We consider here the pure functional calculus of first order as formulated by Church. Church, l.c., p. 79, gives the definition of the validity of a formula in a given set I of individuals and shows that a formula is provable in if and only if it is valid in every non-empty set I. The definition of validity is preceded by the definition of a value of a formula; the notion of a value is the basic "semantical" notion in terms of which all other semantical notions are definable. The notion of a value of a formula retains its meaning also in the case when the set I is empty. We have only to remember that if I is empty, then an m-ary propositional function (i.e. a function from the m-th cartesian power Im to the set {f, t}) is the empty set. It then follows easily that the value of each well-formed formula with free individual variables is the empty set. The values of wffs without free variables are on the contrary either f or t. Indeed, if B has the unique free variable c and ϕ is the value of B, then the value of (c)B according to the definition given by Church is the propositional constant f or t according as ϕ(j) is f for at least one j in I or not. Since, however, there is no j in I, the condition ϕ(j) = t for all j in I is vacuously satisfied and hence the value of (c)B is t.


There are many factors affecting industrial development and such factors include cultural, economic, poli cy and institutional resources in many areas. After nearly 10 years of development, Changshu cultural industry has a certain scale and the development of software and hardware to improve the environment, industrial distribution and brand building have taken shape. But industrial capacity is still insufficient and personnel, projects are inade quate. Some repetitious nature of some projects is quite obvious. Changshu development of cultural industry devel opment strategy should be based on their own strengths and weaknesses through analysis, and take the road of dif ferentiation and centralization. From the formulation of specific goals, shift the strategic focus of the project design and regional differences in resource integration, protection of intellectual property, brands hatch, in-depth market ing, etc., to achieve great development.


In this paper, we present the design of Social BitTorrent Agent (SBTA). Through SBTA, BitTorrent users can be organized into a friend group in which as one member start downloading files, it will multicast the corresponding torrent files to other members who are also interested. In this manner, torrent files can be quickly spread to a large number of BitTorrent clients, and BitTorrent Swarm will form swiftly too. Compared with the traditional torrent file searching approach, a user can save the time and effort of searching and downloading torrent files. In addition, SBTA also provides functionalities of cooperation with social web sites to quickly prolong the user's friend list. On the premise that friends can trust and help each other, we believe that SBTA can reduce the situation of free-riding. Finally, we present real-word experimental results that illustrate the effectiveness of SBTA.


A new generation of advanced conventional arms developed during the late 1960s and 1970s, ranging from antitank guided missiles to scatterable land mines, promises to buttress the defensive capabilities of their possessors. Selective transfer of such new weapons in certain cases may be a useful nonproliferation tactic. However, the fungibility of selective arms transfers with other security related nonproliferation measures, and particularly with security guarantees, appears limited. Moreover, not only would that tactic have little impact on other compelling proliferation incentives, but it would incur important risks. Nonetheless, those risks may be less than the risks and costs of nuclear proliferation in conflict-prone regions. And they may be minimized by suitable policies. The dilemma of having to choose between so using arms transfers for nonproliferation purposes and continued pursuit of global conventional arms sales restraint has been overdrawn. In contrast with recent efforts to restrain the spread of nuclear weapons, efforts to foster multilateral conventional arms restraint have proved unavailing. Various factors explain that pattern of success and failure, not least of all the different international norms in the respective areas.


The double layered Radial Line Slot Antenna (RLSA) is a new type of antenna for Ku band Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) reception. This paper presents the structure, aperture field distribution, gain and efficiency of the antenna, discusses parameters of slot pair structure and influences of aperture field distribution and suggests calculation of parameters of the slot pairs and the array structure and CAD design procedures.


Three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition and real-time processing is a critical issue in an artificial vision system. The developing time-of-flight (TOF) camera as a real-time vision sensor for obtaining depth images has now received wide attention, due to its great potential in many areas, such as 3D perception, computer vision, robot navigation, human–machine interaction, augmented reality, and so on. This paper survey advances in TOF imaging technology mainly from the last decade. We focus only on recent progress of overcoming limitations such as systematic errors, object boundary ambiguity, multipath error, phase wrapping, and motion blur, and address the theoretical principles and future research trends as well.


Soil microbial populations are preferably studied by analysing fresh soil samples, but this may not always be feasible in field conditions. We therefore studied the effect of freeze storage (at -20°C, up to 44 months) on soil culturable microorganism viability. Most culturable soil bacteria were not affected by the prolonged freeze storage and freeze-thaw stress, but the viability of the fungus and sporulating bacillus populations significantly decreased after 8-12 months frozen. These changes did not, however, significantly affect the total culturable microorganism count, biodiversity index, or differences in biodiversity between soils. Therefore, freeze storage for up to 8 months may be allowed for analyses of culturable microbial population biodiversity, and longer times may be reasonably acceptable.


Intense fishing pressure has been depleting marine resources worldwide. At a time when almost a third of world stocks are overexploited, the demand for fish and seafood is growing both due to the increasing world population and to rising per capita consumption. Over the past few decades, the demand for fish products has in turn grown considerably in Italy, although concern about sustainable fisheries here is not perceived as keenly as in Northern European countries, where certified fish and seafood products coming from sustainable fisheries are widely available. In this study, 248 fish and seafood products sold by a major Italian retailer were evaluated in terms of geographic origin, gear used, species conservation status, and stock status to gain information in view of the introduction of sustainable fishery products in Italy's outlets. A literature review illustrated that most species came from some of the most intensely exploited fishing grounds in the world, where they are usually caught by trawls. The results highlighted the importance of supplying seafood products coming from sustainable sources and fisheries through the adoption of eco-labels and certification schemes. Finally, the present study stresses the urgency to promote more responsible fish and seafood consumption in Italy.


Objectives: The aim of the study was to cross-culturally adapt the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ) to the Peruvian Spanish language and assess its reliability and validity. Study Design: To translate and cross-cultural adapt the instrument, 60 parents answered the P-CPQ in two pilot tests. The final version of the P-CPQ was evaluated in 200 parents of children aged 11 to 14 years, who were clinically examined for dental caries. The internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient while repeat administration of the P-CPQ on the same 200 children facilitated the test-retest reliability via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct and discriminant validity were based on associations of the P-CPQ with global ratings of oral health and clinical groups, respectively. Results: The mean (standard deviation) P-CPQ score was 15.64 (11.89). Internal consistency was confirmed by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84. Test-retest reliability revealed excellent reproducibility (ICC= 0.94). Construct validity was satisfactory, demonstrating significant correlations between global ratings (oral health and overall well-being) and the total scale and for subscale. Discriminant validity was significant (p<0.001), supporting its ability to discriminate between clinical groups. Conclusions: The Peruvian Spanish P-CPQ has satisfactory psychometric properties to assess parental-caregivers perceptions on their children's oral health-related quality of life. Key words:Quality of life, oral health, children, validity, reliability.


This review of Radiofrequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Acelerators contains a short history of Soviet and Los Alamos RFQ developments, RFQ beam dynamics, resonator structures, and the characteristics and performance of RFQ accelerators. (AIP)


Objective To construct a eukaryotic expression vector containing human antigen R gene,and observe the effects of HuR overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of mouse Lewis lung cancer(LLC) cells.Methods Total RNA from LLLC cells was obtained by Tripure reagent.Mouse HuR cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pEGFP-N1 vector using gene engineering technology.The recombined expression vector pEGFP-HuR was confirmed by restriction digestion with EcoRI and SmaI and sequencing,and then transfected to LLC cells by LipofectamineTM 2000 reagent.Expression of HuR protein was determined by Western blotting.MTT assay and transwell system were used to observe the growth and invasion of LLC cells,respectively.Results The recombinant expression plasmid pEGFP-HuR was successfully constructed and overexpression of HuR gene in LLC cells could be detected by Western blotting.Overexpression of HuR increased significantly cell proliferation and invasion.Conclusion Overexpression of HuR enhances tumor cell proliferation and invasion.


This symposium is inspired by UKCRC Research Grand Challenge 5: Architecture of Brain and Mind. The aim is to provoke unified discussion of long term research goals in AI, Cognitive Science, and related disciplines, especially goals concerned with giving computers a useful and general subset of human capabilities, implemented in a biologically inspired fashion. The symposium can also be seen as part of a series of related events attempting to promote a high-level long-term vision of achievable scientific goals of AI/Cognitive Science, including The DAM (Designing an Mind) Symposium at AISB'00 (Davis, 2005), the Tutorial on Philosophical Foundations of AI at IJCAI'01 (Sloman and Scheutz, 2001), the St. Thomas symposium in 2002 (Minsky et al., 2004), and the IJCAI'05 Tutorial on Learning and Representation in Animals and Robots (Sloman and Schiele, 2005). It presents themes central to the EC-funded Cognitive Systems initiative∗, including the CoSy project† which is part of that initiative, whose members have helped to organise this symposium, and the euCognition project‡ which is funding this meeting. A common feature is the focus on scientific goals rather than useful applications though implementation of working systems is central to the proposed methodology. This introduction to the symposium provides some background and highlights some of the major problems to be overcome.


Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain. Musculoskeletal pain is well described within the HIV population. We retrospectively investigated the link between HIV positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy and the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Antiretroviral medications, pathology results and plantar fasciitis treatments were recorded. Based on our results of this small cohort, there was no positive association found between these criteria and the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis.


Introduction: Physiotherapy is one of the oldest among medical specialties. Its methods are used for remedial and prophylactic aim. Osteoporosis is one of the most common diseases of present civilization. Analysis of frequency of osteoporotic fracture occurrence in different countries indicates negative influence of civilization's development on it. In Poland 25% of women and 15% of men after 50 years of age have osteoporosis. Osteoporosis treatment is long-term and multidirectional. The most important are prophylactic. Methods: Healthy education, motor activity and physical methods. Aim of the study Estimation of usefulness and efficiency low-frequency alternate magnetic field /LFAMF/ in the prophylaxis of bone mass loss in patient with chronic spinal pain. Material and methods: subjects' group 60 men with chronic spinal pain / mean age 68.6 years/ treated with series procedures with LFAMF. Bone density / densimeter/ and pain intensification / Laitinen's scale/were estimated. Study schedule: exposure time 12 minutes to thoracic spine and 10 minutes to lumbosacral spine. 40 procedures- once a day/20days/ and next twice a week for 3 months. Procedures were repeated after 3 months. Results: After 1year increase / 1.81%/ of bone density was observed in study group which received series procedure with LFAMF. Conclusions: Good therapeutic effects in all patients treated with LFAMF indicate purposefulness of this method in osteoporosis prophylaxis. This method should be applied in practice in wider range because of its effectiveness, easiness and no side-effects.


Predictive modeling has become a hot topic in many fields of medical research including spine surgery. Several models able to predict the risk of mechanical complications based on patients' demographic and clinical information have been described, 1 with some of them including data derived from radiological imaging. The paper "Predicting mechanical complications after adult spinal deformity operation using a machine learning based on modified global alignment and proportion scoring with body mass index and bone mineral den-sity" 2 follows this line of research, introducing the global alignment and proportion score as well as other relevant radiological measurements such as relative pelvic version, relative lumbar lordosis and bone mineral density. On the dataset on which the model was tested, the recorded performances were promising with accuracies in the range of 62%–73%. It is worthy of note that a simple method, such as logistic regression, achieved accuracies very similar to that of the best-performing method, which was in this case a random forest. Even techniques usually considered state-of-the-art in the field like XGBoost and deep neural networks did not perform better than logistic regression in this dataset. Such surprising results highlight the challenges hidden in the development and validation of predictive models. While the performance of a model may look favourable in absolute terms when examined on a relatively small test set, the model may result inadequate when implemented in the clinical practice or, more simply, to a dataset collected in another center or country. In particular, complex models, such as deep neural networks, are well-known for their high-risk of overfitting when trained on small datasets and not properly validated. In fact, this also emerges in the present paper in which the


Objective To study the status and influencing factors of pre-hospital delay behavior of high-risk patients with ischemic stroke. Methods The convenient sampling method was used, and 303 high risk ischemic stroke patients were investigated with self-designed questionnaire to found the influencing factors of pre-hospital delay behaviors. Results Among 7 questions about pre-hospital delay behaviors, 29.0% - 73.3% respondents chose the option that benefited to go to hospital timely with the average rate 49.9%. The number of options that benefited to go to hospital timely chosen by 18 -34,35 -64,≥65 years old high-risk patients were 4,4,3, respectively,the differents among groups were significant (H = 11. 484, P = 0. 003 ). The number of options that benefited to go to hospital timely chosen by rural, suburban and city high-risk patients were 4,3,3, respectively, the differents among gruops were significant (H = 23. 118, P = 0.000 ). The number of options that benefited to go to hospital timely chosen by junjor middle school and below, high school and secondary school, junior college and above high-risk patients were 3,4,4. 5, respectively, the differents among gruops were significant (H = 31. 105,P = 0. 000). And respondents with the different age, residence, education degree, marital status, medical insurance status, income, self-perceived health status and physical examination frequency, the number that they chose the option that benefited to go to hospital timely was significantly different ( P 〈 0.05 ). Conclusions The pre-hospital delay behavior of high-risk patients with ischemie stroke is middle level with several influencing factors, so it is important to manage the pre-hospital delay behavior of the patients from many aspects.

Key words:
Stroke;  High-risk patients;  Pre-hospital delay hehaviour;  Influencing factors


Non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV have led to dramatic reductions in perinatal HIV infection in resource-constrained settings. Nonetheless, PMTCT programs are complicated by repeat pregnancies, in which long-term or repeat exposures to PMTCT regimen over time may lead to the acquisition of HIV drug resistance mutations, and consequent treatment failure. In this study, we retrospectively assessed the effectiveness of the NNRTI-based PMTCT protocol from 2008-2010 in the Bahamas National HIV/AIDS Program. We show that women whom had been in repeat pregnancies and those who were already prescribed antiretroviral therapy at conception, were at increased risk of virologic failure, relative to treatment-inexperienced women and primagravidae, respectively (AOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.1, p=0.008 and AOR 5.0, 95% CI 1.8-14.1, p=0.002). Additionally, women undergoing treatment at conception were more likely to possess HIVDR mutations relative to treatment-naïve women (AOR 447.1, 95% CI 17.9-11173.5, p=0.001). Therefore, individual treatment history is a key metric determining the effectiveness of current and future PMTCT interventions. The implications of this to PMTCT programmatic success in light of the most recent WHO guidelines are discussed.


In passing to the consideration of the morbid changes which occur in tne vascular system of the kidney, the conditions of sanguineous congestion and extravasation on the one hand, and anamiia on the other, would fall to be described first in order. But the simple hvpcremic .and anemic states of the organ have been noticed so fully in the anatomical introduction (April No. p. 716,) that little more remains to be said on this subject. Congestion followed by permanent obliteration of the Capillaries of the Cortical Substance.?Under this head I have to describe a form


We have determined the vibrational distribution of emission from the O 2 (b 1 Σ + g ) state in the terrestrial nightglow. Previous nightglow studies have been limited to detecting emission from the v = 0 level, but the high sensitivity and resolution available in sky spectra taken with the Keck I telescope and the associated High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) have made it possible to observe O 2 (b 1 Σ + g ) levels up to v = 15. Apart from emission from v = 0, which is intense above the atmosphere due to ineffective quenching, the vibrational-level-dependent intensity distribution is bimodal, with maxima at v = 3-4 and v = 12, and a deep minimum at v = 8. Excluding the v = 0 level, the total system intensity is of the order of 150 rayleighs. The O 2 (b 1 Σ + g ) vibrational levels seem to fall into two categories: v = 0, 1 and v ≥ 2. The intensity of emission from the latter group tends to follow the intensity of the OH Meinel system, while that of the former group does not. We consider the possibility that at least a portion of the v ≥ 2 group derives from OH chemistry, and also discuss the possible role of sodium chemistry.


Abstract. We present the discrete separable shearlet transform (DSST) separability assessment system for recognizing facial expressions. DSST is an image multiscale geometric analysis method. We use a separability assessment to evaluate the separability of different scales and directions of the coefficients after DSST transformation. First, all test and training images are normalized and equalized. Then, all preprocessed images are DSST-transformed, and all low- and high-frequency coefficients are obtained. Next, the separability of different scales and directions of the coefficients is evaluated, and we use only those that have a large separability index. Then, we combine the low- and high-frequency coefficients for the best separability direction and scale as the extracted features. Finally, we use a support vector machine to classify seven expressions (i.e., happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear, anger, and neutrality) from the Japanese Female Facial Expression, Extended Cohn–Kanade, MMI, and Psychological Image Collection at Stirling datasets. The experimental results show that the recognition rate of the proposed method is better than those of state-of-the-art methods.


As a main livestock and poultry fecal pollution management method,biogas project offers several advantages including clean energy,limited greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution.Using the Dongting Lake District(DLD) in Hunan Province as a case study,environmental cost control potential of livestock and poultry fecal pollution management via biogas projects was analyzed.The analysis was based on small scale CDM(clean development mechanism) project(ASM III.D-version14),ap-proved by the CDM Executive Board under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Environmental Cost Estimation Method.The results indicated that greenhouse gas emission was reduced by 2 891 614 ton equivalent CO2,and the envi-ronmental cost by 0.452 billion Yuan(RMB) in terms of greenhouse gas emission,provided that for the pig breeding farms with an-nual productions of 5 000 pigs,the biogas project was used to generate electric power in DLD;and for other pig breeding farms,the biogas project was used for heating and lighting in the surrounding residents in 2006.Concurrently,the reduced environmental cost of water pollution,soil contamination and microbial contamination was 0.456 billion RMB,0.169 billion RMB and 0.532 billion RMB,respectively.It was therefore concluded that farmers with biogas projects(to manage livestock and poultry fecal pollution) should be supported and encouraged to achieve the environmental,economic and social benefits harmonically of livestock and poul-try fecal pollution management.


The EIS on the anodic process of pure Zn in an alkaline solution were performed and fitted using the expression of Faradic admittance, based on which the mechanism of the process was proposed. The results showed that besides electrode potential E the electrochemical reaction rate was affected by the adsorption of Zn(OH)ads on the electrode surface and the diffusion of in the electrolyte in active region, and only by the covering of passivation layer on the electrode surface in both transitive and passivation regions. The equivalent circuits applied in these various circumstances were proposed and the variation of some parameters and state variables was also discussed.


We report two-beam coupling measurements of temporal response and intensity-dependent index changes in the avalanche crystal LiYF/sub 4/:Tm(3+). Surprisingly, the induced nonlinear response on the excited state resonance is dominated by a real portion arising from a non-resonant ground state transition. Critical slowing down of excited state dynamics is also predicted and observed.


The utility model discloses a capacitor cover plate processing mold, which comprises an upper mold seat and a lower mold seat. An upper cushion plate and an upper clamping plate are sequentially arranged under the upper mold seat, and a stopping plate is arranged under the upper clamping plate and is connected with a stripping plate; a lower seat plate is sequentially provided with a lower cushion plate and a lower mold plate; the upper cushion plate is provided with an outer guide column, the lower mold plate is provided with an outer guide sleeve corresponding to the outer guide column, the upper clamping plate is provided with an inner guide column, and the lower mold plate is provided with a through hole corresponding to the inner guide column; the upper mold seat is provided with a spring, and the lower end of the spring props against a high sleeve; the upper clamping plate is provided with a blanking punch, and the lower mold plate is provided with a blanking cutting edge corresponding to the blanking punch; and the upper clamping plate is also provided with a forming punch, the lower mold plate is provided with a material port corresponding to the forming punch, a lower mold ejection plate is arranged in the material port, and an ejection spring is arranged under the lower mold ejection plate. The capacitor cover plate processing mold has a simple structure, different molds need not to be adopted for different processing procedures, the time of processing formation is reduced, and the working efficiency is improved.


Introduction very year an estimated 13 000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 6600 die from the disease in Bangladesh. Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecologic cancer worldwide, accounting for 13% of all female cancer in developing countries The important reasons for higher cervical cancer incidence in developing countries are lack of resources, lack of effective screening programs and poorly organized health system aimed for detecting precancerous condition before they progress to invasive cancer. So, there is a need of low cost approach for effective cervical cancer screening programs. Cervical cancer is a disease that can be prevented through both primary prevention and early detection. So in developed countries the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased due to screening, early detection and treatment. However, in developing countries, 80% of cervical cancers are incurable at the time of detection due to their advanced stage.


ABSTRACT
 A new emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) ectoparasitoid species, Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae), is described from the Russian Far East and South Korea. Molecular evidence supports that Russian and Korean specimens represent a single species and are closely related to two Asian species (S. agrili and S. generosus) that belong to the S. exarator species group. The morphological variation of adult S. galinae and its immature stages, distribution, life history, and relation to similar Asian Spathius species are discussed. The distribution of the new species may indicate this is one of the more cold hardy emerald ash borer parasitoids. A brief review of hymenopteran parasitoids of emerald ash borer and new host record, the first for Atanycolus nigriventris Vojnovskaja-Krieger (Braconidae: Braconinae), is reported.


EcoSAR is an advanced airborne polarimetric and "single pass" interferometric P-band (435 MHz) SAR instrument developed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. The instrument was designed to provide two- and three-dimensional fine scale measurements of terrestrial ecosystem structure and biomass, relevant to the study of the carbon cycle and its relationship to climate change. EcoSAR fisrt test flights and science campaign took place in late March 2014 aboard a NOAA P3 aircraft, conducting measurements over areas of the Bahamas and Costa Rica.


The electrical properties of GaAs/GaAs junctions fabricated by surface-activated bonding (SAB) and annealing were examined on the basis of the charge neutral level model. The potential barrier height, the density of interface states, and the charge neutral level at GaAs/GaAs interfaces were estimated from the measured dependences of the electrical conductance of n-GaAs/n-GaAs and p-GaAs/p-GaAs junctions on ambient temperature. The barrier height and the density of interface states were lowered by increasing the annealing temperature to 400 °C, which suggested that the damage introduced during the SAB process was partly reduced.


The first part of this paper focuses on competition between search engines that match user queries with webpages. User welfare, as measured by click-through rates on top-ranked pages, increases when network effects attract more users and generate economies of scale in data aggregation. However, network effects trigger welfare concerns when a search engine reaches a dominant market position. The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) imposes asymmetric data sharing obligations on very large search engines to facilitate competition from smaller competitors. We conclude from the available empirical literature on search-engine efficiency that asymmetric data sharing may increase competition but may also reduce scale and user welfare, depending on the slope of the search-data learning curve. We propose policy recommendations to reduce tension between competition and welfare, including (a) symmetric data sharing between all search engines irrespective of size


A review of some of the principal papers on the miscible displacement process is presented. This review concentrates on procedures using carbon dioxide over propane as the miscible displacing phase. A typical problem encountered when injecting slugs of a miscible fluid (such as propane) followed by the continuous injection of a displacing fluid (such as natural gas) is the breakdown of the miscible slug due to the displacement with the oil and natural gas. This usually results in inefficiency of the displacement of oil by natural gas. Experiments have been performed to determine the slug volume necessary to maintain a miscible slug within the reservoir. These experiments usually result in some relationship between the required slug volume and the desired displacing length. (25 refs.)


Normally, when it comes to radio-related projects, my home of New York City is a terrible place to be.If we could see and hear radio waves, it would make an EDM rave feel like a sensory deprivation tank. Radio interference plagues the metropolis. But for once, I realized I could use this kaleidoscope of electromagnetism to my advantage–with a passive radar station.


For as long as we can say, it has been a common practice of humans to tell stories and sing songs. There is no record of a human society without them. Since the invention of writing, some of these stories and songs have been recorded, and with the increasing spread of literacy and technologies that reproduce and circulate written texts, stories and poems have become increasingly associated with writing, while writing in turn has become associated with advanced and sophisticated culture. We – that is, the kind of people who would read a book based on academic research – have learned to take for granted that humans are drawn to writing and literature. And yet this attribute is not at all obvious. While stories and songs appear to be a shared feature of human societies, the crafting of stories and the composition of poems of the kind that are likely to be recognised by some (but maybe not others) as literature, in one sense or another, is exceptional. Few people are committed to doing this actively, and even fewer continue to do so for a major part of their lives. And only in extremely rare cases do some among the latter become known and read by a large audience. Writing – that is, the kind of writing that produces texts that are recognised as literary – thus requires explanation. Why would somebody engage in it? This question stood at the beginning of the research that resulted in this book. It prompted answers that raise a different set of questions, which we will take up in the following chapters. However, it is necessary to begin with the 'why' question because it paves the way to this book's main story about the sociality and productivity of literature; something that shapes the lives of those involved in it. Engaging in literary writing is not part of the conventional expectations and values that shape ideas of a good and normal life in Egypt. Literature – especially classical Arabic poetry – enjoys a high status in the symbolic hierarchy of school curricula, and in traditions of Islamic scholarship and developmental nationalism alike. But becoming a writer is something rarely encouraged by parents, friends, or spouses; and even when it is, it remains odd in other con-


The Diels-Alder reaction continues to be the premier method for the construction of complex organic molecules. In the last 10 years many developments have been introduced, and have led to increased utility of this reaction. In this review we present some of these novelties, which are of fundamental importance in organic synthesis.


In a survey of horseradish roots taken from commercial production fields in southwestern Illinois over 3 yr, Verticillium dahliae was found to be the primary pathogen associated with symptoms of root discoloration. The pathogen was isolated from 75% of roots showing symptoms of vascular discoloration, and from 55 and 56% of roots with symptoms of localized internal necrosis and rotting, respectively. V. dahliae was isolated from only one of the 54 asymptomatic roots that were assayed. Other species of bacteria and fungi, including Fusarium solani, also were isolated from horseradish roots, but none were consistently associated with specific symptoms


Objective The relationship between serum aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonistic activity levels with disease severity, its modulation over the course of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and its regulation in progressive MS (PMS) are unknown. Here, we report the analysis of AHR agonistic activity levels in cross-sectional and longitudinal serum samples of patients with RRMS and PMS. Methods In a cross-sectional investigation, a total of 36 control patients diagnosed with noninflammatory diseases, 84 patients with RRMS, 35 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 41 patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) were included in this study. AHR activity was measured in a cell-based luciferase assay and correlated with age, sex, the presence of disease-modifying therapies, Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, and disease duration. In a second longitudinal investigation, we analyzed AHR activity in 13 patients diagnosed with RRMS over a period from 4 to 10 years and correlated AHR agonistic activity with white matter atrophy and lesion load volume changes. Results In RRMS, AHR ligand levels were globally decreased and associated with disease duration and neurologic disability. In SPMS and PPMS, serum AHR agonistic activity was decreased and correlated with disease severity. Finally, in longitudinal serum samples of patients with RRMS, decreased AHR agonistic activity was linked to progressive CNS atrophy and increased lesion load. Conclusions These findings suggest that serum AHR agonist levels negatively correlate with disability in RRMS and PMS and decrease longitudinally in correlation with MRI markers of disease progression. Thus, serum AHR agonistic activity may serve as novel biomarker for disability progression in MS.


Aromatic–aromatic, π–π, and cation–π interactions can be exploited in the preparation of molecular complexes between benzene-substituted crown ethers and pyridium cations. These complexes have been studied in the gas phase, in solution, and in the solid state; the structure of one of the complexes is depicted on the right.


Two efficient types of Fermi acceleration by hydromagnetic shocks are presented. One is based on Parker's work on acceleration between shocks that cross each other. An equivalent situation is that of a single shock crossing a closed magnetic line of force. It is shown that a net gain in particle energy occurs even if the shocks are weak. A second type is the acceleration by a shock that moves into stronger magnetic fields. While the particle is accelerated ahead of the shock and is able to penetrate stronger fields, the shock field may become sufficiently stronger that the particle is unable to escape the trap and is accelerated for a long time. No such prolonged trapping occurs for the same particle decelerated behind a similar shock moving into weaker fields, so that the net efficiency of acceleration is high. Conditions on acceleration of thermal particles, specifically electrons, are discussed. One condition is that the particle must move faster than the shock. (auth)


The utility model belongs to the commodity field and relates to a heating device, namely, a novel electric kettle, specifically to an electric kettle with a metal anti-expansion ring on a bottom cover. The electric kettle comprises a kettle body with a kettle mouth, the bottom cover and a kettle lid matched with the kettle body. A heating disc is fixed at the bottom of the kettle body. The bottom cover is arranged below the kettle body and is fixed with the kettle body. The bottom disc is arranged below the bottom cover and is matched with the bottom cover. The annular metal anti-expansion ring is disposed at an upper opening of the bottom cover. The inner edge of the anti-expansion ring abuts against the outer wall of the kettle body. In order to change the deformation of the bottom over due to thermal expansion, the sealed metal anti-expansion ring is disposed at the upper opening of the bottom cover. As metal is a heat-resistant material and is not deformed even at high temperature of 600 DEG C, the metal anti-expansion ring not only isolates the bottom of the kettle body from the upper opening of the bottom cover, but also enhances the heat-resistant ability of the upper opening portion of the bottom cover and also decorates the appearance of the electric kettle.


voice-over Nightmares of that dark prison Whenever roaming in the darkest of night Without illumination, without a spot of light There's a bit of air, but no sky The banished know not when the door will be opened Feeling stifled My hands reach out looking for something to hold on to If I miss my target I will strike and claw at the air I don't know where I am . . . I don't know where I am . . . Make Note!


Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind first appeared in German translation as Vom Winde verweht in 1937, one year following its publication in the United States. Although the classic film version was released in 1939, it was not shown in Germany until 1948 due to the outbreak of World War II. Hence, it was in post-war Germany that the novel became a major success in hardcover, paperback, and numerous bookclub editions. Similarly, the film struck a respondent chord in Germans not only during its initial release, but on subsequent showings in 1954, 1961, 1967, 1974, and 1976, and on German television. Prior to its release on video cassette in 1984, Vom Winde verweht was showcased in a special broadcast by ZDF on Christmas Eve. Recently, the German periodical Bunte offered its readers the inferior sequel to the original novel, Scarlett, as a five-part serial in August and September 1991. The lure of the original work must have helped Alexandra Ripley's novel achieve greater success in Germany than in the United States, for it stayed on the bestseller list for over


: Can we force language to unequivocally represent reality by attaching little notes to everything and everyone around us with their names? Can we use natural languages (or develop a universal language) in such a way as to render a text perfectly stable and repeatable? These are the main questions that the protagonists raise in a novelette by Arthur Schnitzler, "Ich" (1927), and a short story by Jorge Luis Borges, "Pierre Menard: Autor del Quijote" (1939), respectively. And should these two tasks prove possible, what would that mean for translation? Would the criteria for one-to-one equivalence finally be fulfilled? In this article, which celebrates the "literary turn" in translation studies, we will look at the two aforementioned works by Schnitzler and Borges, and entertain some thought-pro-voking ideas on both protagonists' peculiar notions of language, as well as on their consequences for translation.


The aim was to validate the sentinel node biopsy procedure in women who had previous breast excision biopsy by means of determining the reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy after surgery.


An overview is presented in which visual awareness is regarded as the epitome of the general mind—body problem. An experimental solution of the problem is considered first, followed by a philosophical outlook. It is argued that the scientific approach may eventually discover the neural correlate of visual awareness, but visual perceptions, even simple qualia like 'brightness' or 'color', occur in the mind of a conscious observer and are not reducible to observable activity of a specific set of neurons in the brain.


The optimal design of an efficient and cost-effective vessel requires extensive knowledge about its intended operation. However, this information is not always available or accessible for a ship designer/yard. This often results in a vessel which is less well suited for the job than it should be. The vessel is over specified for the required task and as a result more expensive than it could be for the client to buy and operate.

A platform was developed which can extract the entire operational profile of a trailing suction hopper dredger with as little information as possible. The information used consists of publicly available data, such as that of the automatic identification system, weather information and sea charts. The platform uses machine learning algorithms to determine the vessel task, time spent in the task and the vessel uptime. Combining these results with additional knowledge of dredgers and their drive systems allows for an estimation of both the dredger production and the power and fuel consumption.

The paper discusses the methods used in the platform to extract the operational profile from the publicly available data and how this results in a power and fuel consumption estimation. The results of the platform will be validated with information available from two trailing suction hopper dredgers.


ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of the NYSE firms' decision to dual list on NASDAQ and the resultant trading liquidity, after controlling for the endogeneity of the decision. Using a simultaneous system of equations approach, we find evidence that dual listing lowers transaction costs, but does not lead to any significant improvement in investor recognition. Further, the improvement in market quality due to dual listing on NASDAQ does generate, albeit somewhat weak, positive cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the dual listing.


Database outsourcing is an important application of cloud computing, and security is one of the most critical concerns in adopting this application model, such as data privacy, query privacy, etc. Data integrity is another essential requirement for outsourced database system. When the database is outsourced to public cloud, the situation is more complex as different users may modify the data and these users may hold different privileges for different parts of the database. Furthermore, as the cloud is in charge of the management of the database, users have to rely on the cloud to guarantee data integrity. We propose ABSS to protect the integrity of outsourced database which supports fine-grained modification policy. ABSS utilizes an attribute based sanitizable signature scheme, which combining the ingredients of attribute based encryption and sanitizable signature. ABSS enables the database owner to deploy fine-grained policy of database modification and can detect illegal modifications without trusting the cloud. We also discuss the security properties and performance of ABSS to show its practicability.


A 57-year-old woman presented with erythematous papules arranged in an annular on both arms,neck,legs and abdomen.Histopathologic analysis of a skin specimen revealed the granulomatous infiltrate and altered collagen in the upper dermis.Mucin accumulation in collagen fibers was obvious by an alcian blue stain.Mild elastic fiber fragmentation was observed by elastic stain.Diagnosis:generalized granuloma annulare.


This paper summarises the studies carried out about sedimentation and erosion problems of Yakakent Fishery Habor. Since the start of the construction of the harbor, accretion in the west coast and erosion in the east coast occurs. Additionally, the entrance of the harbor shoals. As a result of accretion at the west coast shoreline moved towards sea and about 300meters of the breakwater was on land. Erosion at the east coast of the harbor caused collapse of two houses which were about 20meters inside the original shoreline. After identifying the causes, precautions for sedimentation and erosion problems are again studied using one-line model and a series of precautions are recommended.


The widespread use of platinum in many industrial applications has led to its release into the environment at elevated concentrations with potential adverse effects on human and environmental health. However, the nature of interactions between mobile platinum complexes and the biotic components of the environment, which are increasingly being exposed to platinum, is poorly studied. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of Pt(IV)-chloride on the growth and activity of the well-characterized bacteria Escherichia coli. Bacterial survival and viability in the presence of different concentrations of Pt(IV)-chloride were assessed in liquid culture, while platinum retention was assessed using experimentation with sand-filled columns with the residual platinum concentration measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Bacterial biomineralization of platinum was studied with scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that E. coli tolerated PtCl4 at concentrations of up to 10,000 µM over 21 days and remained viable after 112 days of incubation with PtCl4 at 10,000 µM in sand columns. Overall, 74 wt.% and 50 wt.% of platinum was mineralized in E. coli and blank sand columns, respectively. The results of this study confirm that E. coli is capable of biomineralizing platinum. The results confirm that the interaction of platinum with bacteria is not limited to known metal-resistant bacterial species.


So you installed Windows(R) 95 on your computer and suddenly your programs areacting more than a little funny and Windows 95 is crashing all over the place.You need to know what's wrong and how to fix it--fast! Is it really abug? Is the problem with Windows 95, with your application, or with yourhardware? And, most importantly, where will you turn for help?Look no further--The Windows 95 Bug Collection has the answers toget your system up and running again right away. Bruce Brown, nationally knownsoftware bug detective, has compiled the Master List of the bugs that bedevilWindows 95. Covering all aspects of Windows 95--everything from installation tobusiness applications to games, utilities, and communications--Bruce gives youthe lowdown on hundreds of known bugs: how they behave, if there's a fixavailable from the company, how to work around the problem yourself, and who tocomplain to if the bug hasn't been fixed.The Windows 95 Bug Collection is expert relief for your Windows95 woes! 0201489953B04062001


Stimuli-responsive gels that can change their volumes drastically in response to various external physical and chemical stimuli have been of much interest due to their various applications. Herein, novel stimuli-responsive gels were achieved through the complexation between anion receptors and the chloride anion of polystyrene ionomer gels in aprotic organic solvents. The volume expansions induced by the addition of the receptors originated from breaking the aggregation of ionic groups and enhancing the dissociation of the ion-pairs, accompanied by their colour changes.


We consider a boundary value problem for the beam equation. Some upper and lower bounds for positive solutions of the boundary value problem are obtained. As an application, some new sufficient conditions for the existence and nonexistence of positive solutions for the boundary value problem are established.


This paper considers the linear quadratic deterministic mean field control problem for large populations of heterogeneous agents, subject to convex state and input constraints, and coupled via a quadratic cost function which depends on the average population state. To control the optimal responses of the rational agents to a Nash equilibrium, we propose feedback iterative solutions based on operator theory arguments. Contrary to the state of the art, global convergence is ensured, under mild sufficient conditions on the matrices defining the cost functions, and not on the convex constraints.


Knowledge plays a fundamental role inside the industrial reality, being closely connected to the efficiency of the entire lifecycle of a product. In this work the authors present the use of the Concept Map as a form of simplifying, storing and communicating the technical concepts that stand behind a normative. The normative of reference is the one related to the Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) that expresses a language to define tolerances in mechanical technical drawings. The objective of this work is to create a set of Concept Maps that permits to study and to communicate the rules defined in the GD&T, in order to support the designer during the process of defining geometric tolerances. The resulting Concept Map will be freely available over the Internet.


The emergence of real world applications for text collections orders of magnitude larger than the TREC collection has motivated the introduction of a Very Large Collection track within the TREC framework. The 20 gigabyte data set developed for the track is characterised, track objectives and guidelines are summarised and the measures employed are described. The contribution of the organizations which made data available is gratefully acknowledged and an overview is given of the track participants, the methods used and the results obtained. Alternative options for the future of the track are discussed. 1 Background and Motivation In the overview of the proceedings of TREC-1, Harman [1992] referred to small early test collections such as Cran eld, CACM and NPL and argued the need for a realistically-sized test collection to facilitate the transfer of laboratory-developed retrieval systems into the eld. The 2-gigabyte collection used in TREC-1 was two orders of magnitude larger than previous collections, and legitimately given the label of a very large test collection. Indeed, given the state of contemporary hardware and indexing software, it posed considerable challenges to participants. Two gigabytes remains a realistically-sized test for text retrieval applications typical of universities, research organisations, newspapers, businesses and government departments. However, it is clear that some organisations such as patent o ces and future digital libraries will demand retrieval services over collections at least two orders of magnitude larger, despite trends toward distributed information retrieval. There are already collections of the 100 gigabyte scale in the commercial world and Web search engines such as HotBot claim to index in excess of 50 gigabytes. Accordingly, in line with the initial TREC charter of realism, a need was identi ed for a test collection signi cantly larger than that used in mainstream TREC. It was not intended to replace the main TREC collection but rather to be used in a special-interest Very Large Collection (VLC) track to allow interested developers of commercial and research retrieval systems to investigate the scalability of their methods. It would also help to verify that such systems did not suddenly cease to operate due to machine or operating system limits on virtual addressing, le system The authors wish to acknowledge that this work was carried out within the Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Computational Systems established under the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Program.


In this paper, bandgap high impedance surfaces (HIS) are designed to form electromagnetic barriers. The mutual coupling effects between two array antennas are characterized with and without the insertion of the HIS.


The heterogeneous symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) can considerably impact the lives of people with MS (PwMS). The aim of this study was to describe the extent of restrictions in different life domains that PwMS experience in relation to their symptoms and level of disability.


We explore in this paper the dynamics of the complex function for non integer values, using the Ishikawa iterates. The z plane fractal images are studied for positive powers of the complex function while c plane fractals are analyzed for negative powers of the complex function.


3,/3,5-Dithienosilole-vinyl-BODIPYs were readily synthesized through Knoevenagel condensation reactions. Spectroscopic properties of two dyes in various solvents were investigated. Dyes 1 and 2 show an absorption maxima at 620 and 738 nm with absorption coefficient of 60900 and 77900 [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text] in DCM, respectively. Significant red shifts of the main spectral bands are observed relative to that of the parent 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-BODIPY. TD-DFT calculations reproduce the spectral shifts and experimental spectra.


A microbe-P-K fertilizer and its preparing process are disclosed. The organis substance, P2O5 and KCl is used as the life carrier of microbe WH flora. As the microbe can decompose P and K, so P and Kcan not become non-soluble salt in soil and can be directly absorbed by crops to increase the quality and bearing rate of crops, promote nitrogen metabolism, improve soil and resist against the cropsto be flatened.


The utility model relates to a gas fuel manifold mixer for a double fuel engine, and the multi-hole mixing nozzle of the utility model is connected with one end of a gas fuel air inlet pipe and is inserted into the air inlet channel of the engine. The other end of the air inlet pipe is connected with a volume cavity body whose one end is connected with a volume cavity tube socket fixed on the wall surface of the air inlet pipe, and the other end of the volume cavity body is connected to the air inlet manifold of each cylinder integrated with a gas fuel air inlet main pipe which is connected with a gas fuel air supply system controlled by an engine governor. The utility model is suitable to be used for the design, the manufacture and the modification of the double fuel engine, and the utility model has the advantages of simple structure, low equipment cost and enhanced working reliability of the engine.


This chapter discusses how the liberalisation of local authority services started once negotiations began to extend the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) to local government in 1988. It highlights the policy approaches adopted by successive governments that were framed in an immediate ideological construct of New Public Management (NPM). It also examines how the NPM diverted the public sector away from the underlying international agreements that the UK had entered into. The chapter details the implementation of performance management to prepare for public sector market liberalisation for local authorities across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It explains how liberalisation in the UK was used to reshape local authorities and was aligned with the new policy on the extension of subsidiarity.


Abstract The complete mitochondrial of genome Melanophila acuminata (DeGeer 1774) is a typical double-stranded circular molecule of 15,853 bp (GenBank accession number: MW287594). All tRNA genes, ranging from 62 to 72 bp, can be folded into typical clover-leaf secondary structure except for tRNA Ser(AGN) . The control region is 1,080 bp long with an A+T content of 87.5%. The phylogeny tree is monophyletic among 19 related species. The Melanophila acuminata cluster was more closely related to Chrysochroa fulgidissima. This mitochondrial genome can be used for further analyses of Buprestidae mitochondrial comparative genomics to improve the understanding of diverse coleopteran species.


This paper considers consumers who have multiperiod utility functions that have private and public goods as arguments. The paper analyzes the effect on private demands of various exogenous balanced budget changes in the path of public expenditure: temporary, permanent, and countercyclical. The effects of temporary and countercyclical changes depend upon whether public and private goods are complements or substitutes and whether public goods are over- or undersupplied. The largest impact comes from countercyclical changes in undersupplied complementary public goods. Permanent changes tend to have a smaller impact but are harder to specify, since the results crucially depend upon the third derivatives of utility functions.


Since, as the Abbe Rousselot, Scripture, Panconcelli‐Calzia, Crandall and a large number of others have pointed out, consonant sounds are of very short duration, analysis of their physiological characteristics by means of the x‐ray demands an automatic and very rapid technique. This is especially true of the unvoiced occlusives. Particularly in English. Notably in intervocalic positions. Likewise in certain combinations where laws of assimilation operate. But some unvoiced fricatives are also of very short duration. Crandall gives the mean for "p," "t," "k" and the unvoiced "th" as 0.05 sec. But the actual consonant contact or characteristic entity is obviously less than half that length. That demands an x‐ray time of at least no more than 1/120th of a second. Also an absolutely automatic opening of the exposure taking place with contact or rather a fractional few thousandths of a second after this central phase position has been assumed. That we have been able to accomplish in this study. Consequently th...


Periodicity hypotheses for various global events over the past {approx}250 m.y. are reevaluated following rigorous inspection of the radiometric data base utilized therein. The author suggest that these periodicities of {approx} 26 to {approx} 33 m.y. result from subjective use of radiometric data in the literature. Further search for periodicity in global events, especially those involving mathematical analysis of data from the geologic time scale, should be postponed until an adequate data base of high-quality radiometric ages for Phanerozoic time becomes available.


This study aimed to identify the extension of the effectiveness of a program based psychodrama in providing social competency skills for mentally handicapped children. The research consisted of (32) mentally handicapped children, whose ages range from (8 - 12) years of children from schools of rehabilitation of intellectual education boys and girls in the states of Kuwait, distributed on two groups, one experimental and the other control, by (16) children in each group. The research tools consisted of a measure of social competence and a program to develop social competence, and the semi-experimental approach was used, and the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the average performance of the total Experimental and the control group in the post-application of the measure of social competence in favor of the experimental group. The results also showed the presence of statistically significant differences between the pre and post application of the experimental group in the social competence in favor of the post application, and the absence of statistically significant differences between the post-application and the successive social competence of the members of the experimental group.


Most orbital tumors are nonmalignant. Nonmalignant orbital tumors can arise from any of the structures within the orbit, including blood vessels, fat, nerves, lacrimal gland, and connective tissue. Nonmalignant orbital tumors can be grouped into cystic lesions, vascular tumors, lymphoproliferative lesions, inflammatory lesions, mesenchymal tumors, neurogenic tumors, and lacrimal gland tumors. Although most orbital tumors are benign, their location may compromise ocular health and function and necessitate treatment with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Patient characteristics, signs, and findings on ophthalmic examination and imaging, including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, guide the clinician in formulating a differential diagnosis.


The Bordetella pertussis RTX (repeat in toxin family protein) adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (ACT) acquires biological activity upon a single amide-linked palmitoylation of the ε-amino group of lysine 983 (Lys983) by the accessory fatty-acyltransferase CyaC. However, an additional conserved RTX acylation site can be identified in ACT at lysine 860 (Lys860), and this residue becomes palmitoylated when recombinant ACT (r-Ec-ACT) is produced together with CyaC in Escherichia coli K12. We have eliminated this additional acylation site by replacing Lys860 of ACT with arginine, leucine, and cysteine residues. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microcapillary high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analyses of mutant proteins confirmed that the two sites are acylated independently in vivo and that mutations of Lys860 did not affect the quantitative acylation of Lys983 by palmitoyl (C16:0) and palmitoleil (cis Δ9 C16:1) fatty-acyl groups. Nevertheless, even the most conservative substitution of lysine 860 by an arginine residue caused a 10-fold decrease of toxin activity. This resulted from a 5-fold reduction of cell association capacity and a further 2-fold reduction in cell penetration efficiency of the membrane-bound K860R toxin. These results suggest that lysine 860 plays by itself a crucial structural role in membrane insertion and translocation of the toxin, independently of its acylation status.


The transmission of a dipole-dominated spin wave in a ferromagnetic film through a localized inhomogeneity in the form of a magnetic field produced by a dc through a wire placed on the film surface was studied experimentally and theoretically. It was shown that the amplitude and phase of the transmitted wave can be simultaneously affected by the current induced field, a feature that will be relevant for logic based on spin wave transport. The direction of the current creates either a barrier or a well for spin wave transmission. The main observation is that the current dependence of the amplitude of the spin wave transmitted through the well inhomogeneity is nonmonotonic. The dependence has a minimum and an additional maximum. A theory was constructed to clarify the nature of the maximum. It shows that the transmission of spin waves through the inhomogeneity can be considered as a scattering process and that the additional maximum is a scattering resonance.


In his presidential address, delivered before the Harveian Society, Dr. D. B. Lees |took for his text, " The Heart of the Child," and he enforced the importance of the subject by the striking statement that if a child is to survive for 50 years its heart hasbefore it an enormous task, equal to the lifting of 1,500,000 tons to a height of 1 foot. On its continued efficiency and its capacity for doing each day its allotted share of this great work the man'sefficiency largely, perhaps mainly, depends. Among the many topics alluded to by Dr. Lees we will confine ourselves to what he says about acute dilatation of the right auricle. What we are able to find out about a heart by percussion is the size of the left ventricle and of the right auricle. Very few percussors, says Dr. Lees, pay the least attention to the latter structure, and many seem to be unaware of the


Accessible summary

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Using the toilet is important for people's independence, health and dignity.

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It can be difficult to teach people to use the toilet when they are aggressive or oppositional.

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This study describes how standard toilet training methods can be adapted to help a 13-year-old child with challenging behaviour learn to use the toilet independently.

Summary

Learning to use the toilet is an important developmental step for a child's independence, health and dignity. It can be particularly difficult to teach continence skills to disabled children with aggressive or challenging behaviour. This study showed how Azrin & Foxx's (1971) basic toilet training procedure could be modified to teach a 13-year-old child with learning disabilities with aggressive behaviour to use the toilet in school. Urinary continence was achieved within 2 weeks and maintained at 6-week follow-up. Long-term data showed continence was maintained at 6-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. The programme was subsequently successfully transferred into the home. There is a strong evidence base for effective continence programmes, and the challenge now is how to disseminate their findings and ensure they are systematically used.


The following document outlines the process and rationale that led to the Florida legislature's approval of House Bill 591, which granted reparations to the survivors and descendants of the 1923 mass assault on the Black residents of Rosewood, Florida. As a report of the State of Florida's recognition of a specific historical racial injustice and violence, it is an important record of the kind of varied, plotted, and piecemeal work necessary to respond to crimes of the not-so-recent past. A similar case and inquiry has been opened to address the violence that descended on the Black residents of the Greenwood community in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1921. Taken together, at the very least, these two cases suggest that one of the myriad of ways the reparations movement will articulate itself will be through the reinvestigation of municipalities and government agencies displaying curiously negligent behavior in their failure to prosecute criminal acts because the victims of those crimes were Black. —The Editors


In recent years,with the development of medical technology,the treatment outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma( HCC) has improved substantially. However,the treatment of large HCC is still a difficult clinical problem. The biological characteristics of large HCC,as well as the surgical treatments( hepatectomy and liver transplantation) and radiotherapy for large HCC,are reviewed. Under the guidance of surgical principle,radiotherapy can be considered as an alternative treatment for the inoperable patients. However,how to quantify the indices of hepatic functional reserve,how to limit the volume of normal liver and its radiation dose,and how to combine radiotherapy with other local treatments to increase tumor control rate are the urgent problems to be addressed.


Formula (1) or (2) a resist composition containing a compound represented by the resist pattern forming method using the same, polyphenol compounds and alcohol compounds that can be derived therefrom used therefor. ## STR1 (general formula (1) and (2), R1 is each independently a single bond, or a 2n-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and the hydrocarbon group cyclic hydrocarbon hydrogen group, the double bond may have the aromatic group of hetero atoms or 6 to 30 carbon atoms, R2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group or a hydroxyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, in the same naphthalene ring may be the same or different and at least one of R2 One is a hydroxyl group, n is an integer from 1 to 4, the structural formula of the repeating units of formula (1) and (2) may be the same or different and in the general formula (1), m1 independently an integer of 1-7, in the general formula (2) Are each independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, m2 is independently an integer from 1 to 6.)


Many of the most effective algorithms used to solve minimum time control problems need a suitable starting input solution. The choice of a correct starling policy is necessary to avoid suboptimal solutions. Since it is not always easy to dispose a suitable initial policy, it is necessary to estimate it numerically. This problem is studied by means of a two phase adaptive genetic algorithm using no prior assumption about the manoeuvre duration, switching number and their time locations. The only information used is the assumption of a bang-bang input command. The proposed adaptation technique consists of the reduction of the control action time by decreasing the chromosomes length, once a solution guaranteeing the defined target error is found. The effectiveness of the procedure was compared with analytical solutions for second and fourth order flexible linear systems.


This essay calls attention to an unrecognized narrative pattern in Philip Roth's fiction that we refer to as "the threshold scene." Such scenes recur throughout his work, appearing as early as his 1958 short story "The Conversion of the Jews," and in the novels of later decades such as The Ghost Writer (1979), The Counterlife (1986), and American Pastoral (1997), among others. A threshold scene involves a protagonist who encounters a boundary, restriction, or an edge. In the "basic" threshold scene the character in question consciously reflects on the border that is about to be crossed, while pondering what the forthcoming trespass reveals about the self. In the "literary" threshold scene, similar dynamics are at play, though the protagonist is a writer who is confronted by an aesthetic obstacle that must be surmounted. All threshold scenes act as triggers, catapulting the protagonist into the domain of ethical violation and taboo. In literary threshold scenes, the effects of such violation engender acts of radical imagining, narrative disruption, and often the silencing or disappearance of the narrator. Roth's The Ghost Writer exemplifies all of these attributes. A beleaguered Nathan Zuckerman doubts his imagination's potency at the end of Chapter Two only to disappear in the forthcoming "Femme Fatale." In that peculiar section the incredible, transgressive story of a living and lovelorn Anne Frank is recounted by an unknown narrative voice. Threshold scenes serve as mechanisms that permit radical transformation not only in the character of the protagonist, but often in the structure of the narrative as well.


Dural mater is an intracranial pain sentitive tissue innervated by trigeminal nerve , and it has been considered to be an important structure in the pathophysiology of migraine. Expression of c fos protein (Fos) has been used as a marker of neuronal activity to map functionally related nociceptive pathway. For studying the high order neurons potentially involved in the processing of pain of vascular headache, the cats were prepared by exposure of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and maintained anaesthetic status for 4h, 8h and 20h before stimulation. After stimulation of dura mater near the SSS. Fos immunoreactivity in the medulla oblonga and the upper cervical spinal cord was dectected. Fos immunoreactive positive neurons were observed in laminae I and II of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, in the dorsal horn of the C 1 segment of the cervical cord, and also in the commissural and medial nuclei of the solitary tract and the laminae X of the upper cervical cord. In the sham operated groups of the 4h and the 8h block, Fos immunoreactive positive neurons decreased in that of the 20h block ( P 0.05); In the stimulation groups of the 8h and the 20h block, Fos immunoreactive positive neurons markedly increased ( P 0.05 and P 0.01) comparing with the corresponding sham operated group. In conclusion, the second order neurons of trigeminal nerve involved in vascular headache could be activated by stimulating dura mater near the SSS; Non specific stimulatory factor could be reduced to minimum when the intervals between the operation and the stimulation was prolonged to 8h and 20h. The model with the cat dura mater near the SSS being stimulated could be trustworthily used to study the pathophysiology, and to develop the therapeutic medicines and approaches for vascular headache such as migraine.


The invention relates to the technical field of stage lamps, in particular to a multi-lamp-holder stage lamp. The multi-lamp-holder stage lamp comprises a base, a supporting frame, a lamp holder support and lamp holder units; the supporting frame is rotationally connected to the base; the lamp holder support is rotationally connected to the supporting frame; the at least two lamp holder units are rotationally connected to the lamp holder support; and the lamp holder support is provided with third driving devices used for driving the lamp holder units to rotate. The multi-lamp-holder stage lamp is simple in structure, convenient to use and capable of achieving the lamplight effect of changeable and all-dimensional irradiation angles of the stage lamp and meeting the performance requirements, and meanwhile the problem that control lines in the stage lamp are wound can be avoided.


It is shown that universal data compressors (or universal codes) can be used for solving some of the most important statistical problems for time series. By definition, a universal lossless data compressor (or a universal code) can compress any sequence generated by a stationary and ergodic source asymptotically to the Shannon entropy, which, in turn, is the best achievable ratio for lossless data compressors. We consider finite-alphabet and real-valued time series and the following problems: estimation of the limiting probabilities for finite-alphabet time series and estimation of the density for real-valued time series and the on-line prediction for both types of the time series and the following problems of hypothesis testing: goodness-of-fit testing and testing of serial independence. On the one hand, all problems are considered in the framework of classical mathematical statistics and, on the other hand, everyday methods of data compression (or archivers) can be used as a tool for the estimation and testing. It turns out, that quite often the suggested methods and tests are more powerful than known ones when they are applied in practice.


We propose to measure the fission cross-section of the Np(n,f) with the PPAC detection setup used in previous experiments in EAR-1 and with Micromegas detectors in EAR-2. This experiment would take advantage of the high energy resolution in EAR-1 and the high neutron flux of EAR-2 of the n_TOF facility to solve the discrepancies in the MeV region and beyond between the current evaluations and more recent measurements. Furthermore, the experiment with the PPAC setup will also provide the fission fragment angular distribution (FFAD), extending the current knowledge beyond 15 MeV. Requested protons : 4x10 protons on target in total: 2x10 (EAR-1), 2x10 (EAR-2) Experimental Area : EAR-1 and EAR-2


The invention provides a multicast data message transmitting method and device applied to an access-layer routing bridge of a data center. The method comprises the steps of sending a multicast data message according to a virtual local area network identification of the multicast data message, a router port of an orientation designated router relevant to the multicast group address of the multicast data message, and a router port of an orientation gateway relevant to the multicast group address of the multicast data message; identifying whether the virtual local area network identification and the multicast group address of the multicast data message contain relevant member ports, and sending the multicast data message through the member ports relevant to the virtual local area network identification and the multicast group address of the multicast data message if yes. By the adoption of the method, when the multicast data message is sent by the access-layer routing bridge through a router port calculated by means of a Trill network, the multicast data message does not need to be packaged to be in the Trill format.


Standard flavors of density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are known to fail in describing anions, due to large self-interaction errors. The problem may be circumvented by using localized basis sets of reduced size, leaving no variational flexibility for the extra electron to delocalize. Alternatively, a recent approach exploiting DFT evaluations of total energies on electronic densities optimized at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level has been reported, showing that the self-interaction-free HF densities are able to lead to an improved description of the additional electron, returning affinities in close agreement with the experiments. Nonetheless, such an approach can fail when the HF densities are too inaccurate. Here, an alternative approach is presented, in which an embedding environment is used to stabilize the anion in a bound configuration. Similarly to the HF case, when computing total energies at the DFT level on these corrected densities, electron affinities in very good agreement with experiments can be recovered. The effect of the environment can be evaluated and removed by an extrapolation of the results to the limit of vanishing embedding. Apart from the definition of the domain of the embedding potential, the approach is free from parameters and it can be easily applied to DFT calculations with delocalized basis sets, e.g. plane-waves, for which alternative approaches are either not viable or more computationally demanding. The proposed extrapolation strategy can be thus applied also to extended systems, as often studied in condensed-matter physics and materials science, and we illustrate how the embedding environment can be exploited to determine the energy of an adsorbing anion - here a chloride ion on a metal surface - whose charge configuration would be incorrectly predicted by standard density functionals.


The potential failure surface of the reinforced soil retaining wall(RSRW) is the connection line of the points where layers of reinforcement have the maximal pull,its rational addressing is the pivotal problem for structural calculation of RSRW.The potential failure surface is explicitly specified in the current specifications for the single erective RSRW,but the universal calculation model of the RSRWs with different step widths is lacking.Taking the RSRW of the He-Long Highway as a prototype,the potential failure surface of stepped RSRW was investigated by a large scale model test,the reinforcement pull was measured by a kind of home-made pull sensor.Based on the results of the model test and the 0.3H failure surface in the current specifications,using the limit equilibrium theory and the parameter analysis method,a practical calculation model of the potential failure surface for stepped RSRW is advanced.This model can be applied to RSRWs with different step widths;if the step width is zero,the failure surface can degenerate into 0.3H.


DEVICE USING ELECTROMAGNETIC SEALING JOINT FLEXIBLE EASY TO REPLACE. INCLUDES THE DEVICE SIDE SUPPORT 2 SHAPED TRENCH IN WHICH JOINT 1 ELASTIC SHAPE RIGOLE, IS PROVIDED BY SINGLE SNAP OF ITS BANKS IN TWO GROOVES LONGITUDINAL SUPPORT, AND THE OTHER SIDE 3 A KNIFE WHICH IN ENTERING THE RIGOLE THAT FORM JOINT 1 TABLET SAME SPACE LEFT BETWEEN THE SUPPORT AND FREE KNIFE. APPLICATION AT THE GATES OF SPEAKER STANDS TYPE Faraday.


In the decade after the revolution of 1952, Egyptian films often echoed the political ideals of the new regime—and the movie posters produced in conjunction with those films sometimes embodied officially articulated attitudes toward Western influence and Egyptian history. This article considers a range of discursive strategies in examples of surviving posters produced in the 1950s and early 1960s but concentrates primarily on the representation of women in relation to public space—and it argues, ultimately, that the posters formed part of a broad attempt to define a traditionally and uniquely Egyptian public domain, in opposition to Western influence, in modern Cairo.


In this article,we described the basic principles of heat pipe,completed the design of the boiler exhaust gas heat recovery,and compared the theoretical heat recovery values with actual results. Our study indicates that the usage of the heat pipe exchanger can significantly improve the effect of the exhaust gas heat recovery and reduce fuel consumption. Meanwhile it leads to the desirable benefits both economically and environmentally.


This 55nm CMOS 12-bit current-steering DAC directly powered by the single-inductor dual-output (SIDO) switching DC-DC converter with the dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique improves the DAC's power efficiency by 25% and achieves 65.34dB SFDR. The proposed 3S method, including separating, splitting, and shifting, effectively reduces the current mismatching within 0.2% and suppresses the switching noise interference from the SIDO converter. The 12-bit DAC and SIDO module achieve compatible performance compare to the tradition method and has the benefit of area and energy efficiency.


Abstract : This research has focused on the problem of estimating probabilities in the upper tail of an underlying distribution and the corresponding quantiles based on a random sample from the distribution. Two estimation procedures, exponential tail and transformed exponential tail, were defined and their bias and variance properties were thoroughly studied both analytically and by means of an extensive Monte Carlo experiment. The experiment involved several forms of each of the two procedures; twenty underlying distributions were simulated, including a variety of Weibull and lognormal distributions; four sample sizes were considered--100, 200, 400 and 800. Careful study of the analytic and Monte Carlo results showed that exponential tail and transformed exponential tail procedures worked quite well, but indicated a potential for substantial further improvement by properly combining them. (Author)


The loss of tropical forests is responsible for 8% of global CO2 emissions. As an indirect result of the Peace Process, deforestation in Colombia has been growing alarmingly: in 2017 (220 thousand hectares) it was 23% higher than in 2016. Total forest coverage has decreased from 57% in 1990 to 52% in 2017. It is estimated that 27% (69Mton of CO2 equivalent) of national greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 were caused by deforestation. In this case, the activity, that is, the deforested area, is the controlling factor for the uncertainty in the emission estimate. The thematic accuracy assessment is a necessary input for the estimation of central values and confidence intervals for the activity data. This research has sought to improve the estimation of the confidence intervals and reduce the standard errors. For this, three different approaches to statistical inferences have been developed that are used as a generalization tool that from the data of a sample can produce estimates of the population parameters, which are: probability sampling (based on the design), mathematical models (model-based) or a mixture of the two above known as hybrid inference. Our approach includes the design-based approach, analyzing different scenarios of sampling design, response and estimation of statistical parameters. This study estimates the thematic error associated with deforestation in a region of the PNN (Natural National Park) Sierra de la Macarena. This article will present the methodological details, including new sampling strategies and their potential impact on thematic uncertainty. The results that are presented with the best performance were from stratified sampling, since it has a lower uncertainty and greater accuracy with respect to the other sampling designs.


With the tendency of globalization,competitions between cities become fierce,therefore how to improve city competitiveness,especially the core competitiveness is the hot issue that should be realized by each city.This article puts forward hierarchical model hypothesis to measure city's core competitiveness on its theoretic system basis.The authors apply the index system on the model to analyze and sort the core competitive powers of more than ten small cities nearby chengdu,and conclude the strategy to improve their core competitive powers.


Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) refers to herpes zoster infection of the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. Cases complicated by multicranial nerve involvement in the process of reactivation of the virus, which are known to show virulent clinical course and worse prognosis, are not common in literature as in practice, and there has been only one reported case of suspected co-involvement of the trigeminal nerve in Korean literature. Therefore, in cases of RHS with severe rash over the face and neck, it is pertinent to give consideration to such multiple involvement in their early presentation. Facial nerve palsy and herpes related pain are the two worrisome complication, which could be alleviated by early treatment with neural blockade in addition to oral medication. Especially, nerve blocks are known to decrease the extent of nerve inflammation or damage, thereby facilitating recovery and probably preventing postherpetic neuralgia. We report two rare cases of Ramsay Hunt syndrome with trigeminal nerve involvement, where early implementation of blockade of somatic peripheral nerve branches, in addition to the conventional treatment, promoted early recovery. (Anesth Pain Med 2012; 7: 16 ∼ 21)


©1981 The University of North Carolina Press 0018-1498/81/640322-04$00.40/0 Although the numbers of women in today's work force and those enrolling in postsecondary training are increasing dramatically, relatively few are entering areas of science and technology (Vetter, 1975). Subsequently, the rate of occupational segregation by sex is as great today as it was at the turn of the century, according to recent results of three-year studies of institutional sexism and racism released by the nonprofit Council on Interracial Books for Children sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation (1975), a non-profit educational foundation. A major causal factor in this situation may be the long-standing stereotype of role expectation. In reviewing the work world, it was noted that there is an increase in demand for technically skilled employees, as well as increasing salaries in these fields. Minorities and women, however, have not been entering these fields, as evidenced by both enrollment in training programs and employment statistics.


A critical analysis of the stability of return-to-contour backfills with regard to slope failure was conducted at 4 apparently unstable sites in SW Virginia. The goal was to identify the major factors contributing to slope instability. Investigations included detailed site surveying, slope monitoring, and spoil sampling. Shear strength parameters were measured on spoil material (< 4.75 mm) recompacted to approximate field density conditions by consolidated-drained direct shear testing to evaluate effective strength parameters. Slope stability was calculated by the simplified Bishop method using the REAME (Rotational Equilibrium Analysis of Multilayered Embankments) computer program. Where appropriate SWASE (Sliding Wedge Analysis of Sidehill Embankments) was used to evaluate sliding wedge failures. Major factors causing slope failures included: 1) Excessive buildup of pore water pressure within the fill, 2) placing the toe of the fill on unstable ground beyond the edge of the bench, 3) placement of spoil at slopes too steep to remain stable, and possibly 4) reduction in spoil shear strength due to rapid spoil weathering caused by excessive seepage. The REAME and SWASE programs predicted factors of safety from 0.67 to 0.93 in the unstable fills and accurately predicted the critical failure surfaces observed in the field. 7 references, 1more » figure, 4 tables.« less


A two-leg spin-1/2 ladder with diagonal interactions is investigated numerically. We focus our attention on the possibility of columnar dimer phase, which was recently predicted based on a reformulated bosonization theory. By using density matrix renormalization group technique and exact diagonalization method, we calculate columnar dimer order parameter, spin correlation on a rung, string order parameters, and scaled excitation gaps. Carefully using various finite-size scaling techniques, our results show no support for the existence of columnar dimer phase in the spin ladder under consideration.


A suggested test problem for proposed algorithms in yield optimization is described in detail. The problem is a current switch emitter follower (CSEF) circuit originally described by Ho, which includes a transmission line. The ideas presented in Part I of this paper [1] are applied to this circuit in order to obtain an optimal statistical design. Production yield is maximized taking into consideration statistical distributions of circuit parameters and realistic correlations between transistor model parameters. Nonlinear programming employing the analytical formuias for yield and its sensitivities is used to provide optimal nominal values for the circuit parameters. Different design specifications are assumed and corresponding optimal designs are obtained.


In teaching a course that includes the analysis of algorithms, songs can be used as teaching examples. Multiple examples can be done at one time, or in one homework set, without the background explanation required to analyze real algorithms. Many components of algorithm analysis can be introduced using an analysis of songs. This is particularly useful at gaining experience extracting summations from "word problems."


This publication discusses the challenges of teacher education in the coming era. Particularly it is concerned with the nature and quality of teacher education in the international, multicultural and technological world. The articles presented in this publication are derived from the 10th annual European Teacher Education Network (ETEN) conference "In search of powerful learning environments for teacher education in the 21st century" organised by the University of Oulu, Department of Teacher Education in May 28-3


We proposed a glancing angle deposition technique with substrate cooling technique to grow a silver nanohelix array on a glass substrate. The significant circular dichroism (g-factor) can be experimentally observed in the visible region


Background and Purpose: family is the prime environment in which a child is developed. It is brilliantly effective on the subsequent behavior of the person. Type of incentives, punishment and prevision, indifference and behavior at the first stage of one's life leaves consequences to the next stages. Therefore, the general purpose of the research is to study the relationship between parenting styles and identity and aggression in male and female teenagers at high schools in Khodabandeh Town. Method: research method is descriptive-correlational. Baumerind's questionnaire of parenting types, Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) and Adams & Benton's identity measuring questionnaires (OMEIS) (Objective Measure of ego-identity Status) were used in the research. Adolescents aged 14 to 18 along with their parents in Khodabandeh Town were selected as the statistical population. 200 people (100 male and 100 female) were randomly selected as samples. Findings: the results indicated that the relationship between parenting style and aggression is not significant. With regard to the relationship between parenting style and identity formation, democratic parenting has relationship with the formation of premature identity subscale, diffusion and advanced. Authoritarian style has relationship with all identity subscales and permissive style has relationship with the formation of identity diffusion, premature identity. Conclusion: parent's beliefs, attitudes and conducts which are appeared as family patterns or child rearing styles, is a significant factor in identity development.


Objective: Several epidemiological studies have shown an association between the GNB3 825T allele and essential hypertension (EH) in adults, however no studies have described the association of GNB3 C825T polymorphism with EH in children. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the GNB3 C825T polymorphism is associated with EH and age of onset of the disease in children. Design and Method: The study consisted of 30 normotensive individuals and 54 hypertensive children. Individuals were genotyped for C825T genetic polymorphism of G protein &bgr;3 gene by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques. Results: Frequencies of C and T alleles were 67% and 33%, respectively, in the control group compared with 69% and 31%, respectively, in the hypertensive group. Genotypic frequencies were 43% CC, 47% CT and 10% TT, and 44% CC, 50% CT and 6% TT among controls and cases respectively. A combined analysis showed that no comparison models found an association with EH in children (allelic model: OR□ = □0.88, 95% CI□ = □0.45–1.73; dominant model: OR□ = □0.96, 95% CI□ = □0.39–2.35; and recessive model: OR□ = □0.53, 95% CI□ = □0.10–2.80). Sensitivity analysis suggested that all models did not yield a relationship to hypertension among children. However, our results show that GNB3 C825T polymorphism was significantly correlated with age of onset of the EH in children (r = −0.28, p < 0.05). First episode of essential hypertension in carriers of TT genotype has been registered in significantly younger age (8.6 ± 1.2 years old) than in carriers of CT (11.6 ± 2.8 y.o.) and CC (12.3 ± 3.0 y.o.) genotypes of GNB3. Conclusions: TT genotype of GNB3 C825T polymorphism has been found to be a risk factor of early onset of EH in children. It should be taken into consideration for identifying appropriate treatment and prophylaxis principles in children having an increased risk of early onset of EH. Figure. No caption available.


SUMMARY The lower and upper 5, 2.5, 1.0 and 05 % points of the distribution of non-central x are given for degrees of freedom v = 1(1) 12, 15, 20 and non-centrality parameter VA = 0.0 (0.2) 6 0, 8 0, 10 0. Approximations which may be used outside the limits of the tables are discussed as well as methods of interpolation for VA and v within these limits. Some examples of the use of the tables are given and an examination is made of the accuracy of the approximation to the distribution of multiple R suggested by R. A. Fisher.


In this paper, we present numerical results for steady-state and time-dependent currents as well as for a long-time average current in strong nonlinear dc and ac electric fields for an electron gas in a one-dimensional 1D quantum-dot superlattice. A microscopic model is employed for the scattering of electrons by phonons and static impurities by means of the Boltzmann equation method. The dc results are favorably compared with recent exact analytic results based on a relaxation-time model for electron-phonon scattering. Our results demonstrate the different roles played by elastic and inelastic scattering on the damped Bloch oscillations as well as the nonlinear steady-state current and their opposite roles on the damped dynamical localization. We also find a suppression of dynamical localization by strong Bloch oscillations and features in the Esaki-Tsu peaks in the presence of an ac electric field when electron scattering is included. On the basis of a nonequilibrium electron distribution obtained from the Boltzmann equation, a self-consistent-field approach is employed to establish a general formalism for the optical response of current-driven electrons in both the linear and nonlinear regimes to a 1D quantum-dot superlattice. The dc-field dependences of both the peak energy and peak strength in the absorption spectrum for a 1D quantum-dot superlattice are calculated, from which we find: 1 both the peak energy and its strength are significantly reduced with increasing dc electric field; and 2 the peak energy and peak strength are anomalously enhanced by raising the temperature for the nonlinear transport of electrons when a strong dc electric field is applied.


ABSTRACT Background Over the last few decades, fluoride in various forms has been proved to reduce caries and dentinal hypersensitivity in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Recently, newer materials containing calcium and phosphate ions, tricalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite has received much attention. Aim The aim of the study was to compare CPP–ACP, tricalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite in relation to the assessment of dentine tubule occlusion on primary enamel using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and methods Forty freshly extracted noncarious primary molars were randomly divided into 4 groups (I–IV) with 10 sections in each group—group I: negative control, group II: CPP–ACP, group III: tricalcium phosphate, group IV: hydroxyapatite. To assess tubule occlusion, twenty dentin sections of 2-mm thickness were obtained from the cervical third of sound primary molars. Each section was processed to simulate the hypersensitive dentin and the test agents were brushed over the sections with an electric toothbrush and observed under a SEM for calculation of the percentage of occluded tubules. Results Groups II and IV showed a greater percentage of tubule occlusion than group III. An intergroup comparison of tubule occlusion potential of groups II and IV was not significant. Conclusion Hydroxyapatite showed significantly higher dentinal tubule occlusion when compared to CPP–ACP and tricalcium phosphate. How to cite this article Shah R, Bajaj M. Comparative Analysis of CPP–ACP, Tricalcium Phosphate, and Hydroxyapatite on Assessment of Dentinal Tubule Occlusion on Primary Enamel Using SEM: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):371–374.