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Peer Outreach and Education
I. Definition of the Prevention Area
Peer outreach and education (POE) typically involves members of a specific group to influence and support members of the same group to maintain healthy sexual behaviors, change risky sexual behaviors, and modify norms. Peer educators are thought to be more likely to influence the behaviors of their peers since they are seen as credible and less judgmental role models.
II. Epidemiological Justification for the Prevention Area
Certain populations, such as injecting drug users, sex workers, and out-of-school youth may be difficult to identify and reach through standard programs. They may also be reticent to trust those who are seen as being in a position of authority. Peer educators can bring a variety of assets to the task of HIV prevention; they may be able to contact hard-to-reach individuals, and to wary members of disenfranchised groups; and they may simultaneously be seen as more acceptable as educators and more credible (or less judgmental) than non-peers.
However, there are some limits to the credibility afforded to peers as evidenced by certain studies of youth and prisoners. Some program managers see peer education as a less expensive way to achieve HIV prevention, but other researchers caution that using POE to reduce expenses in HIV education can backfire since programs without a solid investment in development and oversight of peer educators can fail.
III. Core Programmatic Components
The core programmatic components of POE include facilitating discussions using a curriculum, counseling individuals, lecturing on behavior change, distributing materials such as condoms, and making referrals to services. HIV prevention-focused POE may incorporate or offer referral to programs that empower clients more broadly, such as microcredit.
Program design should take into account the context of the target group and its socio-cultural, political, and linguistic needs. Peer activities may be affected by shared characteristics between volunteers and contacts (such as gender, socioeconomic status, education level, ethnicity, and place of residence). Peer-led activities offer opportunities for members of shared networks to collectively define their needs and develop solutions.
Research shows that peer leaders need ongoing training, monitoring, support, and sometimes incentives to avoid high attrition rates. Moderate supervision is essential, but it should respond to the peers' needs or else it may stifle opportunities for empowerment and leadership. Additional support may also result from the involvement of community groups and partnerships. These linkages provide much-needed resources and buy-in and contribute to long-term program sustainability, but such partnerships can create their own obstacles.
POE is one approach to HIV prevention that should be part of an overall strategic plan and linked to other programs and communication channels, such as mass media, community-based interventions, and individual-based projects. Linkages and referrals to HIV/AIDS care, support, and treatment services are also essential elements of prevention programs.
IV. Current Status of Implementation Experience
Markers of effective POE include increased knowledge about HIV and its prevention; enhanced positive attitudes about people living with HIV (PLWH); increased skills related to health-protective actions, such as proper condom use and safer injection drug practices; positive gender and social norms; and maintenance of healthy sexual behaviors. These markers, however, are not always predictive of the desired outcomes as measured by reductions in sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, or pregnancies. This has led researchers to call for more rigorous evaluations of biological outcomes related to POE.
Traditionally, peer-led interventions have been thought to be successful because of their organic nature and peers' abilities to make strong connections with their contacts. However, HIV prevention-focused peer interventions have shown mixed results among various groups, including in- and out-of-school youth, people living with HIV, sex workers, injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, people in the workplace, and incarcerated individuals.
In Thailand, a peer project was launched among young methamphetamine users. The program resulted in reduced methamphetamine use, increased condom use, and reduced STI incidence over a 12-month period. However, the control arm showed a similar decline in STIs. Other programs have failed to show that POE participants reduce their number of sexual partners or that they experience any reduction in STIs or HIV.
One set of researchers compares and contrasts the features of a failed and a successful POE program among commercial sex workers, providing rich detail about the factors that appear to hinder success and that appear to promote successful, sustainable POE projects.
Sustainability of programs continues to be a challenge to this and other HIV prevention, care, treatment, and support approaches.
Updated: March 2011
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The researchers review 24 youth HIV POE programs in developing nations and report that the programs overall led to improved HIV knowledge and social norms but there was no corresponding increase in condom use, except among subgroups. Similarly, there was no clear evidence of a reduction in symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. The authors note that the "greatest successes were reported in studies with the weakest designs." They comment on the findings of Kim and Free in which benefit from adolescent POE programs was not found. They suggest some reasons for the lack of positive findings, including the large number of studies from high-income nations, such as the U.S. and U.K., and the attitudes in low- and middle-income nations where program outcome assessments are seen as "unnecessary, costly and time consuming…with little or no benefit to the program itself." The authors cite other research suggesting that poor monitoring could contribute to weak delivery.
Although peer education for HIV prevention is commonly recommended and used in developing nations, the authors of this meta-analysis (a study of studies) say that the effectiveness of this approach has not been systematically evaluated. The authors analyzed 30 relevant studies published from 1990 through late 2006 and found that peer education programs led to increased knowledge and reduced equipment sharing among injection drug users. However, there was no significant benefit detected in terms of a reduction in sexually transmitted infections. The researchers comment that study heterogeneity limited the strength of this meta-analysis and they recommend a "standardized set of measures for condom use, HIV knowledge, and other behavioral and biological outcomes" for further research.
The researchers conducted a randomized clinical trial of 253 alcohol-using men who have sex with men (MSM) to see whether POE using a "transtheoretical model" with motivational interviewing would reduce the men's use of alcohol and risky sexual behavior. A control group was given referrals to standard services. The control group reported taking a slightly greater number of drinks per day and were twice as likely engage in risky sex behaviors compared to the intervention group. There was no difference between groups on the number of drinking days per 30-day period or on the number of days of unprotected sex. The protective effect in the intervention group leveled off over time and was indistinguishable from the control group by the tenth month.
The authors of this systematic review provide a critical analysis of 13 published studies of the efficacy of adolescent POE programs to promote sexual health. Studies were appraised for four critical study biases (selection-, performance-, attrition-, and detection bias). Randomized and quasi-experimental programs from high- and low-income nations were included. The authors found that the methodological quality of the studies was low and they urge caution in interpreting the results of this review. Of the three studies reporting consistent condom use, none showed statistically significant results. Nor was there clear evidence, say the authors, that adolescent POE reduced the odds of pregnancy or having a new partner. Despite their findings, the authors state that POE "should not be abandoned but rather fine-tuned."
This article uses mathematical modeling to determine cost-effectiveness of the Jyoti Sangh HIV prevention program in Gujarat, India. The program was initiated in 2003 when HIV prevalence among commercial sex workers was found to be 13 percent. The authors, using multiple assumptions and surrogate markers for the outcome of interest (HIV infections), determine that the intervention "averted 624 and 5,131 HIV cases" among sex workers and their clients respectively. They conclude that the intervention was cost effective at a cost ranging between $56 and $219 per averted case.
The author of this editorial reviews her own work and that of others regarding POE among South African youth. She discusses the work of Paulo Freire, the underpinnings of effective POE, and obstacles that have led to mixed results with POE. She cites her own 2001 study in which young people, despite high levels of HIV knowledge, continued to engage in high-risk sex. Barriers cited include low perceived level of personal risk; peer pressure to engage in unprotected sex; limited access to condoms; and poverty that made transaction sex attractive to some young women. The author concludes that program success will be difficult without parallel efforts to change the social environment.
This report on a governmental assessment of HIV peer education programs finds that in 2000 "very limited" numbers of people were reached. Only 20 of Vietnam's 61 provinces had programs. Most targeted injecting drug users and many targeted commercial sex workers, however, few targeted their sex partners. The nature of education was also incomplete; while some programs distributed condoms, few demonstrated their correct use, and access to clean needles and syringes were often not provided. The authors say that small surveys of clients indicated continuing high-risk behaviors despite repeat contacts with peer educators, suggesting inefficiencies in peer education. The authors end with six recommendations to expand and improve peer education initiatives.
The authors review a POE program in the rural state of Karnataka in India, two years after external funding was withdrawn to determine factors associated with program sustainability. The program initially trained 5,000 community-based outreach workers (CBOWs). However, only 39 of the 5,000 appeared to sustain POE activities. The authors interviewed program staff and both sustaining- and non-sustaining CBOWs. Several factors were found to be related to sustained engagement: volunteers who were already leaders in community organizations were most likely to become sustainers; focusing on community organizations (which can aid in ongoing support for volunteers) over individual volunteers may improve sustainability; and the withdrawal of stipends to volunteers when external funding ends leads to significant attrition among impoverished volunteers.
In order to determine who most influences youth's risk reduction behaviors; peers, adults, or a combination of both, the authors of this paper queried nearly 500 Ghanaian youth aged 11 to 26 years about the people they spoke with about reproductive health and contraception during the previous three months. Overall, 58 percent of youths said they had taken action during the preceding three months to protect themselves from HIV. Those who spoke with adults were no more likely than those who spoke with no one to take precautions. Those who spoke with peers were more likely to have taken a preventive measure than those who spoke with no one, while those who spoke with both peers and adults were most likely to have taken a protective measure. The author state that cause and effect could not be proven by this observational study.
The authors examine the similarities and differences between the age, ethnicity, gender, and school status (in or out of school) of peer educators with those of their contacts and how those similarities or dissimilarities affect the outcome of POE. Outcome was assessed by asking contacts: "Have you done anything to protect yourself from AIDS in the past three months?" Unadjusted results showed no statistically significant difference in outcome based on the closeness of peer-contact characteristics. After adjusting for "other potential co-factors," such as age, whether the program was school-based "and other variables," peer educators who more closely resembled their contacts had a statistically significant, albeit modest, effect on the outcome.
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Over 800 staff members at a Malawi hospital were evaluated regarding the impact of a peer-group intervention focused on observation of universal precautions, enhanced client teaching, and respect for people living with HIV (PLWH). Intervention effectiveness was evaluated by staff and client surveys, and direct observation. Six months after the Mzake ndi Mzake (Friend to Friend) intervention, which consisted of ten 90- to 120-minute sessions, staff knowledge of universal precautions increased marginally over their already high level of knowledge at baseline. Staff members were observed to use of gloves somewhat more frequently and clients reported that staff engaged them in some aspect of HIV teaching to a greater degree.
This critical review of two POE programs among sex workers - one successful and the other not - provides detailed insights into the factors that may be central to successful versus failed interventions. The authors provide extensive citations for their observations; give vivid examples of successful and unsuccessful approaches, and make a few counterintuitive observations. The authors review aspects of the "failed" intervention that were successful and vice versa. Overly optimistic and ambitious approaches, say the authors, may be less successful overall than more limited approaches; for example, they challenge the assumption that multi-stakeholder involvement necessarily improves success and they give an example of how one project's progress was impeded by the engagement of multiple stakeholders with competing interests. In other ways, however, a more comprehensive approach can prove beneficial; for example, the program in which women organized a variety of social and economic supports for each other succeeded where another project, which remained narrowly focused on medical issues, failed. The authors measured success in terms of reduction in sexually transmitted infections and in program continuance versus closure.
The authors conducted a study of the efficacy of a peer education program for secondary school students in Nigeria from 2005 to 2007. The intervention included ongoing training of peer educators for the two-year period. Peer educators and trainers used the United Nations Population Fund/United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS Peer Education Toolkit; the Family Health International Peer-to-Peer Training guide; videos; and other resources. The intervention was assessed by cross-sectional surveys; a comparative case series; and qualitative assessment of students in the intervention arms vs. those who received no special HIV education. Students in the intervention arms increased their knowledge of HIV, and reduced the number of times they engaged in sexual intercourse and the number of sex partners they had. Although there was a trend toward increased condom use, it did not reach statistical significance.
This 12-month clinical trial randomized 983 methamphetamine-using Thai youth aged 18 to 24 years to a peer-educator, network-oriented intervention or to a "best practice, life-skills" program. Both groups showed a "significant and dramatic decline in self-reported methamphetamine use (99 percent at baseline and 53 percent at 12 months). Condom use increased to the same degree in both groups. The authors note that unlike the peer educator group, the "best practice" group did not include social network members, however, the network members of the best practice group increased their use of condoms as well. The authors comment on possible study contamination due to diffusion of information and possible biasing effects on the study since the study was conducted in the wake of extrajudicial killings of over 2500 suspected drug users.
Taxi and tricycle drivers in the Philippines are seen as a "bridging" group that can contract HIV infection from sex workers and bring it into the larger population through sex with their spouses or other sex partners. The authors conducted a two-year, randomized, peer-education program with the drivers and conducted near- and long-term follow up (up to 31 months) comparing the intervention arms with control arms, in which subjects received no special HIV education. HIV knowledge increased among the treatment arms. The authors state that condom use increased from baseline to follow-up, however, this claim is based on a subgroup analysis.
Many studies of peer-education programs provide only short-term outcomes. The authors conducted a randomized study of 1950 senior high school students in Shanghai, China, to determine both short- and long-term (one year) outcomes. The researchers found that the percentage of students saying they would use condoms increased from 46 percent to 66 percent one month after the POE intervention and held at 62 percent one year later, representing a significant improvement over the control group. Actual behavior changes were not determined.
Over 3,000 senior students in San-ming China were randomized to receive HIV peer education or usual teacher-led health education. Peer educators, aged 16 to 17 years old, were trained for four-days to help them "improve the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of their classmates" regarding HIV. Small sessions (44 to 66 students) showed greater benefit than those attending the large sessions (100 to 150 students). The authors cite other research showing that school-based HIV education reduced risky sexual behaviors. However, the authors comment that although students in the current study stated their intention to change their sexual behavior, actual changes in sexual behaviors were not tracked.
A POE project for female sex workers (FSWs) in Mombasa, Kenya, was evaluated five years after its launch in 2000. Following intervention, FSWs were significantly more likely to use condoms and to refuse clients who declined to use a condom. However, FSWs were also far more likely to work full- rather than part-time in 2005 than in 2000 (increasing the number of sex partners they had per week). Poverty played a large role in the FSWs sexual behavior. The researchers conclude that "it is uncertain whether the balance between higher number of partners and increased condom use reduced the total number of unprotected sex acts." HIV prevalence showed a non-significant increase from 31 percent in 2000 to 33 percent in 2005.
This report grew out of the UNAIDS HIV Prevention Reference Group, which met in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2007. Participants in the conference concluded that there was a need for greater clarity in nomenclature for behavioral interventions (definitions, critical components and methodologies to assess interventions) and for minimal quality standards for HIV prevention interventions.
Guidance provided in this 30-page document is drawn from interviews with leading experts in various HIV prevention areas; from an in-depth literature review; and from examples of existing protocols and standards currently in use. The report discusses the tension between researchers and front-line health practitioners regarding the relative merits of outcome assessments and provides some insight into the differing perspectives of both.
Three intervention-specific programs are reviewed in detail: condom social marketing, peer education, and microcredit. The report authors give a basic description of each intervention; describe the conceptual theory or assumptions about how the intervention is expected to produce the intended effects; and give a brief summary of the current standard or typical kinds of data collection for monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the intervention. Common criticisms or intervention failings are described. Alternative approaches suggested by the key experts are included. Each section concludes with a brief summary of issues for program designers to consider in developing quality standards.
This study of 357 pre-release prisoners in South Africa, measured their knowledge, attitudes, sex communication, self-efficacy, and intentions before and after instruction by either an HIV-negative or HIV-positive peer educator, with follow-up evaluations at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the community. Ninety-four inmates had to be excluded from the study due to an administrative problem at one of the prisons, leaving 263 evaluable inmates. Although improvements were seen with both HIV-negative and HIV-positive counselors, there was greater improvement with the HIV-negative peer counselor. The authors suggest that the prisoners may have found it difficult to look up to prisoners with "additional stigma." The authors comment on a limitation of their study: only intentions and not actual behavior changes were measured.
This 41-page evaluation study, funded by USAID, examined the Strengthening HIV/AIDS Partnership in Education 1 (SHAPE 1) project. The Ghanaian project was launched in September 2001 and concluded in late 2004, when it was replaced by a newly designed SHAPE 2 Project. The goal of the POE project was to prevent the spread and mitigate the impact of HIV among educational professionals and the youth and families served by educators in primary, junior secondary, and senior secondary schools.
Nearly 90 schools trained peer educators who promoted HIV prevention through clubs, health talks, skits, dramas, and one-on-one encounters. Approximately 70 schools maintained viable POE programs at the end of the project's second year of operation.
Findings of the evaluation study indicate that there were "no significant differences between the SHAPE 1 students and comparison students (who had no special HIV education)" and that SHAPE 1 students were actually less likely to report using condoms to avoid sexually transmitted infections, although the researchers caution that the finding was based on a very small number of students. Between 40 to 50 percent of the students said their main reason for not using condoms was due to lack of availability.
The authors evaluate a workplace peer education program given to more than 300 women in Botswana. Half of the women were enrolled in an immediate intervention arm and the other half in a delayed intervention arm. The program addressed gender inequality, HIV risk reduction, and attitudes toward people living with HIV. HIV-transmission knowledge levels were "fairly high" among the women at baseline, and increased by a small percentage following the intervention. Accurate knowledge of behavioral changes increased from 62 percent to 90 percent, while those who self-reported practicing safer sex increased from 34 percent to 47 percent. The authors found the program to be "feasible and affordable" for replication in developing countries.
The authors studied Zambian secondary school students who were randomized to either a 1-hour-and-45-minute-long in-class peer sexual health intervention on "knowledge and normative beliefs regarding abstinence and condoms and personal risk perception of acquiring HIV" or to a 1-hour class on water purification. The authors found that students in the intervention arm, relative to students in the control arm, were more likely to score higher on HIV knowledge questions and on normative beliefs about abstinence and condoms. They also had higher personal risk perception of acquiring HIV than students in control arms.
This 53-page report grew out of a needs assessment of peer education program managers identified by an international consultation of 45 experts and conference participants that was held in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1999. The authors conducted a literature review of the key POE topics and include sections on: HIV peer education integration with other interventions; finding and keeping peer educators; training and supervising peer educators; gender, sexuality and the sociocultural context; program activities to foster behavior change; care for people living with HIV/AIDS; and program sustainability.
Interviews were conducted with 30 program managers from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean regarding POE and support interventions in order to provide an overview of the uses and challenges in peer education in this 43-page document.
The youth-led School HIV/AIDS Education Program (SHEP) was evaluated to determine its effectiveness on students' levels of HIV and reproductive health (RH) knowledge, attitudes, and protective behaviors. The cost of implementing the program was also evaluated. Peer educators were trained and had strong leadership, communication, and team building skills. Aged 18-25 years the peer educators were older than students but younger than teachers. SHEP used a comprehensive approach to HIV and RH education in addressing life skills and sexual behaviors. The study was non-randomized and quasi-experimental. Schools that implemented SHEP for a minimum of three years and had active peer educators were randomly selected to be in the study. About 2,000 students were interviewed from 13 intervention schools and 13 matched comparison schools. SHEP students were more likely to correctly answer HIV prevention and transmission and reproductive physiology questions compared to non-SHEP students. Positive attitudes towards people living with HIV were more likely among SHEP students compared to non-SHEP students. SHEP students also reported higher levels of self-efficacy in refusing unwanted sex and acquiring a condom compared to non-SHEP students. SHEP students were more likely to have had only one sexual partner in the last year or to report not having had sex in the past year compared to non-SHEP students. The cost of the program was about US$20 for each beneficiary. The SHEP model was found to be very effective and is recommended to be scaled-up in other settings.
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This comprehensive training course is designed to train expert clients working in clinic- and hospital-based maternal-to-child transmission programs and treatment sites in Swaziland. This training consists of 16 training units that are conducted over 6.5 days. The course prioritizes the care and treatment of pregnant women in addition to providing services and outreach to their family members. The project incorporates people living with HIV as active implementers in prevention, care, and treatment programs. It can be adapted for use in training other types of lay counselors and peer educators.
This on-line manual was developed as part of the Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP) Tuko Pamoja ("We are together") series. It can be used by peer educators facilitating discussion groups with in- and out-of-school youth. The manuals gives guidance on facilitating group discussions and addresses topics such as physical and emotional changes during adolescence, staying healthy, planning for the future, making good decisions, and preventing pregnancy and HIV. It is divided into 26 chapters with a reference section and can be downloaded in its entirety or each chapter can be downloaded individually.
This 45-page aid to assessing youth POE programs is based on eight checklists, which were developed and validated in a two-phase research study on the productivity, sustainability, and effectiveness of youth POE programs. The first phase involved development of the checklists; the second phase involved testing and validation of the checklists. The research was conducted in Zambia and the Dominican Republic.
The eight checklist topics are: stakeholder involvement; parental involvement; youth involvement; youth-adult partnerships; peer educator cooperation; gender equity and equality; community involvement; and technical frameworks.
This 87-page report discusses methods of dual protection (prevention of pregnancy as well as prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV). Graphic depictions of male and female anatomy and explicit guidelines for the use of both female and male condoms are provided.
This 128-page guide is a Nigerian adaptation of various training guides for peer educators that was developed to help peer educators develop useful skills for POE programs for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. The Peer-to-Peer guide is intended for trainers who will train peer educators.
As young people comprise the majority of those newly infected with HIV, there is a critical need to find effective ways to lower risk-taking behaviors that can lead to sexually transmitted infections and HIV among the uniformed services populations (i.e. military, peacekeepers, police). This 266-page kit provides a comprehensive review of topics, including an introduction to peer education; training peer educators; monitoring and evaluation; basic information on HIV and AIDS; risk assessment; condom use; sexually transmitted infections; alcohol and drug use; gender, coercion and sexual violence; voluntary counseling and testing, stigma and discrimination; mother-to-child transmission; and professional conduct. Four sets of picture cards are included as discussion aids.
This 20-page module is part of a larger manual, Life Skills Training Guide for Young People: HIV/AIDS and Substance Use Prevention. Module 1 describes methods for designing, developing, and implementing POE groups and could be used to address any issue, from HIV prevention, and/or substance abuse, to pregnancy prevention.
This 197-page comprehensive guidebook to planning, developing, and implementing a youth POE program provides practical advice on every aspect of running a POE project. The authors cover topics such as selecting and training youth educators and responding to common objections and misperceptions about youth HIV POE. The manual includes a list of reliable sources of information, 15 references, and a variety of forms that can be copied for use, including consent forms, survey questionnaires, a project-planning form, and volunteer contract.
This series of tools includes "The Training of Trainers Manual"; "Standards for Peer Education Programmes"; "Theatre-Based Techniques for Youth Peer Education: A Training Manual"; "Performance Improvement: A Resource for Youth Peer Education Managers"; and "Assessing the Quality of Peer Education Programmes."
This 33-page pamphlet is aimed at those who are planning a new peer education project, and/or who want to strengthen or energize ongoing projects. The information is based on interviews with more than 200 subproject managers, peer educators and peer beneficiaries in ten countries and provides guidance on appropriate activities for peer educators; recruiting and selecting peer educators; community acceptance and support for peer educators; training topics for peer educators; supervising and supporting peer educators; and the role of educational materials and condoms in peer education projects.
Peer Education for Kinshasa's Sex Workers
Department for International Development, (2007).
This web document gives a brief overview of a Congolese sex worker and her involvement in POE. Links are provided to related articles and reports.
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Young Peer Educators Raise Awareness of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Gujarat Youth
This short article describes a youth awareness project in India.
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Effectiveness of Interventions to Address HIV in Prison
World Health Organization (2007)
This comprehensive report on HIV prevention efforts and challenges among male and female prisoners around the globe is heavily referenced and provides detailed information about the extent of HIV risk factors in prisons, such as rape or coerced sex, injection drug use, and consensual sex. Study summaries are provided and intervention programs including POE are overviewed. The report concludes with a list of recommendations for effective HIV prevention programs in prisons.
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Frequently Asked Questions on Peer Education
Family Health International/YouthNet, (2002).
This web-based guide answers the following frequently asked questions (FAQs): What are the advantages and benefits of peer programs? What criteria are commonly used when selecting young people to become peer promoters? Is there evidence that peer programs are successful? What are the lessons learned from peer programs? Are peer programs cost-effective? Detailed responses with examples and references are provided. The FAQs guide can be downloaded.
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A Review of the Effectiveness and Appropriateness of Peer-delivered Health Promotion Interventions for Young People
Harden, A., Weston, R., & Oakley, A., Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, (1999).
The authors of this report conducted a systematic review of the published literature regarding youth POE. They examine the claim that POE is superior to more traditional forms of education and prevention. Full reports for 462 studies of POE programs were available for review. The authors provide citations and discuss research methodologies, study outcomes, and recommendations for future program evaluations.
After classifying each study for research design and scientific soundness, they found that only 12 of the 49 outcome evaluation studies were methodologically sound and only 5 of 12 studies directly compared peers and teachers. Of the five studies, "two found peers to be more effective than teachers, two found them to be no more or less effective, and one concluded that neither peers nor teachers were effective." (179 pages)
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World Education Publications, HIV and AIDS
JSI/World Education Center for HIV and AIDS.
This web-based resource provides numerous publications related to HIV prevention and intervention. Some of the documents are locale-specific for various countries or states in the U.S. Others documents address topics from the care and treatment of pediatric HIV and AIDS to workplace prevention programs and peer education. Other topics include planning services, determining site readiness to initiate antiretroviral treatment, and business coalitions to prevent HIV.
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National Organization of Peer Educators, Kenya
NOPE, Nairobi, Kenya
This website provides information about the Kenyan non-governmental organization, NOPE, which is active in POE programs to prevent HIV in Kenya.
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By JENA SAUBER
The Salina Journal
SALINA -- Almost six decades after she had to leave her daughter's grave more than 7,000 miles away, Ruby McBee, 89, of Salina, finally has confirmation that her young daughter Marilyn remains at peace in Kandahar, Afghanistan.
"With this war, I knew there was fighting in Kandahar. I just wondered if it was still there," McBee said.
McBee spent time in Afghanistan with her husband, Charles, and daughter Marilyn in the 1950s when Charles worked as a soil scientist. In the summer of 1954, a sudden illness took 10-year-old Marilyn's life, creating one family's bond between America and Afghanistan that has lasted decades, The Salina Journal reported (http://bit.ly/1b7A6Cn ).
Charles moved to Kandahar in the early 1950s with Morrison-Knudson. The company was contracted to work in southern Afghanistan and determined where to build canals and irrigation ditches based on soil test data.
Ruby and Marilyn followed less than a year later. Their journey to Afghanistan was long and difficult; it took them more than two weeks to get from the Kansas City airport to Kandahar, with stops in Chicago, Boston, Rome and Cairo.
In Kandahar, the McBees lived with other Morrison-Knudson employees in a compound called Menzel Bagh. The compound included bunkers, a recreation center, dining center, offices, swimming pool, and a small cemetery.
"It was just like ordinary life," McBee said.
Most of their food was imported from California. All Afghanistan-grown produce had to be washed in Tide laundry detergent because the soil was tainted; unwashed produce could easily make people sick, McBee said. They got their meat locally, and ate a lot of mutton and chicken.
Inside Menzel Bagh, the environment was similar to the Arizona desert; they were very culturally sheltered, McBee said. Outside the walls, life was different.
"They lived like they did in Bible times," McBee said. "There were nomads on camels. There were open sewers in the streets. People brushed their teeth in that water, and bathed and drank it. It wasn't safe."
On a June morning in the summer of 1954, Marilyn became sick, which wasn't necessarily unusual, McBee said.
"She got up and she was throwing up," McBee said. "We had no idea what she could have eaten. That was the first thing you think."
When Marilyn got worse that evening, they took her to the commissary. The doctor gave Marilyn a shot to stop the vomiting.
"She looked over at me and said, 'Why don't you go get some rest?' I said, 'I will when you do,' " McBee said. "Then she turned her head and died. It was that fast."
Marilyn died on June 17, 1954, a few days after her 10th birthday.
It took six months to get an official autopsy report. The cause of death was determined to be polio.
"They said it was polio that attacked the base of the brain," McBee said. "She didn't stand a chance. It was almost like instant death. She was sick for maybe 24 hours."
Bulbar polio, often considered the most rare and severe type of polio, attacks the brain stem and can cause difficulty breathing, vomiting and other symptoms. Polio vaccinations were not available until 1955.
The McBees buried Marilyn in the cemetery at Menzel Bagh.
"It was a beautiful place. There were trees there that would bloom," McBee said. "We had a minister come, and we had a service and buried her."
It wasn't an option for the couple to return to the United States with Marilyn's remains.
"They had tried to ship a body home as something other than a body. They said it was terrible to get it out of other countries," McBee said. "This was the '50s. To get a body out of another country, you wouldn't even try."
Following Marilyn's death, Charles was released from his contract with Morrison-Knudsen. But leaving Kandahar meant leaving their only child.
"They dismissed the contract and said you can go if you feel like you wanted to leave," she said. "We didn't. We weren't able to do that. We stayed a year."
The couple eventually left Kandahar in June 1955 and returned to Syracuse, where Charles worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They later adopted three children -- Jane, Steve and Sally. The family moved around Kansas before settling in Salina in 1962. Charles died in 1983 at the age of 59.
Recently, nearly 60 years after McBee left Kandahar, she reached out to see if Marilyn's grave could still be found at the cemetery at Menzel Bagh.
A son of one of McBee's friends works for the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. She sent him information in hopes that he could get it to someone who could help.
The information was sent to U.S. Ambassador Jonathan Addleton in Afghanistan. Addleton found an Afghan colleague who was willing to visit the cemetery. The colleague took photos of the cemetery, which were then sent to McBee.
Menzel Bagh is now closed and accessible only by climbing the compound walls. The walls are overgrown with plants and almost nothing remains of the original cemetery with its blooming trees. The covered grave is still there, but the headstone has disappeared.
What is still there is enough, McBee said.
"She's still there. I know she's still there because the place isn't torn down," McBee said. "I didn't even know if the place would still be there."
The McBees never returned to Afghanistan. Getting there was simply too difficult, she said.
Since her time in Afghanistan, McBee has remarried. She spent 20 years traveling the U.S. and Canada in a motor home. She visited all states and provinces except Newfoundland because it was accessible only by ferry.
Now, she lives at Presbyterian Manor and enjoys playing bridge and hand quilting and piecing quilts.
A black and white picture of her, Charles and Marilyn, taken not long before her daughter died, sits in her living room.
She appreciates knowing that her daughter's grave remains, over 60 years and thousands of miles away.
"Hearing that it is still there, that felt good," she said.
Information from: The Salina (Kan.) Journal, http://www.salina.com

subset: commoncrawl


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According to ancient Chinese beliefs, the three great blessings of life are Luck, Prosperity and Longevity. This exclusive reading reveals where the blessings appear in your life. Start off with a free sample preview right now!
read less"This reading was very insightful and I will recommend it to others. Thanks so much!"
-- Sonia, U.S.


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Date of the Event:
Monday, December 31, 2012 - 7:00pm On Monday, December 31st at 7:00pm and at 9:00pm, the Victoria Theatre presents Lea DeLaria Live, an evening of stand-up comedy and jazz. Tickets $30-$35. The Victoria Theatre is located at 296 16th Street in San Francisco.
For more information call 800.838.3006.


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quote:Kliff Kingsbury OC Texas A&M
quote:Steve Ensminger
quote:Kingsbury would be a perfect fit IMO.
quote:So, I really didn't follow USM this year. What exactly was it with Ellis Johnson that made him such a failure and what is the program looking for in the new head coach?
quote:Not disagreeing at all. I just selfishly want him to stay and see what he can do with JFF and the offense next season
quote:He took a 12-2 CUSA championship team to a school worst 0-12 team.
quote:The school is looking for an offensive minded HC who runs a spread offense who can bring fans to the stadium.
quote:An Aggie poster in another thread said it doesn't matter bc Sumlin calls all of the plays.


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The Dirty Secrets of Clean Hydrogen
8:00 am in Uncategorized by E.L. Beck
We placed a man on the moon in less than a decade after the call to action. Why can't we do the same for hydrogen?
On June 14, 2011, Bloomberg News reported that Energy Secretary Steven Chu "whose mandate includes getting more fuel-efficient cars on U.S. roads, is disregarding advisers in his own department and seeking to cut almost half the federal funding for hydrogen-powered autos."
Chu explained that "hydrogen fuel-cell technology" developed by carmakers "isn't yet practical," according to the story. Yet, Mary Nichols, chairwoman of California's Air Resource Board, contends that Chu's "explanations don't make sense to me. They are not based on the facts as we know them." In light of the Obama Administration's and automaker's July, 2011 agreement to achieve 54.5 mpg fleet averages by 2025, de-incentivizing hydrogen research hamstrings such goals. These actions undercut progress on hydrogen. So why take them?
As we look into the future, hydrogen must have a presence. While hybrid vehicles play a stop-gap role during our switch from reliance on oil, they do not hold long-term potential thanks to their incremental fuel savings and limited use for anything beyond a family sedan. Biofuels also have a dead end, seen in their need to replace food-producing farmland with energy-producing farmland. With our ever-increasing population on earth, that is unsustainable.
Electric cars are nice with which to play in the short term, but as their numbers grows, so too the demand for the electric to recharge them grows and, at some point, the carbon emissions saved by the electric vehicle is overtaken by the carbon emissions produced by the power plant that generates the electricity to recharge the electric vehicle. Besides, some as-yet unknown breakthrough technology will be required to truly boost battery capacity exponentially beyond what we enjoy today, the capacity that will be required to turn an electric vehicle into anything beyond an urban commuter vehicle.
All of these technologies hold short-term potential, perhaps even mid-term, but long-term potential? It is doubtful. Reaching substantial independence from oil will require a substantial seismic shift in our energy resourcing. Simply look at one vehicle category that electric and hybrid technology cannot answer, and that biofuels cannot answer in light of its above-mentioned shortcoming: trucks. Trucks, from pickup trucks to commercial panel vans to local delivery trucks to semi-trucks, will need to maintain their current engines to remain viable. Only the internal-combustion engine, at the moment, produces the torque required for trucks to haul or tow (or for off-road equipment such as bulldozers to do their jobs).


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Find boats to sail on and apply for positions.
Brokerage / New Boat Sales
Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England, UK
Becoming a member the First Class Nautical Members Boat Club is by far the best boating decision you could possibly make. The club, open to all is commercially owned and operated and is neither a time-share nor a shared ownership...
Dog/Cat Waste & Nappy Sacks - 50
Almost 1000 tonnes of dog poo is produced in Britain DAILY - and that's a truly staggering figure. This may be why more and more responsible dog owners are using some kind of plastic bag to pick up dog poo. However, the sheer...
Siriana - Lymington, Hampshire
Nimbus 340 Commander
The Nimbus 340 Commander is available on FlexiSail's Motor Cruiser membership and corporate membership scheme, a fantastic alternative to chartering. Our FlexiAnytime membership shares the time on a motor yacht between a small number of members (1 owner plus a maximum of 6 members). This gives each member the equivalent to 6 weeks or 42 days per year sailing, which is more than enough for most of us! We offer 2 alternative schemes for further flexibility - our long weekend orientated 'FlexiWeekender' membership and our 'FlexiMidweeker' membership for midweek sailing; If you have previously chartered do you remember the anxiety beforehand not knowing quite what to expect on arrival and therefore what you need to bring with you? With FlexiSail you are a member on the one boat – one you are totally comfortable and familiar with and which is fully kitted out with everything that you will need right down to a corkscrew! FlexiSail is in fact the closest you can get to owning a boat. You know exactly what to bring each time (just your wet weather gear, food and drink, and bedding if overnighting), and you are safe in the knowledge that the boat will be clean, welcoming and ready to enjoy. Siriana has a low centre of gravity and large flybridge you can cruise in comfort, enjoying the power knowing that every safety aspect has been considered. Siriana's specification includes a bow and stern thruster, heating and demisting, radar. She cruises at 16 knots with a top speed of 22 knots. Coded for 8 category 2 (60 miles offshore), Siriana sleeps 6 in a large master double cabin, aft double cabin and a double saloon conversion Contact details firstname.lastname@example.com +44(0) 1590 688008 http://www.flexisail.com


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Geocaching > Geocaching Apps for iPhone and Android
Begin your worldwide geocaching adventure with the free Geocaching Intro Apps. You'll be able to find nearby traditional geocaches, plus get tips and tricks along the way.
Unlock access to all geocache types, trackables, offline lists and more on your iPhone or Android.


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Destination Finder
Can't figure out where to go next? We can help! All the destinations covered on Concierge.com are listed below. Use the filters at left to narrow down your options based on interests, time of year, and region. Then click on a recommended destination to see a travel guide written by our team of experts.


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Looking for movie tickets? Enter your location to see which movie theaters are playing Red Dawn near you.
A group of young U.S. patriots wage guerrilla warfare against the invading military that's taken over their small town in this remake of the 1984 Cold War classic starring Patrick Swayze. Their friends and neighbors taken as prisoners of war, the students arm themselves, flee into the nearby woods to organize a counterattack, and strike back at the enemy using home-field advantage. Chris Hemsworth, Josh Hutcherson, Adrianne Palicki, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan star. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi


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What Men Really Think of Your Online Dating Profile
Get inside guys heads with these surprising profile turnoffs
By Kristi Dosh
Special Offer
Thought the competition was stiff to get a job? It may be even fiercer to find a mate online. A recent study by MBAPrograms.org found that over 49 million people per month look for love on eHarmony and Match.com alone. Much like HR directors go through resumes looking for reasons to remove you from the running, potential mates scan dozens of profiles and easily can be turned off. Here, statements women make in their profiles that chase away eligible bachelors.
You say: I want a financially secure man.
He hears: I'm not financially secure, and I believe men should take care of women.
"Is she looking for a sugar daddy?" asks Eli*, a 41-year-old from Orlando, FL, who's used online dating sites. You may only mean you don't want a financial wreck for a boyfriend, but this request is a red flag for men. "People who live a comfortable lifestyle want someone who can do the things they do, but it's not necessary to say that outright," says eFlirtExpert.com founder Laurie Davis, whose book Love at First Click: The Ultimate Guide to Online Dating is due out in 2013. Instead, Davis suggests searching for people within your income bracket (which is an option on many sites, though a study by dating site OkCupid revealed that people typically inflate this number by 20%) or looking for other clues in their profiles, such as similar favorite travel destinations.
You say: I want an honest man.
He hears: I've been burned, and I have major trust issues.
Isn't everyone looking for someone honest? "You're not going to scare off the liars," cautions Evan Marc Katz, a dating coach and author of I Can't Believe I'm Buying This Book: A Commonsense Guide to Successful Internet Dating. You might, however, scare off an honest man who fears you're carrying baggage from a previous relationship. "Good guys may think you sound angry and bitter," says Katz. You'll need to look for other clues, like whether he contacts you when he says he's going to, to gauge trustworthiness.
You say: My kids are my world.
He hears: I don't have time for you.
If your world revolves around your children, where would a guy fit in? That's the question Davis and Katz both say men ask themselves when you emphasize your relationship with your kids too much in your profile. Katz suggests showing, and not telling, that you're close to them by giving an example of something you do together. "Use one sentence to describe what you do for your children, like throwing a birthday party for your 13-year-old or playing Legos with your 3-year-old." No doubt your kids are an important part of your life and you want someone who respects that, but Katz says, "Don't spend more than one or two lines on any topic."
You say: I'm young for my age.
He hears: I'm older than my profile says, but you won't date me if I tell you my real age.
"It's a little 'thou doth protest too much,'" says Katz. "It comes off as defensive, insecure and trying too hard." Rather than worrying that your age doesn't accurately reflect you, use examples of activities or hobbies that illustrate your youthful side. You want someone whose lifestyle complements yours, not someone fixated on the birth date on your driver's license.
You say: I'm independent/driven/ambitious.
He hears: I work 60 hours a week, teach yoga on the side and am taking classes to learn seven different languages.
Women tend to use words like "independent" and "ambitious" to prove they're not clingy and have their own interests. But our experts agreed that they make men wonder if you have room for them in your life. "The best profile indicates what the reader gets out of being with you," explains Katz. Give examples of trips you've taken or weekend activities you enjoy. These show him you have free time and that you use it to have fun. Online dater Eli suggests saying you're equally passionate about your career and maintaining relationships outside of work. "I think it's attractive that a woman has achieved professional success, but I want to know that she hasn't done it at the expense of her personal life."
You say: I'm extremely picky.
He hears: I have unrealistic expectations for potential partners, and it's unlikely that you'll make me happy.
Men fear rejection. Telling him right off the bat that you're fussy significantly decreases the chances he'll contact you. "Men are going to be too intimidated to reach out," says Davis. While she admits women receive far more messages than men on online dating sites, she warns you may miss out on a guy who otherwise likes your profile but is turned off by your statement. "It shows you're close-minded," says Davis. "Negativity attracts negativity." So keep this one out of your profile and simply screen messages to see if the men meet your standards.
You say: Don't worry, we can lie and say we met in real life.
He hears: I'm embarrassed that I'm on this dating website and would never want to tell our friends or family. In fact, I don't think I can actually meet you.
"If you feel like you have to say this you're probably unsure about online dating to begin with," says Davis. That means he might worry he'll invest time messaging you only to find you won't meet in person. He's on there too, and likely so are some of your friends and colleagues, so there's no need to be embarrassed. Besides, "starting your relationship based on a lie isn't the best way to begin 'happily ever after,'" says Davis. "If he's willing to hide how you met from friends and family, what might he hide from you?"
You say: I'm laid-back/easygoing/down-to-earth.
He hears: I don't have strong opinions about anything or I spend a lot of time on the couch in my sweats watching movies.
The problem with these adjectives is that they can evoke a whole host of images, not all of them good.
"Is she so laid-back she's never going to care where we go or what we do?" worries Eli.
"I picture her on the couch in sweatpants with a box of tissues watching Lifetime movies," says Christopher, a 37-year-old former online dater from Milwaukee, WI.
"Let me determine if you're laid-back," says David Wygant, a dating coach and author of Always Talk to Strangers: 3 Simple Steps to Finding the Love of Your Life. Give examples of how you spend your time, he adds. Davis agrees. "The buzz words themselves aren't telling; the activities you enjoy are. That's what will resonate with someone."
You say: I'm old-fashioned and have traditional values.
He hears: I won't have sex with you until we're married.
Again, you're being too vague. "You could mean you like having the car door opened for you," says Wygant, but men read into this terminology that you don't believe in sex before marriage. Even if you don't, both Wygant and Katz say not to mention it in your profile. Don't worry about wasting your time on men only looking for sex. "These guys always expose their true intentions," says Wygant. How? He'll engage in sex talk right away over email, so watch for suggestive language, recommends Wygant.
*Names have been changed.


text: Hand painted by artists in Sicily, these dishes are decorated in the sun-drenched colors of the Mediterranean. The pattern varies among the different pieces, creating a collection of unique designs that blend with one another. Made of earthenware, the dinnerware is extremely durable and is oven, dishwasher and microwave safe. A place setting includes an 11 1/4" dinner plate, 9 3/4" salad plate, 9 1/2" soup/pasta bowl, 12-oz. cup and 7" saucer. 20-piece set, four 5-piece place settings. Made in Italy. A Williams-Sonoma exclusive.


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Drug Notes
UPMC Patient Education Materials
Calculators and Assessment Tools
Anatomy Navigator
Conditions Navigator
Pinworms are small worms that infect the intestines.
Enterobiasis; Oxyuriasis; Threadworm; Seatworm; Enterobius vermicularis; E vermicularis; Helminthic infection
Pinworms are the most common worm infection in the United States. They are most common in school-age children.
Pinworm eggs are spread directly from person to person. They can also be spread by touching bedding, food, or other items contaminated with the eggs.
Typically, children are infected by unknowingly touching pinworm eggs and putting their fingers in their mouths. The eggs are swallowed, and eventually hatch in the small intestine. The worms mature in the colon.
Female worms then move to the child's anal area, especially at night, and deposit more eggs. This may cause intense itching. The area may even become infected. When the child scratches the itching anal area, the eggs can get under the child's fingernails. These eggs can be transferred to other children, family members, and items in the house.
Pinworms can be spotted in the anal area, especially at night when the worms lay their eggs there.
Your doctor or nurse may have you do a tape test . A piece of cellophane tape is pressed against the skin around the anus, and removed. This should be done in the morning before bathing or using the toilet, because bathing and wiping may remove eggs. The doctor will stick the tape to a slide and look for eggs using a microscope.
Anthelmintic (anti-worm) medicines are used to kill the pinworms (not their eggs). Your doctor or nurse will likely recommend one dose of mebendazole or albendazole. These are available over-the-counter and by prescription.
More than one household member is likely to be infected, so the entire household is often treated. Another dose is usually repeated after 2 weeks. This treats worms that hatched since the first treatment.
To control the eggs:
Avoid scratching the infected area around the anus. This can contaminate your fingers and everything else that you touch.
Keep your hands and fingers away from your nose and mouth unless they are freshly washed. Be extra careful while family members are being treated for pinworms.
Pinworm infection is fully treatable.
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:
Wash hands after using the bathroom and before preparing food. Wash bedding and underclothing frequently, especially those of any affected family members.
Dent AE, Kazura JW. Enterobiasis (Enterobius Vermicularis). In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 286.
A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang. Previously reviewed by Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington (8/14/2012).
For help in finding a doctor or health service that suits your needs, call the UPMC Referral Service at 412-647-UPMC (8762) or 1-800-533-UPMC (8762). Select option 1.
UPMC is an equal opportunity employer. UPMC policy prohibits discrimination or harassment on the basis of race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, age, sex, genetics, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, familial status, disability, veteran status, or any other legally protected group status. Further, UPMC will continue to support and promote equal employment opportunity, human dignity, and racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity. This policy applies to admissions, employment, and access to and treatment in UPMC programs and activities. This commitment is made by UPMC in accordance with federal, state, and/or local laws and regulations.
Medical information made available on UPMC.com is not intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You should not rely entirely on this information for your health care needs. Ask your own doctor or health care provider any specific medical questions that you have. Further, UPMC.com is not a tool to be used in the case of an emergency. If an emergency arises, you should seek appropriate emergency medical services.
For UPMC Mercy Patients: As a Catholic hospital, UPMC Mercy abides by the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, as determined by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. As such, UPMC Mercy neither endorses nor provides medical practices and/or procedures that contradict the moral teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.
© UPMC Pittsburgh, PA, USA UPMC.com


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$ 75.00
Approximate size: 0.44 x 0.42 x 0.40 inches
With wings a-flutter, this brilliant butterfly made of sterling silver shines as it dances on your wrist. This beautiful design is available in three luminous colors: Light Rose, Aquamarine and clear crystal. This product is part of the Swarovski Chamilia collection.
Article no.: 1125491


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Our 55th Reunion will be the weekend of August 14-16, 2015 – the same weekend that the Sequoia Alumni Association will be holding its annual picnic on campus for graduates from all years. And we'll be joining them.
So we'll be getting together with our own class and with some others, and maybe some faculty, that we also remember. ----- It is likely that our reunion weekend will start, as it did for the 50th, with a cocktail hour informal get-together at Harry's Hofbrau in Redwood City on Friday evening Aug 14th. On Saturday the 15th we would attend the on-campus Sequoia Alumni Association barbeque, which is always a great success. And on Saturday evening we would have our somewhat more formal dinner, probably at the Sequoia Yacht Club in Redwood City. And the weekend would finish up with a picnic on Sunday August 16, most-likely at Flood Park in Menlo Park. ----- It would be wonderful, with no promise and no obligation, if you would respond to this message and let the committee know if you are likely to attend the whole weekend, a selected event or two, or not at all. August 14th - 16th 2015 --- The 55th Reunion of the Sequoia Class of 1960 Are you likely to attend? Friday informal evening at Harry's Hofbrau – yes, no or maybe? Saturday on-campus alumni picnic – yes no or maybe? Saturday evening dinner at Sequoia Yacht Clklub – yes, no or maybe? Sunday picnic at Flood Park – yes, no or maybe? Again, any response will help the committee do the planning. You are not committing yourself to attending or not. ----- Also, do you have any suggestions regarding things might be included, or excluded, to make the weekend even more wonderful? Contact us on this site or at email@example.com |
- 1
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Register now for this exciting, family-friendly historic event! Sunday, April 13, 2014 from 2-6pm! Proceeds benefit veterans and men in transition.
Humble Civic Center
8233 Will Clayton Parkway
Humble, TX 77338
Sunday, April 13, 2014
2:00 p.m – 6:00 p.m
Black attire is requested
This Sunday's keynote speaker Stedman Graham is chairman and CEO of S. Graham & Associates , a management and marketing consulting firm that specializes in the corporate and educational markets.


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Olof Viktors Yellow Tomato Marmelade - 210g
Formaggio Kitchen Exclusive
Country of Origin: Sweden
Region: Osterlen
City / Village: Glemminge
Olof Viktors is the name of a wood-fired stone oven bakery and cafe located in beautiful Glemminge Sweden on the southern tip of the country. They are highly regarded for their breads and crispbreads as well as for other specialty items such as their jams and marmalades. All of their products are produced in small batches and by hand.
Ihsan and Valerie discovered their delicious crispbread and jams on a trip to Scandinavia.
This jams is a complex blend of yellow plum tomatoes, sugar, buckthorn (a orangish / yellowish berry with a sour, citrusy flavor), honey, apple and mint. Pair this with aged pecorinos or saltier blues for an intriguingly delicious combination.
Olof Viktors Yellow Tomato Marmelade - 210g Product ID: 03261 |
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PISCO ON PICCADILLY: As far as the restaurant scene in London goes, if it's not a steak or burger joint, it's a Peruvian ceviche fest.
Coya is the latest in a string of setups to offer its take on South America's hottest cuisine. Housed in an impressive Georgian townhouse on Piccadilly, this is the latest endeavor from Arjun Waney, the man behind the equally glossy Zuma in Knightsbridge, and The Arts Club, down the road on Dover Street. It's the first Peruvian restaurant in London to offer a private members' club and an extensive pisco offering alongside a menu of tasty ceviches (marinated and diced raw fish), tiraditos (also uncooked, but thinly sliced) and larger dishes, like duck.
RELATED STORY: London's Turn for the Spotlight >>
Also worth checking out is London's outpost of SushiSamba, on the 38th floor of a building near Liverpool Street Station. There's an outdoor terrace with a fire and perhaps the best view of London.
— Julia Neel
118 Piccadilly, W1J 7NW
Tel: +44-020-7042-7118
Web: coyarestaurant.com
Heron Tower, 110 Bishopsgate, EC2N 4AY
Tel: +44-020-3640-7330
Web: sushisamba.com/location/london


text:
Bow Back Ponte Dress
Sorry, this product is sold out online!
- Smooth stretch ponte knit
- Scoopneck
- Cutout back yoke with bow detail
- Waistline seam with shaping darts
- Invisible side zipper with hook and eye closure
- A-line skirt
- Measures approximately 37" from shoulder to bottom hem.
- 74% Polyester/22% Rayon/4% Spandex
- Machine wash, gentle cycle.
- Imported


text:
Price: $14.99 USD
In Stock - Worldwide Shipping
Checkout Now
I love the skin for my iPhone5. It fits perfectly and was EASY to install. I downloaded the wallpaper and I love the way everything matches up. This is my first experience using skins and I can't wait to try more!Diana Kellstrom, United States


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Arizona Mansions: $10 million Tucson estate
$10 million Tucson estate
Smartphone Users: Get the latest news and information from across Arizona with the 3TV News App for your iPhone, Android, or Microsoft mobile device.
- Have you seen the Phoenix News iPad App?
- View More Slideshows
- Follow us on Facebook
- Get the latest Phoenix News


text:
quote:I can see it ending with one character dead and Tara in jail
quote: I missed and still don't understand why Otto had to kill that nurse...
quote:I think that the DEA guy recorded Tara talking about it and turned her in after his route with Otto failed.
quote:So what happens when Jax finds out Gemma is behind Tara's arrest?
quote:I doubt jax was in on it, he seemed genuinely pissed and surprised when she sprang that news on him.
quote:Isnt it obvious that Jax and Gemma were in this together?
quote:She knew. Jax told her to do that


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Doubleweave Cotton Cropped Pants in Julie Fit
Doubleweave Cropped Pants in Julie Fit
$39 .88
 A warm-weather wardrobe must, we're in love with the simply sleek feel of this cropped cotton pair—done in a refined cotton blend that perfectly stretches across for a polished look. Our curvy fit, fits narrow at the waistband with a slightly curved shape at hips. Zip fly with hook and bar closure. Belt loops. Front and back welt pockets. 25" inseam.


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5 Great gift for childrenTheMailman | 09/11/2009 | See all TheMailman's reviews (1)Top 10 Toys Reviewer I bought this item from another site for my little sisters 4th birthday along with a couple of plain white T-shirts and she loves using these to create colourful T-shirts (hers looked so good that I asked her to make me one!) At £5 you really can't go wrong, plus you can pick up plain white T-shirts for next to nothing these days. A great gift.
5 T-Shirt Graffiti pens are absolutely fab!!!debbydonut | 16/04/2010 | See all debbydonut's reviews (1)Top 100 Toys Reviewer Got these recently off Play.com and I have to say they lived up to the description. Easy to use on t-shirts, then a quick iron and its done. Was expecting things to go wrong in the first wash but all was a promised and the designs stayed on. I would recommend these 100% to anyone and the kids absolutely love making their own t-shirts. Am on the look-out now for plain baseball caps so they can design their own. Would also be great for party entertainment. YOU MUST BUY!!!
3 no t shirtamberskiespink | 21/10/2011 | See all amberskiespink's reviews (1)I bought these as a gift and was a bit disappointed that it didn't come with a t-shirt although the picture shows what looks like a t-shirt.
3 no t-shirtcrazyqpr | 09/12/2011 | See all crazyqpr's reviews (1)Brought this a gift but thought a T-shirt would come with it. the picture is a bit misleading


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CINEMATIC ARKANSAS WEDDING FILMS! The story of your wedding, captured in timeless cinematic beauty. Your wedding is the beginning of a beautiful...(more)
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Super Smash Bros. for Wii U is the total package that delivers on nearly every level. With a seemingly endless amount of replay value, Super Smash should be the one staple in every Wii U library.
It's not the meatiest offering that Nintendo games usually offer, but Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker is totally accessible and undeniably fun to play. The games ends a little sooner than we expected and a few control scheme decisions have us wishing for more customization.
The Wii U has shaken off some of its initial growing pains to become a superior kid and family console, with a limited but excellent lineup of exclusive games you won't find anywhere else.
While it should be reserved strictly for a mature audience, Bayonetta 2 is a masterful action game brimming with vibrant visuals and a larger-than-life presence.
The chipmaker has built a set-top box based on Google's software, and promises it can can play high-end video games.
A collection of fantastic Nintendo games make the Wii U game console better than it was two years ago, and if you can buy the right bundle, it's a fun family gift.
Nintendo says it sold 490,000 units of the Wii U title in its first three days on store shelves, topping Mario Kart 8's record.
CNET breaks out the most important things to know when shopping for a new television.
Mario Kart 8 is a blast to play and is easy enough for almost anyone to pick up and enjoy. Its brilliantly designed tracks, inclusion of new weapons, and online refinements make it a no-brainer for Wii U owners.
Sales for the US market are up 111 percent compared with the same period last year, but are dwarfed by the sheer number of PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles sold in the same period.


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Found the same room at a different price? Tell us, and we'll offer to match it.
Hotel des Colonies
The renovated rooms of Hotel Des Colonies have interactive satellite TV with 40 channels and a work desk. An American breakfast buffet is available daily in the light breakfast room.
Guests can relax in the warmly decorated lobby of Des Colonies, which has a free Wi-Fi connection. There is a free internet computer as well. Drinks are available in the bar or from the vending machines. We also feature American style Breakfast Buffet, 5 meeting rooms and access to the Fitness Center for €10 per person, per day.
Des Colonies Hotel is situated opposite the Rogier Metro Station. Grand Place and the Brussels North Station are a 10-minute walk away.
A Shuttle Limousine is at your disposal for all your city excursions, airport and train station transportations, as well as for your specific site seeing requests.


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Write your name down on this label to personalize your bag!
This shoulder strap is adjustable to offer the best suited length and the best carrying comfort.
This window releases the humidity of the gear and boots to help them dry.
Designed with waterproof fabrics on the bottom for an intensive use in winter conditions.
2 loops to fixe the helmet safely on the bag.
The large opening compartment allows to store very easily the boots inside. The opening flap can be used as a mat to change your boots comfortably.
Padding on the buckle area to protect partly your ski boots
Recevez un email lorsque que le produit sera de nouveau disponible


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bio | website | nareshrajendra.com |
location | Hyderabad, India | |
age | 24 | |
visits | member for | 3 years |
seen | May 20 '13 at 8:32 | |
stats | profile views | 1 |
I am very interested in Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Image Processing, Computer Graphics and Medical Imaging. I've completed several projects and participated in technical symposiums related to these fields.
In the past I've worked as an intern at Aurangabad Electricals Ltd. and at Krishna Institute of Medical sciences. I've participated/am participating in challenges at Kaggle.com, and have participated in ImagineCup Kinect FunLabs challenge.
I am currently working on a R-Hex prototype. My work involves all aspects of the prototype, including physical design, control,vision,path-planning, manufacturing, software coding/hardware interfacing, sensor caliberation and purchasing.


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In the first week of November, I traveled to Madison, Wisconsin for the Second Annual Wisconsin Cheese Festival. Retailers and cheesemakers from across the state massed at Monona Terrace, a convention center designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, perched on the edge of Lake Monona.
There were all sorts of tours, tastings and seminars on offer and it was hard to choose between them all but, in the end, I chose three. The first was a panel discussion entitled "The Art of Grass-based Cheeses." Panelists included: Mike Gingrich from Uplands Cheese, Bert Paris of Edelweiss Graziers Co-Op and Bruce Workman of Edelweiss Creamery. We tasted through several cheese flights, including, Pleasant Ridge Reserve, Edelweiss Gouda and Emmentaler. We also tried two wonderful buttercream frostings (made with butter from grass-fed cows) and learned about rotational grazing methods. (more…)


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Louise the Big Cheese and the Ooh-La-La Charm School by Elise Primavera
No longer available
- Overview
"Dream big" is Louise the Big Cheese's motto, as she imagines the limelight and the red carpet. But when her new friend Claire E'Claire appears headed for stardom, Louise learns that true friendship is more than VIP charm.
- 8" wide x 10" high
- 40 pages.
- Ages 5 and up.
- Dimensions & Care
- Dust with a soft, dry cloth.
- Shipping Info
- Please allow 5-7 business days for delivery. Delivery estimate includes monogrammed and gift-wrapped items.


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Question: If it is a full moon in Australia, is it also a full moon on the other side of the world?
Answer: The phases of the Moon are the same all around the world. Any two places that can see the Moon at the same time will see the same phase.
Each Moon phase happens at a precise point in the Moon's orbit around the Earth, and hence at a precise moment in time. This is the same moment all over the world, but will be a different local time for every time zone in the world.
For example, the first full moon of the 21st century occurred at 8:24pm on 9 January 2001, Universal Time. In Melbourne this moment was 7:24am on 10 January 2001, Australian Eastern Summer Time.
Of course opposite sides of the world will not be able to see the Moon at the same time. Only one half of the world will be able to see the moon when it is precisely at one of the phases. For the example I gave above, that Full Moon was visible from the United Kingdom, but not from Australia. The Moon had set in the west around two hours before it became full. However since the appearance of the Moon's phase does not change very quickly, the Moon would have looked very full when it set.
Hi Shyla, when you see the moon during the day, the other side of the world which is having night would not see the moon at that moment. And conversely, when you see the moon at night, the other side of the earth having daytime would not see it at that moment. It may help to picture the earth rotating once every 24hrs and realise that is faster than the moon's slower orbit around the earth, or, to put it the other way, the moon moves only a short distance in its orbit around the earth in the time earth completes a full spin.
Hi Pawan, good question! We often get the reverse; how much of the Moon can we see from Earth?
Yes, the Moon always has one side facing us because it turns once on its axis in the month it takes to orbit the Earth. It's said to be "tidally locked" to Earth. But the Earth turns on its axis too but much faster - once every 24 hours - so on the Earth-facing side of the Moon you would see most of the Earth over that 24 hour period. However, for part of that time some of the Earth will be dark in night time so you would need a few days to see all the countries, continents and oceans in daylight. Also, the Moon's orbit is at a small angle to Earth's equator so it would take a while to see all of the Earth's polar regions.
Hi Daizia,
The phases of the Moon are the same no matter where you are on the Earth at the same time. If the Sun is positioned on the other side of the Earth then it would be night time at your viewing location, and the Moon would still be in its current phase. As the Earth revolves on its axis, we go from day to night, however the Moon, although it does revolve about the Earth, does not move a lot in relation to the Sun, so the phase stays the same no matter where you observe from.
Hi Matt,
If you're on the Moon looking at the Earth, then at some part of the day you would be able to see on one side of the Earth Okinawa and on the other side Minot, North Dakota. Conversely at the same time you would be able to see the Moon from both of these places.
If you look at the following website you can calculate the rise and set times of the Moon at any location around the world.: Geoscience Australia - Compute Moonrise & Moonset Times
Okinawa is at latitude 26.5 degrees North and longitude 128 degrees East, and Minot is 48.13 North and 101.7 West, so using the table you can see that on the 10th of January this year the Moon will rise at 21:20 UT (06:20 local time) in Okinawa while at Minot it will rise at 13:15 (7:15 local time) and set at 22:23. This means that on this date both locations will be able to see the moon for an hour.
We love receiving comments, but can't always respond.
Hi Chris - We think the Moon infosheet may help explain this a bit better; if you look at the diagrams on this page showing the phases of the moon, they depict the view from the southern hemisphere. From the northern hemisphere then these are the other way around because we are effectively "upside down". At first quarter, as you can see the Moon rises about midday so the Sun would be shining on its left side.
Hope this of some help
The Moon phases are the same the whole world over. The time the Moon rises and sets however vary depending on your location. The Geoscience Australia website has a tool you can use to help you calculate rise and set times.
A new Moon cannot be seen, but will be just visible as a crescent morning the day after very low down in the morning sky. You might also want to have a look at the Museum's Moon infosheet for further information.
Hello Terry,
There was a New Moon on Monday 23rd so no Moon could be seen for a couple of days either side of that. Check out Skynotes for this information. http://museumvictoria.com.au/planetarium/discoverycentre/skynotes/
So when you were near the equator on the 29th December the crescent moon in the early evening would be waxing (just after a new moon) and would be halfway between facing left and right, just like a boat.The red/orange colour is due to atmospheric pollution, most likely due to volcanic ash or bush fire smoke.
Hi Lynne, the bright object next to the Moon last Saturday was Venus. Just below it was the planet Mars, which is slightly orange/red in colour and not very bright. There is also a bright star called Spica very near as well, but this is nowhere near as bright as Venus. You can find more info in the Planetarium Skynotes.
Hi Josh, Imogen, Leila, Sam, Alycia and Obi,
The colour of the Moon is very subtle: it has soft shades of grey, black and white, and regions of browns, blues and yellows. We generally say there are four phases of the Moon. New, First Quarter, Full, and Last Quarter. See the Moon Phases page of our website.
It is actually possible to see the whole Moon during the crescent moon phase. Sometimes there is so much light reflected from the Earth (Earthshine), that it lights up the part of the Moon that is not lit up by the Sun: we see the bright crescent Moon as well as the pale remainder of the Moon. As the Moon phase moves towards the Full moon, the Moon is so bright you can no longer see the arthshine on the Moon. The Moon has to be in the right position for the Earth to reflect the Sun's light onto the Moon's night side; this only happens just after the New Moon. This is called the Da Vinci Glow. You can find out more about it on the NASA website.
The diameter (width) of the moon is 3475.6 km (0.272 x that of Earth). The moon is (on average) 384 400 km from the Earth. The Moon does not have a moon of its own. You can learn more about The Moon on our website.
hi. this is cool.
To read the latest tweets from @museumvictoria
Follow Planetarium on
Hi, just wondering if you have any films on auroras planned for near future?


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text: The Farmer's Kitchen has been serving hearty helpings of breakfast and lunch for the past two years. The restaurant, located at the Route 11/Route 153 intersection in Farmington, recently joined the Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce. At the ribbon cutting were, from left: Farmington Police Officer Greg Glough; server Rishana Young; Farmington Chief of Police Kevin Willey; Downtown/Economic Development Committee member Joan Funk; dishwasher Ellen Ryder; the Rev. Peter Bolster; owner Duane White; cook Ira McKenney; manager Tiphanie Healey; cook Cameron Hamer; Chamber Chair Bruce Boudreau, of Acme Rug Cleaning; Chamber Chair-elect Mark Farrell, of Laars Heating Systems; cook James R. Connor, Jr., with son Raiden and daughter Olivia; Chamber President Laura Ring; and Chamber Board of Directors member Jeff Dillion, of Eastern Propane. Check out the Farmer's Kitchen menu and more at www.farmerskitchen-nh.com or call (603) 755-9900. (Conor Makem/Times photo)


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quote:I just got all the comics from usenet and I plan to read as many as I can before Season 3 starts. Just finished watching Season 2
quote:I think T-Dawg, Carol, and Beth will all bite the dust in Season Three
quote:There also may or may not be an even BIGGER death that I refuse to delve into.
quote:I bet no one from the original cast gets offed this year, maybe roughed up and beat up but not killed.
quote:"Seed" — directed, like the spring finale, by Ernest Dickerson, the very best of the show's deep bench of directors — is exponentially better than everything that's come before; it's a taut, savage, and terrifying hour.
quote:Walking Dead Season 3
quote:frick you Dish Network for taking off AMC


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Product Number: | LU52347 |
Item Price: | $27.79 |
Availability: | In Stock |
Shipping Weight: | 0.29 lb. |
These lens shades feature the ability to thread one to another. This allows you to customize your lens shades by combining 2.5" and 4" to achieve a desired length. Models to fit 40mm and 50mm objective lenses. Fits Adjustable Objective only.
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San Giacomo Quince Vinegar - 100ml
Country of Origin: Italy
Region: Emilia-Romagna
City / Village: Novellara
One night after a tasting of balsamic vinegars with Andrea Bezzecchi of Acetaia San Giacomo, Andrea showed us seven slender bottles with hand-written labels with words such as "biere", "mela cotogna", "Lambrusco" and "Ginepro" on each.
That night we learned about his bold new project to create a line of unique, slow-process (aka Orleans) vinegars, using ingredients from local farms (organic whenever possible).
His quince vinegar was the first we brought in and is still a favorite for its lightly fruity aroma that carries through beautifully in its flavor alongside the vinegar's bracing acidity.
Produced By: Acetaia San Giacomo
View All Products from Acetaia San Giacomo
San Giacomo Quince Vinegar - 100ml Product ID: 03023 |
Price | Qty |
$12.95 x | |


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bio | website | phillipecantin.blogspot.com |
location | Canada | |
age | 42 | |
visits | member for | 5 years |
seen | Feb 5 at 1:15 | |
stats | profile views | 13 |
I'm a Senior Software Developer. I strive to be a polymathic person interested in a range of subjects which positions me as an Innovator, Problem Solver and Solution Designer.
I gained a broad set of experiences by programming since 1993 in different fields of engineering application. With a speciality in computer vision & CAD, I'm also the inventor of a US patent-pending algorithm in the field of Facility Management.
My current technology focus is on Cloud Computing, mobile computing and HPC. At home I do math, robotics and sculpting.


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My Blogs
Posted By siteadmin | May 06,2013Hey Everyone, Today is Meek Mill's 26th Birthday!!! This has been an exciting year for Meek as he celebrated his debut album Dreams & Nightmares!!! Let's wish MMG's Lieutenant a very big Happy Birthday, from the DreamChasers Team!!!! -WebCrew
Posted By siteadmin | Apr 17,2012Look out for Dream Chasers 2, dropping May 7th...
Posted By siteadmin | Jan 05,2012Brand new heat from Meek Mill! "LEAN WIT IT" Listen and download above!
Posted By siteadmin | Nov 28,2011Check this turned up, live performance footage of Meek from the Hot 97 and Funkmaster Flex's Thanksgiving Day show at the Best Buy Theater!
Posted By siteadmin | Nov 18,2011Get More: Music News Meek Mill & Ricky Rozay check in with Sway on MTV Rapfix live! Watch as they chop it up about their motto, work ethic, and what's in the near future for MMG.
Posted By siteadmin | Oct 27,2011MMG's new album "Self Made Vol. 2" is coming soon!! Check Meek's latest banger "House Party" ft. Young Chris off the upcoming project and see the official lyrics above! Cop the track on iTunes now & watch out for the official video coming soon!
Posted By siteadmin | Oct 25,2011Meek Mill's track "House Party" featuring Young Chris is now available on iTunes. Go and cop it now on iTunes. Watch out for Self Made Vol. 2 coming soon!
Posted By siteadmin | Oct 24,2011Meek Mill and Ecko Clothing bring you the brand new "Dream Chasers" line. Check out all the various Dream Chasers styles on sale right now. Shop Here!
Posted By siteadmin | Oct 20,2011Watch as Meek and Young Chris tear up the stage performing, "House Party" off of Meek's mixtape "Dream Chasers". Download "Dream Chasers " here.
Posted By siteadmin | Oct 14,2011Meek Mill is at it again! Meek recruited Rick Ross and Yo Gotti to feature in his new video and track "Don't Panic". Download "Dream Chasers " here.
Featured Merch
I'm rich as shit my nig....I quit u got it! Lol RT @Roscoedash: Yooo @Meekmill you must not be getting no money b!!
07/08/2014 - 20:51
I made things count today! http://t.co/sa4JUdCWto
07/08/2014 - 19:30
RT @NBCPhiladelphia: Hip hop star @MeekMill tours the scene of fatal fire to show support for the victims: http://t.co/k6u5TSVfEk http://t.…
07/08/2014 - 19:28
RT @coonphilly: Watch @meekmill Exclusive #DWMTM dinner! http://t.co/iAyRfIq4IO 9.9.14 #DreamChasers #MMG
07/08/2014 - 18:28
And since I'm in the hood lets do some great things! Come donate clothes"food and money for the 4 kids and that ... http://t.co/aTofkzgJSG
07/08/2014 - 16:41


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Biostar wrote:He is about to set off a bomb. I know I would do it.
Seems like she's trying to force Bell to do something.
Blood Lord wrote:I'm really pleased that Bleedman didn't do the lazy ass thing and just copy the 4th panel for the last one.
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