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(CE:2081a-2087b) SAINTS, COPTIC, holy men and women recognized in Egypt who died peacefully, as distinguished from MARTYRS, also saints, who met a violent end. The saints continued to reflect their faith throughout their lives, leaving behind them information that could help posterity record their labors for Christianity. Any listing of saints is an infinitesimal fraction of the true number, who were not concerned with what posterity would say about them. Prominent among them are members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, whose history can be compiled from contemporary sources. They include PATRIARCHS of Alexandria, who bore the brunt of pressure from both Byzantine rulers and Islamic rulers after the Arab conquest in the seventh century. Below them ranked BISHOPS of cities and ABBOTS of monasteries. Lower than these were priests and then deacons. In addition to these churchmen there is a tremendous number of self-denying holy persons who lived in remote monasteries in the Egyptian desert or who chose to live alone, secluded from the rest of the human race in concealed desert caves. When these solitary figures died, they left no trace of their religious existence. The Coptic church, despite its antiquity and its major role in preserving the Christian faith in its early centuries, has suffered from the oblivion imposed on it after the Arab conquest and its consequent separation from the rest of the Christian world. Only recently has the Western world discovered the Copts and their church. A study of their saints, still in its infancy, offers unlimited possibilities for throwing light on this important area of the Christian heritage. The following list is based essentially on De Lacy O'Leary's The Saints of Egypt in the Coptic Calendar (1937). It is an attempt to round up as many saints as the sources may yield. A considerable number do not figure in famous dictionaries of Christian saints, such as F. G. Holwek's A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints (1924), which appeared before the beginning of major inquiry into the realm of Coptic saints. Each saint is given an official commemoration day (feast day), if known. Many appear in the Copto-Arabic SYNAXARION but not all. The spelling is not necessarily that used by O'Leary, but alternatives are given. When a saint has a separate biography in the encyclopedia, the name is printed in small caps. ABABIUS, a monk of Scetis. ABILIUS, Auilius, Minius, Milius, or Milianos (feast day: 1 Tut), first-century patriarch of Alexandria. ABRAAM I, or Aphraam (feast day: 3 Ba'unah), nineteenth-century bishop of the Fayyum noted for his devotion to the poor. Abracas, or Abrakiyus (feast day: 13 Kiyahk), a native of Upper Egypt who became a monk at twenty and lived until seventy. ABRAHAM (feast day: 6 Kiyahk), tenth-century reforming patriarch of Alexandria. ABRAHAM OF MINUF (feast day: 30 Babah), a monk and hermit. ABRAHAM AND GEORGE OF SCETIS (feast days: 9 Tubah and 18 Bashans respectively), monks who shared a cell at Dayr Anba Maqgar for many years. ACHILLAS (feast day 19 Ba'unah), fourth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Agathon (feast day: 16 Babah), seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. AGATHON, anchorite. AGATHON THE STYLITE (feast day: 15 Tut), an ascetic who lived on a pillar. ALEXANDRA (feast day: 7 Amshir), a fourth-century recluse. AMMONAS, a disciple of Saint ANTONY OF EGYPT. Ammonius of Aswan (feast day: 11 Hatur), ascetic. AMMONIUS OF KELLIA, a disciple of Saint PAMBO, a monk of Scetis. AMMONIUS OF TUNAH (feast day: 20 Bashans), a recluse. AMUN, or Ammon (feast day: 20 Bashans), a fourth-century church father who lived chastely with his wife for eighteen years and then at her urging became a monk in Wadi al-Natrun. Feeling too close to the well-traveled road, he went deeper into the desert to Niri or Nimone, or Kellia, where he lived alone for twenty-two years. ANASTASIA (feast day: 26 Tubah), a sixth-century ascetic virgin, born in Constantinople. ANBA RUWAYS (Feast day: 32 Babah), fourteenth-century monk. ANDREW OF CRETE, seventh- to eighth-century hymn writer and theologian. ANTONY OF EGYPT (feast day: 22 Tubah), abbot. APOLLINARIA (formally unrecognized by the Coptic church but recognized by the Orthodox church), a "woman monk" whose life seems to recapitulate that of Saint HILARIA. According to legend she was the elder daughter of the fifth-century Western emperor Anthemius who disguised herself as a monk, Father Dorotheus, at the Monastery of Saint Macarius in Wadi al-Natrun. Her identity remained secret and she gained fame for her sanctity and miracles of healing. Her father sent her younger sister, possessed by a devil, to the monastery, where she was placed in Dorotheus' cell and healed. On returning to her father, he questioned Dorotheus and discovered "he" was his long-lost elder daughter. He allowed her to go to Scetis, where she died. Apollo (feast day: 5 Amshir) an ascetic who was a companion of Anba Abib. Apollo of Bawit, a native of Akhmim who was a monk at Mount Abluj or Bawit. He is the namesake of a martyr commemorated 25 Babah. He had many disciples and received a consolatory letter from Saint MACARIUS THE EGYPTIAN. Apollonius, abbot of the Monastery at Monchosis, who helped produce a schism among the successors of Saint Pachomius over the handling of monastic properties. Apollonius of Nitrea, an ascetic in Wadi al-Natrun for twenty years, who subsequently was a peddlar to monks in Alexandria. Archebius, an ascetic who was later bishop of Panephysis. ARCHELLIDES (feast day: 14 Tubah), a Roman noble who became a monk. ARSENIUS OF SCETIS AND TURAH (feast day: 13 Bashans), fifth-century saint who was a tutor to royal children. Athanasia of Minuf, or Ba'issah (feast day: 2 Misra), rich woman who turned her big house into a shelter for traveling monks. Later it became known as a brothel and was investigated by Hegumenos John of Scetis. She received him in her bedroom but was persuaded by his preaching to spend the rest of her life as a solitary nun. She accompanied him to the desert, where one night as she slept, John saw a pillar of light descend from heaven to her body and heard a voice declare that she was forgiven. ATHANASIUS I THE APOSTOLIC (feast day: 7 Bashans), fourth-century patriarch of Alexandria. ATHANASIUS II (Feast day: 20 Tut), fifth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Barnabas (feast day: 22 Kiyahk) a native of Qift, who was bishop of 'Aydhab. He ministered to mariners and merchants sailing the Red Sea. Barsum the Naked, or Barsuma (feast day: 5 Nasi), saint. BASIL THE GREAT, or Basil of Caesarea (feast day: 13 Tut), one of the doctors of the Eastern church, who performed many miracles. BENJAMIN I (feast day: 8 Tubah), seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. BESSARION (feast day: 25 Misra), disciple first of Saint ANTONY OF EGYPT and later of Saint MACARIUS THE EGYPTIAN. Bessus, son of a slave who became hegumenos of the Monastery of Saint John Kama in Scetis in the eleventh century. He resisted al-Mustansir's black mercenaries and refused election as patriarch because of his lowly birth. Bishoi (feast day: Abib), monk. Bishoi, see Pshoi, below. CASSIAN, JOHN, fourth-century monk and author. CELADION (feast day: 9 Abib), second-century patriarch of Alexandria. CERDON (feast day: 21 Ba'unah), first-century patriarch of Alexandria. Christodorus, saint. Christodoulus (feast day: 14 Kiyahk), a jeweler who became an ascetic in the desert. Chrysostom, John, see John Chrysostom, below. CLEMENT I, or Clement of Rome, bishop of Rome at the end of the first century. CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, second- to third-century writer. Cleopas, saint. Cornelius the Centurian (feast day: 23 Hatur), saint. Corpus, Apollo, and Peter, or Carpus, Papylus, and Peter (feast day: 16 Babah), disciples of Anba Isaiah. COSMAS I (feast day: 30 Ba'unah), eighth-century patriarch of Alexandria. COSMAS II (feast day: 21 Hatur), ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. COSMAS III (feast day: 3 Baramhat), tenth-century patriarch of Alexandria. CRONIUS OF NITRIA, ascetic of Scetis who later served Saint ANTONY OF EGYPT and went to Alexandria, where he met PALLADIUS. CYRIL I THE GREAT, or Cyril of Alexandria (feast day: 3 Abib), fifth-century patriarch of Alexandria. CYRIL II (feast day: 22 Baramhat), eleventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. CYRIL OF JERUSALEM (feast day: 18 March), fourth-century bishop of Jerusalem. Cyrus (feast day: 8 Abib), brother of Theodosius the Great, emperor of Constantinople. He lived many years in the desert SCETIS, where PAMBO discovered him. DAMIAN (feast day: 18 Ba'unah), sixth-century patriarch of Alexandria. DANIEL OF SCETIS (feast day: 8 Bashans), sixth-century abbot of Dayr Anba Maqar who was thrice seized in Berber raids. As a leader of the rejection of the Tome of Leo proposed by Justinian, he was driven from his monastery but returned after the emperor's death in 565. During another Berber invasion about 570 he was sold into slavery in Pentapolis. DEMETRIUS I (feast day: 22 Babah), third-century patriarch of Alexandria. Dermataus of Pemje (feast day: 7 Kiyahk), ascetic. Didymus of Tarshjebi, saint. DIOSCURUS I (feast day: 7 Tut), fifth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Elias of Bishwaw (feast day: 17 Kiyahk), monk of exceptional austerity. Elias of Jeme (feast day: 17 Kiyahk), a native of Iskhim who was a recluse on Mount Shamah. His disciple, John, wrote his biography. ELIAS OF SAMHUD (feast day: 13 Kiyahk), a sixth-century (?) monk whose birth was foretold by an angel. EPHRAEM SYRUS, or the Syrian (feast day: 15 Abib), an important religious writer of the fourth century. Epiphania, or Euphemia (feast day: 12 Ba'unah), a devout and charitable widow. Epiphanius of Salamis (feast day: 17 Bashans), bishop of Cyprus who spent most of his monastic life in Egypt and introduced Egyptian monasticism to Palestine. He supported the speculative theology of ORIGEN in opposition to Saints JEROME and RUFINUS. EUMENIUS (feast day: 10 Babah), second-century patriarch of Alexandria. Euphrasia (feast day: 26 Baramhat), the daughter of Emperor Honorius who went with her mother to Alexandria, stayed in a convent, and remained there as an ascetic. EUPHROSYNA (feast day: 10 Babah), a fifth-century holy woman of Alexandria who lived disguised as a monk. Ezekiel of Armant (feast day: 14 Kiyahk), ascetic. FIS, monk. GABRIEL I, tenth-century patriarch of Alexandria. GABRIEL II IBN TURAYK (feast day: 10 Baramudah), twelfth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Gelasius (feast day: 12 Amshir), saint. GEORGE, or Jirjis al-Muzahim. George of Scetis, see Abraham and George of Scetis, above. Gregory (feast day: 24 Tut), a monk of Upper Egypt closely connected with Saint PACHOMIUS and Saint MACARIUS. GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, fourth-century writer. He is not commemorated with a feast day by the Coptic church. GREGORY OF NYSSA, fourth-century theologian and younger brother of Saint BASIL THE GREAT. HADRA OF ASWAN (feast day: 12 Kiyakh), a fifth-century bishop. HADRA OF BENHADAB (feast day: 3 Amshir), the first monk of the mountain of Benhadab. HARMINA (feast day: 2 Kiyahk), a wandering monk. HERACLAS, or Theoclas (feast day: 8 Kiyakh), third-century patriarch of Alexandria. HILARIA (feast day: 21 Tubah), a daughter of the fourth-century emperor Zeno, who lived disguised as a monk. HILARION (feast day: 24 Baramhat), fourth-century monk of Palestine. HOP OF TUKH, or Apa Hub (feast day: 16 Hatur), hermit. HOR, APA (feast day: 4 Ba'unah), a native of Bahjurah who was a hermit. HOR, APA THE ASCETIC (feast day: 2 Kiyahk), a native of Nitrea who was a disciple of Saint Pachomius. HOR OF ABRAHAT (feast day: 2 Kiyahk), fifth to sixth-century monk. HORSIESIOS, fourth-century monk who was the successor of Saint PACHOMIUS. Irenaeus of Scetis, monk who fled from the Berbers to Gaza in 570. ISAAC (feast day: 9 Hatur), seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria whose life was recorded by Menas, bishop of Pshati. ISAAC, or Isaac of al-Qalali (feast day: 19 Bashans), a fourth- to fifth-century monk and priest of Kellia. ISAAC OF HURIN, or Ishaq al-Hurini (feast day: 22 Baramudah), an ascetic in the desert who was not discovered till shortly before his death. ISAAC OF SCETIS (feast day: 10 Baramudah), hermit who was a disciple of Anba Apollos for twenty-five years. Isaac the Presbyter (feast day: 19 Bashans), an adherent of ORIGEN who was expelled by Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria but returned in 408, the year of the Berber invasion of Scetis. ISAIAH OF SCETIS, or Isaiah the Hermit (feast day: 11 Abib), fifth-century anchorite whose writings influenced Eastern Christianity. Isidorus of Hermopolis, a bishop who succeeded Dracontius and preceded Dioscorus. He met Saint Jerome, who mentioned him in epistles. ISIDORUS OF PELUSIUM, fifth-century monk, priest, and author of a large body of letters. ISIDORUS OF SCETIS, a fourth-century monk and priest credited with miraculous spiritual healing powers. JACOB (feast day: 14 Amshir), ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. JAMES (feast day: 3 Amshir), an ascetic of Nitrea. James of Antioch, or Jacob (feast day: 11 Babah), patriarch of Antioch and opponent of Arianism. James of Nisibis, or Jacob (feast day: 18 Tubah), fourth-century bishop of Nisibis and teacher of Saint Ephraem Syrus. He attended the First Council of Nicaea in 325. JAMES OF SCETIS, or Jacob (feast day: 5 Nasi), bishop of Misr. JEREMIAH, fifth- to sixth-century monk. JEROME, fourth- to fifth-century biblical scholar. JOHN I (feast day: 4 Bashans), fifth-century patriarch of Alexandria. JOHN II (feast day: 27 Bashans), sixth-century patriarch of Alexandria. JOHN III THE MERCIFUL, seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. JOHN IV (feast day: 16 Tubah), eighth-century patriarch of Alexandria. JOHN VI (feast day: 11 Tubah), twelfth-century patriarch of Alexandria. JOHN IV THE FASTER, or John Jejunator, patriarch of Constantinople. JOHN (feast day: 7 Kiyahk), bishop of Armant. John (feast day: 11 Baramudah), bishop of Gaza. John (feast day: 13 Ba'unah), bishop of Jerusalem. John (feast day: 3 Baramudah), second-century bishop of Jerusalem under Emperor Hadrian. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM (feast day: 12 Bashans), patriarch of Constantinople. John Colobus, or John the Little (feast day: 20 Babah). JOHN KAMA, or John the Black (feast day: 25 Kiyahk), monk of Scetis. JOHN OF LYCOPOLIS (feast day: 21 Hatur), a fourth-century saint in the time of Emperor Theodosius. JOHN OF PARALLOS (feast day: 19 Kiyahk), bishop of Nikiou, called bishop of Parallos in the Synaxarion. He compiled the Synaxarion. John of the Golden Gospel (feast day: 17 Tubah), son of a Roman named Hadrian, he became a monk. He copied the Gospel of John in golden letters. John the Confessor (feast day: 12 Kiyahk), saint. JOSEPH THE CARPENTER (feast day: 26 Abib), spouse of the Virgin Mary and foster father of Jesus Christ. JOSEPH OF BISHWAW (feast day: 5 Hatur), monk who lived with Saint Elias of Bishwaw. Joseph the Bishop, or Anba Yusab (feast day: 17 Baramhat), bishop. JUDAS CYRIACUS, second-century bishop of Jerusalem associated in legend with the discovery of the cross. JULIAN (feast day: 8 Baramhat), second-century patriarch of Alexandria. JUSTUS, second-century patriarch of Alexandria. Justus (feast day: 10 Tubah), an ascetic. Kha'il I, or Michael (feast day: 16 Baramhat), eighth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Kha'il II, or Michael II (feast day: 20 Baramhat), ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. LATSON, or al-Bahnasawi (feast day: 17 Ba'unah), a native of Oxyrhynchus (al-Bahnasa). LEO I THE GREAT, fifth-century pope. LONGINUS (feast day: 2 Amshir), abbot of Enaton. MACARIUS I, or Anba Maqarah (feast day: 24 Baramhat), tenth-century patriarch of Alexandria. MACARIUS II, or Abba Maqarah (feast day: 4 Tut), twelfth-century patriarch of Alexandria. MACARIUS ALEXANDRINUS (feast day: 6 Bashans). Macarius of Tkow, saint. MACARIUS THE EGYPTIAN, Macarius the Great, or Macarius of Scetis (feast day: 27 Baramhat). Macrobius (feast day: 7 Baramudah), son of a governor of Tkow in the sixth-century who became a monk and abbot of Dayr al- Balyana. MANASSEH, sixth-century archimandrite. Marcellus, an ascetic in Scetis who was seized in the Berber raid of 570 and sold into slavery in Pentapolis. Marina, or Mary (feast day: 15 Misra), a "woman monk" for forty years whose sex was revealed only at her death. MARK I (feast day: 30 Baramudah), one of the Twelve Apostles, traditionally regarded as author of the Gospel of Mark and first patriarch of the Coptic church. MARK II (feast day: 22 Baramudah), ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. He was previously a monk of Dayr Anba Maqar in Syria. MARK III (feast day: 6 Tubah), twelfth-century patriarch of Alexandria. MARK (feast day: 10 Hatur), ascetic who left the desert to live as a beggar in Alexandria. MARK THE SIMPLE (feast day: 10 Hatur), sixth-century monk who simulated madness as a penitence. Martha the Egyptian (feast day: 3 Ba'unah), a dissolute woman who repented and lived in a convent for twenty-five years. MARY OF ALEXANDRIA (feast day: 24 Tubah), a recluse. MARY THE EGYPTIAN (feast day: 6 Baramudah), a saint. MASIS (feast day: 11 Misra), an ascetic of Scetis. MATTHEW I THE POOR (feast day: 7 Kiyahk), an ascetic who was a fourteenth- to fifteenth-century patriarch of Alexandria. MAURITIUS (feast day: 25 Tut). MAXIMUS (feast day: 14 Baramudah), third-century patriarch of Alexandria. MAXIMUS AND DOMITIUS (feast day: 17 Tubah), ascetics of Scetis. Menas, saint related to a monastery near Jeme. MENAS (feast day: 7 Hatur), bishop of Tmuis. Menas of Pshati, bishop of Nikiou following John. He was inspector of the monasteries of Wadi al-Natrun and the author of a Life of Anba Isaac and a Eulogy of Saint Macrobius of Pshati. Mercurius (feast day: 1 Baramhat), an ascetic and a bishop. MERCURIUS OF CAESAREA, or Abu Sayfayn (feast day: 25 Hatur). MICHAEL, archangel. Michael I, see Kha'il I, above. Michael II, see Kha'il II, above. MICHAEL IV, or Mikha'il IV (feast day: 30 Bashans), eleventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. MICHAEL V, or Mikha'il V (feast day: 3 Baramudah), twelfth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Michael (feast day: 22 Baramhat), bishop of Naqadah. Michael of Qamulah, patron saint of Dayr al-'Ayn at Jeme. MINA I, or Menas I, eighth-century patriarch of Alexandria. MISA'IL (feast day: 13 Kiyahk), an ascetic of Dayr al-Qalumun. Narcissus (feast day: 1 Baramhat), third-century bishop of Jerusalem who retired to the desert but returned to Jerusalem to administer its diocese again before his death about 222. Nathaniel, ascetic of Nitria. ONOPHRIUS, or Abu Nofer or Naber (feast day: 16 Hatur), ascetic in the inner desert. PACHOMIUS (feast day: 14 Bashans, 14 May in the West, 15 May in the East), fourth-century abbot who established Koinonia, a community of many monasteries, which was the beginning of cenobitic monasticism. PALAMON, fourth-century hermit in the Eastern Desert who was the mentor of Saint PACHOMIUS. PALAMON (feast day: 30 Tubah), hermit. PAMBO, or Pamo or Pano (feast days: 1 July in the West, 18 July in the East), fourth-century anchorite who with Saint AMMON was among the first settlers in Wadi al-Natrun. Pambo, or Pamo or Bamfu, a fifth-century ascetic of Nitria who is often confused with the earlier Pambo. PAPHNUTIUS OF PBOW, a fourth-century monk who was first steward of the Pachomian Koinonia. Paphnutius, leader of a small community of ascetics at Heracleopolis. PAPHNUTIUS THE HERMIT, or Paphnutius the Ascetic or Babnuda (feast day: 15 Amshir), an anchorite in the Western Desert. PAPHNUTIUS OF SCETIS, fourth-century disciple of Saint Macarius of Egypt. He is known by some authors as Paphnutius Kephalas. Paphnutius of Tabennese, saint. PAPHNUTIUS (feast day: 11 Bashans), tenth-century monk and bishop. Paphnutius Kephalas, fourth-century hermit, a disciple of Saint Antony, who later lived as a solitary at Scetis. Known by some authors as Paphnutius of Scetis. Papohé, disciple of Apa Apollo and said to be the author of a Life of Apa Phib. PATASIUS (feast day: 23 Tubah), a hermit credited with many miracles. PATERMUTHIUS, or Termoute (feast day: 7 Kiyahk), a desert father. PAUL OF BENHADAB (feast day: 17 Hatur). PAUL OF THEBES, or Paul the Great or Anba Bula (feast day: 2 Amshir), the first hermit in the Eastern Desert. PAUL THE SIMPLE, an elderly peasant who became a monk and a follower of Saint Antony. Paul the Solitary, see Bulus al-Habis, above. Pelagia (feast day: 11 Babah), a fifth- or sixth-century woman who dressed as a monk. PETER II (feast day: 20 Amshir), fourth-century patriarch of Alexandria. PETER IV (feast day: 25 Ba'unah), sixth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Peter (feast day: 6 Babah), ascetic who was a disciple of Anba Isaiah. PETER OF SCETIS, or Peter the Ascetic (feast day: 25 Tubah), a sixth-century tax collector who became a monk at Scetis. Peter the Great, an unidentified saint whose tomb is on the Rock of Benhadab. PETER OF THE PRESBYTER (feast day: 5 Baramhat), a saint of Upper Egypt. PETRONIUS (feast day: 27 Abib), a fourth-century monk who was a disciple and successor of Saint Pachomius. PHIB, or Abib (feast day: 25 Babah), a monk associated with Saint APOLLO OF BAWIT and Papohé. Philas, or Philip (feast day: 14 Babah), first-century saint, one of the seven deacons described in Acts. PHIS, a hermit on the east bank of the Nile. PIDJIMI (feast day: 11 Kiyahk), fifth-century ascetic and a recluse who was visited by Saint SHENUTE. Pior, a fourth-century disciple of Saint Antony who was a solitary at Kellia for thirty years. PISENTIUS (feast day: 20 Kiyahk), seventh-century monk and bishop of Armant. PISENTIUS (feast day: 13 Abib), seventh-century bishop of Coptos (Qift) who was an outstanding preacher, administrator, letter writer, and servant of the poor. PISENTIUS, fourth-to-fifth century bishop of Hermonthis. Pitiryon, ascetic, who succeeded Saint Ammonius. POEMEN, or Pamin or Bimin (feast day: 4 Nasi), an anchorite of the fourth and fifth centuries who was famous for his spiritual counsel to other monks. PROCLUS (feast day: 20 November in the East, 24 October in the West), fifth-century patriarch of Constantinople. PSHOI, or Bishoi or Peter of Akhmim (feast day: 5 Amshir), a monk who founded a monastery. PSHOI OF TUD (feast day: 25 Kiyahk), ascetic of Upper Egypt. Ptolemy (feast day: 24 Abib), bishop of upper Minuf. REGULA (feast day: 1 Tut), third-century missionary who, along with her brother FELIX, was a member of the THEBAN LEGION. Ruways, Anba, see Anba Ruways, above. SAMUEL OF BENHADAB (feast day: 21 Kiyahk), bishop of Qift. SAMUEL OF QALAMUN, or Samuel (feast day: 8 Kiyahk), a monk. Sansno, a saint to whom churches are dedicated at Ballas and Fayyum. SARAH (feast day: 15 Baramhat), an ascetic. SARAPAMON OF SCETIS (feast day: 5 Baramhat), an ascetic of the fourteenth century or later who was hegumenus, or presbyter, of Dayr Abu Yuhannis. SARAPION, or Serapion (feast day: 21 March), fourth-century bishop of Tmuis, disciple of Saint Antony, and friend of Saint Athanasius, who upheld the orthodox position in the Arian controversy. SEVERIAN OF JABALAH, or Severianus (feast day: 7 Tut), bishop of Jabalah who was a great orator. SHENUTE (feast day: 7 Abib), fourth to fifth-century abbot of Dayr Anba Shinudah, Suhaj, who was a writer and reformer. SHENUTE I, or Sanutius (feast day: 24 Baramudah), ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. SILVANUS OF SCETIS (feast day: 1 Baramudah), ascetic who was a companion of Saint Macarius the Egyptian. Simon, or Simeon the Stylite (feast day: 29 Bashans), pillar saint of Mount Antioch. SIMON I (feast day: 24 Abib), seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. SIMON II, ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. SOPHIA, see MARTYRS, COPTIC. Stephen (feast day: 18 Tut), presbyter. Susinius (feast day: 21 Abib), fourth- to fifth-century eunuch and tutor of Emperor Theodosius who lived at Scetis until the Berber raid of 408. He accompanied Saint CYRIL I to the Council of Ephesus in 431. Syriacos (feast day: 29 Tubah), saint. Theoclas, see above "Heraclas." THEODORA (feast day: 11 Tut), a fifth-century woman who passed as a monk at Scetis until her death. THEODORA (feast day: 11 Baramudah), a third-century woman of Alexandria who passed as a monk. Theodore, eighth-century patriarch of Alexandria. THEODORUS, eighth-century patriarch of Alexandria. Theodorus, disciple of Saint Amun and first colonizer of Nitria. THEODORUS OF ALEXANDRIA, ascetic of Scetis who fled to Tabennese from the Berber invasion of 520. THEODORUS OF TABENNESE, or Tadrus (feast day: 2 Bashans), ascetic in a Pachomian monastery. THEODORUS OF PHERME, fourth- to fifth-century anchorite. THEODOSIUS I (feast day: 28 Ba'unah), sixth-century patriarch of Alexandria. THEOGNOSTA (feast day: 17 Tut), fifth-century virgin who introduced Christianity to Georgia. THEOPHILUS (feast day: 18 Babah), fourth- to fifth-century patriarch of Alexandria. THEOPHILUS (feast day: 14 Tubah), a monk of Enaton. TIMOTHEUS (feast day: 23 Kiyahk), anchorite. TIMOTHY I (feast day: 26 Abib), fourth-century patriarch of Alexandria. TIMOTHY II AELURUS (feast day: 7 Misra), fifth-century patriarch of Alexandria. TIMOTHY II (feast day: 12 Amshir), sixth-century patriarch of Alexandria. VERENA, (feast day: 1 September and Easter Tuesday), fourth-century Egyptian holy woman associated with the THEBAN LEGION martyred in Switzerland. VICTOR OF SHU, early fourth-century saint. Warshenufe (feast day: 7 Ba'unah), saint. Xene, fourth- to fifth-century Roman virgin who adopted monastic life in Alexandria. Yusab (feast day: 5 Hatur), a native of Qift and a disciple of Anba Isaiah at Mount Banhadah. YUSAB I, or Joseph (feast day: 22 Babah), ninth-century patriarch of Alexandria. ZACHARIAS (feast day: 13 Hatur and 9 Tubah), eleventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. Zacharias, seventh-century bishop of Sa. ZACHARIAS (feast day: 21 Amshir), eighth-century bishop of Sakha. Zanufius (feast day: 6 Babah), ascetic who founded a convent for women at Akhmim. ZOSIMUS (feast day: 9 Baramudah), a monk of Palestine who was closely acquainted with Saint Mary the Egyptian. AZIZ S. ATIYA
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Oakland County residents are invited to attend an informative community discussion about teen suicide Monday in Birmingham.
A panel of experts from the Rose Hill Center, Common Ground, Oakland County Health Department and the Oakland County Youth Suicide Prevention Task Force will discuss the signs, symptoms and other risk factors of suicide.
The panel will take place from 7 to 9 p.m. at the Holy Name Catholic Church, in the parish hall, in Birmingham.
The panel is free and, according to organizers, open to all county residents but is especially appropriate for parents and students in junior high and high school.
The forum is being held in response from several requests from area families whose communities have been impacted by suicide over the past few months, according to organizers.
During the forum, attendees will also learn about the role social media can play in suicide prevention and what is being done locally to address the issue of youth suicide. A question-and-answer session will follow.
- Rose Hill Center: A psychiatric rehabilitation center in Holly, rosehillcenter.org
- Common Ground: A 24-hour crisis services agency, commongroundhelps.org
- Oakland County Youth Suicide Prevention Task Force: oakgov.com/health

subset: commoncrawl


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Holler: Football overkill on Thanksgiving?
John Holler
Posted Nov 22, 2012
The traditions are evaporating and big business is marching over quaint celebrations. The NFL is here to seize the Thanksgiving holiday from essentially noon to midnight.
There are times when you know you're old.
The first time both of my kids saw a record album and were informed that a literal needle scratched its way across that buffet-style plate to make sound was one of them. That's hard to explain to a child with a credit card-sized I-Pod with 1,000 songs on it.
The "repair man" had a job when I was a kid. The "recycling man" has a similar job today. When asked innocently by my daughter why a computer keyboard isn't designed alphabetically left to right, I brought up that it was patterned by the typewriter.
"What's a typewriter?"
It is comments like that which make a man's hair turn greyer or simply fall out.
As a kid, Thanksgiving at my house was more important than Christmas or Mother's Day. You couldn't miss either of the other two – jail was an acceptable option – but, if you missed Thanksgiving, there was hell to pay. In 1998, my mom actually consulted with me to ask when halftime would be as the Vikings would dismember the Cowboys. The estimate came within five minutes of halftime. Best Thanksgiving ever! The family gorged themselves at halftime and loosened belts as the Vikings completed the beat-down of the self-described America's Team. That day, Randy Moss caught just three passes. All of them went for touchdowns. For those who had to work on Black Friday, it was a day they could enjoy and every Moss catch made it all the more sweet for Minnesotans. Hubris? No question. But it was hubris on Thanksgiving. All was good with the world … at least with Vikings fans.
1998 was just 14 years ago. I've gained a daughter and lost two parents since then – a moral dilemma trade I would accept again even knowing the outcome. As a "kid's table" resident most of my life, Thanksgiving was a big deal. Unfortunately, it has become the phlegm-loosening time between Halloween and Christmas that has increasingly been forgotten.
As someone who equated Thanksgiving with seeing
The Wizard of Oz
on TV – clearly pre-DVD era – it was a rite of passage, as was watching all or part of football games during the afternoon featuring the
Detroit Lions
Dallas Cowboys
. It was tradition. So was the rush to stores and malls on the Friday afterward.
However, that has all changed. There used to be an accommodation made for Thanksgiving that you didn't really hit the full Christmas blitz until the day after. Those days have long since passed. In recent years, Thanksgiving also meant the start of NFL Network's coverage of Thursday night games. Those who didn't have NFL Network were missing out on that game or catching it on the radio, but it was a clear sign that Thanksgiving wasn't the same. The NFL was trying to cash in by adding a third game to the Turkey Day slate, which seemed like a bit of overkill. The rest of the commerce-based society would follow along.
Thanksgiving night over the last few years has seen the Black Friday store openings moving earlier and earlier, from 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. to 3 a.m. The push to get people Christmas shopping has seemingly started the day after Halloween, when Christmas displays started popping up. Now it would seem Thanksgiving has been swallowed up by the madness. Stores are now often starting their proverbial "doorbusters" starting at 8 p.m. on Thanksgiving night.
The NFL is doing the same. CBS will carry the Texans-Lions game early in the afternoon, FOX will carry the Redskins-Cowboys game in late afternoon and NBC will carry the Jets-Patriots Thanksgiving night. If you're a football fan, Thursday won't be so much about Thanksgiving, it will be about watching not two but three NFL games essentially from before noon until almost midnight.
Maybe it's just my own myopic point of view, but I used to love Thanksgiving because it meant being with family and mixing in some football. Now it's wall-to-wall NFL and family members cutting out early to get to the box stores to get the biggest deals they have to offer. Somehow it seems as though we've lost something along the way.
Football fans won't complain, but it seems as though the tradition of Thanksgiving is be co-opted by big business – and the NFL is front in center as part of that process.
The Vikings injuries have been laid out by
already, highlighted by Percy Harvin missing Wednesday's practice, but the Bears have receiver concerns of their own. Not only has rookie wide receiver Alshon Jeffery been ruled out with a knee injury that has ended his season, but Brandon Marshall (shoulder) and starting tight end Kellen Davis (ankle) both missed practice Wednesday.
49ers coach Jim Harbaugh is apparently going to kill off the axiom of a starter not losing his job due to injury, as reports have surfaced that Harbaugh informed Alex Smith that Collin Kaepernick will start Sunday against the Saints.
John Holler has been writing about the Vikings for more than a decade for
Viking Update
. Follow
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Wolverine | |
Wolverine on the cover of The New Avengers #5 (March 2005). Art by David Finch. | |
Publication information | |
Publisher | Marvel Comics |
First appearance | The Incredible Hulk #180 (October 1974) (cameo) The Incredible Hulk #181 (November 1974) (full) |
Created by | Roy Thomas Len Wein John Romita, Sr. Herb Trimpe |
In-story information | |
Alter ego | James Howlett |
Species | Human mutant |
Team affiliations | X-Men New Avengers X-Force S.H.I.E.L.D. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Avengers Horsemen of Apocalypse Alpha Flight Team X Weapon X Weapon Plus Department H Department K HYDRA The Hand New Fantastic Four Secret Defenders Jean Grey School Uncanny Avengers |
Notable aliases | Logan, Patch, Captain Canada, Weapon X (Ten), Death, Mutate #9601, Emilio Garra, Weapon Chi, Experiment X, Agent Ten, Peter Richards, Mai' keth, Black Dragon, Captain Terror, John Logan, Jim Logan |
Abilities |
Wolverine | |
Wolverine on the cover of The New Avengers #5 (March 2005). Art by David Finch. | |
Publication information | |
Publisher | Marvel Comics |
First appearance | The Incredible Hulk #180 (October 1974) (cameo) The Incredible Hulk #181 (November 1974) (full) |
Created by | Roy Thomas Len Wein John Romita, Sr. Herb Trimpe |
In-story information | |
Alter ego | James Howlett |
Species | Human mutant |
Team affiliations | X-Men New Avengers X-Force S.H.I.E.L.D. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Avengers Horsemen of Apocalypse Alpha Flight Team X Weapon X Weapon Plus Department H Department K HYDRA The Hand New Fantastic Four Secret Defenders Jean Grey School Uncanny Avengers |
Notable aliases | Logan, Patch, Captain Canada, Weapon X (Ten), Death, Mutate #9601, Emilio Garra, Weapon Chi, Experiment X, Agent Ten, Peter Richards, Mai' keth, Black Dragon, Captain Terror, John Logan, Jim Logan |
Abilities |
Wolverine is a fictional character, a superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Born James Howlett[1] and commonly known as Logan, Wolverine is a mutant who possesses animal-keen senses, enhanced physical capabilities, three retracting bone claws on each hand and a healing factor that allows him to recover from virtually any wound, disease, or toxin at an accelerated rate. The healing factor also slows down his aging process, enabling him to live beyond a normal human lifespan. His powerful healing factor enabled the supersoldier program Weapon X to bond the near-indestructible metal alloy adamantium to his skeleton and claws without killing him. He is most often depicted as a member of the X-Men, Alpha Flight, or later the Avengers.
The character first appeared in the last panel of The Incredible Hulk #180 (his first full appearance is in issue #181, November 1974) and was created by writer Len Wein and Marvel art director John Romita, Sr., who designed the character, and was first drawn for publication by Herb Trimpe. Wolverine later joined the X-Men's "All New, All Different" roster in Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975). X-Men writer Chris Claremont played a significant role in the character's subsequent development,[2] along with artist/writer John Byrne, who insisted on making the character older than the other X-Men. Artist Frank Miller collaborated with Claremont and helped to revise the character with a four-part eponymous limited series from September to December 1982 in which Wolverine's catchphrase, "I'm the best there is at what I do, but what I do best isn't very nice," debuted.
Wolverine was typical of the many tough, anti-authority, antiheroes that emerged in American popular culture after the Vietnam War;[3] his willingness to use deadly force and his brooding nature became standard characteristics for comic book anti-heroes by the end of the 1980s.[4] As a result, the character became the clear favorite for fans of the increasingly popular X-Men franchise.[5] Wolverine has been featured in his own solo comic since 1988 and has been a central character in most X-Men adaptations, including animated television series, video games, and the live-action 20th Century Fox X-Men film series, in which he is portrayed by Hugh Jackman.[6] In May 2008, Wolverine was ranked #1 out of Wizard magazine's Top 200 Comic Book Characters of All Time[7] and was ranked as the 4th Greatest Comic Book Character by Empire magazine in July 2008.[8] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Wolverine at #21.[9] In May 2011, Wolverine was ranked 4th on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.[10]
Contents |
Roy Thomas told Len Wein he wanted him to make up a character specifically named Wolverine, who is Canadian and small/short of stature and has a fierce temper (like a real wolverine).[11] Wolverine first appeared in the final "teaser" panel of The Incredible Hulk #180 (cover date October 1974) written by Len Wein and penciled by Herb Trimpe. The character then appeared in a number of advertisements in various Marvel Comics publications before making his first major appearance in The Incredible Hulk #181 (cover date November 1974) again by Wein and Trimpe. John Romita, Sr., designed Wolverine's yellow-and-blue costume. The character's introduction was ambiguous, revealing little beyond his being a superhuman agent of the Canadian government. In these appearances, he does not retract his claws, although Len Wein stated they had always been envisioned as retractable.[12] He appears briefly in the finale to this story in The Incredible Hulk #182.
Wolverine's next appearance was in 1975's Giant-Size X-Men #1, written by Wein and penciled by Dave Cockrum, in which Wolverine is recruited for a new squad. Gil Kane illustrated the cover artwork but incorrectly drew Wolverine's mask with larger headpieces. Dave Cockrum liked Kane's accidental alteration (believing it to be similar to Batman's mask) and incorporated it into his own artwork for the actual story.[13] Cockrum was also the first artist to draw Wolverine without his mask, and the distinctive hairstyle became a trademark of the character.[2]
A revival of X-Men followed, beginning with X-Men #94 (August 1975), drawn by Cockrum and written by Chris Claremont. In X-Men and Uncanny X-Men, Wolverine is initially overshadowed by the other characters, although he does create tension in the team as he is attracted to Cyclops' girlfriend, Jean Grey. As the series progressed, Claremont and Cockrum (who preferred Nightcrawler[14]) considered dropping Wolverine from the series;[14] Cockrum's successor, artist John Byrne, championed the character, later explaining, as a Canadian himself, he did not want to see a Canadian character dropped.[2][15] Byrne created Alpha Flight, a group of Canadian superheroes who try to recapture Wolverine due to the expense their government incurred training him. Later stories gradually establish Wolverine's murky past and unstable nature, which he battles to keep in check. Byrne also designed a new brown-and-tan costume for Wolverine, but retained the distinctive Cockrum cowl.
Following Byrne's departure, Wolverine remained in X-Men. The character's growing popularity led to a solo, four-issue, Wolverine (September – December 1982), by Claremont and Frank Miller, followed by the six-issue Kitty Pryde and Wolverine by Claremont and Al Milgrom (November 1984 – April 1985). Marvel launched an ongoing solo book written by Claremont with art by John Buscema in November 1988. It ran for 189 issues. Larry Hama later took over the series and had an extensive run. Other writers who wrote for the two Wolverine ongoing series include Peter David, Archie Goodwin, Erik Larsen, Frank Tieri, Greg Rucka, Mark Millar, and Gregg Hurwitz. Many artists have also worked on the series, including John Byrne, Marc Silvestri, Mark Texeira, Adam Kubert, Leinil Francis Yu, Rob Liefeld, Sean Chen, Darick Robertson, John Romita, Jr., and Humberto Ramos. During the 1990s, the character was revealed to have bone claws, after his adamantium is ripped out by Magneto in X-Men #25, which was inspired by a passing joke of Peter David's.[16]
In addition to the Wolverine series and appearances in the various X-Men series, two other storylines expand upon the character's past: "Weapon X", by writer-artist Barry Windsor-Smith, serialized in Marvel Comics Presents #72-84 (1991); and Origin, a six-issue limited series by co-writers Joe Quesada, Paul Jenkins, and Bill Jemas and artist Andy Kubert (November 2001 – July 2002). A second solo series, Wolverine: Origins, written by Daniel Way with art by Steve Dillon, spun off of, and runs concurrently with, the second Wolverine solo series.
Wolverine appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010-2013 Avengers series, from issue #1 (July 2010) through its final issue #34 (January 2013). Wolverine appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010-2013 New Avengers series, from issue #1 (August 2010) through issue #31 (December 2012); he does not appear in the final few issues of the series, which ended with issue #34 (January 2013).
Despite suggestions that co-creator Len Wein originally intended for Logan to be a mutated wolverine cub, evolved to humanoid form by the High Evolutionary,[17] Wein denies this:
" | While I readily admit that my original idea was for Wolvie's claws to extend from the backs of his gloves ... I absolutely did not ever intend to make Logan a mutated wolverine. I write stories about human beings, not evolved animals (with apologies for any story I may have written that involved the High Evolutionary). The mutated wolverine thing came about long after I was no longer involved with the book. I'm not certain if the idea was first suggested by Chris Claremont, the late, much-missed Dave Cockrum, or John Byrne when he came aboard as artist, but it most certainly did not start with me.[18] | " |
Wein has stated in a conversation with Stan Lee included on the X-Men Origins: Wolverine blu-ray special features that he has read "Ten things you did not know about Wolverine," which states that he was originally intended to be a mutated wolverine cub, and this re-kindled Wein's frustration. He again stated that he had "always known that Wolverine was a mutant."[citation needed]
In X-Men #98 (April 1976), a biological analysis of Wolverine suggests that he was in some way different from the other X-Men, and in X-Men #103, Wolverine says he does not believe in leprechauns, to which the leprechaun replies, "Maybe leprechauns don't believe in talkin' wolverines, either."[19]
In an article about the evolution of Wolverine included in a 1986 reprint of The Incredible Hulk #180-181, titled Incredible Hulk and Wolverine, Cockrum is quoted as saying that he considered having the High Evolutionary play a vital role in making Wolverine a human.[2] Writer Wein wanted Wolverine to be the age of a young adult, with superhuman strength and agility similar to Spider-Man. This changed when Wein saw Cockrum's drawing of the unmasked Wolverine as a hairy 40-year-old.[2] Wein originally intended the claws to be retractable and part of Wolverine's gloves, and both gloves and claws would be made of adamantium.[18] Chris Claremont eventually revealed that they were an integrated part of Wolverine's anatomy in X-Men #98 (April 1976). Writer Jeph Loeb used a similar origin for Wolverine in the Marvel continuity, having feral mutants be an evolved lifeform.[20]
John Byrne said in interviews and on his website that he drew a possible face for Wolverine, but then learned that Dave Cockrum had already drawn him unmasked in X-Men #98 (April 1976), long before Byrne's run on the series.[21][22] Later, Byrne used the drawing for the face of Sabretooth, an enemy of the martial artist superhero Iron Fist, whose stories Chris Claremont was writing. Byrne then had the idea of Sabretooth being Wolverine's father.[23][24] Together, Byrne and Claremont came up with Wolverine being approximately 60 years old and having served in World War II after escaping from Sabretooth, who was approximately 120 years old.[23] The plan had been for Wolverine to have been almost crushed in an accident; he would discover, when attempting to stand for the first time after recovering, that his healing factor does not work on bones, and his legs immediately break. He then spends over a decade in a hospital bed, almost going mad, when the Canadian government approaches him with the idea of replacing his skeleton one bone at a time with adamantium, the claws being a surprise. This origin, too, was never used.
As shown in the 2001–2002 miniseries Origin, Wolverine was born as James Howlett in Alberta, Canada, in the late 1880s, to rich farm owners John and Elizabeth Howlett.[25] As the Origin miniseries insinuates and the Wolverine Goes to Hell story fully reveals, however, he is actually the illegitimate son of the Howlett's groundskeeper, Thomas Logan.[26] After being thrown off of the Howlett's property for violent actions perpetrated by his other son, named simply Dog, Thomas returns to the Howlett manor and kills John Howlett. In retaliation, young James kills Thomas with bone claws that emerge from the back of his hands and is cast out by his mother (who then kills herself).[27] His grandfather sends him away with his childhood companion, Rose (who closely resembles Jean Grey). The character grows into manhood on a mining colony in the Yukon Territory, adopting the name "Logan."[28] After accidentally killing Rose with his claws, Logan leaves the colony and lives for a time in the wilderness among wolves[29] until returning to civilization, residing with the Blackfoot Indians. Following the death of his Blackfoot lover, Silver Fox, at the hands of Sabretooth,[30] he is ushered into the Canadian military during World War I. Logan then spends some time in Madripoor, before settling in Japan, where he marries Itsu and has a son, Daken.
During World War II, Logan teams up with Captain America[31] and continues a career as a soldier-of-fortune/adventurer. He then serves with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion[32] during D-Day, and the CIA, before being recruited by Team X, a black ops unit.
As a member of Team X, Logan is given false memory implants. He continues on the team, until he is able to break free of the mental control and joins the Canadian Defense Ministry. Logan is subsequently kidnapped by the Weapon X program, where he remains captive and experimented on, until he escapes, as shown in Barry Windsor-Smith's "Weapon X" storyline which ran in Marvel Comics Presents. It is during his imprisonment by Weapon X that he has unbreakable adamantium forcibly fused onto his bones.
Logan is eventually discovered by James and Heather Hudson, who help him recover his humanity. Following his recovery, Logan, this time under the supervision of Department H, once again works as an intelligence operative for the Canadian government. Logan becomes Wolverine, one of Canada's first superheroes. In his first mission, he is dispatched to stop the destruction caused by a brawl between the Hulk and the Wendigo.[33]
Later on, Professor Charles Xavier recruits Wolverine to a new team of X-Men. Disillusioned with his Canadian intelligence work and intrigued by Xavier's offer, Logan resigns from Department H.[34] It was later revealed, however, that Professor X had wiped Logan's memories and forced him to join the X-Men after Wolverine was sent to assassinate Xavier.[35]
In X-Men #25 (1993), at the culmination of the "Fatal Attractions" crossover, the supervillain Magneto forcibly removes the adamantium from Wolverine's skeleton. This massive trauma causes his healing factor to burn out and also leads to the discovery that his claws are actually bone. Wolverine leaves the X-Men for a time, embarking on a series of adventures during which his healing factor returns, greatly increased in speed and efficiency (due to the fact that the adamantium in his bones used a considerable amount of his healing factor on a constant basis). It is also realised at this time that Wolverine constantly mutates (unlike other mutants) and that the adamantium slowed his mutation to a halt. His natural abilities such as healing factor and animalistic senses increase slowly over time. Feral by nature, Wolverine's mutation process will eventually cause him to degenerate physically into a more primitive, bestial state.[36] After his return to the X-Men, Cable's son Genesis kidnaps Wolverine and attempts to re-bond adamantium to his skeleton.[37] This is unsuccessful and causes Wolverine's mutation to accelerate out of control. He is temporarily changed into a semi-sentient beast-like form in which he gains greater physical power than ever before, at the price of part of his humanity. Eventually, the villain Apocalypse captures Wolverine, brainwashes him into becoming the Horseman Death, and successfully re-bonds adamantium to his skeleton. Wolverine overcomes Apocalypse's programming and returns to the X-Men.
In 2005, author Brian Michael Bendis had Wolverine join the Avengers. After the miniseries House of M, Wolverine regains his memories and prepares to seek out and enact vengeance on those who wronged him. In Wolverine: Origins, the character's second solo series, Wolverine discovers that he has a son named Daken, who has been brainwashed and made a living weapon by the villain Romulus, the man behind Wolverine's own brainwashing. Wolverine then makes it his mission to rescue Daken and stop Romulus from manipulating or harming anyone again.
During the events of the Messiah Complex storyline, Cyclops orders Wolverine to reform X-Force. Since then, Wolverine and the team (initially consisting of X-23, Warpath, and Wolfsbane) have starred in a new monthly title. The team was also featured in the "Messiah War" storyline, a sequel to Messiah Complex. After the events of Second Coming, Cyclops ends the X-Force program, but Wolverine continues a new X-Force team in secrecy with Angel/Archangel, Psylocke, Deadpool and Fantomex.
In 2008, writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven explored a possible future for Wolverine in an eight-issue story arc entitled "Old Man Logan" that debuted with Wolverine #66. Millar, the writer for the story, said, "It's The Dark Knight Returns for Wolverine, essentially. The big, wide, show-stopping series that plays around with the most popular Marvel character of the last forty years, a dystopian vision of the Marvel Universe and a unique look at their futures. The heroes have gone, the villains have won and we're two generations away from the Marvel we know."[38]
In X-Men #5, it is revealed that in order for Wolverine to fully infiltrate the ranks of the vampires that were attacking Utopia at the behest of Dracula's son (when Wolverine thought the vampire virus had simply bested his healing factor), Cyclops has to infect him with nanites that are capable of shutting off Wolverine's healing factor. Cyclops can activate them by merely clicking a button on a remote control device he carries with him at all times.[39]
"The Red Right Hand" is a group of people who have been wronged by Wolverine and have sworn revenge on him. They trick him into trying to save his recent girlfriend Melita Garner (who was Mystique in disguise) and then trap him in a mystical circle to send him straight to Hell. While he is in Hell, a group of demons possess Wolverine's body. The demons then attack Wraith while he is at church, then they attack Colossus. The Red Right Hand then start to kill off people that Wolverine knows, like the Silver Samurai. While in Hell, Wolverine finally confronts his biological father, Thomas Logan. He is reunited as well with various people he has either killed or died because of him, both foes (led by Sabretooth) and friends. Wolverine manages to escape from Hell with the help of Melita, Daimon Hellstrom, and the Ghost Rider.[40] However, his body is still possessed by the demons. The X-Men find out that Wolverine is possessed and decide that he should die to protect humankind, believing Wolverine would prefer to die rather than kill innocents. Wolverine is attacked on all sides by fighting the demons that still possess him and the X-Men that want him killed. He subsequently tracks down the Red Right Hand and kills their team of killers, the Mongrels. Wolverine fights his way through them only to find that the Red Right Hand's members have all committed suicide, while a pre-recorded message reveals that the Mongrels were all his illegitimate children. Unable to seek vengeance, Logan drags his children to the graves of their mothers before abandoning the world altogether.[41] Broken and depressed, Wolverine secludes himself in the frozen wilderness and travels with a pack of wolves, eating little scraps of what's left of their kills. Poachers find the pack and capture any wolves that are young enough to fight. Wolverine goes to find his pack and kills the poachers. As he debates going back to the wild and hiding in deeper seclusion, he finds injured children who the poachers were using to fight wolves for sport. Wolverine returns the children to their families only to be found by Melita and his allies who convince him to come back to civilization.[42] Sometime afterwards, the events of Fear Itself and before Schism take place.
At the beginning of the events of Schism, Cyclops thanks Wolverine for always being there for him as they seem to finally have come to a mutually spoken and understood respect for each other after years of fighting and rivalry. While at a conference for weapon control, Kid Omega (Quentin Quire) launches a psychic terrorist attack on the ambassadors present. In response, Sentinels are deployed at the conference and are disposed of by Cyclops and Wolverine. Due to growing fears of mutant threat, countries around the world begin to mobilize their Sentinel forces. As Cyclops begins to deploy X-Men around the globe to deal with the threat, Wolverine returns to Utopia to find Hope Summers and the Lights waiting for their combat training lesson. After insulting Hope's team and realizing that Idie is losing her childhood, Wolverine asks Kitty Pryde to make him a doll to give to Idie. Wolverine gives the doll to Idie and eats ice cream with her while news reports of Sentinel activity play and tensions build around Utopia. Sometime after, Kid Omega shows up on Utopia. Wolverine tries to attack Kid Omega when Cyclops stops him. While Cyclops sends a team of some of his most powerful X-Men, as well as some of the island students, to a local mutant museum exhibit as a "show of force," Wolverine goes to a local bar to sulk in his aggravation with the current situation. The new Hellfire Club attacks the exhibit and incapacitate all senior X-Men present. As Wolverine rushes to the museum to help from the bar and Cyclops flies in from Utopia, Idie asks if she should kill the Hellfire Club to help. While Wolverine protests against it profusely, Cyclops tells Idie to do what she feels is right. Idie kills almost every Hellfire Club member left to save her friends and mentors. Wolverine pops his claws at Cyclops in anger that he used a child to save the day, but restrains himself when he realizes what he is doing.[43]
From the wreckage of the museum, a sentinel begins to form. While Wolverine tries to stop the sentinel from maturing, he is thrown into the ocean. Shortly after, Wolverine swims on to Utopia and tells the mutant children that they need to leave. Cyclops tells the students to fight together and that they can beat the sentinel, but Wolverine objects to using children to fight battles. Cyclops doesn't listen and begins to prepare the students for combat. Shortly after Wolverine returns with a detonator to blow up Utopia and orders all remaining people on the island to evacuate. Cyclops and Wolverine's frustration with each other come to a head when Cyclops brings up Jean Grey saying that she never loved Wolverine and always feared him. Wolverine replies "And if she were here right now, who do you think she would be more frightened of?" The two fight each other in a rage while being attacked by the sentinel and as Wolverine claws into Cyclops visor, the students reappear on the battlefield to help them fight the sentinel. In the morning, Cyclops and Wolverine stand victorious with the students all living, but Wolverine cannot continue watching Cyclops use children as soldiers to fight these battles. Wolverine announces his departure from Utopia and indicates he will take any mutant on the island who wants to leave with him. While Wolverine does not leave as an enemy of Cyclops and his X-Men, he makes clear he wants both sides to stay out of the others business.[44]
Wolverine returns to Westchester, New York to open a new school, the "Jean Grey School for Higher Learning."[45]
After the Schism, around half of all the mutants on Utopia accompany Wolverine to Westchester to be a part of the new school. He appoints himself as the headmaster, Kitty Pryde as the co-headmistress, Hank McCoy as the vice-principal, and various other characters such as Rogue, Cannonball, Iceman, Rachel Grey, and Gambit are appointed as the school's staff. Even Toad is appointed, as a janitor. The first issue focuses on the state education board visiting to approve of their school application. As Logan and Kitty give the delegation a tour, Kade Kilgore shows up and tells Logan that he is the one who caused the Schism and he will destroy all that Logan has worked to build up.[volume & issue needed] Wolverine founded the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning, spending all the fortune that he had amassed over the years upon it. On its first day it was assaulted by the new Hellfire Club, whom had been a major force in causing the Schism of the X-Men.[volume & issue needed] Wolverine made it clear that he didn't want to lose any of the kids and fought as hard as he could against the Frankenstein Monsters whom Iceman defeated by making Ice clones of himself. Then, they were attacked by the Hellfire Club, that were in possession of a spawn of the original Krakoa.[volume & issue needed] Kid Omega who wanted to prove himself to Broo, Idie and Kid Gladiator who told him they never heard of him, reasoned with Krakoa who then joined Wolverine's X-Men.[volume & issue needed]
Wolverine, with everyone in the school, confronted the Hellfire Club and he made it clear to them to stay away from his school. As the Hellfire Club members were leaving, Krakoa almost attacked them but Logan stopped him as he had a better idea on how to deal with them. The next day Matt Murdock told Kade Kilgore that he was being sued by Wolverine for the sum of 879 million dollars for the damage he had done to the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning and if he didn't pay they would take control of his company. As the school was being rebuilt, Logan was informed that Krakoa was glad they allowed him to stay and Logan found it good to have a school ground that could fight back.[volume & issue needed]
When the Phoenix Force returned to Earth, Wolverine sided with the Avengers and went with them to Utopia to take Hope Summers into custody (as they suspected her of being the Phoenix Force's intended host). Wolverine found this particularly difficult to do as he was forced to fight those he once thought of as family.[46]
Cyclops arrived at the Jean Grey School in order to try and convince Wolverine to switch sides and become part of the X-Men once more. Wolverine was infuriated, saying Cyclops didn't get to decide who was and wasn't part of the X-Men and that Cyclops had betrayed every thing the X-Men stood for.[volume & issue needed]
After Hope's escape, Wolverine accompanies her to the Blue Area of the Moon. She promises to let Wolverine kill her if she is unable to control the Phoenix Force; her only request is that she gets the chance to control it. However, Wolverine betrays her by summoning the Avengers.[47] The Phoenix Force begins to bond with Hope, at which point she admits that she cannot contain it. She asks Wolverine to kill her, but he is prevented from doing so by Cyclops. Eventually, the Phoenix Force possesses the X-Men present on the moon, who then return to Earth, leaving Wolverine and the Avengers injured on the Blue Area of the Moon.[48]
After Avengers vs X-Men, Wolverine gave a eulogy at the funeral of Professor X, where he admitted that he wanted to kill Cyclops.[49] He visits Cyclops after Captain America persuades him to do so.[50]
Wolverine is a mutant with a number of both natural and artificial improvements to his physiology. His primary mutant power is an accelerated healing process, typically referred to as his mutant healing factor, that regenerates damaged or destroyed tissues of his body far beyond the capabilities of an ordinary human. This power facilitated the artificial improvements he was subjected to under the Weapon X program (in later comics called the Weapon Plus program), in which his skeleton was reinforced with the virtually indestructible metal adamantium.
Depictions of the speed and extent of injury to which Wolverine can heal vary. Originally, this was portrayed as accelerated healing of minor wounds,[51] but writers have steadily increased this ability over the years. After several years, Wolverine's healing factor was depicted as healing severe wounds within a matter of days or hours.[52][53] Other writers went on to increase Wolverine's healing factor to the point that it could fully regenerate nearly any damaged or destroyed bodily tissues within seconds.[54][55][56] Among the more extreme depictions of Wolverine's healing factor include fully healing after being caught near the center of an atomic explosion[57] and the total regeneration of his soft body tissue, within a matter of minutes, after having it incinerated from his skeleton.[58] An explanation is given in a recent mini-series starring Wolverine for the increase of his healing powers. In the series, Wolverine is referred to as an "adaptive self-healer" after undergoing numerous traumatic injuries to test the efficiency of his healing factor. Wolverine has endured so much trauma, and so frequently, that his healing factor has adapted, becoming faster and more efficient to cope with increasing levels of trauma.[59] It has been stated in the Xavier Protocols, a series of profiles created by Xavier that lists the strengths and weaknesses of the X-Men, that Wolverine's healing factor is increased to "incredible levels" and theorizes that the only way to stop him is to decapitate him and remove his head from the vicinity of his body.[60] It's possible for the efficiency of his healing powers to be suppressed. For example, if an object composed of carbonadium is inserted and remains lodged within his body, his healing powers are slowed dramatically though they are not fully suppressed.[61] His healing factor can also be greatly suppressed by the Muramasa blade, a katana of mystic origins that can inflict wounds that nullify superhuman healing factors.[62] His healing factor also dramatically slows his aging process, allowing him to live beyond the normal lifespan of a human. Despite being born in the late 19th century,[63] he has the appearance and vitality of a man in his physical prime. It is unknown exactly how greatly his healing factor extends his life expectancy. Though he now has all of his memories, his healing abilities can provide increased recovery from psychological trauma by suppressing memories in which he experiences profound distress.[64] In addition to accelerated healing of physical traumas, Wolverine's healing factor makes him extraordinarily resistant to diseases, drugs, and toxins. However, he can still suffer the immediate effects of such substances in massive quantities; he has been shown to become intoxicated after significant amounts of alcohol,[65] and has been incapacitated on several occasions with large amounts of powerful drugs and poisons;[66] S.H.I.E.L.D. once managed to keep Wolverine anesthetized by constantly pumping eighty milliliters of anesthetic a minute into his system.[67]
Although his body heals, the healing factor does not suppress the pain he endures while injured.[68] Wolverine also admits to feeling phantom pains for weeks or months after healing from his injuries.[volume & issue needed] He does not enjoy being hurt and sometimes has to work himself up for situations where extreme pain is certain.[69][70] Wolverine, on occasion, has deliberately injured himself or allowed himself to be injured for varying reasons, including freeing himself from capture,[71] intimidation,[72] strategy,[73] or simply indulging his feral nature.[74][75][76]
Wolverine's mutation also consists of animal-like adaptations of his body, including pronounced, and sharp fang-like canines and three retractable claws housed within each forearm. While originally depicted as bionic implants created by the Weapon X program,[77] the claws are later revealed to be a natural part of his body.[78] The claws are not made of keratin, as claws tend to be in the animal kingdom, but extremely dense bone. With their adamantium coating, the claws can cut substances as durable as most metals, wood, and some varieties of stone. They can also be used to block attacks or projectiles, as well as dig into surfaces allowing Wolverine to climb structures.[79] Wolverine's hands do not have openings for the claws to move through: they cut through his flesh every time he extrudes them, with occasional references implying that he feels a brief moment of slight pain in his hands when he unsheathes them.[80]
On more than one occasion, Wolverine's entire skeleton, including his claws, has been molecularly infused with adamantium. Due to their coating, his claws can cut almost any known solid material. The only known exceptions are adamantium itself and Captain America's shield, which is made out of an iron-vibranium alloy. Vibranium alone is not comparable in terms of durability with adamantium, seeing as Colossus has broken it. Wolverine's ability to slice completely through a substance depends upon both the amount of force he can exert and the thickness of the substance. The adamantium also weights his blows, increasing the effectiveness of his offensive capabilities.[52] However, this also makes him exceptionally susceptible to magnetic based attacks.[81] Also, while the adamantium is in his body his healing factor must work constantly to prevent the metal poisoning from killing him, with the result that his ability to heal is slightly lessened compared to what he would be capable of normally.
Wolverine's healing factor also affects a number of his physical attributes by increasing them to superhuman levels. His stamina is sufficiently heightened to the point he can exert himself for numerous hours, even after exposure to powerful tranquilizers.[82] Wolverine's agility and reflexes are also enhanced to levels that are beyond the physical limits of the finest human athlete.[83][84] Due to his healing factor's constant regenerative qualities, he can push his muscles beyond the limits of the human body without injury.[85] This, coupled by the constant demand placed on his muscles by over one hundred pounds of adamantium,[86] grants him some degree of superhuman strength. Since the presence of the adamantium negates the natural structural limits of his bones, he can lift or move weight that would otherwise damage a human skeleton.[84] He has been depicted breaking steel chains,[87][88][89][90] lifting several men above his head with one arm and throwing them through a wall[85] and lifting Ursa Major (in grizzly bear form) over his head before tossing him across a room.[91]
It was recently revealed that, when Wolverine is injured so seriously that his body actually dies before his healing factor can repair the damage, he returns to life by fighting with Azrael, the Angel of Death, while trapped in Purgatory, due to Wolverine defeating Azrael in combat in the real world during the First World War.[92] However, after Wolverine's soul was damaged following his resurrection and brainwashing by the Hand, he made a new deal with Azrael to repair the damage that had been done to his soul that negated their previous arrangement, with the result that, the next time Wolverine sustains death-inducing injuries, he will remain dead, and his healing factor has apparently been slightly weakened in the process.[93]
Wolverine's senses of sight, smell, and hearing are all superhumanly acute. He can see with perfect clarity at greater distances than an ordinary human, even in near-total darkness. His hearing is enhanced in a similar manner, allowing him to both hear sounds ordinary humans cannot and also hear to greater distances. Wolverine is able to use his sense of smell to track targets by scent, even if the scent has been eroded somewhat over time by natural factors. This sense also allows him to identify shapeshifting mutants despite other forms they may take.[94] He is also able to use his senses of smell and hearing, through concentration, as a type of natural lie detector, such as detecting a faint change in a person's heartbeat and scent due to perspiration when a lie is told.[95]
Due to a combination of his healing factor and high level psionic shields implanted by Professor Xavier, Wolverine's mind is highly resistant to telepathic assault and probing.[96] Wolverine's mind also possesses what he refers to as "mental scar tissue" created by all of the traumatic events over the course of his life. It acts as a type of natural defense, even against a psychic as powerful as Emma Frost.[97]
During his time in Japan and other countries, Wolverine becomes a master of virtually all forms of martial arts and is experienced in virtually every fighting style on Earth. He is proficient with most weaponry, including firearms, though he is partial to bladed weapons. He has demonstrated sufficient skills to defeat the likes of Shang-Chi[98] and Captain America[99] in single combat. He also has a wide knowledge of the body and pressure points.[100] He is also an accomplished pilot and highly skilled in the field of espionage and covert operations.[citation needed]
Wolverine will sometimes lapse into a "berserker rage" while in close combat. In this state he lashes out with the intensity and aggression of an enraged animal and is even more resistant to psionic attack.[101] Though he loathes it, he acknowledges that it has saved his life many times, it being most notably useful when he faced the telepathic 'Mister X', as X's ability to read his mind and predict his next move in a fight was useless in a berserk state as not even Wolverine knows what he will do next in this state.[volume & issue needed] Despite his apparent ease at taking lives, he does not enjoy killing or giving in to his berserker rages. Logan adheres to a firm code of personal honor and morality.[102]
In contrast to his brutish nature, Wolverine is extremely knowledgeable. Due to his increased lifespan, he has traveled around the world and amassed extensive knowledge of foreign languages and cultures. He is fluent in English, Japanese, Russian, Chinese, Cheyenne, Spanish, Arabic, and Lakota; he also has some knowledge of French, Filipino, Thai, Vietnamese, German, Italian, Portuguese, Korean, Hindi, and Persian.[103][104] When Forge monitors Wolverine's vitals during a Danger Room training session, he calls Logan's physical and mental state "equivalent of an Olympic-level gymnast performing a gold medal routine while simultaneously beating four chess computers in his head."[94] Much to Professor Xavier's disapproval, Wolverine is also a heavy drinker and smoker - his healing powers negate the long term effects of alcohol and tobacco and allow him to indulge in prolonged binges.
Wolverine is frequently depicted as a gruff loner, often taking leave from the X-Men to deal with personal issues or problems. He is often irreverent and rebellious towards authority figures, though he is a reliable ally and capable leader. He has been a mentor and father figure to several younger women, especially Jubilee, Rogue, Kitty Pryde and X-23, and has had romantic relationships with numerous women (most notably Mariko Yashida[105]), as well as a mutual,[106] but unfulfilled attraction to Jean Grey, leading to jealous run-ins with her boyfriend (and later husband), Scott Summers. He also married Viper as part of a debt,[107] and then later divorced her.[108] When Squirrel Girl is hired as a nanny for the daughter of Luke Cage and Jessica Jones, Wolverine reveals that he and Squirrel Girl had a relationship at some point in the past, and she uses his given name, James, indicating she knew him at some point when he was aware of his birth name. According to Wolverine, the relationship ended with the two agreeing never to see each other again, but Squirrel Girl stated she hopes they "can be professional" during her tenure as nanny.[109]
As one of Marvel's flagship characters, Wolverine has seen many adaptations and re-imaginings. For example, an issue of Exiles featured a planet of Wolverines. In the Marvel Mangaverse, Wolverine is even the founder of the X-Men. In Marvel Zombies, Wolverine appears zombified alongside Marvel's other major players. The Ultimate Marvel line of comics sought to ingrain Wolverine into its Ultimate X-Men title from the onset. The "Old Man Logan" storyline is set in an alternate timeline 50 years into the future where the world's superhuman heroes are dead; Wolverine has aged considerably and has become a pacifist.
Wolverine is one of the very few X-Men characters to be included in every media adaptation of the X-Men franchise, including film, television, and computer and video games, and he has also starred in his own video games (e.g., X2: Wolverine's Revenge and X-Men Origins: Wolverine).
Marvel Animation has completed the first and only season of the animated series, Wolverine and the X-Men, in which Wolverine leads the X-Men while Charles Xavier and Jean Grey are missing. The series aired the full first season in Canada and the U.S. (aired on Nickelodeon's Nicktoons channel). An anime series based on Wolverine began airing on January 7, 2011 as part of a 4-part collaboration between Marvel Animation and Madhouse called Marvel Anime.[110]
20th Century Fox, in association with Marvel Studios, released an X-Men spin-off movie based on Wolverine, titled X-Men Origins: Wolverine, which stars Hugh Jackman returning as the title character. Gavin Hood directed the film, which was released in North America on May 1, 2009, and in Australia, the United Kingdom, and France on April 29, 2009. Troye Mellet plays the young Wolverine.[111] The film chronicles Wolverine's metamorphosis from a sickly child in 19th century Canada discovering he is a mutant to his time in the army with his half-brother Victor Creed/Sabretooth, and then explores how they gradually came to be enemies. William Stryker and Victor Creed are the main antagonists in the film and are played by Danny Huston and Liev Schreiber, respectively. Another film went into development in 2009.[112] Titled The Wolverine, the film will be based on Wolverine's exploits in Japan and will be modeled after Chris Claremont and Frank Miller's 1982 limited series on the character. It is not stated to be a sequel, but rather a standalone story from X-Men Origins: Wolverine.[113] Jackman has an uncredited cameo as Wolverine in the 2011 prequel film X-Men: First Class, in which he is nearly recruited by Charles Xavier and Erik Lensherr into the X-Men in a brief bar scene, but simply snaps "go fuck yourself" without even looking the men in the face.[114]
In the game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, Wolverine stars as one of the four main heroes, with the others being Spider-Man, Captain America, and Thor. He is also a playable character in the games X-Men Legends, X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, and many others. (See List of X-Men video games for more details.)
Wolverine appears in the Spider-Woman motion comics.[citation needed] In this series, he is voiced by Jeffrey Hedquist.
Wolverine | Wolverine #1-4; Uncanny X-Men #172-173 | March 2009 January 2007 | SC: 978-0785137245 HC: 978-0785123293 |
The Best of Wolverine, Vol. 1 | Wolverine #1-4; Marvel Comics Presents #72-84; The Incredible Hulk #181; Uncanny X-Men #205; Captain America Annual #8 | October 2004 | 978-0785113706 |
Wolverine Omnibus, Vol. 1 | Wolverine #1-4; Wolverine vol. 2, #1-10; Marvel Comics Presents #1-10, 72-84; The Incredible Hulk #180-182, 340; Marvel Treasury Edition #26; Best of Marvel Comics (HC); Kitty Pryde and Wolverine #1-6; Spider-Man vs. Wolverine #1; Marvel Age Annual #4; Punisher War Journal #6-7; Uncanny X-Men #172-173 | April 2009 | 978-0785134770 |
Wolverine Classic, Vol. 1 | Wolverine vol. 2, #1-5 | April 2005 | 978-0785117971 |
Wolverine Classic, Vol. 2 | Wolverine vol. 2, #6-10 | September 2005 | 978-0785118770 |
Wolverine Classic, Vol. 3 | Wolverine vol. 2, #11-16 | May 2006 | 978-0785120537 |
Wolverine Classic, Vol. 4 | Wolverine vol. 2, #17-23 | September 2006 | 978-0785120544 |
Wolverine Classic, Vol. 5 | Wolverine vol. 2, #24-30 | September 2007 | 978-0785127390 |
Essential Wolverine, Vol. 1 (b&w) | Wolverine vol. 2, #1-23 | February 2009 | 978-0785135661 |
Essential Wolverine, Vol. 2 (b&w) | Wolverine vol. 2, #24-47 | March 2002 | 978-0785105503 |
Essential Wolverine, Vol. 3 (b&w) | Wolverine vol. 2, #48-69 | March 2002 | 978-0785105954 |
Essential Wolverine, Vol. 4 (b&w) | Wolverine vol. 2, #70-90 | May 2006 | 978-0785120599 |
Essential Wolverine, Vol. 5 (b&w) | Wolverine vol. 2, #91-110, Annual '96; Uncanny X-Men #332 | December 2008 | 978-0785130772 |
Essential Wolverine, Vol. 6 (b&w) | Wolverine vol. 2, #111-128, -1, 1997 Annual | November 2012 | 978-0785163527 |
Wolverine Legends, Vol. 6: Marc Silvestri | Wolverine vol. 2, #31-34, 41-42, 48-50 | May 2004 | 978-0785109525 |
Wolverine: Not Dead Yet | Wolverine vol. 2, #119-122 | December 1998 May 2009 | SC: 978-0785107040 HC: 978-0785137665 |
X-Men vs. Apocalypse, Vol. 1: The Twelve | Wolverine vol. 2, #146-147; Cable #73-76; Uncanny X-Men #376-377; X-Men #96-97 | March 2008 | 978-0785122630 |
X-Men vs. Apocalypse; Vol. 2: Ages of Apocalypse | Wolverine vol. 2, #148; Cable #77; Uncanny X-Men #378, Annual '99; X-51 #8; X-Men #98; X-Men Unlimited #26; X-Men: The Search for Cyclops #1-4 | September 2008 | 978-0785122647 |
Wolverine: Blood Debt | Wolverine vol. 2, #150-153 | July 2001 | 978-0785107859 |
Wolverine: The Best There Is | Wolverine vol. 2, #159-161, 167-169 | September 2002 | 978-0785110071 |
Wolverine/Deadpool: Weapon X | Wolverine vol. 2, #162-166; Deadpool #57-60 | August 2002 | 978-0785109181 |
Wolverine Legends, Vol. 3: Law of the Jungle | Wolverine vol. 2, #181-186 | March 2003 | 978-0785111351 |
Wolverine, Vol. 1: The Brotherhood | Wolverine vol. 3, #1-6 | February 2004 | 978-0785111368 |
Wolverine, Vol. 2: Coyote Crossing | Wolverine vol. 3, #7-11 | May 2004 | 978-0785111375 |
Wolverine, Vol. 3: Return of the Native | Wolverine vol. 3, #12-19 | October 2004 | 978-0785113973 |
Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Vol. 1 | Wolverine vol. 3, #20-25 | October 2006 May 2005 | SC: 978-0785114925 HC: 978-0785118152 |
Wolverine: Enemy of the State, Vol. 2 | Wolverine vol. 3, #26-32 | June 2006 December 2005 | SC: 978-0785116271 HC: 978-0785119265 |
Wolverine: Enemy of the State Ultimate Collection | Wolverine vol. 3, #20-32 | June 2008 October 2006 | SC: 978-0785133018 HC: 978-0785122067 |
House of M: World of M, Featuring Wolverine | Wolverine vol. 3, #33-35; Black Panther vol. 4, #7; Captain America vol. 5, #10; The Pulse #10 | March 2006 | 978-0785119227 |
Wolverine: Origins and Endings | Wolverine vol. 3, #36-40 | December 2006 May 2006 | SC: 978-0785119791 HC: 978-0785119777 |
Wolverine: Blood and Sorrow | Wolverine vol. 3, #41, 49; Giant-Size Wolverine #1; X-Men Unlimited #12 | July 2007 | 978-0785126072 |
Wolverine: Civil War | Wolverine vol. 3, #42-48 | May 2007 | 978-0785119807 |
Wolverine: Evolution | Wolverine vol. 3, #50-55 | March 2008 November 2007 | SC: 978-0785122562 HC: 978-0785122555 |
Wolverine: The Death of Wolverine | Wolverine vol. 3, #56-61 | July 2008 April 2008 | SC: 978-0785126126 HC: 978-0785126119 |
Wolverine: Get Mystique | Wolverine vol. 3, #62-65 | August 2008 | 978-0785129639 |
Wolverine: Old Man Logan | Wolverine vol. 3, #66-72; Wolverine: Old Man Logan Giant-Size | September 2010 October 2009 | SC: 978-0785131724 HC: 978-0785131595 |
Dark Wolverine, Vol. 1: The Prince | Wolverine vol. 3, #73-74 (back stories); Dark Wolverine #75-77 | March 2010 November 2009 | SC: 978-0785138662 HC: 978-0785139003 |
Dark Wolverine, Vol. 2: My Hero | Dark Wolverine vol. 3, #78-81 | March 2010 | SC: 978-0785138679 HC: 978-0785139775 |
Wolverine Goes to Hell | Wolverine vol. 4, #1-5 | January 2011 February 2011 | SC: 978-0785147855 HC: 978-0785147848 |
Wolverine Vs. The X-Men | Wolverine vol. 4, #6-9 & 5.1 | June 2011 | SC: 978-0785147879 HC: 978-0785147862 |
Wolverine's Revenge | Wolverine vol. 4, #10-16 | November 2011 | SC: 978-0785152792 HC: 978-0785152798 |
Wolverine: Goodbye, Chinatown | Wolverine vol. 4, #17-20 | April 2012 | HC: 978-0785161417 |
Wolverine: Back in Japan | Wolverine #300-304 | July 2012 | HC: 978-0785161431 |
Wolverine: Rot | Wolverine #305-309 | September 2012 | HC: 978-0785161455 |
Wolverine: Sabretooth Reborn | Wolverine #310-313 | February 2013 | HC: 978-0785163251 |
Wolverine: Covenant | Wolverine #314-317 | April 2013 | TPB: 978-0785164678 |
Title | Material collected | Publication date | ISBN |
Marvel Comics Presents: Wolverine, Vol. 1 | Marvel Comics Presents #1-10 | July 2005 | 978-0-7851-1826-8 |
Marvel Comics Presents: Wolverine, Vol. 2 | Marvel Comics Presents #39-50 | January 2006 | 978-0-7851-1883-1 |
Marvel Comics Presents: Wolverine, Vol. 3 | Marvel Comics Presents #51-61 | June 2006 | 978-0-7851-2065-0 |
Marvel Comics Presents: Wolverine, Vol. 4 | Marvel Comics Presents #62-71 | December 2006 | 978-0-7851-2066-7 |
Wolverine: Weapon X | Marvel Comics Presents #72-84 | March 2009 March 2007 | SC: 978-0-7851-3726-9 HC: 978-0785123279 |
Wolverine: Blood Hungry | Marvel Comics Presents #85-92 | December 1993 | 978-0-7851-0003-4 |
Wolverine: Typhoid's Kiss | Marvel Comics Presents #109-116 | May 1994 | 978-0-7851-0056-0 |
Title | Material collected | Publication date | ISBN |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 1: Born in Blood | Wolverine: Origins #1-5 | April 2007 November 2006 | SC: 978-0-7851-2287-6 HC: 978-0785122852 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 2: Savior | Wolverine: Origins #6-10 | October 2007 March 2007 | SC: 978-0-7851-2288-3 HC: 978-0785122869 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 3: Swift and Terrible | Wolverine: Origins #11-15 | November 2007 August 2007 | SC: 978-0-7851-2613-3 HC: 978-0785126379 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 4: Our War | Wolverine: Origins #16-20, Annual #1 | June 2008 February 2008 | SC: 978-0-7851-2614-0 HC: 978-0785126386 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 5: Deadpool | Wolverine: Origins #21-27 | December 2008 September 2008 | SC: 978-0-7851-2615-7 HC: 978-0785126393 |
X-Men: Original Sin | Wolverine: Origins #28-30; X-Men: Original Sin; X-Men: Legacy #217-218 | August 2009 February 2009 | SC: 978-0-7851-2956-1 HC: 978-0785130383 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 6: Dark Reign | Wolverine: Origins #31-36 | December 2009 September 2009 | SC: 978-0-7851-3538-8 HC: 978-0785136286 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 7: Romulus | Wolverine: Origins #37-40 | April 2010 December 2009 | SC: 978-0785135395 HC: 978-0-7851-3629-3 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 8: Seven the Hard Way | Wolverine: Origins #41-45 | September 2010 April 2010 | SC: 978-0-7851-4649-0 HC: 978-0785146483 |
Wolverine: Origins, Vol. 9: The Reckoning | Wolverine: Origins #46-50; Dark Wolverine #85-87 | October 2010 | HC: 978-0785139782 |
Title | Material collected | Publication date | ISBN |
Wolverine: First Class - The Rookie | Wolverine: First Class #1-4; The Incredible Hulk #181 | October 2008 | 978-0-7851-3316-2 |
Wolverine: First Class - To Russia With Love | Wolverine: First Class #5-8 | February 2009 | 978-0-7851-3317-9 |
Wolverine: First Class - Wolverine by Night | Wolverine: First Class #9-12 | April 2009 | 978-0-7851-3534-0 |
Wolverine: First Class - Ninjas, Gods and Divas | Wolverine: First Class #13-16; X-Men and Power Pack #1 | August 2009 | 978-0-7851-3535-7 |
Wolverine: First Class - Class Actions | Wolverine: First Class #17-21 | February 2010 | 978-0-7851-3678-1 |
Title | Material collected | Publication date | ISBN |
Wolverine Legends, Vol. 2: Meltdown | Havok and Wolverine: Meltdown #1-4 | March 2003 | 978-0785110484 |
Wolverine: Origin | Origin #1-6 | March 2006 October 2006 | SC: 978-0785137276 HC: 978-0785123286 |
Wolverine: The End | Wolverine: The End #1-6 | May 2007 | 978-0-7851-1349-2 |
Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk | Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk #1-6 | May 2010 October 2009 | SC: 978-0785141570 HC: 978-0785140139 |
Wolverine: Weapon X, Vol. 1: The Adamantium Men | Wolverine: Weapon X #1-5; Wolverine vol. 3, #73-74 | April 2010 November 2009 | SC: 978-0785141112 HC: 978-0785140177 |
Wolverine: Weapon X, Vol. 2: Insane in the Brain | Wolverine: Weapon X #6-10 | July 2010 March 2010 | SC: 978-0785141129 HC: 978-0785140184 |
Wolverine: Weapon X, Vol. 3: Tomorrow Dies Today | Wolverine: Weapon X #11-16; Dark Reign: The List - Wolverine | October 2010 March 2011 | SC: 978-0785146513 HC: 978-0785146506 |
X-Men: Wolverine/Gambit | Wolverine/Gambit: Victims #1-4 | June 2002 November 2009 | SC: 978-0785108962 HC: 978-0785138020 |
Wolverine: Flies to a Spider | Wolverine: Chop Shop; Wolverine: Switchback; Wolverine Holiday Special: Flies to a Spider; Wolverine: Dead Man's Hand | August 2009 | 978-0785135692 |
Wolverine Noir | Wolverine Noir #1-4 | May 2010 November 2009 | SC: 978-0785135470 HC: 978-0785139454 |
Weapon X: Days of Future Now | Weapon X: Days of Future Now #1-5 | February 2006 | 978-0785117490 |
Wolverine/Black Cat: Claws | Wolverine/Black Cat #1-3 | February 2010 February 2007 | SC: 978-0785142850 HC: 978-0785118503 |
Hulk/Wolverine: 6 Hours | Hulk/Wolverine: 6 Hours #1-4; The Incredible Hulk #181 | May 2003 | 978-0785111573 |
Marvel Platinum: The Definitive Wolverine | Origin #2; Marvel Comics Presents #79; Incredible Hulk #181; Uncanny X-Men #109; Wolverine #1-4; Spider-Man vs. Wolverine #1; X-Men #25; Wolverine #75, #145 | April 2009 | 978-1-84653-409-6 |
Wolverine: Logan | Logan #1-3 | April 2009 September 2008 | SC: 978-0785134145 HC: 978-0785134251 |


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Meireles' punishment reduced to 4-game ban |
ISTANBUL (AP) -Turkey's football arbitration board has reduced a ban on Fenerbahce midfielder Raul Meireles from 11 games to four on appeal.
The Portugal international and former Chelsea player was punished last week for allegedly spitting at the referee and insulting him during a derby against archrival Galatasaray - accusations Meireles and Fenerbahce strongly denied.
The Turkish Football Federation's arbitration board on Thursday upheld Meireles' three-match ban for insulting the referee and slapped an additional one-match suspension for unsportsmanlike conduct. It ruled however, that the player could not have deliberately spat at the referee.
The arbitration board said its ruling came after it viewed video footage of Meireles arguing with the referee, from different angles.
Meireles was separately given a one-match suspension for being sent off during the game.
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I have connected my Samsung Galaxy Y mobile with Windows XP (64 bit) operating system. It is asking me to install the CDC ACM Data. I have selected the 'install automatically' option, but it is saying that it can't install the software. Where can I find the software? I have searched a lot.
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Reddit finds lost dog, Internet says 'aww'
When most people lose a dog, they put up posters, call the local animal shelters, and perhaps post an ad on Craigslist. Reddit contributor p1percub turned to the massive online community earlier this week and posted to the Houston subreddit with a plea for help.
Jack the pit/lab mix got away from p1percub, ran into the street, was hit by a truck, and took off at a pace the redditor couldn't keep up with. She posted an Imgur photo that generated nearly 40,000 views. Local redditors got busy sharing the image around, creating a digital dragnet for the lost pooch.… Read more


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1 OWNER TRANS AM, ONLY 56,000 MILES, 301 ENGINE, WITH AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION,NEEDS RESTORE, BUT A GREAT HEALTHY RUNNING AND DRIVING CAR-RECENT NEW EXHAUST INSTALLED-WE... More
Just in! Call or visit our website for more information.... More
Deluxe Torpedo Six, rare Metro Sedan. Older restoration, started re-restoration, can't finish. Drives well, needs paint, finish minor body work (rockers), finish rear wiring. Wide... More
1936 Pontiac Silver Streak Car needs restored, but everything is there to put it together. The metal is very solid. The car has a... More
This 2005 Pontiac Sunfire 2dr Coupe features a 2.2L L4 MPI DOHC 4cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a Automatic transmission. The vehicle... More
S#609A CANADIAN PONTIAC; 1962 (LAURENTIAN) 2 DOOR HARD TOP; A THREE SPEED 6 CYL! LOVER ALL THIS IS A STRAIGHT GOOD RUNNING DRIVING CAR. AS IT SITS A GOOD DAILY DRIVER; OR IF... More
This trans am is from the western part of south dakota and is a very dry car. If you are looking for a Trans... More
1987 Pontiac Fiero GT - 109,000 miles. 2.8L V6 engine. 5 speed stick shift. Good shape, Clear title in hand. The good: Removable tinted Sunroof. rear spoiler, front hood scoop Flow... More
1951 Pontiac 4door with clean Il. title. Lots of work done to this beast. Here is what she has: Up front its a 73... More
1967 Pontiac Tempest four door sedan,a solid Midwestern car,with a decent appearance,that runs and drives reliably, with the 326 V8 and two speed automatic... More
PONTIACS: 1967 Catalina convertible, 400, runs well, restoration project, many extra parts, $2,900 firm; also (2) 1968 Bonneville convertibles, parts or projects, $1,000 each.... More
PONTIACS: 1964 Grand Prix 2-door, less motor, very little rust, $3,300 obo; 62 Pontiac Tempest convertible, less transmission, very little rust, $2,500 obo. 801-865-6221,... More
PONTIACS: 1974 Grandville convertible, 400, runs and drives, needs restoration, $3,400; 1973 Grandville convertible, runs and yard drives, needs restoration, $2,500; 1973 convertible parts... More
PONTIAC: 1962 Catalina 2-door hardtop, 389, automatic, $4,500; 421 complete motor, $3,500; aluminum 2-4 intake with carbs, $500; will separate. 803-276-7314, SC.... More
LeMANS: 1968 convertible, solid body and floors, V8 auto, ps, a/c, buckets, not running, needs restoration, $4,995 obo. 405-392-3447, OK; www.okoldies.com... More


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NEW YORK (AP) - The stock market had its biggest drop in two months on Monday, led by a decline in energy stocks as the price of crude oil slumped. The retreat continued a weak start to the year on the U.S. stock market.
WASHINGTON (AP) - Senate Republicans and Democrats are squabbling publicly over legislation to resurrect federal unemployment benefits, at the same time they privately discuss possible steps toward compromise.
A Southwest Airlines flight bound for the main airport in Branson, Mo., instead touched down at a much smaller nearby airfield that gave the pilots only half as much room to stop.
NEW YORK (AP) - Target's pre-Christmas security breach was significantly more extensive and affected millions more shoppers than the company reported last month.
WASHINGTON (AP) - In a move that some fear could compromise care for Medicare recipients, the Obama administration is proposing to remove special protections that guarantee seniors access to a wide selection of three types of drugs.
ALTOONA, Pa. (AP) - Authorities say a man stole 12 bottles of hand sanitizer from a central Pennsylvania hospital so he could mix it with orange juice and drink it for the alcohol it contained.
RICHMOND, Va. (AP) - The nation's tobacco companies and the Justice Department have reached an agreement on publishing corrective statements that say the companies lied about the dangers of smoking and requires them to disclose smoking's health effects.
WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. employers added a scant 74,000 jobs in December, the fewest in three years. The disappointing figure ends 2013 on a weak note and raises questions about whether the job market can sustain its recent gains.
WASHINGTON (AP) - Students at the U.S. military academies often believe they have to put up with sexist and offensive behavior, a Pentagon report finds, reflecting a culture of disrespect that permeates the schools and their sports teams and fuels reports of sexual harassment and assaults.
SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) - A reward of up to $12,500 is being offered for information leading to the arrest of whoever killed Savannah State University student Rebecca Foley.
NEW YORK (AP) - Weak earnings from Pfizer and other companies dragged down major market indexes Monday, pulling the Standard & Poor's 500 back from a record high.
WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. home prices rose 9.3 percent in February compared with a year ago, the most in nearly seven years. The gains were driven by a growing number of buyers who bid on a limited supply of homes.
ATHENS, Ga. (AP) - The University of Georgia will ban backpacks in the school's football stadium during its commencement ceremony on May 10.
NORTH KINGSTOWN, R.I. (AP) - FBI agents investigating the Boston Marathon bombings have visited the Rhode Island home of Tamerlan Tsarnaev's (TAM'-ehr-luhn tsahr-NEYE'-ehv) in-laws and carried away several bags.
NEW YORK (AP) - Technology companies led the Standard & Poor's 500 index to an all-time closing high Monday.
WASHINGTON (AP) - The Veterans Affairs Department is withholding bonuses for senior officials who oversee disability claims, citing a failure to meet performance goals for reducing a sizable backlog in claims processing.
HAMPTON, Ga. (AP) - Gov. Nathan Deal has signed a bill into law that makes changes to a tax break program aimed at boosting Georgia tourism.
WASHINGTON (AP) - Despite what you may have heard, China isn't the country's biggest creditor. America is.
ATLANTA (AP) - City leaders and organizers of the upcoming AJC Peachtree Road Race say they will be taking enhanced security measures for the annual race in the wake of the bombings at the Boston marathon.
OXFORD, Miss. (AP) - A Mississippi man charged with making a deadly poison sent to President Barack Obama and others was ordered held without bond until a hearing later this week when prosecutors are expected to describe what evidence they have against him
PHILADELPHIA (AP) - A lawyer for the co-defendant of a Philadelphia abortion doctor says prosecutors didn't prove their case against her.
MONTREAL (AP) - The trial of a former porn actor accused of dismembering his Chinese lover and mailing the body parts to Canadian political parties will begin in September 2014.
MARIETTA, Ga. (AP) - One by one they came on foot, a steady stream of pilgrims, from shortly after dawn and continuing until the clouds closed in, threatening to send showers washing over the mildew-stained gravestones at Marietta City Cemetery.
NEW YORK (AP) - A pair of encouraging economic reports helped propel the stock market up in early trading on Monday.


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(based on 2 reviews)
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(5 of 6 customers found this review helpful)
power cooker
By Moe
from lynn haven fl
About Me Avid Cook
Best Uses
Comments about Power Cooker:
the instructions leave a lot to desire. most people could not figure out how to use it.
(10 of 10 customers found this review helpful)
Wonderful Find and Time Saver
By Dustiroze
from Georgia
Cook special meals perfectly. Easy to use. Cleans up great. Keeps food warm after cooking is finished. Only thing, wish the manual told more about how to use it but I am good at figuring out stuff so no problem for me.
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