Abstract It is necessary to use different sensors in an integrated manner – GPS, accelerometer, inclination sensor and so on – in order to monitor and identify static, quasi-static and resonant response of tall buildings subjected to wind loading. There are some differences among these sensors with respect to data sampling rate, data quality, and their measurement accuracy. Therefore, using different sensors together for a monitoring project is important because of the complementary nature of each sensor. In this study, the behaviour of a tall reinforced concrete building (30 stories high) under wind load has been monitored using GPS and inclination sensors. This paper assesses the dynamic measurement quality and reliability of inclinometers for building monitoring applications, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of GPS vis-a-vis the use of inclination sensors for monitoring the dynamic response of tall buildings under wind load. Data collected by these sensors have been analysed in the time and frequency domains. It was found that GPS observations were distorted by multipath caused by a reflecting surface on top of the building. From the analyses in the frequency domain, the 1st mode natural frequencies of the building determined from both sensors agree very well with each other. The discrepancy of this measured 1st mode natural frequency compared to that derived from FEM (Finite Element Model) prediction is 7%.


One of the most frequent tasks of Public Works and Spatial Planning (PUPR) of Grobogan Regency is the handling of road damage with routine road maintenance. Implementation of material procurement is done contractually with provider of goods / services while for the implementation of activities in the field implemented by UPTD area according to location of activity. So in the implementation of road maintenance activities PUPR Service Grobogan District requires a method of engineering value or commonly called Value Engineering in order to be implemented efficiently and optimally. The purpose of this study is to determine the cost efficiency in the implementation of road maintenance; know the cost components that have the potential to be saved / streamlined in the implementation of road maintenance and also to know the extent to which this value engineering can be applied to the implementation of road maintenance on a self-managed basis. The method used is descriptive qualitative with analytical technique using value engineering to answer the background of problem and purpose. The results of this study indicate that contractual road maintenance is cheaper because it does not rent equipment but has a short plan life of maximum 3 years. While road maintenance is done by self-managed has a plan life of up to 5 years. The cost of renting equipment is a very possible component to save. Value engineering also yields a final conclusion that road maintenance work carried out with self-managed systems has a short and efficient procedure; better road quality and faster processing times compared to conventional systems.


Schwarzschild's equation in two-stream approximation provides a constraint on the net radiation at the lower boundary, as unequivocally connects it to fluxes at the upper boundary (top-of-atmosphere): surface net radiation, balanced by the non-radiative fluxes in radiative-convective equilibrium, is equal to half of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), independent of the optical depth. This paper controls this equation on satellite observations and proved to be valid within -2.19 W/m2 for clear-sky, in the annual global mean. The all-sky version of the relationship can easily be constructed, separating atmospheric radiation transfer from the longwave cloud radiative effect (LWCRE); it is valid with a difference of 2.76 W/m2 on the same data set. The equation provides a total (greenhouse) relationship as well, where the surface energy income is given as a function of OLR and the optical depth. This equation is controlled at a particular optical depth of two, and found to be verified with a difference of -2.72 W/m2 for clear-sky in the global mean. An all-sky form is created by including LWCRE, justified within 2.42 W/m2 on the same data set. The four equations together have a mean bias of 0.07 W/m2. This set of equations, using evident definitions between the all-sky and clear-sky fluxes has a solution for the involved components of the global mean energy flow system. Implications on the global mean clear-sky and cloudy energy flow systems are assessed, and the all-sky energy budget is constructed as a weighted sum of the clear and cloudy fluxes.


During pregnancy, most women will experience a short-lived and benign disturbance in their normal eating patterns. The majority report the onset of cravings or aversions to certain food-stuffs while a small number indulge in pica, the consumption of non-nutritious substances such as soap or clay (Dickens & Trethowan, 1971). These disturbances usually remit after delivery and rarely give rise to physical complications for mother or foetus. However, more serious and chronic eating disorders including bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa may also occur during pregnancy. These conditions are most prevalent among women of childbearing age and some evidence suggests that both disorders can also be precipitated by pregnancy (Weinfeld et al. 1977; Price et al. 1986). The prevalence of eating disorders among pregnant women is unknown, but the low body weight and sexual inactivity of anorexic women suggests that this disorder is much less common than in the general population. Markedly reduced fertility rates have been confirmed in long-term outcome studies of these patients (Brinch et al. 1988). Comparable data are not available for bulimia, but most of these patients are of normal weight and they are more likely to be married than anorexics. Although the prevalence rate for bulimia in women is approximately 1 % (King, 1986; JohnsonSabine et al. 1988), and partial syndromes are also common, no cases were reported in a random series of 119 primigravidae (Kumar & Robson, 1984) or in 92 obstetric patients referred for assessment by a liaison psychiatrist (Appleby et al. 1989). Such low rates of diagnosis may be due to the reluctance of patients to disclose details of their behaviour in the absence of specific questions about dietary habits and attitudes to weight gain (Lemberg & Philips, 1989). These enquiries are necessary to distinguish bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa from the minor eating disturbances of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Accurate diagnosis is important in view of the concerns, reviewed below, which have emerged about the effects of strict dieting and repeated bingeing or selfinduced vomiting on the health of mother and foetus.


The study of biomimetic model membrane systems undergoing liquid ordered (Lo)-liquid disordered (Ld) phase separation using spectroscopic methods has played an important role in understanding the properties of lipid rafts in plasma membranes. In particular, the membrane-associated fluorescence probe Laurdan has proved to be a very efficient reporter of Lo-Ld phase separation in lipid bilayers using the general polarization (GP) parameter. A limitation of the GP approach is that it only monitors global average packing so that the contribution of each phase remains undetermined. Decomposition of Laurdan emission spectra has been proposed as an additional approach to overcome this limitation. Here, further developments of this method for the study of Lo-Ld phase separation are described here for Laurdan in sphingomyelin-phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol large unilamellar vesicles. Lipid compositions corresponding to homogenous Lo or Ld phases as well as undergoing thermally induced Lo-Ld phase separation were investigated. In addition, the occurrence of phase separation was checked by fluorescence imaging of giant unilamellar vesicles. Decomposition into 3 log-normal components is used to show that an intermediate energy component is specifically associated with the occurrence of the Lo phase, a small contribution from this component occurring above the phase separation temperature being attributable to phase fluctuations. The ratio R_X of the relative area of this intermediate energy peak to that of the low energy peak is shown to provide a straightforward index of Lo-Ld phase separation as a function of temperature, occasionally more sensitive than GP. It is also shown that R_X can be used in conjunction with GP to get further insights into Lo-Ld the phase separation processes. This latter feature is illustrated on the influence of the alcohol butanol on the Lo-Ld phase-separation in sphingomyelin phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayers by showing that the effect of the alcohol occurs specifically at the onset of the phase separation, indicating a line tension mechanism. It is proposed that 3 components log-normal decomposition approach of Laurdan emission spectra provides a useful improvement for characterizing Lo-Ld phase-separation phenomena.


The paper presents an analysis of the method of recording the magnetic component of the Earth's natural pulse electromagnetic field in an urban environment. This method of recording has already proved itself to be a method that allocates the stressed sections of rock mass at mining and, therefore, authors suppose its effectiveness for allocating active tectonic disturbances and forecasting accidents at underground utilities, what will help reduce the potential environmental hazard of these objects.


Aiming at a comprehensive account of interpreting processing, this paper first examines the efficacy of reformulation activities employed in interpreting classes at a university and then analyzes the reformulating products so as to explore the comprehension and the reformulation phases in line with three distinguished hypotheses. They are the meaning-based comprehension (deverbalization) and the form-based comprehension, both of which have the precedence over reformulation phase, and the TL parallel processing occurring during the SL comprehension, in which language-pair specific process is discussed by investigating multi-directional language combinations: from L1 to L1, L1 to L2, L2 to L2, and L2 to L1 reformulations. The main findings of this study suggest that the process of reformulating varies, depending on specific language pairs, which may shed light on the salient link between language combinations and the interpreting process.


The blue color of indophenol obtained by the reaction at high pH of ammonia, phenol, and hypochlorite has been studied by several workers. Berthelot reported the reaction for the first time in 1859. Since then many modifications have been tried. Emmet (1968) produced the blue indophenol color after buffering the solution at pH 9.5.the thymol, one of phenolic derivative as color creative reagent nitroprusideas reaction catalyst were investigated for photometric and visual quick-test determination of ammonia in fresh and drinking water based on Berthelot (phenate) method ,thymol for quick determination(Dong kim loan et al ) and P.A.Hansen (in the plece of hypobchloride use of hypobromite ).For this purpose, one test set should have maximum 2 to 3 mixed components solution. So the different solution preparation modes and reagents combination were studied. The investigation results showed that the 2 mixed solution mode was impossibly prepared because nitropruside was decomposed in strong oxidative solution such as hypochlorite and increased color intensity when mixed with thymol in strong alkaline solution by ageing. The 3 mixed solution mode was prepared solution 1 is nitropruside in ammonia free water; solution 2 is hypochlorite in carbonate buffer at pH 10 and solution 3 is thymol and EDTA in 2M of sodium hydroxide. This 3 solution test set was used for ammonia quick determination. The measured values showed that analytical results were agreed each with other and the with thymol test set could be used as test-kit for field measurement or common monitoring ammonia in fresh and drinking water. The maximum relative error is less than 25%.


VASELINE oil intoxication is a known cause of exogenous lipoid pneumonia. 1 Vaseline oil is a mixture of saturated aliphatic (C14-C18) and cyclic hydrocarbons 2 that is insoluble in water and, in the alveolar space, activates an acute inflammatory response with edema and interstitial fibrosis. 3 Because the hydrocarbons cannot be metabolized in humans, the therapy consists of limiting or decreasing the inflammatory reaction by steroids or of removing the hydrocarbons. The success of the two approaches depends on the extent of the intoxication, but unfortunately, no quantitative measurements of hydrocarbons are available in the literature. We report a case in which we quantitatively assessed the hydrocarbon lung concentrations during treatment.


This paper describes the development of a sensor which performs parts inspection by measuring the inertial properties of the part. The sensor comprises a measuring platform supported on a column which is fixed to a rigid base. The part under inspection is attached to the platform to form a single body. By measuring the static deflections of the column and the natural frequency of vibration of the system, it is possible to determine the spatial location of the centre of mass of the part.


17O NMR has been applied to the study of urea over a wide pH range, in fluorosulfonic acid and in magic acid (HFSO3SbF5). A 96 ppm diamagnetic chemical shift was observed on modifying the medium from an aqueous solution at pH 3 to a fluorosulfonic acid solvent. We attributed this shift to a protonation reaction at the urea oxygen having a pKa of 0.1. A 36 ppm paramagnetic shift was observed in magic acid relative to the resonance position in fluorosulfonic acid, which is consistent with the formation of a diprotonated form of urea. Values of transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates were found to be equal as a function of pH and to double on lowering the pH from 2 to −1.


This paper summarizes a survey of literatures based on M. Solomon's original benchmark problem statement for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window Constraint (VRPTW). The survey aims to summarize the progress and evolution of the problem statement as the years go by. We have seen many improvements on the performance of the optimization to the problem from many different algorithms like Genetic Algorithm, K-means clustering, and Simulated Annealing and so on. We have also noticed that some literature added more realistic constraint statements to the problem reflecting the practicality of the problem statement in real world situation. In this survey we study the problem statement and the many possible algorithms that can be applied to solve the problem and concludes on the pros and cons of each of them.


Low back pain, in most cases, is due to a strain which causes an inflammation in the region of the lumbosacral and sacroiliac articulations. Strain is the result of an imbalance between the capacity of the structures of the back and the physiologic demands made on them. This imbalance is called a functional decompensation. A decompensation of the back gives rise to certain symptoms and findings. The symptoms are low back pain and tiredness ; this fatigue of the back is often associated with a general fatigue. The first pain noted is usually generalized and is in the muscles, with associated stiffness on arising after rest. Later the pain localizes and may involve the lumbosacral angle or the sacroiliac joint. In the acute phase of this condition there is a sudden "catch," associated with lumbar muscle spasm, loss of the lumbar curve, a protective list with a pelvic tilt, limitation of motion


Apple shoots (Malus domestica, Borkh), cv. Fred Hough derived from in vitro multiplication process were inoculated in MS and MS/2 basal media added by growth substances indol acetic acid (IAA); indol butiric acid (IBA) and naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0, 1, 3 and 5 µM. The media also included: MS vitamins, myo-inositol (100.0 mg/L); sucrose (30.0 g/L); agar (6.0 g/L). The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving. The treatments were incubated in a growth room at 25±2oC, 16 hours photoperiod under light intensity of 2,000 lux during 30 days. The treatments were replicated five times. Each replicate was composed by a 250 mL flask containing 40 mL medium with five explants. The medium MS/2 in all the tested concentrations was better than MS. The NAA and IBA, both at 3.0 µM on MS/2 showed similar effects as percentage of rooting and number of roots are concerned. However, NAA treated explants presented a higher callus incidence at the base of shoots along with thicker roots. IAA had a better response when used in higher concentrations but it did not achieve the performance of IBA ou NAA.


Based on the one-dimensional long wave equations a discussion of the physics underlying the tide-induced mass transport in lagoons is presented. It follows from the dynamic equation that the bottom stress associated with the mass transport serves to balance the gradient of the radiation stress and the net bottom stress associated with the (tidal) waves. The mass transport is at best of 0(a/h) (a = tidal amplitude, h = depth). It is shown that inlets can play an important role in the mass transport and that by properly selecting the inlet dimensions that mass transport can be considerably increased. Numerically computed values show that the tide-induced mass transport can be an important mechanism in renewing the waters of shallow lagoons.


A double-wall container (101) including: an inner wall; an outer wall attached to the inner wall, where the inner wall and the outer wall form an air interval therebetween; and characterized by an expandable coating positioned between the inner wall and the outer wall, wherein the expandable coating is thermally activatable and is expanded by adding a beverage or food into the container.


FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: group of inventions refers to medicine, namely to laboratory diagnostics and may be used for measuring total periostin. An anti-periostin antibody contains sequences of hypervariable region ("HVR") SEQ ID NO: 1 and sequences HVR SEQ ID NO: 2 or sequences HVR SEQ ID NO: 3 and sequences HVR SEQ ID NO: 4. The group of inventions also refers to methods for measuring total periostin and a composition for measuring it. EFFECT: using the presented group of inventions enables identifying high-sensitivity periostin isoforms for diagnosing asthma in a patient. 20 cl, 23 dwg, 8 tbl, 8 ex


It is inadequate to use only one prediction model to actually predict the deformation trend of landslide.In order to solve this problem,it is necessary to make multiple predictions and establish the comprehensive evaluation method to obtain optimum model.In this paper three models are selected to predict the deformation trend of Bazimen landslide.The component analysis of multivariate statistic is drawn into the comprehensive evaluation of the three prediction results.The modeling error judgment matrix is established and the principal factors score and each model score are calculated.The results show that PEARL is the optimum prediction model for the monitoring points ZG110 and PEARL and BPNN are both the optimum prediction models for the monitoring point ZG111 of the landslide.


In this work we present the design of a novel ophthalmic prismatic contact lens to correct for strabismus. Strabismus, colloquially called "crossed-eyes" or "wall eyes," is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. To our knowledge there are no contact lenses that allow for strabismus correction. To address this, we have designed a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) based prismatic correction contact lens. Therefore, we modeled a Fresnel lens with the appropriate optical properties and a human eye in COMSOL Multiphysics Ray Optics module. Our first design was created by mapping Fresnel lenses onto the curved surface of the eye, the focus of light on retina was suboptimal. Next we determined two more potential solutions and improved the light focus on the retina but there were still some issues. A small fraction of light (~5%) diverged and could not be focused. Due to dispersive characteristic of PMMA, chromatic aberration was present. We will use our ray optics solution and convert into a metasurface nanophotonic lens that has the identical behavior and mitigates the issues related with prismatic lens.


In this work, we proposed a novel depth adaptive tone mapping scheme for stereo HDR imaging and 3D display. We are interested in the case where different exposures are taken from different viewpoints. The scheme employed a new depth-adaptive cross-trilateral filter (DA-CTF) for recovering High Dynamic Range (HDR) images from multiple Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images captured at different exposure levels. Explicitly leveraging additional depth information in the tone mapping operation correctly identify global contrast change and detail visibility change by preserving the edges and reducing halo artifacts in the synthesized 3D views by depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) procedure. The experiments show that the proposed DA-CTF and DIBR scheme outperforms state-of-the-art operators in the enhanced depiction of tone mapped HDR stereo images on LDR displays.


Through the peritoneal chemotherapy performed on 6 dog^s measured celiac fluid、femoral vein and portal vein blood drug concentration. The mathematical logic infered the mathematical function of drug diffusion, absorption and absorptive rate. The results provided clinical basis for cisplatin isotone peritoneal chemotherapy as well as established a method for the research of drug release, absorbed dose and absorptive rate.


Results are reviewed of an theoretical and experimental study of the Smith-Parcel amplifiers over the millimeter-and sub millimeter wave bands. The fundamentals of constructing such devices are discussed, the most promising design being pointed out. Two main leads for further research are supported in this fields, namely, development of the low-noise low-signal amplifiers and power relativistic-and nonrelativistic-beam amplifiers. On the basis of the theory developed, particle-field interaction in such devices are analyzed in details and the limiting output characteristics are estimated.


During exposure in an EUV scanner, photoresist and other materials coated on a wafer are known to outgas various species. As a requirement to pattern materials in an ASML NXE scanner, these materials need to be screened for outgassing and possible optics contamination. As part of the testing process, a resist-coated wafer is exposed in a vacuum chamber mimicking the conditions inside an EUV scanner. The resist exposure source can be either EUV photons or electron beam (e-beam). This presentation will cover the results to date on a SEMATECH program to study resist outgassing from both the commercial system from EUV Tech and a custom Resist Outgassing and Exposure (ROX) tool. The EUV Tech results reported will be based on electron exposures of the photoresist, and the ROX results reported will be based on EUV photon exposures of the photoresist. The results reported will cover both tools and the measurements of over 80 commercial photoresists.


Record from National and International literature from 1966 to 2006, six genera of Zygnemataceae recorded from different districts of Bangladesh. Among these, Mougeotia Agardh are represented 23 taxa, Sirogonium Kutzing four taxa, Spirogyra Link 66 taxa, Sirocladium Randhawa, Temnogametum W. & G.S. West solitary taxa each and Zygnema Agardh 12 taxa. Maximum diversity of the taxa was observed in central part of Bangladesh. About 80% habitats were lentic type, while the others are of lotic type. In Bangladesh all the taxa of Zygnemataceae are reported to be found in freshwater habitats and found all the season specially in winter period. Distribution pattern and habitats of Zygnemataceae reveal that they are capable of growing in diversified habitat including varying degrees of alkalinity, acidity (pH = 6-7.5).


For timely detection of network connection fault, as well as the distinction between shutdown and network connection fault, this paper proposes a network connection fault detection model based on data fusion technology. According to this model, we have designed a fingerprinting attendance system-based network connection fault detection tool (NCFDT). Assuming that a PC powers on or off after it's user brushing fingerprint, then the NCFDT will add it's IP to the scanning list after booting up or remove it's IP from the scanning list after shutdown. The NCFDT uses the data fusion technology to detect whether a machine's connection is good. If a connection fault is detected, an alarm SMS will be sent to the administrator, so that the administrator can deal with it quickly. The experimental results showed that this model can effectively and timely detect the connection faults of any machine in LAN, and send alarm SMS to the administrator in the case that the monitoring host (Host-A) could connect to the Internet. In addition, the heartbeat mechanism we improved can effectively monitor the network status of the Host-A.


Abstract Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a unique member of the serpin superfamily because of its conformational and functional flexibility. Different systems have been used to express PAI-1, e.g. Chinese hamster overy (CHO) cells, Escherichia coli cells and HT 1080 cells. Although glycosylation may influence the biochemical properties of proteins, to date minor differences have been observed between glycosylated and non-glycosylated PAI-1. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of glycosylation on the inactivation of PAI-1 by Triton X-100 and the associated pathways of conformational transitions. Whereas in the absence of Triton X-100, the observed PAI-1 stability was independent on the source of PAI-1, the addition of Triton X-100 revealed major glycosylation-dependent differences in the inactivation process of PAI-1. Incubation at 0°C in the presence of Triton X-100 resulted in a conversion of the active conformation to a substrate-like conformation for all PAI-1 molecules examined. The rate (k) of this conversion was 0.00016 s –1 and 0.00121 s –1 for non-glycosylated PAI-1 and CHO-PAI-1, respectively. When incubating non-glycosylated PAI-1 with 0.2% Triton X-100 at 37°C, two consecutive conformational transitions occur ultimately resulting in a complete conversion to the latent conformation. However, incubation of recombinant CHO-PAI-1 under these conditions yielded significantly different pathways of conformational transitions, i.e. a rapid conversion (k 1 >0.035 s –1 ) of part (39%) of the active conformation into a stable substrate conformation and a slower conversion (k 1 =0.0004 s –1 ) of the remaining part (61%) of the active conformation into the latent conformation, revealing the existence of two distinct active conformations. In conclusion, this is the first report describing significant differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated PAI-1. Both the rate and the pathways of induced conformational transitions and concomitant inactivation of PAI-1 depend strongly on the glycosylation.


Aiming at the problem of data fusion deviation caused by the uncertainty of observation information in the multi-sensor data fusion algorithm, this paper proposes an array comprehensive support algorithm based on the spectrum consistency of the observation information. Starting from the probability distribution function of the array observation model, the algorithm introduces a multi-sensor consistent data fusion method. Aiming at the empirical selection of data fusion thresholds, the algorithm discusses the consistency processing method of the symmetric distance function, and comprehensively considers the multi-sensor delay estimation, A comprehensive support degree algorithm for spectrum consistency is proposed. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation test of the quaternary acoustic array verifies that the proposed algorithm not only reduces the observation noise caused by the uncertainty data fusion deviation, but also realizes the effectiveness of the estimation of the multi-sensor observation signal under the condition of unknown prior signal.


Adsorption refrigeration system is able to use waste heat, also eco-friendly. In this paper, an experiment was conducted for the adsorber performance that have the greatest effect on the adsorption chiller. For analyzing the adsorption performance, experiments were conducted with various conditions of inlet temperature and mass flow rate of heating, cooling, chilled water. in the experiment, using adsorber with fin-tube heat exchanger applying polymer desiccant. By using the performance experiment data, Adsorption rate, SCP (Refrigerating capacity per unit mass), heat flux and material flow rate are analyzed.


Laboratoire de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, Universite ´Louis Pasteur, 3 rue de l'Universite, Strasbourg 67084, France~Received 12 November 1997; revised manuscript received 26 May 1998!Two-dimensional foams are used to model the evolution and the steady state of biological tissues. Whenonly cell division occurs, we deduce the mode of division simply from the stationary distribution of the numberof sides per cells, by inverting a system of coupled rate equations. Comparisons with experimental data confirmthe method. We then discuss the time evolution of tissues evolving both through cell division and celldisappearance, theoretically and by topological simulations. Simulations reproduce realistically the steady stateof the innermost layer of the human epidermis. We conclude that short-ranged topological information issufficient to explain the evolution and stability of biological tissues.@S1063-651X~98!08111-2#PACS number~s!: 87.10.1e, 87.22.2qI. INTRODUCTION


Majority of the school-aged children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are excluded from education, globally. And those who are engaged in education, are being educated separately confronting social segregation. Education is a fundamental human right that highlights the importance of promoting inclusive schools, enabling education for differently abled children in typical schools. This study investigates the appropriateness of the built environment and available facilities of existing local schools imposed on students with ASD. Thus, four schools were evaluated; two with autistic students and two without them. A photographic survey was conducted as the methodology to evaluate the presence of the relevant spaces and their qualities. Five types of spaces were identified of which 12 spatial qualities were examined in each school. The results of the study demonstrate that the built environment of both existing special and mainstream schools consist a significant level of required spatial availability in three of the identified spatial categories while the availability of relaxing and treatment spaces to facilitate students with ASD are considerably low. Thus, the findings insist on the necessity of improvements in local school environments focusing on crucial space categories to educate students with ASD by making the schools inclusive.


My master's thesis aims to problematise the situation where Finland is seen simultaneously as a country whose education system is praised internationally, but which still often neglects its indigenous people both on a social and educational level. Despite its status as a welfare state, Finland has repeatedly received criticism from the UN about violating the rights of the Sámi. The Finnish education system has responded slowly to the challenges of an increasingly multicultural school. It emphasises cultural diversity, but at the same time ignores our indigenous people. Thus, the education system can be said to maintain a status where very little is known about the Sámi and the relationship between Finland and colonialism. The Sámi and their culture are often represented through the prism of images based on a stereotypical representation of the Sámi living in Lapland. However, the majority of Sami children live, in fact, outside the traditional Sámi areas. My thesis seeks to find answers to how much Finnish art educators know about the Sámi and what kind of attitudes and feelings the topic raises. The material of my thesis has been acquired by means of a semi-structured theme interview and is interpreted within the framework of indigenous research and post-colonial theories. The interviews were conducted in Oulu and Helsinki with four Finnish art teachers. The interview material also appears in my thesis as a separate part, in which each interview forms an independent narrative entity. Not discussing the subject of the Sámi did not appear in the interviews as a conscious choice. Based on the interviews, the three most common explanations for not dealing with Sámi culture in art classes were a general lack of information about Sámi culture, concern about dealing with the subject in an inappropriate manner and focusing on other themes that were considered important or interesting to deal with in visual arts. No general conclusions can be drawn about the operating culture of Finnish schools based on the interviews conducted for my thesis. However, together with the theoretical framework for my thesis, the interview material serves as a mirror that reflects the prevailing forms of discourse relating to Sámi culture, othering and colonialism in Finland. In my thesis, education is seen as a means of achieving power as well as freedom and the active influence of a teacher is never politically neutral. The dominant culture needs to take note of the Sámi issues so that the process of decolonization and the preservation of Sámi culture will be possible in the future. In addition to addressing the Sámi, schools need to examine critically the concepts which the discussion on multiculturalism is based on. We need to pay more attention to questions of race, whiteness and power in order to have an equitable, multicultural education system in Finland.


Local strain concentration is critically important for damage formation of structural components. Therefore, it is of particular interest in developing structural health monitoring (SHM) method for large-scale, full-field, on-site monitoring of local strain response in complicated structural components in service. The present work investigated a SHM method based on a pure organic mechanoresponsive luminogen (MRL), 1,1,2,2,-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane (TPE-4N), for heterogeneous local strain concentration. Invisible heterogeneous local strain response in complicated weld joints is transformed into visible fluorescence under monotonic tension and cyclic stress loading. The local strain (< 15%) calculated by fluorescence intensity has a good agreement with the results obtained by conventional digital image correlation (DIC) method, indicating good measurement accuracy of the calibrated organic MRL method. The heterogeneity of local strain in complicated weld joints increases along with elongation and number of stress cycles. Moreover, the higher mean stress and stress amplitude can induce significantly higher accumulated local strain in the relatively soft fusion zone region. Compared with conventional strain measurement methods, the present organic MRL method opens up new possibilities for large-scale, full-filled, on-site monitoring of local strain concentration and damage in complicated structural components.


This article analyses Susanna Kaysen's Girl, Interrupted as a subversive memoir and "counter-diagnosis," relying on disability studies, women studies and critical discourse analysis. Taking advantage of the metaphoric adjective "borderline" in her diagnosis of "Borderline Personality Disorder" (BPD), Kaysen constantly emphasizes borders and boundaries—whether topographic, mimetic or generic—in order to cross and transgress them all the better. To achieve her goal, she relies on two major strategies of subversion, that is, abjection and carnival—including humor, irony, "symbolic inversion" and grotesque images. Thereby, Kaysen questions not only her own diagnosis and preconceived ideas about madness—women's madness in particular—and mental patients, but she also challenges her recovery and the conventional genre of the disability memoir.


Dyer, a member of the Medical Campaign Against Nuclear Weapons, reports on the Fifth Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), held in Budapest from 28 June to 1 July 1985. The main themes of the Congress were the current health costs of the arms race, and the role of a comprehensive test ban treaty in preventing nuclear proliferation. Officials from the World Health Organization and UNICEF lectured on diverting money from excessive arms spending to meet public health goals, such as making childhood immunization available worldwide by 1990. Delegates also were reminded of the dangers of allowing nuclear weapons to proliferate "vertically" into space and "horizontally" into presently non-nuclear nations, and of the need to revive negotiations for a test ban treaty. The conference concluded with messages to the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union.


The nonlinear properties of small amplitude electron-acoustic ( EA) solitary and shock waves in a homogeneous system of unmagnetized collisionless plasma consisted of a cold electron fluid and superthermal hot electrons obeying superthermal distribution, and stationary ions have been investigated. A reductive perturbation method was employed to obtain the Kadomstev-Petviashvili-Burgers (KP-Brugers) equation. Some solutions of physical interest are obtained. These solutions are related to soliton, monotonic and oscillatory shock waves and their behaviour are shown graphically. The formation of these solutions depends crucially on the value of the Burgers term and the plasma parameters as well. By using the tangent hyperbolic (tanh) method, another interesting type of solution which is a combination between shock and soliton waves is obtained . The topology of phase portrait and potential diagram of the KP-Brugers equation is investigated.The advantage of using this method is that one can predict different classes of the travelling wave solutions according to different phase orbits. The obtained results may be helpful in better understanding of waves propagation in various space plasma environments as well as in inertial confinement fusion laboratory plasmas.


Symptom diagnosis in dialogue remains a challenging task because the symptom entities and their status need to be extracted correctly at the same time. Most previous studies treat symptom diagnosis as a classification or sequence labeling task and focus on using single-sentence dialogue as input. Unique from past studies, in this paper, we propose a new framework for dialogue symptom diagnosis, which formulate it as a machine reading comprehension (MRC) task. We first use window-level multi-turn of dialogue as input and extract the symptom entities. Then, we generate a question for each entity to infer the symptom status in the form of question answering (QA). Benefit from the MRC formalization, our proposed framework can encode more informative prior knowledge, which can effectively improve the performance of symptom status inference. Experiments on the Chinese medical dialogue dataset show that the proposed framework outperforms the previous best model and several competitive baselines, which indicates that our framework provides a useful direction for dialogue symptom diagnosis. The code and data are publicly available at https://github.com/zhaoxiongjun/DSD.


The rate of water vaporization in the vapor-diffusion method is critical for the protein crystallization process. Present methods, however, allow little or no control of the equilibration rates. This paper presents a relatively simple innovation of the conventional vapor-diffusion method by introducing a capillary barrier (for hanging drop) or a punched film barrier (for both hanging and sitting drop) between drop and reservoir, which can be beneficial in controlling the water vaporization rate, thereby promoting growth of large protein crystals. The crystallization experiments for lysozyme, trichosanthin and a novel neurotoxin BmK Mu9 show that this modified vapor-controlling-diffusion method is very effective for producing large protein crystals. The improved technique can be routinely used as a method for the preparation of other macromolecular and small-molecule crystals whose crystallization involves vaporization of water.


An analytical solution of the point kinetics equations to calculate time-dependent reactivity by the decomposition method has recently appeared in the literature. In this paper, we consider the neutron point kinetics equations together with temperature feedback effects. To this end, point kinetics is perturbed by a temperature equation that depends on the neutron density, obtaining a second-order non-linear ordinary differential equation. This equation is then solved by the decomposition method by expanding the neutron density in a series and expressing the non-linear terms by Adomian polynomials. Upon substituting these expansions into the non-linear ordinary equation, we construct a recursive set of linear problems that can be solved and resulting in an exact analytical representation for the solution. We also report numerical simulations and comparison against literature results.


The research situation of the molding technology of two kinds of amorphous alloy is introduced,one is the superplastic precision net forming and the other is near-net-shape casting technique.Their adaptability is reviewed and it is indicated that the required temperature range of the superplastic forming is very narrow and the strain-rate is very low,which limits its further application.In addition,the near-net-shape casting technique has a great advantage in the shaping of amorphous device,yet it needs further theoretical and applied research.


We discuss recent developments in macroscopic-microscopic mass models, including the 1992 finite-range droplet model, the 1992 extended- Thomas-Fermi Strutinsky-integral model, and the 1994 Thomas-Fermi model, with particular emphasis on how well they extrapolate to new regions of nuclei. We also address what recent developments in macroscopic-microscopic mass models are teaching us about such physically relevant issues as the nuclear curvature energy, a new congruence energy arising from a greater-than-average overlap of neutron and proton wave functions, the nuclear incompressibility coefficient, and the coulomb redistribution energy arising from a central density depression. We conclude with a brief discussion of the recently discovered rock of metastable superheavy nuclei near {sup 272}110 that had been correctly predicted by macroscopic-microscopic models, along with a possible new tack for reaching an island near {sup 290}110 beyond our present horizon.


Data cubes are specialized database management systems designed to support multidimensional data for such purposes as decision support and data mining. For a given mix of queries, we can optimize the implementation of a data cube by materializing some projections of the cube. A greedy approach turns out to be very effective; it is both polynomial-time as a function of the number of possible views to materialize and guaranteed to come close to the optimum choice of views. The work reported here is a summary of results appearing in the following two papers:

V. Harinarayan, A. Rajaiaman, and J. D. Ullman, "Implementing data cubes efficiently." To appear in 1996 SIGMOD. An extended version is available by anonymous ftp from db.stanford.edu as pub/harinarayan/1995/cube.ps.

H. Gupta, V. Harinarayan, A. Rajaraman, and J. D. Ullman, "Index selection for OLAP." Available by anonymous ftp from db.stanford.edu as pub/hgupta/1996/CubeIndex.ps.


To investigate the adverse drug reaction(ADR) monitoring of private hospitals in Suyu of Jiangsu Province,analyze the factors relative to ADR monitoring,and then put forward the countermeasures in management.


Chromatin loops are important elements of both chromatin higher-order structure and transcription regulation system. Our previous works showed that several features of the loop domain organization could be investigated by single cell gel electrophoresis (the comet assay) using the kinetic approach. In this study we applied this technique to study DNA loop domain organization in lymphoid cells: human lymphocytes, lymphoblasts cultivated during 24 h and 44 h, and t cells of Jurkat cell line. two features of the loop domain organization were found to depend on the cell functional state. first, DNA fraction in the loops of large sizes (more than ~200 kb) was essentially increased in proliferating (de-differentiated) cells in comparison with terminally differentiated lymphocytes. Second, the linear density of the loops not larger than ~200 kb was decreased in transcriptionally active cells and was increased upon their inactivation.


The Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS WHO s Global Program on AIDS and MEASURE Evaluation have worked in combination to launch a global initiative to improve monitoring and evaluation of National HIV/AIDS programs. As part of the initiative these agencies provide overall guidance about the best practices in monitoring and evaluation develop new or improved indicators and data collection instruments and develop guides and manuals for applying monitoring and evaluation methods to national programs. 13 case studies and 8 technical papers were presented during two meetings held at the University of North Carolina and in Nairobi Kenya toward the development of a plan for monitoring and preventing the spread of the disease. MEASURE Evaluation and its partners subsequently created a standardized set of indicators surveys and monitoring practices. It consists of four packages for evaluating different aspects of health programs: 1) knowledge attitudes and sexual behavior 2) program performance and context 3) availability and quality of health and other services 4) and prevalence of HIV AIDS and STDs.


which should be in some respect cold or chilly and connected with Thrace. Now the Rhesus, dubiously ascribed to Euripides, is cold, inasmuch as its action takes place at night; it has a very chilly passage, 440-2 ; it is intimately concerned with Thrace ; and, if Dr Leaf (J.H.8. 1915) is right about its date, it belongs at the earliest to 436, at the latest to 424. Its author may therefore have been Theognis. At any rate it is uneuripidean in metre, phraseology and style.


BACKGROUND
The demand for plateletpheresis is increasing day by day due to its many merits over random donor platelets. However, in our country, there is a dearth of apheresis donors due to greater devotion and time required for the procedure and lack of awareness.

AIM
The aim of the present study is to analyse the reasons for deferral of apheresis donors at a tertiary care center.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective analysis was conducted to study the causes, frequency and the type of plateletpheresis donor deferral at regional blood transfusion center, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Shrimati Sucheta Kriplani Hospital and Kalawati Saran Childrens' Hospital. The study was undertaken over a period of two years (from January 2010 to December 2011.

RESULTS
Out of a total of 343 donors screened, 87 donors were deferred, the overall deferral rate being 25.36%. The most frequent cause of deferral was a low platelet count accounting for 43.5% of all the causes followed by a low hemoglobin level (27.05%). Among the donors deferred for anaemia, 15 out of 23 (65.2%) had hemoglobin in the range of 11.5-12.4gm%, representing 17.2% of all deferrals.

CONCLUSION
Based on these findings and the scarcity of apheresis donors in our country, we are of the opinion that the selection criteria for plateletpheresis donors should be revised to accommodate more donors and reduce deferral rate without compromising on the health of the donors.


Severalrecentefforts have focusedon addingexploratorydataanalysisfunctionality to geographicinformationsystems(GIS) by integratingestablishedstatisticalsoftwarewith a GIS. In this paper , we outlineanalternati ve approach, wherethefunctionality is built from scratch,usinga combinationof small libraries of dedicatedfunctions, ratherthanrelying on the full scopeof existing softwaresuites.Thesuggested approachis modularand freestanding.Within an overall framework of dynamically linkedwindows, it combinesacartographicrepresentationof dataonamapwith traditionalstatisticalgraphics,suchashistograms, boxplots,andscatterplots. In addition,it includesseveraldevicesto visualizespatialautocorrelationin lattice(or regional)data, suchasthe Moran ScatterplotandLISA maps. This new program(DynESDA2) also implementsthecapabilityto brushpolygoncoverages,simultaneouslinking of multiplemapswith multiple statisticalgraphics,andinteracti ve LISA maps.


Use Cases are widely seen as suitable for defining functional requirements for software. There is controversy about the suitability of Use Cases for Systems other than Software, and for NonFunctional Requirements (NFRs). This centres on the variety of methods proposed for use case analysis, the range of uses proposed for use cases in different contexts, and the perceived imprecision in some of the proposed approaches. This paper suggests that apparently diverse approaches [Sindre & Opdahl 2001, Allenby & Kelly 2001] can be combined to facilitate different aspects of Systems Engineering (SE). Suitably documented, Use Cases can help to elicit requirements of different kinds for Real-Time and SafetyRelated Systems, including not only functions but Reliability, Safety, and Security NFRs. The proposed approach analyses Use and Misuse Cases in a game-like sequence to discover successively more detailed threats and NFRs to mitigate these threats. Simultaneously, systems analysis discovers functions, often of subsystems, to meet these NFRs. The Scenario Plus toolkit has been extended to draw Misuse Cases, and both threatens and mitigates links between Use and Misuse Cases, from a requirements database automatically. The implemented approach could form part of a scenario-based method of engineering the requirements for hardware/software systems.


We present the results of studies on the structural, optical and piezoelectric properties of ZnO thin films deposited by ALD on flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates. Changes were observed in the optical transmission and crystal structures as the deposition temperature was varied. The electromechanical behavior, dielectric losses and voltage generated from ZnO flexible devices were investigated and discussed, in order to estimate their suitability for potential application as microgenerators activated by human motion.


In this research work, we present a novel indirect immunolabeling method for labeling up to three different antigens using just two primary and fluorophore tagged secondary antibodies. We propose a viable solution to overcome the limitations imposed by limited variability in primary and secondary antibody type by leveraging cross-labeling phenomenon. Cross-labeling among two fluorophore conjugated secondary antibodies leads to FRET effects, resulting in changed spectral and fluorescence lifetime properties of donor molecule. To detect and quantify these changes in photophysical properties of immunolabeled species, we developed an eight-channel spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging (sFLIM) system. We demonstrate the capabilities of our approach in case of multi-targeted immunostaining in A549 cells. Efficient excitation of samples is achieved using two pulsed laser of wavelengths 485 nm and 561 nm operating in alternating/interleaved manner. Acquired multi-dimensional sFLIM data was pre-processed and analysed using state-of-the-art pattern-matching algorithm1 which takes into account the information of fluorescence emission spectra as well as lifetime. The sFLIM detection system together with pattern-matching analysis enables separation of cross-linked labels from single labeled species.


Physical agents such as low electric voltages and currents have recently gained attention for antimicrobial treatment due to their bactericidal capability. Although microampere electric currents were shown to suppress the growth of bacteria, it remains unclear to what extent the microampere currents damage bacterial membrane. Here, we investigated the membrane damage and two-way leakage caused by microampere electric currents (≤ 100 μA) in a short time (30 min). Based on MitoTracker staining, propidium iodide staining, filtration assays, and quantitative single-molecule localization microscopy, we found that microampere electric currents caused significant membrane damages and allowed two-way leakages of ions, small molecules and proteins. This study paves the way to new development and antibiotic applications of ultra-low electric voltages and currents. Statement of Significance Previous studies showed that treating bacteria with milliampere electric currents for 72 hours led to significant damages of the bacterial membrane. However, it remains unclear to what extent membrane damages and two-way (i.e. inward and outward) leakages are caused by lower electric currents in a shorter time. In this work, we set out to answer this question. We carried out several assays on the bacteria treated by microampere electric currents of ≤ 100 μA for 30 min, including MitoTracker staining, propidium iodide staining, filtration assays, and quantitative single-molecule localization microscopy. We found and quantified that the membrane damages were caused by microampere electric currents in half an hour and allowed two-way leakages of ions, small molecules, and proteins.


tubing and connecting pieces should not be replaced by plastic tubes or adapters designed for use on other hospital equipment. The cuff fabric must be intact, without torn seams, and made of a nondistensible material so that even pressure is exerted throughout. Otherwise, the compression bag (bladder) will bulge through the cuff during inflation, which results in uneven pressure and inaccurate determinations.


Introduction: To many philosophers, it is strikingly obvious that philosophy should be taught at the high school level. These are the critical years when students are exploring their assumptions and calling into question the values and worldviews of their parents, peers, and society. Training in philosophy can provide high school students with powerful tools of analysis and critical reasoning, new ways of looking at the world, and new approaches to problem solving. It can also help students to situate their inquiries within the context of a 2,500 year old discipline, and thereby develop their sense of themselves as part of a shared and ongoing conversation. Curiously, however, philosophy is part of the official secondary school curriculum in only a handful of developed countries around the world. Still more curiously, North America lags far behind Western Europe in this regard. For the most part, philosophy is taught in only a small number of public and private secondary schools across North America, often as part of a course in another discipline. Why North America lags so far behind is open to conjecture. A number of extra-philosophical factors would obviously need to be explored to arrive at an adequate explanation for the slow entry of philosophy into North American secondary school education. These factors might include, for example, suspicions among policy makers and education interest groups that philosophy is a potentially subversive subject; theories of cognitive development in educational psychology that hold that adolescents are neither emotionally nor intellectually mature enough for philosophical thinking; and stereotypes about philosophy as an impractical and abstruse subject with little real world application. Other factors might include disciplinary rivalries within the secondary school curriculum, curricular inertia, lack of adequate funding in schools and school boards, and the absence of teacher training programmes in the colleges of education. However, it is not the focus of this paper to supply an explanation for why philosophy has been so slow in gaining entry into the secondary school curriculum.


The new software retesting concept which bases on the idea of the hidden program errors detection was described in this paper. Purpose of this concept is the program hidden errors identification after basic testing. As a result, the software life cycle was supplemented, because customer realizes retesting at incoming inspection stage.
 We use special architecture of artificial neural net for estimation of the software retesting necessity. It is a multi-layer-perceptron, which is composed with a simple Rosenblatt perceptron. The most effective training algorithms for this architecture are CGB on base conjugate-gradient method, one-step algorithm of secant method, algorithm SCG and threshold back-propagation error algorithm. The trained neural net gives information about total quantity and importance of the different levels errors in program.


The paper is focused on retail core banking services in Czech Republic and Central Europe. The Czech Republic is characterized by high cost of maintenance of the bank accounts. Although existing laws regulations, banks are still finding new ways to increase or introduce new fees. Because of this fact, several projects in the Czech Republic came alive to inform bank customers about the actual amount of costs of their banking accounts. Another reason for developing these projects is to put pressure on banks to cancel certain fees or at least reduce their amount. One of the resulting systems is "RCBS Calculator", which is free and online. Aim of this paper is to compare RCBS Calculator with similar projects abroad and to describe its structure by Unified Modeling Language. Main purpose of calculator analysis is to illustrate very complicated structure of banking fees in the Czech Republic and much higher amount of fees, that bank customers must pay. Data from the analysis have proven that structure of banking fees is very complicated and unclear for the bank clients. Because of these fact bank clients pays much higher fees for their accounts than bank clients abroad. Only constant focus from bank clients on level of fees can build a pressure for banks to lover their fees. Otherwise banks will keep their business politics on maximalizing their incomes from banking fees. On the other hand high banking fees generates strong banking system which is very resistant to financial crisis. Keywords: bank, account, fees, client, modeling, calculator;


The present invention relates to a time division synchronous code division multiple access method and apparatus for frequency measurement with the TD-SCDMA system in which the method comprising: receiving a multi-cell signals, and each cell PIC parallel interference cancellation to give each cell the first stage channel estimation value; serial interference according to the first stage channel estimation value of each cell to each cell after the PIC processing cancellation SIC process, to obtain each cell channel estimation result; acquiring a broadcast channel corresponding cell in accordance with various cell channel estimation result channel received signal code power PCCPCH-RSCP values. By the present invention, the multi-cell SIC received signals sequentially ordered PIC and dynamic process, obtain accurate PCCPCH-RSCP value, at weak signal to ensure the measurement accuracy of the premise of the cell, improve the measurement accuracy strong signal cell.


This undergraduate thesis discusses the efforts made by PM Shinzo Abe held by Japan since the end of World War II. Based on this, then that will be answered in this research is how Japan fix its image not as an Enemy State in Tiongkok and South Korea. To solve these problems then the outline of the problem is how to fix its image of Japan not as an Enemy State in Tiongkok and South Korea. The purpose of this research is to find out how Japan constructed not as an Enemy State in Tiongkok and South Korea. This research uses qualitative explanative method and the level of analysis used is induksionis. The theory used is constructivist by Alexander Wendt regarding identity. Based on the theory that was used, it is found that Japan construct themselves as not Enemy State through hard power that is revision of article 9 and proactive pacifism ass well as soft power efforts that is ODA, Japan Foundation and abenomic. Based on these efforts Japan has an interest to construct the image caused by the identity of Japan as a pacifist country.


In this article the authors provide an useful insight regarding the legal aspects of covered bonds, taking into consideration the Romanian legal framework (e.g. primary and secondary legal sources). Furthermore, there are identified legal gaps, as well as possible risks related to covered bonds issuance and there are proposed legal and economic solutions in order to improve the legislation and to mitigate the risks. The improvement of the legal framework undertook by the Romanian authorities in 2006 included "the securitisation package" which comprises the Law no. 32/2006 on Covered Bonds, the Law no. 31/2006 on Securitisation of Receivables and the Law no. 33/2006 regulating the Mortgage Banks (repealed by the GEO No. 99/2006 on Credit Institutions and Capital Adequacy).


iTOUGH2 (http://www-esd.lbl.gov/iTOUGH2) is a computer program for parameter estimation, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty propagation analysis [Finsterle, 2007a, b, c]. iTOUGH2 contains a number of local and global minimization algorithms for automatic calibration of a model against measured data, or for the solution of other, more general optimization problems (see, for example, Finsterle [2005]). A detailed residual and estimation uncertainty analysis is conducted to assess the inversion results. Moreover, iTOUGH2 can be used to perform a formal sensitivity analysis, or to conduct Monte Carlo simulations for the examination for prediction uncertainties. iTOUGH2's capabilities are continually enhanced. As the name implies, iTOUGH2 is developed for use in conjunction with the TOUGH2 forward simulator for nonisothermal multiphase flow in porous and fractured media [Pruess, 1991]. However, iTOUGH2 provides FORTRAN interfaces for the estimation of user-specified parameters (see subroutine USERPAR) based on user-specified observations (see subroutine USEROBS). These user interfaces can be invoked to add new parameter or observation types to the standard set provided in iTOUGH2. They can also be linked to non-TOUGH2 models, i.e., iTOUGH2 can be used as a universal optimization code, similar to other model-independent, nonlinear parameter estimation packages such as PEST [Doherty, 2008] or UCODE [Poeter and Hill, 1998].more » However, to make iTOUGH2's optimization capabilities available for use with an external code, the user is required to write some FORTRAN code that provides the link between the iTOUGH2 parameter vector and the input parameters of the external code, and between the output variables of the external code and the iTOUGH2 observation vector. While allowing for maximum flexibility, the coding requirement of this approach limits its applicability to those users with FORTRAN coding knowledge. To make iTOUGH2 capabilities accessible to many application models, the PEST protocol [Doherty, 2007] has been implemented into iTOUGH2. This protocol enables communication between the application (which can be a single 'black-box' executable or a script or batch file that calls multiple codes) and iTOUGH2. The concept requires that for the application model: (1) Input is provided on one or more ASCII text input files; (2) Output is returned to one or more ASCII text output files; (3) The model is run using a system command (executable or script/batch file); and (4) The model runs to completion without any user intervention. For each forward run invoked by iTOUGH2, select parameters cited within the application model input files are then overwritten with values provided by iTOUGH2, and select variables cited within the output files are extracted and returned to iTOUGH2. It should be noted that the core of iTOUGH2, i.e., its optimization routines and related analysis tools, remains unchanged; it is only the communication format between input parameters, the application model, and output variables that are borrowed from PEST. The interface routines have been provided by Doherty [2007]. The iTOUGH2-PEST architecture is shown in Figure 1. This manual contains installation instructions for the iTOUGH2-PEST module, and describes the PEST protocol as well as the input formats needed in iTOUGH2. Examples are provided that demonstrate the use of model-independent optimization and analysis using iTOUGH2.« less


The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the parameters of an elastoplastic constitutive law in modelling the non-linear soil stiffness from very small strains to pre-failure conditions. A simple approach is presented to derive model parameters related with shear hardening. Ishibashi & Zhang (1993), can be fitted inside two simple boundary curves, for soils with different plasticity index (PI=NP to 50%) and subjected to confining pressure varying between 1 to 400kPa. Figure 1 – Stiffness degradation curves in γ* scale Santos (1999) proposed two equations to define the lower and upper bound values of G/G0 as a function of γ (for 10≤γ≤10): A hyperbolic function can also be used to fit test results in an easier way (Teachavorasinskun et al. 1991, Gomes Correia et al. 2001). Simple regression analysis shows that the previous boundary curves can be fitted by a mean curve defined by the following relationship: G/G0 = 1 / [ 1 + a × (γ/γ0.7)] Based on the least squares method the best fitting was obtained with a=0.385. Figure 2 presented by Gomes Correia et al. (2001) shows an attempt to generalize the proposed methodology to Brazilian tropical soils: lateritic and saprolitic soils. Despite the different isotropic consolidated stresses, degree of saturation and overconsolidated ratios of more than 60 resonant column tests, all results are in good agreement after normalisation. Figure 2 – Stiffness degradation curves in γ* scale. Brazilian tropical soils Based on the proposed normalisation only two parameters are needed to characterize the non-linear secant stiffness of soil: 1) the initial modulus G0 which defines the rigidity of soil at very small strains; 2) the reference "threshold" strain γ0.7 which characterizes the degree of non-linearity for medium strain level. The shape of the secant stiffness curve can be well described by a hyperbolic function like equation (3). The expertise gained from these experimental studies is applied in this work to improve the existing procedures and to show the potentiality of the elastoplastic constitutive law. 3 CONSTITUTIVE MODEL To model soil behaviour, the elastoplastic multimechanism model developed by Aubry et al. (1982) and Hujeux (1985) is used in this work. The model is defined in terms of effective stresses and is based on the representation of four coupled elementary plastic mechanisms: three deviatoric plastic deformation mechanisms in three orthogonal planes (k=1,2...3) and one isotropic mechanism (k=4). The model bases on a Coulomb type failure criterion and follows the critical state concept. The evolution of (1) (3) (2) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1E-03 1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 Ishibashi & Zhang (1993): = a 1,10,50,200 e 400kPa IP NP Vucetic & Dobry (1991): = a 50 IP NP Ishibashi & Zhang (1993) : =50 a 1,10,100,200 e 400kPa IP Equations (1) & (2) γ* G G/ 0


BL-P 875, a new semisynthetic penicillin, was found to possess broadspectrum antibacterial activity. Its inhibitory potency for both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms was comparable in all respects to that of ampicillin. Despite this, BL-P 875 proved to be significantly more active than ampicillin when administered by the oral route in a number of experimental bacterial infections of the mouse. Median curative doses (CD50) of BL-P 875 in infections produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and 1 of 2 Escherichia coli strains were less than one-half those of ampicillin. On the other hand, comparable doses were required for curing mice challenged with Staphylococcus aureus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, or Salmonella enteritidis. Since no differences in acid stability, bactericidal effect, or serum binding were found for the 2 compounds, the probable explanation for BL-P 875's superior therapeutic activity is its higher degree of oral absorbability. BL-P 875 concentrations in mouse blood after oral administration were significantly higher (about 2-fold) than those of ampicillin at both one-half and 1 hour post-administration. Greater absorbability was also found in rats, where about twice as much BL-P 875 as ampicillin was recovered from urine after administration of a single oral dose. No differences in mouse blood levels or urine recovery values could be demonstrated for the parenterally-administered antibiotics.


eral age that utilizes the foster care system to strip mothers from their children. The chapters that focus on chains of care also discuss how nation-states engage in what appear as invisible reaches into family life from afar in order to create a particular kind of mother. Overall, these chapters illustrate how various institutions and governments employ actions and policies to maintain hierarchies of gender, race, and class.


Structure Elucidation of a Double-Stranded Polymer by Using Model Studies

Syntheses and complete structural characterization (including constitution, configuration, conformation) of the double-stranded compounds Ua-5b, Ss-5b, U-7b, S-7b, UUa-8, SUs-8, UUUaa-9, USUas-9, SUUsa-9, and SSuss-9 are described. These compounds contain up to three repeating units of the ladder polymer 3 and are therefore used as model compounds to elucidate interesting structural aspects of this polymer. A model for the spherical shape of 3 is presented. The molecular structures in the crystals of S-7b, SUs-8, Ua-5b have been determined.


IT S unavoidable that some lag should exist between the discovery of knowledge and its general diffusion to the various fields concerned with its application. But a prolonged lack of realization of new facts is both regrettable and uncalled for, particularly when it occurs in the various fields of human behavior, where basic principles are unearthed so slowly and so painstakingly and where their application is so vital to human problems. It seems appropriate, therefore, to call attention at this time to a fact which has lain unappreciated too long-one which carries significant implications for the understanding of a large segment of individual and social behavior. The so-called nature-nurture problem undoubtedly is far from settled, and perhaps never will be entirely a closed issue. Yet since many studies have shown so conclusively that hereditary and environmental influences are closely interrelated, the old dichotomy of nature versus nurture has tended to be discarded in modern scientific writings. The current "interdependent" point of view undoubtedly has led to a more unbiased and fruitful understanding of human behavior. However, after the subsistence of the somewhat recent and tempestuous controversy over the respective contributions of nature and nurture to human behavior, one fact has remained largely unappreciated: namely, that sex desire is not basically a biological "instinct," an "internal appetite," an "organic drive," a "visceral drive," a "physiological drive," a "physiological need"-or whatever other term may be employed to denote this type of humanly universal, unlearned, and recurrently compulsive behavior. That sex desire is basically a reflexive response should be obvious by now, but apparently this point is still being ignored-judging at least from what is being written in current a,nd widely employed texts in sociology, psychology, and social psychology' (let alone medical texts and popular literature). A large part of the confusion displayed in discussions of the nature-nurture problem has been occasioned simply by differences of definition. The terms instinct, drive, organic need, appetite, etc., have been employed in innumerable ways. Therefore, it is first necessary to offer a rather precise definition for this type of behavior, one which will provide an agreeable base of reference for the following discussion. The term "instinct"-abused and maligned as it has been-will be resurrected for present purposes. By "instinct" is meant: any type of behavior which is both universal (i.e., common to all peoples at all times), and recurrently and organically compulsive. That is, it periodically affects all individuals due to factors inherent in the physiological and neurological nature of the human organism. The essential features of this definition are: first, that it eliminates learned or conditioned behavior; second, that it refers only to compulsive behavior (thus excluding reflexes); and third, that it narrows the problem down to human behavior alone (thus eliminating inferential hypotheses deducted from animal behavior). This definition does not, however, necessarily imply that instinctive behavior cannot be modified by experience or training; but it does imply that such behavior leads periodically to a painful state of organic tension which demands relief. That sex desire is not an instinct is contended simply on the basis of the definition advanced: namely, that there is no evidence (and much con-


Abstract 2076 Context: The decision to limit or withdraw specific therapies (DLWT) in patients with advanced cancer is a complex process that is always painful for patients, relatives and professionals. For more than 10 years, shared decision making has been more and more emphasized. However, few data in the literature rely on clinical research. In order to understand their difficulties and issues, this study explores the determinants and modalities of DLWT and analyses the feasibility of different methods for investigating this decision making process. Method: We conducted a multi-center pilot study in oncology and hematology units of 5 institutions: 2 university hospitals, 1 general hospital, 1 cancer center and 1 private hospital. The study included two different approaches: an epidemiological section to identify the prevalence of these situations in different institutions and a qualitative study section exploring factors influencing the decision process. The epidemiological analysis included all hospitalized patients identified with advanced cancer for whom the question of DLWT was raised in a given week or during the two weeks preceding the investigation. The qualitative analysis was based on interviews with the referent oncologist (or hematologist) and his patient (conducted by a physician and a psychologist respectively) as well as interviews with other partners involved in the situation (care staff and relatives) depending on the center. Researchers also participated in multidisciplinary meetings and monitored changes in the decision over a three month period. Results: Of the 839 patients hospitalized in the inclusion week, the question of DLWT was raised in 3.5% of cases (no=30) and in 14.3% (no=27 of 188 patients) when excluding outpatients. All primary care physicians and 70% (no=21) of patients were questioned in interviews. Subjective determinants related to the physician/patient relationship, and their respective experiences seemed predominant in DLWT. Futility and poor general condition were the most frequently cited reasons to limit or withdraw specific therapies. The complexity of the DLWT was linked primarily to the uncertainty of benefit-risk balance, emotional aspects, communication issues and possible discrepancies between physician and patients9 expectations. A mirror analysis of the two points of view indicated that the personal experience of physicians and patients, pertaining to the withdrawal of specific therapies, was often discerned as a failure or an abandonment of care. Patients9 involvement in DLWT was often hindered by the complex communication in the end of life period. Communication training of health professionals, involvement of care staff and relatives, and early palliative care were factors facilitating the decision process. Discussion and Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of a multi-disciplinary qualitative approach to explore the DLWT process that is acceptable for physicians and patients. It shows the frequency of this type of questioning in hospitalized patients (about 15%) and proposes a pertinent analysis to understand these difficult and poorly investigated situations, in which uncertainty brings the subjectivity of each person to the heart of major ethical issues. This preliminary work prompts us to build a prospective study to develop and evaluate tools and training programs which could support the ethical questioning and decisions in these situations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


A novel Ultra-Wideband (UWB) picoseconds pulse generator is proposed in this paper. It contains an avalanche transistor and a unique pulse shaping circuit. The avalanche transistor can produce drive pulses with the timing and amplitude parameters required by the step recovery diode (SRD), and the pulse shaping circuit utilizes the transition characteristics of SRD effectively to generate a couple of balanced fast leading edge pulses with high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) up to 1MHz. Measurement results show that the peak voltages of the output pulses are approximately ±30V at 500 kHz PRF and the leading edge of output pulses both are approximately 250 ps. The wide bandwidth of this generator ensures fine range resolution and high penetration capability for application in Trough-the-Wall radar sensors effectively.


In vitro comparison of the antibacterial effect between sodium hypochlorite and the hydroethanolic extract of propolis against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. The effect was evaluated in 5 groups distributed in concentrations of 100%, 50% and 25% of the hydroethanolic extract of propolis and hypochlorite of sodium at 5% and 3%. Five repetitions were made per experimental group. Bacterial sensitivity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method. The bacterial specimen was reactivated in nutritious broth, to inoculate it in heart agar culture. When facing the microorganism to the hydroethanolic extracts, average inhibition halos of 7.3 mm were obtained for propolis at 100% and 10.05 mm for 5% sodium hypochlorite. It is concluded that the hydroetanolic extract of propolis 100% showed no sensitivity and 5% sodium hypochlorite showed limit sensitivity on E. faecalis ATCC 29212


Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is known to be a serious problem in Japan. For example, the traffic accident rate of the SAS patient has approximately much 3 times in comparison with non-SAS patient. The device which it is simple and is easy to use, should be developed to prevent the SAS situation for the mild and moderate patients. In this paper, we develop an automatic judgement system of apnea state for a SAS patient and an adaptive control of a robotic arm system which stimulates turning over in bed for SAS patients only using non-contact type sensors.


Objectives: Acetabular labral tears are commonly treated with arthroscopic repair using suture anchors. Iatrogenic chondral injury has been cited as one of the more common complications during hip arthroscopy, and can occur while pre-drilling for suture anchors. Proposed factors contributing to penetration of the articular subchondral bone or the far cortex of the acetabulum include the portal utilized for drilling; the position of the drill guide relative to the acetabular rim (on rim, ON; off rim, OFF); and the use of straight (ST) versus curved (CU) drill guides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative impact of these variables on drill penetration of the acetabular subchondral bone or the far cortex of the acetabulum. Methods: Sixty sawbone acetabula models were marked at the 3, 2, 1, 12, and 11 o'clock position. A Simulated anterior (AP), anterolateral (AL), and distal anterolateral accessory (DALA) portals were created. Twelve groups of five acetabula were drilled at each clock face position: ST/AP/ON; ST/AL/ON; CU/AP/ON; CU/AL/ON; ST/AP/OFF; ST/AL/OFF; CU/AP/OFF; CU/AL/OFF; ST/DALA/ON; ST/DALA/OFF; CU/DALA/ON; CU DALA/OFF. Perforations of the articular subchondral bone and far cortex of the acetabulum were recorded. Results were tabulated and analyzed to assess the relative impact of each variable both in aggregate and at each position on the clock face. Results: A total of 300 acetabular suture anchor drill holes were created on 60 acetabula 12 combinations of portal utilized (anterior, anterolateral, distal anterolateral accessory), drill guide type (curved or straight), and rim position (on rim, off rim). A total of 38/300(12.7%) drillings perforated the subchondral bone, and 45/300(15%) breach the far cortex. Drilling from the AP, AL, and DALA portal breached the articular subchondral bone 21/100 (21%), 17/100(17%), and 0/100(0%) respectively; and breached the far acetabular cortex 36/100(36%), 1/100(1%), and 8/100(8%) respectively. Drillings using a curved drill guide penetrated the subchondral bone on 14/150(9.3%) attempts and drillings using a straight drill guide penetrated the subchondral bone 33/150(22%) attempts (p=0.0025). Drillings with an "On Rim" start point breached the articular subchondral bone 29/150(19.3%) versus 9/150(6%) for drillings with an "Off Rim" start point; and breached the far acetabular cortex 21/150(14%) times versus 24/150(16%) times. Articular surface penetrations were most frequent at the 2 and 3 o'clock positons, and far cortex perforations were most frequent at the 11 and 12 o'clock positions. Conclusion: This study quantifies the relative impact of portal location, drill guide, and starting point on the acetabular rim on acetabular subchondral bone and far cortex penetration. Portal location had the highest impact, with the DALA portal noted to be the safest. Curved drill guides also reduced the number of acetabular subchondral bone penetrations. These findings can be used to influence arthroscopic technique during acetabular labral repair.


Elderly care includes complex interactions between formal services, informal care, morbidity and disabilities. Studies of the incremental effects of formal and informal care are rare and thus the objective was to describe the longitudinal patterns in formal and informal care given to non‐demented and demented persons living in a rural area in Sweden.


Toroidal computation of the plasma response to the n  =  2 (n is the toroidal mode number) resonant magnetic perturbation field, based on an H-mode plasma in DIII-D, is carried out for the purpose of investigating the role of the ideal versus resistive plasma response models while scanning the plasma safety factor (q) at the edge. Both response models, implemented in the MARS-F code (Liu et al 2000 Phys. Plasmas 7 3681), show significant amplification of the kink-peeling response in certain q-windows. A longstanding issue addressed in this work is the sensitivity of the q-window versus smoothing of the X-point geometry of the plasma separatrix. For this purpose, scan of the safety factor in 2D space (q95, qa) is carried out, where the q-value at 95% of the equilibrium poloidal flux, q95, is scanned by varying the total plasma current, whilst the edge safety factor qa is varied by gradually smoothing the X-point geometry at fixed total plasma current. Transition to the edge-peeling amplification domain is well described by simple analytic curves relating q95 and qa in the (q95, qa) space. These analytic curves not only help to quantify the sensitivity of the q95-window versus qa variation, but also establish the q95 window in the asymptotic limit of infinite qa (i.e. in the presence of true X-points). The 'resonant' q95 values (3.6, 4.05, 4.5) are found to roughly exhibit 1/n periodicity at infinite qa. Both ideal and resistive plasma response models, as well as the computed field at different pick-up locations, yield the same analytic curves describing transition to strong edge-peeling response. Detailed analysis of the computed plasma response and comparison with experiments are also performed.


A major step is realized in ultrasound imaging with the introduction of 2nd harmonic (2H) technology. 2H showed significant enhancement in image quality when used in native mode. When combined with contrast agent (CA), 2H increased the discrimination between perfused and non-perfused tissue, usually termed contrast to tissue ratio (CTR). This improvement is due to the strong nonlinear scattering exhibited by byca compared to tissue. We demonstrate in this study that for tissue and CA imaging, substantial advantages can be achieved over 2H if imaging is performed at higher harmonic frequencies, termed here SuperHarmonic (SH). The SH is a single nonlinear component created from a combination of frequencies ranging from the 3H up to 5H. A special a wide frequency band array transducer was developed specifically for SH imaging. The array was connected to a Vivid5 system. In vitro and patient studies were carried out for contrast SH imaging and for tissue SH imaging. The results showed that for specific scanning settings higher harmonics proved to be generated in a sufficient amount. They increase CTR and improve the image quality further compared to 2H alone.


Using the DSM‐IV criteria for personality disorders, prevalence rates for these disorders were evaluated among methadone maintenance patients, with a psychometric test—the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI‐III). We found that 77% of patients met the study criteria for at least one personality disorder. Of those who had a personality disorder, 20% had two personality disorders, 14% had three personality disorders, and 6% had four personality disorders. Rates of specific personality disorders are reported. Consistencies and divergence from existing research literature are noted. It is suggested that future research compare psychometrically based self‐report questionnaires to a structured clinical interview format, within the same clinical population.


The meeting ended with a panel discussion chaired by A.J.M. Houtsma, with panel members W.A. Dreschler, J.M. Festen, L.H. Geerdink and E. ten Hoeve. The following questions were discussed: • What are the expected developments and breakthroughs for hearing aids, especially in the light of the continuing miniaturization of electronics? • What are the main obstacles to development: lack of fundamental knowledge, lack of financial support for research, wrong priorities in health care? • Is a joint effort by University researchers and industry R&D personnel possible and desirable?


Parameters calibration of output model of accelerometers in inertial measurement unit (IMU) is described. An output model is presented. Then based on this model, multi-position test is adopted to calibrate the model parameters. The calibration methods of accelerometers scale factor and the installation error coefficients are discussed. Experiment shows that these methods are effective in separating the model parameters. The approach described is of great value to engineers.


Sandbar clogging occurred frequently at the confluence between hyper-concentrated flood flows from tributaries and the main stream in the Upper Yellow River,with consequence of severe flooding disasters.The properties of hyper-concentrated flood flow in tributaries and the characteristics of sandbar clogging at the confluences between tributary and main stream were analyzed based on field data for sandbar clogging events in the Upper Yellow River.Effects of key factors,such as discharge ratio(tributary discharge to that of main stream) and water amount and sediment load of hyper-concentrated floods,on the sandbar clogging were investigated.A general discriminant formulation for sandbar clogging at confluences was proposed based on the momentum principle.By taking account into the characteristics of flood and sediment transport in the main stream and tributaries,two criteria for sandbar clogging were further derived from the general discriminant formulation,one expressed by relationship between discharge ratio and water amount of tributary flood and another expressed by water amount and sediment load of tributary flood.Therefore,the occurrence of sandbar clogging can be predicted using discharge ratio,water amount and sediment load of tributary flood.This is of critical importance for preventing disasters caused by sandbar clogging at confluences that is associated with hyper-concentrated flood flows during rainstorm events in the Upper Yellow River.


Scope of the present study was the comparison of two advanced water treatment technologies – ozonation and powdered activated carbon adsorption (PAC) – with respect to the elimination of emerging contaminants. Main objective was the assessment of synergistic effects arising from the combination of both technologies in one wastewater treatment plant. The study was conducted at a full-scale plant treating hospital wastewater. To the author's knowledge for the first time full-scale data on the combined treatment of hospital wastewater for the removal of emerging contaminants will be presented.


North China Plain (NCP) is a main agricultural production region in China, dominated by a summer maize-winter wheat double cropping system. However, the grain yield highly depends on groundwater extraction to fulfil the irrigation demand. Additionally, the warming and drying tendency under climate change will further challenge water resource availability and agricultural productivity. This study applied modelled regional precipitation and temperature within the East Asia domain from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment to derive climate change indicators and quantify future water resource utilisation. Results show a 30% increase in water irrigation demand (IWD) for growing maize in Jiangsu Province and a slight decrease in central Shandong Province. While for wheat, IWD decreases by 3-24% over the NCP except for northern Hebei Province and northern Shandong Province. Therefore, we suggest reducing agricultural fields for summer maize in southern NCP and winter wheat in northern NCP, and intensifying cultivation in central Shandong Province. Mann-Kendall statistics indicate an indistinct trend for IWD but a significant increase in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during 2021-2050, highlighting the necessity to cope with rising ETc and apply varieties with high stress-tolerance to release irrigating water intensity under future climate change.


Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by deposition of amyloid plaques of amyloid-β chelating peptide with transition metal ions (Cu2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+). The binding of Cu2+ and Fe3+ leads to toxic chemical reactions; a change in the oxidation of two metals, that leads to H2O2 production in the presence of transition metals and finally gives toxic free OH• radicals. Methods 58 Alzheimer's disease patients were included in this study. They were evaluated for serum iron, copper, selenium, zinc and hepcidin levels. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) were measured as oxidative stress markers. Hepcidin, SOD and GPX were measured by ELISA methods. Serum Fe, Cu, Se and Zn were quantified by AAS. The results form AD patients were compared to age and gender matched healthy controls. We used Pearson's correlation and Student's paired t-test for statistical analysis of established results. Results We found statistically significant elevated serum iron, copper and zinc results in AD patients (41.4 μmol/l, 37.8 μmol/l, and 39.9 μmol/l) compared to control group (20.6 μmol/l, 19.1 μmol/l, and 14.8 μmol/l); P<0.01. Plasma selenium levels were decreased in AD patients (114.8 nmol/L) compared to healthy controls (629.6 nmol/L); P<0.005. Hepcidin concentrations were increased in AD cases (64.9 μg/l) compared to controls (22.3 μg/l); P<0.001. SOD and GPX levels were decreased in Alzheimer's disease (8.1 μg/ml, and 10.5 pg/ mL) compared to normal values in healthy controls (20.4 μg/ml, and 37.4 pg/mL); P<0.001. Conclusions The expected contribution from our study is practical introduction of quantification of serum hepcidin as a potential marker for early diagnosis of impaired iron homeostasis, leading trace element in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.


Photoswitchable materials with excellent optical performance have attracted considerable attention from researchers and have been applied in various fields. The development of excellent solid-state dual-mode photoswitches is an important but challenging task. Herein, we propose a new strategy to construct an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer-inspired photoswitches (DiAH-pht) that possesses aggregation-induced emission features and displays fast molecular isomerization process characterized by simultaneously solid-state absorption/fluorescence response. The mechanistic studies indicate that introduction of a bulky group can create a folded molecular conformation that provides adequate volume to facilitate the photoisomerization and the enhanced ESIPT effect can boost the isomerization process from the cis-keto to trans-keto forms in the solid state. The feasibility of our strategy was further demonstrated by the activated photoisomerization performance of the Schiff base derivatives. Furthermore, the high-contrast and fast recovery process make DiAH-pht a highly promising candidate in the fields of dual-mode information encryption and high-density data storage.


The cascade centripeter is a useful apparatus used formeasuring particles size distribution of radioactive or non-radioactiveaerosols.In this paper,the operating rationale and structure performance ofthe apparatus are briefly presented,and the laboratory calibration and fieldapplications of the apparatus are discussed in Some detail.


Mexico's presidential front-runner wants to end violence in Mexico by pardoning drug traffickers and corrupt officials. Some 235,000 people have died in the country's 11-year cartel war. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Law Publication Details L. Gomez Romero, 'Amnesty for drug traffickers? That's one Mexican presidential candidate's pitch to voters' (2018) 22 May The Conversation 1-4. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/3716


The call for language arts reform is clear. The expectations are high. The mission is to create classrooms in which all children are becoming strategic, critical, independent, and lifelong readers and writers (National Council of Teachers of English, 1996). Policy makers and administrators, however, cannot create these classrooms through instructional mandates. Duffy and Hoffman (1999) argue that teachers are key and that the success of language arts reform hinges on independent, problem-solving, and spirited teachers who understand that their job is to use many good methods and materials in various ways according to students' needs (p. 15). The educational community has repeatedly demonstrated that conceptualizing reform as training teachers to reenact an instructional program results in superficial or short-lived reform (Duffy, 1997; Fullan, 1996). A reform effort begins to fail when its participants become too focused on promoting the solution and lose sight of the challenges that gave it life (Hoffman, 1998, p. 109). Substantive and lasting language arts reform is inescapably linked to the abilities and the willingness of teachers to embrace and act upon the uncertainties that emerge as they teach students with many diverse needs. Reform efforts that focus on preparing teachers to implement preordained practices without question or adaptation constrain teachers' abilities and willingness to refine their craft through reflective, insightful, critical, and ongoing inquiry (Allington & Walmsley, 1995; Duffy, 1997; Fullan, 1996). Thus, such efforts discreetly undermine the process of real reform. Dewey (1929, 1933) explains that uncertainty is the force that creates space for real growth and change. A technical conceptualization of teaching and educational reform cannot provoke or sustain the ongoing reflection and inquiry needed for substantive and meaningful language arts reform. Knowledgeable teachers engaged in thoughtful decision making and probing inquiry who use instructional models as ideas for further refinement and who understand the role of uncertainty in their professional development are essential to successful language arts reform. Their uncertainties are its cornerstone. I have worked with and observed the professional development of countless preservice and inservice teachers. My experiences have convinced me that developing more complex understandings of how teachers respond to and act upon the uncertainty that they uncover in their practices is a critical piece of understanding effective language arts reform. In this case study, I explore the varied ways in which elementary teachers in one system reacted to uncertainties inherent in a language arts reform effort. The teachers' varied responses were most likely linked in complex ways to differences in their beliefs, dispositions, and knowledge (e.g., Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986; Schlechty, 1993); however, the primary purpose of this study was to describe how teachers responded to the uncertainty inherent in language arts reform. Case Profile Located in the same city as Auburn University, Auburn City Schools (ACS) is a district of nearly 4,300 students and approximately 300 teachers. Slightly more than 35% of the student population is minority (primarily African American). For many years, teachers in the district have been exploring how to teach language arts in more meaningful and effective ways. Many ACS teachers have challenged themselves to create more student-centered classroom environments that feature higher-order thinking and more active inquiry than traditional teaching paradigms. ACS teachers, to varying degrees, have been using children's literature, literature discussions groups, reading-writing workshops, and thematic units as they work toward teaching skills and strategies in authentic contexts, promoting self-regulating behaviors, and presenting language and literacy as lifelong ventures rather than simply school tasks. …