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This article is a translation-work in progress of the Bilbao article from Spanish to English. If you are confident enough in your competence of Spanish and English, you can help Wikipedia by assisting in the translation. |
Bilbao Bilbo (Basque) Bilbao (Spanish) |
Municipality | |||
Clockwise from top: Panorama from mount Artxanda, church of San Antón, Bilbao Guggenheim Museum, Fosterito, and Euskalduna Palace |
Nickname(s): el botxo | |||
Coordinates: 43°15′25″N 2°55′25″W / 43.25694°N 2.92361°WCoordinates: 43°15′25″N 2°55′25″W / 43.25694°N 2.92361°W | |||
Country | Spain | ||
Autonomous community | Basque Country | ||
Province | Biscay | ||
Comarca | Greater Bilbao | ||
Founded | 15 June 1300 | ||
Government | |||
• Type | Mayor-Council | ||
• Mayor | Iñaki Azkuna (PNV) | ||
Area | |||
• Municipality | 40.65 km2 (15.70 sq mi) | ||
• Urban | 17.35 km2 (6.70 sq mi) | ||
• Rural | 23.30 km2 (9.00 sq mi) | ||
Elevation | 19 m (62 ft) | ||
Highest elevation | 689 m (2,260 ft) | ||
Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | ||
Population (2013) | |||
• Municipality | 367,890 | ||
• Density | 9,100/km2 (23,000/sq mi) | ||
• Metro | 950,155 | ||
Demonym | Basque: Bilbotarra Spanish: Bilbaíno, Bilbaína |
Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
• Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
Postal code | 48001 – 48015 | ||
Dialing code | +34 94 | ||
Official language(s) | Basque, Spanish | ||
Website | Official website |
Bilbao (/bɪlˈbaʊ/, /bɪlˈbɑːoʊ/;[1] Spanish: [bilˈβao]; Basque: Bilbo [bilβo]) is a municipality and city in Spain, the capital of the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. With a population of 353,187 as of 2010[update],[2] it is the largest city of its autonomous community and the tenth largest in Spain. With roughly 1 million inhabitants,[3][4][5] Bilbao lies within one of the most populous metropolitan areas in northern Spain. The Bilbao metropolitan area includes the comarca of Greater Bilbao (875,552)[6] making it the fifth-largest urban area in Spain.
Bilbao is situated in the north-central part of Spain, some 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the Bay of Biscay, where the estuary of Bilbao is formed. Its main urban core is surrounded by two small mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft).[7]
Since its foundation in the early 14th century by Diego López V de Haro, head of the powerful Haro family, Bilbao was a commercial hub that enjoyed significant importance in the Green Spain, mainly thanks to its port activity based on the export of iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries. Throughout the nineteenth century and beginnings of the twentieth, Bilbao experienced heavy industrialisation which made it the centre of the second-most industrialised region of Spain, behind Barcelona.[8][9] This was joined by an extraordinary population explosion that prompted the annexation of several adjacent municipalities. Nowadays, Bilbao is a vigorous service city that is experiencing an ongoing social, economic, and aesthetic revitalisation process, started by the iconic Bilbao Guggenheim Museum,[8][10][11][12] and continued by infrastructure investments, such as the airport terminal, the rapid transit system, the tram line, the Alhóndiga, and the currently under development Abandoibarra and Zorrozaurre renewal projects.[13]
The official name of the city is Bilbao, as known in most languages of the world. Euskaltzaindia, the official regulatory institution of the Basque language, agreed that between the two possible names existing in Basque, Bilbao and Bilbo, that the historical name in Basque is Bilbo, while keeping the officialty of the first one.[14] Although the term Bilbo does not appear on old documents, in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor by William Shakespeare, there is a reference of swords presumably made of Biscayan iron to which he calls "bilboes", which might suggest that it is a word used since at least the sixteenth century.[15][16][17][18]
There is no consensus among historians about the origin of the name. The engineer Evaristo de Churruca said that is a Basque custom to name a place after its location, for Bilbao would be the result of the union of the Basque words for river and cove: Bil-Ibaia-Bao.[19] Also, historian José Tussel Gómez argues that it is just a natural evolution of the Spanish words bello vado, beautiful river crossing.[20] On the other hand, writer Esteban Calle Iturrino said that the name derives from the two previous settlements that existed on both banks of the estuary, more than the estuary itself. The first one, where the current Casco Viejo stands, would be called billa that in Basque means stacking, after the configuration of the buildings. The second one, located on the left bank, where now stands Bilbao La Vieja, would be called vaho, Spanish for mist or steam. From the union of this two, the name Bilbao would come out,[19] that previously was also written as Bilvao and Biluao, as documented in its municipal charter and its following transcriptions.[21]
Remains of an ancient settlement were found on the top of Mount Malmasín, dated around the 3rd or 2nd century BC.[22][23] Burial sites were also found on Mounts Avril and Artxanda, dated 6,000 years old. Some authors identify the old settlement of Bilbao as Amanun Portus, cited by Pliny the Elder, or with Flaviobriga, by Ptolemy.[23] Ancient walls, which date around the 11th century, have been discovered below the Church of San Antón.[23]
Bilbao was one of the first towns that were founded in the fourteenth century, during a period in which approximately 70% of the Biscayan municipalities were developed, among them Portugalete in 1323, Ondarroa in 1327, Lekeitio in 1335, and Mungia and Larrabetzu in 1376.[24] The then lord of Biscay, Diego López V of Haro, founded Bilbao through a municipal charter dated in Valladolid on June 15, 1300 and confirmed by King Ferdinand IV of Castile in Burgos, on January 4, 1301. Diego López established the new town on the right bank of the Nervión river, on grounds of the elizate of Begoña and granted it the fuero of Logroño, a compilation of rights and privileges that would prove fundamental to its later development.[25]
On 21 June 1511, Queen Joanna of Castile ordered the creation of the Consulate of Bilbao. This would become the most influential institution of the city for centuries, and would claim jurisdiction over the estuary, improving its infrastructure. Under the Consulate's control, the port of Bilbao became one of the most important of Spain.[26] The first printing-press was brought to the city in 1577. Here in 1596, the first book in Basque was edited, entitled Doctrina Christiana en Romance y Bascuence by Dr. Betolaza.[27]
In 1602 Bilbao was made the capital city of Biscay, a title previously held by Bermeo.[28] The following centuries saw a constant increase of the city's wealth, especially after the discovery of extensive iron resources in the surrounding mountains. At the end of the 17th century, Bilbao overcame the economical crises that affected Spain, thanks to the iron ore and its commerce with England and the Netherlands. During the 18th century, the city continued to grow and almost exhausted its small space.
The Basque Country was one of the main sites of battles of the Carlist Wars, and the Carlists very much wanted to conquer the city, a liberal and economic bastion.[29] The city was besieged three times between 1835 and 1874, but all proved unsuccessful. One of the main battles of this time was the Battle of Luchana in 1836, when Liberal general Baldomero Espartero defeated the Carlists, freeing the city.[30]
Despite the warfare, the city prospered during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when it rose as the economic centre of the Basque Country. During this time, the first railway was built (in 1857), the Bank of Bilbao was founded (which later would become the BBVA), and the Bilbao Stock Exchange was created. Many industries flourished, such as Altos Hornos de Vizcaya in 1902. The city grew in area with the Abando ensanche and was modernized with new avenues and walkways, as well as with new modern buildings such as the City Hall, the Basurto Hospital and the Arriaga Theatre.[31] The population increased dramatically, going from 11,000 in 1880 to 80,000 in 1900. Social movements also occurred, specially the Basque nationalism under Sabino Arana.[32]
The Spanish Civil War started in Bilbao with small uprisings suppressed by the Republican forces. On 31 August 1936, the city suffered the first bombing. On the next month, further bombings by German planes occurred, in coordination with Franco's forces.[33] In May 1937, the Nationalist army besieged the city. The battle lasted until 19 June of that year, when Lieutenant Colonel Putz was ordered to destroy all bridges over the estuary, and the troops of the 5th Brigade took the city from the mountains Malmasin, Pagasarri, and Arnotegi.[34]
With the war over, Bilbao returned to its industrial development, accompanied by a steady population growth. In the 1940s, the city was rebuilt, starting with the bridges. In 1948, the first commercial flight took off from the local airport.[35] Over the next decade, there was a revival of the iron industry. The demand for housing outstripped supply, and workers built slums on the hillsides.[36] In this chaotic environment, on 31 July 1959, the terrorist organization ETA was born in Bilbao, as a faction of the PNV.[36]
After the fall of Francoist Spain and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, in a process known in Spain as the transition, Bilbao could hold democratic elections again. Against what happened in the republics, this time Basque nationalists rose to power.[37] With the approval of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country in 1979, Vitoria-Gasteiz was elected the seat of the government and therefore the de facto capital of the Basque Autonomous Community, despite Bilbao being larger and more powerful economically. In the 1980s, several factors such as terrorism, labor demands, and the arrival of cheap labor force from the abroad, led to a devastating industrial crisis.[36]
Since the mid-1990s, Bilbao has been in a process of deindustrialization and transition to a service city, supported by investment in infrastructure and urban renewal, that started with the opening of the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum (the so-called Guggenheim effect),[12] and continued with the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall, Santiago Calatrava's Zubizuri, the metro network by Norman Foster, the tram, the Iberdrola Tower and the Zorrozaurre development plan, among others. Many officially supported associations, as Bilbao Metrópoli-30 and Bilbao Ría 2000 were created to monitor these projects.[38][39]
The municipality of Bilbao is located on the northern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the Bay of Biscay.[40] It covers an area of 40.65 square kilometres (15.70 sq mi), of which 17.35 square kilometres (6.70 sq mi) are urban, and the remaining 23.30 square kilometres (9.00 sq mi) consist of the surrounding mounts.[41] The official average altitude is 19 metres (62 ft), although there are measurements between 6 metres (20 ft) and 32 metres (105 ft).[42] It is also the core of the comarca of Greater Bilbao. It is surrounded by the municipalities of Derio, Etxebarri, Galdakao, Loiu, Sondika, and Zamudio to the north; Arrigorriaga and Basauri to the west; Alonsotegi to the south; and Barakaldo and Erandio to the east.
Bilbao is located on the Basque threshold, the range between the larger Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees.[43] The composition of the soil is predominated by mesozoic materials (limestone, sandstone, and marl) sedimented over a primitive paleozoic base.[43] The province relief is dominated by NW-SE and WNW-ESE oriented folds. The main fold is the anticline of Bilbao, that runs from the municipality of Elorrio to Galdames.[43] Inside Bilbao there are two secondary folds, one in the northeast, composed by mounts Artxanda, Avril, Banderas, Pikota, San Bernabé, and Cabras; and other in the south, composed by mounts Kobetas, Restaleku, Pagasarri and Arraiz. The highest point in the municipality is mount Ganeta, of 689 metres (2,260 ft), followed by mount Pagasarri, of 673 metres (2,208 ft), both on the border with Alonsotegi.[44]
The main river system of Bilbao is also the hydrological artery of Biscay. The rivers Nervión and Ibaizabal converge in Basauri and form an estuary named "estuary of Bilbao", "of the Nervión", "of the Ibaizabal", or "of the Nervión-Ibaizabal".[45] This estuary runs for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and with a low flow (with an average of 25 m3 (883 cu ft) per second).[46] Its main tributary is the river Cadagua, that sources in the Mena valley and has a basin of 642 square kilometres (248 sq mi), which mostly lies in the neighboring province of Burgos.[47] This river is also the natural border between Bilbao and Barakaldo.
The river suffered from human intervention many times, as seen in the dredging of its bottom, the building of docks on both banks and especially in the Deusto canal, an artificial waterway dug between 1950 and 1968 in the district of Deusto as a lateral canal, with the aim to facilitate navigation, sparing ships from the natural curves of the estuary.[48] The project was stopped with 400 metres (1,300 ft) left to complete, and it was decided to leave it as a dock.[49] However, in 2007, a plan was approved to continue the canal and form the island of Zorrozaurre.[50] Said human intervention also brought negative results in the quality of the water, and after decades of toxic waste dumping, caused a situation of anoxia (lack of oxygen), which almost eliminated the entire fauna and flora.[46] However, in recent years this situation is being reversed, thanks to dumping clearance and natural regeneration.[51] now it is possible to observe algae, tonguefishes, crabs, and seabirds,[52] as well as occasional bathers in the summer months.[53]
The estuary also works as a natural border for several neighbourhoods and districts within the city. Since entering the municipality, from the west, it divides the districts of Begoña and Ibaiondo, then Abando and Uribarri and lastly Deusto and Basurto-Zorroza.
The proximity to the Bay of Biscay gives Bilbao an oceanic climate (Cfb), with precipitation occurring throughout the year, without a well-defined dry summer season. This precipitation is abundant, and given the latitude and atmospheric dynamics, rainy days represent 45% and cloudy days 40% of the annual total.[54] The most rainy season is between October and April, November being the wettest. Snow is not frequent in the city, while it is possible to see snow on the top of the surrounding mountains. Sleet is more frequent, about 10 days per year, mainly in the winter months.[55]
Said proximity to the ocean also makes that the two most defined seasons (summer and winter) remain mild, with low intensity thermal oscillations. Average maximum temperatures varies between 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 26 °C (78.8 °F) in the summer months, while the average minimum in winter is between 6 °C (42.8 °F) and 7 °C (44.6 °F).
Extreme record observations in Bilbao are 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) maximum (on 13 August 2003) and −8.6 °C (16.5 °F) minimum (on 3 February 1963). The maximum precipitation in a day was 225.6 mm (9 in) in 26 August 1983 when severe flooding was originated by the Nervión river.[56]
Climate data for Bilbao airport: 1971-2000 | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.8 (85.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.9 (107.4) |
41.7 (107.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Average high °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.0 (68) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.0 (50) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Average low °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−5.0 (23) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 126 (4.96) |
97 (3.82) |
94 (3.7) |
124 (4.88) |
90 (3.54) |
64 (2.52) |
62 (2.44) |
82 (3.23) |
74 (2.91) |
121 (4.76) |
141 (5.55) |
116 (4.57) |
1,195 (47.05) |
Avg. precipitation days | 13 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 128 |
Avg. snowy days | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
% humidity | 72 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 72 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 86 | 97 | 128 | 128 | 160 | 173 | 188 | 179 | 157 | 123 | 93 | 78 | 1,584 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología,[57] Aena[58] |
Historical population | ||
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1900 | 83,306 | — |
1910 | 93,536 | +12.3% |
1920 | 112,819 | +20.6% |
1930 | 161,987 | +43.6% |
1940 | 195,186 | +20.5% |
1950 | 229,334 | +17.5% |
1960 | 297,272 | +29.6% |
1970 | 410,490 | +38.1% |
1980 | 433,030 | +5.5% |
1990 | 372,054 | −14.1% |
2000 | 354,271 | −4.8% |
2010 | 352,700 | −0.4% |
2013 | 351,629 | −0.3% |
The local Register office show a total resident population for Bilbao of 355,731 as of 2009[update].
The first credible data about Bilbao population are post-1550.[59] It is known that in 1530, Biscay had approximately 65,000 inhabitants, a number that could have been reduced by plagues that struck the city in 1517, 1530, 1564–68, and 1597–1601, the last one being specially devastating.[59] This trend in adverse situations for population growth was maintained until the nineteenth century. Since then, Bilbao experienced an exponential population growth thanks to the industrialisation of the area. After a peak of 433,115 inhabitants in 1982, the municipalities of the Txorierri valley were removed from Bilbao, with the corresponding loss of their population.[60]
Of the 355,731 people residing in Bilbao as of 2009[update], only 114,220 (32.1%) were born inside the municipality. Of the remainder, 114,908 were born in other Biscayan towns, while 9,545 were born in the other two Basque provinces; 85,789 came from the rest of Spain (mainly Castile-León and Galicia), and 33,537 were foreigners.[61] There are 127 different nationalities registered in Bilbao, although 60 of them contain fewer than 10 people.[62] The largest foreign communities are the Bolivian and the Colombian, with 4,879 and 3,730 respectively. Other nationalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants are Romanian (2,248), Moroccan (2,058), Ecuadorian (1,832), Chinese (1,390), Brazilian (1,273), Japanese (1,237) and Paraguayan, with 1,204.[61]
Bilbao is a municipality with a Mayor-Council form of government. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. There is a division between an executive branch, made up by the mayor and a board of governors and a Plenum, which consists of 29 councillors.[63] The present mayor is Iñaki Azkuna, of the Basque Nationalist Party which was elected in 1999 and re-elected in 2003, 2007 and 2011.[64] The councillors of the Plenum represent political parties and are distributed as follows: Basque Nationalist Party: 15 seats plus the mayor; People's Party, 6 seats; Bildu, 4 seats; and Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, 4 seats.[65]
In 2008 and 2010, Bilbao won the Municipal Transparency Prize, awarded by the Spanish division of Transparency International. In 2009 it came second, after Sant Cugat del Vallés.[66]
Its mayor, Mr. Iñaki Azkuna Urreta (PNV-EAJ) was awarded as the Best World Mayor 2012.[67][68]
The city of Bilbao consists of eight different districts. Each district is further subdivided into neighbourhoods, totalling 35:
Number | District | Neighbourhoods | Area (km²) |
Population (2009)[69] |
Location |
1 | Deusto | Arangoiti, Ibarrekolanda, San Ignacio-Elorrieta, and San Pedro de Deusto-La Rivera. | 4.95 | 51,656 | |
2 | Uribarri | Castaños, Matiko-Ciudad Jardín, Uribarri, and Zurbaran-Arabella. | 4.19 | 38,335 | |
3 | Otxarkoaga-Txurdinaga | Otxarkoaga and Txurdinaga. | 3.90 | 28,518 | |
4 | Begoña | Begoña, Bolueta, and Santutxu. | 1.77 | 43,030 | |
5 | Ibaiondo | Atxuri, Bilbao La Vieja, Casco Viejo, Iturralde, La Peña, Miribilla, San Adrián, San Francisco, Solokoetxe, and Zabala. | 9.65 | 61,029 | |
6 | Abando | Abando and Indautxu. | 2.14 | 51,718 | |
7 | Recalde | Amezola, Iralabarri, Iturrigorri-Peñascal, Errekaldeberri-Larraskitu, and Uretamendi. | 6.96 | 47,787 | |
8 | Basurto-Zorroza | Altamira, Basurto, Olabeaga, Masustegi-Monte Caramelo, and Zorrotza. | 7.09 | 33,658 |
Bilbao has been the economic center of the Basque Country since the times of the Consulate, mainly because of commerce in Castilian products on the city's port, but it was not until the 19th century when it experimented with big development, mainly based on the exploitation of the iron mines and siderurgy, which promoted the maritimal traffic, the portuary activity and the construction of ships.[70] During those years Banco de Bilbao (Bank of Bilbao), founded in Bilbao in 1857 and Banco de Vizcaya (Bank of Biscay), which was established in 1901, also in Bilbao, made their appearance. Both entities merged in 1988 creating the BBV corporation (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya, Bank of Bilbao-Biscay). BBV merged with Argentaria in 1999, creating the current corporation, BBVA. The savings banks that were established locally, Caja de Ahorros Municipal de Bilbao (Municipal Savings Bank of Bilbao) in 1907, and Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Vizcaya (Provincial Savings Bank of Biscay) in 1921, would merge in 1990 and form Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK).[71] There is also the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Bilbao and the Stock Exchange Market of Bilbao, founded in 1890.[72]
After the dramatic industrial crisis of the 1980s, Bilbao was forced to rethink its very economic foundations. That is how it transformed into a successful service city.[73] Bilbao is home to numerous companies of national and international relevance, including two among the 150 world's biggest, according to Forbes magazine: BBVA at #40 and Iberdrola at #122.[74] The city's GDP per capita is of €26,225 in 2005, considerably above the country average of €22,152. According to the official economic yearbook, the strongest sectors are construction, commerce, and tourism.[75][76] The unemployment rate reached 14.4% in 2009, well below the national rate, of 18,01%.[77] Nevertheless, it is the highest rate in the last ten years.[78]
Port of Bilbao[edit]
The historical port was located in what today is an area called the Arenal, a few steps from the Casco Viejo, until the late 20th century. In 1902, an exterior port was built at the mouth of the estuary, in the coastal municipality of Santurtzi. Further extensions led to a superport, that in the 1970s replaced the docks inside Bilbao,[79] with the exception of those located in the neighbourhood of Zorrotza, still in activity.[80]
As of 2010, the port of Bilbao is a first-class commercial port and is among the top five of Spain.[81] Over 200 regular maritime services link Bilbao with 500 ports worldwide. At the close of 2009 cargo movements amounted to 31.6 million tonnes, Russia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries being the main markets.[82] In the first semester of 2008, it received over 67,000 passengers and 2,770 ships.[83] This activity reported 419 million euros to the basque GDP and generates almost 10,000 jobs.[84]
Mining and ironworks[edit]
Iron is the main and most abundant raw material found in Biscay, and its extraction is legally protected since 1526. Mining was the main primary activity in Bilbao and the minerals, of great quality, were exported to all over Europe.[85] It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century when an ironworks industry was developed, benefited by the resources and the well connected city. In the 20th century, both Spanish and European capitals imported around 90% of the Biscayan iron.[85] Although World War I made Bilbao one of the main ironworks powers, later crisis prompted a decline in the activity.
The first notion of Bilbao as a touristic city came with the inauguration of the railway between Bilbao and the coastal neighbourhood of Las Arenas, in the municipality of Getxo in 1872. This way, the city became a modest beach destination.[86]
However, the real touristic impulse would come with the inauguration of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in 1997, as shown in the increasing tourist arrivals since then, reaching over 615,000 visitors in the year 2009. A significant leap, considering that during 1995, Bilbao only received 25,000 tourists.[87] Bilbao also hosts 31% of the total Basque Country visitors, being the top destination of this autonomous community, above San Sebastián.[87] Most tourists come from within Spain, mainly from Madrid and Catalonia. International travellers come mostly from nearby France, but also from United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy.[87] Tourism generates about 300 million euros for the Biscayan GDP.[87] Bilbao is also an attractive destination for business tourism, mainly thanks to new venues such as the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall, or the nearby Bilbao Exhibition Centre, in Barakaldo.[88]
Stock exchange[edit]
Projects to create a stock exchange market in Bilbao began in early 19th century, even though it would not be created until July 21, 1890[72] It is one of Spain's four regional stock exchanges, the other being in Barcelona, Madrid, and Valencia. It is owned by Bolsas y Mercados Españoles. The Bilbao Stock Exchange is considered a secondary market.
Urban planning[edit]
In its beginnings, Bilbao only had three streets (Somera, Artecalle, and Tendería) surrounded by walls located where Ronda street now stands. Inside this enclosure, there was a small hermitage dedicated to the Apostle Saint James (the current St. James' Cathedral), which pilgrims visited on their way to Santiago de Compostela. In the fifteenth century, four more streets were built, forming the original Zazpikaleak or "Seven Streets".[89] In 1571, after several floods and a major fire in 1569, the walls were demolished in order to allow the expansion of the town.[90]
In 1861, engineer Amado Lázaro projected an ensanche inside the then-municipality of Abando with wide avenues and regular buildings, that included the hygienists ideas of the time. The project was mostly based on Barcelona's Eixample, designed by Ildefons Cerdà.[91] However, the project was dropped by the City Council after considering it "utopian and excessive" because of its high cost, though of great quality. Furthermore, Lázaro had calculated the demographic growth of the city based on the previous three centuries, a provision that eventually would not conform to reality.[91][92]
The next large urban change in Bilbao would come in 1876, when the capital annexed (in several stages) the neighbouring municipality of Abando. The new ensanche project was planned by a team made of architect Severino de Achúcarro and engineers Pablo de Alzola (elected Mayor that same year), and Ernesto de Hoffmeyer. Unlike Lázaro's, this project was significantly smaller, compassing 1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi) against the original 2.54 km2 (0.98 sq mi).[91] It also featured a not so strict grid pattern, a park to separate the industrial and residential areas and the Gran Vía de Don Diego López de Haro, the main thoroughfare, where many relevant buildings were located, such as Biscay County Hall or the BBVA Tower. By the end of the 1890s, this widening was half completed and already filled, so a new extension was planned by Federico Ugalde.[91]
By 1925, the municipalities of Deusto and Begoña, as well as part of Erandio were annexed, and in 1940, the remaining part of Erandio became part of Bilbao. The last annexation took place in 1966, with the municipalities of Loiu, Sondika, Derio, and Zamudio. This made Bilbao larger than ever, with 107 km2 (41 sq mi). However, all these municipalities, with the exception of Deusto and Begoña regained their independence on 1 January 1983.[93]
On May 18, 2010, Bilbao was awarded by the government of Singapore the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize, at the World Cities Summit 2010.[94] It is considered the Pritzker of urbanism.[95]
Bilbao's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from gothic to contemporary architecture. The Old Town features many of the oldest buildings in the city, as the St. James' Cathedral or the Church of San Antón, included in the city's coat of arms. Most of the Old Town is a pedestrian zone during the day. Nearby is one of the most important religious temples of Biscay, the Basilica of Begoña, dedicated to the patron saint of the province, Our Lady of Begoña.
Seventeen bridges span the banks of the estuary inside the city limits. Among the most interesting ones are the Zubizuri (Basque for "white bridge"), a pedestrian footbridge designed by Santiago Calatrava opened in 1997, and the Princes of Spain Bridge, also known as "La Salve", a suspension bridge opened in 1972 and redesigned by French conceptual artist Daniel Buren in 2007.[96] The Deusto Bridge is a bascule bridge opened in 1936 and modelled after the Michigan Avenue Bridge, in Chicago.[97] Between 1890 and 1893 the first transporter bridge ("Puente Colgante") in the world on the Nervion river, between Portugalete and Getxo, was built by Alberto Palacio (architect and engineer) together with his brother Silvestre.
Since the deindustrialization process started in the 1990s, many of the former industrial areas are being transformed into modern public and private spaces designed by several of the world's most renowned architects and artists. The main example is the Guggenheim Museum, located in what was an old dock and wood warehouse. The building, designed by Frank Gehry and inaugurated in October 1997, is considered among architecture experts as one of the most important structures of the last 30 years,[98] and a masterpiece by itself.[99] The museum houses part of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation modern art collection. Another example is the Alhóndiga, a wine warehouse built in 1909 and completely redesigned in 2010 by French designer Philippe Starck into a multi-purpose venue that consists of a cinema multiplex, a fitness centre, a library, and a restaurant, among other spaces.[100][101] The Abandoibarra area is also being renovated, and it features not only the Guggenheim Museum, but also Arata Isozaki's tower complex, the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall and the Iberdrola Tower, designed by Argentine architect César Pelli which is, since its completion in 2011, the Basque Country's tallest skyscraper, 165 metres (541 ft) high.[102] Zorrozaurre is the next area to be redeveloped, following a 2007 master plan designed by Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid.
This current peninsula will be transformed into a 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft) island and will feature residential and commercial buildings, as well as the new BBK seat.[103]
As of 2010, Bilbao has 18 public parks inside its limits, totalling 200 ha (490 acres) of green spaces. Besides, its green belt has a total area of 1,025 ha (2,530 acres), of which 119 ha (290 acres) are urbanized.[104] The largest parks are Mount Cobetas, of 18.5 ha (46 acres), and Larreagaburu, of 12 ha (30 acres), both located on the outskirts.[105]
The Doña Casilda Iturrizar park is located in the district of Abando, near the city centre and covers an area of 8.5 ha (21 acres). It is named after a local benefactress who donated the grounds to the city. It is an English-style garden designed by Ricardo Bastida and opened to the public in 1907. It features a dancing water fountain surrounded by a pergola, and a pond with many species of ducks, geese and swans, which gives the park the alternate name of "Ducks' Park", as known locally. In recent years, it was expanded to be connected with the Abandoibarra area.[106] In Ibaiondo, the Etxeberria Park was built in the 1980s in the place where a steel mill previously stood. The original chimney was maintained as a homage of its industrial past. It covers an area of 18.9 ha (47 acres), on a sloped terrain that overlooks the Old Town.[107] Other relevant public spaces inside the city include the Europa Park, the Miribilla Park, or the Memorial Walkway, a 3 km (1.9 mi) long walkway, with 12 m (39 ft) high lamps, located in the left bank of the estuary and that connects the main sights.[108]
Mount Artxanda is easily accessible from the city centre by a funicular. There is a recreational area at the summit, with restaurants, a sports complex and a balcony with panoramic views. In the south, Mount Pagasarri receives hundreds of hikers every weekend since the 1870s, who seek its natural wonders. Its environment is officially protected since 2007.[109]
The Basque Country has a bilingual education system, with students having the possibility to choose between four linguistic models: A, B, D, and X, which differ in the prevalence of Basque or Spanish as the spoken and written language during classes.[110] In Bilbao, there is a prevalence of model D (Basque is the vehicle language and Spanish is taught as a subject) in Primary School, while Compulsory Secondary Education students favour model B (some subjects are in Basque and other in Spanish). Finally, 67% of Baccalaureate students choose model A (Spanish is the vehicle language and Basque is a subject).[111] English is the most widespread foreign language taught, as it is the option for 97% of pre-university students.[110]
Higher education[edit]
Bilbao is home to two universities. The oldest is the University of Deusto, founded by the Society of Jesus in 1886. It took its name after the then independent municipality of Deusto, annexed to Bilbao in 1925. It was the only higher education offered in the city until the establishment in 1968 of the University of Bilbao, that would later become the University of the Basque Country in 1980. This public university, present in the three provinces of the autonomous community, has its main Biscayan campus in the municipality of Leioa, however the Technical and Business faculties are based in Bilbao.[112]
Bilbao Airport serves the city and it is the busiest terminal in the Basque Country and in the entire Northern coast, with 3,9 million passengers in 2010.[113][114] It is located 12 km (7.46 mi) north of the city, between the municipalities of Loiu and Sondika.[115] 15 airlines operate in the terminal, including Iberia, Lufthansa, and TAP Portugal. Top destinations include London, Frankfurt, Munich, Madrid, Paris, Malaga, and Amsterdam.[114] It opened to the public in September 1948, with a regular flight to Madrid. On 19 November 2000, a new terminal building was opened, designed by Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava. In February 2009, a project was approved to expand the current building to double its capacity. Although expected to be completed by 2014, the current financial crisis and the decrease of passenger traffic delayed it to at least 2019.[116]
The city has 13 bridges connecting opposite sides of the river. It is connected to the European road network by the AP-8 toll motorway and to the north of Spain by the A-8 motorway and to the rest of Spain by the AP-68 toll motorway.
The underground network (Metro Bilbao), opened on 11 November 1995, is used by more than 85 million passengers every year. It has 2 lines that connect both banks of the Bilbao Metropolitan Area. There is a project under way to build a third line.
The city has 43 Bilbobus bus lines, 28 for normal buses, seven "micro-buses" for zones of the city that a normal bus cannot access, and eight night lines. The inner-city bus network has recently won a prize for its efficiency and quality of service. In addition, there are more than 100 BizkaiBus bus lines, connecting Bilbao with almost every point in Biscay and part of Alava. The city's main bus station is called Termibus and is located near the San Mamés stadium.
There are 7 commuter rail lines operated by three different companies:
Renfe (Spanish railway network) operates 3 Cercanías lines in metropolitan Bilbao:
- C1, Bilbao-Abando–Santurtzi
- C2, Abando-Muskiz
- C3, Abando-Orduña
FEVE (Spanish Narrow Gauge Railways) operates one line:
- Abando (Concordia)-Balmaseda.
EuskoTren (Basque railway network), operates three lines:
In 2002, the new tram, EuskoTran, was inaugurated. It has one line connecting Atxuri with Basurto. Plans are afoot to greatly expand the network over the coming decade.
A Brittany Ferries ferry service links Santurtzi, near Bilbao, to Portsmouth (UK). MV Cap Finistère ferry departs from the port of Bilbao, 15 km (9 mi) north west of the city centre. A service operated by Acciona Trasmediterranea served the same route from May 16, 2006 until April 2007. P&O Ferries operated this route until its withdrawal on 28 September 2010 with a ship called the Pride of Bilbao.
Bilbao has several theatres and concert halls (Teatro Arriaga, Palacio Euskalduna), cinemas, and a regular opera season offered by ABAO (Bilbao Association of Opera Lovers) . The Bilbao Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1922, its current conductor Günter Neuhold being appointed in 2008. Choral music is very popular in the Basque Country and concerts are offered regularly. The Bilbao Choral Society (Sociedad Coral de Bilbao) was founded in 1886.
Museums include the famous Guggenheim Museum Bilbao of contemporary art and the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum, with a great collection of Spanish painting.
Like in other Spanish cities, night life is long and vibrant, with clubs that offer live music (Kafe Antzokia, Bilborock).
Bilbao was briefly featured at the start of the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough.
The Bilbao Live Festival, first held in 2006, is an increasingly popular live music event.[117]
Semana Grande (Spanish for Big Week, Aste Nagusia in Basque) is Bilbao's main festival attracting over 100,000 people. It begins on the Saturday of the 3rd week of August each year, lasting 9 days and has been celebrated since 1978. People from around Spain, and increasingly from abroad, attend the celebrations.
The celebrations include the strongman games, free music performances, street entertainment, bullfighting and nightly firework displays. The best views of the display are from the city's bridges. Each year, there is something different occurring, thus a festival programme (these are available all over the city) is strongly recommended.
Like in most of both Spain and the Basque Country, football is the most popular competitive sport, followed by basketball.
The main football club is Athletic Club, commonly known as Athletic Bilbao in English. It plays at the new San Mamés stadium, opened in 2013 and seats 53,332 spectators.[118] Athletic Bilbao was one of the founding members of the Spanish football league, La Liga, and has played in the Primera División (First Division)[119] ever since - winning it on eight occasions. Its red and white striped flag is seen throughout the city.
The main basketball team is CB Bilbao Berri aka Bizkaia Bilbao Basket, which plays in the ACB. Their home venue is the Bilbao Arena.
In addition, Bilbao offers many outdoor activities owing to its location in a hilly countryside. Hiking is very popular as well as rock climbing in the nearby mountains. Watersports, especially surfing, are practiced on the beaches of nearby Sopelana and Mundaka.
Twin cities and consulates[edit]
Bilbao is twinned with:
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- V.A. (2000). El karst de Pagasarri. ISBN 84-7752-319-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bilbao. |
- Official website
- Tourism in the Basque Country
- Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website on the city and surrounding areas
- Bilbao travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Meet Bilbao: Bilbao Tourism Information
- Bilbao in Google Maps
- BILBAO in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (Spanish)
- Skyscraperpage.com Bilbao's skyscraper diagram
- Bilbao Exhibition Centre
- Bilbao city guide at HitchHikers Handbook
- The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) is based in Bilbao (see also European Agency for Safety and Health at Work)
- Pictures of Bilbao (Spanish)
- OPENCities
- Visit Spanish tourism website for more information on Bilbao, Spain
- Biarritz to Bilbao


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Posted: 7:05 a.m. Monday, Oct. 28, 2013
By Cox Media Group Web Staff
Edith Head, an American costume designer who won more Academy Awards than any other woman, is being remembered with a Google Doodle on what would be her 116th birthday.
Edith Claire Posener was born in 1897 in San Bernardino, California. In 1924 she was hired as a costume sketch artist at Paramount Pictures.
Head created costumes for dozens of Hollywood stars from Ginger Rogers to Elizabeth Taylor but may be most popularly known for her work on Alfred Hitchcock films such as "Vertigo" and "The Birds".
Her IMDB profile lists 438 credits, 28 Oscar nominations and 8 Oscar wins.
She won Oscars for her work on "The Sting" (1973), "The Facts of Life" (1960), "Sabrina" (1954), "Roman Holiday" (1953) , "A Place in the Sun" (1951), "All About Eve" (1950), "Samson and Delilah" (1949) and "The Heiress" (1949).
Head married film set designer Wiard Ihnen in 1940 and the marriage lasted until his death from cancer in 1979. Head died Oct. 24, 1981 from an incurable bone marrow disease.
Google Doodles are "fun, surprising, and sometimes spontaneous changes that are made to the Google logo to celebrate holidays, anniversaries, and the lives of famous artists, pioneers, and scientists."
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Cruise Line End Trunk Table
by Southern Enterprises, Inc.
Item #: 101049
|Model #: SC0914
| (2)
Crafted with a replicated antique look, this trunk end table is ideal as a decorative, yet functional accent. Whether it's placed in your living room or bedroom, the convenient storage under the lid is sure to help clear the clutter. The rich walnut finish is accented with antique brass rivets along the trim. The lid opens with the help of progressive hinges that prevent slamming. This classic styled trunk is a great solution for your home.
- Rich Walnut Finish
- Antique Brass Hardware - Front Clasp, Side Handles, Hinges
- Antique Brass Rivets
- Engineered wood with veneer
- Metal Hardware - Front Clasp, Side Handles, Hinges
- Safety Hinges to Prevent Top from Slamming Shut
- Joints are combination of stapled, nailed and or glued
- Great Combination of Style and Utility
- Vintage Travel Trunk Motif
- Top Opens to Reveal Ample Storage
- Great for Throws, Pillows, Magazines and Many Other Items
For more information call 1.800.633.5096.
Assembled Country
Assembled Size
20"W x 20"D x 23.5"H
Component Country
Ask & Answer
Warranty Information
This product is covered by the Sam's Club Member Satisfaction Guarantee.There is no additional information available for this item.


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We'll admit the Boy George reference in the newest collection for Mango isn't nearly as literal as, say, the Jean Paul Gaultier spring '13 presentation. The lovely Karmen Pedaru joined with the Spanish brand to show off its winter wares, and while her bowler hat and perfectly messy locks are pretty spot-on BG, the rest of the looks were more a style chameleon of sorts.
Cashing in — big time — on the popularity of black-and-white combinations this season, Pedaru poses in slim-fit skirt suits, tailored and shrunken blazers, oversized tweed coats, and graphics galore, including checks, polka dots, houndstooth, and zigzags. Alternatively, the rock-star-chic ensembles were also balanced by a selection of the coziest knits for that inevitable winterPhoto: Courtesy of Mango


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The winner of August 2011's Unsigned Track Competition is Skimo's UK Bass track Jump. Skimo wins a SoundCloud Pro account for a year and an interview on the Kmag site. Runners-up RotBlanc and Intersolar receive a SoundCloud Lite account for a year.
The Unsuspected Suspects by RotBlanc
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- The Lil Froggy baby costume consists of a predominantly green lined zippered jumpsuit with leg snaps for easy diaper change, a matching character hood with graphic tongue and dragon fly, plus slip-on booties with skid resistant bottoms.
- Closures - Bodysuit- zipper, Hood & Bodysuit - velcro neck, Legs- snap opening
- Wash/Care Instructions- Machine wash cold Gentle cycle No bleach Hang dry Do not iron
- Not intended as Sleepwear
Customers most agreed on the following attributes:
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
Snap pant closures, I don't care for them. Otherwise Aleya loved her costume, she was excited to get it and wear it she even asked to go trick or treating again the next day and wear her frog costume!!!! Thanks
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
Very cute! I put it on my son and it is perfect! It's his first halloween and I am glad I chose this costume for him. I ordered the 6-12 month and he is a BIG 10 month old. It fit perfectly. It's nice and thick so it will be great on a cool night. Highly suggest this product to anyone.
[0 of 1 customers found this review helpful]
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
Love this costume it's super cute and it fits mi son great
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
My husband and I bought this for our six-month old son. It is very true to the picture and will be warm on a chilly Halloween. We would definitely buy it again.
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
I bought this costume for my 2 year old son, took several pictures made a photo card and send it to the family they all called to tell me that he looks adorable and that it is a great costume… Can't wait for Halloween!!!!!
It fits right and the material is durable
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
i got a small. i have a huge 6 month old boy. 20 lbs, 28" long. it is big on him. plus, i was unsnapping it when i just took it out of the packaging and 2 snaps broke!! luckily he wont be wearing it for too long and i cant be bothered to return it.
Comments about Lil Froggy Baby Costume:
We bought this for my Son to wear for Halloween this year, he will be turning two shortly after Halloween. We had a hard time finding costumes for his age that were still "baby"ish. I know he will want to be Batman or a Doctor or Cowboy every year when he gets older and this was my last chance to put him in a stinking adorable little baby costume. It looks great on him, he has dark hair so the light green really pops when he wears it. Overall I am very happy


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World news about "Stem cells" published by euronews.
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The cold is not always welcomed, but in France freezing temperatures are being used to treat prostate cancer in a medical procedure known as… 13/02/2012


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Framed: Eastern Promises
Thursday, September 2nd, 2010Alison Nastasi at Cinematical takes a look at a frame from Davids Cronenberg's, Eastern Promises.
Welcome to Framed, a column at Cinematical that celebrates the artistry of cinema — one frame at a time.
For most of his career, Canadian director David Cronenberg has been known for his intelligent and disturbing genre films. However, Cronenberg isn't just a horror filmmaker — he's a genuine auteur with a keen visual eye and a recurring set of thematic concerns that turn up in the majority of his work. Unfortunately, it has taken the director crossing over into more mainstream fare to get people to notice how truly talented he is. Yet, even Cronenberg's more commercial cinema marries beautiful imagery and extreme violence in an uncomfortably alluring fashion. One need look no further than his work with actor Viggo Mortensen for proof of that.
Today we'll be looking at a frame from one the duo's collaborations, 2007′s Russian mob drama, Eastern Promises.
Mortensen plays Nikolai, the chauffeur/cleaner for a Russian mafia boss in London. He meets Anna (Naomi Watts), a midwife, after she starts snooping around in his boss' business when she finds a diary on a young Russian girl who dies in childbirth. Nikolai tries to keep her out of harm's way while rising through the ranks of the Russian crime syndicate and finding his own life in peril. It's hard to discuss the film's narrative with any more detail than that because to reveal too much ruins what is a masterful film. Trust me when I say that if you haven't seen Eastern Promises, you should.
You should also stop reading here because there is a big spoiler ahead. Hopefully you'll see the movie — which is definitely a Blu-ray worthy purchase — and then come back to read the analysis.
Much has been written about the film's level of authenticity in chronicling how Russian gangsters conduct themselves. Mortensen took the role very seriously, going so far as to speak to actual mobsters about their tattoos, what they meant, where they were placed, and their moral codes in general. A New York Daily News story states that the tattoos were so realistic that Mortensen frightened diners at a Russian restaurant when he entered after a day of shooting. This attention to detail, along with the fine performances and beautiful cinematography, are some of the main reasons why Eastern Promises turned up on many Best of 2007 lists.
As Siddharth Pillai points out in his article about the film, there's a sort of reverse noir aspect running throughout Eastern Promises — Naomi Watts plays the hero thrust into a complex mystery that may be too much for her to resolve while Mortensen is the femme fatale — dark, mysterious, and dangerous. Cronenberg, always one looking to subvert expectations, takes the gender reversals even further by adding in a great deal of homo-erotic subtext, particularly through Vincent Cassel's character Kirill.
Pillai also mentions how flesh and blood are ever-present motifs throughout the film. From the opening scene wherein a murder is committed through to Eastern Promises' conclusion, life and death co-exist casually within the characters' universe — yet another way Cronenberg makes the viewer feel ill at ease. Flesh and blood, both literally and figuratively, play a prominent role in Eastern Promises. The tattoos on the flesh of Mortensen tell his history — and in this image, show his prospective employers his criminal resume. The flesh becomes his calling card — his entire history etched in a combination of ink and blood.
That blood is no less important. These Russian gangsters are bound by who they are and where they have come from. Theirs is a fraternity, a family that one can only enter if they have the proper genetic make-up. It becomes ironic, as it does in all mob films, that these organizations who place such an onus on being familial and loyal will then sell out their own "blood" for greedy and selfish reasons.
The frame I've chosen to talk about this week is one of the more iconic images from Eastern Promises. It involves Viggo Mortensen standing in front of the mafia hierarchy as they consider him for promotion within their organization. The actor is nearly naked as the higher ups read the story of his criminal life from the body art he sports on his exposed skin. It's a mesmerizing scene — the air of ritual masking what in reality isn't all that different from a farmer inspecting livestock at auction.
Cronenberg reteamed with cinematographer Peter Suschitzky for Eastern Promises and the end result is a visually stunning film that captures the somber mood of the story perfectly. Suschitzky worked on Dead Ringers, Naked Lunch, Crash, A History of Violence, Spider, eXistenZ, and M. Butterfly with the director previously. He won a Genie Award for the first three films mentioned as well as his work on this movie.
Suschitzky and Cronenberg show us many things about the characters in this particular shot. The background is lavish, but also looks cheap and gaudy in its ostentatiousness. It's old looking and hints at a time of opulence that has passed — yet the people in the environment don't realize it. The use of red and green is interesting as well. The contrasting colors further highlight the different generations of people in the frame — yet the colors are tonally so close that the marriage of old world meets new clashes — something we continually witness the crime family struggle with.
The scene's staging is also noteworthy. Cronenberg and Suschitzky eventually wind up with a low-angle side view of Mortensen and the gangsters. The mafia men look like judge and jury sitting there in their expensive suits. Nikolai, on the other hand, looks like a petty criminal about to be sentenced for his crimes. He's forced to stand while the men judging him sit, once again giving the impression they're appraising him as though he were somehow less than human. There's a tension inherent in the positioning — one that's very deliberate. Conflict hangs in the air — as though Nikolai must face off against these men. In the context of the film as a whole, this makes sense. There's also a sense of ritual and importance — this is a big moment in any mafia footsoldier's life — not unlike being baptized or taking communion.
We also see a lot of dichotomy in terms of the scene's lighting. There are some well defined chiaroscuro elements happening in this frame, pronounced switches from brightly lit spots to one shrouded in shadows. On a subconscious level, it seems to mirror the inner lives of the characters in the scenes. They're criminals, they have secrets, they're dark people — yet they all play at being contributing members of society as well. It is particularly true for Nikolai — who's an FSB agent posing as a gangster. Nikolai is a good guy — but to catch these bad men, he's had to become one himself, doing things well outside the law. There's a light and darkness inside the character — and when the revelation of Nikolai's true nature comes out later in the film, it makes this scene feel that much more poignant and subtle.
These dichotomies, the merging of the subtle and the obvious, are what make Eastern Promises such a compelling experience. Cronenberg and Suschitzky have crafted a multilayered film that is not only evocative in its narrative and performances, but one that also impresses with its visual design
Original article by Alison Nastasi September 2nd, 2010
© Copyright (c) Cinematical 2010


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When warm weather calls, answer in sunny fashion with these citrusy Opanka hand-crafted sandals. The curvaceous platform cork heel is a summery style staple lined with supple leather and complemented by luxe hand-sewn straps for superior comfort and unparalleled femininity.


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Wender, Benjamin A. and Thomas P. Seager. In press. "Anticipatory Life Cycle Assessment of SWCNT-enabled Lithium Ion Batteries." Nanotechnology for Sustainable Manufacturing, ed(s). David Rickerby, Springer. |
Foley, Rider W., Michael J. Bernstein and Arnim Wiek. In preparation. "Responsibilities in Innovating Nanotechnology." Working Paper. |
Arora, Sanjay, Rider W. Foley, Jan Youtie, Philip Shapira and Arnim Wiek. 2014. "Drivers of Technology Adoption: Nanomaterials in Building Construction." Technological Forecasting and Social Change. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.12.017 |
Arora, Sanjay K., Jan Youtie, Stephen Carley, Alan L. Porter and Philip Shapira. 2014. "Measuring the Development of a Common Scientific Lexicon in Nanotechnology." Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 16(1):1-11. |
Cacciatore, Michael A., Dietram A. Scheufele and Elizabeth A. Corley. In review. 2014. "Another (Methodological) Look at Knowledge Gaps and the Internet's Potential for Closing Them." Public Understanding of Science. doi: 10.1177/0963662512447606 |
Cacciatore, Michael A., Sara K. Yeo, Dietram A. Scheufele, Michael A. Xenos, Doo-Hun Choi, Dominique E. Brossard and Elizabeth A. Corley. In review. 2014. "Misperceptions in Polarized Politics: The Role of Knowledge, Religiosity and Media." PS: Political Science and Politics. |
Canary, Heather E., Julie L. Taylor, Joseph R. Herkert, Karin Ellison, Jameson M. Wetmore and Carlos A. Tarin. In review. 2014. "Engaging Students in Integrated Ethics Education: A Communication in the Disciplines Study of Pedagogy and Students Roles in Society." Communication Education. |
De Ridder-Vignone, Kathryn, Clark A. Miller and Daniel Barben, ed(s). In review. 2014. Yearbook of Nanotechnology in Society, Volume IV: Nanotechnology and Democracy. New York: Springer. |
Foley, Rider W., Arnim Wiek and Braden Kay. In review. 2014. "Nanotechnology Development as if People and Places Matter." Yearbook of Nanotechnology in Society, Volume IV: Nanotechnology and Democracy, ed(s). Kathryn De Ridder-Vignone, Clark A. Miller and Daniel Barben, New York: Springer. |
Guston, David H. 2014. "Building the Capacity for Public Engagement with Science in the United States." Public Understanding of Science. 23:53-59. |
Huang, Wan-Ling, Eric Welch and Elizabeth A. Corley. In review. 2014. "Public Sector Voluntary Initiatives: The Adoption of the Environmental Management System by Public Waste Water Treatment Facilities in the United States." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. |
Liang, Xuan, Leona Yi-Fan Su, Sara K. Yeo, Dietram A. Scheufele, Dominique E. Brossard, Michael A. Xenos and Elizabeth A. Corley. In review. 2014. "Building Buzz: (Scientists) Communicating Science in New Media Environments." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. |
Shapira, Philip, Jan Youtie and Stephen Carley. 2014. "Prototypes of Emerging Metropolitan Nanodistricts in the United States and Europe." Les Annales d'Economie et de Statistique. |
Wetmore, Jameson W., Ira Bennett, Ali Jackson and Brad Herring. 2014. "Nano and Society Guide." Handbook for museum professionals to be distributed to over 300 museums in the 2014 NISE Net Nanodays. |
Yeo, Sara K., Michael A. Cacciatore, Dominique E. Brossard, Dietram A. Scheufele, Kristin K. Runge, Leona Yi-Fan Su and Elizabeth A. Corley. In review. 2014. "Partisan Amplification of Risk: American Perceptions of Nuclear Energy Risk in the Wake of the Fukushima Daiichi Disaster." Energy Policy. |
Youtie, Jan and Luciano Kay. 2014. "Acquiring Nanotechnology Capabilities: Role of Mergers and Acquisitions." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2013.872773 |
Anderson, Ashley A., Dominique E. Brossard, Dietram A. Scheufele, Michael A. Xenos and Peter Ladwig. 2013. "The "Nasty Effect": Online Incivility and Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12009 |
Anderson, Ashley A., Jiyoun Kim, Dietram A. Scheufele, Dominique E. Brossard and Michael A. Xenos. January 2013. "What's in a name? How we define nanotech shapes public reactions." Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 15(2):1-5. doi: 10.1007/s11051-013-1421-z |
Arora, Sanjay, Alan L. Porter, Jan Youtie and Philip Shapira. April 2013. "Capturing Developments in an Emerging Technology: an Updated Search Strategy for Identifying Nanotechnology Research Outputs." Scientometrics. 95(1):351-370. doi: 10.1007/s11192-012-0903-6 |
Arora, Sanjay, Jan Youtie, Philip Shapira, Lidan Gao and TingTing Ma. 2013. "Entry Strategies in an Emerging Technology: a Pilot Web-based Study of Graphene Firms." Scientometrics. 95(3):1189-1207. |
Brossard, Dominique E. and Dietram A. Scheufele. 2013. "Science, New Media, and the Public." Science. 339(40):40-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1232329 |
Brossard, Dominique E. and Dietram A. Scheufele. March 2, 2013. "This Story Stinks." The New York Times, |
Cacciatore, Michael A. In review. 2013. "TBD." Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Mass Communications. University of Wisconsin - Madison. Madison, WI. |
Cacciatore, Michael A., Dietram A. Scheufele and Elizabeth A. Corley. 2013. "Explaining Attitudes toward Nanotechnology: The Interaction between Risk Perceptions and Regulatory Trust on Public Support." Presentation. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies. Boston, MA. |
Cacciatore, Michael A., Dietram A. Scheufele, Sara K. Yeo, Michael A. Xenos, Doo-Hun Choi, Dominique E. Brossard and Elizabeth A. Corley. June 2013. "Misperceptions in Polarized Politics: The Role of Knowledge, Religiosity and Media." Presentation. Annual Convention of the International Communication Association. London, United Kingdom. |


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The Holiday Inn® Hotel Auburn, a certified green hotel, is located in the foothills of the Sierra Mountain along historic Hwy. 49 and I-80. This region features the beauty of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the rich history of the early settlers and gold miners. Sutter's Mill, Grass Valley, and Placerville, CA are close by.
Our Auburn, CA hotel's location is ideal for leisure guests. From world-class rafting on the American River to a View More
Our Auburn, CA hotel's location is ideal for leisure guests. From world-class rafting on the American River to a round of golf at the home of the LPGA tour at Ridge Golf Club, this region has it all. Guests can enjoy some of the region's best hiking and mountain biking trails along with great snow skiing. Plus our hotel's near Sacramento for an urban day trip as well as Old Town Auburn.
corporate guests looking for hotels near Sacramento love ours because we're close to Hewlett Packard and Intel, yet our location lets you unwind in the serene foothills and enjoy the small-town charm of Auburn. Our hotel features free high-speed wireless Internet access and a business center to keep you productive.
Whether you're looking for gold mines, mountain skiing, or antiques guests of our Auburn, CA hotel also enjoy our outstanding amenities. You can surf the net by our outdoor pool or enjoy a workout in the fitness center. After a day of shopping you enjoy a great meal at our full-service restaurant. Discover why we're the best choice among hotels in Auburn, CA on your next visit.


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Some of the top up-and-coming pro golfers, and a man who used to be one of the biggest names in golf are in Valdosta this week.
Two-time major champion John Daly is in the field for the 7th Annual South Georgia Classic.
Today the professionals took a swing at teaching the amateurs their way around the course during the South Georgia Classic Pro-Am. Tomorrow starts the 4-day tournament with some of the game's biggest up-and-coming professional golfers. And with John Daly joining at the last minute, huge crowds are expected.
"Absolutely, everybody loves John Daly," said Kinderlou Forest General Manager, Steve Singley.
Daly spent the day practicing on Kinderlou Forest's 7,800 yard course. Daly won the 1991 PGA Championship and the 1995 British Open.
"He's an exciting player and a lot of people like to watch him and I'm sure people have come to watch him that may not have been planning on coming before," said Valdosta Mayor John Gayle.
Tomorrow the stadium seats will be filled with thousands of spectators. Tournament officials expect this to be their biggest turnout ever.
The Valdosta-Lowndes County Tourism Authority projects the tournament will bring more than $3 million to the area over the next few days. And some out-of-towners say they don't want to leave.
Lee Higgins from Austin, Texas said, "Everybody has been great, the southern hospitality for lack of a better word has been definitely going on here."
You can expect the South Georgia Classic back again next year and hopefully some other big name tournaments.
"We're looking for a title sponsor, but from speaking to tour officials with the golf course we can have just about anything we would want tour-wise. So its all about money and we hope to continue bringing this back to Valdosta and Kinderlou Forest for a long time," said Singley.
The tournament runs tomorrow to Sunday and tickets are just $5.
To find out where you can purchase tickets CLICK HERE.
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NEW LRP Spin Super Brushless ESC!
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NEW LRP Spin Super Brushless ESC!
July 19, 2012 The Spin Super brushless speed control is perfect for hobby and parking lot racers as well as ambitious entry-level competition racers. The Spin Super is a reliable and very cost-effective all-around speed control and the perfect upgrade for an RTR. It is suited for 1:10 scale RC cars and can be used in both on-road and off-road configurations.
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Any gift worth giving should be given in one of our glossy White Gift Boxes. The one-piece construction of each box makes it easy to store and assemble. We offer a wide variety of sizes to accommodate just about any gift. Each box is made from recycled and recyclable material. Keep plenty on hand to accommodate those last minute and unexpected gift-giving occasions. Choose from our wonderful selection of gift wrap to complete the presentation of your special package. See more product details below.
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Who's Who in Chicago Business
488 of Chicago's biggest names. These are the civic, professional and cultural leaders you need to know. General corporate address, phone, fax, website and e-mail are available exclusively in the Excel download for many of the records. Published Sept. 2, 2013.
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Prices, promotions, styles, and availability may vary. Our local stores do not honor online pricing. Prices and availability of products and services are subject to change without notice. Errors will be corrected where discovered, and Lowe's reserves the right to revoke any stated offer and to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions including after an order has been submitted.
Item #: 170585 | Model #: SUP400M
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Hideaway Ironing Board
Installation Method | Wall-mount |
Iron Rest | Yes |
Cord Hanger | No |
Length (Inches) | 47.75 |
Width (Inches) | 16.0 |
Height (Inches) | 7.0 |
Color | Golden oak |
Includes Cover | Yes |
Type | Hideaway |
Color Family | Yellow/Gold |
Finish Family | Other |
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Braking Systems & Controls
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With Meritor WABCO complete braking systems, you eliminate multiple suppliers as well as incompatibility issues. Components are designed to work together to offer the greatest benefit to you. Total system integration translates into a leaner, lighter, more efficient system that requires less maintenance, while enhancing performance, reliability and cost savings.
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Micro USB Cable
Black Micro USB Cable
Most smartphones & MP3
Cygnett's Micro USB charge and sync cable is USB A to Micro USB cable. Featuring a generous 2 metre cable length, sync and charge your favourite gadgets with your computer or USB Power Base.
1 AMP Output
Micro USB


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Start your golf clap guys, the Original Penguin Golf Engineered Solid Polo and it lives up to every bit of its name. This classic fit polo shirt features the iconic embroidered Penguin logo on the left chest, as well features suited to even the most avid golfers, like anti-microbial finish to fend off odors and interlock fabrication. And did we mention it's made of 100% Titanium High-Grade Micro-Polyester? Talk about innovative tech!
- 100% Titanium High-Grade Micro-Polyester
- Interlock Fabrication
- Antimicrobial Fabric Finish
- Classic Fit
- 3 Button Placket
- Self Pointed Collar
- Embroidered Penguin Logo
- Machine Washable
- Imported
Rated 5 out of 5 by 1
Rated 5 out of 5 by Nickster Awesome golf shirt!
Great for casual, and perfect for golf. Love this shirt! Need more designs and some for cooler weather.
June 14, 2013
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Hit the right button every time with the well designed colour coded buttons, large, well spaced number keypad and simple menus. Its bright orange case makes the Alto 2 standout and easily spotted. Also available in blue or dark grey.
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Below is a transcript from Bucs coach Greg Schiano's day-after-game press conference. Schiano spoke to the local media on several topics about the 31-23 loss that dropped Tampa Bay's record to 6-6 on the year.
Do you have an update on LeQuan Lewis?
"Not yet. We are waiting for some test results. [We] will probably know better tomorrow."
Can the backfield take any more injuries?
'We don't have a choice. We will just line up and play with who we have."
Will Anthony Gaitor be ready to come back this week?
"Anthony (Gaitor) is ready, yes. So the plan was to get him back this week. He has practiced for two weeks and he is ready to go."
Will he be able to practice with the team on Wednesday?
"He has been practicing with us the last couple weeks. So he is all set. Now he will be able to take part in the reps against Philly's offense."
Has there been anything teams have done to you or maybe you are not executing as well where Doug Martin has been bottled up the last couple weeks?
"Well, just sticking to [the] last game Doug (Martin) actually in the first half I thought he ran the ball [well]. He had 48 yards at the half which is against the No. 4 rush defense. In the National Football League to have 48 yards at the half [and] usually if the game remains a close game those runs only get more. They don't get less as you wear people down. So I thought he was right on stride to have a really good rushing production day. But then we got behind the three scores and then it turned into—from 18 minutes left in the game it was purely passing. So you take away really the prime real estate for rushing the football and that's the fourth quarter when people are worn out. Overall I thought Doug (Martin) ran the ball well and had we continued to be able to do that by the situation in the game, I think we would have had a good day. Like I said, they are the fourth ranked rushing defense in the league. I think we will be fine there."
How has Josh Freeman handled the pressure that he has been getting the last couple of games?
"Again, they are a top 10 defense in most categories. I think there was one, red zone defense they were not. So it is a good outfit. He was under some pressure, yes. I think he is doing fine. We just got to continue to make everybody on the same page. When things happen they happen quickly and you got to be on the same page: receivers, quarterback, line, [and] running backs. The whole deal."
Lavonte David had another solid game and where have you seen his game go since the start of the season?
"I think he started the season playing at a high level and he has just gotten incrementally better little by little each week. He played a great game yesterday. I mean very, very high production."
With the way Lavonte David takes his preparation so seriously is it anything more than you have ever experienced and how do you characterize it?
"I think he approaches it like a true professional which is rare for a rookie to be that on point with his preparation. I think he truly has bought into everything [and] the way we do things here. He comes from a great college program at the University of Nebraska. I think it is just logical in his progression to keep going. That's the kind of guy he is so we are fortunate to have him."
When you get close to a situation to a playoff race, do you allow yourself to look at the standings or does it just remain a one game season like you have said all year?
"No, I don't think being a fan – I hope I never stop being a fan of football. So the fan in me likes to look at the other teams, but when it comes to my job and my team's job I hope that we never act like a fan. You got to keep them separate in that when you are working you got to focus on the things that you can control to win that game. Everything is that game. As you build your week you just pour all of yourself—coach, player, anybody involved—pour every ounce of yourself into the preparation. For Denver last week [and] for Philly this week. But certainly as a fan of the game and you like to follow the other teams and see how they are doing and all that. I don't think they have to be mutually exclusive. I think the same person can do both as long as you are disciplined and understand where you draw the line."
Every coach strives to see improvement and consistency from their team and have you seen that from your team?
"For the most part, never do you say every position group [and] every guy has improved every week. That would be impossible. If you did you would be lights out right now and we are not lights out. As a team I see improvement if you just add up all the positives and the negatives and your improvement with your net. The other difference is there are different people doing things than there were at the beginning of the year because of injury [or] because of whatever the circumstance. It is not one continuance line of this guy getting reps week one through week 12. There has been disruption in certain areas. So that all factors in, but I think if you look at it as I do from the overhead view we have improved as a football team no doubt from week one through week 13. Our 12th game yes we have. We have to continue to do that and as we enter game 13 the Philadelphia season we have to make big improvements this week out on the practice field to be able to come back and get a win this week."
Do you see some things where you guys made some mistakes or missed some opportunities to put more pressure on Peyton Manning?
"First, we did get some pressure on Peyton Manning. It didn't manifest itself in sacks, but we did disrupt some of his timing and throwing pattern. Not as much as we would have liked, but we tried to give as many different looks as we could. Some of those looks were three-man rush [and] some were four-man rush [and] some were five some were six. Again, did we affect the quarterback? Sometimes. Not as much as we would have liked, but at the end of the day when you are looking at him as a quarterback and you can kind of contain him to what we did overall that is not a bad outing. Certainly can we play better and will we play better? Sure, but he has the explosive ability within his [skillset] that it could have gotten worse. I think our guys battled their guts out to be able to be where we were. A little more pressure could have lead to some takeaways. That's what you hope for. We were close. A couple of those plays that were tremendous touchdowns could have easily been interceptions. They were steps or two away, but they are not. He made the plays we didn't. My hats off to them."
How is the offensive line handling the last few games in terms of playing together as a unit?
"I don't think there are issues of them playing together as a unit. I think you are looking at you know a week ago Jamon Meredith and we didn't even know if he would play. All of a sudden he fights through it and he is in the game. We have had not where it has been continuous smooth even with the replacements. They will keep fighting. It is a good group. We didn't play our best game up front this week that's for sure. I anticipate that this group will fight back and we will be ready to go on Sunday."
Do you have any concern with penalties from yesterday's game?
"Yes, both teams got penalized at a high level which means that the game was being called. As long as it is both ways I have no problem with it. Every game takes on its own kind of feel. The only issue I have is the penalties that we committed. Certainly some of them were very, very costly. Never is a penalty good, but some of them came up to bite us in the rear end. We will address that [and] we have addressed it. We will address it this week in practice again. We have to avoid from shooting ourselves in the foot like that."
Was that just a matter of the refs calling it or were there things you could do with your guys?
"No, I think there are things that can be done. A lot of times if you get yourself in just a little bit better football position [then] a lot of those holds [and] those kind of things and DPIs don't happen. We just got to make sure that we are paying attention to the fundamentals. That will keep you from getting yourself in some of those bad spots."
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