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STARC Advances Test of Low Power ICs Using Mentor Graphics Tessent TestKompress
WILSONVILLE, Ore., January 24, 2011 - Mentor Graphics Corporation (NASDAQ: MENT) today announced that the Semiconductor Technology Academic Research Center, STARC, has successfully employed the Tessent™ TestKompress® product to expand its low power IC test methodology for ICs used in battery-powered mobile devices and other power-sensitive products. Using Mentor Graphics technology, STARC is able to detect bridge and small delay failures and to prevent IR drop and power noise in nanometer devices, while minimizing test time and IC power consumption during test.
"The combination of Mentor tools and application expertise was of critical value in our efforts to solve these significant challenges," said Takashi Aikyo, Senior Manager, Test and Diagnosis Group Development Department-2 at STARC, the semiconductor research consortium located in Yokohama. "Using standard power format-directed scan chain insertion and unique pattern generation algorithms, TestKompress helped us achieve an ideal combination of highly compressed patterns to reduce test time, and efficient multi-domain test controls to minimize power during test. Using TestKompress, we were able to achieve test compression of 100X with a toggle rate under 20% in order to meet our test quality and power budget requirements, while staying with our manufacturing test
cost constraints."
"Tessent TestKompress has been successful in a wide variety of low-power IC test applications," said Greg Aldrich, Director of Marketing for the Silicon Test Solutions product group at Mentor Graphics. "Its inherently efficient test pattern generation technology—combined with special features to minimize switching activity and manage multiple test domains—makes it the most capable solution available for low power as well as general IC test."
About STARC
The Semiconductor Technology Academic Research Center, STARC, is a research consortium co-founded by major Japanese semiconductor companies in December 1995. STARC's mission is to contribute to the growth of the Japanese semiconductor industry by developing leading-edge SoC design technologies. Member companies include Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited, Panasonic Corporation, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Rohm Co., Ltd., Sanyo Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Seiko Epson Corporation, Sharp Corporation, Sony Corporation, and Toshiba Corporation.
About Mentor Graphics
Mentor Graphics Corporation (NASDAQ: MENT) is a world leader in electronic hardware and software design solutions, providing products, consulting services and award-winning support for the world's most successful electronic, semiconductor and systems companies. Established in 1981, the company reported revenues over the last 12 months of about $850 million. Corporate headquarters are located at 8005 S.W. Boeckman Road, Wilsonville, Oregon 97070-7777. World Wide Web site: http://www.mentor.com/.
(Mentor Graphics and TestKompress are registered trademarks and Tessent is a trademark of Mentor Graphics Corporation. All other company or product names are the registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective owners.)
For more information, please contact:
Gene Forte
Mentor Graphics
Sonia Harrison
Mentor Graphics


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Healthy Comfort Food
Cozy minus the calories, these slimmed-down suppers don't skimp on flavor. Looking for recipes that nourish the body and soul? Then check out more of our favorite comfort food recipes.
Chicken Pot Pie
To lighten up this rib-sticking family favorite, thyme-sprinkled chicken breasts are skillet-seared and slowly simmered with veggies, then baked beneath puffy pastry. The low-fuss crust is made of stacked sheets of packaged phyllo dough fast, flaky, and nearly fat-free.
Get the recipe for Chicken Pot Pie
Anna Williams

subset: commoncrawl


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Price: $9.99 USD
In Stock - Worldwide Shipping
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This is my first order from IStyles. I filing the product to be of high quality with a perfect fit. It came quickly with no problems. The reasonably low cost was just an added bonus. I would highly recommend iStyles.Brandon Reese, United States


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AYP/Poulan Authorized Substitution The part number 730536K has been changed to part number 100536K. While the new part may look different, this is a AYP/Poulan approved substitution. Please note that the price and availability shown is for the new part number 100536K. |
Discontinued Part number 100536K has been discontinued by AYP/Poulan. We apologize for the inconvenience. |
Brand | AYP/Poulan |
Old Part Number | 730536K |
New Part Number | 100536K |
Condition | New |


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Drug Notes
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Calculators and Assessment Tools
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A clean catch is a method of collecting a urine sample to be tested. The clean-catch urine method is used to prevent germs from the penis or vagina from getting into a urine sample.
Urine culture - clean catch; Urinalysis - clean catch; Clean catch urine specimen; Urine collection - clean catch
If possible, collect the sample when urine has been in your bladder for 2 to 3 hours.
You will use a special kit to collect the urine. It will most likely have a cup with a lid and wipes.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water.
Girls and women need to wash the area between the vagina "lips" (labia). You may be given a special clean-catch kit that contains sterile wipes.
To collect the urine sample:
Clean the head of the penis with a sterile wipe. If you are not circumcised, you will need to pull back (retract) the foreskin first.
You will be given a special bag to collect the urine. It will be a plastic bag with a sticky strip on one end, made to fit over your baby's genital area.
If the collection is being taken from an infant, you may need extra collection bags.
Wash the area well with soap and water, and dry. Open and place the bag on your infant.
You can put on a diaper over the bag.
Check the baby often and remove the bag after the urine collects in it. Active infants may displace the bag, so you may need to make more than one attempt. Drain the urine into the container you were given and return it to the health care provider as directed.
Screw the lid tightly on the cup. Do not touch the inside of the cup or the lid.
Ban KM, Easter JS. Selected urologic problems. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2014:chap 99.
Norrby SR. Approach to the patient with urinary tract infection. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 292.
Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
For help in finding a doctor or health service that suits your needs, call the UPMC Referral Service at 412-647-UPMC (8762) or 1-800-533-UPMC (8762). Select option 1.
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Medical information made available on UPMC.com is not intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You should not rely entirely on this information for your health care needs. Ask your own doctor or health care provider any specific medical questions that you have. Further, UPMC.com is not a tool to be used in the case of an emergency. If an emergency arises, you should seek appropriate emergency medical services.
For UPMC Mercy Patients: As a Catholic hospital, UPMC Mercy abides by the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, as determined by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. As such, UPMC Mercy neither endorses nor provides medical practices and/or procedures that contradict the moral teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Regions:Dover/Somersworth -Great Bay - Rochester - Southern Maine | |
Exeter Greenland Portsmouth New Castle Newington Stratham Rye | |
Go Mobile: http://mobile.fosters.com Memorial Bridge work remains on schedule
Friday, April 26, 2013
PORTSMOUTH — The completion of the Memorial Bridge Reconstruction project continues running on schedule with ironworkers continuing their work on the structure and illumination work beginning this week.
Electrical work continues on the north and south spans as well as in the control house.
Tax deductible donations to help illuminate the bridge may be made out to the Portsmouth Historical Society with the comment "bridge." Donations should be sent to Rose Eppard at 129 Daniel Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801. Eppard can be reached via email at email@example.com.


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Super Hero Water Bottles
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A couple of Super Heroes and an infamous villain help kids stay hydrated by making their water bottles extra cool.
- 2.75" diameter, 5.5" high
- Crafted of food-grade stainless steel in our exclusive prints and fun colors; no liner needed.
- Cap is made of polypropylene.
- BPA- and lead-free.
- Lightweight, reusable and designed to last a lifetime.
- Slim design fits most bottle/cup holders; opening fits large ice cubes.
- For best results, pack upright with cap closed.
- Vacuum-valve stopper prevents leakage when completely pressed down.
- Dimensions & Care
- Overall: 2.75" diameter, 5.5" high
- Capacity: 12 fluid ounces
- Hand wash only.
- Not for use with a microwave.
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- Shipping Info
- Please allow 5-7 business days for delivery. Delivery estimate includes monogrammed and gift-wrapped items.
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Ceresana is a leading international market research and consultancy company for the industrial sector that operates branch offices in Constance, Vienna and Hong Kong. For more than 10 years, we have been supplying several thousand customers from 55 countries with up-to-date market intelligence. Building on our extensive market knowledge, we create new prospects for your strategic and operational decisions.
Our clients profit from implementation-oriented consulting services, tailor-made single-client studies and more than 90 multi-client market studies.
Gain the decisive competitive advantage and basis for your sustainable success by using our reliable services!


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Independent GF
You're a guy's dream GF! You know when to give him space and when to be there for him. But the problem is you give him too much space. Every guy wants to feel wanted and loved but you make him feel like you would be totally fine if you were without him. Boys are tricky -- you have to make them feel like you need them without seeming too needy.
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Delivery and returns
Home delivery
- £3.99 Next day and nominated day home delivery* - order up until 5pm
- Free when you spend over £100. Just enter the code FREEWINE at checkout.
- £3.50 Standard home delivery** - get your order within 5 working days.
- Free when you spend over £50. Discount applied at checkout page.
- We can't deliver wine internationally or to our stores for collection.
- Tell me more about UK delivery >
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Returns and refunds
If you'd like to speak to us about your wine please contact us.
Refunds can only be given in accordance with your legal rights. For example, if the wine you've ordered isn't of satisfactory quality or as described.
More details
Case includes
- Product information
- Fox Hollow Single Vineyard Semillon
- Vintage: 2006
- A classic style of Hunter Valley Semillon, this scented, bone dry white is packed with zesty flavours of ripe lemon, fresh herbs and nuts. The complex, concentrated flavours make for excellent drinking now, but will also develop with time in the bottle.
- About this bottle: Located just a few hours drive north of Sydney, the Hunter Valley is one of Australia's most historic wine regions. Hot summers and cold winters give ripe, full-flavoured wines with crisp acidity. Semillon is the classic Hunter Valley grape variety, and this version is sourced from a single vineyard with some vines that date back to 1910. Veteran Tyrrells wine maker, Andrew Spinaze, has made this wine for us with an accent of fresh, aromatic and punchy flavours with real complexity and persistence on the palate. It is a classic Hunter style and a great alternative to more common grape varieties like Chardonnay or Riesling.
- Grape Variety: 100% Semillon
- Country of origin: Australia
- Region: Hunter Valley
- More information
- Bottle size: 750 ml
- Alcohol content: 11.5 %
- Alcohol units per bottle: 8.6
- Alcohol units per serving: 1.4
- Serving Size: 125 ml
- Allergens: Sulphites
- Stopper type: Screw cap of purchase
- Bottling address: First Creek Winemaking Service, Cnr Mcdonalds Road And Gillards Road, Pokolbin Nsw 2320, Australia
Not available for international delivery.
We make every effort to deliver you the same vintage wine as the one advertised.
Sometimes we only have limited stock and may have to send you another vintage. If you're not happy with the wine you receive please contact us.
Licensing Act 2003: It is an offence to buy or attempt to buy alcoholic liquor if you are under the age of 18
Please drink responsibly
Country: GB
Free home delivery on orders over £50. Conditions apply.
• Free standard home delivery applies within the UK for clothing, home, beauty and wine from www.marksandspencer.com when you spend £50 or more online in a single order delivered to a single address.
• Offer excludes made to measure shirts, furniture and gift cards.
• The basket value is calculated inclusive of any other promotions.


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Interested in leasing a new or used Subaru vehicle? Here are some quick answers to the most frequently asked questions.
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If it has been less than 6 years since the warranty start date for your current Subaru, you may qualify to receive the highest possible trade-in value when you purchase a new Subaru. No hassle. No questions asked.
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avg 2014 uninstaller... (2 programs)
Articles avg 2014 uninstaller download
Five Apps to Try This Weekend - March 6th 2015
Default player... See more
Watch our video review of the terrifying Five Nights at Freddy's 3
Five Nights at Freddy's 3 is the latest in the series of spooky horror games, available now on PC. The... See more
Knights of Pen and Paper 2 let me play a Hipster Dwarf Paladin
I've never played pen-and-paper games like Dungeons & Dragons. The closest thing I played are... See more


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Review the latest Arizona foreclosure trends, use our directory of Arizona counties to see local foreclosure trends or search foreclosure listings for any City or ZIP code in the state. Our Arizona housing and demographics data will help you understand the Arizona real estate market. For more information on specific foreclosure properties, we recommend working with a local Realtor® that uses PropertyRadar or subscribing to PropertyRadar, the professional's foreclosure and property search service in Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington.
Top Counties in Arizona
- Maricopa County
- Pima County
- Pinal County
- Yavapai County
- Yuma County
- Mohave County
- Cochise County
- Coconino County
- Navajo County
- Apache County
- Gila County
- Graham County
- La Paz County
- Greenlee County
Foreclosure Filings
Foreclosure Filings—Notice of Default filings are the first step in the foreclosure process. Notice of Trustee Sale filings set the date and time of an auction, and serve as the homeowner's final notice before sale.
Foreclosure Outcomes
Foreclosure Outcomes—After the filing of a Notice of Trustee Sale, there are only three possible outcomes. First, the sale can be Cancelled for reasons that include a successful loan modification or short sale, a filing error, or a legal requirement to re-file the notice after extended postponements. Alternatively, if the property is taken to sale, the bank will place the opening bid. If a 3rd party, typically an investor, bids more than the bank's opening bid, the property will be Sold to 3rd Party; if not, it will go Back to the Bank and become part of that bank's REO inventory.
Foreclosure Inventories
Foreclosure Inventories—Preforeclosure inventory is an estimate of the number of properties that have had a Notice of Default filed against the property, but have not yet been Scheduled for Sale. The Scheduled for Sale inventory indicates those properties that have had a Notice of Trustee Sale filed, but have not yet been sold or had the sale cancelled. The Bank Owned (REO) inventory indicates the number of properties that have been sold Back to the Bank at the trustee sale, and which the bank has not yet resold to another party.
Foreclosure Bids
Foreclosure Bids—The Published Bid is the amount listed in the Notice of Trustee Sale and is typically the balance due at the original date of sale. The Opening Bid is the bank's starting bid at auction, and is often discounted from the Published Bid. The Winning Bid is the highest bid received at auction and reflects the amount at which the bank or 3rd party purchased the foreclosure.
Foreclosure Discounting
Foreclosure Discounting—This chart compares the winning Bid Amount of properties sold at trustee sale to both the outstanding Loan Amount, and the current Market Value. Banks place an Opening Bid for each property and if a 3rd Party does not make a higher bid, the property will be sold Back to Bank (REO) for the Opening Bid amount. Properties Sold to 3rd Parties will typically have Winning Bids with deeper discounts to both Loan Amount and Market Value as only low Opening Bids will attract investor interest.
Time to Foreclose
Time to Foreclose—The average number of days between the filing of the Notice of Default and the final sale at auction for foreclosure sales that occurred during the specified month. Time to Resell—The average number of days between the final sale at auction and when the property was resold by the bank or 3rd party.
Filings By Number of Bedrooms
Filings By Number of Bedrooms—The number of Notice of Default or Notice of Trustee Sale filings shown by the number of bedrooms of the property against which the notice was filed. Includes only residential foreclosure filings.
Filings By Square Foot
Filings By Square Foot—The number of foreclosures that have received either a Notice of Default or Notice of Sale, shown in columns arranged by the size range of the property in square feet.
Filings per Year Built
Filings By Year Built—The number of foreclosures that have received either a Notice of Default or Notice of Sale, shown in columns arranged by when the property was built.
By Est. Market Value
Filings By Est. Market Value—The number of foreclosures that have received either a Notice of Default or Notice of Sale, shown in columns arranged by the estimated market value of the property in foreclosure.
Filings per Loan Balance
Filings By Loan Balance—The number of foreclosures that have received either a Notice of Default or Notice of Sale, shown in columns arranged by the balance of the loan in foreclosure.
Filings By Loan Origination Date
Filings By Loan Origination Date—The number of foreclosures that have received either a Notice of Default or Notice of Sale, shown in columns arranged by the quarter and year in which the loan was originally made.
Arizona Housing Data
- Median House Value:
- $175,900
- Average Age:
- 27
- Owner-Occupied:
- 66%
- Median Rent:
- $891
- Single Family:
- 68%
- 2-4 Units:
- 5%
- 5+ Units:
- 16%
- Data Source
- 2012 ACS 5-year
Arizona Demographics
- Population:
- 6,410,979
- Density:
- 56
- 0-18
- 25%
- 18-64
- 61%
- 65+
- 14%
- Less than high school:
- 15%
- High School:
- 24%
- Some College:
- 26%
- Associates:
- 8%
- Bachelors:
- 17%
- Masters:
- 7%
- PhD or Professional:
- 3%
- Median Household Income:
- $50,256
- Married with One Wage-Earner:
- 30%
- Per Capita Income:
- $24,798
- Working:
- 42%
- Working in same County:
- 94%
- Avg Commute Time:
- 24.6 min
- Workers using Alternative Transportation:
- 24%
- Data Source
- 2012 ACS 5-year


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Regions:Dover/Somersworth -Great Bay - Rochester - Southern Maine | |||
Exeter Greenland Portsmouth New Castle Newington Stratham Rye | |||
Go Mobile: http://mobile.fosters.com Clippers rain in 3-pointers to bury STA
Thursday, December 27, 2012
DURHAM – Out of the gate, senior guard Travis MacDonald has been the player with the hot shooting hand for the Portsmouth High School boys basketball team.
The breezy opener gave Portsmouth coach Jim Mulvey a post-Christmas chance to deliver everyone heavy minutes, even though that was the plan no matter what. All 13 guys on the roster played, even before the outcome was decided, and 10 of them scored.
"We just came out flat," said MacDonald, who got his team on the board with a 3-pointer after that run. "We want to come out and hit them first. They came out and punched us in the mouth, but we responded."
The Clippers practiced for 80 minutes in their own gym before Wednesday's game and planned to do the same before playing Winnacunnet Thursday, a measuring-stick type of game that could serve them well before they go back to playing teams in Division II after the new year. |


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Great Backyard Bird Count: Gear Up!
Saturday, February 8 @ 2 pm
Come into the library to learn more about how to create a bird friendly backyard! After the program, we will provide you with your very own "go kit" to go out and participate in the Great Backyard Bird Count! This program is for new and experienced birders alike, and the entire family is encouraged to take part!


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Phillipa Ikat Ultimate Cosmetic Bag
No longer available
With room for everything from toiletries to hair clips, this stylish bag is an indispensable travel companion.
12" wide x 4" deep x 8.5" high
Exterior made of 100% cotton with PVC cover.
Interior is lined with Grant Foulard Print cotton and coated with leakproof polyurethane.
Interior has two elastic pockets and two zipper pockets.
Zipper closure.
Spot clean.


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5 Everything a sequel should be!Straughan88 | 22/08/2012 | See all Straughan88's reviews (54)Darksiders 2 is just incredible! It improves on the first one in every way. From the vastness of the world to the cool and responsive combat system, it's practically impossible not to enjoy this game. Fans of the original or not, I can't recommend this game enough! 10/10
1 STOP!!!FireFoxAlpha | 05/11/2012 | See all FireFoxAlpha's reviews (4)Do NOT buy this game. It is full of bad controls and design. No where near as good as the first. Death is cool but the game play will drive you mad. You can't block, areas are to big and the missions just have you get the key, kill some bad guys and do it all over again.After playing just a few short hours into this game you think the game designer never made a game before.
5 fantasticnemevilJ | 23/08/2012 | See all nemevilJ's reviews (2)the whole game is wonderful so far. the loot system the upgrading and the combat and movement all great. i never played the first one and this makes me want to find out what happened on wars side of the story. this game is long and worth every penny.
4 Great Fun and Surprisingly VastBritanga | 23/04/2013 | See all Britanga's reviews (18)I picked this up after quite liking the first game and pretty much haven't stopped playing it!It helps to have played the first but it's not important as it is set during the events of the first. Unlike the first though a lot more emphasis is on RPG levelling, side quests and loot finding which I always enjoy plus the varied armour pieces to equip Death in are just great for changing his appearance and stats.The story is pretty forgettable really but Deaths voice is done by the awesome Michael Wincott which is a bonus for me at least! The game worlds are pretty empty and the controls do take some getting used to but they are no game breakers, just occasionally annoying wall running problems.All in all though the dungeon questing is brilliant with some pretty crafty puzzles thrown in and I just thought this game was nothing but fun to play with some online features, it has online stats and the ability to share weapons and armour with friends which I thought was a decent little feature.Worth a go for a violent Zelda style style game with a dash of Legacy Of Kain thrown in for good measure.


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Is Germany allowed to have a build in Kiel in this game?
Is Germany allowed to have a build in Kiel in this game?
Does It Offend You, Yeah?
They are. But when they do, this is no longer a game.
Come and hunt your fellow Paradoxians in the Werewolf Forum
What this means is that no one technically voted on the first day and we have all been auto-lynched. Since none of us were following ghost rules from that point forward, we are all banned from werewolf for life. - Cymsdale
I'll go into the grave kicking and screaming, you bastards!
Germany surrenders to Vainglory
And one day we will die and our ashes will fly from the aeroplane over the sea
But for now we are young let us lay in the sun and count every beautiful thing we can see......
And one day we will die and our ashes will fly from the aeroplane over the sea
But for now we are young let us lay in the sun and count every beautiful thing we can see......
In fact, since the offer was for you to surrender to me, and you have said "I accept", I believe the GM will in fact need to transfer all your provinces to me.
You'd best learn to read fine print before you are old enough to sign legal documents, else that could be a real problem for you.
Does It Offend You, Yeah?
Deadline extended.
New deadline is Monday, February 27th at 17:00 GMT.
Winner of the Paradox Fantasy World Cup 2010
Which part of "I accept your offer to surrender to me" do you not understand? Methinks you need a new pair of glasses or some english lessons. Which would you prefer? I'll just get some cash from the Turkish treasury to fund your needs, once the GM transfers it to Italian control. We Italians are kind generous that way.
I'm afraid it's not me, but you, who doesn't understand. I offered you a chance to surrender. It was in plain text, quite simple, anyone could have comprehended it. Shall I reproduce it for you, and everyone to see?
You then said "I accept your surrender." But I offered you a chance to surrender to me, not vice versa. So we can only assume that what you meant is "I surrender to Vainglory." There's no other offer for you to accept.
Do you understand now, or shall I be "kind generous" and give you English lessons? You appear to be in need of them, what with your use of tautologies.
Does It Offend You, Yeah?
Werewolf is a game in which the wolves hunt the wolves and the village lynches the village, in a race to see who can kill themselves slowest. - Capt. Kiwi
You are not very good at wolfing. - Citizen1oo1
EUROO7 and snoopdogg aren't the King and Queen of Werewolf.
They're just loud. - joebthegreat


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Portland, Maine image here |
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Portland Head Lighthouse, Cape Elizabeth, Maine |
Portland, Maine image here |
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Portland Head Lighthouse, Cape Elizabeth, Maine |
Wow! Such gorgeous pictures!! Those are a couple places I've always wanted to go. Your pictures look like they belong in a magazine. :) We did some family hunting while we were on a vacation in Wisconsin. I loved hearing that others do the same. We found such wonderful information. It hit close to home when we saw the church they went to and realized that we have a rich religious heritage. Thanks for posting! :)
ReplyDeleteMY husband who has sat in the car with out air conditioning while I run into a fabric store. Actually went into a quilt store in Portsmouth, to get fabric for me. He was there on buisness, I still can't believe he did it even though it has been eight years. I picture smocked the cutest dresses for my girls.
Always wish I could find my way there and go to that quilt store myself.
Thank you so much for your comments - they make my day! I try to respond to as many as my 'mommy' time allows, but life sometimes gets in the way. Please know how much I appreciate each of them.
I apologize for the current comment settings that require a registered user account. They are the only way that I don't get tons of gross spam. I'm hoping Blogger will make a way where people who are not registered users, but would like to leave a comment can do so. Please, Blogger! In the mean time, thanks for your patience.
I also love to respond to questions. If you are a no-reply blogger, please leave an email address so I can get back to you. Or you can email me directly: amy @ diaryofaquilter.com. Thanks!


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Since this is a place for Endlings fans to talk I guess I'll be the first to do a topic not about Ever After.
July 1988... The month where the first Nintendo Power issue was released. I'm too young to remember this issue, and probably most others on here also are, but now you can download this issue online. The issue has a huge Super Mario Bros. 2 preview (Remember, This Was 1988). It also features a Zelda guide and many other Nintendo goodies.
You can download the issue here:


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What does NMP mean in British Medicine?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand NMP in the Medical field in general and in the British Medicine terminology in particular.
nucleoside monophosphate
Find a translation for NMP in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this NMP abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"NMP." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/1414908>.
NMP also stands for:
- N Methyl Pyrrolidone
- N-Methyl Pyrrolidone
- National Maintenance Point
- National Media Pool
- nerve-muscle pedicle
... and 17 more »
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Includes (but not limited to) Austin, San Antonio, Corpus Christi, Laredo, and the Valley!
Location: South Texas
Members: 47
Latest Activity: Feb 6, 2013
This group does not have any discussions yet.
Greetings from Mission Texas!
I have 1 Extra VIP Meet & Greet ticket for the Houston TX show if anyone is interested.
Hello South Texas!! Where's everyone?! Happy New Year!! Greetings from McAllen.
Good day Incufam!
Enjoying the weather? Finally!
Love this sight. I am so glued to it everyday.
Incubus rules!!
© 2015 Created by Incubus.


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5 BlackBerry Bold 9700 very simple reviewHoBag84 | 25/05/2010 | See all HoBag84's reviews (1)For the simpler individual who may not want to make use of all the fancy functions on this phone, but would like the ability to receive email, SMS, call and have a few decent apps, then maybe this will help. Essentially that's all i want from it...I needed a change and the iPhone, although very good, just didn't appeal to me. I like proper buttons.The Blackberry 9700 is a lovely handset. Altho it takes a bit of time to get used to the QWERTY keyboard (maybe not so good if you have particularly broad thumbs) i have grown to love it. Having emails sent directly to me from my accounts makes life very easy, and you can manage it by either deleting it from you handset email only, or the handset and full email account(!) SMS and media messaging is pretty straighforward - lays it out nicely so you can see the full conversation with the other person. Clear screen, easy connectivity and the small touch mouse is easy to use (and its sensitivity can be altered to you). Standby function and a bedside function which you can set to enter at a certain time of night every day in case you're so tired you forget to switch it to voicemails only, or not to receive emails etc. Brilliant! The camera is pretty good with a flash function. 3.2MPixels isn't the greatest but it does the trick. I have a proper camera instead. I don't want to put my whole like in my phone(!)Overall, i bloody love this phone and although it may not be perceived to be as 'cool' as an iPhone, i very much think it is.Also, the leather on the back makes for an interesting texture contrast...
5 The best smartphone on the marketzebeavzio | 27/02/2010 | See all zebeavzio's reviews (4)I have just purchased the phone, up grading from a full touch screen. I had the hero before this phone and the 1st thing that stands out is the reliability, everything syncs to the phone - facebook contacts ext.The 1 thing I would warn if you want to use the phone for personal e-mails & apps from the BB app wrold you need a Blackberry data plan, I brought sim free & used a pay as you go sim & i could only use the basic functions, I have upgraded to plan of 15gbp a month for 2GB data and everything is working fantastically.I highly recommend this phone, for personal use as it is more like a current smartphone and it has everything and more you need a phone to do.
5 Bold 9700Skorch | 11/01/2010 | See all Skorch's reviews (1)Just got my hands on this beauty 4 days ago as a free upgrade. I am absolutely loving it so far, this is my first ever BlackBerry & if all their future products are this good I am going to stick with them.First impressions upon un-boxing it were very good, the device looks very sleek & well designed, the build quality & materials used are second to none. Considering that it has a full QWERTY keypad RIM have managed to make it look smooth & easy to use.I've read a lot about the new trackpad which replaces the old trackball, I had a quick go on the original Bold 9000 in the phone shop & wasn't blown away by the trackball, I can see how over time it would fail. I also think that the new Bold 9700 looks a lot nicer in comparison, being noticeably smaller & more modern looking. The optical pad is fantastic, sensitive & easy to navigate through menus etc.The camera really surprised me as well, my last phone had a 5.0MP & took pretty decent snaps, the 3.2MP on this takes pictures of equal quality & in bad light conditions I would say actually better. The video quality is excellent also this probably has a lot to do with the gorgeous crystal clear screen.The keypad is another feature that I find great, making texting & web browsing so much quicker & easier than on all my previous phones. The keys are quite closely packed together but thanks to the raised shapes are easy to use.The amount of things you can adjust & tweak in the options are truly mind boggling, it's nice to be able to customise everything to your own preference, even including the trackpad sensitivity!I can't find anything I dislike about this device as yet, & have just installed blackberry app world which is brilliant as I can now add more applications to an already impressive list.The battery life seems to be very good for a Smartphone, Before this, I had a Sony Ericsson C902i which had an appalling battery.So to conclude if you are after a Smartphone that is stylish & practically perfect, look no further than the Bold 9700! I'm usually a pain to please and have never found a phone that I truly liked. But with this phone I am now recommending it to all my colleagues as it has so many useful features and isn't too complicated to figure out like some phones.Try one and you won't be disappointed.
5 No Phone BetterNathan444 | 28/09/2010 | See all Nathan444's reviews (274)Top 10 Reviewer Top 10 DVD Reviewer Top 100 Games Reviewer Top 100 Gadgets Reviewer I have owned this phone for about 9 months. This phone is just brilliant. Everything about it is amazing, the keys are so easy to use and to type with the applications are well thought out, work superbly and is fun to use.This is by far the best phone i have ever owned. And im telling you now. i am going to keep with blackberry's in the future and will not defect to the iphone.Nothing wrong with the iphone, just that i prefer blackberrys after using this one. But the next bold they bring out will be very interesting how they better it. I look forward to it.
5 my first bb! and im not planning on buying any other ones..!scribblescribble | 19/12/2010 | See all scribblescribble's reviews (1)this phone is just awesome! it does everything for me! i dont have to go back and fourth logging on my pc to checking my mails or contacting my friends. easy to type, easily accessible, just simply simple!!!


text: Sandbox! gamesBookmark the permalink. Release date: Dec 9th, 2011 Price: Free Version: 1.1 Seller: Phyzios, Inc. Buy Now STP SCORE: Not yet reviewed Description Related Games Godus iOOTP Baseball 2014 Edition Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff Fashion Star Designer Star Wars: Tiny Death Star Transport Tycoon Fast & Furious 6: The Game Star Command Crabitron Kick the Buddy: No Mercy


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An Overview of Structural Approaches to HIV Prevention
I. Definition of the Prevention Area
A "structural approach" to HIV prevention is the process of selecting a set of interventions that address structural factors to reduce HIV risk at the individual and/or group level. Structural factors are elements outside of individual knowledge or awareness that have the potential to influence the vulnerability of individuals and groups to HIV infection. They can include social (e.g., stigma, gender inequality), legal-political (e.g., laws and regulations), cultural (e.g., religious beliefs), and economic (e.g., lack of livelihood opportunity) factors.
Structural factors fall into two conceptual categories:
- "Risk drivers," factors that have been empirically shown to shape patterns of risk behavior in particular populations
- "Environmental mediators," which increase people's resilience to HIV (PDF, 1.23 KB) or hinder their ability to avoid HIV in a particular context (e.g., laws that criminalize and drive underground men who have sex with men , limiting their ability to seek HIV prevention services.)
II. Epidemiological Justification for the Prevention Area
There is a growing body of quantitative and qualitative evidence linking structural factors to HIV risk and its proximate determinants (e.g., multiple sexual partnering and lack of condom use). Given the complex and numerous pathways between structural factors and HIV transmission, however, few structural programs have been evaluated for their impact on HIV incidence.
Most of the emerging evidence centers on a few factors, including gender inequality, stigma and discrimination, economic empowerment and livelihood opportunities, education, and alcohol. For each of these factors, there is evidence on the impact of interventions that target them, although the relative importance of particular structural factors varies across settings.
One randomized controlled trial (RCT) that linked structural factors with HIV biomarkers found significantly lower levels of HIV and HSV-2 among Malawian schoolgirls who received monthly cash payments than among those who did not receive the payments. In Kenya, a study showed that reducing the cost of primary education by paying for school uniforms reduced dropout rates, teen marriage, and childbearing--all factors closely related to HIV risk. Other HIV prevention programs have addressed structural factors by changing norms around gender and violence against women, supporting micro-credit programs, and strengthening the legal rights of underserved populations. A recent Journal of the International AIDS Society (JIAS) supplement discusses the necessity of addressing these and other structural factors in future HIV investments. Service models need to be adapted to the economic and social environments of clients, and HIV programming incorporated into wider gender and development efforts.
III. Core Programmatic Components
There is now widespread agreement that structural approaches are a critical part of a "combination HIV prevention" strategy. In addition to the positive outcomes structural interventions can achieve on their own, they are important to the success of biomedical and behavioral interventions. For example, voluntary medical male circumcision provision programs may not realize their potential impact without including activities that address structural factors, such as socio-cultural norms that influence men and women's preferences around circumcision (PDF, 1.18 MB) and mobility-constraining poverty that may limit access of certain populations to services.
There is no "one size fits all" structural approach that is appropriate for all epidemics, settings, or target populations. A defining component of a structural approach to HIV prevention is choosing a set of interventions according to evidence- informed analysis of the particular characteristics of the target population, the context, and of the risk drivers and environmental mediators of HIV in that specific setting. In a setting where, for example, migratory labor is common and laborers are found to have especially high levels of HIV, a structural approach could include workplace HIV prevention (PDF, 444 KB) interventions for migrant laborers or an intervention to create alternative sources of economic opportunity. In an epidemic where HIV is transmitted primarily through sex work, a priority intervention could be engagement of local authorities to enforce condom use in brothels.
Although there is no single structural approach appropriate for all settings, there are a number of key considerations and features characteristic of good structural programming. These should be addressed in the development and implementation of structural approaches in any setting:
- clear articulation of the causal pathway between the structural factor and HIV risk and of where along this pathway the intervention aims to have impact
- understanding of the intervention's possible unintended effects
- definition of the macro (national/regional), meso (community), and/or micro (individual/family) level at which the intervention expects to have influence
- attention to the needs of marginalized and/or hard-to-reach groups.
These considerations are delineated in the AIDSTAR-One Structural Resource Tool (forthcoming).
IV. Current Status of Implementation Experience
Structural interventions are not new to public health prevention strategies. Well known and successful examples include increasing taxes to reduce or prevent smoking and national programs to put fluoride into drinking water to prevent tooth decay. In the HIV arena, however, the importance of structural interventions has only recently garnered significant attention. There is limited consensus around key concepts, definitions, what works, and the causal pathways through which successful programs create impact. This is in part due to gaps in the evidence base, many of which result from the technical challenges of measuring the impact of structural programming. The position paper series developed by AIDSTAR-One and STRIVE makes progress on some of these issues. It provides definitions for key structural HIV prevention concepts, analysis of the current evidence base and gaps, frameworks for approaching structural prevention, and lessons from field-based implementation experience.
Measuring the effectiveness of structural intervention programs can be difficult for several reasons:
- there is no direct, one-to-one relationship between structural interventions and HIV incidence
- structural interventions are often not amenable to randomization
- causal pathways from intervention to end point outcomes are usually indirect and complex
- there has been limited funding to study these questions at a scale proportionate with funding for research on biomedical and behavioral interventions.
Existing evaluations of the effect of structural interventions on HIV and proximal behavioral outcomes use multiple, diverse methodologies to allow triangulation of data. Methodologies include RCTs (PDF, 104 KB), quasi-experimental studies, and qualitative studies (PDF, 377 KB). Retrospective studies of broad national responses to the epidemic have combined sources and methods typically used in public health (e.g., HIV prevalence and incidence modeling, behavioral and demographic health survey data, interview and focus group data, and condom shipment data), with some not commonly used (PDF, 78 KB) (i.e., newspaper reports of behavior change). Limitation to conventional methods, such as RCTs, and basis on independent samples may undercut the development of new and effective HIV prevention approaches. Researchers have articulated the need for further engagement with social science methods and the use of combinations of data (PDF, 835 KB) from different types of evaluations, as well as careful inclusion of less rigorous sources to continue to make progress in generating the evidence base.
Updated: August 2013
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According to the findings of this recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Malawi, girls and young women aged 13 to 22 who receive regular small cash payments are less than half as likely to acquire HIV than their counterparts who receive no cash payment. The study recruited approximately 1,300 never-married young women living in an area with high poverty, low school enrollment, and high HIV prevalence. The young women and their families were randomized to receive small monthly stipends for 18 months: USD$1 to $5 for the girls and USD$4 to $10 for the families (conditional on school attendance or unconditional), or nothing at all. Girls who received payments were 75 percent less likely to acquire herpes. They were also more likely to attend school, less likely to be having sex regularly, and less likely to have a partner over the age of 25. The authors did not detect a difference in age of sexual debut or condom use, and found no notable difference in HIV and HSV-2 prevalence between the conditional and unconditional cash transfer groups. According to the authors, simple cash transfer programs for unmarried schoolgirls and their families may have a significant impact on their sexual and reproductive health. They encourage policymakers to consider such programs as one component of combination prevention approaches.
This article discusses a series of papers published in a recent supplement of the Journal of the International AIDS Society highlighting some of the social, economic, political, and environmental structural factors that increase susceptibility to HIV infection and undermine current prevention and treatment interventions. According to the authors, future investments in combination prevention and broader gender and development initiatives must include structural factors to ensure both clinical efficacy and effectiveness at a population level. They cite the recent trial of a cash transfer intervention in Malawi that showed that providing a small stipend to girls and their households had a significant impact on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex virus within this population. The papers they cite address a range of issues: how structural interventions may alter social arrangements and often include value judgments; how to change behavioral dynamics among young people and address the prevention needs of the most disadvantaged youths; why inequalities in gender, power, and income lead to increased risk among women's and men's access to care and support services; and how to increase gender equality and livelihood security with effective combinations of structural interventions. The authors stress that future investments are needed to define the political and programmatic impact of structural interventions on reducing HIV incidence.
This study analyzes two structural drivers of HIV for young people: gender inequalities and livelihood insecurity. The authors identified nine structural interventions focusing on gender microfinance and gender empowerment, girls' education, and gender empowerment and financial literacy targeting young people. Across all nine interventions, the authors identified three lessons learned: 1) interventions have a narrow conceptualization of livelihoods, 2) there is limited involvement of men and boys in such interventions, and 3) few studies have been done in real-world contexts. According to the authors, the interventions focused on building human and financial capital, and neglected to consider other forms of capital, systems, or institutions that often supplement and influence livelihood programs, including educational systems and state policies. The authors support including men and boys in combined interventions, but caution that further research is necessary to ensure that their participation adds value rather than detracts from the work of gender equality. They stress that successful interventions primarily carried out in rural or educational contexts must be adapted to more urban settings and to a variety of contexts.
This paper provides a framework and guidance on the social and structural drivers of the HIV epidemic to move the HIV prevention field forward. There is a paucity of concrete definitions for social and structural constructs and the authors discuss some of the important terms used throughout the social science discourse. They also outline the various hypotheses and causal pathways in the social science field, and provide a logical framework for how to address the social/structural drivers through interventions. The operational structure that is provided goes through six steps: 1) identify the target populations and/or locations for intervention, 2) identify the key behavioral patterns and drivers of behavioral patterns for the target population, 3) chose level of structural intervention, 4) describe planned and potential changes and outcomes, 5) design the intervention, 6) implement, monitor, evaluate, and feedback. The authors conclude that HIV and AIDS experts should support the incorporation of social and structural approaches in the global response to improve positive health outcomes in the future. Much more work, however, also needs to be accomplished through the implementation and evaluation of programs.
This randomized experimental study conducted in Kenya found a possible causal link between school attendance and reduced HIV risk factors. Three school-based HIV and AIDS programs were implemented: 1) training teachers in the Kenyan Government's HIV and AIDS education curriculum, 2) facilitating student debates on the role of condoms and having them write essays on how to prevent themselves from acquiring HIV, and 3) decreasing the cost of education. The authors collected measures of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to HIV. The study's primary outcome measure of effectiveness of the interventions was teenage childbearing, which is associated with unprotected sex. After two years, the study showed that reducing the cost of education by paying for school uniforms reduced dropout rates, teen marriage, and childbearing.
The authors comment on the findings of a cluster randomized controlled trial of a cash transfer program for schoolgirls in Zomba, Malawi, which showed that schoolgirls who received monthly cash payments were significantly less likely than girls who did not receive payments to be infected with HIV and HSV-2, have an older male partner, and have sexual intercourse once per week at follow-up (Baird 2012). The study compared the impacts of providing cash transfers conditional on school attendance, providing cash transfers unconditionally, and providing no cash transfers. In this commentary, the authors discuss the importance of the study in providing evidence that an intervention to change the structural environment through provision of cash payments can impact young women's HIV risk. They also cited the study's limitations, including the fact that HIV incidence was not used as an outcome measure and that few HIV infections were detected. The study was not powered to detect different effects on biological outcomes between the conditional cash transfer and unconditional cash transfer interventions. More research is needed to understand the casual pathways through which the program achieved impact.
"Magic bullet thinking"--that is, prioritizing only the well-defined and measurable biomedical interventions--may inhibit understanding of what works in HIV prevention by leaving out the less easily measurable social and contextual approaches. According to the authors, measuring the impact of combination prevention remains an elusive goal for the HIV prevention community due to the methodological challenges of applying the gold standard of randomized controlled trials for prevention programming. The authors contend that the use of costly randomized designs with the community as unit of intervention may not produce valid data. This is due to a number of challenges in measuring change in HIV incidence, including a lack of reliable, easy-to-use tools to measure HIV incidence at a population level, the need for unrealistically large sample sizes, and the unreliability of intermediate indicators, such as reported behavior change. Plausibility designs--which do not include randomly selected control groups but instead triangulate data sources--may provide important evidence of impact and help explain program effectiveness. The authors encourage the use of a clear description of program components and their potential causal pathways, intermediate outputs, and outcomes leading to HIV incidence reduction. They also encourage the use of mixed methods and modeling as an alternative to probability evidence.
Over the past decade, there have been increasing numbers of successful, practical interventions that address HIV's structural factors, from policy measures that remove user fees for schools in Africa, to sex worker peer-prevention programs in India, to economic safety nets such as cash transfers to adolescent girls in Malawi. This paper examines the relatively recent evidence to produce insights that can strengthen the global response to HIV. The paper profiles: 1) efforts that address structural factors and measure effects on HIV-related behavioral and biological outcomes and 2) interventions that have been demonstrated to affect known HIV-related structural factors, whether or not clinical or behavioral endpoints were assessed, to stimulate thinking on the importance of cross-sectoral approaches. The authors identify several lessons: 1) action on structural factors is a necessary component of the global HIV response, even in the context of the re-medicalization of HIV prevention, 2) action on structural factors is possible, can be highly effective, and is likely context-specific, 3) action on structural factors can benefit other health, development, and human rights objectives in addition to HIV, 4) a range of disciplinary perspectives outside the health sector will be required to implement structural approaches, and 5) cross-sector governance and financing are critical for structural approaches to work.
Today's HIV prevention, care, and treatment strategies are based largely on the science and insights of biomedicine and epidemiology, two disciplines that have traditionally emphasized biological interventions and individual behavior change over measures addressing social or structural sources of risk. Most research has focused on the biological co-factors that affect transmission dynamics, such as the presence of concomitant sexually transmitted infections or the use of prevention methods that reduce transmission likelihood. However, non-biological factors that influence behavior and the likelihood of transmission--such as alcohol use, internalized stigma, economic and consumer pressures that encourage transactional sex, exposure to violence, or the impact of gender norms--also affect HIV transmission. They operate earlier in the causal chain through more varied and complex pathways. Increasingly, scientists and policymakers have begun calling for more attention to the structural forces that create environments of risk, arguing that the touchstone of future programming must be "combination prevention." This paper examines some of the evidence linking structural factors to HIV risk, as well as the research gaps, including the pathways through which factors interact and affect HIV vulnerability. It explores the advantages of taking a "structurally informed" approach to HIV planning and implementation, namely, the value of influencing clustered risk factors, the potential to influence multiple outcomes, and opportunities for co-financing.
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The number of government-funded HIV and AIDS services in India's Karnataka state has increased greatly from 2006 to 2010. However, only a minority of key populations access these services. A qualitative study was conducted to understand the barriers to accessing HIV and AIDS care, treatment, and support services. The authors conducted 26 focus group discussions (FGD) with a total of 302 individuals in March and April 2008. Participants include female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgendered individuals. They found that participants were knowledgeable about how HIV was transmitted and acquired, and were accurate in measuring their own risk level. There was a large degree of fear surrounding an HIV-positive test result. There was also little knowledge about care, support, and treatment services, which hindered them getting tested. A motivator to getting tested, however, was wanting to live a longer and healthier life. Stigma and discrimination from family, friends, and healthcare providers were barriers to accessing HIV and AIDS services, as were fears of breaches of confidentiality. Additional structural barriers to using services included long travel distances, cost for "free" services, and needing an ID card that they did not have. Much needs to be accomplished in terms of educating communities and health workers to reduce the stigma and discrimination reported in the study. The authors recommend that HIV testing services should be integrated into existing clinics for female sex workers and men who have sex with men and trans populations to increase their HIV status knowledge as well as improving the quality of government services.
This systematic review of 16 studies using cash for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV found that the majority of cash transfer programs have targeted adolescents and address such structural risk factors as poverty. According to the authors, cash transfer programs--both unconditional and conditional, which are tied to behaviors deemed beneficial to the individual--are reaching over 1 billion people in developing countries. The majority of studies on these programs have found positive impacts on sexual behaviors, although, due to a lack of biological endpoints in data collection, only one study has been able to make a direct correlation between a decrease in HIV prevalence and cash payments. According to the authors, cash programs either address upstream drivers of risk, such as poverty and education, or downstream behavior change, such as receiving cash for negative results on a test for a sexually transmitted infection. The authors caution that the downstream approach may have unintended consequences, such as violence or coercion, although they also note that to date there is no evidence of social harm to individuals participating in cash transfer programs. The authors note that the amount of payment will likely affect results and that clear and transparent selection criteria are critical. They encourage the use of formative and ethnographic research and pilot studies to determine the most effective structure for cash transfers to reduce risk. The authors hypothesize that cash transfer interventions may also be used to encourage HIV testing, HIV-related health visits, and adherence to antiretroviral drugs. A presentation at the 2012 International AIDS Conference provided evidence that cash transfers helped increase birth registration and school attendance in eastern Zimbabwe.
Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted to gain perspectives on how property rights influence primary and secondary HIV transmission. Participants were recruited through a community-led land and property rights development project in rural Kenya, where HIV prevalence is high and property right violations are prevalent. Interview themes consisted of questions on what happened to women when their husbands died, the reasons for property rights violations, and the perceived links between property rights violations and HIV transmission. Outside interviewers unknown to the participants conducted the interviews in the local language, for about 1.25 to 2.25 hours. They found that women would often "disappear" shortly after their husband died. Oftentimes, the husband's family blamed the wife for giving HIV to their son/brother so felt that she did not deserve the property or assets. The interviewees clearly saw the link between property rights violations and increasing HIV prevalence rates in the community. Women left their homes in search of shelter, food, and a livelihood. If she were HIV-positive, this made the continuation of care and treatment almost impossible. If she were HIV-negative, she would be vulnerable to infection from partners whom she would not otherwise have had if she were able to keep her property. The authors conclude that securing women's property rights could decrease her, and the community's, vulnerability to HIV infection and transmission.
Studying how food insecurity contributes to increased HIV risk among 12,684 sexually active Brazilian women, the authors conclude that severe food insecurity with hunger is associated with lower levels of condom use. Using a multi-variable logistic regression model, the study examined the associations between food insecurity, condom use, and symptoms of sexually transmitted infection. The research revealed that severe food insecurity with hunger is associated with statistically significant reduced odds of consistent condom use and condom use at last sexual intercourse, and with self-reported itchy vaginal discharge, most likely indicating the presence of a sexually transmitted infection. The study employed a culturally adapted 18-item food insecurity scale measuring a wide range of human experience with food insecurity, from food security to severe food insecurity with hunger. According to the authors, the findings add to the abundance of new data that highlight the importance of food insecurity in relation to women's risk of sexual violence and exposure to HIV. They recommend that HIV prevention programs target high-risk women through food supplementation or livelihood interventions to help equalize gender-based bargaining power within households. They stress that to be consistently effective in reducing HIV risk, biomedical, individual-level cognitive, and behavioral interventions for HIV prevention must also address structural factors, such as food insecurity.
The review presents the evidence base for HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention interventions among female sex workers in resource-poor settings. The review only included randomized controlled trials or studies that included a control group. The authors identified 1,272 articles and abstracts across the various databases, and 28 of these met the selection criteria. Twenty-five interventions were focused at the individual level and three targeted structural interventions. Half of the studies evaluated a combination of behavioral interventions and STI treatment, seven studies focused on increasing condom use, four evaluated a vaginal microbicide, and three evaluated structural interventions. Almost all of the studies (93 percent) reported on changes of STI/HIV incidence or prevalence. Those with positive findings included interventions that focused either on a combination of behavioral interventions and STI treatment or on increasing condom use. There was either no effect or an increased risk of HIV in the microbicide studies. The three structural interventions were highly successful. The authors discuss the limitations of the review and recommend next steps for future evaluations.
The Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) Program was implemented by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency, a microfinance organization, in low-income areas in Nairobi, Kenya from 1998 to 2004. The program targeted out-of-school females aged 16 to 22 years old. The goal of the program was to reduce female adolescent's vulnerability to negative social and reproductive health outcomes by involving them in a microfinance project. The project went through three stages. The first phase organized a group of 25 young women, who were trained, contributed to a group savings plan, and were offered microloans to start small businesses. Participation was high in the beginning of phase one, but the young women eventually started dropping out of the program. Based on lessons learned from the first phase, the second phase strengthened the social components to provide more support to the young women. However, it was found that they continued to exit the program because they were concerned for the safely of their savings, since members defaulted on their loans, or needed it for emergencies. The third phase offered women access to safe and secure savings as well as the necessary social support, but did not have the loan and repayment portion of the original program. It was found that the initial program's focus on loans and repayments was only successful for the most stable and least vulnerable young women. Social support interventions and safe loans were more immediate needs for the majority of women in this setting. The authors suggest having different types of economic development interventions based on the level of stability and vulnerability of the young women targeted for the project.
According to the authors, structural approaches that address social, economic, and political factors beyond the control of individuals are still lacking in both the global and national responses to HIV. This synthesis paper outlines six key recommendations and provides specific guidance from the Social Drivers Working Group of the aids2031 initiative. These actions are designed to operationalize structural approaches that will increase uptake and sustainability of behavioral and biomedical prevention approaches. The authors argue that addressing the root causes of vulnerability, such as gender inequity, may have the greatest effect in reducing vulnerability to HIV. The six actions identified by the working group include:
• Integration of HIV efforts with broader health and develoliment should be suliliorted through inter-sectoral AIDS coalitions.
• Governments and donors should invest in sociological assessments to identify the social context as liart of routine efforts to "know your eliidemic."
• Civil society and affected communities--including women living with HIV, networks of affected liersons, and young lieolile--must be fully engaged in lilanning and liriority-setting activities.
• Substantial and long-term structural aliliroaches should be funded for liroject cycles of 5 to 15 years or more.
• Monitoring and evaluation frameworks must account for multidimensional changes in the social, economic, and liolitical environments.
• Laws that reduce stigma and lirotect human rights and equity must be effectively imlilemented and monitored.
• Integration of HIV efforts with broader health and develoliment should be suliliorted through inter-sectoral AIDS coalitions.
Sex work is a major route of HIV transmission in many Asian countries and effective interventions that address the HIV risk of sex workers and their clients are greatly needed. This paper describes the 100% Condom Use Programme, which was conceived in 1989 and has been implemented in Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam, China, Myanmar, Mongolia, and Laos PDR. It achieved success in many cases. In each country, program components have been adapted to fit the local context. However, the program universally aims to empower sex workers to refuse sex without a condom. Key strategies applied in all contexts have been to promote "No condom - No sex" in all types of sex work and collaboration among local authorities, sex business owners, and sex workers. In some contexts, program components include formation of sex workers' self-help groups, peer education, and issuance of membership cards by local authorities. The nationally-implemented 100% Condom Use Programmes in Thailand and Cambodia have been credited as the main factor contributing to the decline in those countries' HIV epidemics.
This report describes a quasi-experimental evaluation of Programa H, a program implemented in Brazil to change young men's attitudes towards traditional gender roles and sexual relations and to reduce HIV risk behaviors and intimate partner violence. The evaluation used a survey and qualitative interviews to compare different combinations of the program components. Components included interactive group education sessions for young men led by adult male facilitators and a community-wide "lifestyle" social marketing campaign to promote condom use, using gender-equitable messages that echoed those used in the group education sessions. The researchers developed and used the Gender-Equitable Men (GEM) Scale to measure attitudes toward gender norms related to such topics as HIV prevention, intimate partner violence, and sexual relationships. Evaluation results showed significant behavioral and biological changes among 15- to 25-year-olds at intervention sites, including an increase in condom use with primary partners and reduction in reported sexually transmitted infections (STI) symptoms. Further, young men's decreased support for inequitable gender norms over one year was significantly associated with decreased reports of STI symptoms.
This study combined analysis of several different types of evidence--some traditionally used in public health and some not--to identify the changes in sexual behavior that led to the marked reduction in the prevalence of HIV in Uganda in the early 1990s. Seven types of evidence were used, including models of HIV prevalence and incidence in Kampala and other sentinel sites in Uganda; reports of behavior change in the primary newspaper in Uganda; surveys with questions about perceptions of personal behavior change; large demographic and health surveys and large Global Program on AIDS surveys with questions about sexual behavior; smaller surveys of reported sexual behavior; reports of numbers of condoms shipped to Uganda; and historical documentation of the implementation of HIV prevention programs in Uganda. The study found consistency among the findings from the different types of evidence examined, concluding that people in Uganda first reduced their number of sexual partners prior to or outside of long-term marital or cohabiting relationships and subsequently increased condom use with non-marital and non-cohabiting partners.
The lessons of the past 30 years of the response to the HIV epidemic have pointed to three key objectives that future behaviour change based HIV prevention efforts must work to achieve: 1) address broader structures shaping behavioral risk and vulnerability, 2) tailor responses to the factors influencing risk and vulnerability understood to affect the target population, and 3) ensure multiple factors can be addressed when needed. This paper provides definitions of key terms and concepts that may help in the operationalization of an approach that meets these objectives. A "structural approach" is defined as process undertaken to decide upon an appropriate set of structural HIV prevention interventions. It is a "process" because it is impossible to define in advance what activities to undertake, "appropriate" because HIV prevention must be tailored to local realities, and a "set" of activities because risk is typically shaped by multiple factors. Structural factors can be broad, encompassing the multitude of potential elements that might shape risk and vulnerability for different populations. Structural drivers encompass an identified set of factors empirically shown to influence risk for a given target group. Other key operational terms (e.g., causal pathways, levels of influence) and additional considerations, such as unforeseen and undesirable consequences to changing structural factors, are discussed.
"Structural factors" are characteristics of the social, economic, legal, and cultural environment that act as determinants of HIV risk for whole populations and influence how this risk is distributed within populations. To date, "structural approaches" that engage these factors remain poorly developed. HIV-prevention programmers deploy limited resources over set timeframes with the primary goal of reducing HIV infection rates and disparities. They do not themselves set broad social policy or research agendas, but both respond and seek to influence these. They are often motivated to adopt a structural approach within combination HIV prevention. This paper proposes a three-pronged structural approach to be used by HIV-prevention programmers: 1) social epidemiology targeting to enhance equity of HIV prevention, 2) interrupting the causal pathway from social determinants to risk through critical enabler interventions, and 3) addressing structural factors directly through HIV-sensitive, cross-sectoral development. This approach can be tailored to populations, considers factors beyond provision of information alone, and recognizes that multiple factors shape risk patterns. It overlaps with the investment framework proposed by UNAIDS in 2011, which proposes three categories of investment required for a comprehensive response: basic programmatic activities, addressing critical enablers, and achieving development synergies. The author describes how a structural approach can inform action in all three categories.
The evidence of the effectiveness of structural interventions for HIV prevention is lacking in comparison to the evidence for interventions in other prevention areas, despite the key role of structural interventions in combination prevention approaches. This role is recognized in global guidance. While "structural prevention" has received significant attention in the academic community in recent years, the challenges to program implementation at the community and national levels are not well understood. This paper discusses the experience of the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)/U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in implementing structural interventions in Zambia. The authors propose several ways to expedite the implementation process.
A systematic review of late phase randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV found that only six, all evaluating biomedical interventions, demonstrated definitive effects on HIV (five reduced transmission; one had adverse effects). The authors conducted a review of RCTs for prevention of sexual transmission, identifying 37 trials (reporting on 39 interventions) from over the last 30 years. Three male circumcision trials, one trial of sexually transmitted infection treatment and care, and one vaccine trial significantly reduced HIV. One microbicide trial of nonoxynol-9 gel produced adverse results. The authors cite problems in design and implementation that impeded the studies. According to the authors, while well-designed and executed RCTs should remain the gold standard in defining the evidence base for prevention programs, public health researchers and practitioners must also employ complementary lines of evidence and observational studies. The HIV prevention science community must also examine trials that failed to demonstrate results to learn how to improve study design and implementation.
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The literature review explores the linkages among poverty, livelihood, food security, economic strengthening, and HIV- and AIDS-related outcomes. It found that the linkages between poverty and HIV and AIDS were mostly based on qualitative research, and had an unclear link. Quantitatively, there were conflicting results between poverty and HIV and AIDS. The literature is stronger in providing links between food insecurity and HIV and AIDS outcomes, with food security positively impacting antiretroviral adherence and mortality. There were relatively few studies exploring the link between economic strengthening and HIV and AIDS outcomes. While most studies were qualitative, they generally agreed that improved economic standing improved HIV and AIDS outcomes. The authors conclude that there is strong evidence linking food insecurity, hunger, and the needing to earn money to accessing and utilizing HIV and AIDS care, treatment, and support services.
The tool was developed for program managers and providers who develop, implement, manage, or evaluate HIV and AIDS programs. It enables them to increase awareness on how gender can affect an individual's access to and experience with HIV and AIDS programs and services. The tool provides guidance on how to develop or modify a program to make it more gender-friendly. Four HIV or AIDS services are specifically identified and details are provided on how to address key gender issues. These services include: HIV testing and counseling, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and HIV and AIDS care and support. The tool was field tested in five countries and can be used in a number of different settings, such as trainings, development of curricula, and the integration of gender issues in strategies.
Men As Partners Program
EngenderHealth, New York.
The Men As Partners Program works to address the imbalance between reproductive health programs focusing on women and the degree of decision-making power that women often have about their health-seeking behaviors. As such, the program focuses on educating men about the importance of good reproductive health--both their partner's and their own. The program also works to increase men's access to reproductive health services and catalyze men to "take an active stand for gender equity and against gender-based violence." This website contains technical publications related to the Men As Partners program, including a program manual and men's reproductive health curriculum, as well as multimedia resources.
View Men As Partners Website


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Please note: This audiobook contains graphic adult content
Romantic, liberating and totally addictive, the Fifty Shades trilogy will obsess you, possess you and stay with you forever.
When Ana Steele first encountered the driven, damaged entrepreneur Christian Grey, it sparked a sensual affair that changed both their lives irrevocably. Ana always knew that loving her Fifty Shades would not be easy, and being together poses challenges neither of them had anticipated. Ana must learn to share Grey's opulent lifestyle without sacrificing her own integrity or independence; and Grey must overcome his compulsion to control and lay to rest the horrors that still haunt him.
Now, finally together, they have love, passion, intimacy, wealth, and a world of infinite possibilities. But just when it seems that they really do have it all, tragedy and fate combine to make Ana's worst nightmares come true....
©2012 E L James (P)2012 Random House Audiobooks
Contrary to popular belief, I actually think that Becca Battoe's voice is correct for this trilogy. At first it seems too "innocent", however, that is the point. It feels right throughout the whole thing. I agree with another review that the sex was not that adventurous. In fact, I found that the sex was predictable and frankly boring in most parts of the trilogy. If I could have fast forwarded it, I would (I am no prude) as I felt it got in the way of the story.
E L James would not win the "Best Sex Writing" award. Too many repetitions, but then I wouldn't want to have to try to write about so many different sex scenarios.
It is a love story and it was addictive. It has taken me less than 3 weeks to read all three. Although it is no literary masterpiece, I would recommend it highly as an easy read. Hope you enjoy it.
"Fifty Shades"
How will I now live with out Mr Gary and this great story! This book had more story going on in it than the others. A great modern love story. It flew by far to fast!
I do like kick butt chick vampire slayers
"Toe curling good"
Certainly saved reading it on the train in a paper bag as so many seem to try and do. I really do not know what made this series so good that I had to read all 3 books in 2 weeks. Sory line was good, narrator okish, sex scenes did get a bit repetitive, but he is soooooo hot, you never knew what he would do, say, try or buy next
"Fifty Shades Freed: Book Three of the Fifty Shades"
I found this book to absolutely riveting I could not put this book done until I finished it and then I listened to it again, in fact I have listened to the complete trilogy twice. This is the only time I have listened to a book more than once. The trilogy as a whole was excellent and I have been recommending to all my friends. The only disappointment is that this was the last book and there are no more in the series.
"My favourite of the series"
This is the third and final book in the fifty shades trilogy, and I think I can unreservedly call it my favourite. I loved seeing Christian and Ana having to adapt to married life, and also loved the suspense and drama surrounding the thriller aspect of the book. While it will never be considered a particularly well-written book I think it must be said that it is an entertaining listen and a great addition to any holiday on the beach!
the third and final book i did,nt want it to end, but all good things always come to an end, i feel these audio books were more sensual to listen to, as i read half of the first book,it did,nt give out the full sensual meaning till i started listening to it.i cant wait till e.l.james brings another one out .
I love fantasy, scifi, historical fact and fiction and some horror
"The Fifty shades Triology"
If one was expecting Shakespeare then these are not the books. EL James wrote these books like real life. There are practices that are covered that even with a trusted partner are difficult to talk about with anyone else. There is a lifestyle that most women wish for that is coverd. I fell in love with the Gray family especially Christian. I loved how Anna was able to bring out the loving side of him. I have read the books over and have found it liberating.
Anna and Christian get married, but are still being slaves to their own battered emotions when it comes to being intimate. Will they ever sort out their emotions or is it just too complicated for a happily ever after?
"A well written book"
Just like the last two books this book was amazing as well. realy good story line. I could not anticipate what was going to happen next which is what made this book so good.
"Don't miss the series"
One of the best book series I've listened to. A love story with lots of erotic sex to boot. all I can say is WOW.
"let me off"
It is like a merry go round, going around and around but you can not get off or stop the music!!
"next one already please!"
the story line and the way it was built from book one to the end of book three
I did get a bit frustrated wit the complete narration of subject lines and other mundane details of the email conversations.
"Such a lot of hype"
Definitely, I would cut a third of the sex out and condense the series into one book with a reasonable story line.
Not for a long time. Too much drawn out sex in the middle of the story just getting going. Repetitive language. I found myself fast forwarding past the sex to get back to the story.
Not too bad.
Yes and no. I enjoyed the book but became frustrated with Anastasia's language and her "Inner Goddess"
Just how naive can a woman be? Miss Steele and Mr Grey? Come on. A college student who is absolutely stunning and still a virgin??? Was this set in the wrong era??? A virgin who has rough initial sex then repeats it the next morning??? Unbelievable.
"A perfect finale"
Top 3 and only behind the first two.
When Ana has to save Mia from the clutches of Jack Hyde and she goes to the bank to get the money and Christian asks her if it was always about the money. My heart broke for him, completely broke.
All the different characters come to life
When Ana found out Christian had gone to see Mrs Robinson after storming out after finding out Ana was pregnant.
"Predictable, irritating"
If it was ONE book instead of drawn out to three
Understandable, and good inflections
This set of books to me, was whiny and monotonous and not very well written. Could have put everything in to one book instead of stretching it out and making it boring. This set of books ticked me off more than inspired me. By the third book you just knew how the characters were going to react and what they were going to say. AND I found myself saying "NOT fair" a lot and rolling my eyes. I don't think I would recommend this book to anyone.
"Waiting for book 4"
It has a good plot and it has the potential for further books to be written , even a mini series for TV
Mr Grey of course
First night in the pleasure room
"The hype sold this series - 100% for marketing"
Narrator had a very irritating whiny voice especially when trying to "change" characters
Condese the 3 books into 1 book I was often bored and impatient with the "perfection" of Christian Grey.
Someone with a less specific accent? I loved Davina Porter in the Outlander series
It certainly made me question my idea of what is acceptable sex between committed couples who are open and honest with each other. It also reminded me of how dangerously overwhelming sexual attraction can be, especially for the 18 - 25 age group.
Take away all the kinkery sex and it was just a feel good Mills and Boon story marketed by a brilliant publisher! I loved the covers of the books
"Love the trilogy & this last book is a great end!"
AS inpiring to the other two books this one put a bit more of edge on Ana & christian history love the end and every through that, also is realy well spoken in a way that put you there insde the book!
when they go back to the first time they meet from Chrsitin prospective ans the acion part were she is hurt by Hyde
love her voice and the way she narrates
"So good cant wait for the movie."
Yes and I have.
I would love to 50 out to dinner.
Loved the story line,
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greeney2 wrote:I think you know exactly what I mean about the kiss in example, and what you should not have to be subjected to, with your children. You would not stand for it from any hetrosexual pair, why should anyone from this group?
Like I said, depends what is meant by "kiss-in". If they're just showing affection I put up with it from heteros all the time. Don't have a problem with it. Snogging and fondling and the like goes too far.
I also agreed that a "kiss-in" would not be my chosen method of protest as it plays into the other sides hands.
greeney2 wrote:Nobody in this line was doing a thing to intimidate gay people, preach against gay lifestyles, they were in line to eat.
This is not even true. They went there to show support for Chick-Fil-A, which by extension shows support for the company president, who used funds to support anti-gay marriage groups. You may not appreciate it, but yes, by simple extension this is clearly a show of support against the gay lifestyle.
Dunno who you think you're kidding. You think it's a coincidence they all showed up on the same day after the whole debacle with the homosexual groups? Please. They were making a political and religious statement, deal with it.