recipe looks excellent, thank you! Do you have any alternate suggestions for the vegan mayo? I am a whole food eater, and have yet to find a vegan mayo I feel comfortable with.
Michelle These are soooo good Perfect protein-packed veg snack, already planning to make again!


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Did you buy your sink/fixtures through your plumber or separately
Just wondering if you bought your sink and faucet/fixtures through your plumber or contractor or if you bought them separately. I think the Rohl's sink is 30% more through my plumber (but I am working on getting apples to apples). He said if we buy through him, he will warranty the parts for a year.
I know Kohler has a lifetime warranty. Not sure about other brands I am considering for faucets (e.g., Callista, Franke, Waterstone).
I am most worried about the Rohl's Shaw sink since I've read about issues with the disposer (which I want to get) and cracking/chipping.
I bought locally. At the outset, I believe one plumber said he would charge more if he didn't make money off the fixtures. He seemed to think I had a lot of nerve buying what I wanted, but at the time I was unaware they even sold products and made money on markups. The guy who installed my tub said most people just choose things from his binder, which looked very unappealing! I can't imagine anyone doing their bathroom that way, but I am particular about what I like or don't like, on the TKBO side. There was no discussion with whoever ended up installing things, as they were just called in for existing fixtures. So I can't compare pricing with and without. A lot of places are willing to give you the 20% contractor discount, without even asking.
This post was edited by snookums2 on Sat, Sep 14, 13 at 1:12
I bought things myself, but used my plumber's supply house, which gave me his discount. I had to use my plumber's account, but I paid for them.
Everyone is different, but my plumber didn't have to take the trip to the supply house, which saved him money, and I got exactly what I want. You do lose the warranty on the labor for installation, though, but it's a risk I'm willing to take. I buy good quality plumbing fixtures, and my plumber tests them to make sure everything's working fine. I've never had a problem with this approach. And you definitely save money.
I bought my sink and soap dispenser from expressdecor.com. I bought the faucet locally from Ferguson's because they had it in stock and I wanted a very particular model. We looked and looked at all the local businesses carrying sinks and couldn't find one we wanted. Several online sources carried the Krauss sink we wanted, so we went with best price.
We hired the plumber through a local plumbing outfit to do two very specific jobs: change out the old under-sink connectors to the newer kind and hook up the sink and DW, and install a gas line to the fireplace (different guy, different day). We didn't buy through the plumbing store, just called up and asked for a plumber. We've done this over the years for small jobs like this and couldn't be more pleased with each of the plumbers that have been sent. In no way did hiring their plumbers obligate us to buy the goods from their store.
I bought from International Bath and Tile in San Diego. They have all the high end brands. I worked over the phone with one of their salespeople who was really knowledgeable. They are a bricks and mortar showroom but sell online and over the phone too.. When I did my bathrooms a couple of years ago, I bought almost everything from them. I had a really good experience, so I went with them again when I did my kitchen. For the kitchen, I got my Julien sink, Waterstone faucets and Forms and Surfaces pulls from them.
I gc'd a whole house reno including master bath addition. Most plumbers with whom I spoke said or at least intimated that they would charge more for labor if I purchased my own fixtures. They make some of their profit by upcharging on goods. That irked me so after interviewing more than 16 plumbers over a year period, I found a finish plumber who just charged me a fair price to install my own fixtures I'd purchased from both a local store (at plumbers pricing) and online. (I hired out all the rough plumbing first from a plumber who I ended up firing for stalling, being difficult, not being able to do the work he said he could, not showing up, not informing me of overages along the way, and being disrespectful. Actually, I had DH fire him because I thought I might finally lose it if I had to deal with him one more time. )
I bought mine in a small shop in PA even though I live in MI.
I tried to find a sample in MI but no one had it - I lucked out and they had it in PA - the rep brought it in for my to ogle and feel - Sold!
Shipped to MI.
GC and plumber were fine with whatever I wanted to do.
I gave my plumber the opportunity to match the prices I found online. He has a showroom and sells the products with or without his services, so I would have been buying directly from him. He couldn't (wouldn't ?), so we used our plumbing fixtures allowance to buy other places. This was for new construction.
We were going to buy through our contractor for new construction through Ferguson's. Got quotes there, then came home & looked at their online shopping and the prices were cheaper. Huh??? That led us to scouring the internet and we bought from build.com - - which I understand is a Ferguson affiliated company. That gave us the best prices. We will probably have warranty issues, but my husband is very good at fixing things so we're not concerned.


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Our feet are intricate and complicated body parts, and all too frequently we overlook and mistreat them. They carry us over every inconceivable surface, through hot and cold, wet and dry, and typically for hours on end. Often we don't think about our feet until they hurt!
As a dancer, pampering your feet is not simply occasional maintenance, it is an absolute necessity. You put your feet through punishing hours of hard work in difficult positions and movements, at times pushing through painful blisters, aches and injuries. There are many steps – no pun intended – you can take to keep your feet comfortable.
Basic foot care begins with toe nails carefully trimmed short and straight across, without sharp edges. Light calluses can actually be helpful as they provide natural protection against blisters. Soak tired feet in warm water, massage them (try rolling tennis balls under bare feet) and carefully protect blisters with tape or mole skin pads if needed – your feet will thank you!
The most significant consideration is to ensure that your dance shoes are properly fitted. Shoes that are too tight or too loose can cause blisters, twisted ankles, sore muscles or other injuries.
For ballet dancers moving to pointe shoes, proper fit is especially important. It is also vital that young dancers do not begin pointe work before they are physically ready. This means that a dancer's feet need to be at a particular stage of development and that the dancer also has a pre-requisite number of hours of dance per week in order for the muscles in her feet to be conditioned for the new positions.
Your dance instructor can help with additional tips regarding your feet and dancing shoes. For pain that doesn't go away or more serious injury, visit your health care professional promptly.
You or your young student can dance your feet into dance classes with Strictly Dance in Georgetown! Classes range from classical ballet to a variety of modern dance styles and Highland Dance. Call 905-702-9728, send an email email@example.com or visit http://www.strictlydance.ca for more information about dance programs, class availability and registration.


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3/2/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This JobXoom Corporation (Nasdaq: XOOM), one of the fastest growing digital money transfer companies in the world is revolutionizing the international money transfer market by providing people with an easy, convenient and cost-effective means of sending money worldwide. We offer a
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3/2/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This JobBased in foggy San Francisco, Scribd is building the world?s premier digital book subscription service. Since we launched in 2013, our readers have clocked more than 17 million hours of reading time across all genres. We?ve partnered with the best publishers in the world to
2/25/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This JobSales and Marketing Alameda or Campbell, CA, United States 247 is looking for an experienced Product Marketer with strong leadership, creative and analytical skills to lead product marketing for our self-service offerings: Products: Virtual Assistant, Vivid Speech (Visual
2/24/2015 Campbell, CA Save This JobSr. Director Product Marketing JOB SUMMARY As the Senior Director of Product Marketing at Bridgelux, you will be a vital part of our fast growing company. You will be a part of a team of smart successful innovators who are passionate about successfully rolling out products to
2/23/2015 Livermore, CA Save This JobVormetric Inc, is seeking a high-energy, experienced, hands-on, strategic thinking and creative technical marketing professional to support marketing and business development in raising awareness and monetizing relationships with Vormetric?s cloud partners. The individual in this
2/19/2015 San Jose, CA Save This JobDESCRIPTION The successful entrepreneurial candidate will have exposure to a wide variety of different marketing responsibilities across the organization and exciting and innovative work with some of the biggest brands in entertainment. As a fast growing technology company
2/19/2015 Palo Alto, CA Save This JobJob Id: 108 Visually is looking for an in-house (San Francisco/New York- based) marketing communications designer to join our Marketing team! This is an incredible opportunity for a hungry, motivated designer to make a splash in the design industry and join an organization
2/18/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This JobJob Type: Full Time Location: San Mateo, CA Department: Channel Marketing RingCentral provides cloud computing based business phone systems designed for today's mobile and distributed business world. The RingCentral technology platform eliminates the need for expensive and
2/13/2015 San Mateo, CA Save This JobDESCRIPTION NetSpend is a leading provider of prepaid debit cards in the U.S. Prepaid debit cards are a new and innovative financial product experiencing dramatic growth in consumer adoption. The company's debit cards enable anyone to make purchases, pay bills, secure
2/5/2015 San Mateo, CA Save This JobJOB DESCRIPTION: The technical marketing analyst is in charge of understanding Array Networks products at the technical level and translating capabilities into customer-facing sales enablement tools. The technical marketing analyst must combine their technical and marketing
2/5/2015 Milpitas, CA Save This JobAs the Head of Marketing, you will be responsible for developing and implementing marketing strategy for highly complex products/services, including new and emerging products and technologies. This senior profile position reports to the CEO. Job Description Strategic planning
2/3/2015 Menlo Park, CA Save This JobFLSA Classification: Full Time Exempt Department: Marketing Location: Palo Alto, CA Reports to: VP of Marketing Summary: Ooma is seeking an exceptional, highly motivated professional to lead our marketing effort. Reporting to the Vice President of Marketing and working with
1/31/2015 Palo Alto, CA Save This JobFLSA Classification: Exempt Department: Marketing Location: Palo Alto, CA Reports to: VP of Marketing Summary: Ooma? is a leading Voice over IP (VoIP) service provider located in Palo Alto, CA. Our consumer home phone service has been ranked #1 in the country 4-years running
1/31/2015 Palo Alto, CA Save This JobDepartment: Marketing Location: Palo Alto, CA Reports to: Director of Online Marketing Summary: As Email Marketing Manager, you will be responsible for all aspects of developing, optimizing and implementing automated and ad-hoc email campaigns that are aimed at increasing
1/31/2015 Palo Alto, CA Save This JobArt.com is looking for an outstanding candidate with a strong direct marketing background to grow and manage all elements of our CRM program. As an integral part of company strategy, this candidate will have an immediate impact and be given the ability to grow and advance in an
1/27/2015 Emeryville, CA Save This JobTokBox is looking for a rock-star Product Marketing Manager, focused on IP communication and competitive intelligence, to join our exceptional team. This person will be instrumental in helping TokBox convey to internal and external audiences how our Opentok product is changing
1/27/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This JobOverview: Aerohive is an innovative enterprise mobility company. Our solutions enable enterprises to leverage the power of mobility to increase productivity, engage customers and grow their business. Our proprietary mobility platform utilizes the cloud and a distributed,
1/26/2015 Sunnyvale, CA Save This JobTubeMogul seeks a Sr. Product Marketing Manager to grow awareness and adoption of its products, solutions and services among existing customers and prospects. The Sr. PMM will lead a team of 2-3 product marketers to develop go-to-market strategies across TubeMogul products and
1/26/2015 Emeryville, CA Save This Job


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Featured article
Source – Prison Records
Ironically, it's often the black sheep that bring the most color to our family trees. I love researching all the stories in my family, and prison records are a wonderful resource. History Before the French occupation (1795-1813), people were rarely imprisoned. Instead, criminals were hanged, banished, put in the pillory or sent to the work Continue reading →
Featured article
What spouses promised each other
If you have ever read all of the text of an early civil registration marriage record, you may have read how the groom and the bride promised to fulfill the duties of a husband and wife towards each other as specified in Title 5, Chapter 6 of the Civil Code. So what does that actually mean? Continue reading →
What is your earliest Dutch family photograph?
In the Netherlands, photography took off much later than in countries like the US or the UK. As a result, many of us only have family photographs going back to the early 1900s. So I was wondering, what is your earliest photograph? Please leave a link in the comments or post the image to the comments on this article Continue reading →
Featured article
Twisted family relationships in Nijmegen
In the 17th century, a genealogical riddle was published in Nijmegen. The Nijmegen riddle A painting hangs in the Nijmegen Town Hall showing a young woman with an old man lying in her lap, with six sons standing next to her: two in red, two in green and two in white. The wife of the old Continue reading →
Case study – the origins of Jan Dirkse van Eps
One of my clients asked me to research the origins of her Dutch colonial ancestor, Jan Dirkse van Eps. She graciously allowed me to share the research I did for her on my website, to make it available to other Van Eps descendants. As this article is based on the research report I wrote for her, it will Continue reading →
Tip of the week
Quick tip – Check your photos. Again.
Last week, I wrote a post about What spouses promised each other, in which I used a photograph of my grandparents' wedding. When browsing my Facebook feed, the story came up and I looked at the photo just like I would at any other photo. And there he was. My great-great-grandfather. Next to my grandfather Continue reading →
Term of the week
Dutch term – Naastingsrecht
Naastingsrecht was the right to have the first option of buying a property. Whenever a property was sold, a person who had naastingsrecht could match the purchase price and buy the property for himself, cancelling the original sale. Different parts of the Netherlands had different variations of this right. In most regions, next of kin had naastingsrecht. For instance, a younger Continue reading →


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What does BPIF mean in Professional Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand BPIF in the Business field in general and in the Professional Organizations terminology in particular.
Find a translation for BPIF in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this BPIF abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"BPIF." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/365487>.
BPIF also stands for:
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Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search British Printing Industries Federation on Amazon
- Search British Printing Industries Federation on Google


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Carriers route any landline or mobile call to the Twilio cloud.
Twilio receives the call and makes a request to your application.
Your app receives that request and responds with XML back to Twilio.
curl -X POST https://api.twilio.com/2010-04-01/Accounts/{AccountSid}/Calls \
--data-urlencode "To=+14155551212" \
--data-urlencode "From=+14158675309" \
--data-urlencode "Url=http://www.drawtheowl.com/ahoy.php" \
-u {AccountSid}:{AuthToken}
The number you want to ring. Can be any valid number in supported countries.
The number you'd like to appear in the recipient's caller ID. Can be any purchased or validated number.
The URL Twilio should retrieve TwiML from to decide how to proceed with the phone call when answered.
Twilio talks to your web app via webhooks - realtime HTTP requests to your web app. When your users call, Twilio will answer and synchronously make a webhook request to your app and ask for TwiML instructions about how to proceed with the call. The platform is a well-behaved HTTP client, and even supports cookies.
We designed Twilio for web developers like you who want to build applications that communicate. That's why Twilio supports a rich REST API as well as helper libraries for your favorite programming language. No need to learn some foreign software or hardware stack to make a phone ring. Use the tools you know, and rock the phone grid.
If robustness and reliability are as important to your application as they are to us, you'll be writing tests to ensure your customers always have a great experience. With Twilio's Test Credentials you can test those pesky telecom edge-cases, from buying a phone-number in Portugal to placing a call to Peru. All without spending a penny.
REST API request & parameter details and examples of constructing requests
Step by step guides walk through building basic web apps that control the phone network.
Create an account. Build an app that makes phone calls in under five minutes flat. No credit card required.


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"Well one way to start to deal with this behaviour is to make an assessment of when, where and with whom the acting out behaviour occurs. This can be done by using a behavioural assessment chart. You can also work with parent as well to…"
Started this discussion. Last reply by Shemeka Hodge Joyce Nov 15, 2012. 1 Reply 0 Likes
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text:
"Significantly constrained resources and the likelihood of further reductions in the future call for more innovative and cost-effective ways of doing business," said Maj Gen Judd H. Lyons, acting Director of the Army National Guard.
The Army Guard spent $32 million on its NASCAR sponsorship and $12 million on its IndyCar sponsorship for 2014. Future programs will rely on much smaller budgets.
And while sports sponsorships have played an important role in helping the Guard build strong brand awareness, existing Army National Guard sponsorship contracts with NASCAR and IRL are set to expire at the end of the current season, he said.
"We believe industry and open competition can help us identify effective and efficient solutions to help us meet our marketing and recruiting objectives within budget constraints," Lyons said.
Motorsports sponsorships served as a way to build greater awareness of the Army Guard as a whole.
"As part of a broad recruitment marketing strategy, motorsports partnerships—including NASCAR—played an important role in helping the National Guard build strong brand awareness and in turn helped us achieve extraordinary recruiting and end-strength objectives over the past decade," said Lt Col Christian Johnson, who heads Army Guard marketing.
"Our NASCAR sponsorship was principally a marketing program, intended primarily to build awareness of the National Guard as a career option" said Johnson. "The NASCAR sponsorship allowed the National Guard to leverage a 77 million fan base and the sport's most popular driver."
Despite reduced budgets, the Army National Guard needs to continue to recruit new people.
"Our accessions mission—the number of new members who need to join the Army Guard each year —is the second largest in the Department of Defense, second only to the active Army," said Maj Gen Lyons.
"To make best use of limited marketing dollars, future programs will have to sustain the Army National Guard brand with the American public, and also generate quality leads that will fill our ranks with the best Soldiers that America has to offer."
Motorsports sponsorships are not the only programs to be impacted by decreasing budgets. Since 2012, the Army Guard has reduced sports sponsorships from six—including professional fishing and motorcycle racing—to just the NASCAR and IndyCar sponsorships. In fiscal year 2015, the Army Guard's marketing budget is expected to be about half of what it was just three years ago in fiscal year 2012.
And as the Army Guard shifts its marketing strategy, one of the key elements behind those changes is maintaining fiscal responsibility.
"We share a common commitment to the American people to be good stewards of taxpayer dollars," said Maj Gen Lyons. "We will continue to assess and refine our programs to ensure we get the best return on investment.


text: The YouTube music streaming service you've been hearing about for months is finally here. It's called YouTube Music Key, and it lets subscribers stream and save high-quality music and music videos on the web and on Android and iOS devices. For now, however, you'll need an invite to use it.


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A new Mayhem Engineering crawler chassis, Kyosho dNano Parts, a camera you can mount to an RC Car, and a "How To" on building a micro off road track. All this and more in issue 32 of Fast Track.
Be sure you subscribe here. We're starting a promotion next month for our newsletter subscribers to give them a chance to win some free RC stuff! That is, if you like free R.C. gear.
Jay Huskey, Production and Development
I hope you enjoy the Team Losi LOSB1481B 1.9 Mini Rock Basher Tire video review, because we had lots of fun making it. I'm not sure if we'll ask Homer back for another product review. If we do, we'll make sure he eats something before getting in front of the camera! You will find the product link here: http://www.atomicmods.com/Products/Team-Losi-LOSB1481B-19-Mini-Rock-Basher-Tires__14861.aspx
If you want to stay current on our escapades, subscribe to our YouTube channel at http://www.youtube.com/AtomicMods while you are there check out our other vids.
Jay Huskey, Production & Development
Just posted a video review on the new Road Mice. These things are amazingly scale like, and work very well. Like most modern mice they have a laser, and are totally wireless. Unlike most modern mice, they look friggen sweet and have working headlights!
You will find the video review here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrm-exotW7Y and the product page here: http://www.atomicmods.com/search.aspx?keyword=road+mice
Posted by: Jay Huskey, Production and Development
Yes it is true, you can now follow us on Twitter! We will try to keep it real, although we are not convinced that we are actually all that interesting.
Posted by: Rob, Chief Executive Speedologist, A.K.A. "The ModFather"
The 10th Anniversary Mini-Z. Limited to 1000 units, this ARR chassis comes in a unique jet black finish and special red anodization on the ball diff and disc damper. These red-anodized parts are reserved only for this special edition MR02 and will not be available separately. We have the largest allocation of these limited production chassis sets in the US. Be sure to check out the sweet video review Frank did on the product page...Posted by: John Shanklin, Operations Manager
Begin Message Broadcast Alpha 729-98774-6754G: It is the mission of AtomicMods, to assimilate all sentient beings into our collective recreational activities. You are to proceed immediately to http://www.atomicmods.com/ and secure Micro RC products for immediate implantation.
Mini-Z implants are small and quite painless, however for greater compliance, consider Axial SCX10 or Tamiya CR01 structure grafts. 3Racing Winches are also acceptable to the collective and useful for, well, winching. Mayhem Engineering 1.9 Seven Aluminum rotational discs are very pleasurable, and brushless neurological enhancements increase reaction times by 82.9%.
Comply now to avoid long lines at the surgical bays.
Well it's official. I'm addicted to an R.C. shortcourse Truck. A few months ago some of my so called friends purchased Traxxas Slash trucks, and after watching the off-road carnage ensue, one of them said "you wanna try it? It's free.." (The first one is always free right?) BAM! I'm addicted.A few days later I'm in the hobby shop coughing up a couple of Benjamins for a new addition to an already overflowing hobby room. On the way home it hits me that I'm going to have to explain this new addition to the wife at some point. Luckily, her reaction was, "That thing is sweet!" Cool, I'm not divorced!
All kidding aside, the Slash is a fun and tough piece of equipment. Unfortunately it's not in our lineup since are into smaller scale stuff, but its little brother will be! We will be carrying the 1:16 scale Slash and eRevo from Traxxas pretty soon. The new 1:16 Slash will be a little different from its big brother (brushless and 4x4) so watch out! I've already got the shakes just thinking about it. Maybe I need some rehab?


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Lexus Links
Related Models For Sale
Other Years
Lexus GX 470 For Sale
2005 Lexus GX 470 Trims For Sale
User Reviews
Displaying all 7 2005 Lexus GX 470 reviews.
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
ProsComfort, reliability, easy commuting with family, awesome to take on family trips Consthe newer models have gotten way too expensive
Love This Car! — LOVE this car, it's awesome!!!! It's been my favorite car to own of all time. The Lexus quality and comfort are unparalleled. It's worth the investment. This is an ideal luxury family car that will give you years of enjoyment. Primary Use: Family transportation
Looking for a Used GX 470 in your area?
CarGurus has 1,316 nationwide GX 470 listings
starting at $8,200.
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
ProsLuxury ConsFuel
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
ProsBeautiful paint and interior. Very comfortable ride for commuting and long distances.Plenty of power. ConsThird row seat too small for anyone but small children. Acceptable for being a mid-size suv though.
Can't Beat It. — Eqipped with the sport package,the ride and handling were exceptional.Well appointed interior.Quality materials used lend to a very luxurious surrounding.Mark Levinson stereo is amazing.Averaged 17.6mpg mixed driving,not bad for full-time AWD.Extremely reliable and factory recommended services are fairly priced. Primary Use: Family transportation |
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
ProsLooks and runs superior. spacious 3rd row allows room for every one to ride, Handles and rides smooth all the bells whistles Lexus offers from handsfree blue tooth navigation dvd front rear and very back ice cold ac over all very sleek rides like a Lexus, comfort luxury suv great for where ever with the 4x4 Insurance is reasonable (with the back up camera blue tooth hands free talk and all the air bags .) This 2005 looks like a 2010 same body. Over all Full 5***** ConsService is just a little on the high side. The keys are known for breaking. How ever the Lexus dealer is aware and only charges $55 to replace the whole key with keyless entry so that makes up for that.
2005 Lexus Gx 470 Sleek Luxury 3rd Row Navigation Back Up Camera Dvd — This 2005 Lexus GX 470 4x4 suv is the highest end of all vehicles. The true beauty of owning a Lexus is knowing no matter where you go it will effortlessly take you there with Style, that stands out from all other vehicles. It offers every thing from hands free blue tooth 6 disk am fm cd back up camera navigation power heated soft leather memory seats power sun roof tow package keyless lighted entry security front side rear air bags. Lexus says quality. Primary Use: Family transportation |
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
ProsLooks, handling, comfort, reliability, capability ConsNot much to complain about
Great Reliable Car With Creature Comforts — It's a good looking SUV and fully capable of any off-road elements that may come around. Good handling. Fuel mileage could be a tad bit better, but considering it's a full-time 4-wheel drive, that's alright. It could use a few more horses. Primary Use: Utility (towing boats, transporting cargo, etc.) |
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
ProsReliable, luxurious, spacious, multi functional ConsA little unsteady in bumps but ultimately stable
Best Car/suv I Have Every Owned — Bought it new and plan to keep it for a number of more years. Reliable, luxurious, comfortable, and a joy to drive. With out one of the best suv's ever made. I have taken long road trips in and loved it, its a great client car and have hauled all kinds of things in it and to it. A work horse that looks like a super model. It's the best vehicle i have ever owned and i plan to just keep on driving it for a long time. Primary Use: Family transportation |
2005 Lexus GX 470 Base
Prosfit for a family, nd top class Consnot built for speed
Displaying all 7 2005 Lexus GX 470 reviews.
Reviews From Other Years
2009 Lexus GX 470 Reviews
You Feel Like You Are Floating When You Drive It. By Jeanni2
I traded my BMW x5 in for this vehicle. I did not know what I was missing. The ride is so elegant and smooth. This car handles like a dream. The steering is not tight. It is very relaxing to driv... Read More
2008 Lexus GX 470 Reviews
Love It! By AGriff
I bought this car brand new and has enjoyed every moment of it. - This is a great family car, rides smooth, has several options, towing package, height control, rear camera, DVD and Navigation system,... Read More
My Current Car By Connie
This car has power...vrroooommm vrooommm....NOW..if only thee was some way they could retain the power and make it hydrogen powered instead...Then it would be environmentally consscioius and totally ... Read More
2007 Lexus GX 470 Reviews
Nice Car By Ben
The Appearance of the car is beautiful and has great style and the interior is very comfortable, the performance is amazing this car definitely has great acceleration and the mileage per gallon is exc... Read More
2006 Lexus GX 470 Reviews
Reliable Up For Anything Suv By Sam
I like the handling and styling as well as the cargo capacity and refined luxury interior. I dislike the gas mileage and rear door. The rear door swings from the left. I wish it were more of a tailgat... Read More
Luxury With Family In Mind... By admk
We have really enjoyed driving this car. It has been a wonderful family car without feeling like another "soccer mom". This car handles beautifully, is fun and easy to drive and parks in any garage ... Read More
2004 Lexus GX 470 Reviews
Great Ride By positive1111
Great car handles well and is very comfortable, Cargo capacity is exceptional. The Lexus is a luxury car. The FWD great in the snow. Only minor repairs were required. Car handles well and feels saf... Read More
Love This Car. Daily Driver. Also Used For Long Trips. By eric5841
Fun to drive, very luxurious, high quality, dependable, great interior. Comfortable for trips. Good performance for SUV. Nice looking. Gas milage has been running just over 20 mpg, which is OK. Read More
People researching a 2005 Lexus GX 470 contacted a dealer about
39% of the time
Infiniti QX56
5% of the time
Toyota Sequoia
4% of the time
Porsche Cayenne
4% of the time


text:
Welcome to Tesco Wine by the case.
We hope you enjoy your visit.
Reference number 051724523
Based on 12 Reviews | Login to write a review
£126.00 per case
Equivalent to £21.00 per bottle
126 Clubcard Points
This wine really can claim iconic status.
It was the one that made the world take New Zealand's Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc seriously - and still makes wine lovers swoon today.
Fresh and vibrant, with ripe lime and grapefruit flavours, together with nectarine and gooseberry flavours.
A real show-stopper.
To ensure this wine is consumed at its best, please see best before date on: Bottle
Extended product information
If you require further product information, including information about allergens in this wine, |
Enjoy Responsibly
Established in 1985 the winery takes its name from the bay at the eastern edge of the Wairau Valley, which was named Cloudy Bay by Captain Cook on his voyage to New Zealand in 1770.
Tim Heath
The grapes are sourced from estate and grower vineyards located in the Wairau Valley in Marlborough at the northern end of New Zealand's South Island. The vineyards enjoy a maritime climate with the longest hours of sunshine than anywhere else in New Zealand.
£336.00 per case
Equivalent to £56.00 per bottle
336 Clubcard Points
£22.74 per case
Equivalent to £3.79 per bottle
22 Clubcard Points


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City, OFD crack down on 2 Square restaurants
During a special meeting of the Oxford Board of Aldermen Monday, the board agreed to send a letter to three Square restaurants informing them that they need to either build a second exit or keep their capacity down to 49 or face sanctions for violating state fire codes. (December 7, 2011, Page 2)
Cicada caters to the fellas with new store
Cicada has been serving the fashion needs of women in Oxford for 13 years. With its new Cicada for Him store, the business operators hope to do the same for men. (October 31, 2011, Page 6A)
Game day weekend keeps police busy
Local law enforcement officers had little time to rest during the biggest SEC football home-game weekend thus far this season.
The Oxford Police Department responded to more than 197 calls between 6 a.m. Friday and 6 a.m. this morning. (October 17, 2011, Page 1A)
Some alarmed by fire code inspections
While few violations were found on the Square, city fire inspectors were double checking occupancy levels at many restaurants and bars on the Square on Thursday night. These inspections are expected to continue through the weekend. There are questions from business owners, however, about the frequency and randomness of the checks. (October 14, 2011, Page 1A)
Disaster Preparedness Day
In honor of September being named as Disaster Preparedness Month, the North Central Mississippi Medical Reserve Corps, Oxford Emergency Management and RSVP will have a tent set up Friday on the Square in front of the Skipwith Cottage with free information on how to prepare for natural disasters. Information about preparing for a disaster will be available from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. For more information, call either RSVP at 232-2377 or MRC at 232-2476. (September 6, 2011)
Pondering the need for more local policemen
Four more police officers, costing some $160,000 a year, were approved by city leaders to help patrol and control all that goes on in Oxford, but particularly in the Square area at night. Was it the right decision? Who should pay? Editor Don Whitten takes a look at the issue, nothing that there are at least two sides to the story. (August 31, 2011, Page 4A)
The burning of Oxford
Columnist and local historian Jack Lamar Mayfield takes us back to 1864 when Gen. Smith ordered Oxford be burned to the ground during the Civil War. (August 26, 2011, Page 2B)
Stuff you'll want to see now that you're here
OXFORD TOWN – YAC Director and regular OT art and entertainment columnist Wayne Andrews gives tips about interesting events and activities that deviate from the norm and are considered "must sees" around the L-O-U community. His focus; Thacker Mountain Radio featuring host Jim Dees (pictured) and the monthly art events Oxford Art Crawl and Makers Market. Page 10 in this week's issue of Oxford Town helps you get off the beaten path and soak up a little culture along the way by following these great suggestions. Check it out. (August 18, 2011, Page 10)
Letters to the Editor
David Robinson writes to relate a more pleasant dog-candidate story, while Blake Robertson writes to praise Oxford and organizers of the recent biking competition for their event. (August 16, 2011, Page 4)
The 2nd Annual Oxford Endurance Weekend cranks up Friday, Aug. 5
OXFORD TOWN – The cover of this week's Oxford Town features SmartSync Oxford Endurance Weekend, a jam packed weekend of endurance races, which begins at the University Museum with the Rowan Oak 5K on Friday and ends Sunday on the Oxford Square with the Oxford Square Criterium. Page 6 in this issue has a schedule, photos and other details about the upcoming full weekend of endurance races as athletes around the country invade Oxford with their bikes and triathlon gear. The races promise to be spectator-friendly and exciting and everyone is invited to attend. (August 4, 2011, Page 6)


text: On 2/12/07, BLFS User <blfsuser at blueyonder.co.uk> wrote: > On Mon, 2007-02-12 at 12:26 +0530, jignesh gangani wrote: > > I have just one question. What style of package management > > system did you use? (ie. symlink style or preloaded library style or > > database style) and What software did you use?(Ok , this makes two > > questions.) > > Hi Jignesh, I didn't use any package management techniques and the only > software I used is that listed in the install log. I just kept the log > of what software was installed, and when, manually with the use of a > text editor. This is usually what I do as well. And i keep all my sources in one place and just remove the expanded directories. This is just in case i need to recompile them later to fix something. It seams to work quite well.


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The National Weather Service (NWS) has provided river forecasts for navigation and flood warning since the mid 1800s (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1994). The NWS mission includes the protection of life and property and enhancement of the national economy. In so doing, the NWS strives to deliver quality forecasts with increasing accuracy. One method established to improve forecasts is completing a post-analysis or verification of the forecast data compared to observed data. The typical method used for determining the accuracy of a river forecast has been to pair observed and forecast values in order to calculate statistics such as root mean-squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error. Such calculations are certainly useful in comparing magnitudes of error from one event to another at one forecast point, but they cannot easily be compared from one location to another. For example, one river may have variations in flow from thousands to tens of thousands while another varies from hundreds to thousands. An RMSE of 1000 cfs may be a "good" forecast for the former river, where an RMSE of 1000 cfs for the latter would not be. There is a need to have a measure that is normalized from one river to the next, so that the agency can make fair assessments and prioritize identified needs.
Statistics involving error magnitude also do not take the rarity of the event into account. River conditions vary greatly with the weather, and many other hydrologic and geologic variables, resulting in a wide range of flows. Those conditions that are common, or in line with climatology, might be considered "easier" to forecast compared to more rare events. The Linear Error in Probability Space (LEPS)-based skill score (Wilks, 1995) could take this difficulty into account and add valuable information to verification. Additionally, the LEPS-based skill score is not dependent on the scale of the variable and could be used as a normalized score.
The purpose of this project is to develop the LEPS-based skill score (SSLEPS ) and test its usefulness with more traditional methods of verification. It will be determined using monthly cumulative distribution functions (CDF), or frequency curves, of mean daily flow for six separate river flow gaging points. The six points will have some similarities and differences in basin size, climate regime, and bed slope of the river. Results using the LEPS-based skill score will be used in conjunction with the RMSE to provide the forecaster or agency with additional information regarding the quality of the forecast.
Fulfilling the NWS mission to provide quality river forecasts has progressed with the implementation of vastly improved technology, higher resolution data sets, and the enhanced ability to apply scientific methods to hydrologic forecasting. Assessing forecasts after the fact can show trends in improvement and help to confirm resources are being used wisely. Post-analysis can also increase the experienced-based knowledge of the forecaster by indicating biases in forecast models or the input of inaccurate data into those models. Statistical calculations such as RMSE can show such trends. However, in serving the public, how can the NWS state whether or not the forecast was of good quality? During a flood, errors are typically higher than errors during normal flow. How can we relay the difference to the public?
A recent example of this occurred during the 1997 Red River of the North flood at Grand Forks, ND and East Grand Forks, MN. A near record forecast of 48.8 feet above the gage datum of 779 feet mean sea level was issued two months in advance. As the time to crest drew closer and additional precipitation added to the projected runoff, the NWS updated the forecast to 50 feet (LeFever et al., 1999). As meteorological conditions such as rapid warming exacerbated the snowmelt flooding, several upward revisions were made to the forecast to as high as 54.0 feet. The cities had built levees to provide protection to 52 feet. The crest occurred at 54.35 feet breaking the previous record of 50.2 feet set in 1897. The cities were inundated with flood waters. In this unprecedented event, the NWS provided the best forecast possible given the current technological applications. How good was it? The agency knows there is always room for improvement as an RMS error would show in this case. The addition of a skill score would allow a five foot error of a rare event to be compared to a smaller error in a more common event. This data could then be used together to gage the overall improvement of the quality of NWS river forecasts. The variation in error could also be used to define the limits of the hydrologic forecasting science for rare events.
a. Data Stratification
The NWS provides river forecasts twice daily for major rivers, and twice daily during high flow for hundreds of smaller rivers and tributaries. Flows can vary greatly over a period of a few weeks and seasonal averages or extremes can mask this variation. For this reason, mean daily flows over monthly periods were chosen to represent a climatology of stream flows. A series of 12 monthly CDFs were created for six river forecast points using mean daily flow values from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN). The HCDN consists of streamflow records for 1,703 sites throughout the United States and its Territories, spanning the period 1874 through 1988. The records have been quality assured for accuracy and natural conditions (e.g., free of reservoir controls) (Slack and Landwehr, 1992).
The sites for this project were chosen through stratified random sampling (Maidment, 1992). The sampling area was made up of the Missouri and Upper Mississippi River basins, Region 10 and Region 7 of the HCDN, respectively, since forecast and observed flow data in this area would be readily available at the NWS Central Region Headquarters. To create the best possible CDF representing streamflow climatology, the sample set was limited to gaging stations with at least 50 years of data. Rivers forecasts by the NWS rarely fall to zero flow, therefore, the sample was further limited to those streams with perennial streamflow (i.e., non-zero flow). In an effort to use a variety of data sets, points were then separated according different groups of basin characteristics and U.S. standard climatic regions for temperature and precipitation (NOAA, 2000) as described below. Using these constraints, 70 gaging stations remained.
The 70 stations were divided into groups of various basin and climatological regimes. Rainfall, basin area, and basin bed slope, being important parameters affecting streamflow (Bedient and Huber, 1992), were chosen to use for grouping the data. Climatological regions were chosen within the Missouri and Mississippi River basins from the nine regions defined by the National Climatic Data Center and depicted in Figure 1. The East North Central and Central Regions were chosen due to availability of data. All 1703 sites in the HCDN were used to determine different classes of basin area. 1556 sites were available with slope information. Both basin area and slope histograms were created using Microsoft Excel (1995-96) and Jmp In software (Sall and Lehman, 1996) was used to test for normality. Both were not found to be normal. A variety of unequal class lengths were tried until normal distributions were found. Otherwise, most all the data would have been lumped into one class interval. The Histograms were plotted as relative frequencies divided by class interval with total area under the histogram equal to 1 (Johnson, 1994). Figure 2 shows the histogram and Table 1 the classes for basin area. Figure 3 and Table 2 show the histogram and classes for slope, respectively.
Figure 2. Basin Area Histogram.
Classes | Frequency | Relative Frequency |
0-10 | 87 | 0.05 |
10.01-200 | 622 | 0.37 |
200.01-2000 | 763 | 0.45 |
2000.01-10000 | 177 | 0.10 |
>10,000 | 54 | 0.03 |
Total | 1703 | 1.00 |
Classes | Frequency | Relative Frequency |
0-3 | 186 | 0.12 |
3.01-8 | 397 | 0.26 |
8.01-40 | 502 | 0.32 |
40.01-150 | 328 | 0.21 |
> 50 | 143 | 0.09 |
Total | 1556 | 1.00 |
Two different basin areas and slopes were selected. Basin area classes ranging from 200.01 to 2000 mi2 (A1) and 2000.01 to 10,000 mi2 (A2) were chosen since forecasts are generally not made for smaller basins, and streamflow variability is less for larger basins. Variability is needed to show the use of the skill score at different streamflows. Slope classes were chosen from 3.01 to 8.00 ft-mi-1 (S1) and 8.01 to 40.00 ft-mi-1 (S2) as the two classes with the highest frequencies, thus more sites from which to choose.
b. Randomization of Data
The 70 sites were divided into the two climatic regimes, East North Central (ENC) and Central (CEN) Regions. Since the decision was made to create six CDFs, three combinations of the two slopes and two basin areas were needed within each climate regimes. Available combinations were ENC_S1A1, ENC_S1A2, ENC_S2A1, ENC_S2A2, CEN_S1A1, CEN_S1A2, CEN_S2A1, and CEN_S2A2, and are shown in Appendix A. To achieve an unbiased selection of six stations to study, the sites were selected randomly from the stratified groups using the random number generator in Excel. Selected groups were ENC_S1A1, ENC_S2A1, ENC_S1A2, CEN_S1A1, CEN_S2A1, and CEN_S1A2. The random number generator was then used to select one station from each group. These were Sugar River near Brodhead, WI (Station number (#) 5436500); Jump River at Sheldon, WI (#5362000); Nishnabotna River near Hamburg, IA (#6810000); Meramec River near Steeleville, MO (#7013000); Castor River at Zalma, MO (#7021000); and Gasconade River at Jerome, MO (#6933500), respectively.
c. Creation and Comparison of CDFs
The HCDN historical data files for the six selected sites were imported into Excel and ranked from largest to smallest. Since the distributions of mean daily flow by months were unknown, CDFs were created using the Cunnane plotting position equation (Bedient and Huber, 1992; Maidment, 1992),
As suggested by Ritter (1999), the CDF computation was carried out to at least four decimal places (five places were significant). Graphical presentations of the CDFs can be found in Appendix B. JMP IN was used to create the graphical CDFs and to test them for normality. None were found to be normal. For each month, each CDF was compared to every other CDF to determine if a significant difference existed in the distributions using a Komolgorov-Smirnov (K-S) test of significance (Johnson, 1994; Kanji, 1993; Wilks, 1995) at the alpha = 0.05 level. The K-S test was used since the data were not normal. The null hypotheses, H0, and alternative hypothesis, HA, were as follows:
looked for the largest (in absolute value) difference between the empirical CDFs. Since absolute values were used, the test was one-sided and the null hypothesis was rejected at the a=(alpha x 100)% level if
Kanji expressed the limitations of the K-S test in that best results occur with a sufficiently large data set. Montgomery (1997) stated the probability of a Type II error, beta (failure to reject H0 when H0 is false), is dependent on the sample size. As the sample size increases, beta decreases and the power of the test (1-beta) increases. With each CDF of 50 or more years of data containing 1723-2294 elements of mean daily flow values, it was concluded that the K-S test was sufficiently powerful.
The null hypothesis was rejected (i.e. the CDFs were significantly different) for most combinations except the following: Steeleville and Jerome for all months, and Brodhead and Sheldon for the month of June. One could conclude the same CDF could be used for Steeleville and Jerome from the CEN_S1A1 and CEN_S1A2 groups, respectively. With Brodhead and Sheldon having similar CDFs for only one month, it would be best to keep them separate. Since the ENC_S1A1 and ENC_S1A2 stations (Brodhead and Sheldon, WI) were significantly different, one cannot conclude the same CDF can be used for all S1A1 and S1A2 groups. One can conclude the divisions of selected climate, slope, and area are significantly different. The results of these comparisons generally support using individual CDFs for each site.
d. Verification of Forecast Flow Data
Of the six sites, four were noted as NWS forecast points: Brodhead, Hamburg, Steeleville, and Jerome. Once again, the random number generator was used to select Hamburg as the point to test the concept of verification using RMSE and SSLEPS. RMSE incorporates both systematic and random errors (Maidment, 1992). A perfect RMSE is zero and increases as errors in forecast and observation pairs increase. The SSLEPS calculates the difference in the probability of occurrence between forecasts and observations with respect to the scale of the climatological CDF, rather than comparing the magnitudes of the specific forecasts and observations. It is assumed that in the portion of the CDF where a forecast value is more likely, it should be easier to forecast than for those values that are climatologically less likely. The reference forecast in the skill score equation is the climatological median, 0.50000, or the point at which there is a 50% chance of a variable being less than the value at that point. According to Wilks (1995), "transforming forecasts and observations to the cumulative probability scale assesses larger penalties for forecast errors in regions where the probability is more strongly concentrated", such as around the 50th percentile of the CDF. This will need to be kept in mind when evaluating the usefulness of the skill score. A skill score of 1 is perfect, zero means no improvement over climatology, and negative values imply a worse forecast than climatology.
In a series of N forecasts where Fi represents the i-th forecast, Oithe i-th observation, and F(x) the climatological cumulative distribution function as defined by the frequency curves in Appendix B
The sample set was comprised of flood-only forecasts covering April 2, 1998 through July 26, 1998. The forecasts were in stage height and had to be converted to flow using a rating curve (Figure 4). To obtain the forecast and observed frequencies from the CDF curves, an interpolation algorithm was run using Corel Quattro Pro software (1997). The data can be found in Appendix C. In June and July, several of the forecast and observed flows were higher than the largest value in the CDF and the rating curve. In order to place a frequency value on those flows, the CDF and rating curve were extended using curve fitting routines in JMP IN.
Verification results are shown in Table 3. RMSEs for April and May were similar and lowest of the four months. July's RMSE was nearly twice that of April, but with a slightly higher skill score. The range in forecast flow frequency values in April was from 0.91785 to 0.99874 and from 0.94951 to 0.99995 in July, much above the median flow frequency of 0.50000. This is an indication of forecasting unlikely events, and therefore more difficult forecasts. The resulting April skill score of 0.98776 is quite high (1.0 is perfect). Comparing April to June one can see the verification indicates forecasts were not as good in June with a much higher RMSE (5399 compared to 1405 in April) and a skill score of 0.94805. Still, with 1.0 being perfect, this would appear to be a "good" skill score. Comparing the flow frequency ranges in Table 4, June has a wider range and could explain the lower skill score.
Month | RMSE (cfs) | SSLEPS |
April | 1405 | 0.98776 |
May | 1359 | 0.97544 |
June | 5399 | 0.94805 |
July | 2951 | 0.98836 |
Month | Min F(F) | Max F(F) |
April | 0.91785 | 0.99874 |
May | 0.86749 | 0.99333 |
June | 0.79560 | 0.99999 |
July | 0.94951 | 0.99995 |
It appeared that flood-only forecasts might not provide a wide range of skill scores to evaluate. It was then decided to investigate scores for a daily forecast point. As none of the four forecast points selected in the random sampling were daily forecast points, another selection option would need to be used. Of the four HCDN selected rivers, only the Meramec River had a daily forecast point, Eureka, MO. It was desirable to have a wide range of flows to hopefully show more variety in the skill score, and Eureka was found to have a variety of flows from June through August 1998. It was also stated Eureka was a good site for such an experiment as it "is a mid-basin point..., downstream of a couple modeled tributary rivers. This modeling situation gives enough forecast lead time for a dampening out of many of the spurious signals that may be coming from any given headwater point, allowing the "true" signal to be read." (Buan, 2000). Eureka was also part of the HCDN data, and already part of the stratified group, CEN_S1A2. It seemed a very appropriate choice.
Eureka CDFs for June, July, and August were created as above and are contained in Appendix D. These CDFs were also compared to the other CEN_S1A2 basin, the Gasconade River at Jerome, MO to see if significant differences existed. Again using the K-S test of significance as before, the hypothesis that the Jerome and Eureka distributions were the same was rejected for all three months, further supporting the need for individual CDFs. The forecasts and observations for Eureka were converted from stage height to flow using the Eureka rating table (Figure D4 in Appendix D), and frequency values were obtained through interpolation of the CDFs. The August CDF had to be extended due to a higher flow than in the HCDN data set.
Since the flow data for Eureka varied more from low to high flow, it was decided to separate the data into two groups, the more extreme and the more common, so as not to attenuate differences between the two groups. The 25TH and 75th quartiles (Johnson, 1994) of the CDFs were determined using JMP IN. CDF values in the upper 25% and lower 25% were grouped together as the more extreme flows, and values in the inner quartiles were grouped as the more common occurrences. The forecast flow data with accompanying observations were then placed in one of the two groups, depending on the frequency value of the forecast data. Eureka RMSE and SSLEPS were derived for these two groups as well as for the month as a whole (all quartiles). Results are shown in Table 5.
The forecast data for Hamburg were also divided up according to its CDF inner and outer quartiles, and found that all observed-forecast pairs fell in the outer quartiles, specifically the 75th Quartile (Q75). Using the Q75 data for Eureka provided the additional advantage of being able to compare the Hamburg flood-only scores with the scores for Eureka as both data sets were based on a specific range in probabilities. It no longer mattered that one was a daily forecast point, and the other flood-only. Skill scores for Hamburg and Eureka in June were 0.94805 and 0.89884, respectively. For July, Hamburg had a score of 0.98836 and Eureka had 0.73059. Are these differences significant? To answer that, individual skill scores were calculated for each pair of forecast and observed flow values in June and July. Since the skill scores were not normally distributed and the data set was small, a test of significance was computed using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test in Jmp In. Skill scores for both months were shown to be significantly different. Looking only at these scores one might look further into the Eureka forecasts to identify any particular problems in July, 1998 such as model deficiencies, sparsity of data, etc.
With data split into the inner and outer quartiles, Table 5 shows a wide variety of skill scores. The values in the more common group, the inner quartiles, are much lower (worse) than scores in the outer quartiles. As stated earlier, skill scores in regions of the higher probability of occurrence assess a higher penalty. These results show usefulness in the skill scores, especially in the outer quartiles. For example, it is obvious that June showed "better" forecasting than July in the outer quartiles where the RMSE was 3602 cfs for June compared to 5424 cfs in July, and respective skill scores were 0.89884 and 0.76189. The calculations over the individual months
Month | Inner Quartiles | Outer Quartiles | Q75 | ||||||
n | RMSE (cfs) | SSLEPS | n | RMSE (cfs) | SSLEPS | n |
RMSE (cfs) |
June | 7 | 362 | 0.53366 | 22 | 3602 | 0.89884 | 22 | 3602 | 0.89884 |
July | 4 | 1131 | 0.38125 | 27 | 5424 | 0.76189 | 25 | 5652 | 0.73059 |
August | 1 | 387 | -0.33333 | 30 | 2581 | 0.80103 | 24 | 2861 | 0.93684 |
All Quartiles | |||||||||
n | RMSE (cfs) | SSLEPS | Min F(F) | Max F(F) | |||||
June | 29 | 3142 | 0.87352 | 0.43276 | 0.97870 | ||||
July | 31 | 5092 | 0.70572 | 0.00020 | 0.99773 | ||||
August | 31 | 2540 | 0.77024 | 0.00038 | 0.99997 |
(all quartiles) showed a similar trend to the outer quartile calculations but with slightly lower values. However, these monthly values failed to reflect the lower RMSEs in the inner quartiles, important information regarding error in the actual forecast. This further supports the idea of using the inner and outer quartiles as a verification method rather than combining all the data for a month.
Since RMSEs involve squaring errors, they will be increasingly higher where differences in forecasts and observations increase. Large differences strongly influence RMSEs. If it is true that forecasting in the inner quartiles is easier, RMSEs should be noticeably lower. The results shown in Table 5 support this. Using only RMSE values, one would conclude forecasts in the inner quartile were better than the outer quartile. Comparing only the skill scores, one would conclude the forecasts for the more extreme events were much better than for the common events. How can the two scores be used together? Is there a relation between RMSE and SSLEPS that would provide a more complete test of quality? These questions may be answered by creating a climatology of RMSE values and skill scores such that the forecaster could evaluate how his/her forecast scores compare to typical scores. An RMSE for a single forecast is the same as an absolute error (AE), |F-O|. Providing a normal absolute error with each forecast might give the public a better understanding of the typical range in the forecast. (DeWeese, 2000) and could add significant value. Additionally, the NWS could track improvement in forecasts.
An advantage with the skill scores, because they are based on probabilities, is that a flood on one river can be compared to a flood on another river. As shown above, a group of flood-only forecasts should not be compared to a group of daily forecasts. But if forecast or observed data for any point are split into similar probability ranges such as with the inner and outer quartiles, or flood only with the 75th Quartile, the results can be compared.
e. Grand Forks case study
In April 1997 an unprecedented flood occurred in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota. The only verification score to use at the time was one comparing the magnitudes of the forecast and observed stages. However, the flood was literally "way off the charts" and went beyond the NWS's scientific and technical abilities. It came down to forecaster subjectivity, knowledge of the river, and experience. Citing differences between crest forecasts during the week before the observed crest, and the actual observed crests, some forecasts were as much as four feet too low. Given the rarity of the event, how "good" were these forecasts?
An April CDF, Figure 5, was calculated for Grand Forks using USGS historical data from the National Water Information System as it was not available in the HCDN. Estimated data was deleted. The rating curve shown in Appendix D, Figure D5, was used to convert gage height to flow as before. This rating curve provided by the North Central River Forecast Center was for the observed flow during the flood, and is quite complicated in that some rising stages had
decreasing flows due to damming effects. Since forecasters during the week prior to the crest were working with the increasing flow portion of this rating, that was the portion used for the flow values in these calculations (Figure D6). Extending this rating for higher stages resulted in higher flows, contrary to what actually happened due to damming.
Table 6 shows the forecast and observed crest flows, estimated using the rating curve in Figure D6, as well as individual and overall verification scores. Forecasts were for crests only, therefore each forecast was paired with the observed crest flow estimated to be 115,000 cfs from Figure D5. (Note: Individual RMSEs are the same as absolute error, |Fi - Oi|.)
Date forecast issued | Forecast Crest (ft) | ObservedCrest (ft) 4/22/97 | Forecast Crest (cfs) | Observed Crest (cfs) | RMSE (cfs) | SSLEPS |
02/27/97 | 48.8 | 54.35 | 68667 | 115000 | 46333 | 0.99137 |
04/03/97 | 49 | 54.35 | 70000 | 115000 | 45000 | 0.99186 |
04/14/97 | 50 | 54.35 | 82500 | 115000 | 32500 | 0.99768 |
04/15/97 | 50 | 54.35 | 82500 | 115000 | 32500 | 0.99768 |
04/16/97 | 50.5 | 54.35 | 93125 | 115000 | 21875 | 0.99800 |
04/17/97 | 52 | 54.35 | 125000 | 115000 | 10000 | 0.99955 |
04/18/97 | 53 | 54.35 | 139711 | 115000 | 24711 | 0.99938 |
04/18/97 | 54 | 54.35 | 160412 | 115000 | 45412 | 0.99926 |
All forecasts | 34525 | 0.99685 |
A trend of increasing skill scores and lowering RMSEs is shown in the individual forecasts from February 27 - April 17, 1997. April 18 marked the beginning of decreasing flow with continued rising stage at which point RMSEs increased rapidly and skill scores decreased. The near perfect skill scores reflect the rarity of the event. Very small changes must be considered as the rate of change in the CDF in this region is very small. The range in frequency values for the forecast flows was from 0.99520 to 0.99988. The range for the Hamburg data in April was from 0.91785 to 0.99874. The April skill score for Hamburg was 0.98776 and for Grand Forks for the combined forecasts, 0.99685. Again using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test of significance for the individual skill scores of Hamburg April data and for all crest forecast data for Grand Forks, the scores were not found to be significantly different. One could conclude the forecasts were equally good for the two extreme events.
The LEPS-based skill score adds more information to more traditional verification methods and appears to be quite useful as it is not dependent on the scale of the variable being verified. By taking into account the rarity of the event, it bears information as to the quality of the forecast. The LEPS-based skill score by itself can be used to compare a forecast from one river to an entirely different river. This would be of great benefit to the NWS in making fair assessments and prioritizing identified needs. For individual rivers forecast points, SSLEPS should be used with RMSE or similar error scores, to indicate how much improvement is needed to lower the error in the actual magnitude of the forecast. Additional benefit would be attained by developing a climatology of RMSE or AE values and skill scores such that the forecaster could evaluate his/her forecast compared to typical errors and skill scores. The agency could also track improvement in forecasts over time.
This study did not show that one common CDF for different sites or sites with similar basin characteristics could be used in calculating the LEPS-based skill score. Individual CDFs using years of mean daily flow data would need to be created. Current NWS river forecasting software will create CDFs on an annual basis, not monthly. If a change could be made such that the software could create monthly CDFs of mean daily flow, use of the SSLEPS could be further evaluated.
Acknowledgments. The author would like to thank A. Juliann Meyer and Thomas Gurss of the NWS Missouri Basin River Forecast Center; Steven Buan and John Halquist of the NWS North Central River Forecast Center; and Shilpa Shenvi and Geoffrey Bonnin of the NWS Office of Hydrologic Development for providing the data for this study; and John Schaake also of the NWS Office of Hydrologic Development for his guidance in the development of this project.
Bedient, P.B. and W.C. Huber, 1948: Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis Second Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 692 pp.
Buan, S., 2000: Hydrologist, NWS North Central River Forecast Center, Personal Communication.
Corel Quattro Pro 8. (1997). Corel Corporation Limited.
DeWeese, M., 2000: Senior Hydrologist, NWS North Central River Forecast Center, Personal Communication.
Johnson, R., 1994: Miller & Freund's Probability and Statistics for Engineers. Prentice-Hall, 630 pp.
Kanji, G., 1993: 100 Statistical Tests. Sage Publications, 216 pp.
LeFever, J.A., J.P. Bluemle and R.P. Waldkirch, 1999: Flooding in the Grand Forks-East Grand Forks North Dakota and Minnesota area. North Dakota Geological Survey Educational Series NO. 25, 1-63.
Maidment, David R., 1993: Handbook of Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, NY, estimated 1450 pp.
Microsoft Corporation. (1995-96). Getting Results with Microsoft Excel 97. Microsoft Corporation, 27 pp.
Montgomery, 1997: Design and Analysis of Experiments Fourth Edition. John Wiley and sons, 704 pp.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1994: Natural Disaster Survey Report, The Great Flood of 1993, 244 pp.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000: U.S. Regional Analysis of 1998 Climate, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/research/1998/ann/usrgns_pg.gif (May 10, 2000).
Ritter, Terry, (1999). Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography. http://www.io.com/~ritter/GLOSSARY.HTM (April 15, 2000).
Sall, J., and A. Lehman, SAS Institute Inc., 1996: JMP Start Statistics. Duxbury Press, 520 pp.
Slack, J.R., and J. M. Landwehr, 1992: HCDN: A U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate variations, 1874 - 1988. USGS Open-File Report 92-129. Http://www.rvarvs.er.usgs.gov/hcdn_report/content.html (February 20, 2000).
Wilks, D., 1995: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Academic Press, 467 pp.


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Corsair Vengeance K70 review -
Corsair Gone Wild (with a keyboard)
We review the Corsair Vengeance K70 cherry red mechanical keyboard. The K70 is the successor of the popular K60 in terms of the overall basis and concept, but it adds some more features, is much more cool looking with full LED lit keys and has a trick or two encompassed in the new design as well.
Today's tested set of keys for example comes in black anodized aluminum, and it' just looks incredible. Though I'll immediately acknowledge that taste is a very subjective thing. Still have a look at what Corsair offers with the Vengeance K70 gaming keyboard brings a smile to my face, especially since it now kas full LED lit keys. So from an aesthetics view, Corsair just gets it.The K70 is intended to replace the K60 from Corsair and is a mechanical FPS gaming keyboard. it received some criticism on the K60, so t was changed for the K70, every key is now mechanical, using Cherry MX Red key-switches. So yes, the K70 is 100% mechanical. New is also per-key adjustable back-lighting, using red LEDs, so that you can customise which keys are lit, according to the game you're playing. Corsair keeps the the contoured red WASD and 1-6 key-caps. Though we received the black anodised aluminium version, the standard brushed silver aluminium frame is available as well, though I definitely prefer black anodised aluminium.
Another change for the K70 is the addition of a full-sized wrist rest in fact it is quite similar to the one used on the K90. The specs overall remain the same, including a 1000Hz polling rate, 100% anti-ghosting, and the media keys and USB pass-through on the rear remain too. The one change is that the K70 is actually a full n-key rollover keyboard now and if you like choice, Corsair will also offer versions with Cherry MX Brown and MX Blue keys. Standard is Cherry MX red though, as used in this review.
A funny addition to the K70 is a four way BIOS switch located at the backside of the keyboard. It allows you to reduce the polling rate from 1000Hz to 500, 250 or 125Hz, or even strip it back to a basic BIOS mode. Corsair states that this is basically just to aid compatibility with some BIOSes. So in general very few people will ever need to touch the switch.
The K90 also features a full length wrist rest and red LED back-lighting. Let's have a peek at that first ... and then browse our way into the review.
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