text:
John F. Kennedy Jr.
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. (November 2014) |
John F. Kennedy Jr. | |
Kennedy greets invited guests at the HBO and Imagine Entertainment premiere held at Kennedy Space Center in 1998.
Born | John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. November 25, 1960 Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Died | July 16, 1999 Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Martha's Vineyard |
(aged 38)
Cause of death
Plane crash |
Other names | JFK Jr. John-John |
Alma mater | Brown University (A.B.) New York University (J.D.) |
Occupation | Journalist, lawyer, magazine publisher |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Spouse(s) | Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy (m. 1996–1999; their deaths) |
Parents | John F. Kennedy Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis |
Relatives |
Signature |
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999), often referred to as JFK Jr. or John-John in the press, was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the surviving son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, and younger brother of Caroline Kennedy. He was a nephew of Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy, who both served as father figures to him after his father's assassination just before his third birthday.
From his early childhood and throughout his life, Kennedy was the subject of great media attention and scrutiny. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for four years. In 1995 he launched George magazine, using his considerable political and celebrity clout to attract attention.
Kennedy died in the crash of a small plane he was piloting, along with his wife Carolyn Bessette, and her elder sister Lauren, on their way to a family wedding on Martha's Vineyard.
Early life[edit]
White House years[edit]
Kennedy was born at Georgetown University Hospital two weeks after his father was elected president. His birth was announced by White House Press Secretary Pierre Salinger, who said to reporters, "We have just been advised that Mrs. Kennedy has given birth to a baby boy. Both mother and son are doing well."[1] Kennedy had an older sister, Caroline, and a younger brother, Patrick, who died two days after his birth in 1963. His parents also had a stillborn daughter named Arabella four years before he was born. Kennedy's mother said John Jr. was President Kennedy's "real kin spirit".[2] Kennedy lived in the White House during the first three years of his life, and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. Kennedy's putative nickname, "John-John", not used by his extended family, came from a reporter who misheard JFK calling him numerous times ("John" spoken twice in quick succession).[3] Kennedy met astronaut Gordon Cooper in May 1963.[2] Kennedy went with his family to the Roman Catholic Church of St. Stephen the Martyr for his first mass on October 27, 1963.[4]
One of the last times Kennedy was around his father was when he performed acrobats at Arlington National Cemetery on Veterans Day days before his assassination in 1963.[2] After President Kennedy was assassinated, Lyndon B. Johnson sent Caroline and John Jr. a letter and explain that it would be "many years before you understand fully what a great man your father was". The next day, Jackie had Caroline and John Jr. write a letter to their father to express how much they loved him. Caroline wrote the letter and John Jr. marked an "X" on it.[5] President Kennedy's state funeral was held three days later on John Jr.'s third birthday. In a moment that became an emotional and iconic image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward and rendered a final salute as the flag-draped casket was carried out from St. Matthew's Cathedral.[6] The image was captured by photographer Stan Stearns.[7] After his father's burial, Kennedy returned to the White House with his family to celebrate his birthday. The party was also to demonstrate to the children that the Kennedys would go on despite the death of their father.[8] Kennedy would later say in his adulthood that he and Caroline had a "strong sense" of their father's legacy, but believed he would have wanted them to "go on with our own lives and not reenact his."[9]
New York City and Skorpios[edit]
Following his father's assassination, Kennedy moved to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City with his mother and sister, where he grew up. Summers and occasional weekends were spent at the Kennedys' horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone in the countryside of New Jersey's Somerset County. On May 29, 1964, Kennedy went with his mother and sister to his father's grave in Arlington National Cemetery to commemorate his forty-seventh birthday.[10] On July 1, 1966, Kennedy was treated for first and second degree burns after he fell into the coals of a dying cookout.[11] In 1967, their mother took Caroline and John Jr. themselves on a six-week "sentimental journey" to Ireland, where they met President Eamon de Valera and visited the Kennedy ancestral home at Dunganstown.[12]
In 1968, after Robert was assassinated, Jacqueline took Caroline and John Jr. out of the United States by saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ..... I want to get out of this country."[13] The family went to Skorpios, an island owned by Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis. Jacqueline had met first Onassis during the early 1950s and later married him that same year.[14] Their marriage lasted until Onassis' death in 1975. John and Onassis would often go on trips together.[15] Despite this, Kennedy is said to have considered his mother's new husband "a joke."[16] Onassis signed a prenuptial agreement that established a trust fund for John and Caroline.[17] Kennedy was at St. Francis Xavier on November 22, 1969, the sixth anniversary of his father's death, and assisted the priest at the memorial services.[18] In February 1971, when Richard Nixon was president, Kennedy returned to the White House with his mother and sister for the first time. Nixon's daughters, Tricia and Julie, gave Kennedy a tour that included his old bedroom, and Nixon showed him the desk under which his father had let him play. In August that same year, Kennedy spent two weeks in Plymouth Sound with his cousin, Anthony Radziwill, at the Drake's Island Adventure Center.[19] Onassis left Kennedy $25,000 after he died, though Kennedy's mother was able to renegotiate the will and acquired $20 million for herself and her children.[20]
On June 30, 1976, Kennedy and Timothy Shriver traveled to Rabinal, a Guatemalan town that had been struck by an earthquake four months prior to their visit. During the days, Kennedy helped with construction of outhouses, along with hauling sand and digging trenches, and at night he distributed food. The Reverend Antonio Gomez y Gomez, a Catholic priest, reflected that Kennedy and Shriver "ate what the people of Rabinal ate and dressed in Guatemalan clothes and slept in tents like most of the earthquake victims", adding that the two "did more for their country's image" in Guatemala "than a roomful of ambassadors."[21] On his sixteenth birthday, Kennedy's Secret Service protection ended.[22] His mother arranged for him to spend the summer of 1978 in Wyoming working for six weeks as a wrangler at the Bar Cross Ranch. Owner John Perry Barlow assured her that her son would be treated fairly, but later reflected: "His mother sent him out West. She rather unceremoniously kicked him out of the nest and dumped him into the lap of a Republican rancher from Wyoming." Kennedy surprised the ranch hands with his rigorous work and the ranch employees enjoyed his warmth and sense of humor.[23] Kennedy attended the dedication ceremony of the John F. Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University. The following month, Kennedy's mother threw a party for both his eighteenth birthday and his sister's twenty-first.[24]
Prior to registering at Brown University, Kennedy's mother took him to Africa. With limited landmarks and only partial visibility, Kennedy was appointed leader when his group lost their way and they went through the undergrowth with no food or water. Kennedy's main concern was the impact on his family "if his experience ever made newspaper headlines". The group was found two days after having encountered a rhinoceros, and Kennedy won points from his course director for his leadership.[25] In 1979, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum was dedicated, and Kennedy made his first major speech and recited Stephen Spender's poem "I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great".[26]
Education and early adulthood[edit]
Kennedy attended private schools in New York City, starting at Saint David's School and moving to Collegiate, which he attended from third through tenth grade.[12] He completed high school at Phillips Andover Academy, a prestigious prep school in Andover, Massachusetts. Kennedy registered for Phillips Andover after returning to America from Guatemala. His friend Wilson McCray had already started at the school and Kennedy avoided Secret Service agents to search for him, knowing that McCray would be able to help him "sidestep the pitfalls of being away at school and enjoy considerable freedom."[21]
After graduating from Andover, Kennedy went to Brown University where he majored in American history.[27] At Brown he co-founded a student discussion group that focused on contemporary subjects such as apartheid in South Africa, gun control, and civil rights. A friend recalled that Kennedy "had definite opinions on things", while acknowledging that "he also argued on both sides of the issue." Kennedy was appalled when he saw the "horrors of apartheid" while visiting South Africa during a Brown summer break, and, determined to "alert his fellow students," he arranged for U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young to speak about the topic at Brown.[28] During his college years, he remained close with Jacqueline and Caroline despite their living miles away.[29] A professor tried becoming Kennedy's "mentor" in his sophomore year and would frequently make calls to his room. Kennedy ignored the calls and did not take them seriously. This played into Kennedy's celebrity status and was attributed as having occurred due to his prominence.[30] In his sophomore year, Kennedy formed a South Africa education group. In the fall of 1981, Kennedy helped organize the University Conference for Democratic Policy.[31]
By his junior year at Brown, he had moved off campus to live with several other students in a shared house.[32] Beginning during his college years, Kennedy spent time at Xenon, a club owned by Howard Stein. Several of Kennedy's cousins also went to the club, including the children of Robert F. Kennedy, but Stein said John was special for having "star quality", adding: "It took a scandal for the other Kennedy kids to be photographed." Stein's partner Peppo Vanini considered them the closest things "to royals in America" and tried introducing the Kennedy and his cousins to their "world" by making overtures.[2]
Kennedy was initiated into Phi Psi, a local social fraternity which had been the Rhode Island Alpha Chapter of national Phi Kappa Psi fraternity until 1978.[33] Kennedy graduated from Brown University in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in history. After Brown, Kennedy took a working break, traveling to India and spending some time at the University of Delhi, where he met Mother Teresa. He also worked with some of the Kennedy special interest projects, including the East Harlem School at Exodus House and Reaching Up.
After the 1984 Democratic Convention in San Francisco, Kennedy returned to New York and earned $20,000 a year in a position at the Office of Business Development. Kennedy worked to attract and keep business in New York. His boss was Larry Kieves who praised Kennedy's work and reflected that he worked "in the same crummy cubbyhole as everybody else. I heaped on the work and was always pleased."[34] From 1984 to 1986, he worked for the New York City Office of Business Development and served as deputy director of the 42nd Street Development Corporation in 1986.[35]
Working as a deputy director, he conducted negotiations with developers and city agencies. His mother was on the nonprofit company's board. The corporation's president Fred Papert remembered John as being an "intellectual bargain" who was not greatly concerned with his salary and was well-acquainted with the city. In 1987, Kennedy earned $358 a week as one of the seven interns while working for William Bradford Reynolds. Over the summer of 1988, his salary increased to $1,100 per week when he became a summer associate at Manatt, Phelps, Rothenberg & Phillips. The Los Angeles law firm had strong connections to the Democratic Party. Kennedy worked for Charlie Manatt, his uncle Ted Kennedy's law school roommate.[34]
During that time he served as a deputy director of the 42nd Street Development Corporation, he did a bit of acting, an activity which was one of his passions; he had appeared in many plays while at Brown. He expressed interest in acting as a career, but his mother strongly disapproved of it as a suitable profession.[36] On August 4, 1985, Kennedy made his New York acting debut in front of an invitation-only audience at the Irish Theater on Manhattan's West Side. Kennedy's acting was praised, despite the short length of his performances. Executive director of the Irish Arts Center Nye Heron said that Kennedy was "one of the best young actors I've seen in years".[35] Christina Haag was his costar; the pair played lovers from Northern Ireland. Kennedy told a reporter one night while leaving the theater that his acting was "not a professional acting debut" and merely "just a hobby".[34]
According to Nye Heron, Kennedy courted a person with an Irish accent and picked it up from them. His performance was met with praise. Kennedy's director, Robin Saex stated, "He has an earnestness that just shines through." Kennedy's debut saw the absence of critics and the public, which were not invited. Nye Heron said the theater "didn't want a circus". Kennedy had previously acted during his undergraduate years at Brown University. Members of the Kennedy family, which included Kara Kennedy, Billy Smith and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and his then-wife Emily, attended. However his sister and mother, Kennedy's immediate family, did not attend due to being out of town. The production closed on August 9, 1985 but received several offers to move to a commercial engagement not affiliated with Broadway.[37]
Family activity[edit]
In June 1981, Kennedy joined members of his family in attending President Ronald Reagan's bestowment of the Robert F. Kennedy medal to his wife Ethel.[38] In the summer of 1981, Kennedy worked at Terry Sanford's Center for Democratic Policy and was paid $100. He gave a short press conference at his uncle Ted's suggestion, and told the press that he was teaching himself to play guitar.[39] In the summer of 1982, together with his cousin Timothy Shriver, he spent six weeks at the University of Connecticut teaching English to students from low-income families.[40]
Kennedy served as an altar boy for the commemorative ceremony marking the twentieth anniversary of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination.[41] Over the summer of 1988, Kennedy worked as an intern for a Los Angeles law firm.[42] he addressed the 1988 Democratic National Convention, introducing his uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy. He invoked his father's inaugural address, calling "a generation to public service", and received a two-minute standing ovation.[43] Republican consultant Richard Viguerie said he did not remember a word of the speech, but remembered "a good delivery" and added, "I think it was a plus for the Democrats and the boy. He is strikingly handsome."[44]
On November 22, 1988, the 25th anniversary of his father's assassination, Kennedy, joined by his sister and mother, attended a private mass at St. Thomas More.[45] Kennedy participated in his cousin Patrick J. Kennedy's campaign for a seat in the Rhode Island House of Representatives by visiting the district.[46] He sat outside the polling both and had his picture taken with "would-be" voters. Independent filmmaker Josh Seftel remembered a woman "hugging John, inhaling his air, sniffing his skin, and departing with a satisfied smile on her face." The polaroid ploy worked so well in the campaign that Patrick J. Kennedy used it again in 1994. Kennedy also had a chance meeting with Jack Skeffington, who was Patrick J. Kennedy's opponent on the ballot. Kennedy explained that he was only there to support his cousin and wished him good luck in the election. Skeffington was amazed by Kennedy's candor and said he was most impressed with Kennedy's "common touch."[47]
Reaching Up; graduation from law school[edit]
Starting in 1989, Kennedy headed Reaching Up, a nonprofit group which provided educational and other opportunities for workers who helped people with disabilities. He would continue supporting the group for the remainder of his life. William Ebenstein, executive director of Reaching Up, said, "He was always concerned with the working poor, and his family always had an interest in helping them." Ebenstein also stated that Kennedy had helped to expand the organization.[43]
In 1989, Kennedy earned a J.D. degree from the New York University School of Law.[48] A classmate at the New York University School of Law remembered people not knowing "how to approach" Kennedy and employers using up entire interviews just talking about Kennedy.[44] He failed the New York bar exam twice, which received considerable press coverage, before passing on his third try in July 1990.[49] Kennedy swore after failing it for the second time that he would take it continuously until he was ninety-five years old or passed.[50] Upon his admission to the bar, Kennedy served as a prosecutor in the Manhattan district attorney's office for four years.[51] He was assigned to a unit which focused on low-level political corruption and white-collar crime among other felonies. Had Kennedy failed a third time, he would have been out as a prosecutor in that particular district attorney's office.[52] A spokeswoman for Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau, Colleen Roche, said at the time of Kennedy's second time failing the bar exam that he would be asked to resign if he failed another time.[50] On August 29, 1991, Kennedy won his first prosecution.[53]
Kennedy traveled to Boston, Massachusetts with his sister Caroline in May 1992 to present the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award. Weeks after the trip, the pair attended the 1992 Democratic National Convention for a tribute to their uncle Robert Kennedy. Over that year's summer, he worked as a journalist and was paid $600 by The New York Times to write an article about his kayaking expedition to the Aland Archipelago, where he was accompanied by three friends. The title of the article, "Four Desk Jockeys in Search of Manageable Danger," reflected this. On that trip, Kennedy saved one of his friends from the water after the friend's kayak capsized and his legs became so numb he could neither swim nor walk. In addition to the rescue, Kennedy also carried his friend to shore and wrapped him in a sleeping bag.[54]
After leaving his job at the Manhattan district attorney's office, he started considering creating a magazine with his friend Michael Berman. In doing so, Kennedy became the source of his mother's stress. She had him to speak with Joe Armstrong. According to Armstrong, "Jackie admired the fact that he was so open to new and unusual ideas, so curious, that he loved adventures." Armstrong said that while Kennedy's mother identified with him, she worried about him as well.[55] In his 2001 book The Day John Died, Christopher Andersen wrote that Kennedy's mother had worried he would die in a plane crash, which she tried preventing by having longtime companion Maurice Tempelsman "to do whatever it took to keep John from becoming a pilot".[56]
Several times, Kennedy was asked publicly if he was interested in following in his father's footsteps and choosing politics as a career. He replied that he was declining to do so for the time being, but would not rule it out for the future.[36] Just prior to his death, Kennedy was seen as a frontrunner for the New York Senate seat vacated by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the state's senior senator.[57] First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton was elected to the seat in 2000.[citation needed]
Senator Ted Kennedy believed that politics were his nephew John's destiny, and urged him to run for several offices. By the summer of 1999, Ted believed that the best chance to return a Kennedy to the White House would be for John to run for Governor of New York in 2002. Kennedy told his uncle that his marriage to Carolyn had deteriorated to the point that he was contemplating divorce, which would have harmed his public image. At Ted's request, New York's Cardinal John Joseph O'Connor served the couple as a marital mediator, a role he continued to perform until the couple's deaths.[57] Around the time of the 1988 Democratic National Convention, Ted Kennedy said his nephew would most likely would become involved in public affairs, though not "necessarily running for office, but trying to make some sort of contribution."[44]
George magazine[edit]
In 1995, Kennedy and New York public relations magnate Michael J. Berman founded George, a glossy, politics-as-lifestyle and fashion monthly which sometimes took editorial aim even at members of his own family. Kennedy controlled 50 percent of the company's shares.[36] On September 8, 1995, Kennedy officially launched the magazine at a news conference in Manhattan, and joked that he had not seen so many reporters in one place since he failed his first bar exam.[58]
Each issue of the magazine contained an editor's column and interviews written by Kennedy.[59] The first issue was criticized for its image of Cindy Crawford posing as George Washington in a powdered wig and ruffled shirt. In defense of the cover, Kennedy stated that "political magazines should look like Mirabella."[60] Kennedy said he and the editors of the magazine believed they could make politics "accessible by covering it in an entertaining and compelling way" which would allow "popular interest and involvement" to follow.[61] Kennedy did interviews with people including Louis Farrakhan, Billy Graham, and Garth Brooks.[61]
Ann Coulter, one of the magazine's contributors and a conservative commentator, wrote in a column that George was "truly a political magazine, not a Democratic magazine" and was hired by Kennedy a year and a half after they met at a luncheon. Coulter said Kennedy was fond of an article she wrote attacking a congressman representing the fourth district of Columbia and one of their last conversations had Kennedy mocking one of the magazine's liberal columnists for being a "predictable bore."[62]
In his July 1997 column, Kennedy wrote about meeting Mother Teresa mere months before she died. Kennedy wrote that she "commandeered me to drive her to the airport, where she was to receive a shipment of donated clothing from New Delhi." He wrote that the "three days I spent in her presence was the strongest evidence this struggling Catholic has ever had that God exists."[59] That same month, Vanity Fair published a profile of Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani claiming that the mayor was sleeping with his press secretary. Both Giuliani and the press secretary denied it. In response, Kennedy held a "not-so-routine editorial meeting." He asked his staff if George should follow suit and publish the story. An individual said "Rudy's fair game," but Kennedy told the person he wasn't sure if that was reason enough to write that Giuliani was having an affair.[63]
In October 1997, Kennedy traveled to Cuba on the 35th anniversary of the Cuban missile crisis. Nancy Haberman, a spokesman for George, insisted that Kennedy was there just "as a journalist", while Cuban journalists stated Kennedy had arrived on October 23 accompanied by an aide and checked into the Melia-Cohiba Hotel overlooking the Havana waterfront. After breakfast on October 24, he eluded reporters and photographers by going through a backdoor. There was speculation Kennedy had come to Cuba to interview Fidel Castro, who had often expressed his admiration for Kennedy's father.[64] In 1999, he and around 100 of his young staffers met Jesse Jackson in New York for an editorial meeting. Jackson remembered him being "exciting, full of life and focused on the future." Jackson added: "In some ways, he was following in the footsteps of his family, many of whom used the family's wealth for the nation's wealth and for reaching out. In their success, they did not use their wealth for just private gratification. They have used their wealth to fight for public policy in the common people."[65]
In late 1999, Kennedy tried pitching a partnership between George and Microsoft. He wanted the corporation to partner with the magazine for a series of online chats with the 2000 presidential candidates. The chats were to be moderated by Harvard University's School of Government. Microsoft was to provide the technology and pay for it while receiving advertising in George.[66] In June 1999, Kennedy started having weekly meetings with Jack Kilger. Kilger was Hachette's newly appointed CEO, having succeeded David Pecker. He and Kennedy would speak about the future of George during the meetings.[67] After Kennedy's death, the magazine was bought out by Hachette Filipacchi Magazines,[68] his partners in George, and continued for over a year. The magazine folded in early 2001.[69]
Berman's departure and magazine decline[edit]
By early 1997, Kennedy and Berman found themselves "locked in a power struggle" which led to a physical altercation when Kennedy grabbed Berman and ripped his shirt. Several days later, Kennedy sent his publishing partner an expensive new shirt and a note of apology. Most arguments resulted in "loud screaming, slammed doors and angry threats." The situation was made worse by Kennedy and Berman's friendship. Eighteen months after helping Kennedy to "get George off the ground," Berman sold his share of the company and was asked by Hachette, the company responsible for the magazine, to remain as head of its film and television department. Kennedy never replaced Berman, and took on his responsibilities himself. Though the magazine had already begun to decline in popularity before Berman left, his departure was followed by a rapid decrease in sales.[70]
David Pecker claimed the magazine "went into decline" because Kennedy refused to "take risks as an editor, despite the fact that he was an extraordinary risk taker in other areas of his life." Pecker said, "He understood that the target audience for George was the eighteen-to-thirty-four-year-old demographic, yet he would routinely turn down interviews that would appeal to this age group, like Princess Diana or John Gotti, Jr., to interview subjects like Dan Rostenkowski or Vo Nguyen Giap, an obscure North Vietnamese general."[70]
Issue on cousins[edit]
The September 1997 issue of George centered around temptation and featured Kennedy making note of his cousins Michael LeMoyne Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy II. Michael had been accused of having an affair with his children's underaged babysitter, while Joe had married his former scheduler and been accused by his ex-wife of having bullied her. John declared that both his cousins had become "poster boys for bad behavior. Perhaps they deserved it. Perhaps they should have known better. To whom much is given, much is expected, right?" Kennedy's remarks about his cousins have been referred to as the first time a member of the Kennedy family publicly attacked another Kennedy's behavior. Todd Domke, a Republican political consultant, expressed his belief that John "knew what kind of attention" his written statement about his cousins would draw. Joe paraphrased John's father by stating, "Ask not what you can do for your cousin, but what you can do for his magazine."[71] Kennedy tried to explain to his cousins that his commentary on their personal lives was designed to show press coverage of the pair was unfair due to them being members of the Kennedy family.[72] Michael LeMoyne Kennedy died months after the issue was published. Friends of Kennedy said after his own death that he mourned the loss of his cousin and spent hours alone in a sea kayak.[20] Kennedy attended his funeral on January 3, 1998. In addition to helping spread a traditional funeral drape over his cousin's coffin, he embraced Michael's brother Joseph P. Kennedy II.[73]
Personal life[edit]
In 1989, Kennedy and his mother visited the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum to publicize the creation of the Profile in Courage Award.[74] On Kennedy's thirtieth birthday in 1990, Kennedy's mother threw a birthday party for him, held at the Tower Gallery in Manhattan. Manhattan events publicist Norah Lawlor described the party as "really boring". She recalled Kennedy sticking to "people he knew".[75] In June 1990, Kennedy attended the wedding of his cousin Kerry Kennedy to Andrew Cuomo.[76]
For the last eight years of his life, Kennedy served as a member of the Robin Hood Foundation. He was remembered at its annual breakfast on December 7, 1999, where the organization's award, for philanthropic work was renamed in his honor to the John F. Kennedy, Jr. Hero Award. His sister Caroline recalled that the organization meant "so much" to him.[77]
On January 22, 1995, Rose Kennedy died from complications of pneumonia. Kennedy was present at her bedside at the time of her death. He attended her funeral accompanied by Carolyn Bessette. It was the first time Bessette had attended an important Kennedy family occasion. After meeting her for the first time, his aunt Jean pulled John aside and warned him not to mess up the relationship, stating that she "seems like a good girl."[78]
Kennedy opposed President Clinton's impeachment and, following the February 1999 Senate vote against impeachment, voiced his opposition at the White House Correspondents Dinner.[79] When asked about the 2000 Senate races, he said, "The big question is whether Hillary will run for the Senate and if it is unacceptable for someone born in Illinois, who lived in Arkansas, to run in New York," referring to himself by stating "sort of as acceptable as someone who was born in Washington, D.C., coming to San Francisco to get you to buy an ad in a New York magazine."[66][80]
On May 17, 1996, Kennedy acted as "Principal of the Day" at the Hungerford School, an institution for children with special needs. The school's full-time principal, Mary McInerney, remembered Kennedy staying far longer than the one hour originally intended. Kennedy's sole demand was that the media not be informed of his presence.[81]
On October 8, 1997, Kennedy entered Lenox Hill Hospital to undergo hand surgery, accompanied by his wife and sister.[82] Kennedy met with Martin Luther King III in the spring of 1999 and King recalled being impressed "by John's courage to blaze his own trail, the humility and focus with which he set about his destination and the obvious pleasure he gained from his journey."[65]
Kennedy had two godchildren; Phineas and Olivia,[83] the son and daughter of Sasha Chermayeff.[84] Chermayeff met Kennedy when he was a teenager and the pair continuously celebrated their birthdays together. She related that Kennedy was most relaxed with a group of longtime friends since he was not "the central figure" and would often sleep over her house. Chermayeff said she and Kennedy had dinner together days before his death and while walking together, he admitted that he wanted a child.[83]
Kennedy saw himself as blessed, choosing not to believe in the "Kennedy curse" and often joking about it.[85] However, after Anthony Stanislaw Radziwill's diagnosis and approaching death, Kennedy began to think more about death. In mid-May 1999, Kennedy addressed the class of 1999 at Washington College. He told the students that by becoming college graduates, they had "accomplished something the great man George Washington never did".[80] His sister Caroline's friends referred to him as the "Master of Disaster" for putting himself in risky situations and managing to get himself out of them at the last minute.[86] He and Caroline became closer after their mother's death, Kennedy even saying "She's an older sister, you know? We're obviously very close. And as a younger brother, you look up to your sister." Their final phone conversation was right before his death, with Kennedy telling his worrying sister that he planned to live to "a ripe old age."[86]
Shortly before his death, Kennedy traveled to Mount Rushmore. He was denied official permission to rappel down the monument, but was permitted to climb onto the 60-foot faces of the U.S. presidents.[43] He died weeks before the death of Anthony Stanislas Radziwill from testicular cancer. Kennedy and Radziwill were described by Radziwill's wife Carole as being "like brothers". Kennedy served as the best man at Radziwill's wedding in 1994.[87] In the time prior to his death, he had begun writing a eulogy for Radziwll. He left the eulogy behind on his desk before boarding his fatal flight. The eulogy had not been completed, but the draft began: "A true gentleman, he was humble, decent, charming, and down to earth. He had humor, intelligence, and a heart as big as an ocean. You couldn't help but love him." The draft ended: "Good night, sweet prince."[88]
Kennedy first started dating Sally Munro while attending Brown University. Friend Robert T. Littell remembered Kennedy and Munro as being "great friends as well as lovers". The pair dated for nearly six years. Littell recalled their breakup as being due to the pair having learned everything about each other. Munro accompanied Kennedy when he went to India in 1983 and their relationship ended by the time they returned.[89] Kennedy was linked to Brooke Shields,[90] who he met when she came on the campus of Brown University accompanied by her mother Teri Shields. Kennedy showed the pair around the campus.[91]
Kennedy dated actress Daryl Hannah for five and a half years, with the relationship ending shortly after his mother's death.[92] Kennedy and Hannah had known each other since the early 1980s, when they met while the families of both were vacationing in St. Maarten. Kennedy and Hannah saw each other again in 1988 at the wedding of Lee Radziwill and director Herbert Ross.[93] Kennedy had been set up with Hannah by his uncle Ted Kennedy, who was acquainted with her wealthy stepfather. The stepfather was a contributor to the Massachusetts Democratic Party.[89] One reason for strains in their relationship was Hannah's feelings for singer Jackson Browne, whom she had lived with for a time. Hannah would get close to Kennedy, but kept getting drawn back to Browne and tried to work things out with the singer. The two became close following a confrontation between Hannah and Browne, after which she and Kennedy began living together in her New York City apartment.[74] In the last months of her life, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis tried getting her son to accompany Hannah on a trip to Switzerland in February 1994.[94]
Kennedy also dated models Cindy Crawford and Julie Baker, as well as actress Sarah Jessica Parker.[74] Kennedy met Parker in 1991 at a theater and he asked her out. Parker said she enjoyed dating Kennedy but realized he "was a public domain kind of a guy." Parker claimed to have no idea what "real fame" was until dating Kennedy and felt that she should "apologize for dating him" since it became the "defining factor in the person" she was.[95]
Mother's death[edit]
Kennedy's mother, Jacqueline, died in Manhattan on May 19, 1994. The next day, Kennedy made an announcement to the press and media who gathered in front of her Manhattan apartment. Kennedy said his mother "did it in her own way and on her own terms and we all feel lucky for that."[96] Kennedy supported his sister Caroline against his uncle Ted, who argued for a large public observance while Caroline preferred a private family funeral. Caroline's husband Edwin Schlossberg and Maurice Tempelsman also supported her.[97]
At the funeral in Arlington National Cemetery, Kennedy and his sister did brief readings. He also paid tribute to his father and visited his uncle Bobby's grave, before departing with his sister.[98] Kennedy stated that the family had struggled to set the right tone for the funeral and had finally decided that three things defined his mother's "essence: her love of words, the bonds of home and family and her spirit of adventure."[99] After their mother's death, Kennedy spent much of his time with his sister sorting through their mother's possessions, to determine what they wanted to keep and want they wanted to donate to the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.[100]
In the weeks following Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's death, her children reacted to the death differently. While Caroline rarely mentioned her, John spoke of her "all the time," according to Billy Way. Way said the two went out drinking one night and Kennedy "began telling me how different his mother was from everyone he'd ever known. She didn't look like anyone else, didn't talk like anyone, wasn't at all like anyone in the family. He went on from there. He must have done a half-hour soliloquy on his mother. It was all positive and full of love."[101] Kennedy rarely saw Caroline's husband, Edwin Schlossberg, after his mother's death and preferred to meet with Caroline alone.[102]
Two weeks after his mother's death, Kennedy sent President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton a handwritten letter. In the letter Kennedy stated, "I want you both to understand how much your burgeoning friendship with my mother meant to her," and continued, "Since she left Washington, I believe she resisted ever connecting with it emotionally." Kennedy attributed the resistance to her unwillingness to "being cast in a lifelong role that didn't quite fit."[101]
On August 17, 1994, New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani signed a bill into law designating the Central Park Reservoir be renamed in honor of Kennedy's mother. Kennedy's initial suggestion was to have the Grand Central Terminal renamed after his mother, but changed his position and believed that the reservoir would be a more fitting tribute. On the name change, Kennedy said that, like his mother, "the Central Park Reservoir gives an impression of stillness, as it harbors its own secrets."[103]
Kennedy's annual Memorial Day weekend party was held over the Fourth of July weekend, because of his mother's death. A houseguest recalled that his North Moore Street loft had a sofa and chairs moved into it. The loft's significance stemmed from it containing one of his mother's antique coffee tables. He covered the table with candles and a "choice selection" of his mother's art books.[103]
After his relationship with Daryl Hannah ended, Kennedy began living with Carolyn Jeanne Bessette, the youngest daughter of William J. Bessette and Ann Messina Freeman. Carolyn, who worked in the fashion industry, accepted Kennedy's proposal the week prior to his unveiling of George on September 7, 1995. Carolyn had kept Kennedy waiting for three weeks.[104] They married in a secret ceremony on September 21, 1996, on Cumberland Island, Georgia.[105] His sister Caroline acted as the matron of honor and his cousin Anthony Radziwill was his best man.[106]
The wedding was kept secret and no announcement was made by Kennedy of his plans to marry. It was not until after the wedding that reports started surfacing. Patrick Kennedy confirmed on September 22, during a fundraiser for fellow Democratic State Senator Robert Burch, that his cousin had married the previous day. In September 1995, Kennedy had denied reports that he was engaged to Bessette but the pair fueled speculation when they were seen together throughout the year leading up to their marriage. They were videotaped in February 1996 in a New York park having an apparent lovers' quarrel and the recording was shown on television and written about in newspapers and magazines. The week before the wedding, a magazine reported that Kennedy had made wedding plans without divulging the date or place even to many of his closest relatives and friends.[107]
Sixteen days after their wedding, Kennedy and his wife returned to New York. As their cab pulled up on 20 North Moore Street, a horde of reporters approached the two. A reporter asked Kennedy if he had enjoyed his honeymoon, to which he responded, "Very much". After he and Carolyn went into the building, Kennedy came back outside and stated to reporters, "Getting married is a big adjustment for us, and for a private citizen like Carolyn even more so. I ask you to give her all the privacy and room you can."[108]
The couple became a Manhattan staple in that they were social, attended events and were constantly photographed coming and leaving. However, Carolyn was unhappy. Despite loving Kennedy and being privately content with him, she did not enjoy the intrusion of paparazzi wherever she went, even if she was not with Kennedy, and it quickly became more than she could handle. Carolyn understood that Kennedy was notable, but was still frustrated by the constant attention she received. Publicist R. Couri Hay, a friend of the Kennedys, recalled Carolyn's public image as having changed once more images surfaced of her "looking really pissed off" and stories began to surface about her, leading some to question, "what right does she have to be so unhappy?"[78]
In early March 1996, Kennedy and his wife traveled to Italy. In Milan, Kennedy met several of Carolyn's relatives. The couple dined with Italian fashion firm Krizia founder Mariuccia Mandelli. Carolyn had known her from New York and she found Kennedy to be "absolutely charming." They finished their stay in Milan by attending a soccer match. After this, the couple left Milan to go to the Lake Como estate of Gianni Versace.[109] In February 1997, Kennedy and his wife visited Donald Trump at his estate in Palm Beach. In early spring 1997, John and Carolyn traveled to Boston to host a benefit at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Journalist Jonathan Soroff, who was friends with Carolyn, had been assigned to cover the event for The Improper Bostonian. Carolyn and Soroff entered a lengthy but pleasant conversation, where she admitted that she had not acquired a job and that it was impossible for her to get one without others saying it was because of her husband.[110]
John and Carolyn began consulting with a marriage counselor in March 1999; they attended independent therapy sessions as well. John's therapist advised him to make sure Carolyn took her medication. She had been prescribed antidepressants by the therapist she was seeing.[111] During one of their combined sessions, most of which reportedly went well, Carolyn stormed out of the room when the subject of drugs came about.[112] On May 25, 1999, Kennedy and his wife took a commercial airline to San Francisco and dined with Steve Jobs. The following day, Kennedy spoke at a luncheon meeting of the San Francisco Advertising Council, which consisted of seven hundred members.[80]
Pilot license[edit]
Kennedy began taking flying lessons at the Flight Safety Academy in Vero Beach, Florida.[72] In April 1998, Kennedy received his pilot's license, which he had dreamed about since he was a child.[58] After getting his license, Kennedy admitted to the press that the only person willing to fly with him was his wife and that "even she has her doubts".[113] At the time Kennedy got his license, he had a total of 53 hours in the air, 43 with an instructor and 10 by himself.[114] The death of his cousin Michael brought about a change in Kennedy, making death "just seem closer and closer."[115] Michael Kennedy's death distressed Kennedy so much that he opted to take a hiatus from his piloting lessons at Flight Safety International in Florida for three months. Kennedy's sister Caroline had hoped his decision to stop taking piloting lessons would be permanent, but when he resumed, she resigned herself to the "fact that she could do little to stop him."[116]
On July 16, 1999, Kennedy piloted a Piper Saratoga II HP carrying his wife, Carolyn, and her sister, Lauren Bessette, for the three to attend the wedding of Kennedy's cousin, Rory Kennedy. Kennedy had purchased the plane on April 28, 1999, from Air Bound Aviation.[117] Carolyn and Lauren were in the second row of seats.[118] Kennedy had checked in with the FAA tower at the Martha's Vineyard Airport in Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, but when the plane failed to arrive, the three were reported missing.[84] Officials were not optimistic about finding survivors after debris from the aircraft were recovered in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as a black suitcase that belonged to Bessette.[119] President Clinton gave his support to the Kennedy family during the search for the three.[119]
On July 18, a Coast Guard admiral declared an end to hope that Kennedy, his wife and her sister could be found alive.[120] On July 19, the fragments of Kennedy's plane were found by the NOAA vessel Rude using side-scan sonar. The next day, navy divers were allowed to descend into the 52 °F (11 °C) water. The divers found part of the shattered plane strewn over a broad area of seabed 120 feet (37 m) below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean.[121] The search ended in the late afternoon of July 21, when the three bodies were recovered from the ocean floor by Navy divers. The bodies were taken by motorcade to the county medical examiner's office.[122] The discovery was made after the Rude painted a three-dimensional map of the ocean bottom, which resulted in high-resolution images.[123] Divers found Carolyn and Lauren's bodies near the twisted and broken fuselage while Kennedy's body was still strapped into the pilot's seat.[84] Admiral Richard M. Larrabee of the Coast Guard said that all three bodies were "near and under" the fuselage, still strapped in.[124]
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the plane had crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off Martha's Vineyard, the probable cause being pilot error: "Kennedy's failure to maintain control of the airplane during a descent over water at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation."[125] Kennedy was not qualified to fly a plane by "instruments only." The crash occurred in conditions not legally requiring such qualification. Other pilots flying similar routes reported no visual horizon due to haze.[126]
In the evening of July 21, autopsies at the county medical examiner's office revealed that the crash victims had died upon impact. At the same time, the Kennedy and Bessette families announced their plans for memorial services.[122] In the late hours of July 21, the three bodies were taken from Hyannis to Duxbury, where they were cremated in the Mayflower Cemetery crematorium.[127] Ted Kennedy favored a public service for John while Caroline Kennedy insisted on family privacy.[128] On the morning of July 22, their ashes were scattered from the Navy destroyer USS Briscoe off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.[129] A group of about 15 relatives carried the "cremated remains" of Kennedy, his wife, and her sister Lauren onto the USS Briscoe. The Briscoe spent about half an hour off the Vineyard's southwest coast. It was two or three miles away from the crash site.[130] Kennedy's last will and testament stipulated that his personal belongings, property and holdings were to be "evenly distributed" between his sister Caroline Kennedy's three children, who were among fourteen beneficiaries in his will.[84]
A memorial service was held for Kennedy on July 23, 1999 at the Church of St. Thomas More, a church Kennedy had often attended with his mother and sister. His uncle Ted and aunt Eunice thought of having John's service at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, considerably larger than St. Thomas More and able to contain more people, however, Caroline Kennedy again chose a more private ceremony. The invitation-only service was attended by hundreds of mourners, including members of the Kennedy family. President Bill Clinton, who attended the ceremony with his wife Hillary and daughter Chelsea, presented the Kennedy family with photo albums of John and Carolyn on their visit to the White House from the previous year.[131]
John F. Kennedy Jr. was the first child ever born to a President-elect of the United States. The salute a three year old Kennedy gave at his father's funeral has become a defining image of the 1960s and was described by New York Daily News as touching "the heart of a grieving nation". New York Daily News ran the photograph of Kennedy giving the salute the day after the funeral and the newspaper further described the image as becoming a part of the American consciousness. Photographer Dan Farrell, who took the photo, called it "the saddest thing I've ever seen in my whole life".[132]
In 2000, Reaching Up, the organization which Kennedy founded in 1989, joined with The City University of New York to establish the John F. Kennedy, Jr. Institute.[133] On September 19, 2003, the ARCO Forum at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government was renamed to the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum of Public Affairs. An active participant in Forum events, Kennedy had also been a member of the IOP's Senior Advisory Committee for fifteen years. Kennedy's uncle Senator Ted Kennedy said the renaming would symbolically link Kennedy and his father while his sister Caroline stated the renaming represented his love of discussing politics.[134]
See also[edit]
- ^ O'Brien, Michael (2006). John F. Kennedy: A Biography. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 500.
- ^ a b c d Gross, Michael (March 20, 1989). "Favorite Son". New York Magazine.
- ^ Kennedy Year in Review CNN.
- ^ Leigh, p. 77.
- ^ Leigh, pp. 89-92.
- ^ Lucas, Dean (2007-07-22). "Famous Pictures Magazine – JFK Jr salutes JFK". Famous Pictures Magazine. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
- ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (March 5, 2012). "Stan Stearns, 76; Captured a Famous Salute". The New York Times. p. B10.
- ^ Leamer, p. 1.
- ^ "Camera Man". People.com. August 2, 1999.
- ^ Heymann, p. 127.
- ^ "John F. Kennedy Jr. Burned by Coals". New York Times. July 1, 1966.
- ^ a b Heymann, pp. 145-146.
- ^ Seely, Katherine (July 19, 1999). "John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ As We Remember Her: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the Words of Her Family, by Carl Sferrazza Anthony
- ^ Caroline Kennedy A&E biography
- ^ Davis, p. 690.
- ^ Landau, p. 60.
- ^ "John F. Kennedy Jr. Assists at Services In Honor of Father". New York Times. November 22, 1966.
- ^ Leigh, p. 164-166.
- ^ a b Shane, Scott (July 18, 1999). "A life lived in celebrity". Baltimore Sun.
- ^ a b Leigh, pp. 195-196.
- ^ Leigh, p. 137.
- ^ Landau, p. 77.
- ^ Alam, Mohammed Badrul (2006). Jackie Kennedy: Trailblazer. Nova History Publication. p. 54. ISBN 978-1594545580.
- ^ Leigh, p. 235.
- ^ Leigh, p. 251.
- ^ Leigh, pp. 236-237.
- ^ Landau, p. 78.
- ^ Landau, p. 79.
- ^ Littell, p. 28.
- ^ Dilberto, Gioia (November 30, 1981). "Growing Up Kennedy". People.com.
- ^ Landau, p. 82.
- ^ Robert T. Littell, The Men We Became: My Friendship With John F. Kennedy, Jr. (St. Martin's Press 2004), passim.
- ^ a b c Gross, Michael (March 20, 1989). "Favorite Son". New York Magazine.
- ^ a b Bly, p. 279.
- ^ a b c A&E Biography
- ^ "Acting Up Off-Off-Broadway, John Kennedy Jr. Auditions a New Stage for Himself". People.com. August 26, 1985.
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan (July 24, 1999). "JFK Jr. visited White House at invitation of Nixon, Reagan". Baltimore Sun.
- ^ Leigh, p. 259.
- ^ Leigh, p. 265.
- ^ Bly, p. 292.
- ^ Heymann, p. 278.
- ^ a b c Selye, Katherine Q. (July 19, 1999). "John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty". New York Times.
- ^ a b c Wadler, Joyce (September 12, 1988). "The Sexiest Kennedy".
- ^ Heymann, p. 308.
- ^ Bly, p. 297.
- ^ Heymann, p. 306.
- ^ Heymann, Clemens David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy. Simon and Schuster. p. 323. ISBN 0-7434-9738-4.
- ^ Blow, Richard; Bradley, Richard (2002). American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr. Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN 0-312-98899-0.
- ^ a b "JOHN KENNEDY JR. FAILS BAR EXAM 2ND TIME; SAYS HE'LL TAKE IT AGAIN". Desert News. May 1, 1990.
- ^ Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. Macmillan. p. 330. ISBN 0-312-97707-7.
- ^ "John F. Kennedy Jr. Passes Bar Exam". Los Angeles Times. November 4, 1990.
- ^ Sullivan, Ronald (August 30, 1991). "Prosecutor Kennedy Wins First Trial, Easily". The New York Times.
- ^ Andersen, Christopher (2014). The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved. Gallery Books. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-1476775562.
- ^ Lawrence, Greg (2011). Jackie as Editor: The Literary Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 260–261. ISBN 0312591934.
- ^ "Book: JFK. Jr's Death Foretold". ABC News. July 11. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ a b Klein, pp. 213-214.
- ^ a b Landau, p. 117.
- ^ a b Sumner, David E. (2010). The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 978-1433104930.
- ^ Landau, p. 99.
- ^ a b Landau, pp. 100-102.
- ^ Coulter, pp. 317-318.
- ^ Blow, pp. 174-175.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (October 25, 1997). "John Kennedy Jr., One Step Ahead of the Pack, Quietly Travels to Cuba". New York Times.
- ^ a b "Blacks Mourn Tragic Death of John F. Kennedy Jr.". Jet. August 9, 1999.
- ^ a b Blow, p. 274.
- ^ Heymann, p. 17.
- ^ Bercovici, Jeff (2001). "Hachette delivers death ax to George". Media Life Magazine.
- ^ "Reliable Sources: 'George' Folds". CNN. January 6, 2001.
- ^ a b Heymann, p. 438.
- ^ Leigh, pp. 322-323.
- ^ a b Andersen, p. 316.
- ^ "Michael Kennedy laid to rest". CNN. January 3, 1998.
- ^ a b c Landau, pp. 94-95.
- ^ Leigh, p. 290-292.
- ^ Andersen, p. 259.
- ^ "Charity Group Recalls John Kennedy Jr.". New York Times. December 8, 1999.
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 403-406.
- ^ Blow, p. 263
- ^ a b c Heymann, p. 489.
- ^ Heymann, p. 451.
- ^ "Jfk Jr. Undergoes Surgery On Hand". Chicago Tribune. October 10, 1997.
- ^ a b McNeil, Elizabeth (July 20, 2009). "My Friend John". People.com.
- ^ a b c d Heymann, p. 499.
- ^ Landau, p. 110.
- ^ a b Andersen, pp. 4-5.
- ^ "JFK Jr., Carolyn Bessette's Lives and Last Moments Remembered". ABC News. September 30, 2005.
- ^ Heymann, p. 495.
- ^ a b Littell, Robert T. (2005). The Men We Became: My Friendship with John F. Kennedy, Jr. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0312324773.
- ^ O'Neill, Liisa (May 25, 2009). "Actress and former model Brooke Shields reveals that she didn't lose her virginity until she was 22". New York Daily News.
- ^ Leigh, p. 240.
- ^ Leigh, p. 352.
- ^ Bly, p. 331.
- ^ Leigh, p. 309.
- ^ Specter, Michael (September 20, 1992). "FILM; Bimbo? Sarah Jessica Parker Begs to Differ". New York Times.
- ^ Alam, p. 58.
- ^ Heymann, p. 387.
- ^ Leigh, p. 351.
- ^ Apple, Jr., R. W. (May 24, 1994). "DEATH OF A FIRST LADY: The Overview; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Is Buried". New York Times.
- ^ Bly, p. 358.
- ^ a b Heymann, p. 392.
- ^ Heymann, p. 400.
- ^ a b Heymann, p. 397-399.
- ^ Heymann, p. 435.
- ^ Landau, Elaine (2000). John F. Kennedy, Jr. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-7613-1857-7.
- ^ Heymann, Clemens David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy. Simon and Schuster. p. 458. ISBN 0-7434-9738-4.
- ^ D. McFadden, Robert (September 23, 1996). "John F. Kennedy Jr. Is Married, Quietly, Reports Say". New York Times.
- ^ Heymann, p. 463.
- ^ Heymann, p. 447.
- ^ Heymann, pp. 472-473.
- ^ Heymann, p. 19.
- ^ Heymann, p. 487.
- ^ Heymann, p. 6.
- ^ Powers-Waters XIII, pp. 101-102.
- ^ Blow, p. 301.
- ^ Heymann, p. 478-479.
- ^ Heymann, p. 32.
- ^ Heymann, p. 36.
- ^ a b Grunwald, Michael (July 18, 1999). "JFK Jr. Feared Dead in Plane Crash". Washington Post.
- ^ Gellman, Barton (July 19, 1999). "No Hope of Survivors, Admiral Tells Families". Washington Post.
- ^ Klein, p. 222.
- ^ a b "Crash and Search Time Line". The Washington Post. July 22, 1999. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ "Divers Found Bodies". Chicago Tribune. July 22, 1999.
- ^ Allen, Mike (July 22, 1999). "Bodies From Kennedy Crash Are Found". New York Times.
- ^ "NTSB report NYC99MA178".
- ^ "NTSB report NYC99MA178 Full Narative".
- ^ Maxwell, Paula (July 28, 1999). "Kennedy cremated in Duxbury". Duxbury Clipper (Duxbury. MA). Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ Landau, p. 20.
- ^ Gellman, Barton; Ferdinand, Pamela (1999-07-23). "Kennedy, Bessettes Given Shipboard Rites". Washington Post. pp. A1. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ "Loved Ones Say Farewell". Chicago Tribune. July 22, 1999.
- ^ Landau, p. 23.
- ^ "Daily News' iconic photo of JFK Jr.'s salute to dad's coffin still haunts". New York Daily News. November 17, 2013.
- ^ Kicenuik, Kimberly A. (September 22, 2003). "ARCO Forum at IOP Renamed In Honor of John F. Kennedy Jr.". The Harvard Crimson.
Works cited[edit]
- Blow, Richard (2002). American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr. St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0312988999.
- Bly, Nellie (1996). The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal and Secrets. Kensington. ISBN 978-1575661063.
- Coulter, Ann (2004). How to Talk to a Liberal (If You Must): The World According to Ann Coulter. Crown Forum. ISBN 1400054184.
- Davis, John H. (1993). The Kennedys: Dynasty and Disaster. S.P.I. Books. ISBN 978-1561710607.
- Heymann, C. David (2008). American Legacy: The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy. Atria Books. ISBN 0743497392.
- Landau, Elaine (2000). John F. Kennedy, Jr. Millbrook Press. ISBN 978-0761318576.
- Leamer, Laurence (2005). Sons of Camelot: The Fate of an American Dynasty. William Morrow Paperbacks. ISBN 0060559020.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John F. Kennedy, Jr.. |
- John F. Kennedy Jr. at the Internet Movie Database
- National Transportation Safety Board investigation final report
- JFK Jr's political donations
- FBI file on John F. Kennedy Jr.
- CNN.com In-depth coverage of JFK Jr's death
- Kennedy's body, airplane wreckage found
- John F. Kennedy, Jr. at the Notable Names Database
- Regarding JFK Jr.'s burial at sea
- John F. Kennedy Jr. at Find a Grave
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- Accidental deaths in Massachusetts
- American magazine founders
- American magazine publishers (people)
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French artist Marion Colomer on the thread that binds her to India
"The people, the art of India inspires me," expresses an excited Marion Colomer, a French painter settled in India since 2006. Colomer specialises in portraits, a genre through which she wanted to portray another image of the country and that's how she decided to be here. Merging embroidery and oils, Colomer has painted celebrated personalities like former cricketer Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, adman Alyque Padamsee, fashion designer Meera Ali, actor Kirron Kher as well as grassroots people like a collection on the Naxalites.
Delving deeper into the nature of her work, Colomer says, "My work is based on three cities – Hyderabad, Delhi, and Mumbai because I believe there is a lot of culture in these cities. In Hyderabad one can find rich Muslim influence. On the other hand, a perfect blend of Hindu, Muslim, and British cultures can be easily spotted in Delhi. And similarly in Mumbai there is Western, Indian, and Parsi influences in the society. Hence I am very interested in the story of the city and people related to the city. I use layers in my work which symbolise the complexity of the country and the society. I paint a picture which is very unclear, giving only a slight idea of a person in the painting."
Colomer, who studied painting, lithography and photography at ENSBA in Paris, attributes a number of influences to Indian art traditions. "There are many Indian artists who influence me like Raja Ravi Varma, and Raqib Shaw, to name a few. My work has changed as it has become more complex and intricate. In my work, the idea of spirituality is merged with the traditions of European portraiture. I have, in turn, blended those with the Indian portraiture. Hence, my work has emerged as a bridge between two cultures."
To create the intricate designs in embroidery on her canvas, Colomer works with local craftsmen. This interaction also enables her to get a better understanding of India. The artist who has just finished a painting based on the burning topic of Tiger for an NGO has had solo exhibitions with Alliance Francaise.
Keywords: Marion Colomer, painting, Indian art


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University Of Akron Students And Diebold Engineers Team Up To Explore Uncharted Virtual World
NORTH CANTON, Ohio, Aug. 24, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Cloud computing, a nebulous term that refers to using the Internet to store data, run programs and more, has yet to significantly enter the college classroom, until now. Students from The University of Akron (UA) and software engineers from Green-based Diebold, Incorporated (NYSE:DBD), makers of automated teller machines (ATMs) and security systems, will participate in a series of three courses in cloud computing at UA to learn how industry can maximize cyberspace resources. Simultaneously, a group of budding computer scientists will receive specialized training to help industry — right out of college.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20080725/DIEBOLDLOGO )
In all, 12 UA students and six Diebold engineers will participate in the classes, which take place during the fall 2012 and spring and summer 2013 semesters. Topics cover cloud computing fundamentals, tools and platforms; cloud "mashups," or website pages or applications that use or combine data, presentation or functionality from two or more sources to create new services; best practices in cloud applications; and cloud security.
Leading engineers from Diebold were directly involved in shaping the cloud computing class curriculum with UA professors, transpiring as a result of Diebold's role on the UA Computer Science Advisory Board. Also, Diebold engineers attending the course have been working with cloud-oriented technologies and mashups since early 2011 through research and various active projects.
Several students selected for the course series also will serve internships at Diebold, where they will work alongside skilled professionals who already develop and deploy cloud technology for the company. In addition, pairs of UA students will team up with Diebold software engineers to work on non-Diebold projects. "This partnership will help fill identified workforce needs and contribute to innovative technological advances. The interactions our students will have with Diebold engineers, both in the classroom and through co-ops and dedicated projects, will help create for them an outstanding academic experience — a true Akron Experience," said William M. "Mike" Sherman. UA senior vice president, provost and chief operating officer. "Experiences like these will make our graduates distinctive and benefit our industry partners with UA graduates ready to contribute from the first day on the job. We are thrilled to partner with Diebold in this exciting opportunity and look forward to furthering the use of cloud computing to create innovative solutions."Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Kerkyra's most well-known attractions include the Kerkyra and Paliokastrisa, and many people travel to Kerkyra to enjoy its great beaches, swimming, and sun tanning. It's really worth staying over for at least a day or two in Kerkyra, as it is the main travel spot in Greece's Western Greece, Ionian Islands & Peloponnese region. Check out this Kerkyra travel guide to find out more about all the great things to see and do there.
Questions answered about visiting Kerkyra
Travel Tips from people who've been to Kerkyra
Corfù è un'isola che offre molto: mare, spiagge affollate, baie nascoste e solitarie, scorci fantastici, locali, ulivi, fiorente paese, località più in collina...Un'isola per tutti, da chi cerca acque limpidissime e ama la tranquillità a chi cerca il divertimento e vuole conoscere gente. Seppur la più vicina delle siole greche, quindi facile da raggiungere, presenta le caratteristiche della grecia...consigliatissima da girare in motorino. Good tip? (0) Stay at the Pink Palace!! Lots of fun, and many people to meet there. Best to go with a bunch of friends. Has its own nightclub for a bit of fun as well. Private beach. Has lots of things to do as well: Booze Cruise, Quad rental and Safari,. Kayaking, cliff diving and sooo much more Very cheap accomodation 25€ a night, and this includes breakfast, and a 3 course dinner. Absolutely LOVE this place Good tip? (0) If you travel by boat, you should go to Paxos and spend a night there. The water is crystal clear, you can do snorkling and you definitely should go to the little town. There is a restaurant "Akis Bar", right next to the see with exotic south american fruits, so you can get a juice or even a cocktail. You are in Greece but feel in the Caribean, great experience! Good tip? (0) Recent Updates for Kerkyra
Felix Z. wrote a review on Paleokastritsa, Sidary, Afionas and Prasoudi, Kerkyra 3 years ago George B. wrote a review on Rex, Kerkyra 3 years ago Jessica G. answered Sandra M.'s question: 3 years ago Sandra M. asked the question: 3 years ago 3 years ago 3 years ago
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text: #2218: Firefox-220.127.116.11 ---------------------------------------------+------------------------------ Reporter: dnicholson at linuxfromscratch.org | Owner: blfs-book at linuxfromscratch.org Type: task | Status: new Priority: normal | Milestone: 6.2.1 Component: BOOK | Version: SVN Severity: normal | Resolution: Keywords: firefox | ---------------------------------------------+------------------------------ Comment (by Ag.Hatzim): Version increment to 22.214.171.124 Fixes the serious "location.hostname" security flaw. (1) You can find if your version of firefox is vulnerable in the following link (2),where you can also follow instructions for a workaround,if you are not wishing to upgrade. I am upgrading now to the new version,although I am not really qualified to comment about the build procedure since I deviate in some ways from the book. Release notes. http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/188.8.131.52/releasenotes/ 1. https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=370445 2. http://lcamtuf.dione.cc/ffhostname.html -- Ticket URL: <http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/ticket/2218#comment:5> BLFS Trac <http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs> Beyond Linux From Scratch


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{Free Printables} – Valentine's Day Class Cards — Air Heads & Pencils
Oh, your conversation with Mira brings back so many memories! Thankfully, my son was (is) still on board with the homemade Valentines too!
[…] Day cards for my kids to hand out to their school friends. Last year, I actually designed some Valentine's Day Cards for my kids to take with them. My oldest is now in middle school, so she sadly won't be […]


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Get a taste of the OreoSlice theme for Droid X and Droid 2 without needing a ROM! Here are the OreoSlice Wallpapers included with the ever-growing popularity of the theme! With 37 black and white wallpapers, this app will complete any Android phone!
When installed, access the wqllpapers by clicking the menu button > wallpaper > OreoSlice Wallpapers.
Also, check out LimeSlice Wallpapers and ArcticSlice Wallpapers which are also in the market.
If on OreoSlice for Liberty, delete "Oreo Wallpapers" in root explorer under system > app. Then install this app.
By purchasing this application, you are donating to support slicethemez and our hard work!
**Thanks to Jared Rummler for all of his help in the process of making this app!**
Thanks for Donating to SliceThemez!
What's New
Added the Honeycomb wallpapers which have been OreoSliced!


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If you need TP, hurry on over to Staples to grab this deal!
Right now you can score this Quilted Northern® Soft & Strong™ Bath Tissue Rolls, 2-Ply, 30 Rolls/Case for $15.99. That is $.26 per single roll which is right at my stock up price of $.25 per single roll. You can pick these up in the store to save on shipping.
Just head on over to Staples and see if this is available in your store. Hurry, they are selling out fast!
This post may contain affiliate links. For more information please refer to our Disclosure Policy.


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Cordless: | Yes |
Weight: | 3.9 lbs. |
Battery Type: | Li-Ion |
Color: | Silver/Black |
Container Capacity: | 15 oz. |
Voltage: | 20V |
Wattage: | 35 |
Reviewed by 1 customer
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Comments about 20V MAX Cordless Lithium-Ion Pivot Hand Vacuum:
Our old Dust Buster battery was on its last leg. This is a great replacement.
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AGIFNA National Conference is moving forward with new vision every year. Our goal is to provide sound, biblical teaching and fellowship in an age of compromise and confusions. This conference offers unique opportunities to fellowship with your fellow believers from around the country. We offer separate meetings for ministers, men, women and children, combined family service, praise & worship by talented singers, various sports activities for our youths and evenings filled with top-notch energizing Christian speakers.
If you are thinking about attending (and we know you are), you can use this site for up-to-date information about registration, speakers, sessions, lowest airfare from your cities and other important information. Please check back often as early bird special rate ends on April 30th and you will have access to the discounted hotel rooms and early registration fees.


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The EPA has released load allocations for the primary pollutants that cause oxygen-depleted "dead zones" in the deeper waters of the Rappahannock and the mainstem Chesapeake Bay. These allocations are part of a Bay-wide pollution diet called a TMDL or "Total Maximum Daily Load".
The Commonwealth of Virginia is being required by EPA to develop plans in each of its Chesapeake river basins to reduce its loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment to these levels by 2025.
For the Rappahannock, meeting the nitrogen reduction goals will present the greatest challenge. Nitrogen and phosphorous enter the river from a variety of sources, including fertilizer, animal wastes, airborne deposition, stormwater runoff, and wastewater discharges. The basinwide nitrogen load allocation is 5.84 million pounds per year.
For phosphorous, the load allocation is 9.0 million pounds per year.
The graphs below present actual monitoring data for both nutrients for the period 1988 to 2008. Much of the year-to-year variability is associated with rainfall levels, with rainy years generating greater loadings.
Of particular interest is the 10-year rolling average, which gives a better indication of long terms trends than individual year data.


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Sorry, this product has not yet been added to our database, so until then you will not be able to submit a user review. Please come back soon and try again.
DNM Interconnect-HTFN user reviews
Unique in appearance, this solid cored interconnect may be pricey but it does everything to a high standard Tested at £300


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Mariano Rivera tore his ACL shagging fly balls during batting practice on Thursday night in Kansas City, and while the loss of the Yankees' top relief pitcher will certainly be felt over the remainder of this season, it will not be as catastrophic as many think. This is primarily because all closers, even Mariano Rivera, are overrated. I realize this is not a very popular stance, especially among Yankees fans - a group of which I am a member - but that doesn't change the fact that it's true.
read more
It's ironic that New York Yankees closer Mariano Rivera, the all-time leader in saves, tore his ACL chasing a fly ball in batting practice before Thursday's game against the Kansas City Royals, via ESPN. Manager Joe Girardi said on ... Read Post
The New York Yankees did not expect a night like this when they arrived in Kansas City on Thursday. Mariano Rivera's Hall of Fame career might have ended on Thursday night while shagging fly balls in center field during batting prac... Read Post
He would never admit it, but the gods are unjust. If you haven't heard, the Yankees' 42-year-old closer Mariano Rivera tore his ACL shagging batting practice fly balls in Kansas City on Thursday night. The most pointless thing in th... Read Post


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Red Lion Glitter Sport Fashion Headbands. Sport this awesome glitzy glitter headband everywhere you go! Soft velvet inside. 5/8" wide ribbon. Stays in place. Will not slip. Use for all sports.
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Product Description
Sport this awesome glitzy glitter headband everywhere you go!
Soft velvet inside
5/8" wide ribbon
Stays in place. Will not slip.
Use for all sports
One Size Fits most
Made in the USA
Due to color differences in monitors, the colors on this site are for reference only. Please contact Epic Sports if you have any color questions.


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Publisher's Description
LCedit+ is a Macintosh (or Windows) program for editing the light scenes and sequences inside a LanBox. In other words, LCedit+ is just a friendly way to program the LanBox, all the "real" lighting work is done by the box. The program has several types of windows called a stage (that holds the fixtures and light groups), cast (lists all used fixtures and groups as a list), control window (for editing the lighting parameters, and engine control for managing the sequencers, setting scene parameters and chasers).
LCedit+ also has several built-in tools e.g. to edit the fixture library, to manage files (Utilities, Backup and Restore), to upload firmware, to edit global settings of a LanBox (e.g. set name, password) and to make patches (DMX channels, curves, slope limits, etc.).


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The 'scheduled duration' of power supply will be restored in a couple of days, according to an official release.
It stated that the State had suffered a loss of 870 megawatt of power due to the breakdown in the production of electricity of several units of power stations in Ennore, Pillaiperumal Nallur, Neyveli, Ramagundam, Kaiga and Talcher. "All these units are likely to resume their production within a couple of days."
Efforts were on to procure the required quantum of power from the open market and un-requisitioned surplus power of the Central Generating Stations in other regions. Repeated requests had also been made for allotment of 1,000 MW additional power to the State from the Central pool.
Though it had been tied up with Gujarat to get 500 MW round-the-clock power, corridor congestion came in the way of Tamil Nadu fully availing the facility. The State was getting 425 MW for 10 hours and 200 MW for five hours. Steps were being taken to get the entire quantum throughout the day.
Grid discipline stipulations enforced by the Power System Operation Corporation (POSCO) of the Union Government had resulted in increased and unannounced load shedding in some areas, the release said.
Keywords: power supply problem


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Yep, he's a goddamn-pinko-lib, as far as his own stark-raving-bonkers state party is concerned. The reason? He endorsed the far right candidate, Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst, against the seriously far right insurgent, Ted Cruz. But my favorite part of the...
read more
David DewCrist... er... Dewhurst is Texas's Lieutenant Governor and is running for the United States Senate against RedState endorsed Ted Cruz. Lt. Gov. DewCrist has been making sure local news outlets in Texas understand he underst... Read Post
On Sunday, Texas Republican Senate candidate and Tea Party favorite Ted Cruz talked to Chris Wallace of Fox News Sunday. The former Texas solicitor general defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst in a come-from-behind win in Tue... Read Post
The Texas Senate runoff Republican primary is Tuesday, and according to a new Public Policy Polling survey, it looks likely that tea party candidate Ted Cruz is going to trounce the more establishment Republican David Dewhurst. Cruz... Read Post


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1176 Granville Street, Vancouver Downtown, Vancouver (BC), Canada V6Z 1L8 (Show on map)
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Follow Scrubs
Sean and Kim
Around the Web
- Photo Credit:
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- Scrubs
- Episode:
- Scrubs Season 8 Episode 16: "My Cuz"
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Scrubs Season 8 Episode 16 Quotes
Kim: So we've been dating, what about a month...and I just didn't want to say anything until i Knew it was going to go somewhere.
Sean: We hit a little speed bumb when I first found Sam was your baby
Kim: Yeah he got drunk and asked me to sell him on the black market
Sean: She wouldn't
Elliot: Well that's sweet
- Permalink: So we've been dating, what about a month...and I just didn't wan...
- Added:
Kim: J.D. is better at sex, Sean is better at foreplay
Elliot: J.D. is great at foreplay. He just takes the play part literally, so you got to embrace all of his games. "Nooks and Crannies," "Upsies Daises"...
Kim: "Who's in there?" ... Followed afterward by "What's in there?"
Elliot: "Mr Peep Tries on Hats" ...
Kim: Love that one!
- Permalink: J.D. is better at sex, Sean is better at foreplay J.D. is grea...
- Added:


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Careless Driving
by attorney Kenneth Vercammen
39:4-97. A person who drives a vehicle carelessly, or without due caution and circumspection, in a manner so as to endanger, or be likely to endanger,... more
I received a speeding and failure to obey stop sign ticket in February 2012. I paid for one and deferred the other. I understand that a moving violation would certainly revoke the deferred finding, but does a menial parking ticket do the same? On another note, I received a speeding ticket when I was on my motorcycle, in July 2012 (I was driving my car when I received the tickets in February) and the police office did not mention anything about the deferred finding, nor did I receive anything from the courthouse stating that my deferred finding was revoked. I checked and my license is not suspended. Am i in the clear on this? Last thing, is the deferred finding timeframe end on the date of the infraction or the date that it was filed to the courthouse, which was in May? Thanks!
The answer to all of your questions can be answered in two words...it depends. More specifically, it depends on the specific wording of your deferred finding agreement and occasionally how a judge "interprets" this wording if it is not totally clear. This is a good example of why you should always pay a little now and retain an eperienced and competent traffic attorney to handle any future tickets for you. Here to help...
It might. It depends on the language of the deferral agreement that you signed or agreed to comply with. Not all jurisdictions will put the screws to you for parking tickets and yet others will. That is why these deferral agreements are usually a bad idea. Instead you should have paid for a good traffic lawyer to take care of these cases for you. Most people think that they can play traffic lawyer and do it themselves and usually they screw up and make it worse for themselves.
Get a lawyer and look into it.
A traffic ticket is issued for moving or non-moving vehicle violations. Potential consequences include fines, license penalties, traffic school, or jail.
by attorney Kenneth Vercammen
39:4-97. A person who drives a vehicle carelessly, or without due caution and circumspection, in a manner so as to endanger, or be likely to endanger,... more
by attorney Jeremy S Geigle
A speeding ticket is given for driving faster than the posted speed limit, including on roads with variable speed limits, which change with conditions.
by attorney Gregory Wagner
What to look for in defending you speeding infraction. Citation Look at citaion to see if officer has indicated what type of speed measuring device... more


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The bold decision to replace a myriad of separate software systems with a single open-source framework could yield a new standard for data processing at neutron sources worldwide
Kenilworth, New Jersey, February 23, 2015-Cryofab Inc., manufacturer of cryogenic dewars and vessels, and owner of Cryocomp Valves, has named R. Michael Capers as Managing Director for the new cryogenic valves business unit.
"We are grateful for the opportunity to partner with IMEC in a Joint Development Project.This partnership between Park Systems and imec provides a crucial link of scientific collaboration." Dr. Sang-il Park, CEO of Park Systems
Precise control and accuracy for flow rates to 1000 slm
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Learn more about this supplier


text:
Anyone got news on this one, Is it a quality peice?
The only times in this nations history that anything great happened it was because normal men put aside their petty differences and fight for a common cause. Chester "The great object is that every man be armed . . . Everyone who is able may have a gun." (Patrick Henry, in the Virginia Convention on the ratification of the Constitution.)
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It was the redesign of the AK 47, that was done in 1974. There were improvements made that increased accuracy, durability and function. They run 5.45x39, rather than the 7.62x39 that the AK 47 and AKM run.
everyone of them I ever seen was a POS, if ya want that cal get a AR
suck it my arsenal 74 is way nicer than my ar


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