This paper aims to apply the Student Teams-Achievement Divisions Cooperative Learning (STAD CL) approach in Chinese College English Language Teaching (ELT), hence to realize language learners' Communicative Competence Acquisition. After introducing the status quo of ELT in China, the paper implements the questionnaires among college students about STAD CL approach in college ELT. Relevant findings will be listed according to the result of the questionnaires. The results show that the STAD CL approach in ELT is feasible and effective in language learners' Communicative Competence Acquisition.


Cerenkov radiation can be used as a diagnostic tool to study energetic electrons generated in ultra-intense laser matter interactions. However, electrons suffer scattering with nuclei as they move in a medium. In this article, we theoretically study the effect of multiple scattering on Cerenkov radiation, and obtain analytical formulas under some circumstances. The results show that when the speed of an energetic electron is not close to the light speed in the medium, Cerenkov radiation is just slightly decreased due to multiple scattering. In the case that the electron speed is very close to the light speed in the medium, the effect of multiple scattering becomes significant, and the radiation is dominated by bremsstrahlung.


Means (2) for amplifying short, in particular ultra-short laser pulses, has from a first laser oscillator (4) and a second laser oscillator (6), wherein the first laser oscillator (4) and the second laser oscillator (6) are injection-coupled and wherein the first laser oscillator (4) irradiates short, in particular ultra-short laser pulses in the second laser oscillator (6). According to the invention, the first laser oscillator (4) and / or the second laser oscillator (6) to means that different spectral components of the laser pulses spatially separate from one another. In this way it is possible for the individual frequency components of the laser pulses with respect to their amplitude, but to influence in particular with regard to their phase position, independently targeted.


Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Studies of the mechanisms of abnormal weight gain are rare in the pediatric population. Abnormal weight gain has been associated with impaired control of appetite. Studies in lean adults have demonstrated that frequent small meals may increase satiety and decrease hunger.Purpose: To examine the effect of frequent feedings of low caloric density versus less frequent feedings of high caloric density on hunger and satiety in lean and obese prepubertal children. We hypothesized that frequent low caloric density feedings should increase satiety and lead to decreased hunger.Methods: Fifteen lean and eight obese children (age 6-10) were admitted fasting to the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) on two separate days. On each of the two study visits children were randomly assigned to receive one of two meal patterns: either 3 meals or 3 meals and 2 snacks. The total caloric intake as well as carbohydrate, protein, and fat composition on each day were identical. Each day, two hours following the last meal, subjects were offered a dessert (ice cream) and asked to consume as much as they would like (up to a predetermined upper limit). Hunger related questionnaires and amount of ice cream consumed were recorded as outcome measures of satiety. Paired t tests were used to evaluate the difference between ice cream consumption as affected by feeding patterns. Each lean and obese subject served as their own control. Data from parental questionnaires were also collected. These questionnaires assessed if restrictive feeding practices in parents were correlated to ice cream consumption in the children.Results: Preliminary results indicate that obese children consumed significantly less ice cream on the day when larger, less frequent feedings were administered (p <0.05). No difference was found between ice cream consumption and meal patterns in lean subjects. In lean subjects, a correlation (r=0.523) at a p value of 0.05 was observed between greater scores of parental restriction of food and ice cream consumption. Data from hunger questionnaires in all subjects did not reveal a significant relationship between the hunger-rating instrument used and amount of ice cream consumed.Conclusions: Our preliminary data, as opposed to our hypothesis, indicate that obese children may experience greater satiety when offered larger meals without snacks. No relationship with meal patterns and ice cream consumption was found in the lean pediatric population. In the lean group, greater parental restriction of "forbidden" food correlated with greater consumption of that food when the restriction was absent


The total depth of the second hole of well Xing9-12x is 4,312 m,and the φ177.8 mm casing was stuck at the depth of 3,769.93 m,after drilled to 4,405 m with the bit of φ152.4 mm,run φ5127 mm liner to remedy,which formed a convex shape borehole and made a big challenge to cementing.Some measures were taken to improve the displacing efficiency,such as cleaning the borehole with high viscosity drilling fluid,applying φ127mm×φ210 mm baroque elastic centralizer,using much low viscosity lead drilling fluid to wash the Dead drilling fluid,and displacing the drilling fluid in φ241.3 mm hole with viscous spacer.


A comparative study of electrical transport and magnetoresistance (MR) is performed for sol-gel prepared samples of nominal composition La2/3Ca1/3MnO3, La2/3Ca1/3Mn1−xCuxO3 and La2/3Ca1/3Mn1−xZnxO3 with x = 4%. Compared with La2/3Ca1/3MnO3, the introduction of Cu or Zn causes a significant downward shift of insulator–metal transition and a sharp MR peak near the transition. The sharp MR peak becomes observable even upon the application of low magnetic fields. It is also shown that although the same behaviour of transport and MR is observed, the sample containing Cu stands out clearly from the sample containing Zn for a substantial enhancement in MR near the transition.


Rational grading of waterway is the guarantee for sustainable development of water transportation.Based on the analysis of the current situation of China ' s inland waterway and problems in national standard GBJ139-90concerning waterway grading,this paper puts forward a suggestion on raising the standard of the lowest waterway grade and gives the definition of high-grade waterway.


The Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) mechanism describes how topological order can emerge in a low-dimensional system when it is cooled below its critical temperature. In particular, it is relevant for addressing the physics of 2D gases of atoms, molecules and photonic systems. However most experimental studies that have been performed so far deal with harmonically trapped systems, for which it remains difficult to characterize some key features of BKT physics. In this talk I will describe recent experiments performed with uniform gases of Rb atoms, which make it possible to access such features, from second sound propagation to out-of-equilibrium phenomena [1, 2]. This work is supported by ERC (Synergy grant UQUAM), ANR and IFRAF.


This paper analyzes the production of the food and beverages industry in Ecuador by estimating a Cobb-Douglas production function using ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects and random effects in order to analyze the elasticity of traditional productive factors, obtaining as a result that the most elastic factor in these subsectors is capital and the least elastic is labor, in addition it is evident that the estimated function presents diminishing returns to scale, thus showing results consistent with the established empirical literature regarding on developing countries.


Based on first-principle calculations combined with non-equilibrium Green's function method, we investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of a two-probe device which consists of a vacuum barrier sandwiched between two semi-infinite ferromagnetic zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs). It is well known that any vacuum barrier itself is not spin-polarized, and meanwhile, the infinite pristine ferromagnetic ZGNR presents no spin polarization in the transmission function around the Fermi level. However, our computational results indicate that robust large spin polarization is found in the proposed device. More interestingly, giant magnetoresistance up to 3.0×108% can be obtained at low bias voltage. Furthermore, the photogalvanic effect-induced fully spin-polarized photocurrent or pure spin photocurrent can be generated in such device by illumination with polarized light, depending on the symmetry of structure. Consequently, our results indicate that vacuum barrier may show interesting spin-polarized transport properties in certain systems and should be taken into consideration in the construction of molecular junctions and spintronic devices.


Objective:To understand the situation of narcotic drugs and drug use trends,provide a reference for the clinical use of drugs.Methods:Hospital 2008 to 2010 sales and the amount of narcotic drugs,DDDs(DDDS)for statistics and analysis.Results:To understand the amount of sales of narcotics,DDDS are increasing year by year,of which pethidine hydrochloride injection,sustained release tablets of morphine,morphine injection amount of the increase.Conclusion:I'm basically a reasonable application of narcotics.


Cost and delay have always been the two great challenges facing the civil justice system. Lord Woolf sought to address these issues with his recommendations, which were largely implemented in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) twenty years ago. Lord Justice Jackson again took up the challenge in his Review of Civil Litigation Costs ten years later, leading to further significant reforms. But the reform process is far from over, with the rules on disclosure and witness statements currently in the spotlight. This chapter considers how the CPR and the various reforms have worked in practice from the perspective of the commercial solicitor, and whether more needs to be done to address the challenges.


In this paper, we study the holonomic $D$-modules when $D$ is the ring of $k$-linear differential operators on $A = k[\Gamma]$, the coordinate ring of an affine monomial curve over the complex numbers $k = \mathbb C$. In particular, we consider the graded case, and classify the simple graded $D$-modules and compute their extensions. The classification over the first Weyl algebra $D = A_1(k)$ is obtained as a special case.


This Inquiry final research report investigates agglomeration economies and their ability to alter the economic productivity of cities, together with what are the key drivers of population growth and mobility in Australia.


Treatment of sugar derivatives such as (I) and (V) according to A) results in formation of hitherto unknown dimeric products.


In adverse communicative contexts, speakers will modify their speech style to enhance intelligibility, which can involve a range of acoustic and articulatory adjustments. Prior work has focused on the influence of speaking style on spectral (e.g., vowel space expansion) and temporal distinctions (e.g., voice-onset time). Thus, this study investigated the extent to which such adjustments extend to the pitch dimension, namely lexical tone. Ten native Cantonese speakers were recorded producing five monosyllables with six Cantonese tones embedded in sentence contexts in both clear and conversational speaking styles. Acoustic analyses revealed that speakers produced two distinct styles, with longer vowel durations and greater vowel dispersion in clear relative to conversational speech. However, with regards to lexical tone production, the results indicated only a marginal re-adjustment of tones within the tone space as a result of clear speech. Specific contour tones, such as the low- and high-rising tones, saw increases in their F0 offset. However, mean F0, F0 range and tonal dispersion did not differ substantially between styles. These findings indicate that speakers maintain tonal stability across speaking styles, suggesting that, relative to segments, lexical tones may not be prioritized as phonological contrasts vital to enhance the overall intelligibility of the utterance.


With the increase of the aging society worldwide, hospitals, medical practitioners and health insurers are now increasingly seeking ways to reduce the cost of healthcare while maitaining its quality. One solution subject to attention from gouvernement and healthcare providers is the U-Health Smart Home that aims to provide non-intrusive and non-invasive monitoring and assistance to the elderly directly in their own home. At POSTECH, the U-Health Smart Home project is focused on building a smart home along with an autonomic system to monitor the home as well as the inhabitants to provide intelligent support and assistance in any situation at anytime. This paper presents our initial results from this project. The first contribution is a general framework for the U-Health smart home and the second one is an initial semantic model that can be used in the autonomic system to provide autonomic support to the elderly.


Through the kindness of Dr. R. Stace-Smith of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C., I have been able to collect and examine specimens of a species of Amphorophora occurring on Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in British Columbia. This species, as well as showing morphological differences which separate it from all described species, differs also from them ecologically and in its ability to transmit certain Rubus viruses. (Stace-Smith, in press). Professors M. A. Palmer and George F. Knowlton have both seen some of this material and have given it as their opinion that it cannot be placed among the known species of Amphorophora. It is therefore described here as a new species.


Evaluation: Over a 4 month period, 26 COPD clients were offered the opportunity to voluntarily participate with only 10 being willing to learn and practice PLB. Three preand post testing scales were used to measure dyspnea, functional performance and self-efficacy. Participants were taught PLB, asked to practice PLB daily for 5 minutes for the first week, and then increase the daily practice time by 1 to 5 minutes each week thereafter.


Indoor Positioning techniques are fundamental for many modern techniques and applications, such as internet of things, smart home, robot navigation, et al. To achieve positioning in indoor environments, wireless techniques, such as radio frequency identification, WiFi, Bluetooth, and ultra-wideband, are commonly considered. As an alternative, the visible light communication technique is promising for indoor positioning due to advantages such as deployments, source. In this work, we first investigate the propagation of the light signal in indoor environments. The Gaussian process method is then proposed to characterize the received power traveling through both the line-of-sight path and the reflected path. We use kernel functions to model the spatial correlation nature for the reflected lights. Based on that, target location estimates are given by the Bayesian inference both in a discrete setup and a continuous framework, which are the probabilistic fingerprinting and the maximum likelihood estimate. We conduct practical experiments to validate the proposed Gaussian process model. The regression results and positioning performances are studied against the size of training data.


An overview is given of the present understanding of excitation in electron–atom collisions, with particular emphasis on the extent to which a "perfect scattering experiment" in the Bederson sense has been achieved. Recent experimental and theoretical results are put into a common framework, generalizing the ideas and systematics, presented in a review paper, of the case of excitation by spin-polarized electron beams. For various levels of complexity, complete sets of coherence parameters are suggested, and their relationships to generalized Stokes parameters and generalized STU parameters are pointed out.


The Tree-of-heaven is widely naturalized in South- and Southeast-Europe and has its Northwestern border in Germany, with outposts in urban environments. This area is expected to spread towards the Netherlands. Recent discovery of seedlings in Rotterdam and other places may show a start of this spread.


The purpose of the article research of theoretical bases of personnel policy as bases of formation of innovative strategy in system of management of the organization, logical structuring of concept «personnel policy» and identification of personnel policy in modern practice of management of the organization.
The research methodology consists in the use of analytical, logical, systematic methods, as well as a system-activity approach.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the comprehensive study of this issue and finding new methods of activating personnel policy in the management system of the organization.
Conclusions. The main purpose of personnel policy should be the formation and optimal use of personnel to achieve the goals of the enterprise. As a component of the strategic goals of the organization, it should be focused on the specific results and prospects of the organization, whose effective activity directly depends on knowledge, competence, qualifications, discipline, motivation, ability to solve problems, desire to constantly improve their skills and skills of all staff. That is why personnel policy is an important component in the management system of the organization, the ultimate goal of which is to create a cohesive, responsible, highly productive team capable of performing tasks in conditions of uncertainty and risk.
Key words: personnel policy, management of the organization, strategy, staff, motivation, goals of the organization.


Introduction Since the discovery of mesoporous silicates based on amphiphilic supramolecular templates [1], this surfactant templating procedure was extended to the formation of various non-silica mesoporous oxides [2]. Among these non-silica oxides, zirconia is of particular interest for acid catalysis [3]. In the synthesis of ZrO2-based mesoporous materials, a major concern is to achieve an adequate balance between the hydrolysiscondensation process involving the zirconium centers and the self-assembling reactions occurring between the resulting hydrolyzed inorganic entities and the surfactant. Since zirconium alkoxides are highly reactive towards water, other zirconium sources such as ZrOCl2, ZrCl4 and Zr(SO4)2 have been utilized for the preparation of mesostructured or mesoporous ZrO2 [4-7]. In recent years Cabrera et al. [8] reported that ordered mesoporous materials were obtained by an atrane route, which is involved in the interaction between metal alkoxides and triethanolamine (TEAH). In this study we have prepared pure zirconia with large surface area by using the hydrolysis retarding agent TEAH and applied the sulfated material to the catalytic reaction.


A novel, reusable, Vertical-Takeoff-and-Vertical-Takeoff-and-Landing, Single-Stage-to-Orbit (VTOL/SSTO) launch system concept, named AUGMENT-SSTO, is presented in this paper to help quantify the advantages of employing gelled and hybrid propellant propulsion system options for such applications. The launch vehicle system concept considered uses a highly coupled, main high performance liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen (LO2/LH2) propulsion system, that is used only for launch, while a gelled or hybrid propellant propulsion system auxiliary propulsion system is used during final orbit insertion, major orbit maneuvering, and landing propulsive burn phases of flight. Using a gelled or hybrid propellant propulsion system for major orbit maneuver burns and landing has many advantages over conventional VTOL/SSTO concepts that use LO2/LH2 propulsion system(s) burns for all phases of flight. The applicability of three gelled propellant systems, O2/H2/Al, O2/RP-1/Al, and NTO/MMH/Al, and a state-of-the-art (SOA) hybrid propulsion system are examined in this study. Additionally, this paper addresses the applicability of a high performance gelled O2/H2 propulsion system to perform the primary, as well as the auxiliary propulsion system functions of the vehicle.


Knowledge management is a new stage for the developing of modern enterprise management theory.Traditional infor- mation management method is facing severe test now,and can't meet the requirement of knowledge management any longer. This paper analyzed the status and functions of the decision supporting system in knowledge management,put forward a decision supporting system model based on knowledge management,and analyzed and evaluated the key technology to realize this sys- tem.


The present work describes the technical information on issues associated with the management of disused Ra-226 radioactive sources. The different settings needed to condition these sources in stainless steel capsules, working area setup, packaging preparation, Ra-226 source characterization, capsule welding, leakage test and data information are completely described. The radium sources addressed in the present work are mainly those which have been used in medicine and for industrial applications, in the form of sealed radiation sources. In Egypt hospitals are among the largest users of sealed radium radioactive sources which are mostly used for brachytherapy. The inventory of radium sources in large hospitals could be in the hundreds. There is a real risk that sources may be lost or mishandled, if very restricted procedures are not followed. An additional problem with these sources is that they are often leaking, due to internal overpressure. The small size of the sources, portability and high apparent value (due to the materials of encapsulation) increase the risk of theft.


According to the production of CSP Plants both abroad and home, the product quality, characters and some measures to get high quality product such as main equipment, producing process, and control technology are introduced in this paper.


To denote the frame parts or basic structure of vehicle, the chassis has utilized. It is a keystone of the vehicle and a vehicle without the body is known to be Chassis. Chassis frame is the central mounting for all the components including the body. Hence it is also known as Carrying Unit (CU). The loads that will be acted on the frame are, loads with the short duration and momentary duration which will be occur during the curve taking, Impact loads due to the vehicle collision, static loads due to the parts of chassis and Over loads. Generally, the Chassis will be failed due to these loads. Hence, by modifying the current design with reverse engineering to collect for the heavy duty truck having the capacity of 10 Ton the data we will be going to rectify those failures. We also conduct the structural analysis for the conventional material structural steel and one of the composite material for mitigating the chassis weight and stresses known as aluminum alloy material. Pro/Engineer tool is utilized for the modeling and assembly followed by Ansys analysis.


The present invention, spiro derivatives of formula (I), the use of the derivatives in the treatment of disorders and diseases mediated by modulation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, compositions containing the derivatives and to their preparation method. [Formula 1] .BACKGROUND


Two stegano-analytical methods, CM1 and CM2, were developed. The basis of these methods is a new general approach to the problem of detecting integrity violations of digital images, which uses the properties of singular numbers and singular vectors of blocks of the image matrix. The proposed methods serve to identify the steganographic communication channel, formed by the Least Significant Bit method. A digital image in lossy format is used as a container. The methods CM1 and CM2 are effective for small values (less than 0.1 bit/pixel) of the latency channel capacity (LCC). Algorithms that implement methods are polynomial. Errors of the first kind are 1.7 and 1.3%, respectively, the errors of the second kind do not exceed 4% (LCC 0.01 bit/pixel). Existing modern analogues in conditions of such a small latency channel capacity do not work.


This paper, continuing from Pike (2002), and Stepchenkova and Mills (2010), reviews 177 articles published between 2008 and 2012 about destination image. The major characteristics of these articles are highlighted to show the development of destination image studies. Two broad categories of destination image studies (i.e. perceived image, and projected image) are discussed separately. It is hoped that researchers of the following period can find some suggestions to locate their studies in this very popular body of research.


To better define the indications for and complications of rectal tube use in critically ill patients we prospectively studied every patient admitted to an intensive care unit over a 20-month period who required a rectal tube. Of these patients, 2.8% had rectal tubes inserted. Ninety- two percent were inserted to help decrease soiling from diarrhea and 6% were inserted to deliver medica tions. Tubes were in place an average of 3.3 days, and no complications were identified. Rectal tubes may be safely and effectively used to prevent soiling in critically ill patients with diarrhea. The use of rectal tubes as ad juncts to healing and preventing pressure sores in criti cally ill patients merits further study.


The significance of the research on SpikeNet is to construct the neural network which could simulate the signal processing in brain neural network through the computer.This could help us with image processing on learning how the brain reflects the environment in visual field.The research could help to improve both the processing speed and the rate of image recognition.The basic idea behind SpikeNet is rank code ordering that there are billions of neurons in the visual system,brain could use the order in which neurons fire spikes to code information with different sensitivity.For the sensitive neurons,they can fire a spike first which present the different order of spikes and with these spikes,network could pass the information on and on.The face testing with different contrast and luminance values shows that the result of the experiment indicates that our system is feasible.


An experiment was conducted to study the performance of growing pigs fed diet having different levels of palm oil sludge as a replacement of maize. Fifteen (15) growing crossbred pigs (Large White Yorkshire x Zovawk) of average BW 27.06 kg were randomly selected and divided into three groups with 5 pigs per group in a completely randomized design. Three experimental iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric rations were formulated (NRC, 1998) where dried palm oil sludge was incorporated at the rate of 0%(Group-1), 15%(Group-2), and 25% (group-3) level by replacing maize. He feeding trial was continued for 42 days. The final body weight (kg) was49.16±3.08 , 45.10± 3.61 and 44.34 ± 2.86 for Group-1, Group-2 and Group-3, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the average feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio among the different treatment groups. Blood biochemical parameters did not differ significantly (p>0.05), irrespective of different dietary treatments and were within the physiological range of pigs. It was concluded that palm oil sludge up to 25% can be incorporated in the diet of cross bred pigs by replacing maize grain without adverse affect on the growth performance and blood biochemical parameters in pigs.


Winds from various directions cause waves which transport sediment along the shore. Over a relatively long time interval, sediment is moved in one predominant direction, which is the direction of net shore-drift. Variations in shoreline orien tation cause shore drift to occur in discrete, essentially independent, drift cells. By the specific identification of a number of established geomorphic and sedimentological shore drift indicators, drift cell boundaries can be delineated and the directions of net shore-drift determined. These indicators include changes in bluff morphology, beach width and slope, sediment-size gradation, identifiable sediment, deposition and/or erosion at shore drift obstructions, direction of spit growth and stream diversions, and nearshore bar orientation. Using these shore drift indicators, 136 drift cells have been mapped and described for the Mason County portions of Hood Canal and southern Puget Sound. Net shore-drift along most of the Mason County shore is generally northward, which reflects the influence of more frequent and stronger winds from southerly directions. Areas of southward net shore-drift occur where fetch from the south is limited. Shore drift in insignificant along parts of the shore where fetch is limited in all directions, where wave energy is diminished by shallow water or man-made barriers, or where cliffs or bluffs extend to deep water.


The rational use of the energy in all productive sectors in Brazil became es sential, mainly after the energy rationing in 2001. Methodologies that quantify and improve the performance of the plants that consume and generate electricity and thermal energy are being used to reach this objective. Exergoeconomic analysis provides the complete diagnostic of a plant, in exergetic and monetary values. This study shows the methodology used to evaluate the power generation system of the Companhia Siderurgica Tubarão (CST). This plant uses the regenerative Rankine cycle, fueled by Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) and Coke Oven Gas (COG), gases originated from the steel production process. The use of the Exergetic Cost Theory permits the determination of the monetary and exergetic costs and moreover, the indicators such as cost variation, relative cost variation and exergoeconomic factors; determinates the influence of each component in the composition of plant costs and the better way of decreasing the generation cost of the energy and the steam to process.


Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted increasing attention for next-generation energy storage systems with a high energy density and low cost. However, the practical applications have been plagued by the sluggish reaction kinetics and the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Herein, core–shell SiO2@Ti3C2Tx MXene (SiO2@MX) hollow spheres are constructed as multifunctional catalysts to boost the performance of Li–S batteries. The dual-polar and dual-physical properties of SiO2 core and MXene shell provide multiple defense lines to the shuttle effect by chemical and physical confinement to LiPSs. Density functional theory calculations prove that Ti3C2Tx MXene and SiO2 enable the stronger trapping ability of LiPSs and the fast Li2S decomposition process. With this strategy, the robust SiO2@MX/S electrodes deliver superior electrochemical performances, including a high capacity of 1263 mAh g−1, and remarkable cycling stability with an ultralow capacity decay of 0.04% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1 C. This work highlights the significance of core-shell dual-polar structural sulfur catalysts for practical application in advanced Li–S batteries.


A new antenna with capabilities of beam steering for indoor communications is proposed. This design is based on the principle of a microstrip Yagi array. Front-to-back (F/B) ratios between 8-12 dB can be achieved which is crucial for rejecting signals in unintended directions. The structure is designed on a simple two-metal, single-dielectric layer board which is very suitable for industrial use. By using four switching elements, this antenna can cover an azimuth of 360deg.


We propose a new technique, adaptive feature scaling (AFS), to improve the performance of clustering algorithm applied to gene microarray data. In AFS, every feature is assigned multiple weights, each for an individual cluster, and the weights are adaptively updated during the clustering process so that certain features (signals) are strengthened while others (noises) are diminished. Clustering with AFS results in low-noise clusters focuses on a small set of signal features. Moreover, the contribution of each feature to each cluster can be revealed by using different feature weights. We apply AFS in conjunction with the message passing clustering (MFC) algorithm to colon cancer data set to show the potential use of AFS in genetics research and medical diagnosis


A class of multiobjective programming problems including inequality constraints is considered. To this aim, some new concepts of generalized -type I and -type II functions are introduced in the differentiable assumption by using the sublinear function . These new functions are used to establish and prove the sufficient optimality conditions for weak efficiency or efficiency of the multiobjective programming problems. Moreover, two kinds of dual models are formulated. The weak dual, strong dual, and strict converse dual results are obtained under the aforesaid functions.


Up to 2006, a large amount of high-quality evidence had accumulated to support the effectiveness of health sector interventions in reducing alcohol-related harm (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006; Miller & Wilbourne, 2002). The largest and most robust body of evidence related to preventive interventions, particularly brief alcohol interventions. In 2006, there were 14 systematic reviews (with or without meta-analyses) which assessed the impact of brief interventions on reducing alcohol consumption, some of which also considered their impact on ameliorating alcohol-related problems. The most comprehensive review included 56 controlled trials (Moyer et al., 2002) and encompassed a wide range of delivery settings and patients who were either not aware of their alcohol-related risk or harm (non-treatment-seekers) or aware and seeking help for problems (treatment-seekers). Thirty-four trials focused on non-treatmentseekers and reported that brief interventions produced small to medium aggregate effect sizes (range 0.14 to 0.67) over a range of time points. For the 20 trials that focused on treatmentseekers, the overall brief intervention effect size was not significantly different from zero (range -0.02 to 0.4). The modal follow-up time was 1 year and there was mixed evidence of longer-term effects, with positive outcomes reported at 4 years in the United States (Fleming et al., 2002) but not at 10 years in Australia (Wutzke et al., 2002). There was also evidence that brief intervention could reduce mortality (Cuijpers, Riper & Lemmers 2004) and other alcohol-related problems (Moyer et al., 2002; Richmond et al., 1995). The number needed to treat was between 8 and 12 for hazardous and harmful drinkers (Ballesteros et al., 2004). This is the number of at-risk drinkers who needed to be offered brief interventions for one to show benefit in terms of reduced drinking levels or fewer alcohol-related problems.


We have characterized the metal-NC high-k-dielectric flash memories on low-temperature UTB-TFTs. Combined with the advantage of low-voltage operations, the reported planar process is expected to be applicable for 3D integration to meet high-density flash memory requirements. Carrier transport was also confirmed to be Frenkle-Poole emission in (Ti,Dy)O and direct tunneling in Al2O3 due to the different trap densities, which helps the retention time in the Al2O3/Au/(Ti,Dy)O memory devices.


Introduction. Question of scientific ground of i creation of original, adapted to the home terms of menage, control system by strategies of diversification of activity taking into account the state of i tendencies of роз to the coil of market environment, and also strategic potential of enterprise remain decided not enough.
Purpose. An aim of the article is an analysis and improvement of theoretical-methodic principles of forming and management of diversification of activity of enterprises strategies in the conditions of unstable market environment.
Results. Reasonably modern approaches and practical recommendations aimed at determining the essence of the strategy of diversification of activity of the enterprise. The aspects of market development and possible ways of its diversification were identified in the article. Considered the definition of diversification proposed by various authors and identified the main reasons for making decisions about diversification of activity of the enterprise.
Conclusion. The effective management of diversification of activity of enterprises strategies it follows to carry out on the basis of the worked out theoretic-metodic approach which provides the reasonable electing, after certain procedures, with application of elements of strategies, what adequate to the external terms and strategic potential of enterprise.


In this paper, we present some fixed point results for a generalized class of nonexpansive mappings in the framework of uniformly convex hyperbolic space and also propose a new iterative scheme for approximating the fixed point of this class of mappings in the framework of uniformly convex hyperbolic spaces. Furthermore, we establish some basic properties and some strong and $\triangle$-convergence theorems for these mappings in uniformly convex hyperbolic spaces. Finally, we present an application to the nonlinear integral equation and also, a numerical example to illustrate our main result and then display the efficiency of the proposed algorithm compared to different iterative algorithms in the literature with different choices of parameters and initial guesses. The results obtained in this paper extends and generalizes corresponding results in uniformly convex Banach spaces, CAT(0) spaces and other related results in literature.


Different environmental changes may have some consistent effects on soil microbial community, which remains largely unexplored. Here, we report a novel and general pattern that different environmental changes consistently selected for the sub-dominant soil bacterial phyla. We mimicked 16 types of environmental changes relevant to the Eurasian steppe ecosystem, including removing different number of plant functional groups, mowing, nitrogen adding, phosphorus adding, watering, warming, and some of their combinations. While the absolute abundance of each of the four dominant bacteria phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria) did not show a consistent response to these treatments, that of the five sub-dominant phyla (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, and Planctomycetes) showed a consistent increase. The dominant phyla had high abundances of genes responsible for energy production/conversion and transcription, exhibiting oligotrophic traits; in contrast, the sub-dominant phyla had high abundance of 16S rDNA sequences, which could be due to greater rRNA copy number or smaller genomes, showing large growth/propagation potential and copiotrophic trait. Stochastic processes (e.g., random birth, death, colonization) played more important roles in structuring the sub-dominant than dominant phyla, and the treatments promoted the stochastic processes. The copiotrophy and stochasticity of sub-dominant phyla led to their positive responses to the treatments.


Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection are extremely limited. CXCR5+ CD8+ T cell is a novel cell subtype and could possess strong cytotoxic properties in HIV infection. In this study, we investigated the role of CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells in CHB patients. Compared to healthy individuals, both CHB patients and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatocellular carcinoma patients presented significant upregulation of CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, in which CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells were negatively correlated with the frequency of CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells in CHB patients. After PMA+ionomycin stimulation, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells from CHB patients presented significantly higher transcription level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-21, as well as higher IL-10 and IL-21 protein secretion, than CXCR5− CD8+ T cells. Unlike CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells, when incubated with naive CD19+CD27− B cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells alone did not upregulate IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion. However, addition of CX...


Theoretical conception of an active behavior of the system is one of the most challengeable topics in complex systems research. Recently, especially in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence, there broadly exists the study to understand the interface between the system and its environment by creating an autonomous agent that carries a sensorimotor coupling. In this paper, an embodied sensorimotor coupling system is discussed. Applying a generative pointer, the system is formalized to contain an intrinsic discrepancy induced by heterarichical duality in a flow construction by using category theory. In the system, the body plays a positive role as a dynamical mediator, or interface, between two conflicting layers, a relational layers and a constituent layers. As a result, it induces a structural change of the system itself. Implementing the construction to a Braitenberg type vehicle, we observed dynamical changes of system parameters and its behavior revealed various motion patterns compared wit...


Authoritarian political systems are portrayed as offering few opportunities for citizens to participate in politics – particularly in the policy process. This paper's contribution is to set out new mechanisms that enable Chinese citizens to evaluate government performance, contribute to decision-making, shape policy agendas and feed back on implementation. Based on fieldwork in the city of Hangzhou, we argue that the local party-state orchestrates citizen participation in the policy process, but members of the public nevertheless do have influence. Political participation is widening in China, but it is still controlled. It is not yet clearly part of a process of democratization, but it does establish the principle of citizen rights to oversee the government.


Whether a patient comes in via the emergency department (ED) or has a scheduled imaging exam, conventional CT scans are often the first choice for imaging. And while CT technology is fast and accurate, CT often produces inconclusive data that can lead to supplemental testing to achieve a confident diagnosis. As pressure mounts on radiology departments to image more patients more effectively and cost-efficiently, Philips is


The present invention provides a preparation method for a wide range of analysis of skin resident bacteria and/or substances present in the stratum corneum, substances such as lipids, or samples for observing the shape of the stratum corneum. The present invention relates to a method for preparing a sample, which is characterized in that it is a method for analysing a substance resident in a skin and/or a substance present in the stratum corneum, or a sample in which the shape of the stratum corneum is observed, and which contains polyvinyl alcohol. The solution of the polymer is applied to the skin in the form of a film and the film formed by the peeling is recovered.


In this paper, we propose a new mesh topology enhancing the performance of High Availability Redundancy(HSR) in the IEC 62439-3, which has been expected to build a full digital substation. The considered mesh topology gives various connectivities in the network structure for reducing the network traffic at the closed-loop network In research results, we show the expected network traffic reduction by adopting the HSR in operating a sub-network to solve the problem from network traffic overload.


We prove the sharp L regularity result for a model restricted X-ray transform in R, for p close to 1.


Stefania Galli, 2019. A Black Utopia? Social stratification in Nineteenth-century Colonial Sierra Leone. Gothenburg Studies in Economic History 22, Department of Economy and Society, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg. ISBN 978-91-86217-22-8 In the present dissertation, social stratification in colonial Sierra Leone is discussed, with the aim of providing novel evidence on the association between ideals, institutions and inequality. The case study of Sierra Leone is valuable for it allows examining social stratification in an alleged egalitarian context. The dissertation consists of an introductory chapter and four research essays. The essays examine four aspects that contribute to social stratification. The former two essays delve into the social aspects of social stratification, namely socio-economic status and marriage patterns, whereas the latter two examine social stratification from an economic perspective. The intention is to employ the case study of Sierra Leone to portray a picture of European colonialism in Africa that differs from that often portrayed in the literature. The first essay studies the association between ethnic belonging and socio-economic status in early days colonial Sierra Leone. The findings suggest that, in spite of the egalitarian ideals on which it had been allegedly founded, a certain degree of ethnic discrimination characterized the socio-economic structure of the colony. Ethnic discrimination did not, however, translate into a strict occupational segregation for individuals from most ethnic groups could be found across the whole socio-economic spectrum. The second essay delves into the association between ethnic belonging and marriage patterns. The study shows that, irrespective of egalitarian ideals and ethnic heterogeneity, endogamy was the most prevalent marriage arrangement in colonial Sierra Leone. This finding implies the existence of an association between ethnic belonging and marriage patterns, while providing circumstantial evidence on the presence of an ethnic social divide in the colony. Furthermore, the essay shows that exogamy occurred within ethnic groups' clusters, a finding that corroborates the hypothesis of the existence of a vertical ethnic hierarchy in colonial Sierra Leone. The third essay examines quantitatively the claim that egalitarian ideals impacted on inequality levels by studying wealth inequality in rural colonial Sierra Leone. The results show that between households' distribution of resources was fairly egalitarian in global comparison. Wealth inequality estimates for Sierra Leone are on par with those estimated for other rural settler colonies in North America in their early days of existence. The results provide supportive evidence to the hypothesis that ideals can impact on the institutions driving inequality, by shaping the rules of allocation of resources towards egalitarianism. The fourth essay examines the evolution of land distribution in colonial Sierra Leone over the course of the first forty years of the colony's existence. The results show that although egalitarian principles regulated land distribution, land inequality increased over the period studied. The essay argues that the shift in the type of egalitarianism underlying land distribution was the major responsible for increasing inequality as recorded for colonial Sierra Leone. Overall, the results of this dissertation suggest that Sierra Leone was a fairly equal colony under most perspectives, and that institutions were influenced by egalitarian ideals, although not all to the same extent. The present dissertation ultimately provides evidence supporting the existence of an association between ideals, institutions and social stratification in a colonial context.


Earth Observation (EO) is the collecting, analysing and presentation of information related to the Earth to improve understanding of our planet. The data that is gathered is usually centered on physical, chemical and biological systems that help researchers identify and understand changes
 in the natural and manmade environment. Observing Earth from a vantage point in and around space - often through satellites - enables scientists to access a bird's eye view of the planet, providing a unique perspective on a wide range of subjects, such as extreme weather events and their effect
 on the environment. Improved observations have come together with the explosion of modelling and cloud computing, which helps make better, and more sustainable, decisions. As technological capabilities have increased, so too has the focus on EO. Countries around the world are developing means
 of observing the Earth in an attempt to reap the related rewards, such as improved understanding, but also the creation of jobs and the achievement of various goals highlighted within international organisations, such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Indeed, the potential
 positive outcomes from sustained EO can hardly be overstated, as it permeates through into an extremely broad range of different areas that will touch and impact humans around the world either now or in the future. It is with this in mind that e-shape has been established. This is a flagship
 project of the European Commission that falls under the Horizon 2020 programme. It is a unique initiative that brings decades of public investment in EO and cloud capabilities together to form a range of services for decision-makers, members of the public, industry and researchers. With 55
 partners from 17 countries, this project has far-reaching impacts.


Metabolism
TFEB is a transcription factor best known for its role in transcriptionally activating genes encoding autophagy factors. Evans et al. found that mice over-expressing TFEB in adipocytes were protected from the adverse metabolic consequences of a high-fat diet. Adipose tissue browning is a process in which white adipose tissue acquires the energy-burning properties of brown adipose tissue, and TFEB promoted this process through the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1a, rather than the induction of autophagy genes.

Sci. Signal. 12 , eaau2281 (2019).


The effects of competing ion concentrations, pH, and ionic strength on chromate selectivity have been studied in relation to chromate ion exchange. The competing effects of sulfate and chloride anions have been explained with the aid of governing chromate ion-exchange mechanism and chromate chemistry. This study also reveals that the choice of acidic pH for a conventional chromate-exchange process is due to the selectivity reversal between HCrO/sub 4//sup -/ and CrO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ at the prevailing ionic strength. There is a critical acidic pH; at pH lower than that, no increase in chromate removal capacity is observed. 18 references, 10 figures, 1 table.


The graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile(AN) onto chitosan was prepared using NH 2OH·HCl H 2O 2 as initiator. The orthogonal design was employed to study the influences such as the ratio of chitosan and initiator, the ratio of chitosan and acrylonitrile, reaction time and temperature. The results showed that the optimum process conditions were as follow: chitosan/H 2O 2(ω/ω)=8,chitosan/NH 2OH·HCl(ω/ω)=14,AN/chitosan(ω/ω)=3.5,reaction time 4.5 h,temperature 35 ℃. The grafting(G %) and graft efficiency(E %) were obtained 185.96 %,77.87 % respectively under the optimum process conditions.


Fudenberg and Tirole (1995) analytically demonstrate that income smoothing can arise in equilibrium if managers are concerned about job security. Consistent with their model, DeFond and Park (1997) show that managers smooth income in consideration of both current and future relative performance. We provide more direct evidence on whether job security results in income smoothing. More specifically, we hypothesize that the extent of income smoothing will vary directly with managers' job security concerns (proxied by the degree of competition in firms' product markets, product durability, and capital intensity). Our results are consistent with our predictions and add to the literature on income smoothing.


The influence of different types of aggregates and W/C ratio on concrete properties is analysed. In order to achieve this aim, lightweight (with expanded clay aggregate) and normal concrete (with gravel aggregate) mixtures are prepared with different W/C ratios. Different W/C ratios are selected by reducing the amount of cement when the amount of water is constant. The following properties of concrete have been determined: density, compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, the statistical data analysis is performed and influence of aggregate type and W/C ratio on concrete properties is determined. The empirical equations indicating dependence between concrete strength and W/C and strength of aggregate are obtained for normal concrete and light-weight concrete.


Objective To investigate the risk factors of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) increasing in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS) by Logistic regression analysis,in order to provide the more theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of the CIS.Methods A total of 210 patients with CIS from May 2007 to December 2011 was enrolled in this study.The neurological dysfunction was evaluated by U.S.National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).The carotid artery intima-media thickness(IMT)was assessed by ultrasonography.The level of serum NSE was measured by ECLIA analysis.The patients were divided into low NSE group (NSE ≤12 μ g/L) and high NSE group (NSE > 12 μ g/L).Results Low NSE group had 94 cases,and high NSE group had 116 cases.Univariate analysis showed that there was significant difference in NIHSS score,carotid artery IMT,hypertension,coronary heart disease,diabetes,white blood cell count,total cholesterol (TC),triacylglycerol (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) between low NSE group and high NSE group [(15.8 ± 3.4) scores vs.(21.6 ± 4.7) scores,(1.12 ± 0.31) mm vs.(1.68 ± 0.54) mm,29.8%(28/94) vs.58.6%(68/116),17.0%(16/94) vs.30.2%(35/116),13.8%(13/94) vs.27.6%(32/116),(6.68 ± 3.45) ×109/L vs.(10.08 ± 4.27) × 109/L,(4.67 ± 1.22) mmol/L vs.(5.01 ± 1.64) mmol/L,(1.26 ± 0.44) mmol/L vs.(1.74 ±0.61) mmol/L,(3.42 ± 1.14) mmol/L vs.(5.26 ± 1.64) mmol/L,(1.32 ±0.22) mmol/L vs.(1.01 ± 0.17) mmol/L](P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that NIHSS score,carotid artery IMT,white blood cell count,LDL-C,hypertension and diabetes were the independent risk factors of NSE increasing in patients with CIS.Conclusions NIHSS score,carotid artery IMT,white blood cell count,LDL-C,hypertension,diabetes are the independent risk factors of NSE increasing in patients with CIS.Treatment on the related risk factors can be expected to reduce the incidence of CIS,relieve the condition of disease and improve the prognosis of CIS.

Key words:
Stroke;  Phosphopyruvate hydratase;  Regression analysis


Clock‐regulated pathways coordinate the response of many developmental processes to changes in photoperiod and temperature. We model two of the best‐understood clock output pathways in Arabidopsis, which control key regulators of flowering and elongation growth. In flowering, the model predicted regulatory links from the clock to CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 (CDF1) and FLAVIN‐BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F‐BOX 1 (FKF1) transcription. Physical interaction data support these links, which create threefold feed‐forward motifs from two clock components to the floral regulator FT. In hypocotyl growth, the model described clock‐regulated transcription of PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 4 and 5 (PIF4, PIF5), interacting with post‐translational regulation of PIF proteins by phytochrome B (phyB) and other light‐activated pathways. The model predicted bimodal and end‐of‐day PIF activity profiles that are observed across hundreds of PIF‐regulated target genes. In the response to temperature, warmth‐enhanced PIF4 activity explained the observed hypocotyl growth dynamics but additional, temperature‐dependent regulators were implicated in the flowering response. Integrating these two pathways with the clock model highlights the molecular mechanisms that coordinate plant development across changing conditions.


The polysaccharide fractions were isolated and purified from Phellodendron chinese SCHNEID, and antitumor activities using the melanoma B-16-derived metastatic tumors were examined at dosages of 2, 5 and 10 mg/100 g. F-7 and F-8 showed the highest tumor metastatic inhibitory activities (inhibition ratio 60 and 80% in 2 mg/100 g), and in dose of 5 mg/100 g, the inhibitory ratios were 85 and 70%, respectively. Furthermore, 10 mg/100 g of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection gave 90 and 95% of inhibition. When the effects of polysaccharides on hypersensitivity were examined, the inhibitory activities were not markedly observed in oral administration, indicating that the polysaccharides are directly acting to immune system. Also, the polysaccharides increased the number of circulating blood leukocytes and total peritoneal exudate cells. Although implantation of tumor cells greatly decreased the productivity of antibody (antibody-mediated) and T lymphocyte reactivity (delayed-type) as 6.3 from 9.3 and 5.9 from 7.7, represented by the increase of footpad thickness, respectively. the polysaccharides elevated the reactivity of T lymphocyte in tumor-bearing mice, which were rapidly recovered by discontinuance of sample treatments. Especially, F-2, F-5, F-7 and F-8 remarkably recovered the decreased sensitivity. These results clearly indicated that the i.p. injection is much effective to suppress tumor growth than oral administration.


Heterogeneous architectures offer the promise of higher performance/Watt compared to symmetric multi-cores. Recent works have proposed the use of non-monotonic (NM) heterogeneous architectures with diverse core types where each core has unique power and performance characteristics. However, the power and performance benefits achieved by NM architectures is highly dependent on assignment of application to the most suitable core type for all program phases. In this paper we propose a novel online program phase detection technique that is based on the frequency of cache misses and processor stalls which correspond to core resource bottlenecks. We track performance monitors to formulate a Bottleneck Type Vector (BTV) that help direct the application to most appropriate core type for execution. We compare the proposed BTV-based core assignment method to prior online core assignment approaches and demonstrate as much as 22% improvement in average performance/Watt using Instructions per Second (IPS) as the performance metric.


Abstract
Heat inactivation at 56° for 30 min. failed to inactivate completely the causative agent of vervet monkey disease. Higher temperatures or longer periods are required to bring about complete inactivation.

Ultraviolet light completely inactivates the agent.

There is little if any loss of infectivity on storage at room temperature (+ 20°) + 4° and - 70° over a period of up to 5 weeks.

Filters with an average porosity size of 100 mμ or less were required to produce non-infectious filtrates.

The viricidal effects of a number of chemicals have been tested and chemotherapeutic studies have been carried out with a variety of antibiotics.

Electron micrographs prepared from infected monkey blood reveal particles similar to those seen in monkey and guinea-pig tissue and tissue culture preparations.


Higher alcohol, produced by anabolism and degradation metabolism in fermentation, is the main by-product of yeast fermentation and it contains n-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol and pentanol etc. The treatment of controlling the content of higher alcohol included selection of yeast strains which produce less higher alcohol, selection of malt with its protein easier for dissolution, regulation of the techniques like controlling the wort content 6.0×10-6~8.0×10-6 and reducing the fermentation temperature, and control of the pH value of saccharified wort between 5.2~5.4.(Tran.by YUE Yang)


Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are an apex carnivore and a keystone species, whose range contracted with population declines in last few centuries. But due to direct conservation efforts, both the northern sea otter (E. lutris kenyoni) and southern sea otter (E. lutris nereis) populations shown increases in the last few decades. The two populations are not connected, however, and southern sea otters in California are still threatened and endangered on the state level. The Humboldt County coast is situated between the southern sea otters in central California and the northern sea otters found between Oregon and Alaska. In 2015 a sea otter was seen in Humboldt Bay, the first sighting in Humboldt County since 2005. Although most sea otters found in Humboldt County are assumed to be from the southern sea otter population, genetic testing of a dead sea otter found in 2014 determined that it was from the northern sea otter population. The continued documentation of southern sea otters and the recent documentation of dead northern sea otter in Humboldt County suggests the Humboldt County coast may be an important area for linking the two populations in the future.


Thank you very much for reading plots transformations and regression an introduction to graphical methods of diagnostic regression analysis. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite readings like this plots transformations and regression an introduction to graphical methods of diagnostic regression analysis, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their laptop.


Under-nutrition is the common child malnutrition problem in Ethiopia. In this study the knowledge and practices of mothers on complementary food (CF) preparation, blending, traditional processing techniques and child feeding at Shebedino, Sidama, Ethiopia were assessed. Fifty six (56) mothers who had 6-24 month old children and living at Remeda and Teremesa kebeles (smallest administrative unit) were purposively selected for this study using semi-structured questionnaire. Agricultural production and/or availability of cereals, root crops, legumes, fruits and vegetables were assessed. Two focus group discussions were also conducted with mothers and experts group. The result revealed that all the mothers use maize and 75% use both maize and enset for preparation of complementary food. Only 8.9% use legumes for CF preparation. All the mothers prepare CF in the form of porridge and 75% prepare bread in addition to the porridge. Around 80.4% prepare the CF as normal family food. Soaking and germination of raw materials were not common. Boiling, roasting and fermentation were applied by all mothers for CF preparation. About 91.1% of the mothers started complementary feeding for their children at the age of six months and their major reason was the presence of health education (82.1%) at both kebeles. The first rank (76.8 %) of criteria for adoption and preparation of nutritionally improved CF was the cost. Around 98.2% of the mothers don't use commercial infant formula. About 57.1% have income of Birr 200 to 500. In conclusion, knowledge and practice gap on CF preparation, blending and traditional processing techniques was observed despite production and availability of crops, fruits and vegetables. This gap was related with economic problem.


P2P-cloud, also known as volunteer cloud, is a new paradigm which aims at moving volunteer computing towards the cloud. It could be built from reliable resources found in the cloud with a cost, and from unreliable resources found in many private homes with essentially a very low cost. However, the reliability and cost are contradictory related and have a negative impact on load between resources. This paper proposes a hybrid load balancing algorithm, which takes into consideration user requirements (cost and reliability) and system performance (the load) in the context of volunteer cloud. The proposed algorithm regulates the load between load balancers in a distributed manner, and between resources in a centralised manner by optimising cost and reliability criteria. Our approach is evaluated through simulation by using PeerSim simulator. The experimental results show that we can effectively achieve good performance (load balancing between resources) and improve the user requirements.


Close by the Pyrenees, are laying many fluvial and glacial deposits. Description, analysis of some of there. The discussion concerns chiefly the age of well weathered formations : Mindel or Riss ? The problem of the reality of pre-Riss glaciations in the north pyrenean piemont is laid down.


We know very little about how civil wars end. Harrison Wagner has argued that negotiated settlements of civil wars are likely to break down because segments of power-sharing governments retain the capacity for resorting to civil war while victory destroys the losers' organization, making it very difficult to resume the war. An analysis of a data set of 91 post-1945 civil wars generally supports this hypothesis but only in wars over identity issues. Moreover, while military victories may be less likely to break down than negotiated settlements of identity civil wars, they are also more likely to be followed by acts of genocide. Outsiders concerned with minimizing violence thus face a dilemma.


Raised in India, and educated in the U.S., Akash Kapur returned to India in 2003 to raise a family. What he found was an ancient country in transition. In search of the life that he and his wife want to lead, he meets an array of Indians who teach him much about the realities of this changed country: an old landowner sees his rural village destroyed by real estate developments, and crime and corruption breaking down the feudal authority; a 21-year-old single woman and a 35-yearold divorcee exploring the new cultural allowances for women; and a young gay man coming to terms with his sexual identity – something never allowed him a generation ago.


This paper presents an extensible skew window for a multi-pixel inputs that enable parallel labeling. The corresponding 1 × 3 masks stack as a skew window based on the number of input pixels that require labeling. Based on the skew window and two pass processing, we developed a parallel labeling algorithm for assigning and merging parallel labels. To obtain tentative labels on the first pass, the priority-based label decision and parallel assignment are developed. On the second pass, parallel merging and replacement methods is proposed. From the experimental results this proposed design can perform object labeling at 30 f/sec for image up to 2560×2048 frame size.


Thank you for reading a world of butterflies. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this a world of butterflies, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their computer. a world of butterflies is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the a world of butterflies is universally compatible with any devices to read.


Lower pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) targets have been advocated for preterm infants over the last decade and have been associated with less morbidity (1–3). However, most data are based on observational studies. Only one randomized-controlled trial compared two SpO2 target regimens, 91–94% versus 95–98%, in preterm infants born <30 weeks gestational age once they had reached a corrected age of 32 weeks gestational age. This trial showed a significant increase in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and home oxygen therapy in the high-saturation study arm but no difference in mortality or retinopathy of prematurity (4). Further controlled studies were lacking until recently. In 2010, the SUPPORT trial revealed a moderate, though, significant increase in mortality in extremely low gestational age infants when nursed in SpO2 targets of 85–89% versus 91– 95% (5). Subsequently, the BOOST-II trials in the UK, Australia and New Zealand with a similar study design closed enrolment prematurely following a preliminary meta-analysis of their and the SUPPORT trial's mortality data (6). A pooled analysis confirmed better survival in the higher SpO2 target group. Long-term outcome data are not available yet. We surveyed current practice of SpO2 targets and limits in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Australia and New Zealand 5 months after publication of the preliminary SUPPORT ⁄ BOOST-II meta-analysis. An email survey was sent to all 26 tertiary NICUs in Australia and New Zealand in September 2011. A reminder email was sent 3 weeks after the first email to those who had not replied to the survey. The survey included the following items: • Did your NICU participate in the BOOST-II trial? • Please specify your unit's SpO2 targets ⁄ limits according to gestational age before publication of the SUPPORT trial. • Did your unit change your SpO2 targets ⁄ limits after publication of the SUPPORT trial in May 2010? • Did your unit change your SpO2 targets ⁄ limits after closure of BOOST-II recruitment and communication of its preliminary results in April 2011? • If your unit changed SpO2 targets ⁄ limits, please specify your new SpO2 targets ⁄ limits. • If your unit has not changed the SpO2 targets ⁄ limits, are you considering a change, or will you keep your current SpO2 targets ⁄ limits? All survey participants consented their survey data to be used for publication. As the survey did not include any patient data, ethics committee approval was not sought. Twenty (76.9%) completed surveys returned after the reminder email. Of those, 18 NICUs participated in the BOOST-II trial. None of the units changed their SpO2 targets ⁄ limits after publication of the SUPPORT trial; however, eleven NICUs changed them following the communication of the preliminary mortality analysis of the pooled SUPPORT ⁄ BOOST-II data. Table 1 shows those NICUs that have made changes to their SpO2 targets ⁄ limits; Table 2 shows those that have not made any changes. Our survey, conducted 5 months after publication of the preliminary meta-analysis, shows a rather scattered picture how tertiary neonatal units in Australia and New Zealand managed SpO2 targets prior to the preliminary meta-analysis, and how they responded to its results. Half of the NICUs used SpO2 targets of 88–92% prior to SUPPORT ⁄ BOOST-II, a range exactly in the middle of the two trialled SpO2 ranges in SUPPORT ⁄ BOOST-II. However, some units used this target for all infants whereas others use higher targets for infants above 31–32 weeks gestation, or for term infants. Five NICUs do not have defined SpO2 targets, and Acta Pædiatrica ISSN 0803–5253


Abstract : A brief outline of the mathematical technique of scalar Hertz potentials is provided. It is shown that the technique can be successfully implemented if all four constitutive dyadics of a linear bianisotropic medium have a gyrotropic structure. A medium of that nature is a so-called Faraday chiral medium, and it may even be nonhomogeneous but of a restricted form.


A novel triterpenoid, 17-epilupenyl acetate (1), has been isolated together with twelve known triterpenoid acetates, and the structure was determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses.


The objective of this study was to evaluate 3 different doses of (7α)‐21‐(4‐[(diethylamino)methyl]‐2 methoxyphenoxy)‐7 methyl‐19 norpregna‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐3‐ol 2‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐propanetricarboxylate (TAS‐108) in patients with recurrent, hormone‐responsive breast cancer.


Abstract Context Mutations in genes encoding for the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex are linked to hereditary paraganglioma syndromes. Paraganglioma syndrome 3 is associated with mutations inSDHC and typically manifests as benign, nonfunctional head and neck paragangliomas. Design We describe a case of a 51-year-old woman who initially presented with diarrhea and hypertension and was found to have a retroperitoneal mass, which was resected with a pathology consistent with paraganglioma. Five years later, her symptoms recurred, and she was found to have new retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and lytic lesions in the first lumbar vertebral body and the right iliac crest, which were visualized on CT scan and octreoscan but not on iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) and bone scans. She had significantly elevated 24-hour urine norepinephrine and dopamine. The patient received external beam radiation and a series of different antineoplastic agents. Her disease progressed, and she eventually expired within 2 years. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygousSDHC c.43C>T, p.Arg15X mutation, which was also detected in her daughter and her grandson, both of whom have no biochemical or imaging evidence of paraganglioma syndrome yet. Conclusion We report a unique case of functional, metastatic abdominal paraganglioma associated withSDHC germline mutation. Our case exemplifies thatSDHC germline mutation has variable penetrance, which may manifest with an aggressive biology that could be missed by a123I-MIBG scan.


Since 2003, the world's developing countries are home to more than 5 billion people thought to be at danger of prolonged consumption of contaminated foods that are aflatoxic according to a number of study efforts conducted in South Africa, Egypt, and other countries in west and east Africa. Additionally, the presence occurrence of aflatoxins and their byproducts in animal tissues used to make food (such as beef and sheep meat) may contaminate human diets. As a result of their increasing prevalence, aflatoxins have recently been identified as a significant public health concern.Aflatoxins are dangerous second-generation byproducts of Aspergillus species. Due to their chemical makeup, the majority of aflatoxins are highly liposoluble substances that can be absorption from the exposed site, such as the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts, into the bloodstream, where they can then spread throughout the body and reach various organs, including the liver and kidneys. The primary goals of the study were to monitor and screen for levels of aflatoxin B1 in the Karbala Province using a case-control study. The connection between Aflatoxin B1 concentrations and the common biochemical indicators of liver function as well investigated. How alter liver function by Aflatoxin B1. The study also emphasised the necessity to determine the pathophysiology of AFB1's involvement in the rising number of patients with liver dysfunction. AFB1 levels were quantitated using utilising thin layer chromatography, together with High Pressure liquid chromatography being employed for the quantitative identification (HPLC). In the province of Karbala, an analysis of case-control studies was done to look at the Aflatoxin B1 affects (AFB1) exposure on kidney disease patients. AFB1 levels were quantitated using utilising thin layer chromatography with high-performance liquid chromatography to provide quality results. The evaluations of the samples that tested positive for AFB1 as well as the lipid profile and indicators of liver function tests. The findings indicated that the population under investigation had afflatoxins exposure. AFB1 was found in 100% of individuals with unknown kidney disease (KD) and in 24%, 20%, and 100% of patients with known CKD, respectively. AFB1 concentrations in serum samples ranged from 0.68 to 8.33 ng/mL for patients with questionable KD, 1.21 to For patients, 5.60 ng/mL with known KD, likewise, healthy controls ranged from 0.11 to 1.30 ng/mL. The presence of AFB1 was positively and strongly linked with liver enzymes, specifically ALT and ALP. AFB1 levels among serum samples from KD sufferers and wholesome controls showed a prolonged contact with the poison, suggesting an unknown cause. The evaluation of the biochemical marker of liver functioning supported the effect of AFB1 exposure. This work may help build effective nationwide programmes for tracking AFs exposure. The study also emphasised the necessity to determine the pathophysiology of AFB1's involvement in the rising number of patients with liver dysfunction. Future research is urged to concentrate on more comprehensive topics that cover the entire nation (Iraq).


The thought of"Zhong TiXiYong"advanced by ZhangZhi Dong inherits the concept and the mode of thinking of "Ti Yong" raised by Chen Zhu Li Xue, And on the other hand, it is restricted by the target of making the nation prosperous and strong,the thought indicates sever with the tend of normal of thinking of"TiYong"can not meet the requirement of the time.


For decades, increasingly severe downhole conditions call for superior and less-expensive corrosion inhibitors (CIs) for acidizing in petroleum production. Inhibitors that exhibit satisfactory protective ability at relatively low concentration are of great interest to most scholars in this area. In this work, two newly obtained dimer indolizine derivatives that were derived from the conventional quaternary quinolinium salts were introduced as potential highly efficient acidizing CIs. The indolizine derivatives could perform well alone, even without any synergistic component, in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl).
 Two quinoline ammonium salts, ethyl acetate quinolinium chloride (EAQC) and n-butyl quinolinium chloride (BuQC), were synthesized in advance by means of the quaternarization process. Afterward, in the presence of alkali, the ammonium salts could then get converted into the corresponding novel dimer indolizine derivatives easily by means of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in a relatively high yield. The derivatives were purified and their accurate chemical structures were confirmed by elementary analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). Dimer derivatives of two quinoline salts were prepared successfully and characterized separately as C26H23N2O4Cl and C26H27N2Cl. Corrosion-inhibition performance of the quaternary quinoline salts as well as the related dimer indolizine derivatives in concentrated HCl for N80 steel was investigated by gravimetric research, electrochemical method, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The thermodynamic aspect of the inhibition was also discussed.
 The structure of EAQC and BuQC are very close to the quinolinium salt inhibitors that are commonly used as key components in commercially accessible acid CI products. However, under alkaline condition, EAQC and BuQC would easily be transformed to dimer indolizine derivatives that possess a general "indolizine" structure. That is the reason why the targeted molecules are recognized as "dimer indolizine derivatives." Both the derivatives have good thermal stability at approximately 248°F and are easily soluble in acid solution. The surprising difference in the anticorrosion effect between the original quinoline salts and their dimer derivatives was proved by weight-loss experiments in 15 wt% HCl at 194 and 248°F with dosage ranges from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%. The derivatives could retard the corrosion of steel considerably at a much lower concentration compared with their precursors. A 0.1-wt% dosage of indolizine derivatives could increase the inhibition efficiency (IE) of N80 steel remarkably, to approximately 99.0% in 15 wt% HCl at 194°F. Results obtained from gravimetric tests and electrochemical methods are in good agreement and confirmed the well-behaved inhibition of the derivatives.
 We predict that the inhibition will be enhanced apparently when similar quinoline or pyridine ammonium salt are converted via the similar 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition mechanism. We have determined that the use of dimer indolizine derivatives provides a creative new choice for low-cost corrosion prevention, and the protective compounds can be applied as main component of acidizing CIs in the coming years.


The process flow,process technical features of each unit,and the design figures for the 800 kt/a China-made sulfur-burning sulfuric acid plant are described.Major process parameters measured during the long-term operation are given.Except catalysts,all equipment and materials in the plant are made in China.Its production shows that,various process figures have met the design specification,and the mass concentration of SO2 in the emitted gas is only 46~75 mg/m3.This large-sized China-made sulfur-burning sulfuric acid plant is considered successful.


A growing body of data indicates that vowel perception is influenced by phonetic context such that listeners adjust for the coarticulatory effects of adjacent consonants. For example, Kawasaki [2] showed that perceived vowel nasality is enhanced as flanking nasal consonants are attenuated; the same vowels in a clearly audible nasal context are more likely to be perceived as oral. One possible interpretation of these results is that, when presented with a nasal vowel in a nasal consonant context, listeners do not integrate the nasal resonance with the vowel itself, but instead hear it as part of the nasal consonant [1]. However, the results of Krakow et al. [3] have been interpreted as suggesting that listeners are able to associate the nasal resonance in a vowel in a nasalizing context with nasal coupling. We found that, for American English listeners, oral and nasal vowels produced with the same oral tract shape were perceived as having the same height given an appropriate coarticulatory context (i.e., CVC vs. CVNC, where C is an oral consonant and N is a nasal consonant). But when the oral and nasal


PURPOSE: A system and a method for detecting plasma are provided to increase a transfer rate for monitoring data when abnormal plasma is discharged, thereby accurately detecting abnormal plasma and simultaneously preventing overload of the system. CONSTITUTION: An etching unit(10) forms a micro-pattern on a wafer using plasma. A power supply unit(20) supplies RF power to the etching unit. A vision detection unit(30) monitors the plasma generated in the etching unit. A power detection unit(40) monitors an electrical signal outputted from the power supply unit. A processor unit(50) distinguishes whether abnormal plasma is generated.


Body: Life on Earth is aware of light polarization and makes good use of it for its survival and growth. For example, scattering polarization of the sky provides reliable directions, while specular reflection from water and plants help find healthy environment. Plants were found grow faster if illuminated by left-handed circularly polarized light, and insects use polarized light to recognize their mates. In all cases, it is the solar light that is reflected, processed and analyzed by life forms, and the same circumstances are expected to exist on all habitable planets. Recently, we have demonstrated that polarized reflected light can be detected from exoplanetary atmospheres. While improving the sensitivity of our astronomical polarimetric measurements, we focus now on identifying biological polarization effects, e.g., selective light absorption or scattering by plants and microorganisms due to chirality of life molecules. This helps to enhance other biomarkers for distant detection of life which can be contaminated by non-biological sources. Here we present a study of relevant polarization mechanisms and systematize results of various lab experiments. We develop an optimized detection strategy for first probes of bright targets in the Solar system and beyond.


The gongs used in Asiatic music frequently exhibit noticeable glides in pitch comprising a significant fraction of a semitone. Bar‐form metallophones of the 1893 Gamelan also show a glide in pitch. This contrasts with western bar‐form metallophones which are generally pitch stable. Measurements of the keys of two Saron Barong show that they have different lengths, widths, and cross sections but do not "scale" since they have nearly similar masses. The keys of lower pitch are longer and wider than those of higher pitch within a given seven note Saron. The upper surface of the keys is convex for both length and width aspects. The lower surface of the lower pitch keys is concave becoming convex for the upper keys. They are mounted with nails through holes at a distance one quarter the length from the end on resilient pads above individual air cavities. The holes are not symmetrically located and the bars are not straight. They were cast of bell metal in sand molds and roughly finished. The central part of th...


Water mobility in tissues is related to the microstructure that modulates diffusion and spin relaxation. Previous work has shown that the extracellular matrix (ECM) impacts water diffusion in cartilage. To investigate if similar contributions to image contrast exist for brain, which is characterized by a substantially lower ECM content, diffusion and relaxation were studied in fixed samples from goat and human thalamus before and after enzymatic digestion of ECM compounds. Selected experiments in human corpus callosum were included for comparing subcortical gray matter and white matter.


A simple technique for the visualisation of the bronchial arteries in vivo is described and examples shown. In eight cases of fibrocystic disease in children, the bronchial arteries were found to be both dilated and tortuous radiographically. No abnormalities were noted of origin or general course. As pointed out by other investigators, the bronchial arteries are found to enlarge in emphysema, bronchiectasis, chronic tuberculosis, infarction and primary lung tumours. All of our cases had emphysematous changes of both lungs and a varying number suffered from bronchiectasis, chronic pneumonitis, and fibrotic changes. These stimuli or yet undetermined stimuli or defects in fibrocystic disease may cause the bronchial arteries to enlarge in this disease.


I read with interest Linda Walker's article, "Why nursing students need an allocation to operating theatres' (Art & Science October 14). I agree with most of the article, but I am perturbed by the suggestion that "by the end of the allocation in theatre the student nurse will be able to demonstrate competence'. Ms Walker then lists a variety of specialised anaesthetic skills.


The Lower Ordovician Shirgesht Formation in central Iran is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks deposited in diverse coastal and marine shelfal environments (tidal flat, lagoon, shoreface, offshore‐shelf and carbonate ramp). Five facies associations contain diverse ichnofossil assemblages that show distinct proximal to distal trends formed in a wide range of physical‐chemical conditions. The ethological groups of trace fossils in the Shirgesht Formation reflect a gradient of depositional stress conditions across a wave‐influenced shoreline and shelf. Deposits of wave‐influenced environments make up a significant component of the geological record of shallow marine settings, and the ability to determine paleoenvironments in detail in such successions is critical for reconstruction of depositional histories and sequence‐stratigraphic interpretation.


Abstract:This article uses the 1936 custody battle between Warren P. Eaton, a New Jersey salesman, and Mabel Eaton, a housewife, and the ensuing public reaction to their case in order to explore the contested politics of parenthood in the 1930s United States. At issue was the divorce court's decision to award custody of the couple's two young children to their father, rather than their mother, based on allegations that she was an atheist and communist. Following the case through the legal system, media, and Mabel Eaton's rocky relationship with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the article analyzes how the undercurrents of domestic and international politics interacted with competing ideas about the rights and duties of American parents in this era. It also considers the complex and elastic gender terrain that influenced ideas about motherhood and masculinity during the Great Depression.


This paper identifies the ways in which the medical/clinical discourse on depression and postnatal depression in particular, regulate women's organization of subjective experience and perceptions of motherhood. The results of two studies are combined to demonstrate that women experience and socially construct the tension between motherhood and its contingent problems in the pre-defined context of 'depression' as a clinical disorder, while they themselves experience depression as a 'normal' part of their daily lives. The studies involve in-depth interviews. One involves repeated interviews over the transition to motherhood from pregnancy up to 6 months after the birth, while the other involves interviews with mothers talking about their lives and reflecting on their experiences of becoming and being mothers.


This research aimed to explore the present situation and the consideration of the lesbians to participate in sports, their identity, their volition to come out and the willingness to participate in sport.. Data collected through the use of a specially designed paper and internet questionnaire of 282 lesbians, and in depth interviews from 11 of them, were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, F-test, scheffe, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise regression, and concluded from the results of the contents of the statistic data and the interview : 1. The sports environment in Taiwan was considerably friendly to lesbians, and lesbians were rather active in sports fields. The salary per month, record of normal schooling, sports skill level, and frequency of sports-taking of these lesbians is sports were also comparably higher than females and other lesbians in Taiwan in general. Lesbians of different sex belongings present life styles in great variety in sports. 2. Two major factors of the lesbians participating in sports were "sports demands" and "identity and activity of the lesbian ". They thought participation in sports had a positive influence on their identity of the lesbians. They had the most willingness to come out in sports gatherings, however, had the least willingness to come out in usual sports occasions. 3. This study confirmed the positive correlations among the consideration to participate in sports, identity, and the occasions to come out. These three factors also affect the willingness and behaviors of the lesbians to participate in sports. The most predictive factors of the willingness of the lesbians to participate in sports were "sports demands", "identity and activity of lesbians", "social identity", and "the situation for the lesbians to come out in sports gatherings".


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of nitroglycerin and pituitrin in the treatment of bronchiectasis with massive hemoptysis.Methods From Jiangyin People's Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from January 2010 to January 2012 80 cases of bronchiectasis with massive hemoptysis were selected,and divided randomly in to group A of 40 patients and group B group of 40 patients,which were both given basic treatments such as oxygen therapy,anti-infection,and expectorant,while group A was also treated with pituitrin,and group B was treated with nitroglycerin and pituitrin.Af the 24th h of treatment,hemostasis effect,adverse reaction associated with drugs of the two groups were recorded and compared.Results The total effective rate of group B was 97.50%,of group A was 85.00%,which was significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).Bosom frowsty,hypertension,heart palpitations and other adverse reactions in group B were significantly less than the control group with statistically significant difference(P0.05),and difference in the adverse reactions of paleness,sweating,diarrhea,and abdominal pain between the two groups had no statistical significance(P0.05).Conclusion The curative effect of nitroglycerin and pituitrin in the treatment of bronchiectasis with massive hemoptysis is affirmative with high safety.


This paper provides one way for coarse cereals to develop in Shanxi Province after a comprehensive analysis of itssignificances,advantages,market demand and problems.Coarse cereals are significant for Shanxi Province to regulate agriculture production structure and to raise peasants' income because of many advantages such as nutriment,health-caring,safety,anti-worseconditions and high benefit.And on the other hand,coarse cereals in Shanxi Province have good development prospect because of favorable natural conditions,rich breeds resources and big domestic and foreign markets.So coarse cereals production should be industrialized by controlling quality,optimizing breeds structure,building production base,raising leading enterprises,exploiting fine product and perfecting market system.


Land use zoning, which is frequently relied on to improve resource allocation in the land market itself, is also used to indirectly regulate the urban transportation market. The effects of one of the means by which it does so, the requirement for a minimum amount of off-street parking space in conjunction with new commercial development, are discussed. Evidence is demonstrated that this minimum amount of parking is well above what the land market would supply in the absence of such requirements. The result is to depress the market price of parking to a level below the cost of its supply. This indirect regulation of the price of parking has several consequences, principally an increase in the number of trips made by automobile. Aside from their effects on the urban transportation market, parking requirements may also cause distortions in the urban land market. In effect, they can impose a "tax" on new development, which not only slows the redevelopment of older areas but may also alter the spatial pattern of new development in undesirable ways. Unwisely used, land market controls can thus aggravate some of the transportation, and other, problems they are intended to solve. This illustrates the potential hazard of attempts to remedy urban transportation problems indirectly--for example, by intervention in the land market rather than direct intervention in the transportation market itself. (Authors)


This research explored the understandings and perceptions of teacher leadership in the Year 8 classroom, as expressed by teachers and students at a Catholic school, and the relationship between this leadership and boys' academic motivation. The researcher assumed that the classroom is an organisation (Cheng, 1994) where all teachers, perhaps even unknowingly (Crowther, 1996), exercise leadership and, furthermore, that this leadership results in positively influencing boys' willingness to learn. The research was targeted at Year 8, the first year of high school in South Australia, because academic motivation is considered most problematic during and after transition into high school (Maehr & Midgley, 1991). The research was interpretivist, with symbolic interactionism as the theoretical perspective. The methodology adopted was case study, and data were collected using: a) Focus group interviews with eight members of the Year 8 'core' teaching team on issues pertaining to teacher leadership in the classroom and how this positively influences boys' academic motivation. b) A survey questionnaire about academic motivation, distributed to thirty-nine specially identified Year 8 students. c) Interviews with five key Year 8 student informants about teacher leadership and its imapct on boys' academic motivation. Data were analysed using a "general analytic strategy" (Yin, 1994, p.102), which included the adoption of a method of "successive approximation" (Neumann, 1997, p.427). Five categories of teacher leadership in the Year 8 classroom were identified: service; authenticity; transformation; empowerment; and community. The research also established that each category involves an array of qualities that help teacher leaders strengthen relationships in the classroom, and a set of actions that enable teacher leaders to help boys complete classroom tasks. Further, results indicate that by strengthening relationships and supporting boys to complete tasks, teacher leaders positively influence boys' academic motivation. In addition, the research presents a framework for understanding and discussing the relationship between teacher leadership and boys' academic motivation. This framework draws attention to the relational qualities and task specific strategies in each category of classroom leadership that positively influence boys' academic motivation.


Observations show that high-velocity jets stem from deeply embedded young stars, which may still be experiencing infall from their parent cloud cores. Yet theory predicts that, early in this buildup, any outgoing wind is trapped by incoming material of low angular momentum. As collapse continues and brings in more rapidly rotating gas, the wind can eventually break out. Here we model this transition by following the motion of the shocked shell created by impact of the wind and a rotating, collapsing envelope. We first demonstrate, both analytically and numerically, that our previous, quasi-static solutions are dynamically unstable. Our present, fully time-dependent calculations include cases both where the wind is driven back by infall to the stellar surface and where it erupts as a true outflow. For the latter, we find that the time of breakout is 5 × 104 yr for wind speeds of 200 km s-1. The reason for the delay is that the shocked material, including the swept-up infall, must be able to climb out of the star's gravitational potential well. We explore the critical wind speed necessary for breakout as a function of the mass transport rates in the wind and infall, as well as the cloud rotation rate Ω0 and time since the start of infall. Breakout does occur for realistic parameter choices. The actual breakout times would change if we relaxed the assumption of perfect mixing between the wind and infall material. Our expanding shells do not exhibit the collimation of observed jets but continue to expand laterally. To halt this expansion, the density in the envelope must fall off less steeply than in our model.