The sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of cyprinid subfamily Leuciscinae are analyzed. Phylogenetic trees generated with methods of neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony with Phenacogrammus as an outgroup indicate that Leuciscinae is not a monophyletic group but includes two discrete subgroups. The East Asian group of the subfamily Leuciscinae, including the genera Ctenopharyngodon, Elopichthys, Luciobrama, Mylopharyngodon, Ochetobius, and Squaliobarbus, is close to Aristichthys and Hypophthalmichthys, and they form a monophyletic group which is distant from the leuciscine genera in Europe, Siberia and North America, such as Phoxinus, Leuciscus, Abramis, Rutilus, Chondrostoma, Alburnus, Opsopoedus, Lythrurus, and Pimephales. Our study suggests that the diversified East Asian group of the subfamily Leuciscinae should have an independent origination.


To be used as the power source for a gas-puff z-pinch, a pulsed power generator is being built. The generator consists of a Marx generator, a 1.25-Ohm pulse forming line (PFL), a N/V spark gap switch and a 1.25-Ohm pulse transmission line (PTL). The PFL charged to 1 MV by the Marx delivers a pulsed voltage (500 kV, 100 ns) through the switch and PTL to the z-pinch load, a cylindrical gas shell. In order to maximize the X-ray emission from the z-pinch, the gas shell should be designed with a suitable line mass density m0 and an initial radius r0. For this purpose z-pinch plasma implosion was numerically simulated based on one-dimensional snowplow model with differently presumed gas shells. An equivalent circuit of z-pinch discharge was also established for calculating z-pinch current. In the circuit model the plasma column of z-pinch was considered as an inductor with variable inductance depending on the decreasing radius of the imploding plasma shell. The results show that the most suitable gas load to the pulsed power generator is a hollow cylindrical gas shell of 10 mm in outside radius, 4 mm in thickness and 6 μg /cm in line mass density. (4 pages)


The human gut host contains1014 bacterial organisms, which is an amount that exceeds the cells within the body. • Microbiota is the bacteria living both inside and on the human body (a community collectively known as, dwelling in the human microbiome), mostly are friendly and they outnumber the somatic and germ cells of the body by a factor of 10. • Specific to the human gut are the commensal microflora which enter into an important symbiotic association with the human host beginning with the colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by the bacteria within half an hour after delivery and continue to develop depending on many factors. This is developmental process begins at birth and continue through early development, and remains for life. • This developmental processing is actually active during vulnerable or sensitive developmental periods and thus it exerts influences that impact on the structure and function of organs (brain) that last throughout life. • However, although the colonization of microbiota is due to postnatal environmental factors and is also affected by genetics and it is consistent and is difficult to change after reaching the adult form. • It has a prenatal and postnatal effect on the developing of the infant brain. • The microbiota are essential to the proper development of the mucosal and systemic immune systems and in nutrient uptake and metabolism as important contributors in making the individual's physiology and influence the function of the central nervous system (CNS) and behavior. • Of particular interest is the impact of the microbiota on the functional development of the infant (mammalian) brain. • The developing brain is susceptible to internal and external cues during its perinatal life, an important point when considering the association between common neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism and schizophrenia) and microbial pathogen infections during this same period. Breast feeding and probiotics are now being recognized in the brain -gut axis interaction.


Proton spin–lattice relaxation times of four UO2·xH2O hydrates–hydroxides have been measured at 23 Mc/sec in the temperature range from + 50 to − 140°C. The observed relaxation rate is explained as being due to reorienting water molecules and to Sz (U4+)I+ (H) coupling.


Under the impact of natural and anthropogenic climate variability, upwelling systems are known to change their properties leading to associated regime shifts in marine ecosystems. These often impact commercial fisheries and societies dependent on them. In a region where in situ hydrographic and biological marine data are scarce, this study uses a combination of remote sensing and ocean modelling to show how a stable seasonal upwelling off the Kenyan coast shifted into the territorial waters of neighboring Tanzania under the influence of the unique 1997/ 98 El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole event. The formation of an anticyclonic gyre adjacent to the Kenyan/ Tanzanian coast led to a reorganization of the surface currents and caused the southward migration of the Somali–Zanzibar confluence zone and is attributed to anomalous wind stress curl over the central Indian Ocean. This caused the lowest observed chlorophyll-a over the North Kenya banks (Kenya), while it reached its historical maximum off Dar Es Salaam (Tanzanian waters). We demonstrate that this situation is specific to the 1997/ 98 El Niño when compared with other the super El-Niño events of 1972,73, 1982–83 and 2015–16. Despite the lack of available fishery data in the region, the local ecosystem changes that the shift of this upwelling may have caused are discussed based on the literature. The likely negative impacts on local fish stocks in Kenya, affecting fishers’ livelihoods and food security, and the temporary increase in pelagic fishery species’ productivity in Tanzania are highlighted. Finally, we discuss how satellite observations may assist fisheries management bodies to anticipate low productivity periods, and mitigate their potentially negative economic impacts.


This article examines consumer video activism tactics in China and their impact on Chinese consumers and society. Drawing upon 56 semistructured interviews and a case study analysis of Chinese online consumer protest in 2018, we argue that short-video-activism tactics have become an innovative repertoire of contention for Chinese consumers and Douyin, the "sister app" of TikTok, has become a real-time updated database of this repertoire. Using Douyin as a case study, we argue that it plays three key roles in mediating Chinese consumer activism: a techno-cultural construct that affords highly heterogeneous users to present everyday experiences via short videos; a multisided market that profoundly affects the tactics consumers choose to amplify their voices; and a governing entity that both moderates content for its users and simultaneously is subject to government regulations.


Objective:In this test,the changes of macroscopic syndrome and symptoms were investigated during the primary study on standardization of animal model in the insufficiency of the spleen qi syndrome.Methods:At first,the diagnostic standard of the insufficiency of the spleen qi syndrome was consummated and the method of making animal models was improved.Thus the accord was observed in macroscopic syndrome and symptoms of the improved model(including symptoms,stool,tongue inspection,body weight,body temperature,diet and swimming time)and the diagnostic standard.At the same time,five representative kinds of animal models of the insufficiency of the spleen qi (Yang) syndrome at present was made and the accord in this five models and the diagnostic standard on macroscopic syndrome and symptoms was compared.Rat was used as experiment animal.Results:From the test,we found that the macroscopic syndrome and symptoms of the standardization group was in accord with the diagnostic standard of the insufficiency of the spleen qi syndrome generally and this accord was better than those of other five kinds of models groups of the insufficiency of the spleen qi(Yang) syndrome.Conclusion:The aim was achieved to standardized animal model of the insufficiency of the spleen qi syndrome in this test.


Abstract The archaeological examination of early shipping can together with related studies offer much information about economic and technological change during poorly documented periods. The Goodwins Archaeological Survey is a multi‐disciplinary group representing the disciplines of archaeology, history and offshore survey. It was established in 1982 not to investigate specific sites or known wrecks off the coast of Britain, but to initiate the regional survey of one important, and potentially highly informative area, the Goodwin Sands. This report is not intended as a comprehensive guide to surveying techniques in marine archaeology, but rather the presentation of a project that looks forward in the long term to establishing archaeological and historical research priorities, and encouraging controlled data collection.


The kinematic and dynamic analysis of an spatial multi-loop mechanism especially parallel mechanism is significant but always complex. Based on the topological structure of mechanisms, this paper proposes the concept of coupling degree of mechanism systematically, and applies it to the criterion of basic kinematic chains(BKCs) and other problems. The relation between topology, kinematics and dynamics of parallel mechanisms is established, and then it is achieved to quantitatively describe the analysis complexity of a parallel mechanism and to obtain its simplest solving path, according to its topological structure. The preliminary method for unified modeling of the topology, kinematics and dynamics of parallel mechanisms is proposed, using BKC as the basic analysis unit. Some suggestions for optimization and selective preference of parallel mechanisms are also presented.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


An advanced microwave ion source has been developed in order to achieved high purity ion beams and long source life. The source generates no metallic contamination as the plasma chamber is made of a chemically stable sure ceramic. The source life is also extended be on order of magnitude as the source materials fed into the chamber are directly ionized without using cathodes. The ion source has a unique feature of controlling the magnetic field profile across the plasma chamber by the use of a closed magnetic circuit and the shaped magnet poles. This feature, combined with the low ripple microwave generator, made it possible to achieve a wide dynamic range of plasma density (1*10/sup 15/-1*10/sup 19/ ion/cm/sup 3/). The source can be operated in either ECR or Off ECR mode in order to adjust the level of ionization, which is extremely useful when extracting ions form molecular source materials. This paper discusses the structure and the characteristics of the microwave ion source in terms of magnetic field profile, microwave propagation, plasma density, level of ionization and the dynamic range of beam current. The ion source was operated on an Applied Materials xR80 Ion Implanter.


The Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) measurements of Sunlight indicate that the Sun's SED is approximately that of a black body at a temperature of about 5777K. This fact has been known for quite some time now. What is surprising is that this fact has not been interpreted correctly to mean that the Sun's temperature is constant throughout its profile i.e. the temperature of the core right up to the Surface must be the same i.e. if Tsun(r) the temperature of the Sun at any radial point r, then Tsun(r)=5777K. From the fundamental principles of statistical thermodynamics, a blackbody is a body whose constituents are all at a constant temperature and such a body will exhibit a Planckian SED. For a body that has a nearly blackbody SED like the Sun (and the stars), this means the constituents of this body must, at a reasonable degree of approximation, be at the same temperature i.e. its temperature must be constant throughout. If the Sun is approximately a blackbody as experience indicates, then, the Standard Solar Model (SSM) can not be a correct description of physical and natural reality for the one simple reason, that the Solar core must be at same temperature as the Solar surface. Simple, the Sun is not hot enough to ignite thermonuclear fission at its nimbus. If this is the case, then how does the Sun (and the stars) generate its luminosity. A suggestion to this problem is made in a future reading that is at an advanced stage of preparation; therein, it is proposed that the Sun is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium -- i.e., in a state of uniform temperature and further a proposal (hypothesis or conjecture) is set-forth that the Sun may very well be powered by the 104.17 micro-Hz gravitational oscillations first detected by Brookes el al. (1976), Severny et al. (1976). Herein, we verily prove that the SED of a body in hydrostatic equilibrium can not, in general be Planckian in nature, thus ruling out the SSM in its current constitution. Only in the case were the density index is \alpha_{\varrho}=2 (which implies a zero temperature index i.e. \alpha_{T}=0$), will the SED of such a body be Planckian.


ABSTRACT Mathematical models of hydrologic and agricultural systems require knowledge of the relationships between soil moisture content (θ), soil water pressure (h) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K). To model the retention and movement of water and chemicals in the unsaturated zone, it is necessary to know the relationships between soil water pressure, water content and hydraulic conductivity. It is often convenient to represent these functions by means of relatively simple parametric expressions. The problem of characterizing the soil hydraulic properties then reduces to estimating parameters of the appropriate constitutive model. A number of models for water retention function and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are well reported in literature, the most popular being van Genuchten model and Brooks-Corey model. In general, the van Genuchten model matches experimental data more satisfactorily than Brooks-Corey model. However, the functional form of van Genuchten model is complicated and limits its usefulness for large number of analytical solutions available for infiltration and drainage problems. On the other hand, Brooks-Corey model yields conductivity and water retention functions that are easy to manipulate mathematically. For this study, 27 soil samples were collected from various locations as well as depths in different villages, namely Aurangabad, Kamalpur, Budhakhera, Gagalheri, Dudhil Bukhara in the upstream part of Hindon river catchment and laboratory investigations were carried out to determine bulk density and grain size distribution. Using these data as input to the SOILPROP software, van Genuchten and Brooks- Corey parameters (α and n & hd and λ) were determined to derive the retention characteristic and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The values of α and n (van Genuchten parameters) were found to vary from 0.00004 to 0.00078 and 1.19 to 1.65 respectively. The values of hd and λ (Brooks-Corey parameters) were found to vary from 860 to 20200 cm and 0.189 to 0.538 respectively. These results (as necessary input for unsaturated zone modelling) will be helpful for prediction of soil moisture flow and groundwater recharge in the Hindon river catchment.


In maintenance field, prognostics is recognized as a key feature as the prediction of the remaining useful life of a system allows avoiding inopportune maintenance spending. However, it can be a non trivial task to develop and implement effective prognostics models including the inherent uncertainty of prognostics. Moreover, there is no systematic way to construct a prognostics tool since the user can make some assumptions: choice of a structure, initialization of parameters… This last problem is addressed in the paper: how to build a prognostics system with no human intervention, neither a priori knowledge? The proposition is based on the use of a neuro-fuzzy predictor whose architecture is partially determined thanks to a statistical approach based on the Akaike information criterion. It consists in using a cost function in the learning phase in order to automatically generate an accurate prediction system that reaches a compromise between complexity and generalization capability. The proposition is illustrated and discussed.


This present study aims at investigating the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in stool samples of diarrhoeic patients attending the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A total of 200 human stool samples were collected from diarrhoeic patients attending the University of Abuja teaching hospital Gwagwalada. 96 (48%) of the stool samples were from male patients while 104 (52%) were from female patients. The samples were analysed for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica using the conventional Microbial bioassay. Our results showed an overall prevalence rate of 6%. The prevalence rate was higher in females (4%) than in males (2%). However, statistical analysis showed no association between the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and sex of host [P˂0.05; (χ2=3.41); (df= 1)]. All the isolates were tested for susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results of the antimicrobial studies showed that 33.3% (4) of the isolates were susceptible to Oflaxacin, Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid and Nitrofurantoin. 66.7% (8) isolates were resistant to Ofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Nalidilic acid, Tetracyclin and Nitrofurantoin. All islolates (100%) showed resistance to Augemetin and Amoxicillin. Our study clearly showed that Yersinia enterocolitica is resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents. However, it is important for tests to be conducted to determine susceptibility before drug usage. Also, serotyping to determine the specific antigenic strains is necessary for effective control of field strains and vaccines possibility is warranted..


Material evidence is a category of evidence prescribed in China's evidence law, which is also widely used in other countries' judicial practice. Its connotation is different from some similar concepts, such as evidence from matter, real evidence and so on. It is more reliable, stable, indirect and convictive, compared with other evidence categories. Moreover, It has a lot of meanings on both historical and practical, both substantial and procedural dimensions.


This study demonstrated homoepitaxial growth of Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films on β-Ga2O3 substrates via mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using GeI4, a water-soluble Ge precursor. The carrier concentration of the Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films was controlled by varying the Ge precursor concentration in the solution. A mobility of 66 cm2 V−1 s−1 was obtained at a carrier density of 3.4 × 1018 cm−3 using oxygen carrier gas. X-ray diffraction (XRD) scans 2θ-ω revealed that homoepitaxial Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films were grown on β-Ga2O3 without phase separation. However, the XRD rocking curves revealed that the mist CVD- grown Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 was degraded compared to the substrate as the Ge concentration increased. The surface morphologies of the Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 exhibited atomically flat surfaces with a root mean square roughness of less than 1 nm. These results indicate that the Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films prepared by mist chemical vapor deposition are promising for device applications.


MAGNETIC-AMPLIFIER push-pull circuits, as used with position-indicating synchrotransmission systems, are supposed to have no output, if the input voltage is zero as a result of exact coincidence of alignment between the control-transformer rotor and the synchrogenerator rotor.


At present some procedures for production of soy protein concentrate and isolate are reported but there is absence of a simple procedure for isolation of soy proteins from soya flakes. In many industrial procedures production begins with preparing alkaline suspensions of the protein from defatted soy flakes, adjusting the pH of these suspensions to 4.5 (the average isoelectric point) and centrifuging the mixture to obtain precipitates with relatively high percentages of protein. Then, a variety of intermediate steps are employed to prepare the product for drying into powdered form. During these methods they subject soya to alkaline condition for longer time duration, due to which the protein gets hydrolysed and yield reduces. The purpose of this experiment was to develop a simple method where the flakes will not be subjected to alkaline condition for longer time and still maintaining higher yield of protein.


and elastin in keloid disease. Their results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms involved during the developmental process of keloid.


This article presents the results of the study of the only girls' magazine in Socialist Yugoslavia, which was published from 1971 to 1976. The analysis is based on a reading of all the issues of the Yugoslav Tina, and on some 50 unstructured conversations with its former readers, editors and journalists. The first issues were modeled on the contemporary West European girls' magazines, because it was assumed that this would generate a profit for the publishing house. In time, the editorial policy started to diverge from its Western models, which was accompanied by an evident increase in the magazine's circulation figures. Therefore, the results of the analysis are compared with the results of Angela McRobbie's analysis of Jackie, the most popular British girls' magazine at the time, and the interpretation of the departure from the Western model is inspired by Alexei Yurchak's insight into the Soviet popular culture of the period.


Introduction: The aim of the current research was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on couple burnout and emotional divorce of applied for divorce women. Methods: This study is an experimental method one designed by the pretest-posttest. Statistical society of this research has consisted of women referred to the court in Rasht city in 2015 and applied for divorce. In this research, thirty people were selected through the available sampling method and randomly assigned to one of two experimental and control groups; fifteen person per group. The experimental group participated in ten sessions of emotion regulation training, the control group received no intervention. Pines couple burnout and Poorhosein and Bidast emotional divorce questionnaires were used. Data gathered and analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance. Results: Results showed that emotion regulation training could significantly reduce couple burnout and emotional divorce of women who applied for divorce.(P<0.01) Conclusions: Due to the effectiveness of emotion regulation training, implementation of such educational programs in crisis intervention centers and social work clinics is recommended. Please cite this article as follows: Asghari F, Isapoor Haftkhani K, Ghasemi Jobaneh R. The effectiveness of emotion regulation training on couple burnout and emotional divorce of applied for divorce women. Quarterly journal of social work. 2018; 7 (1); 14-21 D ow nl oa de d fr om s oc ia lw or km ag .ir a t 7 :2 7 + 04 30 o n S un da y M ay 3 0t h 20 21


The most common vibration sources for turbomolecular pumps together with their characteristic spectra are considered in this paper. In general, for a brand new pump, the largest contribution to vibrations comes from the residual unbalance of the rotor, which has been reduced below the maximum specified value after the balancing process. Moreover, other pump elements can become vibration sources during operation, normally because of the changed operating conditions of these elements. When this happens, the vibration level and noise of the pump tends to grow and reach values many times higher than those due to unbalancing. A typical case considered is bearing damage, detected by monitoring the pump vibration spectra. Damaged bearings produce vibration levels at different frequencies than those due to unbalancing (e.g., 0.5 to 5 times the rotational frequency, depending on the bearing failure position). Often this occurs a long time before the pump failure.


At the beginning of 2008,the extreme weather of the broad low-temperature,sleet and frozen rain has appeared continuously in some areas of the South of our country,which brought enormous influence to the people′s life and production.This paper has mainly explained the characteristics of the southern low-temperature,sleet and frozen rain calamity in the South of our country and influence caused to the human life and production,and key analyzed the causes of the calamity.The analysis results show that the unusual of the atmospheric circulation is the direct reason for this calamity,the appearance of La Nina incident has played the function of adding fuel to the flames too.This paper has put forward the countermeasures for preventing and reducing the disaster,in view of how to prevent sudden natural calamity of low-temperature,sleet and frozen rain,etc.


Abstract 2661 Background. In lymphoma, bone marrow (BM) involvement is a sign of extensive disease and BM biopsy is a standard method in the evaluation of BM infiltration by disease. Because of patchy BM involvement pattern by lymphoma, the reported rates of unilateral involvement in bilateral biopsies range from 10% to 50%. However BM biopsy is an invasive and painful procedure. The value of unilateral versus bilateral BM biopsy remains controversial. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique and currently it shows potential to detect BM involvement by lymphoma. Aims. We assess the abilities of FDG PET-CT to ascertain the presence of BM involvement in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients and to define the possibility that bilateral BM biopsies could be replaced by unilateral biopsy for DLBCL staging workup. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of histologically proven DLBCL patients from 2004 through 2010 at the Asan Medical Center and Hallym University Medical Center. All patients were examined by FDG PET-CT and bilateral BM biopsy at both posterior iliac crests for initial staging workup. Evaluation of PET studies was performed by board-certified nuclear medicine physicians of each institution. Quantitative analysis of FDG uptake was not performed. Data were expressed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for FDG PET-CT in evaluation of BM involvement by DLBCL, using BM biopsy as the reference standard. Two sets (right & left biopsy site) of pathologic and imaging data were analyzed separately. Results. Study population comprised 478 patients (median age 57, range 17–85 years; 269 male) with newly diagnosed DLBCL. Ann Arbor stage I, II, III and IV patients were 96, 120, 40 and 222, respectively. Overall, BM involvement by DLBCL that confirmed by bilateral BM biopsy occurred in 63 patients (13.2%, 15, 12, and 36 at right, left and both side biopsy, respectively). From the data of right side biopsy and FDG PET-CT images, comparison of the former and the later results revealed concordant positive findings in 22 cases (4.6%) and concordant negative findings in another 418 cases (87.4%). In 29 patients (6.1%) in whom FDG PET-CT returned findings of normal marrow, iliac crest BM biopsy revealed lymphomatous infiltration. On the other hand, in 9 patients (1.9%) in whom bilateral iliac crest BM biopsy had failed to reveal any abnormality, FDG PET-CT showed increased uptake. The calculated values for FDG PET-CT in evaluation of right BM infiltration were 43.1% (22/51) of sensitivity, 97.9% (418/427) of specificity, 71% (22/31) of PPV and 93.5% (418/447) of NPV. The values oriented from left BM biopsy and FDG PET-CT images were similar (sensitivity 41.7% (20/48), specificity 97.9% (421/430), PPV 69% (20/29), NPV 93.7% (421/449)). Conclusions. This study has the largest DLBCL cases among ever reported articles, and demonstrates not excellent sensitivity of FDG PET-CT against the results of BM biopsy for the detection of BM involvement in DLBCL patients. BM biopsy could not be completely replaced with FDG PET-CT. But it has relatively good PPV, FDG PET-CT will be a useful tool for image-guided biopsy for DLBCL staging. And in daily practice, clinicians could consider the possibility to do efficient unilateral BM biopsy for DLBCL patients who have increased posterior iliac crest FDG uptake, instead of bilateral biopsy. Disclosures: Kim:Novartis: Research Funding.


Governor Palin's 2006 and 2007 tax returns create several teaching opportunities for basic tax classes. This paper analyzes five substantive issues created by the returns and by a legal opinion letter written by Roger Olsen on some of the issues. The five issues are: (1) the proper treatment of $17,000 paid to Palin by the state of Alaska as her travel allowance; (2) the proper treatment of $43,000 paid to Palin as a travel allowance for her husband and children; (3) the proper treatment of a $9,000 loss claimed for her husband's racing activity; (4) whether the Palins are subject to the penalties for negligence; and (5) whether Mr. Olsen's letter meets the standards for tax practice in Circular 230.


It was considered and analyzed the dynamics of changes in the main investment attractiveness ratings in 2007–2010. The main factors of influence were determined. The recommendations for improving the competitive market environment in Ukraine were proposed.


Customer Relation Management (CRM) is a new management mechanism aiming to improve the relationship between the enterprise and the customer and promote the customer's sense of satisfaction and fidelity to the enterprise. Stating from the emergence and connotation of CRM, this article illustrates the affect of CRM on the traditional enterprises from the perspective of management, the CRM model of the enterprise in the EC environment and the implement of CRM.


The Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) program and its predecessor, the TeraGrid, have provided a range of advanced computing resources to the U.S. research community for nearly two decades. The continuously collected data set of resource usage spanning these programs provides a unique opportunity to examine the behaviors of researchers on these resources. By revisiting analyses from the end of TeraGrid, we find both similarities and differences in ecosystem activity, not all of which can be explained by the technological advances of the past decade. Many of the basic metrics of computing system use show familiar patterns, but community composition and engagement have evolved. Along with growth in the number of individuals using the resources, we see significant changes in the fraction of students in the user community. And while many individuals have only short-term interaction with the resources, we can see signs of more sustained use by a growing portion of projects.


THE EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES THAT BIND FOR CRIME: INVESTIGATING THE PROCESS OF ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AT SPECIFIC PLACES Ajima Olaghere, PhD George Mason University, 2015 Dissertation Director: Dr. Cynthia Lum This dissertation explores why and how crime events routinely occur at specific places in high crime areas, such as street blocks, addresses, street corners, and intersections. Specifically, this dissertation considers what human activities, behaviors, routines, and situations contribute to crime occurring at these places. Routine activities theory and environmental criminology suggest that crime is a process resulting from the convergence of the daily human routines of offenders, targets, and guardians (or lack thereof). Furthermore, these opportunities for crime are sustained, enhanced, or limited based on surrounding physical and environmental features of where crimes occur. Many scholars have attempted to test the salience of these theories using spatial data analysis, quantitative data analysis, and computer simulation modeling (Bosse, Elffers, Gerritsen, 2010; Cahill, 2004; Groff, 2007; Groff, 2008; Lum, 2003). However, these methods often fall short because the process of the routines and their link to crime occurrence are not actually observed, but instead estimated from administrative data and the use of statistical modeling. This dissertation attempts to improve our understanding about the link between routine activities, the environment, and crime using systematic social observation (SSO) of archived closed circuit television (CCTV) footage of crime events in Baltimore City. This approach serves as the best possible and safest approach to explore the salience of routine activities theory and environmental criminology, short of observing routines in real time that unfold into crimes. Given time and resource constraints, I examined 100 crime events from a collection of the Baltimore Police Department's (BPD) archived footage. Systematic observations of each archived crime event were completed using a theoretically informed instrumentation on site at a CCTV monitoring station for six and half months, culminating in over 2,340 hours of data collection of 397 hours of actual footage. Qualitative and exploratory data analysis produced findings largely about the routines leading up to drug crime events, with some comparison to violent and property crime. Systematic patterns of behavior leading up to crime were observed, and could be categorized into a number of common features. With respect to drug crimes, eight common features emerged that help explain the process of drug crimes unfolding in high crime places. The features varied to the degree in which they emerged, some features having a higher likelihood of occurrence than others. These findings, while exploratory, have implications for routine activities theory and crime pattern theory, and future


At JET the primary diagnostic for monitoring the neutron emission is a set of fission chambers. These are calibrated using the neutron activation technique. A second independent measurement of the neutron yield can be obtained from the neutron profile monitor. Both measurements depend on neutron transport calculations and at JET this has been done using the neutron transport code MCNP. The introduction of tritium into JET plasmas provided an opportunity to check the modeling by comparing the activation of different materials. The calculation of the neutron spectrum at a re-entrant irradiation position was found to be consistent with measurements and an accuracy of <7% in the neutron yield measurement was obtained. Neutron transport calculations of the effective collimator correction and attenuation for the profile monitor are also described.


Antedating the formation of the American Medical Association's Council on Medical Education and Hospitals by three years,The Journalpublished in 1901 an issue for the first time summarizing educational statistics from the medical schools and licensing data from the state medical licensing boards. Throughout the years the information collected by the AMA for the Medical Education in the United States Number has led to many important developments in medical education. Two examples immediately come to mind: One, the medical schools submitted names and addresses of their students, which eventually led to the development of the American Medical Directory and also served as the basis for the accumulation of the master file of Physicians Biographical Records, the most complete health manpower data file in existence. A second example is the listing in the early education issues of the statistics of students passing and failing, submitted by each of the medical


1 During early ontogeny, glycine receptors (GlyRs) exert depolarizing responses which may be of developmental relevance. We have used the gramicidin‐perforated patch technique to elucidate the mechanism of glycine‐activated currents in developing neurones of the rat lateral superior olive (LSO). 2 When the holding potential was set to −60 mV, perforated‐patch recordings revealed glycine‐induced inward currents in 59 %, outward currents in 5 % and biphasic currents in 34 % of the LSO neurones tested (n= 44). The biphasic currents were characterized by a transient outward phase which was followed by an inward phase. 3 Ion substitution experiments showed that both Cl− and HCO3− contributed to the glycine‐ induced biphasic current responses. 4 In the biphasic responses, the reversal potential of the glycine‐induced current (Egly) depended on the response phase. A strong shift of Egly from a mean of −72 mV during the outward phase of the glycine response to a mean of −51 mV during the inward phase was observed, suggesting a shift of an ion gradient. 5 When the membrane potential was depolarized, 'tail' currents were induced in the presence of glycine. An increased duration or amplitude of the evoked depolarizations resulted in a proportional enlargement of these tail currents, indicating that they were produced by a shift of an ion gradient. Since changes of the HCO3− gradient are negligible, because of the carbonic anhydrase activity, we suggest that these tail currents were caused by a shift of the Cl− gradient. 6 We conclude that Cl− accumulates intracellularly during the activation of GlyRs and, consequently, Egly moves towards more positive values. 7 Coincident depolarizing stimuli enhanced intracellular Cl− accumulation and the shift of Egly, thereby switching hyperpolarizing to depolarizing action. This change could assist in an activity‐dependent strengthening and refinement of glycinergic synapses during the maturation of inhibitory connectivity.


The weak type 1 for the Mehler maximal function is studied via a precise estimate for the 'maximal kernel'. This, in turn, allows the geometry involved in this setting to be described.


According to exploration maturity and oil/gas discoveries,plays are divided into three categories,namely play in appraisal,play in preliminary prospecting,and play in regional prospecting.Appraisal parameters are selected according to probability of obtaining a discovery and strategic value of petroleum resources.Templates are built for evaluation of theses three types of plays by using these parameters,and corresponding quantitative indices and parameter systems are also established.With theses templates,similar plays in different regions can be appraised and selected on the same platform according to the same standards.


In this correspondence, for a positive odd integer n, a new family U of binary sequences with 2 + 1 sequences of length 2 − 1 taking three valued nontrivial correlations −1 and −1 ± 2 n+1 2 is presented. This family U is consturcted using the families introduced by Boztas and Kumar[4] , Kim and No [7]. This family has the same correlation distribution as that of the well-known Gold sequences. So this family can be considered as another new class of Gold-like sequences.


Two new species of Gymneia from Brazil, G. moniliformis and G. chapadensis are described and illustrated, and details of habitat and conservation status included. Morphological relationships to other species of the genus are given, and inflorescence structure of the genus discussed.


Abstract : We have performed normal-to-plane magneto transport measurements in single crystalline (100) W and Mo nanostructures down to 1.5 K. Fabricated nanostructures possess large mean free path due to their bulk crystalline perfection and low surface roughness. Under these conditions electrons scatter only on the boundaries of nanostructures and may travel long distance without scattering. We found that in this regime the normal-to-plane magnetoresistance of planar metallic nanostructures exhibit specific for ballistic transport attributes such as transverse magnetic focusing suppression of Hall resistance (quenching Hall effect) and negative bend resistance at moderate magnetic fields.


In the last years magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas has been extensively analyzed in the framework of the two-dimensional fluid model, in presence of a large magnetic guide field [1-4]. In particular, in collisionless regimes, the influence of the conserved quantities on the nonlinear evolution of the current density and vorticity layers and on the saturation mechanism has been clarified in comparison with dissipative reconnection. One of the main open questions concerns the role of the third dimension on the reconnection process. Relevant questions are: 1) Do 2D current sheets become unstable to the nonlinear interaction between modes with different helicities? 2) In 3D configurations the Hamiltonian for the magnetic field lines is no longer integrable. How does this magnetic stochasticity affect the current density layers? 3) How do the changes in the conservations properties of the hamiltonian model, affect the reconnection process? These questions are addressed in this paper on the basis of a 3D fluid hamiltonian model.


An electric power distribution system (2) for use with an electric power source (4), said electric power distribution system comprising: a first device (6) that exchanges first electric power with said electric power source, being said first device (6) structured to exchange said first electrical power with a plurality of second devices (8) and to measure first electrical energy (10) corresponding to said first electrical power; said plurality of second devices (8) structured to exchange said first electric power with said first device (6), each of said second devices (8) being structured to exchange second electric power as at least part of said first electric power with a number of corresponding electrical charges (12) and for measuring second electrical energy (14) corresponding to said second electrical power; and a processor (16) comprising a routine (18; 300) structured to compare the first measured electrical energy (10) of said first device (6) with a sum of the second measured electrical energy (14) of each of said second devices (8) and responsively determine the correct or incorrect operation of said electric power distribution system (2), in which said processor (16) is included in said first device (6), and in which said Routine is further structured (306) to determine which of said first device (6) and said second devices (8) failed in response to said determined incorrect operation.


To understand the choice of an intermediary, let us focus on the organization ofexchange of products (goods and services) between sellers and buyers throughthe two extreme forms of intermediary exchanges, ignoring the other roles thatintermediaries often play. In one оf thе forms of intermediary exchanges, the intermediary acts as a dealer (retailer) in a sense that it buys products from sellersand resells them to buyers: pricing is centralized by the intermediary. In the second form of intermediary exchange, the intermediary does not take control of theseller's products, but simply offers access to a platform (or marketplace) wherebuyers and sellers can interact as they see fit: pricing is decentralized to marketparticipants, and the platform- taxes trade. The first form corresponds to a business model in which the dealer sets the wholesale price for sellers and sets theretail price for buyers, and sellers and buyers are price-takers. The second formcorresponds to a business model in which the platform operator collects a platform usage charge from each seller and collects a platform usage fee from each buyer, and sellers set retail prices for buyers. Market intermediaries coordinatethe actions of buyers and sellers. Firms carry out transactions, servicing thepayment system, inventory control, and record keeping, which are important forthe functioning of markets. In addition, firms provide a central place of exchange, thus reducing the search costs for buyers and sellers. By comparing thecosts of intermediation with the costs of non-intermediated exchange in the markets, matching buyers and sellers, or the costs of search, it can be shown that anintermediated exchange happens to be more beneficial. Indirect network effectson both sides of the market lead to the concept of so called two-sided platforms.In such a platform, the primary role of intermediary is to control access to theplatform that at least two groups of economic agents use to their interaction. Asimilar platform should be valued more by users of each group when the platform is used more by another group. Individual decisions to join a particularplatform then generate indirect network effects on agents on the other side ofplatform. Due to the centralized operation of the platform, the intermediary canadd value and capture rents by facilitating the internalization of the externalitiesrelated with network effects. The characteristics of intermediaries must meetcertain expectations of market participants.


One method of significantly improving the performance of gas turbine engines is to use the thermodynamically more efficient unsteady combustion with pressure rise. In this work, the feasibility of using the interaction of shock waves with a flame to achieve pressure-gain combustion is investigated. A new analytical model is described. The pressure rise and entropy suppression of a single shock–flame interaction event is predicted for the first time. The model is quasi-one dimensional, with the shock wave planar and the flame laminar premixed. Given known initial flowfield and flame geometry, as well as the incident shock Mach number, the model allows the calculation of a fully defined one-dimensional flowfield that is formed at the end of a single shock–flame interaction event. The analytical model is successfully verified using experimental data on methane-oxygen-argon flames. It is found that a single shock–flame interaction event temporally generates a dramatic increase in pressure compared to isobaric...


In this paper, we have proposed a system based on K-L Transform to recognize different hand gestures. The system consists of five steps: skin filtering, palm cropping, edge detection, feature extraction, and classification. Firstly the hand is detected using skin filtering and palm cropping was performed to extract out only the palm portion of the hand. The extracted image was then processed using the Canny Edge Detection technique to extract the outline images of palm. After palm extraction, the features of hand were extracted using K-L Transform technique and finally the input gesture was recognized using proper classifier. In our system, we have tested for 10 different hand gestures, and recognizing rate obtained was 96%. Hence we propose an easy approach to recognize different hand gestures.


Spectral and electrical characterizations were carried out on low current (2-8 mA), 40 Torr microplasma device aimed to polyethylene surface modifications, such as wettability (work of adhesion). A mixture of argon and oxygen (2%) was used as working gas and as far as the oxygen is ionized between the electrodes polarize the treated surface resulting in its increased surface energy. The argon has an important role too, as well as it is carrying gas with higher atomic weight providing better efficacy of the process. By conducting optical measurements the plasma parameters was estimated. The average gas temperature was about 350 K for current ranging from 1 to 8 mA at the cathode nozzle exit and was 300 K at 2 mm from the cathode borehole. From Balmer Hβ spectral line it was estimated the electron number density ne= (1.2± 0.2) ×10 19 m -3 . The electron excitation temperature was found to be Texc = (0.65 ± 0.05) eV. To increase the wettability of the HDPE surface, the best experimental parameters to obtain low contact angle are as follows: flow of 100 ml/min, peak current of 5 mA and operation of 250 s.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the status of care-giving for the demented elderly and to find out the need of community in-house care services-day care services, short-term care services, home help services, and home care services. Method: It analyzed the data of 186 old people hav...


Abstract : Three pieces of commercial equipment, a loader, an excavator, and a combination loader/backhoe, were evaluated for use in rapid repair of damaged airfields. The equipment was evaluated for their ability to remove damaged, upheaved concrete from around bomb craters. The actual force required to remove damaged concrete was also measured on an explosively formed crater. The force required was found to be in the 20,000-25,000 lb range. Of the three pieces of equipment evaluated the most capable was the large front-end loader; however, it was found to be too large for the smaller craters. The hydraulic excavator would be the best machine for the job if it had at least 25,000 pounds of breakout force.


Aim Domestication is an ongoing well-described process. However, while many have studied the changes domestication causes in the genetic landscape, few have explored the way domestication changes the geographic landscape in which the plants exist. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand how the domestication status changed the suitable geographic space of chile pepper in its center of origin. Methods Capsicum annuum is a major crop species globally whose domestication center, Mexico, has been well studied. This provides a unique opportunity to explore the degree to which ranges of different domestication classes diverged and how these ranges might be altered by climate change. To this end, we created ecological niche models for four domestication classes (wild, semiwild, landrace, modern cultivar) based on present climate and future climate scenarios for 2050, 2070, and 2090. Results Considering present environment, we found substantial overlap in the geographic niches of all the domestication gradient categories. Yet, there were also clear unique environmental and geographic aspects to the current ranges. Wild and commercial varieties were at ease in desert conditions as opposed to landraces. With projections into the future, habitat was lost asymmetrically, with wild, semiwild and landraces at far greater risk than modern cultivars. Further, we identified areas where future suitability overlap between landraces and wilds is expected to decouple. Main conclusions While range expansion is widely associated with domestication, there is little support of a constant niche expansion (either in environmental or geographical space) throughout the domestication gradient. However, a shift to higher altitudes with cooler climate was identified for landraces. The clear differences in environmental adaptation, such as higher mean diurnal range and precipitation seasonality along the domestication gradient classes and their future potential range shifts show the need to increase conservation efforts, particularly to preserve landraces and semiwild genotypes.


It is all wrong for cinema and theatre to be rivals. Despite their mutual parenthood, the drama, and peripheral similarities, each is a unique art form. Remembering this will give us the chance to have better films and better plays. Film, from its beginning, has had an inferiority complex because of its unfavorable comparison with theatre. Over and over again, in most countries of the world, film has tried to be better by leaning on theatre people and imitating the plays of the theatre. This social-climbing is like an index to film history. It has taken film seventy years to forge the essentials of its nature, the forming devices of its artistry, and an aesthetic to give it its own feet to stand on. A few films, mostly non-American, have made themselves into an art form independent from theatre, but still most films "in the money" are canned theatre. Our speaking of "legitimate theatre" probably does not remind many of us of the theatres of England which had to have a license from the Lord Chamberlain in order to operate; otherwise, they were declared "illegitimate" and were in danger of being closed. Legitimate theatre has come to mean live actors; by implication, film actors are nonliving. Legitimate theatres are those elite places close to Broadway that were there before the advent of film and are citadels of better taste and more intellect than the


Three thin asphalt pavement sections containing different chemically stabilized base and subbase materials were tested under the accelerated pavement testing (APT) at the Louisiana Accelerated Pavement Research Facility. Each pavement section consisted of different base and subbase materials, but having a common configuration of layer thicknesses. APT results generally indicated that both stabilized Blended Calcium Sulfate (BCS) bases outperformed a foamed asphalt treated base by a significantly large margin while a cement-treated soil subbase layer proved to have better load bearing capacity than a lime-treated soil layer. The structural performance of test sections was further analyzed using the non destructive test results and instrumentation measured pavement responses. The newly developed Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG) software was also used in predicting the rutting development on tested sections. Finally, a simple rut depth prediction model, which relates flexible pavement rutting development to the in-situ surface deflection characteristics, was proposed.


This paper present literature review on replacement of natural sand by sea sand and/or sear water in Portland cement concrete. Progressively shrinking availability of river sand has posed a bigger challenge towards the usage of concrete in the infrastructural development in our Country. Towards mitigation of this problem a study is initiated to review the research work done usage of sea sand and /or sea water for concrete. The findings of the various research works on usage of sea sand/sea water indicated that it is possible to produce durable concrete using sea sand provided adequate precautions are taken to enhance resistance to deterioration of the concrete like increasing the density of concrete microstructure using appropriate combination binder, chemical admixtures and using non-corrosive reinforcement. And the characteristics of unwashed creek sand being more or less similar to the sea sand, there is great opportunity to use it as a partial or complete replacement for the scarce river sand without affecting the durability of the structures.


A method for task-level cooperative control light controlled region and a controlled ambient light level in the area of mission areas, systems, and apparatus, including encoded on a computer storage medium of a computer program, a task in which each area is controlled individual sub-regional areas.


The purpose of this thesis was to study the main characteristics of customers of Company X's Eastern-Finland premises and to find reasons why some of the shopping precincts customers do not visit the Company X. The goal was to divide the respondents into groups based on the basic segmentation model of Company X and analyze the information learned from each segment group's geographic-, demographicand psychological variables. Also specific characteristics of non-customer members of the company were introduced. The research was conducted by generating a questionnaire for visitors of the shopping precinct. The data was analyzed with Webropol and Excel and utilized to describe the characteristics of the respondents and to reveal the reasons why some of the consumers visiting the shopping precinct are not visiting the Company X. For the theoretical part of the study the focus was on marketing related topics of consumer segmentation, consumer behavior and consumer profiling. The information for the theory part was acquired from literature and online materials, such as articles, web pages and E-books found on the Savonia UAS online collections. The result of the study revealed that the customers of the shopping precinct hesitate to visit the Company X mostly due the fact that they do not have a need which the company could fulfill. Special offers and discount sales present the most common triggers for visiting the company. The results also indicated that customers experience the current store structure complicated and unpleasant for fast visits; subsequently customers wish effortless shopping experience. The results showed that most of the customers live within 250 kilometers from the company's premises and majority of customers are 18-to-34-year-old females.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of identifying switches based on electro-encephalography (EEG) data when listening to switch sounds, i.e., sounds emitted when switches are pressed. We collected data using a 32-channel recorder when participants heard 24 switch sounds. The EEG data acquired were learned and classified using EEGNet, which is a neural network. High accuracy was obtained when cross-validation was performed by exchanging data evoked by sounds repeated multiple times for a specific participant and a specific switch sound.


In this paper, we present the design and the implementation of OSPF-TE routing information collector for MPLS and GMPLS networks. OSPF is commonly used as an IGP in MPLS and GMPLS networks to determine the topology over which LSPs can be established. TE extensions have been recently enabled in OSPF to support SPF tree calculation upon different purposes, thus possibly achieving optimal path computation and helping improve resource utilization efficiency. The IETF has standardized the PCE-based architecture, a good candidate to perform multidomain path computation. In such an architecture, the PCE needs the TED to compute the paths requested by a PCC. In this paper, we explain the approaches of using a OSPF-TE for the building and maintenance of the TED.


We present an open-source 4D (3D+t) statistical shape model of the heart developed as numerical phantom for cone-beam CT simulation. The training set consists of surface meshes from 20 ten-phase-CT angiography data sets extracted using automatic registration-based segmentation. Incorporating 90% of the training set variation, the model exhibits a generalization ability of 5.00 ± 0.93 mm and specificity of 7.30 ± 0.97 mm. The model is implemented in CONRAD, an open-source simulation and reconstruction framework. We provide all algorithms and high resolution projection data on the project's homepage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first open-source 4D statistical shape model of the heart.


Adjuvant intraportal chemotherapy has been used with a view to prevent the development of metachronous hepatic metastases following curative resection for colorectal cancer. To evaluate the effects of this therapy on systemic antitumor immunological activity, 35 colorectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection were investigated.


An unmet need in engineered bone regeneration is to develop scaffolds capable of manipulating stem cells osteogenesis. Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely used as a biomaterial for various biomedical applications. However, it remains challenging to functionalize GO as ideal platform for specifically directing stem cell osteogenesis. Herein, we report facile functionalization of GO with dopamine and subsequent bioactive glass (BG) to enhance stem cell adhesion, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation. On the basis of graphene, we obtained dopamine functionalized graphene oxide/bioactive glass (DGO/BG) hybrid scaffolds containing different content of DGO by loading BG nanoparticles on graphene oxide surface using sol-gel method. To enhance the dispersion stability and facilitate subsequent nucleation of BG in GO, firstly, dopamine (DA) was used to modify GO. Then, the modified GO was functionalized with bioactive glass (BG) using sol-gel method. The adhesion, spreading, and osteoinductive effects of DGO/BG scaffold on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were evaluated. DGO/BG hybrid scaffolds with different content of DGO could influence rBMSCs' behavior. The highest expression level of osteogenic markers suggests that the DGO/BG hybrid scaffolds have great potential or elicit desired bone reparative outcome.


This article is built on the theory of Jim Collins from his books "Good to Great" (Collins 2001), "Built to Last" (Collins & Porras 1994), How the mighty fall and why some companies never give in" (2009) and Collins and Hansen "Great by choice" (2011). These studies compared successful companies with companies in the same industry with the same opportunities and similar resources, but that hadn't the same success. The first two aims of their studies were to identify the underlying characteristics and dynamics to highly visionary companies and to effectively communicate these findings to people who want to create and maintain visionary companies. (Collins&Porras 1994) The second question of their study was – Can a good company become a great company and, if so, how? I will in this article look into some of the greatest football clubs in the world who have gone from good to great but also can be categorized as a built to last clubs, and try to use them as examples. These clubs are Manchester United, FC Barcelona, Real Madrid CF, Arsenal FC and Liverpool FC. If you want to go from good to great and to sustain this achievement, the critical question to constantly consider is, "How can we do better tomorrow than we did today"? In short, the only way of doing this is by improving trough hard and sustained work


In 1963, Kumano-go presented one non-uniqueness example for the twodimensional wave equation with a time-dependent potential. We construct infinitely many nonuniqueness examples with different wave numbers at infinity for Cauchy problems of the twodimensional wave equation and Schrödinger equation as a generalization of the construction by Kumano-go.


A chip package structure and packaging method; the chip package structure comprises a sensing chip (201), a covering layer (203) located on the first surface (210) of the sensing chip (201), and a plug structure (204) located in the sensing chip (201); the sensing chip (201) comprises the first surface (210) and a second surface (220) opposite to the first surface (210), and further comprises a sensing area (211) located on the first surface (210); the second surface (220) of the sensing chip (201) faces towards a substrate (300); and one end of the plug structure (204) is electrically connected to the sensing area (211), and the other end of the plug structure (204) is exposed outside of the second surface (220) of the sensing chip (201).


We investigate the influence of one-body losses on the dynamics of squeezing and entanglement in two-mode Bose–Einstein condensates. We show that one-body losses play an important role in the dynam...


Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to grow exponentially such that devices connected to the internet reach 125 billion during the year 2030. For data transmission to the internet IoT end node devices rely on Gateways and to ensure coverage for IoT devices Gateways need to be optimally placed. However, physical infrastructure and topography as features of the target area are essential for IoT gateways optimal placement. Recently, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) has gained an important role in current communication technologies. It has been used in several applications such as surveillance and rescue systems. Network congestion can be minimized and throughput can be improved by placing many gateways but on the other hand cost, deployment and interference will increase. Therefore, this paper performs a review of existing Gateway Placement Algorithms and brings together the state-of-the-art in WMN and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), distinguishing each of their strengths and weaknesses that requires improvements. The main objective of this paper is to gain insight into the advantages and disadvantages of existing Gateway Placement approaches. A secondary objective is to highlight the various performance metrics being considered in the Gateway Placement literature and to analyze the trade-offs made. The conducted review shows that different algorithms have different capabilities and drawbacks such as congestion, coverage, interference etc. Various issues related to gateway placement and approaches were presented and the number of gateways needed for certain.


In this paper, I argue that in the Republic Plato justifies the political authority of the guardians in light of the principle of partnership—a principle which fits coherently with other Platonic principles which undergird his political theory, including optimum functionality, social justice and power. Therefore, I argue that, by their respective professions, there is a cooperative interaction between the guardians and the producers as partners within the political structure of the ideal polis towards attaining the eudaemonistic goals of both the individual and the polis. I contrast this with the orthodox interpretation that Plato justifies political authority using the idea of the Good—an interpretation which holds that since the citizens cannot grasp the Good, they assume an insignificant political position, including the allegations that they are cogs, slaves, morally obtuse, and politically inept.


Peer to peer networking has received great attention as it enables rich distributed resource sharing. In the past, many structured searching algorithms, such as Chord, CAN, etc., have been proposed to provide efficient resource searching. These algorithms, however, assume a global scale resource sharing and searching which incurs large overhead as the number of peer node increases. In this paper, we propose a stable hierarchical Chord (SH-Chord) searching based on a power-based cluster-based peer-to-peer topology (CBT). In CBT, peer nodes in close proximity are placed in a cluster. SH-chord sets up a Chord ring in each CBT cluster and uses a power-based load balance scheme to insert virtual nodes so that more keys are stored at nodes with higher power index. Key search across SH-chord rings uses a Chord server for inter-ring search routing. Simulation results show that with our hierarchical approach, key search efficiency is improved and Chord ring maintenance overhead is significantly reduced. Also, our power-based load balance approach can effectively reduce the key loss rate and improve peer-to-peer network stability.


The existing level of ship safety rules is presented and analysed, and guidelines for upgrading and improving the rules are given. An uncoupled equation of ship rolling is set and the methods for solving nonlinear ship rolling in regular and irregular waves are presented. Calculations of rolling for a particular ship in regular and irregular waves are done using the harmonic acceleration method. Nonlinear response phenomena are analysed. Capsizing probability is calculated by means of nonlinear dynamics (basin erosion technique). Based on these calculations new criteria for ship stability are recommended, based on the use of the ship survivability diagrams.


Mazar, Amihai: Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996. Volume 1: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period. 2006. Pp. xxiv + 736, numerous illustrations. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/ Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. ISBN 965-221-058-7. Price: US$92 Beth-Shean has always been a complicated, somewhat problem site, in terms of its stratigraphy and history. Though the Roman–Byzantine city of Scythopolis at the foot of the mound was excavated from 1984 onwards, the only previous extensive work on the tell itself — aside from a brief season by the Hebrew University in 1983 — was by the University of Pennsylvania Museum in the 1920s and 1930s. The early work, which suffered long publication delays, left many questions about the site unanswered, making the new reports, from the 1989–1996 excavations of the Hebrew University, more than welcome. One of the primary aims of the new excavations was to reveal how much of the tell was occupied, and to provide the fi rst detailed and accurate topographical maps. These, plus the tables correlating the strata designated in various areas by the University of Pennsylvania Museum and Hebrew University excavators (pp. 12–13) provide two basic and essential aids to understanding the site. Much has now been clarifi ed, but the new reports offer a chequered and sometimes surprising history for the site. Historical evidence shows that Bronze and Iron Age Beth-Shean was an extremely important centre. At the junction of the Jordan and Harod valleys, it was of key strategic importance and was clearly a focus of Egyptian military interest during the Late Bronze Age. It is mentioned in several Egyptian toponym lists from the 18th–19th Dynasties; stelae were erected here by Seti I and Ramesses II of the 19th Dynasty and, in the 20th, a life-size statue of Ramesses III; biblical references include the famous story of how the Philistines impaled the body of King Saul on its walls. One might, then, assume that ancient Beth-Shean was a fairly sizeable and fortifi ed settlement, but the excavators have come to a somewhat surprising conclusion (pp. 26–27). The Middle Bronze, Late Bronze and Iron Age settlement was limited to the summit of the mound, in an area of 1.4 hectares:


logical consequences of bypass, the preoccupation with haemolysis, a feature of the pioneer phase of cardiac surgery, is now almost no longer an issue. Even the difficult area of anticoagulation and control of heparin and protamine dosage has ceased to be a major focus of attention. By contrast, the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on platelet and white blood cell responses are increasingly acknowledged as being of profound significance in the whole area of perfusion pathophysiology. It has recently been suggested that disturbance in platelet function may ultimately establish itself as the most important haematological consequence of artificial perfusion. 1


An improved Stolt migration algorithm is proposed for the borehole array radar imaging by employing the high sampling freedom degree of virtual sample set. To handle the borehole array radar samples efficiently, the original samples are firstly expanded to a virtual sample set with higher sampling freedom degree and then processed by modified Stolt migration algorithm. The relation between sample space and target space is derived and simplified for the formation of modified Stolt migration algorithm in the frame of borehole array radar. The improved approach is compared with the conventional Stolt migration algorithm, back projection method, and Kirchhoff migration algorithm with synthetic data. The results demonstrate the developed approach is superior to the conventional methods in borehole array radar imaging.


Given a finite group $G$ and a subset $X$ of $G$, the commuting graph of $G$ on $X$, denoted by ${\cal C}(G,X)$, is the graph that has $X$ as its vertex set with $x,y\in X$ joined by an edge whenever $x\neq y$ and $xy=yx$. Let $T$ be a transversal of the center $Z(G)$ of $G$. When $G$ is a finite non-abelian group and $X=T\setminus Z(G)$, we denote the graph ${\cal C}(G,X)$ by ${\cal T}(G)$. In this paper, we show that ${\cal T}(G)$ is a connected strongly regular graph if and only if $G$ is isoclinic to an extraspecial $2$-group of order at least $32$. We also characterize the finite non-abelian groups $G$ for which the graph ${\cal T}(G)$ is disconnected strongly regular.


This article considers the problem of assessing the digital maturity of a higher educational institution (HEO) in order to determine its potential and current areas of digital transformation. The analysis of existing approaches to validate the digital maturity of an organizational object is carried out. The system of digital maturity indicators has been formed. Two existing models are analyzed and the author's model for assessing the digital maturity of HEO is developed. The indicators set of the three models is considered from a systemic standpoint taking into account expert assessments of the information content of indicators in relation to assessing the level of digital maturity. The resulting assessment technology requires additional research in the context of its current application in solving the problem of effective digital transformation of HEO and other type of organizational systems.


The recent trends in foreign language teaching influenced widely by the process of globalisation, interculturalism, and global flows are leaning towards adopting an intercultural perspective to help in developing students who are global citizens able to effectively function across diverse boundaries. Researchers call for an intercultural learning and teaching perspective that would foster and increase intercultural awareness and understanding. The present research aims to unfold whether including the cultural dimension in foreign language instruction can help in developing students' intercultural awareness. In doing so, a cultural pedagogical experiment was designed and conducted for the period of 1 year at the level of the university. Data were collected qualitatively and analysed thematically. Results help in drawing important implications for educational institutions, foreign language teachers, and syllabus designers about the importance and effectiveness of perceiving foreign language instruction as a social activity that can nurture interculturally aware and competent individuals.
Keywords: ELT, intercultural awareness, knowledge, pedagogy, intercultural understanding


The conjugate gradient method (CGM) and the general purpose commercial code CFX 4.2-based inverse algorithm are utilized in a three-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem to estimate the strength of heat generation for chips on a printed circuit board (PC-board). The mathematical formulations for simultaneously solving the strength of heat generation for multiple chips are derived. The advantage of calling the CFX 4.2 code as a subroutine in the present inversecalculation lies in that many dife cult but practical three-dimensional inverse problems can be solved under this construction because the general-purpose commercial code has the ability to solve the direct problem easily.Resultsobtained by using theCGM to solvethisthree-dimensional inverseproblem fortwo chipsarejustie ed based on thenumericalexperimentswith thesimulated exactand inexact measurements. It is concluded that accurate heat generation for each chip can be estimated simultaneously by the CGM except for the e nal time. The reason for and improvement of this singularity are addressed.


Introduced the MMU-5 fluid contamination wear test system and the contamination wear experiments of hydraulic components similitude friction pair.The results indicated that the contamination wear of hydraulic components is in non-linear relation to the oil contamination extent.Put forward an oil contamination concentration coefficient α so as to indicate the effects of fluid contamination concentration change to the hydraulic components life.Advanced the mathematical model of the hydraulic components life estimation method and established the relations of the system target cleanliness to the life extension coefficient.


This chapter considers two influential conceptions of contemporary labor, which emerge from and contribute to radically divergent interpretive traditions, but share surprising common ground. First is the largely celebratory idea of a "creative class" branded by Richard Florida, a management professor and globetrotting consultant to government and industry. Second is the account of "immaterial labor" assembled by a group of thinkers linked to the radical Leftist autonomia movement, including Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Maurizio Lazzarato, and Paolo Virno. What do these various thinkers have to do with literature? I suggest that knowledge of literature's material history—in particular, of the emergence and then mainstreaming of a romance with the figure of the writer as original creator—prompts a critique of the assumptions about subjectivity that their work tends to circulate, legitimate, and naturalize. Florida and the autonomists broadly agree that over the past few decades more work has become comparable to artists' work. For Florida this is positive. For the autonomists it is ambivalent, but they state with little equivocation that the kind of aesthetic expression subsumed within capitalist production is not real creativity, but rather its codified appearance in commodity form. Still, both camps imagine creativity as located within individuals' uncontainable experimental energies and self-expressive capacities. In Florida's work, these capacities are facilitated by development of one's career within an expanding marketplace for creative work. For the autonomists, they are instead threatened by such incorporation. Indeed, they are quashed by the sheer process of individuation, since that too has by now been thoroughly subsumed into capitalist relations, until only a "monad" of pure "potential," existing somehow before incorporation or even socialization, can be the source of real creativity. Nevertheless, this potential, which is an inherent germ available for development, is for the autonomists also crucial to capitalism's demise. In fact for both them and for Florida new currents in capitalist production may feed the universal germ of autonomous creativity. They part ways, though, when the autonomists state these currents trigger the rise of "the multitude," which


In South Korea, smoke control systems are designed according to the fire safety standards NFSC501 and NFSC 501A. However, there is a problem in that the design values are incompatible when measuring the performance of the system after the design construction for calculating the leakage crack area described in the standards. Therefore, we compared the standards for smoke control systems from South Korea, Japan, and the United Kingdom. In South Korea, designs are conducted uniformly according to the NFSC 501A Manual, but in Japan and the United Kingdom, designs consider smoke temperature, duct loss, and fire floor air supply. Furthermore, they use larger values than in South Korea.


FIELD: physics. SUBSTANCE: membrane assembly with a deformable membrane, including a fixed support, a fluid-filled shell, one wall of which is formed by an elastic membrane that is held under tension by its edge by a flexible membrane support element 2, 10 connected to the fixed support at individual control points 120 disposed with intervals along the circumference of the support element, by means of respective cooperating elements for controlling the position of the edge of the membrane with respect to the fixed support at the control points. Moreover, the support element between the control points is free. The inventive membrane assembly further comprises a selectively actuated pressure regulator for regulating the pressure of the fluid in the shell and thereby controlling the shape of the membrane; where there are at least three adjustment points spaced along the edge of the membrane on the support element and selected so as to increase, in response to the tension from the membrane tension, the energy of the out-of-plane bending modes of the lower order support element that do not have a node point on the entire support element. In addition, points are stated, including a membrane unit with a deformable membrane of the types described. EFFECT: creation of an adjustable fluid-filled lens in which the deformation of the membrane and the membrane support element is stabilized against undesirable modes of deformation and other out-of-plane distortions. 23 cl, 14 dwg


Managing and estimating the availability information of parking lots is of great importance to travelers and managers. However, the task is very challenging since the occupancy rate is affected by various factors, including spatial‐temporal features, parking lot attributes features, and environmental changes. Previous studies mostly focus on the short‐term prediction by capturing the historical sequential dependencies among inputs and outputs, which leads to low estimation accuracy for long‐term prediction and limited scalability for real deployment in parking lots. To address the challenges, a comprehensive framework for real‐time Smart Parking Data Management and Prediction (SPDMP) system is proposed. Three types of data sources, including historical sequential data, real‐time sequential data, and attributes category data, are sufficiently integrated into a customized Parking Availability Prediction (PAP) neural network by representation learning and heterogeneous feature embedding. Specifically, instead of using parking lot property information and environmental data directly, the authors design an Attributes Tensor Embedding Component (ATEC) to integrate the intra‐class affection and interclass representations and correlations by two steps of customized embedding process. To balance the impact of the indiscriminate features for various prediction targets, this study proposes a multi‐factor attention mechanism to learn the weights and help the PAP achieve a stable performance for time‐various tasks. From extensive experiments on two real‐world large‐scale data sets collected in China and USA (including 19 urban parking and 2 truck parking lots), PAP achieves superior prediction results on both urban parking (6.69% average MAPE) and truck parking prediction (7.63% average MAPE) for five prediction time slots (5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h). Furthermore, even with limited training data, PAP still shows better transferability and adaptability for various types of lots. The proposed SPDMP is selected and used as a pilot test bed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) for truck parking information promotion.


Plant life management needs a reliable estimation of radiation field parameters, including their uncertainty, to avoid the use of conservative approaches. The particular objectives of the REDOS project [1] are the improvements of the RPV monitoring, the improvement of the neutron-gamma calculation methodologies through the LR-0 engineering benchmarks for WWER-1000 and WWER-440, and the accurate determination of radiation field parameters in the vicinity and over the thickness of the RPV. This paper is mainly devoted to the comparison and analysis of the experimental and calculated LR-0 data. The LR-0 benchmark data consist of neutron spectra (WWER-440 Mock-ups) and neutron + photon spectra (WWER-1000 Mock-up) in several points from the barrel simulator to the outer surface of RPV and evaluated integral fluxes, space-energy indices, like the spectral indices and attenuation factors in measuring points.


The method of characteristics for axisymmetric flow is described in Sears (1) and elsewhere and it has been programmed to various degrees for several computing machines. We wish to describe here an extensive project in use on the IBM 701 at Convair, Fort Worth.
 The method of characteristics for axisymmetric flow is a method of computing the exact solution to problems of inviscid supersonic steady, irrotational or rotational flow with axial symmetry. This procedure has a wide field of application. At Convair it has been used for calculating the flow about point and open nosed bodies of revolution with or without discontinuities, and hence for calculating pressure distributions, drag, and shock patterns for such bodies. It has been used in the design of axisymmetric nozzles, in the calculation of the boundary of a free jet, and in calculating the total pressure recovery of axisymmetric inlets.


Was there a textbook-like Phillips curve in post-WWII Italy? We estimate a consensus model of the relationship between inflation and the level of economic activity over 1949-1998, finding no evidence of a significant and positive feedback from output to prices. We also estimate similar models for the UK and the US. We discuss the role of wage coordination and indexation mechanisms in generating what amounts to a significant departure of Italian data from what holds true for the US and UK. Likely, the rigid indexation mechanism that aimed at protecting wages from inflation ended up contributing to the persistent inflation bias that Italy experienced almost until its entry into EMU.


This paper aims to establish the correlation between statistical parameters and Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals as a function of age, in subjects without neurological disorders. EEG signals were recorded during the task of following an Archimedes spiral. There were 59 healthy subjects who voluntarily participated in this study which were divided into 7 groups, aging between 20 to 86 years from both gender, in order to identify differences and allow discrimination between the features of each group. Initially, comparisons were made among several features (F20, F50, F80, F95, Mean Frequency, Root Mean Square value, Zero Crossings, Square of the Power Spectrum, Kurtosis, Skewness, Variance, Standard Deviation and Approximate Entropy) seeking separation between young and elderly groups. Furthermore, it was sought to correlate the statistical parameters and the entire age range. For this purpose it was used Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The data were processed with MATLAB® software. Through the LDA, significant differences were observed over the distinct age ranges. The tool has satisfactorily performed the separation of discriminant features by classifying groups of subjects in function of their age range.


The objective of this paper is to describe dual-band filters in rectangular waveguide based on resonant apertures. In addition, we also discuss the use of several techniques like capacitive stubs, width alteration in the resonators and staircase configurations to improve both the selectivity and the out-of-band performance of the basic filter structure. Finally, we show in detail the simulated performance of several filter configurations, thereby fully validating the new filter topology.


This study was conducted to investigate the optimal sub-zero temperature for storage of two garlic cultivars, the northern ecotype 'Jaerae' and the southern ecotype 'Daeseo'. These cultivars of garlic bulbs were stored at different temperature (room temperature, , and ) conditions after predrying. Southern ecotype garlic showed higher weight loss than northern ecotype garlic. Northern ecotype garlic at exhibited less than 5% of weight loss during 10 month storage. Sprouting rate was higher in southern than in northern ecotype at room temperature storage. The value of injury by disease and insect was similar between southern ecotype and northern ecotype for 5 month storage, and then northern ecotype showed higher value of injury by disease and insect than southern ecotype. Hunter 'b' value of northern ecotype garlic was the lowest at storage. Northern ecotype garlic showed no cold injury at freezing point temperature storage. However, southern ecotype garlic had cold injury occurrence at storage. Respiration and ethylene production exhibited the highest at room temperature storage, those had the slight increase at and storages. Northern ecotype showed higher enzymatic pyruvic acid and fructan contents than those of southern ecotype. Enzymatic pyruvic acid content increased and fructan contents decreased during storage time.


The insufficiency of literature about emergency materials dispatching is pointed out and the definition of large-scale emergency is presented. Based on the characteristics of the past large-scale emergencies occurring in China, the characteristics of materials dispatching in large-scale emergencies are analyzed. The process model for material dispatching is designed and explained from the preparation, implementation and appraisal of emergency material dispatching. This model provides theoretical basis and directions for the decision-making of materials dispatching in large-scale emergency and has extremely important practical significance to public safety and social stability.


We are concerned with a class of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) containing the Gaussian white noise as coefficients, which we like to call the Brownian particle equations. We will show that the SPDE of this class can provide us an alternative way of constructing the probabilistic solution for the Cauchy problem of some nonlinear diffusion equations. 1 Brownian particle equations As is widely known the phenomena of transportation or propagation, with finite velocity, of some physical quantities may be represented by the partial differential equations (PDEs for short in what follows) of hyperbolic type. On the other hand, the diffusion which is also a transport phenomenon can not be included in that class since the velocity is not finite. In fact they are represented by the PDEs of parabolic type. However those two types of PDEs share the same character that they concern the transport phenomena. We also notice here that the diffusion is a thermodynamical phenomenon driven by the thermal agitation. Therefore it is quite natural to think about a stochastic PDE (say SPDE for short) of hyperbolic type that is perturbed by the gaussian white noise in the following way; jiu + {a(t,x) + €Wt}j^u = A(t,x)u + B(tix)1 ( t , x ) € [Ο,Τ] χ A. (1) where W(t,u), ( £ > 0 , α ; € Ω ) is the standard Brownian motion defined on a probability space (Ω, F, p) and the Wt is the Gaussian white noise, namely Wt = -rWtThe SPDE of this type is called a Brownian particle equation (ΒΡΕ for short). It was first introduced by the author in the early 70s (cf. [1] [4] etc.), as being a bridge connecting the parabolic equations to those of hyperbolic type. Indeed it was shown that this SPDE appears as a hybrid type of two PDEs of different types, namely hyperbolic and parabolic. The most important character for us is that through this SPDE we can construct a probabilistic solution of the parabolic equation by means of the method of charcteristics. We are interested in the application of the ΒΡΕ model to nonlinear problems. We like to think about the nonlinear ΒΡΕ as follows: ξ-η + {a( (t, χ)) + eWt}^-u = ι/Β(π) Wt + C(t, χ), (*, χ) 6 [Ο, Τ] χ Α. (2) ot οχ 322 Shigeyoshi Ogawa where u(£, x) = Eu is the mean of the solution u(£, χ,ω). We expect this equation to provide us the scheme for constructing the probabilistic solution for the nonlinear diffusion equations. The aim of this note is to show some results concerning the Cauchy problem of the nonlinear ΒΡΕ. In Section 2, we will give a brief review of the known results for the Cauchy problem of linear ΒΡΕ; namely in Section 2 the results on the question of existence of the solution and we will give the results on the uniqueness of solutions. In Section 3 we will study the nonlinear problem cited above and give the recent relevant results. In the final section 4, we will give a possible application of the theory to the numerical analysis of relevant phenomena. 2 Linear ΒΡΕ Known Results First we are to give a brief review of what have been known about the Cauchy problem of the linear ΒΡΕ (1). For the necessity of later discussion, we are going to study the case of a slightly more general ΒΡΕ as follows; * + {*(*, x) + c W i } t i = A(t, x)u + vWtB(t, x) + C(t, x), (t, x) € [Ο, Τ] χ Λ. < dt dx (3) I u(0,z,u,) = /(z) In what follows, we will fix the probability space once for all (Ω, Τ, Ρ) on which is defined the real or Rvalued Brownian motion. We will understand by Μ the totality of all "causal" random functions /(ί,ω), such that; (M.I) measurable in (ί,ω) with respect to the field Βπ+ χ Τ, and especially (M.2) adapted to the family of σ-fields {Ft}, where Ft = σ{ W,; 0 < s < t}, Γ (M.3) belong to the class L in *, Ρ{ Ι \/(ί,ω)\άί < oo} = 1. Jo An M-class random function g(t, ω) is said to be differentiate with respect to the Brownian motion Wt (or Bdifferentiate) provided that there exists an M-class random function say g(t>(jj) such that, E\g(t,u) g(s,u) [^(τ,ω)^ = o(\t s\) Ja where the integral I <P W stands for the Ito's stochastic integral. The B-differentiability of the random function with respect to the multi-dimensional Brownian motion is defined in a similar way. (Remark 1) Let ρ(ί,ω) be a functional of the multidimensional Brownian motion, W( = (W^, W, · · · , W?) where the W\ (I <i <n) are independent copies of the 1-dim. Brownian motion Wt. Then the B-derivative of such function, say V^, can be defined in a similar way, that is: the Vwg = (^τΡ, QJ^g, · · · , J^gY ' a causal random vector such that, E\g(t,U) 9(3,ω) .gfrutfwW = o(\t On a class ofSPDEs called Brownian particle equation 323 2.1 Construction of The Solution In the first article [1] the solution of the problem was defined as a solution in the weak sense, as we see below; Definition A random function u(ttx,u), (t, χ, ω) e [0, Τ] χ Α χ Ω, is called the (weak) solution of the Cauchy problem provided that, (s.l) Measurable in (£, χ,ω) with respect to the &{ι,τ\ χ #π°° χ F(s.2) For each R € χ — > u(·, x, ·) G M (s.3) Moreover, for each χ € A fixed, the random function u(i,x,o;)(€ M) is B-differentiable (i.e. differentiate with respect to the Brownian motion Wtl see above). (s.4) For an arbitrary smooth test function φ(ί} χ) with compact support in the domain [Ο, Τ] χ /2, it holds the next relation, i dt i dx{<t>t + (a<t>}x + A<t>}u+ I dWt ( {εφχη + νΒφ}άχ+ Γ dt ί Οφάχ JO JRl JQ JR JQ JRi •f y ̂ (0, x)f(x)dx = 0, P-a.s. (Remark 2) Here and throughout this article the stochastic integral terms IdW should be understood in the sense of the integral of the noncausal type, while the symbol (f\V stands for the It 's integral. It must be noticed that for the causal functions the noncausal integral coincides with the symmetric integral or so called Stratonovich integral (cf., [4], [5]). (Remark 3) The classical solution can be defined in a similar way, as follows: Definition 2, (classical solution) A causal random function u , which is differentiate in χ in the L-sense, is called the classical solution provided that it satisfies the conditions (s.l), (s.2), (s.3) and the following (s.4)' instead of (s.4). u(t, x) f(x) = /'{-*?(*. x) + "B(s, x)}dW, ' JQ dx The SPDE of this type stands as a bridge connecting the hyperbolic PDEs with parabolic ones. This remarkable feature is observed in the next theorem, insisting that the solution can be constructed through the method of charactenstics. Theorem 2.1 ([!]) Suppose that the coefficients α(ί, χ),Α(£, x),B(t, x),C(i,x) and f(x] are all smooth in ( t , x ) G R+ x R. Then there exists a weak solution u(t,x,uj) for the Cauchy problem (3), and that a solution can be constructed as being the solution of the following integral 324 Shigeyoshi Ogawa equations; u(t, x) /(X«'*>(0)) = {Αη(ι, XM(a)) + C(s, X«'


Hot and humid working conditions has adverse effect on worker's health and efficiency. Due to inevitable exhaustion of coal at shallow depths mine workings tend constantly to become deeper. In India the time is not far off when adverse underground climatic conditions will become a serious problem to mining engineers. In this country up to now very little work has been done to study environment conditions in coal mines and its effect on the worker. The information given in this paper was originally collected for departmental use at the Central Mining Research Station. It was then thought that its publication with additional observations recently made might be of use to the mining industry. Work on some problems raised in this paper is well on its way at the Central mining Research Station, at Dhanbad.


The polychaete fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is very rich in diversity as well as in abundance of species, because of numerous varied eco-niches available in the littoral and sublittoral zones of the coast. Our current knowledge of the polychaetes of these islands is based mainly on the works of Fauvel (1932, 1953) and Tampi and Rangarajan (1964), but it is far from complete. More intensive field collections are likely to yield rich dividends in knowledge and further additions to the faunal list, as 'will be evidenced from the present paper which reveals eight additional species from these islands, froln amongst a total of 26 species dealt with. The material for the present study was collected at various periods by different parties of the Zoological Survey of India. It comprises 26, species belonging to 20 genera and 13 families. Descriptions and variations have been furnished wherever 'necessary. Only relevant synonymies have been included since most of these have already been given by Fauvel (op. cit.), Tampi and Rangarajan (op. cit.) and Day (1951, 1953, 1957). .