Provided is an economical, safe, and more environmentally-friendly production method for azodicarbonamide. According to the present invention, in a homogeneous system or heterogeneous miscible system of water or an organic solvent or an ionic solution, and an organic solvent and/or an ionic solution and water, azodicarbonamide is produced by using hydrogen peroxide in urea and reacting active chlorine or active chlorine ions and an active bromine compound such as active bromine or active bromine ions and/or an active form derived from hydrogen peroxide, or by electrolytically oxidizing an intermediate as desired to obtain a target, and recycling and using post-reaction byproducts.


The study of nonlinear optical properties of polymer nanocomposites has been given increasing attention due its application in laser, communication and data storage technology. There is a need to enhance the understanding of all photonics technologies. In the current work, PMMA-ZnO nanocomposites as foils and as thin films have been successfully prepared. Casting method and spin coating were used to prepare them respectively. Nanocomposites were prepared by mixing ZnO nanoparticles with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the polymer matrix. Different contents of ZnO nanoparticles were used as the filler in the nanocomposites. The absorbance spectra of the samples were obtained. The linear absorption coefficient was calculated. The nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient were investigated using a single beam Z-scan technique. A Q-switched Nd-YAG pulsed laser   (532 nm, 7 ns, 5 Hz) was used as a light source. Both thin film's and foil's samples showed peak absorption at 375 nm and increasing absorption with ZnO nanoparticles concentration. The nonlinear refractive index was in the order of 10 -11 cm 2 /W for thin film samples and 10 -12 cm 2 /W for foil's samples with a negative sign. In contrast, the nonlinear absorption coefficient is in the order of 10 -6 cm/W and 10 -7 cm /W for thin film and foil respectively. The figures of merit W and T were calculated in order to evaluate the suitability of the samples as optical switching device .However; they unsatisfied the requirements of optical switching devices but they can be considered as an excellent candidate for optical limiting.


1 Traffic prediction is critical to success of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Predicting 2 traffic on an urban traffic network using spatio-temporal models has become a popular research 3 area in the past decade. The model does not only rely on observation data at the detector of 4 interest but also takes advantage of neighboring detectors to provide better prediction capability. 5 However, most models suffer high mathematical complexity and low flexibility in tune-up. This 6 paper presents a novel Spatio-Temporal Random Effects (STRE) model that has a reduced 7 computational complexity due to mathematical dimension reduction, and additional tune-up 8 flexibility provided by the basis function that is able to take traffic patterns into account. The 9 City of Bellevue, WA is selected as the model test site due to the widespread locations of the 10 loop detector in the City. Data collected from 105 detectors in the downtown area during the first 11 two weeks of July, 2007 are used in the modeling process and the traffic volumes are predicted 12 for 14 detectors during the first week of July, 2008. The results not only show that the model can 13 effectively consider the neighboring detectors to accurately predict the traffic in locations with 14 regular traffic patterns, but also verify its temporal transferability. Except three special locations, 15 all experimental links have Mean Average Percentage Errors (MAPEs) between 8% and 15%. 16 Without further model tune-up, the results are encouraging. 17 18 19 20 Wu, Chen, Lu and Smith 2


Soil degradation restricts the development of agriculture, and the degree of soil degradation is related to land use type, and efficient evaluation methods are helpful for the timely implementation of remedial measures to ensure soil sustainability. Earthworms are directly affected by the deterioration of soil properties during the degradation process. The feasibility of using earthworms to assess soil degradation, however, still needs to be verified. In our Loess Plateau study, earthworm biomass, density, and diversity (Shannon‐Wiener, species richness, and Pielou's evenness) were investigated under nine different land use types (natural woodland, shrubland and grassland; planted woodland, shrubland and grassland; and cropland, orchard, abandoned land) and we analyzed their relationships with soil degradation. Our results showed earthworm biomass, density, and diversity associated with a low degree of degradation were significantly higher than those associated with a high degree of degradation. Earthworms can comprehensively characterize the physicochemical properties and biological characteristics of soils under different land use types. Linear correlations showed a significant relationship between the soil degradation index and the earthworm indices, indicating that the latter could be used to effectively evaluate and represent the degree of degradation of soils on the Loess Plateau over a certain degradation range. Nevertheless, this evaluation method requires further validation before wider use.


This new portion of the proposed 15-volume treatise deals in 313 text pages with the normal development of the eye; the second portion on congenital deformities is to appear shortly. The account presented here is adequate, well illustrated, and well documented. The subject of ocular embryology in the morphological sense dealt with here is not one being intensely investigated at present. Hence no large new body of information requires digestion and ordering, nor is there any great emphasis on onset of function. The book is a more extensive but conservative addition to a literature which already possesses Dr. Ida Mann's impressive second edition.


Mounting apparatus and an electronic apparatus control method thereof are provided. Control method of the attachment device is, when the list of the plurality of attachment devices on the external device wherein the attachment device is selected, the related to one function of the electronic apparatus with the device is attached, the first data and the second communication format, consisting of a communication format as receives and stores the mapped information data is mapped is configured. Then, when the first receiving data configured by the first communication format from the mounting device and the input device connected to enable communication, and acquisition of data consisting of a second communication format that is based on the mapping information corresponding to the data consisting of a first communication format , and a function of an electronic apparatus to be performed, the second can transfer data consisting of a communication format as an attached device is attached to the electronic apparatus.


This review covers the following topics: anatomical and functional characteristics of the olfactory system; electric responses to odorous stimuli from different levels of the olfactory pathways; anatomical and functional attributes of the taste system; taste qualities and gustatory psychophysics; electric responses to taste stimuli from the different levels of gustatory pathways; electric taste; normal and pathological states of smell and taste perception.


This study examines a telephone switchboard that provides sex information to anonymous callers. Telephone volunteers undergo a training program in which they are taught a philosophical charter about sex that they are expected to follow in handling calls. Once working the telephone, volunteers creatively apply this charter to make sense of the calls they receive. Charter concerns, it is argued, serve to organize volunteers' telephone activities.


—In the history of the development of art design, as one of the aesthetic categories of art design aesthetics, technical beauty develops with the development of technology. In different periods of technology development, technical beauty also presents different characteristics. This paper mainly discusses the technical beauty from the two aspects of handicraft period and industrial production period, deeply studies the technical beauty characteristics of art design in each period, and describes the vein of the development of technology beauty.


Like the USA and Japan, the European Union has developed initiatives to address the implications of the increasing importance of information as a strategic resource. Whilst considering the social impact from developments in information and communications technologies: job security; skill requirements and human resources etc, the EU strategy is also focused on keeping EU businesses competitive through a wide range of research projects in information engineering. As major participants in the information business, the publishers' role will be greatly changed by the new communication methods, the changes in nature of information and the shifting relationships in the communications chain.


A simple model of the graded heterojunction in AlGaInP compound semiconductors was introduced to analyze the band profile. The band profiles are analyzed with the different grading ways but the same grading length and under the different doping densities. The effect of the different grading lengths on the surplus of the potential of the spike to the potential of N region are also analyzed under the different doping densities.Through the experiments,it proves that the performances of high brightness light emitting diodes can be improved by the effects of the graded heterojunction.


The moving target is always defocused and shifted out of the scene in image sequences in video Synthetic Aperture Radar (video-SAR), which makes moving target tracking be a formidable challenge. In this paper, a new moving target tracking method based on shadow with unsupervised deep track (UDT) is proposed. Our track network is built on the Siamese network framework and is trained on a series of unlabeled SAR image sequences with unsupervised learning way. Meanwhile, we use the trajectory detection technology to get more accurate tracking results. Finally., the processing results of the real data are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


This article proposes a calculation procedure for commodity equivalents of the stock market indices. Corrections of RTSI values during pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods are offered. The interconnection between the official RTSI values and its commodity equivalents is detected. It is also demonstrated, that the index rise during the recovery from crisis is inflationary in nature. The main conclusion is that the economic system in Russian Federation has been in stagnation from 2010 until mid-2011.


Abstract. Wet brewers
grain (WBG) is successfully used in animal nutrition, and due to its high
fiber content, especially in ruminants. The low cost of this fodder also has
an impact on the economic of production. The aim of this study was to
determine the effects of adding WBG to lamb fodder on the body weight gain,
slaughter value and meat quality. The experiment was conducted on 40 male
lambs of Polish Lowland sheep. The lambs were divided into two feeding
groups, the control and the experimental (20 heads in each group), and
fattened to their slaughter weight of 40 kg (± 2.5 kg). In the
experimental group 35 % WBG was added to the feed. Lambs fed with WBG
were characterized by higher daily weight gains (P≤0.01) and reached
their slaughter body weight significantly faster (P≤0.01). Furthermore,
the carcasses of the WBG group showed better hind leg conformation (P≤0.01) and a higher content of prime cuts (P≤0.05). The meat of lambs
fed on WBG also had a lighter color and a lower intramuscular fat content.
Additionally, the meat of this group was also characterized by higher PUFA
(P≤0.01) and C18 : 2 cis9, trans11 fatty acid (P≤0.01) contents. The results obtained indicate that WBS could be successfully
used in slaughter lamb production as a source of readily available, cheap
fodder, especially when fattening takes place a short distance from a
brewery.


In order to aid the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in the process of making a risk-informed revision of the design-basis break size requirements for operating commercial nuclear power plants, a new probabilistic computer code (PRO-LOCA) is being developed, This code will aide the NRC in predicting leakage and rupture probabilities for critical piping systems as a function of break sizes. The PRO-LOCA code incorporates many enhancements in technology developed since some of the earlier probabilistic codes (e.g., PRAISE) were developed. These enhancements include improved crack stability analyses, improved leak rate models, improved weld residual stress solutions, improved crack initiation models, and new material property data. In addition, new degradation mechanisms, not previously considered in codes such as PRAISE were added. This included the addition of primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) for dissimilar welds in pressurized water reactors (PWRs). This paper reviews the development of the PRO-LOCA code by giving a brief description of its capabilities and the models embedded in the code. The current version of the PRO-LOCA code was used for a series of sensitivity analyses in order to test the robustness of the code for a full range of input parameters and to identify which input parameters have the greatest effect on the predicted leakage probabilities. The results from these sensitivity analyses are presented, as well as comparisons with other PFM codes (PRAISE). Details of which parameters appear to affect the leakage probabilities and the plans for future improvements to the code conclude this paper.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


An exploratory study was conducted to gauge leaders' perceptions against realities in higher education institutions thatobserve inter/multicultural education system in Sindh, Pakistan. Since the study was purely qualitative, the data obtainedthrough the semi-structured interview was coded first, and then further themes emerged under different codes. The codesthat appear from the data included Leaders' perception and interpretations, the effect of leadership approaches towardsintercultural harmony and optimization of intercultural education at HEIs, and Practices and challenges in promotingintercultural education at HEIs. Findings of the study revealed that the education leaders try their level best to facilitateand empower inter/multicultural education system, yet they fail because of the Quota system and other socio-politicalfactors that rule Pakistani education systems. The study also established that educational leadership has a differentperspective on leadership styles that should be adopted by leaders in promoting inter/multicultural education system fromwhat literature in the field in asserting on. Most importantly, education leaders have conjectured upon the role mindsetplays in promoting the inter/multicultural education systems in HEIs; undergraduates should be taught about openness,celebrating diversity, and Education leaders are the direct beneficiaries of the study. However, this study will also besignificant for students and teachers alike. As promoting an open culture that fosters peace and harmony among students,teachers and administrators, both nationally and internationally would open doors of opportunities for everyone. Pakistaniuniversities and its employees would get a chance of studying in semester exchange programs, teacher trainings, andleadership in education programs will be promoted and facilitated in Pakistan and Pakistani teachers and leaders wouldalso get a chance to study or get trainings abroad.


Denuded strata recovery is the important work of basin evolution study and oil/gas evaluation quantitatively.Because of the restriction of traditional denuded strata recovery methods,a few new denuded strata recovery methods rise up,such as thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite,depositional and erosional processs,and cosmogenic nuclides analysis.In this paper,the principles of each method have been illustrated and specific steps and advantages and disadvantages are also illustrated based on the examples.Different denuded strata recovery methods are suitable to different study areas,and comprehensive denuded strata recovery methods are also good choices.


Transmission spectroscopy in the near-infrared region (1,100-2,500 nm) is used to determine the microstructure and the composition of poly(butadiene) (PBD) polymers and styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymers in bulk and in carbon tetrachloride solution. The multivariate method of classical least squares (CLS) is used to analyze near-infrared spectra of polymers with NMR-determined microstructures and compositions. Although the near-infrared spectra of the pure analytes (cis-1,4-butadiene, trans-1,4-butadiene, 1,2-butadiene, and styrene) are highly overlapped, the CLS method provides accurate predictions of analyte concentrations, because all available spectral frequencies are used for quantitation. The sensitivity of near-infrared spectroscopy to intermolecular interactions and neighboring-group effects in these polymers is demonstrated.


Current laboratory surveys and past data collected indicate that between 70-80 percent of the cases received are for single-unit crown and bridge prostheses.


The surface ship combat history shows that science and technology has not only promoted the change of operational mode, but also promoted the people understand and study how to implement the development of operational experiments. With the rapid development of modern science and technology, especially information technology, for the study of the surface warship deduction experiment provides methods and platforms. By relying on simulation system, command and experiment personnel can be implemented in the laboratory practice methods and inspection operations philosophy, thus promotes surface ships tactics theory, operational analysis and training level of overall jumped. In this paper, the surface ship battle LABS deduction how to implement are studied, provide methods for the construction of surface ship battle LABS support and technical reference.


Temperature sensor, comprising a thermistor (21) in the form of a solid cylinder; a pair of electrode wires (22) in the thermistor (21) in the direction substantially parallel to the axis (21a) of the thermistor (21) spaced from each other are embedded, both of the electrode wires (22) each have one end from one end (21b) is led out of the thermistor (21); and a pair of signal lines (31) which are arranged at a relative distance from one another in the direction which is parallel to the axis of the thermistor (21) is substantially, and each having one end (22a) is connected by a respective electrode wire (22) to produce a thermistor; wherein the electrode wires (22) to the signal lines (31) are coupled to each other by overlapping in such a way that the diagonal (K1) connecting the electrode wires (22) and the diagonal (K2) which the signal lines (31) connects, intersect on the axis (21a) of the thermistor (21).


The number and relationships of reproducing individuals create the observed genetic heterogeneity within a social insect colony. These are referred to as sociogenetic organization and were studied in the red ants M. ruginodis and M. lobicornis. Direct observations of the queen numbers were obtained by excavating colonies. The effective number of reproducing individuals was estimated from genetic relatedness based on genotype frequency data. Sociogenetic organization of colonies of both species is simple. The number of queens is low, single mating of queens is the rule and queen to queen variation in worker production is minor. The important variables of sociogenetic organization are the number and relatedness of coexisting queens in polygynous colonies. Queen nestmates are related on average by 0.405 in polygynous colonies of M. ruginodis, showing that colonies recruit their own daughters as new reproductives. The distribution of queen number in M. ruginodis indicates that the study population contains both microgyna and macrogyna types of the species. The large proportion of colonies where the resident queen(s) is not the mother of the workers shows that the average life span of a queen is short and colonies are serially polygynous.


This paper first researches into the overall evolution of inventor networks of the smart phone patents based on the social network analysis,then it carries on stage analysis of detailed evolution characteristics of such inventor networks in terms of emerging stage,growing stage and maturing stage. It furthermore identifies the core inventors and core inventor groups of the smart phone patents. It has been found out that inventor networks of the smart phone patents bear characteristics of small world effect,increasing team size,the intensity of collaboration and network structures of higher connectivity among inventors.


The changing demographic trends of voter turnout have been a focus of great debate. Nevertheless, voter turnout is only one avenue through which citizens participate in electoral politics. Although the number of citizens voting may have declined since the 1960s, other forms of participation, such as financial contributions, have increased in terms of the number of citizens engaging in such activity. We find that although class biases in financial contributions are great within each election, these biases demonstrate no consistent trend toward increased or decreased class biases in financial contributions. The extent to which any specific election is skewed along economic class lines results largely from the behavior of those at the highest income levels. Finally, we find little empirical support that legal reforms designed to increase the base of campaign contributions have had any significant impact on who contributes.


The distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic loci of IL-4 -gene in positions -590 Т→С and -33 Т→С has been investigated in patients with allergic bronchial asthma (BA) aboriginal and non-aboriginal inhabitants of the Republic of Khakassia. The test material has been taken from 66 Khakas with BA and 33 Caucasian patients permanently residing in the Republic of Khakassia. The genotyping of IL-4 gene polymorphism at the -590 Т→С and-33 Т→С has been carried out with the method of polymerase chain reaction and analysis of restriction fragments length polymorphism. It has been established that the aboriginal inhabitants of Khakassia with atopic bronchial asthma are predominately the carriers of -590С/Т and -33С/Т genotypes of IL-4 gene, whereas the non-aboriginal inhabitants of the Republic Khakassia are the carriers of -590Т/Т and -33Т/Т genotypes. The statistically significant increase in serum concentration of IL-4 gene in peripheral blood of the patients with BA aboriginal inhabitants in comparison with non-aboriginal people has been revealed. The ethnic peculiarities of the association of the IL-4 gene production in the patients with BA with different genotypes of IL-gene have been detected.


It is interesting to investigate how a decoupling controller can be designed. The YOULA-parametrization is a simple method to design controllers. The KB-parametrization is a successful extension of this method for twodegree- of-freedom (TDOF) systems. The paper extends this methodology for multivariable case after summarizing the classical TFM based methods. Interesting examples are also given including a decoupling lateral control application.


We think letter of Dr Saver et al raises 3 important questions. First, what is the evidence required for a class III no benefit classification? Second, does the current evidence for the effectiveness of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure devices meet the criterion for class III no benefit. Third, what are the appropriate criteria for assigning a level of evidence (LOE) A rating for the class III no benefit classification? In assigning recommendation classes, the writing group was guided by the 2010 American Heart Association (AHA) methodology manual and policies from the American College of Cardiology Foundation/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines that includes the following advice:


Many static analysis problems involve solving mathematical
data-flow equations over numerical abstract domains. Convex polyhedra is one such abstract domain that is widely used
to precisely capture affine relationships among program variables. However, the majority of the analysis problems based
on convex polyhedral domains fail to scale for large problem
sizes due to the high-complexity/exponential nature of operations defined over them (such as Feasibility, Optimization).
The Unit-Two-Variable-Per-Inequality (UTVPI) Polyhedra
(also called Octagons) has been proven to be a very useful
abstract domain; due to its improved worst-case polynomial
time complexity, as well as ease of implementation.
In this paper, we present two new algorithms that compute
the tightest UTVPI Over-Approximation (OA) of a given
convex polyhedron by relying on elementary polyhedral
operations. Our algorithms improve over the OA algorithm
that is implemented in the state-of-the-art libraries.
Our first algorithm is based on linear programming (LP);
our second algorithm is based on Fourier-Motzkin elimination (projections) combined with only rotation operations.
Both algorithms exploit the Octagonal nature of the OA that
they aim to obtain; so, they are highly simple in nature (in
theory as well as implementation), simple to reason about
correctness and optimality, and also easy to implement. We
implemented our two algorithms in the Integer Set Library
(ISL), an open-source polyhedral compilation library.
Though our work is preliminary, we believe that our algorithms will be useful in static analysis as well as polyhedral
compilation applications like iterative optimization, codegeneration, cache miss calculation, and transitive closure.


The present invention provides a charging communication security device and a method thereof which are capable of controlling and blocking access from the outside by establishing secure communication when accessing CAN communication of a vehicle and a charging system. For the purpose, the present invention includes: a cable connection determination unit for determining the connected state of charging cable to a charging system; a connection control unit for controlling a switching path for CAN communication cable in the charging system and CAN communication cable in an electric vehicle according to the security authentication status between the charging system and electric vehicle; an authentication information processing unit for confirming authentication from the charging system by confirming charger identification information of the charging system through a switching path of the connection control unit, generating transmitting authentication information of electric vehicle; a switch unit for switching for connecting between the CAN communication cable and BMS ECU for charging-related data communication according to the authentication between the charging system and electric vehicle; and a communication link control unit for controlling a switching path of the connection control unit to enable the mutual security authentication between the charging system and electric vehicle under the assumption of the cable connection determination unit that the charging cable is connected and controlling switching of the cable connection determination unit and switching unit to charging-related data communication possible through the CAN communication terminal when the security authentication process is completed. [Reference numerals] (130) CAN interface; (140) Communication link control unit; (160) Protocol conversion unit; (170) Cable connection determination unit; (180) Charger authentication unit; (210) Battery; (22) Proxy detection unit


Abstract Eleven adult females of the viviparous scorpion, Liocheles australasiae, parthenogenetically repeated pregnancies and parturitions up to three times under the separate rearing. Only two of these females experienced the fourth parturition after the fourth pregnancy; one was dissected before the fifth pregnancy and the other early in the fifth pregnancy. In the ovaries of all these females, there were large empty ovarian diverticula, which had lost their embryos by the last parturition, and small ones as remnants of the previous parturitions. The number of all the empty ovarian diverticula in each female was roughly equal to the total number of her neonates. Even in the female in the fifth pregnancy, there were young ovarian diverticula containing oocytes other than the large ones containing embryos. The number of the young ovarian diver-ticula in the female seemed enough for one or two additional pregnancies, but further pregnancies and parturitions should become difficult because of deterioration of conditions for embryonic development under the long rearing and/or by the maternal ageing.


Online recognition of Arabic handwritten text has been an ongoing research problem for many years. Generally, online text recognition field has been gaining more interest lately due to the increasing popularity of hand-held computers, digital notebooks and advanced cellular phones. Most of the online text recognition systems consist of three main phases which are preprocessing, feature extraction, and recognition phase. This paper compares between different techniques that have been used to extract the features of Arabic handwriting scripts in online recognition systems. Those techniques attempt to extract the feature vector of Arabic handwritten words, characters, numbers or strokes. This vector then will be fed into the recognition engine to recognize the pattern using the feature vector. The structure and strategy of those reviewed techniques are explained in this article. The strengths and weaknesses of using these techniques will also be discussed.


Fabrication of various complex 3D micro features has become a prime issue where modern fabricators are facing problems due to the limitations of different manufacturing processes employed. Hence, this paper aims to develop a suitable wire electrochemical machining (WECM) setup for fabricating micro slits on stainless steel (SS 304) sheet and to investigate the influence of WECM process parameters such as frequency and voltage on slit width by implementing combined flushing strategies like wire vibrations with piezo electric transducer (PZT) and axial electrolyte flow that has been found to be very effective. To further minimise the width of the micro slit; experiments have been conducted with in-situ fabricated tungsten (W) wire of 23.98 μm and 31.74 μm diameter. The experimental results have been represented graphically where the minimum slit width is 50.03 μm. Moreover, complex microfeatures have been fabricated by varying the voltage values at 6 V and 7 V.


Cellular redox state is stringently maintained by thiol-based antioxidants to prevent the adverse consequences of generating excessive quantities of reactive oxygen species. The relative contributions of the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione/glutaredoxin systems to intracellular redox balance are incompletely understood, as are the consequences of altered thiol metabolism on eNOS and NO-dependent pathways in the endothelium. We designed duplex siRNA constructs to specifically "knock down" the expression of key thiol metabolizing enzymes in cultured aortic endothelial cells (EC). Transfection of siRNA constructs targeting glutathione reductase (GR), cytosolic Trx reductase (TrxR1), or mitochondrial Trx reductase (TrxR2) decreased levels of these proteins by 83 ± 4%, 70 ± 4%, or 88 ± 4% (n = 10 for each construct, p 3 H]-arginine/[ 3 H]-citrulline assay) by 97 ± 2%, 85 ± 2%, or 101 ± 1% (n = 4, p 2 O 2 ) production in EC (89 ± 5% increase; n = 4, p 2 O 2 production was entirely unaffected by siRNA-mediated knockdown of eNOS. In contrast, knockdown of GR or TrxR1 slightly but significantly increased H 2 O 2 production by 38 ± 4% or 32± 5% (n = 4, p This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA Founders Affiliate (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont).


Ag/Al pastes allow for a sufficiently low contact resistivity of less than 5 mΩ cm2 with boron-doped p+ emitters. A drawback of those pastes is an enlarged recombination at the silicon/metal interface below those contacts, compared with Ag pastes. For previous Ag/Al pastes from 2013, the observed recombination is even higher than theoretically expected for a fully metal-covered surface. Newly developed Ag/Al pastes allow for a significant reduction of the recombination below the contact, compared with a 2013 Ag/Al paste; for example, the J0e,m et of an 92Ω/sq. p+ emitter has decreased from 3420 down to 1014 fA/cm2 due to the newly developed paste. For an Rsheet of 137 Ω/sq, the J0e,met is 1399 fA/cm2. Structural investigations of those contacts reveal the microscopic appearance of the contacted region. There are contact spikes of metal grown into the silicon. Those spikes cover 1-1.2% of the entire printed finger area. With values for area fraction and depth of the spikes, we conduct simulations of J0e,m et. With these simulations, we are able to explain the enlarged recombination at the contact interface and describe the experimentally measured J0e,m et for both Ag/Al pastes described in this paper.


The End of Uncle Tom and the Grand Allegorical Tableau of Eva in Heaven, a silhouette installation created by contemporary artist Kara Walker, was inspired by and named after Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel. Walker's installation references characters and relationships drawn from the novel, yet positions them as illustrations with ambivalent, or even perverse relationships to the original text. Most scholars who focus on this work make brief reference to Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin in order to identify one or two of Walker's silhouetted characters, then leave the novel behind – choosing to interpret Walker's work as commentary on something larger than one novel. This critical tendency has, so far, prevented a thorough-going analysis of Walker's sustained engagement with Stowe's text, as well as with the creative industry it inspired. The main goal of this essay is to take Walker's references much more seriously – more literally, and literarily. The essay that follows proposes a close reading of The End of Uncle Tom alongside Uncle Tom's Cabin, with the goal of pointing out not only the depth of Walker's engagement with the novel, but also what her resistance to, and reiteration of, the narrative reveals about a one hundred fifty year tradition of retelling this epic work. At stake is a more complex understanding of both Walker's practice, and the ongoing influence of Stowe's novel on the ways in which racialized identity is imagined, constructed, consumed, and reproduced.


Robert Hornsby. Protest, Reform and Repression in Khrushchev's Soviet Union. New Studies in European History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. x, 313 pp. Bibliography. Index. $103.95, cloth.Rejecting the traditional dichotomy between "belief' and "non-belief," Robert Hornsby explores Khmshchev-era "political dissent," behaviours that, although the authorities labelled them "anti-Soviet," often arose from citizens' devotion to socialist ideals. Setting aside forms of dissent based on nationalist or religious sentiments, Hornsby concentrates on political dissent, a narrower category elastic enough to encompass distinct worker and intelligentsia groups and their characteristic activities. Juxtaposed in each section and chapter, these two classes of protest introduce a certain tension into the analysis. On one hand, workers and other rank-and-file citizens "lashed out" to voice discontent with material conditions or official abuses, causing an "outburst." On the other hand, diminutive intelligentsia circles of idealistic socialists gathered to discuss society or, if oriented to action, to scatter leaflets in the hundreds or even thousands extolling Leninist values and preaching revolutionary struggle against the dictatorship of the bureaucracy.The year 1958 divides the book's two chronological periods. In each half, Hornsby outlines the authorities' approach to suppressing dissent distinctive to each five-year period. The years from March 1953 to June 1958 brought the basic tenets of Stalin's terror state into question, as the Soviet leadership dismantled the inefficient, apparently random tenor apparatus. The process of unravelling the established norms of acceptable discourse and behaviour peaked in the aftermath of Khrushchev's Secret Speech, which revealed lurid details about Stalin' s "cult of personality" and further blurred the boundaries between acceptable Soviet and anti-Soviet activities. This culminated when events in Hungary in the simulier and fall of 1956 sparked official fears of similar convulsions in the USSR. The techniques they used, winch Hornsby terms "putting out fires," aimed to manage nonconformist behaviour as it became visible (p. 54). Arrests for anti-Soviet activity reached their post-Stalin peak in number and in the severity of the resulting sentences in 1956 and 1957. Although some were truly hostile, many citizens and party members earnestly spoke out in support of Soviet ideals, unknowingly transgressing the now obscured borders surrounding permitted expression.Yet these events also proved a turning point in the fight against dissent, inaugurating the second period. Tellingly, no comparable spike in arrests or prosecutions followed the public denunciations of Stalin at the Twenty-Second Party Congress in 1961 because the boundaries of acceptable criticism had again solidified. Hornsby concludes that new policing strategies, used with increasing frequency after mid-1958, helped mark new limits of permissible criticism. …


This paper is based on the construction of JiangBei airport station of the Chongqing No.3 Light Railway,the control demolition applied to shallow covered and large foundation pit excavation under urban complicated condition is introduced.In the demolition designing,using different demolition parameters according to the different external conditions with adopting a series of comprehensive shock absorption steps,the influence of excavation demolition on the outside construction is decreased to the least degree.The result of monitoring shows that the demolition vibration is well controlled and the surrounding constructions have not been disturbed.


This research aims to analyze the influence of compensation and work environment to employee performance with work motivation as moderation variable study on PT Sido Muncul Tbk. Data in this research was obtained through questionnaires distributed to 105 employees. Data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression test. The result of this research proves that there is no relationship between compensation and employee performance. But on the other hand, there is a positive relationship between work environment and employee performance and the existence of work motivation affects both the relationship of compensation and work environment on employees of PT Sido Muncul Tbk.


A new original method and CASE-tool o f system analysis and modelling are represented. They are for the first time consistent with the requirements o f object-oriented technology o f informational systems design. They essentially facilitate the construction o f organisational systems models and increase the quality o f the organisational designing and basic technological processes o f object application developing.


Method of computing position of user station receiving signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) of navigational satellites compensates for most of GPS ephemeris error. Present method enables user station to reduce error in its computed position substantially. User station must have access to two or more reference stations at precisely known positions several hundred kilometers apart and must be in neighborhood of reference stations. Based on fact that when GPS data used to compute baseline between reference station and user station, vector error in computed baseline is proportional ephemeris error and length of baseline.


Ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) consist of shell-encapsulated air- or gas-filled microbubbles, which are capable of surviving the heart transit and are able to pass through the lung's capillary bed when injected intravenously. They massively increase the backscattered ultrasound signals, which is clinically useful in all situations of slow and low flow as well as insufficient ultrasound penetration. Because UCA act as intravascular contrast agents, diagnosis of vessel occlusion can be made with high diagnostic confidence based on a lack of contrast enhancement. In the first section of this review, the acoustical properties, the intricate balance of forces, which act on UCA in the human circulation, and UCA-specific ultrasound imaging modes are summarized. In the second section, current clinical applications are summarized and the level of evidence regarding key statements is evaluated using the American Academy of Neurology rating system. The final section is devoted to yet experimental applications, where accumulating data suggest that use of UCA has the potential to be clinically useful and to become incorporated into routine clinical practice.


In this paper, we propose an algorithm, Epochal Difficult Captions, to supplement the training of any model for the Automated Audio Captioning task. Epochal Difficult Captions is an elegant evolution to the keyword estimation task that previous work have used to train the encoder of the AAC model. Epochal Difficult Captions modifies the target captions based on a curriculum and a difficulty level determined as a function of current epoch. Epochal Difficult Captions can be used with any model architecture and is a lightweight function that does not increase training time. We test our results on three systems and show that using Epochal Difficult Captions consistently improves performance by up to 0.013 SPIDEr score.


I focused on problems of young homeless population under 35 years living in the town district "Brno-the center" in my bachelor's work. This population lives on the streets, so outside azyls or analogously devices. This work is composed of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part is worked theoretical draft of problems of homeless population, statistics of homeless in Brno, devices and services established for those people. In the practrical part is made qualitative research. Casuistry of respondents are made with uncontrolled dialoque, with study of documents and with watching. The work is closed with interpretation of research inquiry and with resume of reserch facts.


This paper is concerned with the existence of mild and strong solutions on
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applied to a class of functional partial differential equations with nonlocal conditions.


The relative cross section for Ni/sup 58/(n,p)Co/sup 58/ was measured by an activation method for neutron energies of 2.2 to 3.6 Mev. The absolute cross section at 3.55 Mev neutron energy was found to be 195 plus or minus 30 mb by comparing the intensity of the 810 kev gamma ray of Co/sup 58/ with the amount of Si/sup 31/ formed in the P/sup 31/(n,p)Si/sup 31/ reaction, which has a previously known cross section of 96.2 plus or minus 9.0 mb. The cross section rose from 140 mb at 2.2 Mev to a maximum value of 214 mb at 3.0 Mev. Observed cross sections were compared with the predictions of the statistical theory of nuclear reactions by using a square well potential and a diffuse edge potential. In neither case could a satisfactory agreement with expirimental data be obtained. (auth)


The Hujianshan Area is dominated by fluvial and lacustrine-fluviolacustrine delta sediments in Yanchang Formation,which locates in the south extensional of delta system of Anbian.The types of sedimentary facies were identificated through core observation and description,data of log,lithology,and experimental analysis in Chang8-9 of study area.Confirm that lacustrine-delta depositional system is largely developed,and delta front subfacies is predominance.Due to the weaker tectonic movement in study area,distribution of sand controlled by sedimentary microfacies is very important to distribution and enrichment of hydrocarbon.Therefore,the favor reservoir can be indicated by correct subdivision of sedimentary facies.


Abstract : This report is a compendium of trajectories in air to ground and ground to ground role of projectiles shapes of possible interest in cannon caliber ammunition applications. The 20MM projectiles shapes are M53, M56 and SAPI. The caliber 50 drag curves are the M2 and M8.


We report the results of the first self-consistent three-dimensional adaptive mesh refinement magnetohydrodynamical simulations of Population III star formation including the Biermann battery effect. We find that the Population III stellar cores formed including this effect are both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those from hydrodynamics-only (non-MHD) cosmological simulations. We observe peak magnetic fields of ≃ 10−9 G in the center of our star-forming halo at z ≃ 17.55 at a baryon density of nB ∼ 1010 cm−3. The magnetic fields created by the Biermann battery effect are predominantly formed early in the evolution of the primordial halo at low density and large spatial scales, and then grow through compression and by shear flows. The fields seen in this calculation are never large enough to be dynamically important (with β ⩾ 1015 at all times before the termination of our calculation), and should be considered the minimum possible fields in existence during Population III star formation. The lack of magnetic support lends credibility to assumptions made in previous calculations regarding the lack of importance of magnetic fields in Population III star formation. In addition, these magnetic fields may be seed fields for the stellar dynamo or the magnetorotational instability at higher densities and smaller spatial scales.


A nonrelativistic Bose gas is represented as a grand-canoni cal ensemble of fluctuating closed spacetime strings of arbitrary shape and le gth. The loops are characterized by their string tension and the number of time s th y wind around the imaginary time axis. At the temperature where Bose-Einstei condensation sets in, the string tension, being determined by the chemical pot ential, vanishes, the system becomes critical, and the strings proliferate. A com parison with Feynman's description in terms of rings of cyclicly permuted bosons sh ows that the winding number of a loop corresponds to the number of particles conta ined in a ring. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 1 The first experimental realization of Bose-Einstein conden sation (BEC) in a cloud of weakly interactingRb atoms trapped in a magnetic field by a group in Boulder, Colorado [1], and the second definite observation of BEC in a s ystem of Na atoms at MIT [2], turned this field into one of the most active research areas in contemporary condensed matter physics. This recent burst of interest mot ivated us to consider once more the fundamental properties of BEC. At present there exist at least three different description s f this phenomenon. In the first, and intuitively probably the simplest one, BEC is u nderstood as the condensation of a finite fraction of the total number of particles pres ent in the zero-momentum ground state [3]. The second description, due to Bogoliubov [4], uses the methods of quantum field theory [5]. The formation of a Bose-Einstein co densate is here signaled by a nonzero expectation value of the field describing the par ticles in the system. The third description, due to Feynman [6], is based on path integ rals [7]. BEC is now understood as the occurrence of large rings containing many bo sons which are cyclicly permuted in imaginary time [8, 9]. Using a mapping onto a cert ain problem of classical statistical mechanics [10] to numerically evaluate t he path integral, Ceperley and Pollock [11] showed that this picture also provides a powerf ul computational tool with which even a strongly interacting system like superfluid He can be accurately described (for a review, see Ref. [12]). The classical system i s a chain of beads connected to springs. In this Letter we discuss an alternative, string picture of B EC. This description is, like Feynman's, based on the spacetime approach to quantum m echanics, i.e., on path integrals. The specific path-integral representation we ar rive at was first put forward by Montroll and Ward [13]. Physically, it describes a grandcanonical ensemble of fluctuating closed spacetime strings of arbitrary shape and length. We study the critical behavior of this loop gas close to the temperature Tc where Bose-Einstein condensation sets in, and show that the loops proliferate below Tc. That is to say, the loop gas undergoes a Hagedorn transition at Tc. The critical behavior we found here is similar to that of vort ex loops in superfluids [14] and in type-II superconductors [15]. (For a detaile d account of the so-called dual approach to superfluidity and superconductivity in whi ch the vortex loops are the elementary excitations, the reader is referred to the textb ook y Kleinert [16].) Our starting point is the Lagrangian of a nonrelativistic fr ee scalar field theory in Euclidean spacetime x = (τ,x), with τ the imaginary time [5]: L = φ ( h̄∂τ − μ − h̄ 2m ∇ ) φ. (1) Here,φ is the field describing the scalar particles, ∂τ = ∂/∂τ , μ is the chemical potential which accounts for a finite particle number density, and −h̄∇2/2m, with m the mass of the particles, is the kinetic energy operator. Depen ding on whether the particles are bosons or fermions, the field φ is an ordinary commuting or an anticommuting Grassman field. We adopt the imaginary-time approach to thermal field theory , where the time variable τ is taken to be of finite extent 0 ≤ τ ≤ h̄β, with β the inverse temperature β = 1/kBT (kB is Bolzmann's constant) [17]. As a result, the energy variab le conjugate toτ takes on discrete values. Depending on whether φ describes bosons or 1 fermions, the field is periodic or antiperiodic in τ , φ(h̄β,x) = ±φ(0,x), and can be expanded in a Fourier series as: φ(x) = 1 h̄β ∞


Background: The increasing use of pesticides is raising attention on the pervasiveness of contamination far from emission points and the pathways to human exposure. Recent progress in mapping global pesticide use can substantiate an assessment of human exposure and intake worldwide and the risks of attenuated life expectancy.

Methods: We quantified the human intake ratio (INTR) relative to the acceptable level for 92 active substances. We intersected INTR with the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) dataset, and we analysed the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of both aggregated and individual non-communicable diseases (NCDs) against the INTR of major pesticide chemical classes. Using a stochastic two-stage regression analysis, we estimated the associations between pesticide INTR and DALYs, and we determined whether these associations were positive (i.e., adverse effect on life expectancy), uncertain, or negative.

Findings: About 5.7 billion people exceed the acceptable pesticide intake; about 4.6 billion exceed this by 100 times. Pesticides are associated with DALYs of NCDs in 47% of countries; organophosphates, inorganics, triazines, and triazoles are associated with NCDs in 100%, 68%, 66% and 66% of countries, respectively. Prevalent NCDs are musculoskeletal disorders, neoplasms, and mental disorders in 72%, 62%, and 54% of countries. In average, an increase by one order in INTR is associated with a decrease of 1.35 days/person in neoplasms (95% CI, 0.27-2.48 days/person), and 1.09 days/person in musculoskeletal disorders (95% CI, 0.45-1.74 days/person). In spite of geographic variability, high income countries are more affected than low income countries due to raised health risk factors.

Interpretation: Although the biological mechanisms determining health effects in human subjects remain largely undiscovered, statistically significant associations of chronic exposure to pesticide mixtures on various NCDs show the relative impact of different pesticide classes on exposed populations and indicate geographic regions, socioeconomic, and health indicators associated to risks of attenuated life expectancy.

Funding Statement: The University of Sydney, SREI2020 EnviroSphere Program, SOAR Fellowship (FM).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.


The main objective of this study is to cany out the socio-economic
assessment of the World - Bank afforestation scheme on farmers in the project
and non-project area, in Area J4 in Ijebu - East Local Government Area of
Ogun State and to assess the profitability of the project.
The project has been in existence since 1987 and it is composed of
various investments such as nursery development woodlot, farm and social
forestry and shelter belt establishment e.t.c. These components and the entire
programme can only be placed in proper perspective when their impact on the
beneficiaries is assessed.
To achieve these objective, both pnmary and secondary data were
collected from various sources through the use of structured questionnaires,
interviews, conference papers, proceeding test books, journals and other
literature. Questions relating to general information of the respondents. Socioeconomic
benefits from the forestry project and farm information such as types
of crops and tree grown, types of livestock reared, farming system used farm
plot size, machine use pattern e.t.c. The grGSsmargin from farming activities
in the selected project areas was Oloyi, Abern, Eleyele and Erila and selected
non project areas was Korede, Temidire, Eregun and Atakiobo communities
was also taken.
The gross margin for project area was W54, 500.00, while that for nonproject
area was W23,350.00 cost structure analysis indicated that W37,000
accrued as variable cost in nroiect area which was 78.81°,10 while that of nonproject
area was W13,150 with 75.36% Higher capital ofW9,950 with 21.20%
was spent on fIxed cost spent in project area while it was only W4,300 with
24.65% was spent in non project area.
The study revealed that communities located in the project areas
benefItted from the social amenities such as health facilities, electricity and
bore-hole provided by the programme. The project improved housing pattern
in the project communities. Most respondents in the project communities are
engaged as civil servant (50%) as against 16.60/0 in the non - project
communities also it was 16.6% engaged in farming activities in project area
less than 33.3% in non project area.
The study further revealed that the project does not provide loan to
farmers in the project and non-project communities as all the respondents
sourced capital for farming activities fDIm personal source / family savings
farmers ill the project communities accrued more returns from farming
activities than faImers in the non - project communities.


The present invention is a resin composition and a molded object obtained by melt-molding said resin composition. Said resin composition contains: a crystalline hydrogenated cyclic olefin ring-opening polymer having a repeating unit derived from a polycyclic norbornene monomer; 1 to 4 parts of a wax per 100 parts of said hydrogenated polymer, by weight; and a nucleating agent. This invention makes it possible to: obtain a resin composition capable of producing a molded object that is resistant to deformation from the effects of heat and crystallizes sufficiently even if injection-molded using a comparatively low mold temperature; and easily obtain said molded object—in particular, an LED-light reflector that maintains excellent optical reflectance over a long period of time without decreases therein, even under high-temperature conditions.


The development and production of highquality, ultra-fine or nanoparticles for the high technology ceramics industry is becoming one of the most important and urgent aspects of the nanoworld today. In particular, ultra-fine and nanoparticles and their superior properties find applications in high-tech ceramic materials and it is also of interest in nuclear technology for applications in future hightemperature nuclear reactors.1,2 Thermal, nontransfer-arc linear plasma systems and their unique processing capabilities, offer the opportunity to produce such particles.3 Hightemperature gas-phase chemistry, within the high temperature plasma environment, the supersaturation of vapour species combined with very rapid quenching rates and steep temperature gradients, have become known as synthesis.1 Since the temperatures of thermal plasmas are extremely high (>10 000°C), the chemical reactions and kinetics are much more energetic than those encountered in conventional processes. At these high temperatures, the species are mostly present in the fundamental state or as radicals, which make the plasma process chemically unspecific, thus allowing the synthesis of new compounds from the atomic level.4 Also, the very rapid quenching rates of the product powder (>10 000°C.s-1) prohibit crystal growth and result in the formation of nanoparticles. The high quenching rate nucleates particles before the vapour impinges on the cooled walls of the plasma reactor. The supersaturation of the vapour species due to the high quenching rate provides the driving force for particle nucleation. Thermal plasma synthesis offers a one-step process for the production of very small and chemically pure particles. Either the discharge or the plasma flame itself can be used for the synthesis of the nanopowders. In thermal plasma synthesis, the reactants can be liquids, solids or gases, or combinations of them, before injection into the plasma. The advantages of plasma processes include:


This paper evaluates the protection system of an offshore gas production unit and proposes utilization of devices dedicated to identify the arc flash incidents inside the panels. A quantitative analysis has been performed by comparing the incident energy levels of the original design with the levels provided by the new design. The new design includes numerical relays equipped with dual sensing of arc flash: optical detection of the light and high-speed overcurrent detection. The analysis indicates that a drastic reduction of incident energy can be achieved. The reduction is based on very fast detection and elimination of the arc, lowering the arcing time.


Ferns are, evolutionarily, in a pivotal position between bryophytes and seed plants (Pryer et al., 2001). Fern gametophytes, like bryophytes, have no vascular system and live on substrate surfaces as small individual plants. However, fern sporophytes do have a vascular system enabling more vertical growth than the gametophytes, and resulting in a larger herbaceous plant form. The origins of plant vascular systems must have arisen during the evolution of primitive ferns (Kenrick , 2000). Ferns are historic plants and provide many facets of interest for researchers (Dyer, 1979; Raghavan, 1989). An especially important reason for choosing to study ferns is to gain insight into the evolution of higher plants . Homosporous ferns,such as Ceratopteris,is a genus of homosporous ferns found in most tropical and subtropical area of the world (Lloyd, 1974, 1993; Masuyama, 1992). Ceratopteris are vascular plants that exhibit a biphasic life cycle with independent autotrophic haploid and diploid generations. Thus, they offer unique opportunities for studying a wide variety of experimental approaches and a large body for literature has been producedうMiller, 1986; Dyer, 1979え. In contrast to most other ferns, Ceratopteris possesses a fast life cycle time of less than 120 d, can be cultured easily, and is readily amenable to genetic analyses (Hickok et al., 1987) Ceratopteris has been used as a model plant for many years in the study of genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology (Hickok et al., 1995; Chatterjee, 2000). Plants are continually exposed to environmental fluctuations that lead to oxidative stress. Part of the damage caused by conditions such as intense light, drought, temperature stress, air pollutants etc. is associated with oxidative stress is an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Levine A., 1999). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl radical (OH-) are generated from normal metabolic process in all aerobic organisms. The damages from ROS include lipid peroxidation, cross-linking and inactivation of proteins, breaks in DNA and RNA, and cell death (Bestwick & Maffulli, 2004; Fridovich, 1995). Aquatic organisms are often subjected to enhanced "oxidative stress" by ROS due to chronic exposure to pollutants in their environments (Marikovsky et al., 2003; Geret et al., 2004). To limit the harmful effect of ROS production and prevent damage from oxidative stress, cells have evolved to use antioxidant systems as part of the innate immune defense to maintain reactive oxygen species at low basal levels and protect themselves from the constant oxidative challenge (Geret et al., 2004; Manduzio et al., 2004).


The proposition of this paper is that African cultural identity is endangered in the new era of post-colonialism and lop-sided globalization. To arrest this situation, it proposes the introduction of African cultural history in all Nigerian Universities, with a view to enlightening the youths of their pristine societies as well as stemming the threat of debilitating Western culture. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 103-108


Background: LBW is a significant public health problem globally. In India every 3rd newborn is a LBW contributing to about 40% of the global burden. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of LBW and premature births and their associated maternal factors. Methods: A cross sectional study was done in antenatal women attending Rama Medical College Hospital& Research Centre, Hapur. Maternal factors and socioeconomic factors collected from 406 mothers were coded and analyzed using the SPSS 16. Chi square test was applied and p value less than 0.5 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of LBW was 31.8% and prematurity was 25.6% in the study. LBW and premature babies were more associated with joint families, ≤Rs. 2999/monthly income, maternal illiteracy and house wives. LBW and Premature babies decreased with increase in income, Hb >11.1 gms and ≥ 100 IFA tablets intake. The rates of LBW were the same whether mothers had no ANC or full ANC. This raises doubts about the content of the ANC. Conclusions: A good quality dedicated and sincere comprehensive ANC package including 4 ANCs, 100 IFA, 2TT/Booster, simple serial measurement of BP, weight, haemoglobin, fundal height and abdominal girth during each visit and screening for complications, counselling for birth and emergency preparedness, newborn care, breast feeding would help avert LBW and premature birth.


The environment in which higher education institutions operate changed from solely a traditional classroom environment to a mixed mode environment with e-learning taking the central attention. Profound changes and development in technology has made higher education institutions to be very competitive and seeking to apply new technologies in the delivery of education. In order to respond to changing needs and expectations, integration and successful uptake of e-learning in the educational delivery process has become essential. This research will discuss about behavioral intention among Malaysia academic staff in up taking and integrating e-learning in their education delivery. Factors such perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived behavioral control, perceived enjoyment and also computer anxiety will be examined. This paper proposes a framework that links these variables and examines the moderating effect of computer anxiety towards behavioral intention in up-take and integration of e-learning. In order to contextualize this study, the paper offers supporting literature for the proposed framework. The paper is also providing direction for future empirical investigation to improve uptake in integrating e-learning in the education delivery across academic staff in Malaysia.


: This research paper presents a study on the simultaneous quantification and force degradation analysis of Remogliflozin, Evogliptin, and Metformin using the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) technique. The solubility of the three drugs was determined, and acetonitrile was selected as the solvent for further analysis. The wavelength of 210 nm was chosen for analysis due to the highest absorption peak intensities. Stock standard solutions were prepared for each drug, and working standard solutions were then prepared for the quantification studies. The HILIC technique, specifically using the Acclaimed Mix-Mode HILIC-1 column, was employed for the separation of the analytes. Various mobile phases were tested, and the optimized chromatographic conditions were determined. The linearity of the method was evaluated, and calibration curves were constructed for each drug. The accuracy of the method was assessed by analyzing samples from marketed formulations, and the results showed high drug recovery within the acceptable range. The validation parameters, including accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, specificity, and selectivity, were evaluated according to ICH guidelines. The developed HILIC method demonstrated reliable quantification of Remogliflozin, Evogliptin, and Metformin in bulk samples and exhibited suitable analytical performance for future applications.


To assess the influence that data from satellites and other FGGE special observing systems can have on analyses of the large-scale circulation, the NASA GLA analysis/forecast system was run in two different parallel modes. In the first, data from all of the FGGE observing systems were utilized (denoted the FGGE analysis), and in the second (the NOSAT analysis) only conventional upper air and surface reports were used. Global wind and temperature fields extracted from month-long assimilations during the first Special Observing Period are similar in the two cases but showed some differences, especially over the southern hemisphere oceans where satellites play a significant role in filling data voids. Winds are a little stronger in general in the NOSAT case, suggesting a damping effect from the inclusion of satellite-based data.

The GLA model was also integrated for the same period without any data inserted (model CLIMATE run). an independent objective analysis based only on rawinsonde and pilot balloon data (STATION analysis) was performed as well. Stronger zonal winds in the model CLIMATE run and differences in features between the NOSAT and STATION cases attest to some influence of the GLA model and analysis technique on the resulting fields.

Momentum and heat budget computations were performed for the FGGE, NOSAT and STATION cases. Integrated values of kinetic and potential energy terms in both zonal mean and eddy forms, as well as various conversions between terms, though similar among the cases, demonstrate overall a small decrease in the vigour of the circulation with the inclusion of satellite observations.


Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of subdomain magnetic partiles ( \bar{D} A) that retain their liquid characteristics in the presence of a magnetic field. As a result, ferrofluids are unique liquid media in which it is possible to induce substantial magnetic forces which result in unusual fluid mechanical properties in the presence of an applied field. Magnetic properties may be conferred to a wide range of liquid such as hydrocarbons, water, glycerol, silicones, and even fluorocarbons. The magnetic properties of the ferrofluids can be controlled by varying the composition, size, and concentration of the magnetic particles. The existence of these magnetic fluids has resulted in a number of unique applications. Applications which have been reduced to practice include novel pumps and other energy conversion devices, viscous dampers for gravity gradient satellites, accelerometers, and gyroscope supports employing levitation bearings, specific gravity meters, seals, etc.


Referential intertextuality and geography of places related to papers published in the journal Biomedica is studied, and we use coverage Web of Science, in the period 2007-2015. It seeks to characterize communication patterns developed as citing source, through references made, and as cited sources, through citations; as well as the geographical locations of the objects of study. We use a classification assigned according to the institutions and countries of author's affiliation. With this information we organize the papers and citations in three categories: local, regional and external. The references were organized according to the edition country of cited journal. The resulting correlations between the different origins of the papers and citation and the geographical locations of the objects of study, demonstrate the importance of the functions of the Biomedica journal as a means of dissemination of strategic information that contributes to scientific debate and the development of public health policy in the region.


The method involves transferring the measured values of the measuring device over a data link and during which the parameters of the measuring device are stored in a memory (18). The parameters are fed to the memory by a data line. The timing is started by switching on the measuring device and the timing ends when no parameterizing request signal appears on the data line for a predetermined timing. The time interval is terminated by an instruction transferred with the parameters. An independent claim is also included for a device for parameterization of the measuring device.


Nonflammable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are developed by adapting polymer solid electrolytes, but their insufficient electrochemical performance has not been fully addressed to date. Crosslinked polymer gel electrolytes with minimal organic solvents (hard gels) are proven to be nonflammable electrolytes, but their lithium metal battery performance is not comparable to those of conventional liquid electrolyte‐based systems. Here, a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) ion‐transporting solid film that comprises a UV‐curable crosslinked polymer and tailored linear pyrrolidinium‐polyethylene glycol copolyester ion channels (named PNPEG), is reported. PNPEG can solvate Li+ effectively with the help of carbonate solvents. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirm that Li+ transportation is accelerated due to the weaker interaction between PNPEG and Li+ ions than between the solvents and ions. The semi‐IPN electrolyte with PNPEG exhibits a flexible, nonflammable nature with an ionic conductivity of 4.2 × 10−1 mS cm−1 and Li+ transference number of 0.51. The individual pyrrolidinium‐Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (pyrrolidinium‐Tf2N) monomer and PEG chain ratios in PNPEG strongly affect battery performance, and the optimized semi‐IPN‐based lithium metal half cells with LiCoO2 cathodes show greatly improved discharge capacity retention at high c‐rate conditions owing to effective Li+ transportation and excellent cycling performance (93.8% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.5 C).


3 Introduction 4 Concept 7 Project Rationale 16 Background and Context 17 Prototype Design 23 Implementation of Prototype 26 User Testing 27 Conclusion 29 Future Work 29 Appendices 32 Bibliography 35 The [hid] Toolkit for Pd Hans-Christoph Steiner Interactive Telecommunications Program. Fall 2004 3 1. Abstract The [hid] toolkit is a set of Pd objects for designing instruments to harness the real-time interaction made possible by contemporary computer music performance environments. This interaction has been too frequently tied to the keyboard-mouse-monitor model, narrowly constraining the range of possible gestures the performer can use. A multitude of gestural input devices are readily available, making it much easier utilize a broad range of gestures. Consumer Human Interface Devices (HIDs) such as joysticks, tablets, and mice are cheap, and some can be quite good musical controllers, including some that can provide non-auditory feedback. The [hid] toolkit provides objects for using the data from these devices and controlling the feedback, as well as objects for mapping the data from these devices to the desired output. Many musicians are using and creating gestural instruments of their own, but the creators rarely develop virtuosity, and these instruments rarely gain wide acceptance due to the expense and skill level needed to build them; this prevents the formation of a body of technique for these new instruments. The [hid] toolkit is built in Pd, which provides an ideal platform for this work, combining sound and visual synthesis and control with easy access to many external devices for interfacing with humans. Pd is a high level programming language, which is relatively easy for novices without major limitations for advanced users. Using consumer HIDs allows musicians to build a shared body of technique, much like video game players have developed; the [hid] toolkit enables sharing of instrument patches. In combination, designers of new interfaces for musical expression can design their own instruments while building upon existing skills. The [hid] Toolkit for Pd Hans-Christoph Steiner Interactive Telecommunications Program. Fall 2004 4 2. Introduction "Since the first modular synthesizers, it became possible (for the first time in history) to separate the interface from the actual sound source. It makes sense to try to design new interfaces, new instruments, unbounded by the sound source." [1] Bert Bongers With the power that even a cheap laptop can provide, the computer has gained widespread acceptance as musical tool. Composers have been creating music using computers for more than 40 years now, and even music that is played on all analog instruments is generally mixed on computers when recorded. More and more musicians are using computer-based instruments for live performance, to the extent where you can see live computer music in just about any major city in the world. There is a wide range of software available for live computer music performance, such as Reaktor [2], Ableton Live [3], SuperCollider [4], Max/MSP [5], and Pd [6] designed expressly for this purpose. Though these tools can provide an engaging performance environment, the live performance leaves something to be desired. The audience may be unable to tell whether the performer is actually controlling the music in real time, or just clicking a start button and reading their email. Such performance lacks physicality in the interaction and is quite limited in the range of possible gestures. Most computer musicians are bound to the standard keyboard/mouse/monitor interaction model. To provide an engaging performance, musicians need to move beyond that interaction model. The human body is capable of a great range of gestures, large and small. Human gestures give off information in a manner similar to language. There are many cultural and some universal human gestures that are well established and easily understood. Music is about expressing certain kinds of ideas. Having the ability to use a broader range of gesture in performance means the performer has broader range of possible expression. Computer musicians should not be limited to the small set of gestures that normal computer use encompasses. In order to physically interact with the computer, input devices are needed. Many of these software environments are already capable of using data from Human Interface Devices (HIDs) such as joysticks, drawing tablets, gamepads, and mice. Performers of live computer music generally stare at the screen intently while performing. The screen alienates the performer from the audience. What the performer is staring at is obviously important (judging by the intensity of the stare); however the details of what the performer is looking at is almost always completely out of view for the audience. This is in stark contrast to traditional musical instruments, where the instrument is in generally in plain view of the audience. Additionally, the audience is at least somewhat familiar with the mechanisms of the instrument being played. There is potential for using consumer HIDs can alleviate this alienation by allowing the performer to step away from the computer screen. HIDs such as joysticks are objects familiar to The [hid] Toolkit for Pd Hans-Christoph Steiner Interactive Telecommunications Program. Fall 2004 5 those attending computer music concerts. Using HIDs in performance therefore has the potential for making the experience much more understandable to the audience. The performer can come out from behind the computer screen, bringing back a closer connection between audience and performer. Another element that is missing from the keyboard/mouse/monitor interaction is haptic feedback. "Haptic" is defined as relating to the sense of touch at the skin level and the sense of forces to the muscles and joints. Traditional instruments provide haptic feedback because the interface is producing the sound itself, so the vibrations can be directly felt. Practiced musicians rely heavily on this feedback, often "feeling" mistakes and correcting before hearing them. Computer music performers are obviously using non-auditory feedback during performance, the intensity of their stare at the computer screen is a measure of this. Providing haptic feedback enables the performer to step away from the computer screen and engage more with the audience. Audio synthesis has freed instrument design from the constraints of the physical method of generating sound, thus desired interface can be mapped to any given synthesis algorithm. For example, the guitar's strings are both the interface and the sound generator, while a MIDI device can control any given synthesizer. This flexibility allows musical instrument designers to choose their physical interface without the constraints of the method of sound generation. Consequently, a multitude of means of translating gestural input from the human body are readily available. By combining such gestural devices with multimedia software, a broad range of people can now make their own computer-based gestural instruments. A new model of instrument design is emerging built upon this idea of flexible interfaces. Instrument designers are shifting from devices that are designed for a broad user base, to general building blocks that allow the individual musician to create their own instrument tailored to their performance goals. Pd [6], also known as Pure Data, is a graphical programming environment for working with MIDI, sound, video, graphics, or anything that can be controlled by computer. It is a real-time system, designed for interactive processing. It provides a fertile platform for designing new instruments, providing a high level, rapid programming environment that is accessible to a wide range of people with varying backgrounds. It is a unified platform for a broad range of activities, combining realtime audio, video synthesis and manipulation, physical modeling. More options exist for data input and output including MIDI, HIDs, and general serial communications. Because Pd is free software that runs on most operating systems, musicians with even very limited budgets can build their own computer music instruments. Up until recently, computer music has been out of reach to all but a select few. It is now possible to build an instrument using Pd that costs less than most traditional musical instruments, including the cost of the computer. The main objective of the thesis is to provide an coherent environment for performers to create instruments using gestural interfaces. The [hid] toolkit is a The [hid] Toolkit for Pd Hans-Christoph Steiner Interactive Telecommunications Program. Fall 2004 6 toolkit for creating instruments using HIDs (Human Interface Devices). The [hid] toolkit provides high-level objects for accessing the data from various HIDs and low-level objects for getting the data directly from the HIDs. It also includes objects for mapping that data to whatever output the user wants to control, and controlling haptic feedback. It is built to an integral part of Pd, and most of the [hid] toolkit objects are written in Pd. For these reasons, Pd and the [hid] toolkit are an ideal platform for designing computer-based gestural instruments. The [hid] Toolkit for Pd Hans-Christoph Steiner Interactive Telecommunications Program. Fall 2004 7 3. Concept Overview The [hid] toolkit is a set of Pd objects for using a wide variety of HIDs (Human Interface Devices) to build computer music instruments. The aim is to have a standardized and coherent set of objects that enable rapid prototyping of instrument design ideas. Also, the coherent, high-level objects should prove accessible to the novice instrument builder, providing an easy entry point for such users into an otherwise difficult realm. There are four main areas of instrument design: input, mapping, output, and feedback. Pd provides a wealth of options for output, the [hid] toolkit addres


We investigate the time evolution for quantum systems with a dynamical Hilbert space within the framework of the pseudo-Hermitian representation of quantum mechanics. Each representation of quantum mechanics is characterized by a Hilbert space, a Hamiltonian, and a set of observables. The representation-transformation law of the time-evolution operator is derived from its formal solution in the dynamical Hilbert space. It ensures the unitarity of the dynamics and the representation independence of the transition amplitudes. In addition, we show that the equation of time evolution in the position space is independent of the representation, regardless of whether the Hilbert space is stationary or dynamical. Furthermore, we demonstrate the representation independence of the position wave function itself. As a concrete example of the representation independence of the quantum mechanics, we derive the reciprocity theorem in the dynamical Hilbert space. The material in the present paper makes a topic which can be covered in a graduate course on quantum mechanics.


Abstract The plethora of alternative food labels emerging in the marketplace reflects consumer interest in informed and sustainable purchasing. However, consumers' preferences vary with respect to the sustainability metrics represented by labeling programs. The goal of this project was to characterize public university students' perceptions of product parameters commonly represented by food labels for produce (e.g., cost, taste, certified organic, locally grown). A consumer survey (n = 338) was conducted at two university dining halls, located in close proximity to major residence hall communities which house approximately 2600 students. Culinary, health and cost attributes (taste, nutritional value, price and appearance) were ranked as more influential in determining purchasing decisions than sustainability attributes related to production and sourcing. While sustainability values were not as influential in driving purchasing behaviors as compared with product attributes, they were important to approximately 50% of the survey respondents. By identifying the sustainability values of students and their willingness to pay more for specific types of sustainable food, results from this study can inform efforts to align priorities of campus dining services with the values of their student patrons, as well as identify educational opportunities around agriculture and food production.


As the installed capacity of individual turbines increases, so do costs associated with manufacture and maintenance. One proposed solution to this problem is the Multi-Rotor System (MRS) which utilises many small rotors to yield the same energy capture as a single large turbine. The operational advantage of the MRS is the built in redundancy between rotors on the same structure. However, despite this advantage, an increase in number of components is likely to result in an increase in transfers. This work examines the balance between additional crew and vessel requirements for such a structure against the expected savings in downtime due to redundancy and small rotor power rating. Three scenarios are analysed to determine the distribution of the failures which contribute to downtime. The study aims to find the optimal vessel fleet which limits downtime without drastically increasing direct operational expenditure (OpEx). As site size increases, the impact of global failures, which shut down the whole asset, is lessened. However, there is a significant increase in the number of vessels required to reduce downtime to <10% of the total OpEx. While a large fleet can offer significant downtime savings, there are practical limitations and challenges which must be acknowledged.


Through analyzing and researching the different dozes's mixers of two structures including cement stable debris and cement powdered coal ash stable debris from anti-pressure,anti-tensility and splitting hardness,it finds out equal cement powdered coal ash structure is higher than water debris structure in function,and the mixing of powdered coal ash has strengthened the anti-freezing and durability of structure.


The tumor microenvironment (TME) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a complex ecosystem that drives tumor progression. Improving our understanding of the PDAC TME and its role in response to therapy via in-depth single cell characterization will have broad clinical implications for biomarker development and therapeutic design. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on freshly collected human PDAC samples of primary (n=16) or metastatic (n=11) origin, either before (n=20) or after (n=7) chemotherapy. We found a heterogeneous mixture of basal and classical Moffitt cancer cell subtypes in all samples, along with distinct cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) subpopulations. We identified the major CAF subpopulations as inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) and myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs); within these subpopulations were a very few cells expressing immunogenic features which have previously been associated with antigen presenting CAFs (apCAFs). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) could be categorized into two major subpopulations, C1QC+ TAMs or SPP1+ TAMs, each with distinct functional characteristics. For example, phagocytosis-associated gene sets were enriched in C1QC+ TAMs, while angiogenesis-associated gene sets were enriched in SPP1+ TAMs. Comparison of naïve and chemotherapy treated primary PDAC samples revealed that classical and basal-like cancer cells exhibited similar transcriptional responses to chemotherapy; this contrasts with some previous reports which posited a shift towards a basal-like transcriptional program among treated samples. We further noted that treated samples evinced fewer ligand-receptor interactions, particularly between TIGIT on CD8+ T cells and its ligand on cancer cells. We also identified TIGIT, not PD1, as the major inhibitory checkpoint molecule of CD8+ T cells in the PDAC TME. Altogether, our results suggest that chemotherapy impacts the PDAC TME and may further reduce response to immunotherapy.
 Citation Format: Daniel Weissinger, Emily A. Kawaler, Gregor Werba, Ende Zhao, Despoina Kalfakakou, Surajit Dhara, Grace Oh, Xiaohong Jing, Nina Beri, Lauren Khanna, Tamas Gonda, Paul E. Oberstein, Cristina Hajdu, Cynthia Loomis, Adriana Heguy, Mara H. Sherman, Amanda W. Lund, Theodore H. Welling, Igor Dolgalev, Aristotelis Tsirigos, Diane M. Simeone. Single-cell sequencing elucidates the effects of chemotherapy on cancer cell heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR010.


The edge transport barriers play an important role in plasma particle and energy confinement and stability in tokamaks. Therefore, the investigation of its formation is of high importance for current and future devices. There are, in general, two major ways of transport barrier formation. First, mostly in tokamaks with limiter configuration, is based on the plasma polarization by the external electric field using biasing electrode. The second one, mostly in tokamaks with divertor configuration, relies on self-induction due to several physical processes occurring in the plasma. These processes are described in many scientific publications, but still not yet fully understood. It plays a crucial role to achieve H-mode in tokamaks with divertor configuration. In this work, we present a unique observation of the spontaneous formation of the transport barrier in helium discharge on the GOLEM tokamak. The tokamak GOLEM is a small fusion facility with limiter configuration, used primarily for plasma edge and RE studies, with remote control system [1


A minimized SiO2 waveguide with an antiresonant reflecting buffer, a SiO2 core, and an air cladding is presented. The buffer includes multiple periods of antiresonant reflecting structure to lower leakage loss to the substrate. Theoretically speaking, when there are three periods of etch-through antiresonant reflecting structures, one obtains a straight minimized SiO 2 waveguide with a low leakage loss (<0.01 dB/cm) and a bending radius as small as 15 mum (because of the large index contrast between the core (SiO2) and the air cladding in the lateral direction)


A good electrolyte retention and ionic conductivity, without requiring extra steps for crosslinking have a high mechanical strength and shape retention, to provide excellent battery cycle characteristics polymer electrolyte gel composition that can, and, providing the polyvinyl acetal used in the polymer electrolyte gel composition. The invention relates to a polyvinyl acetal for the polymer electrolyte gel composition, polyvinyl acetal containing a cationic functional group, and contains a with the polyvinyl acetal and an electrolyte, the the weight ratio of the polyvinyl acetal and the electrolytic solution is from 0.5: 99.5 to 9: 91 polymer electrolyte gel composition is. .BACKGROUND


PURPOSE: An integrated thin film photoelectromotive device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to improve energy conversion efficiency by reducing the reactive area of a unit cell. CONSTITUTION: Trenches are formed on a substrate(200). A first extrinsic polycrystalline semiconductor material layer(210) is continuously formed on one side of the trench and a substrate which is adjacent to the trench. A second extrinsic polycrystalline semiconductor material layer(230) is entirely overlapped in a space between the trenches and is partially overlapped with the inside of the trenches.


Several studies have shown the presence of fluoride levels much higher than the 1.5 mg/L threshold concentration recommended by WHO in the spring waters and wells of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Available defluoridation techniques can be costly, present complicated technical aspects, and show limited effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to devise innovative, sustainable, and effective solutions. This study proposes an alternative method of intervention to the known techniques for removing fluoride from water, particularly suitable for smaller rural communities. In particular, in this work, the possibility to use electromagnetic fields as a physical method for removing the excess fluoride was investigated. The study was carried out by developing a multiphysics model used for studying and envisaging the design of a device. In this framework, the combination of this approach with the use of highly reactive smectite clay was numerically studied. The results obtained, although preliminary, indicate that the proposed system could significantly impoverish the waters of the Rift Valley from fluoride, with the consequence of obtaining a resource suitable for human consumption, in particular for rural communities. However, further theoretical investigations and experimental phases will be necessary to achieve the desired results.


Section 2 describes the first principles analysis used to determine the size maximum salinity output of an APHRO system. Section 3 presents a preliminary geographic potential assessment of various locations around the globe. A detailed economic analysis for the case of an APRHO system in Southern California is presented in Section 4. Section 5 discusses the environmental and cultural considerations that must be taken when developing an APHRO system, while Section 6 discusses the affect of advancements in technology pertaining to renewables and reverse osmosis systems on the total APRHO system cost. Finally, Section 7 describes further research to be done in this area.


Thin metal films alone or incorporated in a multilayer stack structure with dielectric films are good candidates of terahertz absorbers necessary for achieving the maximum responsivity in microbolometer devices. However, the design and optimization of these absorber structures depend on the knowledge of the complex refractive index of metal films in the terahertz frequency range, which is not easy to measure or determine from experiment. This paper presents a novel method that allows fast and reliable extraction of the complex refractive index from terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. It starts with terahertz time-domain transmission measurements, followed by Fourier transforms to obtain the transmission spectrum in the frequency range of 0.1–3 THz, and finally an extraction process using the enhanced "on-the-downhill" algorithm. Some experimental examples are given, all of which show good agreement with theoretical calculations. This extraction method, combined with the scattering matrix model, can help d...


'But human excellence grows like a vine tree, fed by the green dew, raised up, among wise men and just, to the liquid sky.' So Pindar displays a problem that lies at the heart of Greek thought about the good life for a human being. He is a poet who has dedicated his career to writing lyric odes in praise of human excellence. This career presupposes, on the part of both poet and audience, the belief that the excellence of a good person is something of that person's own, for whose possession and exercise that person can appropriately be held accountable. He has just been praying to die as he had lived, as one 'who praised what deserves praise and sowed blame for wrong-doers'. His 'but', which might equally well be translated 'and', both continues and qualifies that prayer. The excellence of the good person, he writes, is like a young plant: something growing in the world, slender, fragile, in constant need of food from without. A vine tree must be of good stock if it is to grow well. And even if it has a good heritage, it needs fostering weather (gentle dew and rain, the absence of sudden frosts and harsh winds), as well as the care of concerned and intelligent keepers, for its continued health and full perfection. So, the poet suggests, do we. We need to be born with adequate capacities, to live in fostering natural and social circumstances, to stay clear of abrupt catastrophe, to develop confirming associations with other human beings.


In an interconnected power system, both area frequency and tie-line power interchange fluctuation occurs frequently due to system parameter uncertainties modelling error and environmental disturbance. The objective of load frequency control (LFC) is to bring the steady state frequency error to zero after power demand transient and to minimize the transient deviation in these variables (both area frequency and tie-line power interchange). This paper is based on two degree of freedom (2DF) internal Model Control (IMC) with feed forward controller and IMC filter design, recently developed by Liu and Gao [5] to improve disturbance rejection and to minimize the effect of uncertainties . The feed-forward is added with Saxena and Hote [3] reported work on SOPDT model and results increasing in the robustness of the system.