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Enhancing the Reach & Effectiveness of MSM-Targeted Combination HIV Prevention Interventions
I. Definition of the Prevention Area
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are globally disproportionately affected by HIV and urgently need increased coverage by quality prevention interventions. Evidence has shown that sustained combination approaches to HIV prevention that simultaneously address biomedical, behavioral and structural risks are most effective at reducing HIV transmission in generalized, concentrated, and mixed epidemic scenarios. Despite this evidence and the disproportionate epidemic burden MSM shoulder, HIV prevention services remain sub-optimal in many countries.
Not every MSM has an identity associated with their sexual preferences and behavior and therefore may remain non-self-identified, posing a formidable challenge to programs that seek to target them. For example, the term "MSM" can include gay- or bisexual-identified men, transgender men who have sex with men, men who identify as completely heterosexual, men who identify through indigenous identities outside the largely Western concepts of hetero- or homosexuality, or men with no particular sexual identity at all. In many cultures, heterosexism (the assumption that everyone is heterosexual) is pervasive, and any behavior or identity that deviates from a heterosexual cultural norm is stigmatized and discriminated against, and is in some cases criminalized.
Individual-level risks for HIV acquisition in MSM include unprotected receptive anal intercourse, a high frequency of male partners, a high number of lifetime male partners, injecting and non-injecting drug use, a high viral load in the index partner, and mental health issues. On the structural level, risks include criminalization of same-sex behavior, MSM avoiding health services out of fear of discrimination, and breaches of privacy and confidentiality. In order to succeed, HIV prevention interventions must address the complexities of MSM identity and take into account multiple levels of risk. Combination approaches that simultaneously address behavioral, biomedical, and structural risks are an effective way to do this. At all levels, MSM individuals and communities must be involved in the conceptualization, planning, implementation, and evaluation of research and programming.
II. Epidemiological Justification for the Prevention Area
Three decades into the epidemic, HIV continues to disproportionately affect MSM everywhere. Globally, MSM are 19 times more likely to be infected by HIV than the general population of reproductive age and have an overall HIV prevalence of 12%. Many MSM also have female sexual partners and can serve as a bridge to other populations. Despite these facts, research and interventions targeted at MSM are still under-prioritized by governments, donors, and civil society. Surveillance data, when available, is limited and likely underestimates both MSM population size and their HIV prevalence rates. Some estimates suggest that as low as 5% of MSM worldwide have access to basic HIV prevention services.
There is evidence to show that MSM-targeted prevention interventions can reduce risk for HIV infection among MSM. Group- and community-level behavioral interventions among MSM have been shown to lead to up to a 43% decrease in unprotected anal sex, and group-level interventions have been shown to increase the odds of condom use by as high as 81%. A recent study suggests that behavioral interventions that reach 25% or more non-self-identified MSM are more effective than those targeting self-identified MSM alone. Another study suggests that countries that combine MSM-specific community-based behavioral prevention interventions with condom and condom-compatible lubricant distribution can reduce new HIV infections among both MSM and the general population. Evidence also shows that episodic and/or single-track interventions tend to be less effective in the long-term, which highlights a need for sustained combination prevention approaches.
III. Core Programmatic Components
The World Health Organization (WHO), together with other global agencies, has identified a set of evidence-based, mutually reinforcing biomedical, behavioral, and structural HIV prevention intervention components which, when combined, effectively reduce HIV infection among MSM. The following are some examples of strongly-recommended program components:
- Biomedical approaches aim to reduce HIV transmission and acquisition risk. Current approaches the WHO strongly recommends include condom distribution with silicone- and water-based lubricants combined with counseling and education, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), sensitization of VCT sites to MSM needs, sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening and treatment (for genital, oropharyngeal and anorectal STIs) and antiretroviral therapy, including post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Though these are the current approaches, the combination prevention toolkit is growing with as more research is done around pre-exposure oral prophylaxis (PrEP) and rectal microbicides.
- Structural prevention efforts aim to bring about social change in the general population by reducing stigma and discrimination and other barriers to effective prevention and treatment of HIV. Decriminalization of same-sex behaviors, policies that safeguard MSM and transgender rights, engagement with the media, and community and health systems strengthening are all examples of viable program components. However, none of these are unless communities are effectively mobilized, engaged, and empowered. Community members must be involved as a collaborative, iterative process. Moreover, evidence-based advocacy is an important step towards achieving positive structural change.
- Behavioral approaches aim to promote safer behaviors to prevent HIV; specifically, sustained efforts to increase the use of condoms paired with water- and silicone-based lubricants, reduce the frequency of unprotected anal sex, and increase health-seeking behavior. Behavior change communication can effectively be delivered at individual, group and community levels and can include mobile phone messages, Internet-based strategies and social marketing campaigns; and other message delivery from diverse communication platforms, including sex venue "hot spots", health care facilities, and the general community.
MSM population size estimation is essential to prevention intervention program design. This poses a significant challenge, as many MSM do not self-identify or choose not to disclose their sexuality. A number of methods, including the relatively new network scale-up method, have shown effectiveness for use with MSM. UNAIDS recommends making estimates by triangulating results from more than one method and cautions that data should be interpreted with caution and sampling method biases should be clearly acknowledged. Finally, more research should be done on the viability of all methods for use with MSM.
IV. Current Status of Implementation Experience
Regardless of which combination of prevention approaches is used, a number of overarching best practices are recommended to improve the reach and quality of all MSM-targeted HIV programs:
- 1. Involve MSM and MSM living with HIV in program design, implementation, and evaluation. The most deep-reaching and successful approaches to prevention interventions leverage community ties and experiences; their networks, an understanding of risk-related issues, and their ability to meaningfully connect with other MSM.
- 2. Ensure confidentiality. Given the high levels of stigma and discrimination MSM face, confidentiality is a key requirement.
- 3. Provide training for both general healthcare staff and staff who work in HIV prevention, care and treatment programs to help them provide quality, stigma-free services.
- 4. Reach beyond MSM groups. Interventions that target general audiences in addition to MSM audiences have been shown to also reach diverse subgroups of MSM, including non-self-identified MSM.
- 5. Collect and use strategic information such as ongoing surveillance, research studies, and monitoring and evaluation data, and incorporate new knowledge and technological advances as they emerge.
- 6. Link, integrate and co-locate services, especially to HIV care and treatment for HIV-positive MSM. This is particularly important, as anti-retroviral therapy has been identified as a key component of successful HIV prevention.
Although many studies demonstrate the reproducibility of research and the effectiveness of behavioral interventions with MSM in the United States, far less information is available for program outcomes in other geographic areas, such as Africa and Asia, and among hard-to-reach subgroups of MSM. To inform future interventions, more investment must be made in conducting research in these other contexts and publishing findings widely.
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This article is a brief yet poignant comment on MSM in sub-Saharan Africa. The article states that 32 of 45 sub-Saharan African countries reported that MSM indicators were relevant to their country; however, no data were available for any of them. There are huge surveillance gaps, and of the 1 percent of governmental spending earmarked for special populations only 8 percent of those funds are budgeted for programs targeting MSM.
This 300-page monograph is one of the most comprehensive MSM-specific resources available to date focusing on MSM HIV epidemics in low- and middle-income countries. It provides an up-to-date, detailed overview of epidemic scenarios among MSM across the globe, using selected country studies to describe and explore epidemiological variance across contexts. A modified Goals Model for MSM was developed to model the effects of MSM preventive services in the countries, as well as a costing exercise to estimate their degree of cost-effectiveness. The monograph also contains detailed information on combination HIV prevention interventions, graded using a novel adaptation of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system for public health interventions, with recommendations for priority areas. There is a chapter on epidemic modeling of prevalence, incidence, and cost in MSM populations, as well as a chapter focused on policy and human rights.
This presentation, given at the Global Forum on MSM and HIV Preconference in Vienna in 2010, contains these key findings related to HIV prevention among MSM: (1) MSM-specific prevention interventions can have an impact on the rate of new infections in the general population but must include access to antiretrovirals for MSM; (2) where people who inject drugs play a major role in the epidemic, needle-exchange programs and substitution therapy programs can have a major impact on the rate of new infections in the general population; and (3) human rights-based approaches and science are in agreement. The presentation provides a detailed overview of four distinct epidemic scenarios, recognizing that HIV epidemics among populations of MSM occur together with those affecting other exposed groups (i.e., people who inject drugs, heterosexuals).
This article presents the results of a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of individual-, group-, and community-level HIV behavioral prevention interventions for MSM. Of 664 titles screened, the article presents 31 candidate studies as a body of evidence, with each evaluated according to a series of parameters, including intervention effectiveness, applicability, economic efficiency, and barriers to implementation. The review shows that individual-level, group-level, and community-level HIV behavioral interventions can reduce the odds of unprotected anal intercourse (by 27 to 43 percent) and increase the odds of condom use for the group-level approach (by 81 percent). Group- and community-level interventions were found not only to be cost-effective, but also to result in cost savings. The review can be used as a tool in HIV policy and program work to help secure resources and commitment for implementing interventions among MSM. v
This review considers behavioral interventions as a means for reducing risk for sexual transmission of HIV among MSM. It analyzes 44 studies evaluating 58 interventions, including small group-, individual-, and community-level approaches. Interventions reviewed include individual counseling, peer education, group counseling, and interventions in community areas, among others. The review found that behavioral interventions can lead to significant reduction in risk for HIV transmission among MSM; however, it highlights the need for further analysis to understand in greater detail which interventions are most effective for which groups. One interesting finding is that interventions that included greater than 25 percent non-gay-identifying MSM were more effective than those that did not. This suggests that, when they can be reached, these men may be more responsive to risk reduction efforts.
Using the early monotherapeutic AZT HIV treatment as a metaphor, this article makes the point that current behavioral approaches to HIV risk reduction among MSM have shown short-term effects but have not shown effectiveness in the long term. Looking at recent articles that have explored the effect of diverse psychosocial factors interacting to produce elevated risk behavior among MSM--called a syndemic--the authors hypothesize that psychosocial and mental problems may moderate the ability of existing interventions to reduce risk. Addressing co-occurring psychosocial risk factors may improve the effect sizes of current HIV prevention interventions, allowing for more effective intervention uptake by MSM. The authors advocate for combination approaches to prevention.
MSM in low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the former Soviet Union experience high levels of HIV transmission. The authors examined the relationship between HIV prevalence among MSM to that of the general population in countries with low to high HIV prevalence overall. After conducting a meta-analysis of studies in low- and middle-income countries, the authors found that HIV prevalence among MSM was 58 times as high as the general population in nations with very low prevalence. In medium-high prevalence settings, HIV prevalence among MSM remained high, at nine times that of the general population. MSM from low- and middle-income countries are in urgent need of prevention and care, and appear to be both understudied and underserved, due in part, say the authors, to the criminalization of sex between consenting adult men in 85 countries as of 2007.
Surveillance is crucial to containing HIV epidemics, including groups that are "hidden" and difficult to reach with conventional methods such as snowball, time-location sampling, and facility- and survey-based sampling methods. This article critically reviews alternative sampling strategies for undertaking research among such difficult-to-reach subpopulations. Many of the preexisting methods carry challenges, limiting their applicability. The article concludes that respondent driven sampling shows promise for research among MSM subpopulations; however, further evaluation is required regarding its applicability in resource-poor settings.
This study of 537 men is the first cross-sectional study establishing MSM as a high-risk group for HIV infection and human rights abuses in the countries of Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. In these contexts, a significant proportion of men identified as either heterosexual or bisexual, and were married or had at least one female partner in the previous six months. An important finding of the study establishes the Internet as the predominant tool used by MSM to find male sexual partners. This is especially true in contexts like Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana, where homosexuality is criminalized and there is no safe, legal space for MSM to congregate. The authors suggest the Internet may represent a powerful tool for efficiently reaching and delivering prevention messages to MSM.
This study presents a unique, effective, and cost-effective, two-stage recruitment strategy for enrolling high-risk MSM in research studies. It analyzes data from two years of recruiting injection-drug-using gay and bisexual men into a research study. It presents and contrasts the results of the two prongs of the study recruitment process. One used a strategy of marketing the research study itself to men; the other followed a two-stage recruitment strategy that began with an initial low-commitment survey, followed by a subsequent invitation into the trial upon completion of the first visit.
The researchers describe discordance between self-described sexual identity and behavior among MSM and the relationship between self-described sexual identity and risk behaviors. Of New York City men reporting a sexual identity, 12 percent reported sex with other men. MSM who self-identified as heterosexual were more likely than their gay-identified counterparts to belong to minority racial or ethnic groups, to be foreign-born, to have lower education and income levels, and to be married. Heterosexual or "straight-identified" MSM were more likely to report having only one sexual partner in the previous year than gay-identified MSM, but were less likely to have been tested for HIV and were less likely to have used condoms during their last sexual encounter. The authors conclude that medical providers cannot rely on patients' self-reported identities and that public health messages should target risky sexual activities rather than a person's sexual identity.
This qualitative study describes interactions between MSM and health care workers (HCWs) in South Africa and found that many MSM felt their options for non-stigmatizing sexual health care services were limited by homophobic verbal harassment by HCWs. Gay-identified men sought out clinics with reputations for employing workers who respected their privacy and sexuality, and some challenged workers who mistreated them. Non-gay-identified MSM presented masculine, heterosexual identities and avoided discussing their sexuality with HCWs. The strategies MSM employ to confront or avoid homophobia from HCWs may not be conducive to health promotion. Initiatives to improve appropriate care from public sector HCWs are urgently needed.
Studies of the impact of the HIV epidemic among African-American MSM have largely neglected men who self-identify as heterosexual but who engage in same-sex behavior. These men, commonly referred to as "men on the down low," pose formidable challenges to researchers conducting prevention studies. The authors discuss the benefits and drawbacks of various sampling methods to identify these hard-to-reach MSM and describe a novel approach to reaching these men. Instead of relying on self-identified gay men or gay establishments, the researchers successfully used three recruiters who frequented known cruising areas (a park and the Internet) to find men who would meet the general classification of men on the down low.
The authors compared MSM identified by two methods: convenience sampling and long-chain referral. Long-chain referral relies on study participants to recruit their acquaintances to the study, who in turn recruit their acquaintances. Long-chain referral identified more MSM who were migrants, young, from lower-income groups, and at higher risk for HIV than those identified by a convenience sample (such as all men attending a certain clinic). The authors state that long-chain referral can reach subgroups better than convenience samples. The authors report behavioral-risk outcomes associated with various subpopulations.
This policy brief succinctly argues that MSM shoulder a disproportionate burden of HIV globally, and therefore countries need to increase their commitment to and coverage of MSM populations. It identifies the following strategic areas for increased work, with specific action recommendations for each: (1) increased investment in effective HIV treatment, care, and support for MSM; (2) expanded coverage of quality services for MSM; (3) increased MSM-related knowledge through research; (4) decreased violence, stigma, and discrimination against MSM; and (5) strong MSM networks linked to MSMGF. Quotes from MSM activists throughout the world are included.
Serosorting provides an alternative to condom use and thus addresses the problem of safer-sex "fatigue." However, there are challenges to this approach, which is reliant on informed decision making regarding selection of lower-risk partners. This study tested a brief, one-on-one, peer counselor-delivered intervention based on informed decision making to address the limitations of serosorting. The intervention was based on conflict theory, which prepares people for informed decision making and creates a "teachable moment," wherein participants are more open to change. The results showed that men in the serosorting intervention reported fewer sexual interventions at follow-up.
This article is a meta-analysis that assesses factors associated with disparities in HIV infection in black MSM in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States from 1981 to 2011. The authors base their findings on aggregated data from racial comparative studies with outcomes associated with HIV risk or infection from seven studies from Canada, 13 from the United Kingdom, and 174 from the United States. It looks at data related to a number of factors, including seropositivity, drug use, structural barriers, and access to prevention services, among others. The study finds that there are similar racial disparities in terms of HIV status, STIs, and ART initiation among MSM in the United Kingdom and the United States. The study concludes that elimination of these disparities cannot be accomplished unless structural barriers to clinical care access are addressed.
This article is a well-articulated, evidence-based argument for combination approaches to HIV prevention. The authors recognize the complexity of the HIV epidemic, and discuss the importance of not becoming overwhelmed by this complexity. They cover key epidemic elements in a step-by-step manner, elucidating each with concrete examples. The article ends with an extensive call to action, listing detailed action steps for each element.
This article makes the important argument that the successful integration of structural and biomedical approaches to HIV prevention depends on biomedical and social scientists working together. It compares successful and unsuccessful prevention interventions/programs, and highlights the importance of structural factors in determining HIV risk. For HIV prevention programs to be effective, the focus must include both behavioral and structural factors. The article concludes that multidisciplinary teams provide a good starting place for the development of effective prevention programs that take combination approaches.
This is an edited version of the Jonathan Mann Memorial Lecture given at the XV International AIDS Conference in Bangkok, Thailand, on July 14, 2004, and makes a strong case for addressing the structural drivers of HIV.
As part of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief's (PEPFAR's) second five-year strategy, this technical document provides specific information to assist country teams in the development of HIV prevention programs for MSM that respond comprehensively and effectively to specific epidemic scenarios. The document highlights the importance of combination prevention, which combines structural, biomedical, and behavioral approaches, and provides in-depth information on community-based outreach; condom distribution; HIV counseling and testing; active linkages to health care and antiretroviral therapy; targeted information, education, and communication; and sexually transmitted infection prevention, screening, and treatment. The guidance document also recommends a set of best program practices to ensure the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs among MSM (i.e., MSM involvement; confidentiality; staff training; strategic information; linking, integrating, and collocating services; and incorporating research advances and new technologies).
This technical brief provides a systematic global review and synthesis of practical approaches, program examples, and resources to support human rights as a core element of HIV programming for MSM. This document gives an overview of U.S. policies on and commitments to MSM and human rights, and outlines recommended approaches, including program examples in various countries, for linking health and human rights to address HIV among MSM. It also offers a compilation of questions for developing and monitoring HIV programs for MSM, as well as a list of program resources.
The goal of this comprehensive report is to evaluate the impact of legislation that criminalizes same-sex sexual practices on two key outcomes: (1) the efficiency of multilateral funding sources for HIV programming and (2) the effectiveness of programming for MSM. It also analyzes the evidence for the positive impact decriminalizing same-sex sexual practices can have on the delivery of comprehensive HIV programs for MSM. It is comprised of analysis of country case studies; in-country consultations with a wide range of stakeholders; and data from the UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS (UNGASS), PEPFAR, and the Global Fund. Countries of focus include China, Ethiopia, Guyana, India, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ukraine, and Vietnam.
These WHO-published guidelines are intended to enhance the ability of countries to provide comprehensive HIV responses to MSM and transgender (TG) populations, and comprises a thorough set of technical recommendations for STI and HIV treatment among MSM and TG populations. This document provides six "good practice recommendations," focused on the following: (1) prevention of sexual transmission; (2) HIV testing and counseling; (3) IEC; (4) HIV prevention focused on substance use; (5) MSM and TG people living with HIV; and (6) prevention and treatment of STIs. It is geared toward national public health officials, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and health workers.
This action framework seeks to go beyond "business as usual" approaches to articulate UNAIDS' specific commitments to MSM and transgender (TG) communities worldwide. It provides direction for enhanced action by the UNAIDS Secretariat and UNAIDS Cosponsors. The framework is intended to serve as a foundation for articulating specific workplans and recommendations for better-coordinated action. It focuses on these key objectives: (1) improving human rights for MSM and TG populations; (2) strengthening and promoting the evidence base related to MSM, TG, and HIV; (3) promoting partnerships and ensuring better, broader responses for MSM and TG populations; (4) outlining roles, responsibilities, and partnerships within the UN related to MSM and TG groups; and (5) developing a monitoring, evaluation, and review plan.
This 128-page Asia-Pacific-focused document articulates a set of priority health sector interventions needed to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, care, and support for MSM; summarizes WHO recommendations; guides the selection and prioritization of HIV prevention, care, and support interventions for MSM; and directs readers to more resources. The target audience is wide, including national public health officials, NGOs, community-based organizations (CBOs), and health care providers. Chapters cover prevention; sexual health; care, support, and treatment; strategic information; and strengthening health systems.
This policy briefing was developed as an elaboration of Advancing the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Human Rights of People Living with HIV: A Guidance Package, published jointly by the GNP+, the International Community of Women with AIDS, EngenderHealth, the International Planned Parenthood Federation, and UNAIDS in 2009. It is a set of principles, based on the original guidelines, specific to the needs and priorities of MSM living with HIV. The recommendations are intended for program managers and policy makers, sexual health advocates and health care workers, and community and civil society organizations.
This 56-page report provides the results of data submitted to the United Nations by 128 countries. Nearly half of the countries failed to provide any data on MSM. Despite a unanimous commitment by all UN member countries in 2001 to monitor HIV among high-risk groups, the report found that 71 percent of countries had no information on the percentage of MSM reached by HIV prevention programs. The report attributes this failure to a lack of leadership both from national governments and the institutions charged with leading the global response to HIV. The report cites the criminalization of male-male sexual activity as a major driver of the epidemic among MSM in many countries. Seven of the ten countries with the highest reported HIV prevalence among MSM criminalize homosexuality. Institutionalized stigma and discrimination frequently prevent MSM from accessing even basic HIV services.
This 82-page report discusses the vulnerability to HIV of MSM in Asia. Many Asian countries focus on such high-risk groups as female sex workers and injecting drug users, while ignoring MSM despite increasing HIV prevalence in the region. MSM may be overlooked because many are married and do not self- identify as gay or bisexual. Studies found HIV prevalence as high as 28 percent among MSM in Bangkok, Thailand; 14 percent in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; and 16 percent in Andhra Pradesh, India. MSM in Asia are often not organized, are hidden from society, and are persecuted by police. Sex between men is illegal in 11 of the countries examined. Many MSM have multiple partners, have sex with women, fail to use condoms, and have high rates of sexually transmitted diseases. This in-depth report provides research findings, country profiles, recommendations for politicians and non-governmental organizations, a directory of organizations, and extensive appendices for reference.
This 125-page report with a seven-page executive summary explores the ways in which governments, donors, and nongovernmental organizations have failed to incorporate basic human rights protections for same-sex practicing Africans and how that failure affects efforts to combat the HIV epidemic. The authors recommend that access to prevention, care, and treatment must be equal for all. Gaps in available research are discussed, including the need to better understand hidden male-male sexual behavior.
The Internet and other technologies are increasingly used by MSM for a variety of purposes, including meeting sexual partners. This article reports the results of an expert consultation led by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the potential role of the Internet in delivering HIV prevention messaging to MSM. The report summarizes group discussion around how use of specific channels, technologies, and websites differed between groups; characterizes the strengths and weaknesses of those channels in terms of their potential for delivering HIV prevention messages; and discusses how online tools might be developed to help reduce HIV risk and promote overall health for MSM.
This brief challenges the silence at the global level about the disproportionate impact that HIV has on MSM and calls for ethically implemented and methodologically sound surveillance, along with epidemiological and social science research that can sensitively inform HIV prevention and advocacy responses around the world. It highlights contemporary approaches to HIV prevention among MSM, new HIV prevention strategies and key issues, and UNAIDS-recommended components for comprehensive HIV prevention programs with MSM.
This article looks at the epidemiological drivers of the global epidemic in MSM and why it continues unchecked. It is based on a review of available data for HIV prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and the molecular epidemiology of HIV in MSM from 2007 to 2011, and on an agent-based simulation that is used to model the dynamics of HIV transmission. The article shows that unprotected anal intercourse plays a central role in explaining the disproportionate disease burden in MSM, that HIV can be transmitted through MSM networks with speed and efficiency, and that prevention strategies that lower biological risks, such as ART, offer promise for controlling the expanding epidemic in MSM. It also finds that the potential effectiveness of ART is limited by structural factors that contribute to low levels of health-seeking behavior in populations of MSM.
This article highlights the importance of developing culturally sensitive and respectful clinical care programs that address health disparities in MSM communities, such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. The authors carefully detail structural and biomedical drivers of HIV risk, including mental health and substance abuse, making a case for culturally competent care. They also make the point that research is required to understand more clearly how MSM can live positively in the face of societal discrimination and other structural factors that negatively impact health outcomes.
This article suggests a detailed conceptual framework for packaging HIV prevention interventions for MSM and modeling the potential effect of scale-up. It contains a review of MSM-focused HIV prevention interventions, and makes a strong case for combination interventions. It underscores the importance of innovative study designs, increased resources for scale-up, and bringing more focus to low- and middle-income countries.
This article reviews the key role that community leadership has played in HIV responses since the beginning of the epidemic. It outlines a history of gay and MSM participation, as well as new opportunities for community leadership and participation in HIV programming, research, and advocacy.
This article examines HIV infection in black MSM across the African diaspora and the extent to which these men report access to HIV prevention and care services, assesses whether these findings are associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection, examines genetic and biological explanations for disproportionate rates of HIV infection in black communities compared with other populations, and uses meta-analytic methods to assess differences in the prevalence of HIV infection between black MSM and general populations. The authors present recommendations based on study findings.
This article is a call to action for comprehensive HIV services for MSM based on the articles in the special MSM edition Lancet from July 2012. The call is directed specifically governments, health ministries, donors, providers, researchers, and community members, and covers the following issues in some detail: prevention, clinical resources, youth, health disparities, mental health, health care provision, community, resilience, and structural changes. The authors conclude with a detailed strategy for action with a timeline for action from 2012 to 2014.
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This 40-page publication provides a background to the risks faced by populations especially vulnerable to HIV and outlines effective strategies to prevent HIV among sex workers, MSM, and people who inject drugs. Programs described include peer education, comprehensive health services and quality of treatment, provider referral networks, and in-service training and sensitization.
This 70-page report describes programs for MSM in Asia and the Pacific region. The authors show that even in conservative societies and in countries where there are legal constraints, MSM may play an important role in the response to HIV. This publication examines six programs that offer a variety of insights into how HIV interventions for communities of MSM have been designed and implemented in this part of the world. Lessons learned are provided. Elements from the programs have been consolidated by topic to facilitate access and illustrate practical options.
This resource profiles successful MSM- and TG-community-led HIV-related interventions, all grantees of amfAR's MSM Initiative. The 10 organizations are geographically diverse, and work to promote health and human rights through a number of projects, including (but not limited to) MSM in prisons, leadership development, network building, working in challenging environments, and health. The sections profiling each organization draw on quotes from organization members themselves. The report also surfaces six major themes that community service providers identify as key to program success: addressing basic needs, creating a safe space, establishing and maintaining community trust, providing a range of integrated services, tailoring and revising services on an ongoing basis, and collecting process and outcome indicators.
This 200-page monograph is a compendium of strategies for addressing stigma and discrimination (S&D) in South Asia, although the content is applicable to other contexts as well. It profiles South Asia Regional Development Marketplace Award grantees' anti-S&D projects, highlighting community-centered, innovative approaches to fighting S&D to help create an enabling environment for health and well-being. The volume contains MSM-specific examples, including strategies for reaching challenging populations and innovative approaches to MSM-led advocacy. It also contains a list of evidence-based recommendations for action.
The Internet is often listed as a tool for targeting MSM for HIV prevention interventions for "hidden" populations; however, there are few examples of concrete ways to use it as a public health tool. This article provides a concrete example of an Internet-based intervention, conducted in Peru, to reach hidden populations who might otherwise not seek care or be targeted for health interventions. It describes a randomized, controlled trial of 272 gay-identified and 187 non-gay-identified MSM, who were selected to receive a text or video intervention. The study suggests that video-based online interventions can improve HIV testing uptake among non-gay-identified MSM.
Respondent driven sampling (RDS) has been identified as a promising new method for recruiting non-gay-identifying MSM. This study provides a concrete example of RDS application in Argentina. Study results conclude that RDS can be used to generate a very diverse sample of MSM. Of the 500 MSM recruited using RDS, only 24.5 percent identified as gay, 36.2 percent identified as bisexual, 21.9 percent identified as heterosexual, and 17.4 percent were classified as "other." The study also presents lessons learned, which may be useful for researchers who plan to use RDS for MSM recruitment in the future.
This technical report and set of recommendations came out of a meeting of the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modeling and Projections held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, December 9-10, 2008. The goal of the meeting, which brought together 29 experts, was to draft recommendations on the topic of population size and HIV prevalence estimation for sex workers, people who inject drugs, and MSM. The report provides a detailed list of methods for various epidemic scenarios and risk groups, with accompanying recommendations.
This policy brief explores key issues related to the diversity of MSM and TG populations and implications for size estimation exercises; identifies other key considerations for the estimation of MSM and TG population size; and makes key recommendations on how MSM and TG diversity, population sizes, and risk levels can be taken into account for sensitive programming in Asia and the Pacific. Although the brief is Asia-Pacific-focused, it can be used by any group interested in understanding more about the complexity of size estimation for MSM and TG groups.
This guide provides a detailed overview of population size estimation for groups at high risk for HIV, and treats MSM populations with specificity and detail. The guide provides a general overview of the importance of size estimation, issues regarding size estimation for high-risk groups, size estimation methods, and methods for selecting the best method. It also contains exercises that allow readers to test their understanding through case examples, which could also be used in a workshop setting. It contains a resource list for further reading.
This article is an evaluation of the Bruthas Project, a community-based HIV prevention intervention for MSM who do not form an identity around their sexual behavior. Thirty-six African American MSM completed the pilot intervention, which is detailed in the article. Analysis found significant reductions in unprotected anal sex with male partners, fewer numbers of unsafe sex partners (both male and female), and decreased sex while under the influence of drugs. Men also reported significantly increased social support, self-esteem, and reduced loneliness at follow-up. The positive outcomes suggest that this is a promising approach for reducing HIV risk in this population, and perhaps other non-gay-identifying groups.
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This toolkit evolved out of a two-year research project on stigma conducted in Zambia, Tanzania, and Ethiopia, and was originally published in 2003. The toolkit contains more than 100 participatory exercises that can be adapted to fit different groups and contexts. Various sets of pictures help to identify stigma, discuss the rights of HIV-positive people, and stimulate discussions around gender, sexuality, and morality issues linked to stigma. The toolkit is a collaboration among the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, the International Center for Research on Women, the Academy for Educational Development, and PACT Tanzania. The revised edition (2007) builds on the original toolkit and includes the experience of the International HIV/AIDS Alliance's Regional Stigma Training Project. New modules now address stigma as it relates to antiretroviral treatment, children, youth, and men who have sex with men. (9 booklets, each 30 to 50 pages)
This 300-page resource was developed in Cambodia, where the HIV epidemic is concentrated among key populations at higher risk, including a diverse community of MSM. The toolkit, adapted and tested with local organizations in Cambodia, includes participatory, educational exercises that can be used with a wide range of individuals and groups to fight stigma and discrimination toward MSM. Although it is Cambodia-specific, it can be adapted to other contexts, and may serve as a useful tool for groups who are challenging MSM-related stigma and discrimination in their particular contexts.
This toolkit, developed in Vietnam, is intended to guide action on understanding and challenging stigma related to MSM and TG people, with HIV prevention as one goal. It is designed to equip individuals and agencies working in HIV prevention with the knowledge and tools to understand basic issues related to gender, sexuality, and the sexual health of MSM and TG people, and to combat stigma. The toolkit is comprised of four sections: part A includes exercises aimed at building knowledge and skills related to gender and sexuality; part B is designed to increase understanding of MSM- and TG-specific stigma and discrimination; part C guides planning activities geared toward reducing stigma; and the annexes provide concrete ways to use the toolkit in a workshop setting. Although it is Vietnam-specific, the toolkit can be adapted to other contexts, and may serve as a useful tool for groups who are challenging MSM- and TG-related stigma in their particular contexts.
This 61-page guide for working with MSM explains how to conduct a Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR) focusing on lifestyles, behaviors, and HIV concerns. It outlines a series of simple and practical activities that may be used to explore the circumstances, experiences, and needs of MSM across a variety of settings. It was designed to be used either in conjunction with the WHO Rapid Assessment and Response Technical Guide or as an independent resource. Chapters in the manual offer guidelines for carrying out a RAR with MSM, including specific guidance on planning, training, community participation, analysis, and action plan development.
This 61-page publication, one of the Key Population series, gives an overview of the issues for MSM related to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The report is designed primarily to support policymakers, donors, and nongovernmental organization support programs that are planning to work in communities in developing countries where few or no organizations already work with MSM. Drawing on experiences of the Alliance's partner organizations in countries such as India and Costa Rica, the report addresses issues such as why and how men have sex with men, and presents strategies for developing prevention and care programs for men.
This advocacy toolkit was created to address the urgent need for MSM everywhere to engage in advocacy locally, nationally, and globally to end the HIV epidemic and promote their human rights. The toolkit equips individuals and organizations with tools and techniques enabling them to become advocates right now, whoever and wherever they happen to be. It builds on advances made in past toolkits from around the world, with some key differences: (1) it is specifically MSM-focused, with exercises and ideas that serve as conduits for the energy and contributions of MSM communities; (2) it is built on the belief that organizations can start where they are, and assumes that the skill sets of individual advocates and organizational maturity of MSM groups are wide-ranging and take time to develop; and (3) it approaches HIV from a broad human rights framework, balancing public health and human rights approaches toward addressing MSM community susceptibility to HIV. It is designed to be participatory and contains facilitation tools, including handouts.
This guidance document was developed for both researchers and CBOs in rights-constrained environments. It is intended to help both groups to better design and conduct meaningful research on HIV among MSM in challenging social, political, and human rights contexts. It provides a checklist of factors for researchers and CBOs to consider in the design, conduct, and implementation of research studies, and offers lessons learned from case studies of research and community partnerships, recent successes, and challenges. It contains a user-friendly set of appendices with questions for researchers and CBOs to ask as they engage in MSM-focused research to ensure that they are on the right track.
Community Systems Strengthening (CSS) is about building the capacity of CBOs to become active participants in the HIV response. Although this tool is primarily intended for use by those planning, advocating for, or drafting proposals to the Global Fund, it includes concrete CSS activities and models that can be applied in other contexts. Building on the information provided in the Global Fund's 2010 CSS Framework and additional updates to the CSS indicators, this document aims to (1) increase understanding of CSS; (2) provide practical guidance on developing CSS activities for Global Fund proposals, advocating for including CSS in national and regional proposals; and (3) suggest ways to more effectively implement CSS activities in successful proposals.
This set of guidelines provides guidance in planning, monitoring, and evaluating programs for MSM, sex workers, and TG people for national, sub-national levels (volume I), and service delivery (volume II) levels. The first volume is intended for country- and national-level bodies and donor agencies, while the second is intended for networks, NGOs, and other civil society groups. The guidelines are organized using the "eight steps" model for HIV prevention, and contain summary information, methods and tools, and resource lists.
This document serves as a primer on health care provision for MSM for physicians, nurses, and other health care providers in diverse clinical settings. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of health care providers regarding MSM, debunks myths commonly associated with homosexuality, and takes up key issues that affect MSM health, such as mental health, sex work, physical and sexual violence, drug use, and family relationships. The document contains an extensive resource list for health care providers interested in deepening MSM care provision knowledge and skills.
This document offers a set of tools to assist planning and implementation of MSM-oriented health promotion and health care activities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. It reflects recommendations emerging from the expert Regional Consultation on Health Promotion and the Provision of Care to Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Latin America and the Caribbean, held July 14-16, 2009, in Panama City. The document contains a compendium of management algorithms, or step-by-step procedural diagrams, that encompass the essential elements of a variety of approaches to MSM health, such as first clinical evaluation, HIV risk and infection, ano-rectal health, substance use, sexual concerns, emotional and mental health, consequences of violence, and community-clinic interaction. Although developed for the LAC region, it is a tool that can inform health care provision in other contexts.
This document presents strategies, program examples, and research findings about how governments, the UN system, donors, and civil society can make the reduction of HIV-related stigma and discrimination central in the national response to AIDS. Section 1 explains why stigma and discrimination serve as major roadblocks to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support; section 2 discusses how national AIDS control programs can reduce stigma and discrimination; and section 3 lays out steps toward effective responses to HIV stigma and discrimination. Annexes include examples of successful programs, tools for measuring stigma and discrimination, resources for stigma reduction, and key points for advocacy.
This 250-page document is intended as a practical guide to legal reform to enable effective action against HIV. It seeks to alert those working on HIV strategies and projects to opportunities for legal and policy reform and to provide them with tools to undertake these challenges. The guide identifies key issues, discusses the pertinent legal and policy considerations for each issue, and provides at least one good practice example for each, as well as resources for continued research and reading. An MSM-focused section discusses gender orientation in general antidiscrimination statutes, sexual offenses, vague or overbroad criminal statutes and police harassment, and rights of association and expression.
This 102-page manual is designed to provide counselors and health care providers who work in Africa with a detailed understanding of MSM, issues that affect MSM health, and how to approach MSM in clinical settings. It is an interactive guide with group exercises, summaries, and tools to assess understanding and develop commitment. Topics covered include an overview of MSM and HIV in Africa; stigma, sexual identity, coming out and disclosure; anal sex and common sexual practices; HIV and STIs; mental health; condom and lubricant use; and risk reduction counseling. Although the guide is Africa-focused, it can be adapted for use in other contexts.
This manual, developed in South Africa but relevant in regions across the world, has been put together with health care providers in mind. The manual is divided into six sections: introduction to the manual; overview of MSM in terms of sexuality and sexual identity and key terminology; the broader public health strategies relating to MSM; the role of the health care provider in terms of providing quality, competent MSM services; the potential mental health problems that affect MSM; and practical guidelines in relation to the medical management of sexual health problems that may affect MSM.
Global Forum on MSM and HIV
The Forum is comprised of a loose network of civil society groups, AIDS organizations, MSM groups, and other agencies, which together advocate at the national and global levels for improved HIV programming for MSM. The initiative is a response to the shared concern that existing HIV strategies do not adequately address the needs of MSM. The Forum disseminates information on best practices in HIV prevention and treatment, advocates for improved access and funding for MSM services, and provides a forum for MSM around the globe to strengthen their regional, sub-regional, and national networks. Member organizations share a commitment to social justice, to human rights issues, and to improving the HIV response to MSM and other sexual and gender minorities.
Fundraising Toolkit--A Resource for HIV-Related Community-Based Projects Serving Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgender Individuals in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
amfAR. (2012).
This guide provides fundraising guidance for CBOs that provide HIV-related programs and services for gay men, TG individuals, and other MSM in low- and middle-income countries. It offers information about the funders of MSM/LGBT groups, snapshots of what those grant programs look like, how to approach funders, and what projects those grant makers have supported in the past. It lists U.S.-based and non-U.S.-based funding sources. The guide also offers general tips on fundraising, from networking to proposal writing, and includes templates to help organizations and activists get started.
View Toolkit (PDF, 1.87 MB)
The Global Fund Strategy in Relation to Sexual Orientation/Gender Identities (SOGI) Strategy
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. (n.d.)
This document outlines the Global Fund's SOGI strategy. The intent of the strategy is to augment and reinforce the efforts of the Global Fund in realizing outcomes and impact against the three diseases (AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria); recognizing the vulnerabilities of MSM, TG peoples, and sex workers; and recognizing the imperatives to minimize harm. Actions are recommended that can be implemented in ways that are gradual, careful, built upon current positive efforts and good intents, and respectful of the varying contexts in which the Global Fund operates.
View Report (PDF, 2.24 MB)
International Rectal Microbicide Advocates (IRMA)
IRMA. (n.d.)
IRMA works to advance a robust rectal microbicide research and development agenda, with the goal of creating safe, effective, acceptable, and accessible rectal microbicides for the women, men, and TG individuals around the world who engage in anal intercourse.


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Tabone MD, ... Kalifa C.
Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
Last Modified: November 1, 2001
Reviewers: John Han-Chih Chang, MD
Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999; Volume 17: pages 2789 ? 2795
The osteosarcoma treatment administered was with curative intent in 16 patients. Most patients received pre- and/or postoperative chemotherapy. One patient had gross residual disease after surgery. Thus, a complete resection was performed in 15 patients, of whom four relapsed. Twelve have remained alive without evidence of disease. Median follow-up from osteosarcoma therapy was 7.5 years. The event-free and overall survival of all 23 patients at eight years were 41% and 50%, respectively. The only important prognosticator was the ability to perform a complete surgical resection.
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Mar 17, 2010 - Compared with standard-dose radiation, high-dose radiation treatments for localized prostate cancer are not associated with increased long-term treatment-related outcomes for urinary, bowel and sexual functions affecting quality of life, according to a study in the March 17 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.


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Do you have a national affiliation?
TreePeople does not plant trees in other states or outside the Los Angeles area, however, you can learn about the work of tree groups across the country at TreeLink.
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quote:Yet Auburn some how came into the picture.
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For new questions please post at magento.stackexchange.com, the community-run support site for the Magento community. We will be providing updates on the new forum solution soon. For questions or concerns please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Magento U has put together its first class bundle for the Magento Checkout series! If you purchase Parts I - VI together, you will save 20%!
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Our Lady of Meritxell
One 6 January in the late 12th century, villagers from Meritxell, Andorra were going to Mass in Canillo. Though it was winter, they found a wild rose in bloom by the roadside. At its base was a statue of the Virgin and Child. They placed the statue in a chapel in the church in Canillo. The next day the statue was found sitting under the wild rose again. Villagers from Encamp took the statue to their church, but the next day the statue had returned to the rose bush. Though it was snowing, an area the size of a chapel was completely bare, and the villagers of Meritxell took this to mean that they should build a chapel to house the statue, and so they did. On 8-9 September 1972 the chapel burned down and the statue was destroyed; a copy now sits in the new Meritxell Chapel.
MLA Citation
- "Our Lady of Meritxell". Saints.SQPN.com. 29 December 2009. Web. 7 March 2015. <http://saints.sqpn.com/our-lady-of-meritxell/>


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Utrecht Manifest is an international cultural biennial, which perceives contemporary developments in design and architecture from a social perspective.
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See http://www.utrechtmanifest.nl/en/


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Nation Now
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The Toms River might be frozen, but that isn't stopping Rich Althouse from enjoying the scenery.
Colorado unveiled an official report documenting a trove of information about marijuana and edible pot sales, the size of the industry, and testing results.
Leonard Nimoy played scores of roles in a showbiz career which lasted more than six decades, but none more memorable than "Spock" on the science fiction franchise "Star Trek." Nimoy passed away at the age of 83 in his Bel Air, California home.
A would-be robber's toy gun breaks apart as he tries to rob a Taco Bell in San Francisco. Sean Dowling (@seandowlingtv) has more details on the robber's plan, and how the gun fell apart. Video provided by Buzz60
USA TODAY's Jane Onyanga-Omara reports from outside of reported home of the suspected Islamic State militant known as 'Jihadi John,' or Mohammed Emwazi, who has been seen in several hostage beheading videos.
Two therapy llamas on the loose in an Arizona retirement community were lassoed into internet fame after escaping their owner.
An Atlanta woman was brutally beaten by her friends for two hours after sitting on one of their hamburgers.
A Texas developer is designing a tiny home apartment complex out of shipping crates.
Two llamas running through Sun City, Arizona., drew a crowd of curious onlookers and several area residents who were trying to herd the animals Thursday afternoon.
Over the last two weeks record snowfalls have covered most of the nation. While it can be frustrating, it can also provide opportunities for fun. We take a look at how people across the country are finding time for a little fun in the snow.


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How does one commit a good or a bad act without physically doing something?
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at1with0 wrote:One thing that stands out for me is that there is at least the illusion that I have full freedom in my mind to commit any thought acts I want. Do the experiments explain why that freedom feels so genuine?


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Contact Sports Desk: Call: 603-516-2949 / E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Briefs: UNH women's lacrosse gets first win
Sunday, March 17, 2013
FARMVILLE, Va. — The University of New Hampshire women's lacrosse team was a 15-10 winner over Longwood on Saturday for the team's first win of the season.
Laura Puccia and Nicole Grote scored four goals apiece for the Wildcats and Kathleen O'Keefe recorded 10 saves.
The Wildcats started the meet strong with first-place finishes on floor exercise from Erika Rudiger and Hannah Barile, who totaled matching marks of 9.825. Courtney Connors and Barile led the way on vault with co-team high scores of 9.775. On balance beam, Kayla Gray finished first with a 9.950 mark.
Lloyd had 74 receptions for 911 yards and four touchdowns last season for New England, with 12 receptions for 102 yards and one touchdown in two playoff games.


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Results 1 to 6 of 6
September 13th, 2005, 08:50 PM #1
Da Roolz (New Members - read this first!!!)/ Spoiler tags
Hi all - I'm spending a bit too much time deleting irrelevant posts. And you don't want that, do you? You want me to be at my computer, writing the next thrilling instalment of the Pellinor series...
So, please attend to some basic forum etiquette. (And read the SFF world forum guidelines, posted above).
First, and most importantly: sffworld is not a chat site. So try to stay basically on-topic and post in the relevant threads. Otherwise I spend hours tidying up threads. I've put a special chattery thread for those who wish to stray endlessly off-topic, so head there if the impulse takes you. Remember that other people read these threads, and are put off by scrolling through screeds of irrelevant posts.
Second, out of courtesy especially to members whose first language isn't English, avoid text message speak. It's hard to read.
Thirdly, be nice, even if something gets you a bit heated. Personal abuse is not allowed on this forum, and the Big Mods - ie, not me - will send you stern letters if that happens (and in the worst instances, revoke your membership).
Fourthly, before making a new thread, check back over the four pages of already existing threads, to make sure one like it doesn't already exist.
Fifth, If it's a spoiler, cover it up. Not sure if it is? Cover it up anyway. Don't know how? Don't post it until you do. [*SPOILER] Text in here [/*SPOILER] Just remove the *'s
Sixth, there are to be no more new Fanfic threads OR "Game" Threads. If you want to start a different story up, use one of the old threads, links can be found on the Map thread. Alternatively you can use the Pellinor Proboards forum
Stick to these rules, and everyone will be happy. Don't get me wrong - I'm delighted to see so many enthusiastic fans here - but I have to keep my house in order, and I have lots of other things to do.
Alison CroggonLast edited by Gemini; February 11th, 2008 at 09:21 AM.
September 17th, 2006, 12:48 AM #2
Spoilers and You.
One of the biggest problems on the forums (besides the occasional off topic-ness ) is being lax when it comes to spoilers. As the books are published in different countries at different times, not everyone will have read every book and not every poster will have to recources to get a book from overseas.
Out of courtesy to those who are unable to get their hands on the latest books, or are simply new to the books and forum, please tag and label all spoilers from Riddle, Crow and Singing.
We live by the simple rules- If it's a spoiler, cover it up. Not sure if it is? Cover it up anyway. Don't know how? Don't post it until you do.
Also, when posting a spoiler give a lead in to tell people what book it's about, so they'll know before hand whether or not to tread into the perilous teritory ahead.
The tags for spoilers are
[*SPOILER] text in here [/*SPOILER] just remove the *'s.Last edited by Gemini; October 12th, 2008 at 09:58 PM.
September 29th, 2006, 11:44 AM #3
Very Important Please Read This! That includes newbies and oldies!
Alright listen up folks! I'm going to sound like a bit of a big fat meanie but this needs to be done. I'm outlining rules and such. I know I'm not a Mod, so maybe Gem or Alison should be doing this but they can't keep an eye on us all the time as they are in a different time zone to most of us. Anyway read this or fear my wrath!
- Introduce yourself in the right thread, not in Q+A, not in Who resembles maerad?, not anything other than the Introduce yourself thread.
- Please dont use txt speak. lyk dis coz itz kwl wiv numbas instead of too/to and for. Its actually against the sffworld rules and it's annoying, because a lot of people dont understand. I'm not saying 'type everything properly' like with correct punctuation etc but please try typing full English words! (Though I think lol/lmao/rofl will be acceptable.)
(YES, they are! Hobbit)
- Try your bestest to not go off-topic in the wrong thread. I'm not perfect at it, so its okay but don't go over the top! There's an off-topic thread for that sort of stuff.
- Do not offend people, we are all friends here, so please don't ruin that! (lol you will all probably all fall out with me after this so this rule is here to protect me!)
- This is Alison Croggons Forum, therefore we dont make thread that aren't related to Her Awesomeness's books; though feel free to talk about other books in the 'What else do you read?' thread.
Alright, now all you need to do is check out these threads:
A map to the forum
spoilers and you
For the full list of forum rules/ guidelines please go here
I know it probably isnt my place to write this thread, but Alison is a very busy person and Gemini (the other mod of this part of sffworld forums) can't be here all the time. She has a job, she's on a different time zone to a lot of us and there is a lot more of us who frequent the board then there is of her. So I just thought I'd (be nosy and meddling) try help out a bit.
September 29th, 2006, 12:10 PM #4
- Join Date
- Jul 2001
- Location
- Hobbit Towers, England
- Posts
- 11,534
- Blog Entries
- 126
Think you've covered things nicely there, bridie.
I guess I should add that if you have any concerns, you can also contact any SFFWorld staff (including myself) and we can also deal with any problems.
Best wishes
Administrator at SFFWorldMark
September 29th, 2006, 01:21 PM #5
August 27th, 2008, 09:48 AM #6
Because so many people are asking, here are the tags for adding pictures to your posts etc.
In all cases remove the *
To add pictures
[IMG] image url [/*IMG]
To add a link
[URL="the url of the website you're linking to"] text [/*URL]
To make a block of text a "quote"
[QUOTE="original poster's username"] text [/*QUOTE]
Spoiler tags
[SPOILER] text [/*SPOILER]
Remember, all tags are the same but for the prompts.
It might be helpful to bookmark this post, to do that click on number on the blue bar in the top right hand corner of this reply then add it to your favourites list for future reference.


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Smith Brothers Exclusive Contender Show Saddle Package By Circle Y - Partial Tooling
The Smith Brothers Exclusive Contender Show Saddle Package By Circle Y is complete show package for the up-and-coming show rider! Includes saddle, headstall and breastcollar with beautiful engraved silver. Partial Tooling
Read more...
7/8 J-rigging. Special features include cut-out skirt, pelican horn, large corner plates and Softee seat jockey and fenders. Plus: 5/8" double-ear headstall, 1" wide breastcollar with engraved silver bars and conchos. Partial Tooling.
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C: \ System Utilities \ System Maintenance \ DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility 4.6
DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility 4.6 - Detailed Description Page
Program ID:
Lavians Inc. All programs by this author
Shareware [?]
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Get official DELL XPS 400 Drivers for your Windows. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility scans your computer for missing, corrupt, and outdated drivers and automatically downloads and updates them to the latest, most compatible version. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility saves you time and frustration and works with all drivers such as sound drivers, video drivers, wireless drivers etc.
Get official DELL XPS 400 Drivers for your Windows. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility scans your computer for missing, corrupt, and outdated drivers and automatically downloads and updates them to the latest, most compatible version. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility saves you time and frustration and works with all drivers such as sound drivers, video drivers, wireless drivers etc. How does DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility update drivers for your computer? DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility performs a scan of your computer and all attached devices to determine which drivers are either missing, corrupt, or have become obsolete. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility searches a database of over 11 million drivers and matches missing, corrupt, or obsolete DELL XPS 400 Drivers to the appropriate and most recent drivers. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility backs up your existing drivers and settings to create a restore point in case certain drivers continue to be incompatible. DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility downloads and updates your drivers, based on the scan, and matches to the latest most compatible versions.
Keywords: dell xps 400 drivers, dell xps 400 drivers download, Shareware, System Utilities, System Maintenance, DELL XPS 400 Drivers Utility, Lavians Inc.
Recent Changes: Major Updated Version
Install Support: Install and Uninstall
Supported Languages: English
Additional Requirements: Internet connected required.
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Fabric Flower Canopy
No longer available
- Overview
Crowned with a garland of flowers, our airy canopy makes her bed fit for a princess. The panels are crisp, sheer cotton organza, with pink cotton tiebacks on the sides. The flowers are crafted of an assortment of tiny floral cotton prints in a range of pink hues.
- 26.5" diameter, 110.5" high
- 100% cotton voile canopy.
- Features printed cotton percale flowers and ribbon ties.
- Loop for hanging; mounting hardware not included.
- Can be hung from a ceiling hook or eyelet screw (not included).
- Imported.
- Dimensions & Care
- Overall: 26.5" diameter, 110.5" high (9' 2.5" high)
- Hanging String: 4" long
- Weight: 4 pounds
- Dry clean only.
- Shipping Info
Please allow 5-7 business days for delivery. Delivery estimate includes monogrammed and gift-wrapped items.


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Not a cover, just a plea
So anyway, if you or anyone you know is looking for a proofreader, hook a maughta up. You can reach me at hoopml at yahoo dot com, which is my secret identity.
And for the rest of you, keep me in your readers and feeds, because the beast will rise again (I just finished proofing the book of Revelation (spoiler: Babylon did it) so I know what I'm talking about here). In the meantime, I recommend the following blogs for some bookish humor.
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25 comments:
- Kat said...
Good luck Maughta! If I worked with books, instead of construction workers, I'd love to help...
- May 7, 2011 at 6:43 PM
"I'm super pedantic about things which makes me an idea proofer."
Err...ideal? (it's not irony, it's a hilarious coincidence) - May 7, 2011 at 11:23 PM
- Maughta said...
@Evil Timmy: Just more proof that a writer should never proof her own work.
- May 7, 2011 at 11:36 PM
- Justin O'Leary said...
I'm pedantic about proofreading too, so when I saw "idea proofer" I paused. Did she mean she proves ideas? Ha.
Hey, we all make mistakes and the context checker that blogger and many other others use (After the Deadline) isn't perfect. Why not turn the blog into an exercise in proofing by asking readers to find the errors in that blog. See if they get them all. :) PS I recently blogged "You can judge a book by its cover, but …" - July 10, 2011 at 2:44 AM
To give you a hit for bad covers, here's a site http://www.somethingawful.com/d/comedy-goldmine/fantasy-book-covers.php?page=1
- July 12, 2011 at 5:51 PM
- louisvillechiropractic said...
Nice job! I've been a proofreader be careful sometimes you'll get really engrossed instead of proofing.
- October 4, 2011 at 7:14 PM
oh its soo cute
- October 18, 2011 at 4:14 PM
You put a smile on my face! I thought you were using a literary license when you wrote..."I'm super pedantic about things which make me an idea proofer."
- January 13, 2012 at 10:51 PM
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- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- February 1, 2012 at 9:34 PM
- CDG said...
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- April 2, 2012 at 3:28 AM
- Lena said...
Proofing is such a pleasurable job I say and your doggies are super cute :D
- May 26, 2012 at 2:23 PM
- williaum drew said...
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- September 27, 2012 at 9:42 AM
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- October 1, 2012 at 6:03 AM
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- Alex Dumpfree said...
Don't get upset Maughta.There's always ups and downs in life.But we have to admit that and work hard than before.just be confident on yourself and wish you'll do great in future.
- July 1, 2013 at 5:43 PM
- Engeline said...
I know, you closed down years ago. I just wanted to let you know (if you ever come back to read comments) that I stumbled onto your blog by accident one particularly slow day at my job at a library, and I've since then spread the word to as many as possible, library students, librarians, literary critics and just people with great sense of humour. Your blog still makes my day, any day, when I need to laugh. Thank you for making it.
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David J. Theroux Discusses Libertarianism on WichitaLiberty.TV Recorded: Sunday, December 1, 2013
Independent Institute Founder and President, David J. Theroux discusses libertarianism and gives liberty-based perspectives on current events with host Bob Weeks on WichitaLiberty.TV.
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Set up a weekly carpool and it's worked great so far. Found two people who live near me and we get along well, no problems so far. Cool to be able to see how much CO2 I'm saving every week.
I've used it both ways, both to find a ride with someone else and to find passengers. It's worked pretty good so far...I like being able to carpool without having to necessarily do it twice with the same passenger, and just pay for gas and tolls instead.
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