We derive the generalization of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation (KZE) associated with the Ding-Iohara-Miki (DIM) algebra U_{q,t}(\widehat{\widehat{\mathfrak{gl}}}_1). We demonstrate that certain refined topological string amplitudes satisfy these equations and find that the braiding transformations are performed by the R-matrix of U_{q,t}(\widehat{\widehat{\mathfrak{gl}}}_1). The resulting syste is the uplifting of the \widehat{\mathfrak{u}}_1 Wess-Zumino-Witten model. The solutions to the (q,t)-KZE are identified with the (spectral dual of) building blocks of the Nekrasov partition function for 5d linear quiver gauge theories. We also construct an elliptic version of the KZE and discuss its modular and monodromy properties, the latter being related to a dual version of KZE.


Accurate estimates of the angular velocity are often required for satellite attitude control. However, traditional derivative and estimation methods are not accurate enough for accurate satellite control. This paper describes a new high-gain observer for measuring angular velocities. Lyapunov analysis was used to define an upper bound for its estimation error with observation noise. The gain selection was then related to the accuracy estimate so that the stability and accuracy of the observer would be guaranteed. The method has no tunable parameters and the computations are simple. Simulation results show that the observation accuracy is better than 0.003(°)/s. The trajectory and performance of the state feedback control with this method is recovered so the high-gain observer can be widely used in satellite attitude control problems.


Exposure to ionizing radiation leads to exhaustion of the pool of stem cells, increases differentiated cell stress, and activated reparation and apoptosis processes. Apart from well-documented acute effects, radiotherapy leads to delayed effects manifesting in few years after successful treatment. The aim of our study was the development of a test battery for evaluation of irradiation aftereffects in organisms characterized by different radiosensitivity. We chose C57BL mice as the ideal strain, because according to published data, they are characterized by medium radiosensitivity. At the preliminary stage, we have to assess informative value of some methods for the sublethal irradiation dose of 750 R. For evaluation of the damaging effects of radiation (lymphocyte count and maturity), we used, along with classical criteria, some complex parameters (body weight, serum homeostasis, behavior) characterizing general status of the organism. We also performed histological analysis of the liver, spleen, and pancreas and ranged the injuries by their severity.


This paper tried to analyze Indonesian movie which tells about housemaid. The aim of the current research was analyzing if after reformation era signed by the emergence of awareness on gender, the female representation has been free from gender bias. The method used was Ethnographic content analysis. It used perspective of seeing fim as the art creature as well as representation from social situation of its era. The element inspected here were: physical characteristic, environmental service, reaction and/or expression of the housemaid, and synopsis. The dominant finding was a movie about housemaid tends to emphasize the body shape and face of housemaid as the attraction, thus the housemaid problem in the relation with social problem was not found. The movie was underlined the recreative purposesas the economical commodity menu. As well as the housemaid in Indonesian movies were framed as stimulus to comply the taste and dominant norms in society. Key word: gender bias, education, Indonesian movie, recreation, and housemaid.


IPENZ is a member of the International Association for Continuing Engineering Education (lACEE) based at Helsinki University in Finland, where it is a legal entity under Finnish law. lACEE's newsletter (published with the support of UNESCO) provides graphic evidence of the emphasis being placed on continuing engineering education worldwide.


The initial description of regulatory cells which modulate immune responses was reported in 1970 by Gershon and Kondo [1]. Since that time there have been numerous descriptions of lymphoid populations which depress immune responses in an antigen specific fashion. Phenotypic analyses of these populations generally indicate that suppressor cells express cell surface antigens which are absent on other T cell subsets, e.g. I-J or idiotype-related determinants [2, 3]. Many different experimental models have been used to characterize antigen specific suppressor T cells (Ts). The scope of this review will be confined to questions concerning Ts which demonstrate nominal antigen specificity during their induction, activation and/or interactions.


The S.I.N. ring injector cyclotron has four sector magnets. For fast and accurate magnetic field measurements a new type of measuring system has been developed. The magnetic field of the sector magnets is measured in polar coordinates. The standard field map covers a range in radial direction from 240 mm to 3800 mm and in azimuthal direction from - 47 deg. to + 47 deg. in steps of 20 mm and 1/4 deg., respectively. (Corresponding to approx. 70'000 measurement points). Two Hall probes are mounted on a carriage which follows a meandric track. The data are taken in the "flying" mode, i.e. two fast DVM's read the values while the carriage is moving at an average speed of approx. 25 cm/ sec. The measuring procedure is controlled on line by small computer system and is carried through fully automatically within roughly 2 1/2 hours. The process control software contains diagnostic routines for surveying the system operation as well as routines for a smoothing check of the measured data which are written on a magnetic tape at the end of each radial track. The achieved measurement accuracy lies at approx. 1 Gauss at the field level (in the air gap) of 11 kGauss, while the positioning accuracy of the probes is in the order of ± 0.1 mm (radial and vertical) and ± 0.01 deg. (azimuthal).


In the process of digging planting material of the working body of the machine interacts with the soil and plant roots. To preserve the root systems of plants is necessary to loosen the soil and to separate it from the roots. To the greatest extent meet these requirements plant lifter with active working bodies, which provide intensive loosening of saturated roots soil and remain thin, the most valuable plant roots. The article presents the results of analytical studies of the process of destruction of soil layer wicomoco dishwasher with active working bodies in the form of beat and otmahivala for digging planting material in forest nurseries. The proposed formula for determining the maximum bending moment arising from the destruction of soil formation. Considered a condition that guaranteed the destruction of the formation of soil, and given a formula to determine the maximum bending stresses, taking into account geometric and kinematische parameters of working bodies. The analysis found that the greatest influence on the destruction of soil layer has a coefficient of kinematic mode beat . The geometrical parameters of the working bodies it is advisable to take based eksperimentalnyh research with consideration of the peculiarities of cultivation of planting material and soil physical properties.


Objective:A method for determination the stability of cureumin and its homologue by RP-HPLC was established.Methods:Kromasil- C_(18)(5μm,250mm×4.6mm)was used,The mobile phase was consisted with 1% (w/v)citric acid solution,adjusted to pH 3.0 with 45% (w/v)potassium hydroxide solution,and tetrahydrofu- ran 55:45 (v:v).A wavelength of 264 nm was used to detect curcumin.Curcumin dissolved in methanol with the concentration and curcumin solid powder were exposed to the light at the intensity of 4500 + 200 lx to study the light stability.Thermal stability of raw material solid powder were detection by exposed in heat (common temperature and 40℃)and in moist (75% RH),respectively.Also the influences of strong acid,base and oxidizing agent to curcu- rain methanol solution were studied.Results:Retention time of curcumin was 12.2 min.Curcumin,demethoxycurcu- rain and bisdemeyhoxycurcumin can be separated on baseline.A good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.5- 40μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)for curcumin.Curcumin dissolved in methanol was stable for 8 h on expoure to light and degraded according to the first-order pharmacokinetics (lgC =-0.0045t+1.2738,r =-0.9965),otherwise the raw material solution could be stable for 72 h at least.The raw material solid powder was stable to light,heat (40 ℃)and moist (75% RH)for 10 d.Strong acid,base and oxidizing agent could destroy the curcumin methanol so- lution.Conclusion:The method of determination is simple,quick and accurate.Curcumin has the character of insta- bility in organic solution to light,heat (60℃)and can be oxidized easily.


We study an effective field theory of a vortex lattice in a two-dimensional neutral rotating superfluid. Utilizing particle-vortex dualities we explore its formulation in terms of a $U(1)$ gauge theory coupled to elasticity, that at low energies reduces to a Lifshitz theory augmented with a Berry phase term encoding the vortex dynamics in the presence of a superflow. Utilizing elasticity- and Lifshitz-gauge theory dualities, we derive dual formulations of the vortex lattice in terms of a traceless symmetric scalar-charge theory and demonstrate low-energy equivalence of our dual gauge theory to its elasticity-gauge theory dual. We further discuss a multipole symmetry of the vortex lattice and its dual gauge theory's multipole one-form symmetries. We also study its topological crystalline defects, where the multipole one-form symmetry plays a prominent role, organizing the defects, explaining their restricted mobility, and characterizing descendant vortex phases.


Loose smut symptoms do not become apparent until ear emergence. At this time ears of infected plants emerge earlier, have a darker colour and are slightly taller than the ears of healthy plants.


summary: Alternatively identified as Thomas Aikens, one mile south of Mason City, Nebraska. See additional information. RG2608-1427 [Transcription of a letter from Ray H. Parrish to Ann Reinert]: Rulo, Nebr., Nov. 24, 1976 Mrs. Ann Reinert, Librarian, State Historical Society, Lincoln, Nebr. Dear Madam: Re: the Butcher pictures The correct spelling of the names of the two families is MULVANY and AIKMAN. The Aikmans trace their lineage to Scotland and supposedly to the army of McDuff. An enterprising lieutenant in this army suggested that before the assault on Dunsdane, each man should camouflage himself with oak boughs from Burnham Wood. This created an illusion to the guilt crazed Macbeth that, Indeed Burnham Wood was coming to Dunsdane. In reward for this stratagem the lieutenant was named "Aikman" (Oakman). The Aikman coat of arms Is an oak tree with the motto, Sub Robore Virtus. It was long, long after, that the two Aikman brothers, Barton and Sam, and their young families moved to Vermillion County, Ind. in 1821, where they obtained title to 1600 acres of land, each. Sam's wife was Eliza Eads (1894-1908) a first cousin of James B. Eads of the St. Louis bridge and the jetties at the mouth of the Miss. River. Barton's wife was Jane Rhoads and after bearing eight children, she died in 1845. But the next year, Barton found the 22 yr. old Jane Ammerman willing to marry him and stepmother the brood and subsequently bear by him eight of her own, the second born being Thos. McKnight Aikman (1849-1909), the Gentleman who in the picture, site with his wife and children in front of the Custer Co. soddy. Barton died in 1861 and the widow married the Rev. John Vast and they had a daughter in 1863. The Rev. Mast had much Influence on its stepsons, lives an& encouragement them in their schooling. Tom went to DePauw (sic) Uni. which isn't very far from his boyhood home near Bono which is close to Dana, Ind. All the brothers went into lines of work other than farming and the land holdings were disposed of. Some of Sam's progeny stayed with farming and his great-grandson Herbert owns some of the original farm and- considerable other land which at $2000 an acre, todays inflated prices, is worth a fortune. Herb has a brother, Leo, who didn't stay with farming-- be became a newspaper man. he is with the Atlanta Constitution and writes a syndicated column. James and Maria Pyle farmed in the Aikman neighborhood during the first quarter of the present century. Their son, Ernie went to the neighboring Helt Township school as did Leo Aikman Ernie became a very famous newsman. Thos. Aikman's half-sister Mariah, had married and move! to Hastings, Nebr. and it may be because of her that he left Ind. and went to central Nebr. to be a circuit rider preacher. John Mulvany was from an Irish hill-billy family In Tenn. He said he had no shoes until he was twelve or more years old. As a young man he crossed the Ohio River into Harrison Co., Ind. Elizabeth Dobson was born in Ky. in 1932. The family moved to Harrison Co., Ind. She married Preston Taylor and they had a dauter (sic), Henrietta. Preston went to the Calif. Told fields He wrote a letter saying he had been successful and would soon start home. They never heard from him again, so presumed 'lie had died, probably from foul means. in 1859 the young widow married John Mulvany. The next year their first child Darthula, was born. It Is she that sits holding her baby, beside her husband and children in front of their sod home near Mason City. John Mulvany enlisted with Ind. Volunteers and served through the Civil War. A bullet went through the top of his hat and another through the sleeve of his blouse, but he received not so much as a scratch. He was with Sherman through Ga. and it was somewhat of a lark. He came back to his little clay Ind. farm and his feet were itchy. In spite of his urging to seek greener pastures, 'him wife stayed put. In 1874 her niece, Minerva (Dobson) Lang and new husband Howard, went to Nebr. and homesteaded near Litchfield. Good reports were sent back by her and another relative at Grand Island, so Elizabeth began to feel more favorably toward migration. But it was not until her daughter, Darthula, was safely married in the summer of 1878 to Thos. Rusk., a young neighborhood farmer, that she consented to have her possessions loaded Into wagons and with husband and children make the long trek to Grand Island. The next spring tragedy -came to the young couple. Thos. Rusk was out with the hounds after a fox. He ran until exhausts,' and dropped to rest on the cold damp ground. A sever cold resulted and bronchial infection. They called it "quick consumption". Their mother) was born May 17th and he died June 30th. In October Darthula and her Infant daughter took the long train rile to her family in Grand Island. The next spring her father staked a claim on Mud Creek just east of what would soon become the of Mason Cy (sic). The circuit rider came to the area to preach. He met the young widow. He was 31 and had never married. She was 20 and a widow with an infant. He proposed marriage and she accepted. He wag pastor at Cozad for a year or more and then returned to his home area in Ind. where he held two different charges. Early in 11336 they returned to Mason City where he was able to obtain a relinquished timber claim a -mile south of town. There they were living when the picture was taken. The Emerald Isle of Ireland; Burnham Wood in Scotland; a fox spoor in Indiana; a father and mother and children in front of a soddy in Nebr. Fate? Chance? Devine (sic) guidance? What brings such to pass? I am. enclosing the John Mulvany residence picture. It is faded, but perhaps your equipment will be able to -ive more contrast and pick out dim images. I will be delights! to receive copies of the two pictures to put back in their antique walnut frames. Either finish will be OK, which ever reproduces the best. I could not find the price list you said you were enclosing. Whatever the service, postage, etc amounts to, please bill me. Sincerely yours, Ray H. Parrish Route 1, Rulo, Nebr. 68431
original size: 6x8


Lean production has transformed into applications loosely called Lean Thinking and spread to areas such as health care, construction, distribution and service industry. Lean Thinking looks at the value chain and posits: How can work be structured so that the function under consideration does nothing but add value, and does that as rapidly as possible? This paper examines broader interpretation and adaptation of Lean Thinking to adult education. Applying Lean Thinking practices to course design and delivery requires instructors to challenge current views regarding how and what they teach. Some examples of application are suggested.


Spatial data processing is often the core function in many information system applications. Algorithm design for these applications generally aims at being worst case optimal for processing efficiency. We propose a different approach applying the notion of vicinity. We partition the object space into grid cells of size adapted to the statistical dimensions of the input data objects for processing, and consider only those data objects sharing the same common grid cells. We describe the processing steps of the algorithm in our approach and analyze the performance. We also experimented with different data patterns in our implementation. We believe that our approach can be efficient and practicable for the computation of geometric intersection and spatial interference detection. These are essentially the core functions in geographic information systems, computer graphics and computer aided design systems as well. We also briefly discuss our understanding of how the grid cell size may affect the performance with regard to varying patterns of the input data objects.


Early administration of thrombolytic agents is the standard treatment and crucial for the outcome for patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI). This study was conducted to evaluate the door to needle time of streptokinase administration and the left ventricular function in patients with anterior MI. This study was a prospective, single-center study on participants with anterior MI who were received streptokinase and non-streptokinase groups. After administration of streptokinase, QTc was measured in hyper-acute, acute, and recent phases of anterior MI in the case group and compared with acute and recent phases in the control group. The left ventricular function in 5 and 42 days after emergency department arrival was measured and compared in two groups. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics method and variance analysis in the SPSS software, version 22. The level of significance was considered to be 0.05. Among 87 participants (45 streptokinases, 42 non-streptokinase), there was a significant relationship between the door to needle time in patients who received streptokinase in 1 hour (P=0.000), 3 hours (P=0.007), and 6 hours (P=0.016) after onset the chest pain and an ejection fraction of the patients in 5 days after hospitalization. Also, there was a significant relationship between ejection fraction in 5 days (P=0.000) and 42 days (P=0.000) of administration streptokinase and door to needle time. Reduction of the door to needle time after anterior MI has significant effects on QTc and incidence of threatening arrhythmia.


In order to promote the development of the BT mode in China,it is useful to make a deep analysis of the risk existing in every period of the BT project.By the understanding of the risk management of the BT mode, it has taken the use system point to improve the efficiency of BT project management.Form the view of the contractor of the BT project,it has made multi-angle analysis of the risk of the BT mode,and advanced the relevant measures to solve the problems.


Deng Xiao Ping's theory on science and technology constitutes a primary productivity, not only defines that science and technology is one kind of productive forces on the further step, but also makes it sure from the amount that science and technology is the chief element and decisive force to the science and technology.It is not so much of the inheritance as the Marx' s science and technology theory.


A range of terpyridine platinum(II) metallo-intercalators with bioactive steroids attached has been created with the aim of localizing cytotoxic drugs. Complexes where the steroid does not interfere with access to the terpyridine are shown to retain potent cytotoxicity and show certain selectivity towards their natural receptors. Because the intercalation of the terpyridine moiety between the bases of the DNA is the origin of the biological activity, a dramatic decrease of the activity is observed when the access to the terpyridine unit is hindered by the steroidal unit.


Piles are one of the oldest type of foundation system known to man and as such have been previously studied in depth based on available modeling and monitoring techniques. An increased understanding of pile behavior coupled with the desire to develop cost effective foundation systems have resulted in a need to increase foundation efficiency. The increased knowledge of pile behavior has been spurred by the development of improved analytical techniques, technological advances in monitoring instrumentation, a better understanding of installation effects and the distinction between group and single pile behavior. The papers presented generally address axial and lateral capacity modeling, group effects and the effects of the installation process on pile behavior. In addition to the articles on piles, there are five reviewer comments discussing a proposed standard on drilled shafts. The reviewers comments on the proposed drilled shaft standard are related to work that has been underway for some time in developing a standard for the design and construction of those deep foundations.


Objective: To measure in-vitro susceptibility of Sarcopties Scabieivar Hominis to 5% permethrin and 1 % lindane. Study Design: Randomized controlled trials. Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out at Dermatology Department, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from January 2012 to June 2012. Material and Methods: A total of 60 mites from 60 patients were taken for assay. Mites from every patient were randomly allocated to two groups i.e. group A (5% permethrin) and group B (1% lindane). Permethrin and lindane were applied in a thin film over a glass slide. Live mites were then gently transferred to the glass slide and covered with a lid. Mites were inspected for leg movements at time interval of 1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 4hrs and 5hrs. Death was declared once all leg movements had ceased. All mites which died within 5 hours had been declared as susceptible to drugs, while mites having active leg movements even after 5 hours of drug application were considered as non-susceptible. Results: A total of 93.33% (n=28) of mites in group-A died within 5 hours of application of permethrin (susceptible) and 6.67% (n=2) of mites in group-A were alive after 5 hours of drug application (resistant). While 53.33 % (n=16) of mites in group-B died within 5 hours of application of lindane (susceptible) and 46.67% (n=14) of mites in group-B did not die after 5 hours (non-susceptible). (p value < 0.001). Conclusion: Permethrin is more effective as compared to lindane against Sarcopties Scabei in terms of in-vitro susceptibility.


: The selection of center point is major issue in clustering technique. the center point of cluster decides the quality and validation of clustering technique. for the better selection of clustering technique used different optimization function such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm and many more algorithm used for center selection process. In this paper present the review of clustering technique for automatic validation and cluster center selection. The process of clustering basically group the data based on feature attribute of data. the selection of features attribute of data based on the process of iteration. performed on several document data sets and it is shown that the new algorithm provides significant increase in clustering quality without causing considerable difference in CPU time usage when compared to SKM algorithm. machine evaluation of new feature during classification is major problem. The problem of feature evaluation decreases the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM). For the improvement of support vector machine, particle of swarm optimization technique is used. Particle of swarm optimization controls the dynamic feature evaluation process and decreases the possibility of confusion in selection of class and increase the classification ratio of support vector machine.


Social management is a highly professional career,which needs for specialized talents,especially social workers who are specially trained.Based on analysis of Shandong province social management talent team construction,this paper puts forward specific proposals to establish a significant social management personnel,explores and studies the construction of talent management of social work team actively.Combined with specific situation in Shandong province,it explores rules with an open view,an open mind and pioneering spirit,in order to promote our social management and social management talent team construction work standardization.


The development of national economic provides a good development opportunity for our banks.More and more small and middle-sized banks have been growing up.At the same time,the competition between banks has been pricking up.Analyzing the marketing environment of small and medium-sized banks,is helpful to provide a decision-making groundwork for the marketing activities and management of these banks.


The clinical outcomes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain dismal, with an estimated five-year survival rate of less than 5%. Early detection and prognostic approaches, including robust biomarkers for PDAC, are critical for improving patient survival. Our goal was to explore the biomarker potential of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC), an emerging epigenetic marker with a distinct role in cancer pathobiology, yet under-investigated, due largely to technical constraints relating to PDAC. The TET-assisted bisulfite (TAB)-Array assay represents state-of-the-art technology and was used to directly profile 5hmC at single-base resolution with the Illumina EPIC array (~850,000 cytosine modification sites) in 17 pairs of tumor/adjacent tissue samples from US patients collected at the University of Chicago Medical Center. The TAB-Array data were analyzed to explore the genomic distribution of 5hmC and evaluate whether 5hmC markers were differentially modified between tumors and adjacent tissues. We demonstrated distinctive distribution patterns of 5hmC in tissue samples from PDAC patients relative to cis-regulatory elements (e.g., histone modification marks for enhancers), indicating their potential gene regulatory relevance. Substantial differences in 5hmC-modified CpG sites were detected between tumors and adjacent tissues in genes related to cancer pathobiology. The detected 5hmC-contaning marker genes also showed prognostic value for overall survival in the US patients with PDAC from the Cancer Genome Atlas Project. This study demonstrated the technical feasibility of the TAB-Array approach in cancer biomarker discovery and the biomarker potential of 5hmC for PDAC. Future studies using tissues and/or liquid biopsies may include 5hmC as a potential epigenetic biomarker target for PDAC.


Relevance and subject of research. The circulation of firearms as a source of increased danger is subject to legal regulation and control in the Russian Federation. The use of weapons by police officers is no exception. The norms of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ "About the Police" (hereinafter referred to as the Law "About the Police") refer to the achievements of domestic administrative science as a result of the work of specialists. In systemic connection with the norms of criminal law, they regulate the conditions and limits for the use of coercive measures by police officers, including firearms. The fundamental ideas of the activities of the Russian police have successfully cooperated with the norms of international law. On the contrary, in the socalled "leading" democratic state – the United States of America, such cooperation does not look well-coordinated, which the Author substantiates when studying the origins of the right of citizens of this state to own firearms, the regulatory regulation of the circulation of weapons in the United States, the negative consequences of this regulation (based on research by American scientists and statistical data), the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation. One of the US attempts to comply with international law in this area is analyzed, namely the adopted new policy of the US Customs and Border Protection on the use of force, including firearms.The purpose of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of the circulation of civilian firearms in the United States, the use of these weapons as a coercive measure by police officers in order to identify its positive aspects, in the presence of which the decision on the possibility / impossibility of their introduction into Russian legislation. This led to the setting of the following tasks: to study the constitutional foundations of the right to own firearms by US citizens (historical aspect); to determine the current state of legal regulation of civilian circulation of firearms in the United States and its consequences; analyze the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation, evaluate them and determine the prospects for their improvement; identify the provisions of American legislation that are of scientific interest, and the possibility / impossibility of their implementation in Russian legislation.The methodological basis of the study was a dialectical approach to the scientific knowledge of social relations associated with the circulation of firearms, the implementation of their state regulation, analysis and synthesis of the results obtained during the study, which made it possible to formulate and substantiate the conclusions. Among the special methods used in the study are the method of studying normative legal acts and documents, the empirical method, the method of processing and analyzing data, and their generalization. Findings. The study shows that the constitutional foundations for the right to own firearms by US citizens developed simultaneously with the emergence of statehood: first in individual states, and then in the very union of these states formed into a single US government. The existing multi-layered legal framework for regulating the circulation of firearms has created a wide range of owners with a relatively simple system of access, which negatively affects the criminal environment, in which armed attacks with mass casualties are of high importance. Cases of armed attacks and other negative illegal acts to a certain extent influenced the processes of militarization of the police, the creation and strengthening of special operations units, the adoption by the police of various types of military equipment, weapons and special means. Detailed legal regulation of the use of lethal force by the police is developing belatedly. The 2014 adoption of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Manual did not prompt other law enforcement agencies to adopt similar rules, indicating the fragmentation of U.S. law enforcement. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Guidelines on the use of force is of particular scientific interest, and after its careful analysis, it is possible to introduce certain provisions into the legal regulation of the activities of the Russian police, especially the use of lethal force. The fundamental ideas of police activity developed in Russia can be recognized as certain guidelines for the development of the American police. The relatively small number of firearm owners in Russia and the high requirements for the circulation of firearms are a deterrent to the negative developments taking place in the United States.


With the vigorous development of space technology, positioning and tracking of non-cooperative target become an important problem within the domain of space surveillance and safety. Because of the perturbation effect, orbital plane changes with time in the inertia frame, then the real position and velocity vector beyond the plane which is spanned by initial position and velocity, so the classical Laplace model is not suit for the dynamics model with perturbation forces. With consideration of perturbation effect on the normal direction of orbit plane, in this paper, the Laplace model of spacecraft motion was extended and founded in the space which is spanned by position vector, velocity vector and the multiplication cross vector of both, then a new tracking algorithm of non-cooperative target was studied based on bearings only measurement. Results show that non-cooperative target could be well tracked and positioned only with bearings measurement when the number of tracking devices is equal to or greater than two, so the new method could be used in the domain of space surveillance and invade target early warning.


Plant functional groups(PFGs) is assemblage of plants which have certain functional characteristics,and is an ecological concept introduced by ecologist in order to study the response of vegetation to climate changes and disturbances.At present the key problem about PFGs still is the plant feature selection applying to classication of PFGs.Taking steppe community in Xilin river Basin of Inner Mongolia as the case study area,12 sampling plots including 3 steppe community types(Leymus chinensis stppe,Stipa grandis steppe,Leymus chinensis meadow steppe) each with 4 degradation intensities(including undegraed,light degraded,morderated degraded,heavy degraded) were selected,based on the determination of the caloric values for plant species,a new functional classification method named by Energy Plant Functional Groups(ab.Energy PFGs) was set,which grouped the species into 3 groups including high-energy PFGs,moderate-energy PFGs and low-energy PFGs according to the mean caloric value of species by man-made subsection then the objectivity and feasibility of the the Energy PFGs classification methods were discussed.


Interference detection is the key technology of design system based on virtual reality, however, with low efficiency and long time-consuming, traditional geometry intersection method is far from the requirement of real-time precise interference detection of complex objects. With the comparison of sphere-tree, axis-aligned bounding box (AABB) and oriented bounding box(OBB) optimizing algorithms, the theoretical basis and flow chart of swift interference detection based on AABB decomposition is presented. Hierarchical bounding box is constructed to approach geometry solid gradually, the components which are impossible to cause interference are removed, so the operand of interference detection is decreased greatly and the efficiency of algorithm is improved. At last, the optimizing algorithm of the interference checking is applied in virtual assembly system electric-brake virtual assembly system, which is developed in Unigraphics(UG) by comparing the operating time with or without the above algorithm. The comparison experiment results show that the AABB optimizing algorithm of the interference checking can shorten the operating time for complicated objects and show very extensive applied prospects.


This paper investigates the dynamic modeling,the equations solving,and the optimization of flying parameters of a deep space probe.First,the authors establish the motional differential equations of the probe in complex force fields according to the flying dynamics;Then,they compile the network managing software of relative positions and relative motions between the probe and each heavenly body,and make the analyzing and computing to gravitational coefficients of all of the planets in real time;Lastly,taking the Saturn's probe as on example,the authors finish numerical value solving to the dynamic equations of the probe,and develop parameter optimization method and computer imitation technology on the basis of computing results.The computation and imitation results are well agree with the flying orbit and the time of the Saturn's probe abroad.These also show the correctness and the reliability of above-mentioned method.The method in the paper is of very important theoretical significance and reference value for our national deep space exploration engineering.


The present invention provides an information processing apparatus and system, and an information processing method. The information processing apparatus includes a first communication unit, a second communication unit, and a communication-apparatus-side controller. The first communication unit performs wireless communication with plural terminal apparatuses, the number of which is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of connections. The second communication unit performs wireless communication with a connection-requesting terminal apparatus that newly attempts to perform wireless communication with the first communication unit. The communication-apparatus-side controller switches the wireless communication via the second communication unit to wireless communication via the first communication unit, the wireless communication via the first communication unit being performed using a dedicated line prepared in advance.


The antigenic profiles of bladder worms collected from pigs slaughtered at Mumbai abattoir were studied by protein estimation, SDS-PAGE mobility and column chromatographic pattern of crude fluid antigens. The average protein content of fluid from Cysticercus cellulosae, Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid cysts was found to be 69.42, 37.3 and 67.2 mg%, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis of crude fluid antigens of Cysticercus cellulosae, Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid cysts revealed 13, 12 and eight protein moieties with their molecular weights ranging from 200 to 14, 312 to 24 and 272 to 38 kDa, respectively. Crude fluid antigens of the three types of porcine metacestodes when subjected to column chromatography through Sephadex G 200, demonstrated two distinct peaks each. The cross reactivity studies to identify the parasite specific component demonstrated that Peak II antigen of Cysticercus cellulosae and Peak I antigen of Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid fluid were more specific to their respective metacestode as revealed by less number of cross reactivity with heterologous antisera as compared to that with Peak I antigen of Cysticercus cellulosae and Peak II antigen of Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid fluid, respectively. Thus Peak II antigen of Cysticercus cellulosae and Peak I antigen of Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid fluid can be exploited further for improving the immunodiagnostic efficacy of porcine metacestode infections.


ABSTRACT Background: The oral multikinase inhibitor regorafenib significantly improved overall survival vs placebo (HR 0.77, p = 0.0052) in patients with mCRC that progressed on available treatments in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled CORRECT trial (Grothey, Van Cutsem et al. Lancet 2013). CORRELATE will characterize the safety and efficacy of regorafenib in real-world clinical practice. Trial design: This prospective, observational, multicenter trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02042144) will be conducted in routine clinical practice settings in more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region. The trial will recruit 3,000 patients with mCRC previously treated with other approved therapies and for whom a decision has been made to treat with regorafenib. Patients will receive oral regorafenib 160 mg once daily for weeks 1–3 of each 4-week cycle. Dose interruptions and reductions will be permitted for the management of adverse events. The primary endpoint is the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events, assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Secondary endpoints are overall survival, progression-free survival, disease control rate, health-related quality of life (assessed using the EQ-5D questionnaire), and healthcare resource use. Data sources will include medical records, routine measurements, and patient-reported outcome questionnaires. All patients receiving ≥1 dose of regorafenib will be included in the overall analysis. Two planned interim assessments will occur after 1,000 and 2,000 patients have been observed for ≥3 months. The final analysis will be performed when all patients have been followed for ≥18 months from the time they discontinue regorafenib (unless they withdrew from the trial early because of death, consent withdrawal, or patient/investigator decision to stop). Recruitment is under way, with the first patient enrolled in April 2014; the estimated primary completion date is July 2017. Disclosure: M.P. Ducreux: has the following financial disclosures: Advisory board: Merck, Roche, Bohringer, Amgen, Novartis, Sanofi Corporate sponsored research: Roche, Pfizer Employment (wife): Sandoz; A. Falcone: Advisory Boards for Amgen, Bayer, Roche, Merck Serono, Sanofi and Corporate Sponsored Research for Amgen, Bayer, Roche, Merck Serono, Sanofi; C.J.A. Punt: has the following financial disclosures: Advisory board: Roche, Amgen, Sanofi, Nordic Pharma, Bayer; J. Thaler: has the following financial disclosures: Advisory board: Bayer, Merck . All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Objective:To explore the precise localization and suitable needing angle and depth for sacral block through posterior sacral foramen, and provide anatomic data for clinical applications of sacral anesthesia. Methods: 28 cadavers were dissected layer by layer and measured the structures of the posterior aspect of the sacrum. And then the sacrum was cleaved at the midline to open the posterior wall of the sacral canal for observing and measuring the structures of the sacral canal. For the precise allocation, the line between the highest points of the bilateral iliac crests was drawn as axis X1, and the line between bilateral sacral horns as axis X2. The perpendicular line on the posterior median sacral crest was labeled as Y axis. Results: (1) The precise positions of the second and third posterior sacral foramina were (68.45±5.78) mm and (86.91±6.14)mm in male, (60.44±6.30) mm and (78.60±7.23)mm in female on axis X1, (52.46±5.24) mm and (31.00±4.62) mm in male, and (48.26±4.32) mm and (30.20±4.27)mm in female on axis X2, and (20.76±2.53)mm and (19.20±2.50) mm in male, and (19.58±2.10)mm and (17.45±2.23) mm in female on axis Y, respectively. (2)The inferior extremity of the dural sac was generally at the level of the second sacral vertebra. The horizontal distance from the dural sac to the superior margin of the second posterior sacral foramina was about (13.07±5.50) mm. Conclusions: The second and third posterior sacral foramen can be used as an ideal position to insert needle into the sacral canal through the posterior sacral foremen for sacral block anesthesia. It is recommended that the double coordinates localization in a reverse "工" shape can be adopted, and that the inserting angle should be directed to the medial side and 30-400 downwards obliquely to the sagittal axis, with the depth of the inserting of 9.3 mm and 6.4 mm respectively.


1866 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1979 pared with a mean sodium difference of +3.9 mmol/L found by NOVA Biomedical. The reason for sending these samples was to exclude the possibility that the differences were due to any instrumental or standardization error. The mean sodium difference of +5.6 mmol/L referred to by Coleman was for a separate group of 84 specimens of heparinized plasma from hospital patients, which were not analyzed by NOVA Biomedical. It is relevant to compare our mean sodium difference for a group of 22 normal persons with the group of six normal sera analyzed by NOVA Biomedical. In these groups the mean sodium differences between the NOVA 1 and flame photometry were +4.7 and +4.9 mmol/L, respectively. Ladenson (2) compared the NOVA 1 with flame photometry by measuring sodium and potassium in plasma specimens from 148 patients. His sodium values determined by NOVA 1 were, on average, 3.9 mmol/L higher than those determined by flame photometry, with individual differences between NOVA 1 and flame photometry as great as +11 mmol/L. Of those 148 specimens, 86 (58%) gave a sodium value by NOVA 1 that exceeded that obtained by flame photometry by 4 mmol/L or more. These data agree with our findings on comparison of plasma specimens from 84 patients (1). We showed that sodium values determined by NOVA 1 were, on average, 5.6 mmol/L higher than those determined by flame photometry, again with individual differences as great as +11 mmol/L and with 55% of the specimens showing differences of 4 mmol/L or more. Although we agree with Ladenson and Coleman that increased concentrations of proteins or lipids in plasma lead to errors in the determination of sodium and potassium by flame photometry, we believe that insufficient emphasis has been given to the fact that the NOVA i-or any other instrument which uses the principle of direct potentiometrydoes not make an equivalent measurement to flame photometry. Coleman states that the falsely low sodium values of flame photometry are due to water displacement by abnormally high concentrations of plasma lipids or proteins, or both. If it is assumed that direct potentiometric measurement is not subject to these errors, presumably because sodium is measured in the water phase of the sample, then it must be accepted that there is some degree ofunderestimation of sodium by flame photometry innormal samples as compared to directpotentiometric determination. Our results suggest that by direct potentiometry sodium values for normal plasma are greaterby approximately 4 mmol/L. We believe that direct potentiometry may prove to be analytically more accurate and therefore clinically a more valuable procedure for determining sodium in plasma water. Our findings suggest that it is not appropriate to claim comparability or equivalence between direct potentiometry and flame photometry, if they are measuring plasma water sodium and plasma sodium, respectively. It may be on the one hand that for the direct potentiometric ion-selective method a new reference range for plasma water sodium has to be determined and used, but on the other hand the technical anomalies and inaccuracies of plasma sodium measurements by flame photometry in samples with high protein and (or) lipid concentrations will be decreased or eliminated. It is during this interim period when both direct potentiometric and flame photometric methods co-exist that laboratory staff and clinicians should be aware that the results from these methods should be compared to their respective expected ranges.


The main objective of this review is to present the latest research results regarding the importance of the torrefaction process for different biomass materials in the last 12-year period. Despite the fact that the potential of renewable energy sources has been analyzed, research regarding that of energy derived from waste biomass still remains in the infancy state. Torrefaction is known to be one of the most effective methods for enhancing the energy efficiency of biomass. Among different types of torrefactions, the focus in this study is mostly on dry torrefaction. The influential factors, like temperature and residence time, and physico-chemical properties of torrefied products, and the prospective of torrefaction due to its reduced impact on environment, are discussed in-depth. This review provides valuable insights into the torrefaction process, which is conducive to upgrading biomass for achieving net zero carbon emissions, as it has been stated in several works that torrefied biomass can be used instead of coal.


Organizations are key elements in a multi-agent system, since they promote cooperation between agents by constraining their possible behaviours. However, constraining behaviour means diminishing the agents autonomy. In human organizations, agents have different degrees of autonomy: autonomous and more adaptable agents coexist with non-autonomous agents that just follow organizational rules. This work will propose an explicit representation for planning-autonomy in agents organizations, particularly using the MOISE organizational model. We propose the use of a domain specification, based on the planning formalism and on goal types. We implemented our representation using the JaCaMo framework in a proof-of-concept scenario showing how a planning autonomous agent can use the SHOP planner to achieve an organizational goal.


This paper studies the effect of introducing a new vertical differentiation strategy, paying for an upgrade to a premium product after purchasing the base product, on the price dispersion of the base product arising from existing price discrimination strategies. In particular, we examine how a major U.S. airline's price dispersion in the coach cabin changes after introducing the option to upgrade to a new type of premium economy seating within the coach cabin. We first provide a theoretical analysis that highlights two competing pressures that the new premium economy seating upgrades created on coach class prices. On the one hand, the airline benefits from lowering its prices because by allowing more customers to purchase in the first place, it increases the probability of selling upgrades (admission effect). On the other hand, for some customers, the value of flying with the airline increases because of the upgrade availability, therefore the airline may find it optimal to increase its prices (valuation effect). In the second part of the paper, we conduct an empirical investigation of the impact of upgrade introduction on coach class prices, based on a proprietary transaction-level data set from a major U.S. airline company. The empirical analysis tests the main predictions of our theoretical model and examines further nuances. The results show that the introduction of the premium economy seating upgrades is associated with an increase in the price dispersion and revenues in the coach class, the admission effect is stronger than the valuation effect on the low end of the price distribution, and the opposite is true on the high end of the price distribution. Finally, we discuss implications of our results for firm revenues and consumer welfare. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.


This paper introduces the preliminary results of a development project focused on waste recycling and recovery in La Paz (Bolivia). The aim is to share best practices and to present real-world challenges when implementing appropriate waste management systems in developing countries. Environmental pollution, social inequality, lack of resources, and economic discrepancies are challenges still present in the 21st century, and a global call-for-action is needed to support sustainable development. The project "LaPazRecicla", financed by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, provides perspectives that are potentially useful for policy-makers, waste management practitioners, and circular economy visionaries. The article aims to present the effective contribution of the practical actions to the local municipality, and to introduce the reason for why theoretical methods were employed to support the project. The outcomes provided two main indications: on one hand, cooperation among interdisciplinary actors and financial support can give the chance of improvement, suggesting international donors should continue in this direction; on the other, political instability, lack of local technical knowledge, and the absence of planning for a long-term period makes these actions unsuitable for tangible change. Global reflections are required in order to measure the potential benefits of small-scale projects, evaluating the time needed to move towards a sustainable future in low-income countries.


The sensor realised in a low-cost 0.6 µm BiCMOS process includes a 400 µm-diameter photodiode. By parallelising the input transistor a minimum average optical input power of −24.7 dBm at a data rate of 300 Mbit/s is achieved. The power consumption of the transimpedance amplifier is less than 6 mW.


The word makeup or makeup is used to enhance the look. There are many cosmetics available on the market such as lipstick, kajal, mascara, eye liner etc. Lipstick is used for the purpose of improving the appearance, appearance and protection of the lips of many types that damage UV radiation etc. It is available on the market in a variety of colors and form such as liquid and lip adhesive. Lipstick containing synthetic colorants made from harmful chemicals and is very harmful to our skin. lipstick shows many types of side effects such as allergies, nausea, skin, and dryness of the lips as well as other / used and fatal. Therefore, the demand for cosmetics containing herbal ingredients has increased considerably around the world because of their safety. In our research, research was conducted to develop a lipstick containing drug ingredients, tests and comparisons with marketed ingredients. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the use of natural color in lipstick formulation has very little or no effect. From ancient times the need for cosmetics has been astounding. The shape of the lips is used to enhance the beauty of the lips. Prolonged use of synthetic dyes in lipstick can cause serious problems such as skin rash, lip cancer, skin irritation etc. The negative effect can be reduced by using natural herbal dye from different natural sources. In this review paper the main focus is on your design, testing and implementation.


Abstract : This document describes the InfoMall concept, how it is employed by Northeast Parallel Architectures Center (NPAC) as a technology transfer program, and how it could be used by Rome Laboratory and by the United States Air Force Materiel Command (US AFMC). A description of the Electronic InfoMall" system, built on the World Wide Web (WWW) as a pilot project for Rome Laboratory, is also given as are experiences building WWW systems for academia, commerce, and industry. It should be emphasized that this document is primarily a description of the potential uses of the InfoMall concept and the human interactive processes involved in InfoMall, and is not primarily about the HPCC technologies that make the InfoMall process work. These technologies are well described elsewhere, although we summarize their main features in this document.


Two head of line (HOL) packet arbitration mechanisms in an input buffered gigabit packet switch are proposed. These mechanisms have significant advantages in simple implementation while their performances still remain at acceptable levels.


The quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is widely distributed. In the Lake States region it occupies a larger area than any other tree species. Because it occupies such a large area and because of the difficult silvicultural problem which it presents, this species demands careful investigation. The present study was initiated with the objective of adding to the knowledge of the silvics of the species.


Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into chromatin, the basic unit of which is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wound around histone protein complexes. There are four core histones, known as H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and two copies of each of these proteins come together to form a histone octamer complex around


A steganalysis system based on 2-D Markov chain of thresholded prediction-error image is proposed in this paper. Image pixels are predicted with their neighboring pixels, and the prediction-error image is generated by subtracting the prediction value from the pixel value and then thresholded with a predefined threshold. The empirical transition matrixes of Markov chain along the horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions serve as features for steganalysis. Support vector machines (SVM) are utilized as classifier. The effectiveness of the proposed system has been demonstrated by extensive experimental investigation. The detection rate for Cox et al.'s non-blind spread spectrum (SS) data hiding method, Piva et al.'s blind SS method, and a generic QIM method (as embedding data rate being 0.1 bpp (bits per pixel)) are all above 90% over an image database consisting of approximately 4000 images. For generic LSB method (with various embedding data rates), our steganalysis system achieves a detection rate above 85% as the embedding data rate is 0.1 bpp and above


The government has been promoting West Nusa Tenggara tourism through social media in recent years; the West Nusa Tenggara Tourism Office has mobilized the halal tourism sector in West Nusa Tenggara to immediately recover as a result of the impact of COVID-19. West Nusa Tenggara Halal Tourism is suffering greatly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the recovery of halal tourism after the Covid-19 pandemic through Twitter media in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The research used in this research is Q-DAS (Qualitative Data Analysis). The software is Nvivo 12 Plus plus the stages of analyzing data capture, importing data encoding data, classifying data, and displaying data. The results of this study show the government's efforts to restore tourism through social media Twitter.


Significance The modern Earth is geologically dynamic. Convection in its rocky mantle drives plate tectonics that reshapes its surface, and currents inside its metallic core generate a strong planetary magnetic field. However, it is uncertain whether these processes had begun to shape Earth in its deep past. Our measurements of magnetic signals preserved in 3.25-billion-year-old rocks provide the earliest quantitative evidence of both rapidly moving crust—a hallmark of plate tectonics—and a stable ancient magnetic field that episodically alternated polarity. These observations suggest that the early Earth was remarkably geologically mature from its surface to its deep interior, potentially contributing to stable surface conditions for the evolution of early life.


The paper discusses the training goals of students' ability and quality on the higher vocational tourism education.For the problems and errors,the paper puts forwards the ideas and methods of the higher vocational tourism education model Innovation.


The techniques of severe deformation of steel samples have been investigated – drawing and shear drawing in eccentric dies implemented at room temperature. The paper considers the features of structural changes occurring in low-carbon steel at different types of deformation treatment – conventional drawing and shear drawing of samples made of steel 10. The structural parameters and the nature of distribution of the plastic deformation intensity were investigated. Higher efficiency of the drawing process with shear was revealed in terms of strain intensity accumulation. A comparative analysis of structural changes and microhardness distribution over the bulk of samples produced by the investigated methods was conducted. The repeatability of the stress-strain state parameters obtained through physical and mathematical modeling was shown. The analysis of the obtained results leads to the conclusion that the use of drawing with shear is advanced for the production of samples and billets with high strength and sufficiently high ductility by creating a gradient structure.


Malaysian economy has remained largely open to trade and investment in the last two decades. Over the years, Malaysia has established several trade agreements with different countries, including India. The present study focuses on the trade relationship between Malaysia and its FTA partners with special emphasis on Malaysia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (MICECA). It first assesses Malaysia's FTA policies in a larger context with the rest of the world, before analyzing the tariff commitments and the initiatives taken by Malaysia and India with the signing of MICECA. The study also looks at the potential sectors where Malaysia can possibly engage in a strong trade with India. It attempts to analyze whether the increased trade of Malaysia with its FTA partners has stimulated FDI inflow into Malaysia from its FTA partners by using Granger causality test for the period 2004-2011. The results of separate analysis show that total export and total import does not Granger-cause FDI from the FTA partners. Further in context of manufacturing, a causal relationship between FDI into manufacturing and manufacturing export could not be established between the FTA partners. However, at one lag, the results suggest the direction of causality between total trade with its FTA partners and total FDI inflow from its FTA partners.


The provision of information at Rusunawa Untan has increased in response to the needs of students for registration and data management. However, the system currently in use is still conventional and ineffective. This research aims to develop a web-based information system to manage registration and data at Rusunawa Untan. This system can send WhatsApp messages to residents and adapt to user needs. The flexibility of the information system is crucial in its development as the business environment is constantly changing. This research explains the development of the flexibility of the information system and the objectives to be achieved. The Object Oriented Analysis Design (OOAD) method is used for needs analysis, UML design, and implementation with PHP and the Laravel framework. The application is tested using black box method and User Acceptance Test (UAT) with 23 respondents. The UAT results show a satisfaction rate of 85.30%, indicating that the application meets expectations. The OOAD method is well implemented, and the application is well-received and able to adapt to changes in business requirements without significant modifications to the system.


The Internet is an important technology worldwide. People use the Internet for research, communication, shopping, entertainment, etc. In addition to these benefits, the Internet provides access to dangerous or illegal material. Because of this, some content and services may be blocked by governments, Internet Service Providers, organizations, or individuals. This blocking, whether for security or for network efficiency, has significant effects on people's access to services and information, which may not be considered when implementing restrictions. Although studies have been conducted on Internet blocking in many countries, no one has yet examined what is being blocked in New Zealand. In this thesis, we measured the prevalence of Internet blocking in New Zealand and the reasons leading to a decision to block access to websites or Internet services. Although several different tools existed, they could not be used directly because they either concentrated on a narrow range of services or did not work in an environment where some services they depended upon were blocked. For this reason, we developed our own tool called WCMT based on the issues identified from previous tools. We conducted our study using WCMT in order to identify blocked websites and services in our quantitative analysis, complemented by interviews with key informants in our qualitative analysis.


Customer capital is an important entrepreneurial intangible resource that is crucial in driving growth of women-owned enterprises. Women-owned enterprises in Kenya face a number of challenges. They are less likely to grow, are smaller, and are twice as likely to be operating from home compared to male-owned ones. They also lack the necessary entrepreneurial intangible resources critical for success. Due to these challenges, the Government of Kenya established the Uwezo Fund in 2014, for youth women empowerment in entrepreneurship. Women-owned micro and small enterprises supported by Uwezo fund have shown phenomenon growth in Central Kenya counties. However, the casualty level is still high like in rest of the country. Counties like Kiambaa, Tetu and Gatundu North have been performing dismally with some of the least growth in women enterprises. Despite the increasingly importance of customer capital in supporting growth of women enterprises, few studies have given a considerable attention to this area. The specific objective was to assess the influence of customer capital on growth of women-owned MSEs in Central Kenya counties. The target population was 1228 women entrepreneurs registered and recipients of Uwezo Fund. Sample size was 399 respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Findings showed that customer capital had the most significant positive contribution to the growth of women enterprises. For the women entrepreneurs, customers were the most important aspect of their enterprises. Based on the findings, the study concluded that customer capital through customer loyalty; knowledge and marketing capabilities had the most significant influence on growth of women-owned MSEs. Customers were important attributes to the growth of women enterprises and the women entrepreneurs therefore need to invest more in harnessing the loyalty of the customers in terms of availing new markets and products. Recommendations were that women entrepreneurs should invest on self-knowledge in order to sustain the customers and even attract new ones to their enterprises.
Keywords: Customer Capital, Growth of Women-Owned Micro and Small Enterprises.


Why does it sometimes appear that your banker had his/her last creative thought well over 25 years ago? It is no secret that there is animosity between entrepreneurs and bankers. Most entrepreneurs consider bankers business adversaries because of what they view as the latter's conservative and unsophisticated attitudes about the credit and financial service needs of entrepreneurs. What has remained a mystery until recently is why this animosity between bankers and entrepreneurs exists. The entrepreneur may say, "It's no secret why I don't like bankers: They think they understand the business of money, but in reality all they understand is the business of banking. They have a very unsophisticated view of the financial-services market; they seem to believe that a certificate of deposit (CD) with 10-percent interest rate is a good investment. The banker may respond to that accusation by saying, "It's no secret why entrepreneurs are so difficult to do business with. The investment deals they want to borrow for are almost always risky . . . frequently very risky. They don't understand that bankers are risk analysts, not risk takers. They don't understand that we are loaning the public's deposits, not the bank's capital. Because of that, we have an obligation to the public not to risk their funds by making loans available for speculative deals. Those deals belong with venture capitalists, not banks." These typical attitudes—both of which, by the way, are accurate perceptions—on the part of both groups does little good, if any, for either. Entrepreneurs end up missing out on immense profit opportunities made available to them through bank credit, and bankers miss out on a highly profitable market segment: entrepreneurs. Over 13 years ago one of the first private banking groups in the country was started at United Bank of Denver. They specialized in handling the needs of active investors (entrepreneurs). During the first five years this group of private bankers went from $19 million in loans outstanding to $70 million; they went from $23 million in deposits to $1 20 million. During the period when the bank's net profit from all sources (its commercial, retail, and trust departments) was about a 1.25 percent average annual return on assets, banking utilizing private investors earned 5 percent. The biggest problem in getting a successful program implemented is the lack of understanding that exists between the targeted market segment—entrepreneurs—and bankers. There are two kinds of people in the investment world: passive affluent investors, and active investors (who may be affluent or who are upwardly mobile at a fast enough rate that they soon will be affluent). Following is a comparison of bankers' and entrepreneurs' personalities, which will point out why bankers, who are passive investors, and entrepreneurs, who are active investors, do not get along. For one thing, they have opposing personality traits.


C4 grasses constitute the main component of savannas and are pervasive in other dry tropical ecosystems where they serve as the main diet for grazing animals. Among potential factors driving C4 evolution of grasses, the interaction between grasses and grazers has not been investigated. To evaluate if increased grazing pressure may have selected for higher leaf silica production as the grasses diverged, we reconstructed the phylogeny of all 800 genera of the grass family with both molecular (combined multiplastid DNA regions) and morphological characters. Using molecular clocks, we also calculated the age and number of origins of C4 clades and found that shifts from C3 to C4 photosynthesis occurred at least 12 times starting 30.9 million years ago and found evidence that the most severe drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the late Oligocene (between 33 and 30 million years ago) matches the first origin of C4 photosynthesis in Chloridoideae. By combining fossil and phylogenetic data for ungulates and implementing a randomization procedure, our results showed that the appearance of C4 grass clades and ungulate adaptations to C4‐dominated habitats match significantly in time. An increase of leaf epidermal density of silica bodies was found to correspond to postulated shifts in diversification rates in the late Miocene [24 significant shifts in diversification (P<0.05) were detected between 23 and 3.7 million years ago]. For aristidoid and chloridoid grasses, increased grazing pressure may have selected for a higher leaf epidermal silica production in the late Miocene.


Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a leading single-gene cause of intellectual disability (ID) with autism features. This study analysed diagnostic and prognostic utility of the Fragile X-Related Epigenetic Element 2 DNA methylation (FREE2m) assessed by Methylation Specific-Quantitative Melt Analysis and the EpiTYPER system, in retrospectively retrieved newborn blood spots (NBS) and newly created dried blood spots (DBS) from 65 children with FXS (~2–17 years). A further 168 NBS from infants from the general population were used to establish control reference ranges, in both sexes. FREE2m analysis showed sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%. In FXS males, NBS FREE2m strongly correlated with intellectual functioning and autism features, however associations were not as strong for FXS females. Fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) mRNA levels in blood were correlated with FREE2m in both NBS and DBS, for both sexes. In females, DNAm was significantly increased at birth with a decrease in childhood. The findings support the use of FREE2m analysis in newborns for screening, diagnostic and prognostic testing in FXS.


Electric Vehicles (EVs) are beginning to play a key role in the fast developing area of Internet of Things (IoT). Numerous results have shown the feasibility of vehicle-to-building (V2B) mode of charge/discharge, where EVs are considered as dynamically configurable dispersed energy storage units. When properly incorporated into the building energy system, EVs are able to provide ancillary services to the power grid during high demand periods or outage situations. The arising challenge is how to act intelligent behaviors in complex and changing microgrid environments. With the aim of minimizing the cost and maximizing satisfaction degree, this paper, unlike previous works, jointly considers the building energy need and the safety/willingness of EVs to find and dispatch the optimal vehicle to conduct auxiliary or supportive actions. To realize that, we propose an intelligent Privacy-preserving Context-based Online EV Dispatching System (PCOEDS), using a tree-based structure which supports the ever-increasing big metering datasets with context-awareness. Moreover, privacy preservation and security protection on both sides of the the energy transmission process are well guaranteed in our work. Theoretical results validate that our intelligent dispatching system achieves sublinear regret and differential privacy, which outperforms other online learning method when applied to a huge city-level dataset.


Candidal disease is growing around the world, and it is associated with a wide administration of antimicrobial, hormonal medicines and cytostatic drugs. To fight candidal infections the studies in developing vaccines against candidiasis are carried out actively in recent years in the world. At the premises of the National University of Pharmacy at the Biotechnology Department and the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology the authors have developed a potential vaccine – the immunobiological solution "Candidocyde" based on the associated antigens of C. albicans and C. tropicalis fungi obtained by using ultrasound. For the purpose of the experimental substantiation of advisability of introducing an adjuvant to the composition of the immunobiological solution "Candidocyde" developed for preventing and treating candidal infections and based on the antigens of C. albicans and C. tropicalis fungi with the protein concentration of 3 mg/ml the samples of the solution "Candidocyde" separately with aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate as adjuvants have been prepared and studied. The studies were performed in white mice with six animals in the group. The experimental samples in the volume of 0.2 ml were injected intramuscularly twice with the interval of 14 days. According to the results of the research conducted it has been found that the immunobiological solution "Candidocyde" based on the antigens of C. albicans and C. tropicalis fungi with the protein concentration of 3 mg/ml and the adjuvant under study with two intramuscular injections in the volume of 0.2 ml does not provide efficiency increase when preventing and treating candidal infections. Therefore, the adjuvant introduction into the composition of the immunobiological solution "Candidocyde" is impractical.


We consider a reaction-diffusion system of the form
\[
\left\{
\begin{array}
\ u_{t}=\varepsilon^{2}u_{xx}+f(u,w)\\
\tau w_{t}=Dw_{xx}+g(u,w)
\end{array}
\right.
\]
with Neumann boundary conditions on a finite interval. Under certain generic
conditions on the nonlinearities $f,g$ and in the singular limit
$\varepsilon\ll1$ such a system may admit a steady state solution where $u$
has sharp interfaces. It is also known that such interfaces may be
destabilized due to a Hopf bifurcation [Y. Nishiura and M. Mimura. SIAM
J.Appl. Math., 49:481--514, 1989], as $\tau$ is increased beyond a certain
threshold $\tau_{h}$. In this paper, we study what happens for $\tau>\tau
_{h},$ or even $\tau\rightarrow\infty,$ for a solution that consists of either
one or two interfaces. Under the additional assumption $D\gg1,$ using singular
perturbation theory, we determine the existence of another threshold $\tau
_{c}>\tau_{h}$ (where $\tau_{c}$ is allowed to be infinite) such that if
$\tau_{h}<\tau<\tau_{c}$ then the system admits a solution consisting of
periodically oscillating interfaces. On the other hand if $\tau>\tau_{c},$ the
extent of the oscillation eventually exceeds the spatial domain size, even
though very long transient dynamics can preceed this occurence. We make use of
recently developed numerical software (that employs adaptive error control in
space and time) to accurately compute an approximate solution. Excellent
agreement with the analytical theory is observed.


Olive stones, an agricultural waste, have successively undergone a chemical activation by ZnCl2 (coals CZ), a physical activation by CO2 (coals CP) and a combined activation by ZnCl2 followed by CO2 (coals CC) in order to compare the efficiency of these activating agents in the production of activated carbons for their applications in polluted water treatment. The obtained results show that the larger the ratio of ZnCl2 to olive stones (coals CZ and CC), and the duration of preservation of CO2 (coals CP), the more developed the porous texture. These results are confirmed by immersion calorimetry in cyclohexane and tri-2,4-xilyl phosphate. The adsorption of phenol in aqueous solution on all activated carbons at 25 ̊C was investigated. The adsorption kinetics data were well described by the pseudosecond-order model, and all phenol adsorption isotherms on various activated carbons perfectly fit the Langmuir equation. Furthermore, the phenol adsorption capacities of activated carbons obtained by physical and physicochemical activations successively (CP3 and CC3) were the largest (156 and 158mg/g, respectively) although the specific surface area (SBET) of CP3 (861m /g) is much lower than that of CC3 (1793m/g); this should be due to the presence of narrower microporosity in the activated carbons CC. The best activated carbon, in terms of the porous texture (specific surface area and total pore volume), is the one obtained by physicochemical activation (CC3).


Possible correlation is studied between Water Equivalent Hydrogen (WEH) in the Martian subsurface, as measured by the DAN (Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons) instrument along the Curiosity traverse, and the presence of hydrated minerals on the surface, as seen from the orbit by CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) instrument onboard MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Cross-analysis of the subsurface WEH values from DAN passive measurements with the distribution of hydrated minerals over the surface of Gale crater according to Specialized Browse Product Mosaics is performed for the initial 20 km part of traverse. As a result, we found an increase up to 0.4 wt% of the mean WEH value for the surface areas with the spectral signatures of polyhydrated sulfates. The increase is shown to be higher with the more prominent spectral signature on the surface. Similar WEH increase for the two other types of hydrated minerals, such as monohydrated sulfates and phyllosilicates, was not found for the tested part of the traverse. Polyhydrated sulfates being a part of the sedimentary deposits composing the surface of Gale crater should have considerable thickness that is necessary for the subsurface neutron sensing by DAN measurements.


BACKGROUND
To determine if oral oxycodone (OOXY) could provide equivalent postoperative analgesia and a similar side-effect profile to i.v. patient-controlled morphine in patients undergoing elective primary total hip replacement (THR) under spinal anaesthesia.

METHODS
We studied 110 consecutive patients aged 60-85 yr. After operation, patients were randomly allocated to receive either oral controlled- and immediate-release OOXY or i.v. patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) with morphine. Both groups received regular co-analgesia and antiemetics. The primary outcome measures were: (i) postoperative pain at rest and movement and (ii) nausea score recorded 12 hourly. The secondary outcome measures were: (i) time to first mobilization, (ii) total amount of opioid consumed, (iii) number of additional antiemetic doses, and (iv) time to analgesic discontinuation.

RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences in the primary outcome measures of pain at rest and movement (P>0.05, 95% confidence intervals -0.41, +0.96) or nausea score (P>0.5). The secondary outcome measures showed no significant difference in the total amount of opioid consumed (102 vs 63 mg; P>0.05) or time to mobilization (24.45 vs 26.6 h, P=0.2). The number of antiemetic doses required in the first 24 h was significantly lower in the OOXY group (1.1 vs 1.4, P<0.05). The time to analgesic discontinuation was significantly shorter in the OOXY group (50.5 vs 56.6 h, P<0.05). Oral analgesia with OOXY was approximately GBP 10 less expensive per patient than IVPCA.

CONCLUSIONS
Oral analgesia with OOXY after THR offers non-inferior analgesia to IVPCA and may offer some logistical and cost advantages.


Surgical outcome analysis has shifted from surgeon- to patient-reported outcome measures (PROM).High rates of dissatisfaction (13-20%) in PROM after TKA have persisted despite significant advances in pain-management, implant design and introduction of newer surgical techniques.The NAVIO Robotic Assisted- TKA (RA-TKA) was introduced in May 2017 as an integrative approach to planning, execution and evaluation in TKA surgery. The goal of this study was to assess differences PROM scores between Conventional Instrumented TKA (CI-TKA) and RA-TKA.


Mr.Xiong Tieji is a well-known historian in contemporary China.He engaged himself in the teaching and research of history for more than 50 years and made remarkable achievements.His research mainly concentrates in the history of Qin and Han dynasties,dates back before the Qin Dynasty,until the Tang and Song Dynasties,covering the history of the Qin and Han system and of their ideological culture,the cultural history of Han and Tang Dynasties,and Taoism studies.November 23,2007,the author,accompanied by Professor Zhao Guohua,Head of the History Department in Huazhong Normal University,had an exclusive interview with Mr.Xiong on his academic experience,methods and other issues,also invited Professor Zhao Guohua and Professor Liu Sheng to write an academic paper on Mr.Xiong's academic thinking.Their paper had been published together with this paper to satisfy the academic colleagues.


Synthesis and biological activity of a variety of 3- and 6-substituted 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7-azaindole) derivatives are described. Many of the synthesized 7-azaindoles exhibited considerable fungicidal activity toward Pyricularia oryzae, a fungus which causes rice blast, in vivo. When quantum parameters of the tested 7-azaindoles were evaluated by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations, a relationship was observed between the activity and the calculated ionization potentials of the 7-azaindole derivatives. Keywords: 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine; fungicidal activity; ionization potential; rice blast


Smart contracts on Ethereum enable billions of dollars to be transacted in a decentralized, transparent and trustless environment. However, adversaries lie await in the Dark Forest, waiting to exploit any and all smart contract vulnerabilities in order to extract profits from unsuspecting victims in this new financial system. As the blockchain space moves at a breakneck pace, exploits on smart contract vulnerabilities rapidly evolve, and existing research quickly becomes obsolete. It is imperative that smart contract developers stay up to date on the current most damaging vulnerabilities and countermeasures to ensure the security of users' funds, and to collectively ensure the future of Ethereum as a financial settlement layer. This research work focuses on two smart contract vulnerabilities: transaction-ordering dependency and oracle manipulation. Combined, these two vulnerabilities have been exploited to extract hundreds of millions of dollars from smart contracts in the past year (2020-2021). For each of them, this paper presents: (1) a literary survey from recent (as of 2021) formal and informal sources; (2) a reproducible experiment as code demonstrating the vulnerability and, where applicable, countermeasures to mitigate the vulnerability; and (3) analysis and discussion on proposed countermeasures. To conclude, strengths, weaknesses and trade-offs of these countermeasures are summarised, inspiring directions for future research.


The role of smartphone in the field of education has become a major support for teachers and students in learning and teaching areas. Teachers and students have been helped a lot to access any sources to collect many information as much as they want through this technology. Smartphone provides many contents that can be read everywhere not only in the classroom such as journal, articles, e-books and any others. As a recent technology, smartphone offers valuable opportunities for teachers to create an effective strategy in teaching especially to attract students' interest to read via smartphone. In this literature review, I would like to find and share the role of smartphone in triggering students reading skill. And the methodology that I would like to use is the qualitative method in which there will be some interviews in collecting the data. And reading through all the result of the interviews and drawing some connection between smartphone and reading skill to analyze the data, the participants are from VIII grade students of Makassar Adventist Junior High School. As a result, those students who are reading through digital text (smartphone) have unlimited access of information to enhance their reading skills than those who are not. Here the writer found out that smartphone plays a role in triggering students' reading skill.


The conflict in Cambodia, still unresolved in its thirteenth year, tends to obscure a range of other security issues in Southeast Asia, all of which involve China directly or indirectly and are of consequence to United States interests in the region. Fundamental to the security issues is the deep mistrust and suspicion of China on the part of the nations of Southeast Asia. This mistrust is rooted in two millennia of history during which China's haughty demeanor, expansionism, and powerful cultural attraction often touched its neighbors to the south. It has been magnified by the entrepreneurial zeal and interlocking financial networks of the overseas Chinese populations who are prominent in and often dominate the economies of Southeast Asia. Whatever political or security issues that now preoccupy the region's statesmen, the intentions of the Middle Kingdom to the north -1.1 billion population, as restless as ever - are never far from mind.


Introduction
Weeds are a major constraint limiting crop yield in agricultural systems and in organic systems in particular. Although herbicides are efficient for weed control, continuous use has caused the development of resistance in weeds against several herbicides. Furthermore, herbicides also pollute the soil, water and aerial environments and herbicide residues in food have deteriorated food quality and enhanced the risk of diseases. Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be allelopathic against crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of wheat and barley residues on weeds control and cowpea yield.
 Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field (36° 25'E, 54° 58'N, 1349 m a.s.l.) of Agricultural Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. Treatments were included; weeding all season, no weeding, trifluralin according to the recommended dose (2 ton ha-1), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 100%), the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 2 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 4 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 8 ton ha-1, foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 100%). Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with LSD test at the 5% level of probability.
 Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of treatments was significant (P 0.01) on weed density and dry weight. Soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 4 and 8 ton ha-1 significantly decreased weed density than non-weeding treatment. Seed number per pod, biological and grain yield of cowpea significantly increased in the soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 compared to control. Our results showed that weeding and soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 increased cowpea yield by 78.23 and 80.79% compared to no weeding treatment, respectively. Wheat is a potent source of bioactive phytotoxic compounds representing three main classes as phenolic (hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, pcoumaric, syringic and ferulic acids being most frequently reported and transferulic and trans-pcoumaric acids being the dominant acids), cyclic hydroxamic acids (a class of alkaloids) and short chain fatty acids. It is reported that wheat extract compounds can interfere with basic processes of receiver plants as photosynthesis, cell division, respiration and protein synthesis and indirectly provoke other forms of stresses. Thus, these compounds can reduce weed germination and growth. Another important effect of these allelochemicals is the activation of cellular antioxidant system in response to uncontrolled production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The reason for increase in grain yield was the control of weeds and probably the allelopathic effects of crop water extracts promoted the wheat growth which ultimately increases grain yield. Conclusions
The present study concluded that wheat phytotoxins in straw inhibited germination and seedling growth of weeds, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. Also wheat straw added to soil increased yield and some traits of cowpea. In general, the results showed that wheat straw can reduce weed suppression and can improve characteristics of plant, moreover, decreased environment risks of chemical inputs and ensure sustainability of production in long time.


Background: Diabetes Type 2 is a complex disorder described by an imbalance between insulin resistance and secretion that induce liver glucose output. It has been shown that serum insulin levels are affected by a sperm plasma membrane and acrosome. Therefore, during insulin resistance spermatogenesis changes, diabetic patients detect testicular changes. Aims: This research aims to know the effect of diabetic type 2 on some aspects of fertility in men by studying the characteristics of the semen and some biochemical parameters in seminal plasma. Methods: This study was achieved at the Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes Specialists in Maysan province from February to November 2018 and included 45 men (30 diabetic and 15 healthy in the control group) aged 30 to 59 years. The patients were divided according to age into two groups, the first (30-39) and second (40-59) years, also divided by the duration of diabetes into two groups, the first (1-5) and second (6-10) year. Results: The pH of semen in the second age group (40-49 years) group and first duration (1-5 years) group were significantly decreased (P <0.05) in diabetes compared with the control group. Volume and viscosity did not have significant differences in patients compared to the control following the age and duration of diabetes. Liquefaction only in the first age (30-39 years) group significantly increased (P <0.05) compared to the control. The concentration of sperm, progressive motility, non-progressive and normal morphology decreased (P <0.05) significantly. While the sluggish, dead, and abnormal morphology significantly increased (P <0.05) in all diabetes groups compared with the control. The fructose and alkaline phosphatase values in the seminal plasma were not differing significantly in patients compared with the control. Zinc and glutathione values decreased significantly (P <0.05) compared with control in each age and duration of diabetes. Discussion: Insulin stimulates the Ledying cell function, defect insulin effect on spermatogenesis. Impaired sperm motility in a patient with D.M. might be attributed to many reasons, such as increased ROS level, altered mitochondria DNA, and decreased epididymal products. Conclusion: our measurement indicates that there is an effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on semen parameters and seminal plasma biochemical parameters.


THE BRITISH MEDICAZL ORNAL. 6 \ 9 shodk or suffering, but it ultimately succumbed to convulsions caused by-the continued escape of the subarachnoid fluid. The domestic circumstances of the mother demanded her presence at home, and unfortunately she was allowed to leave the hospital with her child, and the ifollowing night the mischief took place; and, though the flow was stopped, it had already prostrated the child. Every reasonable effort Nwas made to obtain a post mortem examination, but without success. I may mention that several analyses of the subarachnoid fluid withdrawn from this child were made, resulting in doubtful indications of the presence of sugar, or of some glucose matter which reduced copper oxide. At present, I have under observation another instance oof this defect in the lumbar region; the child is about ten days old, and it 'has not yet been interfered with. But the question may be put, How is the cure produced ? or, What is the modus operandi of this solution when injected ? The reply which most readily suggests itself is, that it is analogous to the process occurring in the tunica vaginalis consequent upon the operation for the ,radical cure of hydrocele. Though the quantity of albumen in the subarachnoid fluid is small, a coagulum seems to form; adhesive lymph may be produced or deposited , and, at all events, arrest of further collection of fluid results from successful injection. This may be accompanied or followed by closing of the opening or channel of communication betweeni the spinal canal and the protrusion. The anatomy of this defect at once presents itself as a matter for-consideration; and, on this point, I have made some inquiry, and dhave been rather disappointed to find that anatomists of very prolonged experience had little or nothing to offer me in the way of personal observation of its dissection. Figures of the parts have been given in books, with appropriate descriptions. All authors seem to agree in the local deficiency of the spinal canal, and the protrusion of the covering of the cord, containing a quantity of the spinal fluid, and the cord (or portions of its immediate branches), though it has been affirmed that occasionally the latter is absent. I am not aware upon wvhat evidence this statement rests, and, meantime, prefer to believe in its presence while awaiting further investigation. Such belief may induce caution in treatment, …


The environmental pressures on industrial firms,involving government,public and market etc.,come from exterior of the firms and force the firms to improve their environmental behaviours.The industry in Jiangsu Province along the Yangtze River has been developing rapidly in recent years,and thus inducing many environmental problems.The increasing environmental problems in consequence enhanced the environmental pressures on the industrial firms from exterior.In order to get insight into the structure,degree and changes of environmental presures on the firms so as to adjust and innovate the environmental policies for enhancing industrial greening,this article studies the impacts of all kinds of environmental pressures on industrial firms and their contributions based on dataset of questionaire from concerning firms with LISREL model.This study revealed that in the study region the pressure from government administration is still the main pressure to the industrial firms,and the improvement of the environmental behaviors of industrial firms is also made by the force of government.Although it is becoming more and more important,the pressures from market,especially the pressures from domestic market have not been the main ones to the industrial firms,and the pressures from the public are also very weak.But in the developed countries,the pressures from market and public are the main environmental ones to the industrial firms.Therefore,there is a long way for China to go to adjust the structure of environmental pressures.In the future,necessary measures should be taken to improve the environmental pressures from market and the public while with the pressure from government administration being sustained.


Wettability is an important factor that influences surfactant oil displacement efficiency, where surfactant solutions wet rock surfaces better and have lower interfacial tensions with crude oil, thus enhancing the oil recovery rate. Therefore, understanding the wetting of rock surfaces and selecting suitable surfactant solutions are essential for enhanced oil recovery. In this paper, a self-built system to measure the lateral friction at solid and liquid interfaces was established, and the effects of different types and concentrations of inorganic salt additives on the dynamic wettability of the surfactant solution on the solid surface were studied. A rough silica surface was used to simulate the reservoir environment, and methylene chloride was used as the simulation oil. The experimental results show that when the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfonate is lower than the critical micelle concentration, the inorganic salt additives (NaCl, Na2SO4, and KCl) affect the surface tension, contact angle, and lateral friction of the solution. As the concentration of the inorganic salt additives increased, the surface tension and contact angle of the solution continuously decreased, the lateral friction of the solution on the simulated silica surface increased, and the wettability of the surfactant solution on the solid surface improved.