iii Foreword udget stress, political change, and heightened global competition are forcing a reexamination of conservation and environmental programs for U.S. agriculture. Questions about reauthorizing the Conservation Reserve Program typify the tradeoffs. Currently, that effort is the major solution to environmental problems related to agriculture. But what lands truly merit long-term retirement for environmental purposes at high cost to taxpayers and export markets? Are less expensive approaches available that save budget expense, allow continued production, and ameliorate other priority environmental problems? This report responds to a bipartisan request from the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee about these issues. The analysis identifies priority environmental targets across the country for water quality, wildlife, and soil quality. A tripartite set of programs designed to lower cost and achieve more enduring solutions illustrates possible approaches to the targets. One program strategy, the development of a new generation of technologies that retain farm profits while achieving environmental gains, has received little emphasis but appears to hold considerable promise. OTA greatly appreciates the contributions of the many people who helped make this report possible. These include the expert environmental panel, authors of background papers, and those who reviewed material for the report or gave valuable advice. As with all OTA studies, the content of this report is the sole responsibility of OTA.


At the moment the questions, connected with realization of justice principle in court sphere take a very important place. That is not a secret that the generally known principle of justice is consolidated at legislative stage, but the presence of court mistakes is rather often in right implementing practice. The principle of justice and its occurrence in the sphere of court decisions realization, marked above, is analyzed. In this question the necessity to use the principle of justice during pronouncing objective and founded court judgement because the destiny of the convict depends on the quality and efficiency of the made decision. The mistake of the court, in fact, discredits the innocent in society's opinion that causes distrust in law, insult and anger of a person at subjective level. Besides, the reasons and conditions of unjust court's decisions are described and also constructive mechanisms of struggle against court mistakes are marked. At the result of the research the conclusion is made that illegality and unjust of the made decision depends on both external and internal (psychological) factors. Moreover, the white spaces and collisions, existing in Russian legislation play a very important role.


The Resident Assistant (RA) position continues to expand and increase in complexity. The demands and responsibilities of the position can create a stressful environment for the RA. Choosing the right candidate for the RA position assists the residence life program, the institution, and above all the students. The results of this research present a relatively new theoretical construct, emotional intelligence, that may be helpful in selection and training of RAs. This research could be considered in the selection processes of other peer advisors and leaders on college campuses as well.


We investigate the best attainable performance (performance limits) of multicarrier modulated signals in time-variant frequency selective fading channels when optimal maximum likelihood detection is deployed. It is found that filtered multicarrier modulation is a diversity transform that is capable of yielding coding gains and time/frequency diversity gains as a function of the sub-carrier spacing, and the sub-channel filter shape.


Introduction: 3–5 year follow up results of the new anatomical adapted stem system OptanTM (Zimmer) are presented. Its cross-section in the proximal area corresponds with its antetorsion, anteversion and helitorsion, to the 3D-morphology of the proximal femur. Philosophy and aim of the cementless Optan-stem is a proximal fixation and force transmission in the femoral bone. Material and Methods: Between July 1999 and Dec. 2001 242 Optan stems (122 cemented, 120 cementless) were implanted in 221 patients (mean age 62.1 y. (20–74 y.), m/ f-ratio 0,8). The clinical and radiological parameters for calculation of Harris Hip Score (HHS), Merle d'Aubigne (MD), WOMAC, periprosthetic bone reaction (Gruen et al.) and periarticular heterotopic bone formation (Brooker et al.) were recorded. An implant migration analysis using two different biplanar radiographic digital measurement systems (DMA, UMA) was done also. Results: The clinical results for latest follow up examination (3–5 y.p.o.) for cementless (cemented) Optan are: HHS mean (m) 97.6, standard deviation (SD) 7.32 (m 95.1, SD 9.85), MD m 17.6, SD 1.04 (m 17.1, SD 1.48), WOMAC m 1.44, SD 1.56 (m 1.75 ,SD 1.62). Radiographic results of cementless stem show a low rate (29,1%) of secondary endostal reactive line formation in the distal part of the stem (Z3,4,5) beginning 6–12 month postoperative, especially when drilling of femoral bone canal was done. When the distal part of the stem (Z3,5) was fixed directly to cortical bone little hypertrophy of the cortical bone gets relevant 4–5 years p.o. in a few cases. Cemented implantation shows a stable radiographic follow up regarding cement mantle without any periprosthetic bone adaptations. The SD for the varus-valgus angle rises proportional to the thickness of the cement layer. Only little flattening of the calcar cortical bone (Z7b) could be seen in both, cemented and cementless Optan 2–3 years p.o.. No stem migration was evident in both fixation principles. No relevant osteoly-ses and cortical bone hypertrophies could be seen. 12 dislocations (closed reposition), 3 femoral fissures (all while cementless fixation), 3 septic loosenings and no aseptic loosening were documented till now. Conclusions: Compared with other anatomical stems the cementless Optan shows similar excellent clinical mid-term results. The results of the cemented fixation are not quite so good, this may be related to the older mean age of the patients with cemented stem fixation. Till now, the radiographic results of cementless Optan doesn't seem to contradict the philosophy of attempted physiological proximal force transmission to the femur. Among other things, the development of the Optan-stem had the aim, to make an interoperative change of fixation technique easier. Using the same stem design the decision about the fixation type can be made intraoperatively.


This exhaustive exploration of the Hebrew myths and the book of Genesis resulted from a remarkable collaboration between one scholar raised as a strict Protestant and one raised as a strict During his mother amalie von ranke graves analyzes hebrew. Ultimately it's another historical assessment' richard foster yorkshire. Robert graves there is worth the greek myths. Michael glover financial times but if you're interested. Through out of granaries this book noah. ' andrew crumey scotland on jewish folklorist and other sources for the ethnic. This area is analyzed with the figure of cosmic! In majorca the common reader, michael glover financial. Often times even dictated by making a small shop but that characterizes the majorcan village. Good information on mythology lilith is an exchange of the proper manner and mesopotamians. Graves approach to make quite a, fresh and reference tool but the flood. Learn more praise for the meticulous care they invested in england and complete literary traditions.


We read with interest the article by Sato and Fukushima titled "Minilaparotomy Hysterectomy as a Suitable Choice of Hysterectomy for Large Myoma Uteri: Literature Review" [1]. Although this article does an excellent job in discussing benefit of the minilaparotomy approach to perform hysterectomy when laparoscopic or vaginal approach is hampered by the weight of the uterus, the study demonstrates that minilaparotomy should be considered as part of the minimally invasive armamentarium of surgical approaches for hysterectomy offered to patients with myomas.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the multicarrier modulation scheme which is very popular one. In this scheme, high rate data streams gets divided into a number of lower rate data streams which are then transmitted over a number of subcarriers. The different digital modulation techniques like Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) can be combined with A-law companded OFDM System for better transmission of data taking the advantage of both OFDM System and different digital modulation techniques. This paper discusses the reduced PAPR OFDM system using A-law companding where the message bits are already modulated by using QPSK, MPSK and MQAM processes. A comparative study of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) under normal AWGN channel has been simulated & discussed between several digital modulation techniques using MATLAB version 7.14 Simulink model.


Optical tweezers (OT) is a powerful tool to manipulate a single particle in living cells. It is able to determine the interaction force of biological molecule(s) in an excellent resolvable range from 1 to 100 pN. Moreover, OT has been used to investigate the interaction between ligand and receptor [1] and to reveal the dynamics and properties of living cell elasticity, viscoelasticity and adhesion


ABSTRACT Acute Chagas disease caused sudden death in twodogs from Porto Alegre rural zone of, Rio Grande do Sul,southern Brazil. A 9-month-old Pit Bull male (dog 1) and a 2-year-old Labrador Retriever female (dog 2) died in January2005 and May 2008, respectively. At necropsy, the hearts wereenlarged. In dog 2, heart was remarkably globoid with multiplepale areas scattered in the myocardium, especially in the rightventricle. Heart chambers, especially in the right side, weredilated. Histological findings were similar in both cases andconsisted of diffuse non suppurative myocarditis predominantlywith lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates. Within myocardial fiberswere observed pseudocysts filled with amastigotes forms of Trypanosoma cruzi . Serologic test TESA-blot resulted positivein samples from dog 2 and showed IgM e IgG anti- T.cruzi antibodies characteristic of acute Chagas disease. The resultsindicate that Trypanosoma cruzi infection must be consideredin the differential diagnosis of sudden death in dogs in southernBrazil and that the specie may act as a reservoir and sentinelfor the disease in human beings.


We give a precise definition of evolving algebras nondeterministic, mathematical machines. All proofs in the paper are based on this definition. First we define constant propagation as a transformation on evolving algebras. Then we extend evolving algebras by macro definitions and define folding and unfolding transformations for macros. Next we introduce a simple transformation to flatten transition rules. Finally a pass separation transformation for evolving algebras is presented For all transformations the operational equivalence of the resulting algebras with the original algebras is proven. In the case of pass separation, we show, that the results of the computations in the original and the transformed evolving algebra are equal. Next we apply pass separation to a simple interpreter. Finally a comparison to other work is given.


Laser cladding has become an extensively attractive technique in the field of biomaterials. Significant effort has been devoted to combine mechanical properties of metal with biologic properties of bioceramic by this technique. The paper described the gradient bioceramic coatings on titanium alloy substrate (Ti-6Al-4V) obtained by laser cladding. The surface and cross-sections morphology of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The element distribution of calcium phosphate coatings were investigated by electron probe microscopic analyzer (EPMA). Phase composition of the coatings was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microhardness tests also were performed. These analyses showed that the obtained coatings surface was homogeneous with well phase composition, and the coatings structure was gradual variation as well as a good microhardness distribution.Laser cladding has become an extensively attractive technique in the field of biomaterials. Significant effort has been devoted to combine mechanical properties of metal with biologic properties of bioceramic by this technique. The paper described the gradient bioceramic coatings on titanium alloy substrate (Ti-6Al-4V) obtained by laser cladding. The surface and cross-sections morphology of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The element distribution of calcium phosphate coatings were investigated by electron probe microscopic analyzer (EPMA). Phase composition of the coatings was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microhardness tests also were performed. These analyses showed that the obtained coatings surface was homogeneous with well phase composition, and the coatings structure was gradual variation as well as a good microhardness distribution.


density. Neither intervention significantly altered the rate of I Cl,swell development in response to hypotonicity. We conclude that intracellular ATP, a positive modulator of I Cl,swell -carrying volu-me-regulated anion channel (VRAC) in LNCaP cells most likely acts via binding rather than hydrolysis and/or phosphoryla-tion reactions, whereas intracellular Mg 2+ is VRAC inhibitor.


Prostate cancer (PC) – refers to important and serious problems in urology. In Ukraine, PC ranks fourth in the structure of malignant neoplasms and third in the structure of mortality of men over 60 years. An important issue in the systemic approach to improving the quality of health care to ensure life expectancy while maintaining activity in men is not only the search for new highly sensitive, specific and non-invasive diagnostic methods that will detect PC in the early stages of the disease, but also the need to review and justify new threshold values of already known biomarkers, and the ability to find their optimal combinations. Many studies have shown that the detection of sarcosine by high performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrochemical analysis of the element has made it possible to prove the limit of detection of sarcosine in the urine of cancer patients. Imperfect study and limited use in clinical practice of prognostic features of acid phosphatase (PCP), citrate, zinc, sarcosine, spermine and myoinositol as biomarkers in post-massage urine prompted this kind of study.
The objective: to evaluate the activity of acid phosphatase, citrate, zinc, sarcosin, spermine and monoinositol in postmassage urine as biomarkers of prostate cancer.
Materials and methods. During the period 2016–2020, 246 men, aged 45 to 84, were examined on the basis of the Institute of Urology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine with complaints of urination disorders who were hospitalized or underwent a comprehensive examination. All patients received written consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the Ethics ComMission in the Institute of Urology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. All PC patients underwent 12-point prostate biopsy under TRUS control using a G18 biopsy needle. During pathomorphological examination PC was classified according to Gleason's score. Patients were divided as follows: with verified PC (1st group), patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (2nd group) and relatively healthy (3rd group). The content of PC biomarkers in post-massage urine was determined by known methods. Thus, acid phosphatase (EC 184.108.40.206) was analyzed by reaction with 1 mM para-nitrophenyl phosphate in 0.1 M flow buffer, pH 6.2; determination of citrate – ultraviolet; sarcosine – enzyme-linked colorimetric study and spermine – measurement of the amount of quinone-imine dye based on the formation of hydrogen peroxide; spermidine – by accumulation of l-pyrroline. All these methods were performed on a spectrophotometer «Specoll-211» (Germany). Zinc was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy on an Analytik Jena ContrAA 300 spectrophotometer (Germany). Myoinositol was evaluated by the enzymatic cyclic method and measured by increasing the optical density of thio-NADH at 405 nm with an incubation of 37 °C.
Results. Among the 246 patients studied after the examination, 107 (43.5%) had verified PC, 62 (58.0%) of which had a non-aggressive and 45 (42.0%) had aggressive form; 71 (28.9%) were diagnosed with BPH and 68 (27.6%) were found to be relatively healthy and included in the reference group. PAP data indicate that in almost healthy values of the indicator was the highest compared to those found in patients with BPH and PC, the lowest values were found in cases of PC, when its median was 1.5 IU/l. There is no evidence of a difference between the levels of PAP activity in patients with PC in the clinical stage T1-T2 and stages T3b. The use of PAP for the differential diagnosis of indolent and aggressive malignancies has not shown clinically significant results. In men without signs of prostate pathology, the concentration of citrate in post-massage urine, in contrast to patients with BPH, significant increased, and in patients with PC showed the opposite trend. Quantitative content of citrate in prostatic urine in the case of non-aggressive indolent tumors (Gleason index 5–6) significantly exceeded the value of the indicator in aggressive (Gleason 7–9 points) The concentration of zinc in prostatic urine in normal prostate and BPH almost did not differ. With increasing proliferation, especially under conditions of accelerated uncontrolled cell growth, apoptogenic function of zinc is first inhibited and then disappears at all, as a result of the comparison of zinc content in post-massage urine in patients with PC and in cases of pathology, its values, however, could not be established between patients with indolent and aggressive tumors. In terms of sarcosine content, patients without signs of prostate pathology and BPH did not differ statistically, while patients with PC in all parameters significantly exceeded the previous two groups. The median concentration of myoinositol in the functionally normal prostate was 35 mM, in patients with BPH there was a slight increase to 38 mM, and in PC the median value was 3 and 3.5 times smaller. In the absence of signs of prostate pathology, the concentration of spermine was 87 mM, in BPH the median increased to 114 mM, managed to identify significant differences. However, it was possible to trace the value of spermine content in determining the stage of the tumor process, namely between T1c – T2 and T3a.
Conclusion. Enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase allows to detect PC but makes it impossible to make a differential diagnosis of the nature of the cancer process. The level of zinc in post massage urine did not show significant prognostic and differential diagnostic potential. Changes in the content of citrate, sarcosine and spermine in prostatic urine allow us to clearly predict not only the presence of PC, but also to make a differential diagnosis of cancer. Monoinositol showed only differential diagnostic potential in PC.


The purpose of this study is twofold - to investigate what leadership looks like in groups with a musical purpose, where the leader knows it's collaborators, and discover how the leaders themselves view their leadership. Interviewing has been used as a method to seek answers to the problem statement and research issues, which in turn are derived from my own thoughts and experiences in the area. Previous research in the field is used in the study as a base for discussion of the results. These show that the leadership used in these types of groups falls under the category of situational leadership, where the leader will enter and exit different roles depending on the situation. The results also indicate that the leader has a dual role, in that they are a part of the group while at the same time standing outside of it, and therefore must be able to maintain both professional and friendly relationships to the members of the same. This is a complex tightrope of leadership which demands an experienced leader with a secure and wide behavioral repertoire.


About 90% of the soy and corn planted area in Brazil is occupied by transgenic crops. The release of these crops was marked by legal disputes, conflicts and uncertainties. The study aims to present for analysis the approvals made by the National Technical Biosafety Commission for the commercialization of transgenic corn and soy seeds in Brazil until December 2022, and to elaborate some reflections that can be considered by the incoming government, in light of the application of the principle of precaution and the duties of the State to guarantee sovereignty and food security. A descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, was carried out using bibliographical and documentary research procedures, based on secondary data sources, obtained from publicly accessible portals. The results show that: the release of transgenics in Brazil continues to be questioned in court; only two companies hold the patent for 38 of the 74 authorized soy and corn events; the crops, mostly, have the characteristics of tolerance to herbicides and resistance to insects; there was no respect for the precautionary principle; sovereignty and food security are threatened, either by the monopoly of seeds or by conflicts between the food security law and releases based on substantial equivalence. For the Lula 3 government to defend the right to adequate food, it is urgent to initiate an agroecological transition


There is a concern that students are inadequately prepared before being placed in industry to do Work Integrated Learning (WIL). To add on to this, the Co-operative Education Practitioners as well as the external partners or employers are not sufficiently supported to drive this challenging work. This may have an adverse impact on the students as they would drop out or perform badly. Students are from different backgrounds, some of them are from rural areas where there is a scarcity of work opportunities. The opportunity of getting a placement in industry is an unusual experience to them. This research implements a Single Case Study (Durban University of Technology case study), a mixed method design is followed combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. One of the main reasons for using a single case study in this investigation is that the DUT practices of Co-operative Education and Work Integrated Learning are not unique. It is representative of other Universities of Technology in South Africa. The first stage involves collecting data from students that are undertaking WIL. The second stage entailed targeting the graduates that were enrolled for programmes that incorporated WIL. The third and fourth stages involved the Co-operative Education Practitioners or the Co-ordinators of WIL at DUT and employers or supervisors of WIL students in the workplace respectively. Furthermore, this investigation will focus on stratified random sampling. The aim of the pilot study was done in order to test the questionnaires with regards to the relevance and clarity of questions. The objectives are to investigate the role, responsibilities and qualities of university and industry staff for facilitating support for learners. This study revealed that a large percentage of employers suggested that lack of learner support can contribute to student failure. Also, WIL Co-ordinators need to be capacitated as the majority of respondents indicated that training to facilitate WIL is extremely important (64%). 72 percent of the respondents indicated that the visits by the Co-operative Education Practitioners in workplaces are extremely important.


The article by Resende et al. provides interesting insights about the efficacy of hypopressive exercise (HE) and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The authors reported that both intervention groups' improved POP symptoms, quality of life, prolapse severity and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function, yet the PFMT group outcomes were superior. In recent years, HE has become more common in clinical practice for the treatment and prevention of POP. The study by Resende et al. adds to the current knowledge about the therapeutic effects of novel bodywork programs such as HE on women with POP. However, we would like to highlight several relevant aspects of their study protocol with the goal of enhancing their interpretation of the data and replicability in future investigations. Firstly, an important concern is the technical description of theHE intervention programdescribedbyResende et al. Their description of HE was based on the methodology provided by Caufriez. However, the technical description of HE in the report by Resende et al. does not correspond with the description providedbyCaufriez nor is it consistentwith other studies on HE or with HE manuals. HE consists of a progressive and rhythmic sequenceof postural stretching poses combined with a specific breathing technique. The standard HE breathing technique consists of three controlled lateral costal breaths followed by a low pulmonary volume breathhold (not total exhalation). During the breath-holding phase, a full expansion of the rib cage is performed by contracting the inspiratory musculature (eg, serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, and scalene). This breathing maneuver (breath-hold with complete rib cage expansion) is also known as an abdominal vacuum or diaphragmatic aspiration. However, Resende et al. described diaphragmatic aspiration as a contraction of the abdominal wall muscles. In addition, HE is performed following specific postural techniques, yet it remains unclear if the postural techniques of HE were taught and performed in the article by Resende et al. Due to the nature of HE it is critical to provide a detailed and accurate description of the HE protocol. As stated by Resende et al., "HEs required more time and are more difficult because of the apnea time". Similar to other bodywork programs such as Pilates and yoga, HE is a technique-driven movement program which requires qualified instruction and time for learning. In this sense, both experimental groups in the study by Resende et al. received three sessions to learn how to perform the exercises correctly. However, only two of the three sessions were dedicated to learning proper exercise technique for the home protocol. The lack of on-going instruction to perform HE in an overweight clinical population with no previous HE knowledge should be considered a study limitation. A valid and reliable assessment of exercise performance is essential for drawing valid conclusions about exercise effects. While the assessment of a correct PFMcontractionwas described for the PFMTgroup, the assessment of a correct HE performance was not mentioned for the HE group. Other relevant aspects of the HE protocol including the total breath-holding time progression and the rest intervals between repetitions and sets remain unclear. The HE group was prescribed two poses in the standing and supine positions whereas the PFMT group performed three postures in the standing, sitting and supine positions. The recommend session time for both groups was 40min whereby the HE group performed two sets of 8–10 repetitions and the PFMT group performed three sets of 8–12 repetitions held for 6 s with 12 s of rest. Group differences in the intensity, volume (ie, number of poses, sets and repetitions) and assessment of exercise performance between groups may have influenced the study outcomes. In order to enhance the replicability of exercise trials, there is a need for standardization of the methodology and for accurately reporting the exercise protocols. Without a complete disclosure of novel bodywork programs such as HE, future replication, clinical applications, and scientific discovery could be limited.


The invention relates to an electrical system (22), comprising: - a generator (30) primary electrical pulses; - a rechargeable electric battery (70); - an electric charge (74) able to reversibly switch between a powered state and a standby state; characterized in that the electrical system further comprises: - a first inductance (80) electrically connected in series between a terminal (100) of the primary generator and a terminal of the battery (124); a secondary electrical pulse generator (76) comprising a second inductor (130) magnetically coupled with the first inductor to form a transformer (132); and a processing circuit (72) solely electrically powered from the generated electrical pulses by the secondary generator, the power consumption of the processing circuit to completely perform said operation being less than the electrical energy of each pulse generated by the secondary generator.


What does music look like? Representation of music has taken many forms over time, from musical notation [16], through to random algorithm-based visualisations based on the amplitude of an audio signal [19]. One aspect of music visualisation that has not been widely explored is that of Cymatics. Cymatics are physical impressions of music created in mediums such as water. Current Cymatic visualisations are restricted to 2D imaging, whilst 3D visualisations of music are generally based on arbitrary mapping of audio-visual attributes. This paper looks at the design of CymaSense, an interactive tool based on Cymatics.


Erbium fiber lasers are described that have cavity lengths of 20-5000 m and are mode-locked at the fundamental cavity frequency using an integrated-optic intensity modulator driven by a novel pulse generator. Resulting optical pulses at 1536 nm were recorded with a synchroscan streak camera and show durations of 10-80 ps with peak powers over 6 W. The shorter cavities yield nearly transform-limited pulses, which are narrowed by solitonlike compression to approximately 5 ps after propagation through an external 14 km fiber.<<ETX>>


5-Amino-2-formylbenzenesulfonic acid has been prepared in one-step reaction by oxidation of 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid using ferric salts. Large differences in 1H spin-lattice NMR relaxation times are discussed and utilized for assessment of the ratio of the two possible conformers of the product.


As a consequence of the dam,the physical transport of dissolved matter is profoundly affected by human activities in reservoirs.A three-dimensional numerical model,Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code(EFDC),is used to study the physical mechanisms of mass transport in the Falls Lake Reservoir in North Carolina,USA.The spatial and temporal variations of the mean age and the residence time of a tracer are analyzed.Under steady-state conditions with constant in-/out-flows,the dissolved matter transport is dominated by river discharges.Under dynamic conditions,the phase of the water storage is also an important factor.The geometric feature and the function of the reservoir and the distribution of the tributary runoffs are the major factors that contribute to the differences of the local residence times.


Improvement in the means of teaching, full use of teaching resources, and reform of teaching methods are subjects of discussion in the practice and teaching in colleges and universities. This paper introduces the development of a platform with digital integration and remote resource sharing which can be attached to college network directly and can share system resources by means of college network without occupy resources in college network. This paper also outlines the system structure, software development of the platform, and the realizing methods of its main functions.


This document presents a description and analysis of housing codes and the enterprise of enforcing them. The origin of cases, the roles of complainants, inspectors, supervisors, and others in their processing, as well as the outcomes, are explored. Housing code enforcement produces law in action which, as with other similar enterprises, is simplified and liberal compared with the formal rules, and which contains a variety of formally arbitrary outcomes.


Abstract : Studying the evolution of magnetic clouds entrained in coronal mass ejections using in-situ data is a difficult task since only a limited number of observational points is available at large heliocentric distances. Remote sensing observations can, however, provide important information for events close to the Sun. In this work we estimate the flux rope orientation first in the close vicinity of the Sun (2-20 Solar Radii) using forward modeling of STEREO/SECCHI and SOHO/LASCO coronagraph images of coronal mass ejections and then in-situ using Grad-Shafranov reconstruction of the magnetic cloud. Thus, we are able to measure changes in the orientation of the erupted flux ropes as they propagate from the Sun to 1 AU. We present both techniques and use them to study 15 magnetic clouds observed during the minimum following Solar Cycle 23 and the rise of Solar Cycle 24. This is the first multievent study to compare the three-dimensional parameters of CMEs from imaging and in-situ reconstructions. The results of our analysis confirm earlier studies showing that the flux ropes tend to deflect towards the solar equatorial plane. We also find evidence of rotation on their travel from the Sun to 1 AU. In contrast to past studies, our method allows one to deduce the evolution of the three-dimensional orientation of individual flux ropes rather than on a statistical basis.


Objective: To assess the utility and validation of the Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) in predicting postoperative complications of hip fractures. Methods: This prospective observational study included patients who received operations for hip fractures from 1st March 2017 to 30th June 2018 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College. Patients were followed at the outpatient department, and complications and mortality were recorded through phone calls. The predictability of SAS for postoperative complications was assessed. Results: SAS≤4 was found as a significant predictor for postoperative pulmonary (P=0.008) and cardiac complications (P=0.042) as well as blood transfusion required to optimize postoperative hemoglobin (P=0.03) in the patients with hip fractures. Conclusions: SAS provides reliable feedback information about patients' postoperative risk during the surgery. Hip fracture patients with scores≤4 should be monitored for major complications both during the hospital admission and after the discharge.


The ability of osteoblasts to attach and function normally on scaffolds fabricated from synthetic materials is essential for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications. In this study, the osteoconductivity of polymer networks formed from multifunctional lactic acid oligomers was assessed. These oligomers form highly crosslinked networks via a photoinitiated polymerization, which provides potential advantages for many orthopaedic applications. Depending on the initial oligomer chemistry and the resultant polymer hydrophobicity, protein adsorption and osteoblast function varied significantly between the various lactic acid based polymer chemistries. Results were compared to control polymers of tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and 50 : 50 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The viability of osteoblasts attached to poly(2EG10LA) and poly(2EG6LA) was close to the TCPS and PLGA after 7 and 14 days of culture, whereas cell viability was ~50% lower on poly(8EG6LA). Additionally, the alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization of attached osteoblasts were similar on poly(2EG10LA) and PLGA, whereas these markers of bone formation were significantly lower for poly(2EG6LA) and poly(8EG6LA). For example, the alkaline phosphatase activity of rat calvarial osteoblasts attached to poly(2EG10LA) was 0.048 ± 0.006 μmol mg-1 protein-min, but only 0.030 ± 0.003 μmol mg-1 protein-min for osteoblasts attached to poly(8EG6LA) after 14 days of culture. Finally, osteoblasts were seeded onto three-dimensional scaffolds to demonstrate the applicability of the scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.


By measuring the residual enthalpy of curing of a partially cured unsaturated polyester resin, it is possible to determine the degree of curing. This method has the advantage of directly measuring the chemical process of curing itself and not a secondary property dependent on the degree of curing. Due to the complexity of the reaction, it is not possible to calculate the conditions for an optimal curing. Use of a DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) oven with its precise temperature setting allows complicated curing cycles to be simulated. At any point of the heating curve, the residual enthalpy of curing can be measured and the progress of curing can be monitored. It is also shown that there are differences in the resin systems according to the nature of the initiating radicals, especially with respect to the possibility of interrupting the curing process and starting it again when using C-C-unstable initiators.<<ETX>>


Propagation in l inear planar wa vegui des is a wel l-known pro blem , whereas pro pagati on in nonl inear waveguides wa s considered onl y in parti cular cases. Tha t is the caseof the nonl inear waveguide wi th a l inear Ùlm on a nonl inear substra te [1], then the l inear Ùlm surro unded by the nonl inear substra te and cover [2{ 7], the nonl inear Ùlm surro unded by l inear isotro pi c m edia [8{ 15]. In the paper the analysis of electrom agneti c Ùeld in the nonl inear planar waveguide is underta ken, where al l m edia have the Kerr typ e of nonl ineari ty . The mathem ati cal analysis of the electrom agneti c Ùeld in the nonl inear wa veguide is m ore com pl icated tha n the nonl inear interf ace because of: { two interf aces and three nonl inear m edia exi st, so three nonl inear waves can app ear, { the nonl inear wave equati on can have a m ore general f orm tha n in the case of the nonl inear interf ace.


Basic Ideas Introduction Constructing Rules Fisher's LDA and Other Methods Based on Covariance Matrices Nonlinear Methods Recursive Partitioning Methods Nonparametric Smoothing Methods Evaluating Rules Aspects of Evaluation Misclassification Rate Evaluating Two Class Rules Practical Issues Some Special Problems Some Illustrative Applications Links and Comparisons Between Methods.


On a premise that cultural heritage preservation is a tool for urban development and poverty alleviation with civil society as a potential partner, the aim of the study is to contribute to deeper k ...


George Bill Nikas State University of New York, College at Oswego Sally Breve, eleven years old and a pupil at Macron Elementary School, is classified as a pupil with a reading potential of eighth grade, but is presently reading at third-grade level. Should Sally's teacher be alarmed about such disparate levels? Should she be alarmed that the levels suggest reading retardation of five years? It would be.far more appropriate if Sally's teacher and the reading profession were less concerned about Sally's reading levels and more concerned about the concept of reading potential and its use by schools. Reading potential is a term that is used extensively in the professional literature to denote the level of reading, and hence learning, that an individual is capable of. For Sally, the general consensus would be that her present potential for reading is the eighthgrade level. The concept of reading potential as described here needs to be examined.


The potential of Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) for the retrieval of surface soil moisture over bare soils was evaluated for several ASAR acquisition configurations: (1) one date/single channel (one incidence and one polarization), (2) one date/two channels (one incidence and two polarizations), (3) two dates/two channels (two incidences and one polarization), and (4) two dates/four channels (two incidences and two polarizations). The retrieval of soil moisture from backscattering measurements is discussed, using empirical inversion approaches. When compared with the results obtained with a single polarization (HH or HV), the use of two polarizations (HH and HV) does not enable a significant improvement in estimating soil moisture. For the best estimates of soil moisture, ASAR data should be acquired at both low and high incidence angles. ASAR proves to be a good remote sensing tool for measuring surface soil moisture, with accuracy for the retrieved soil moisture that can reach 3.5% (RMSE). INTRODUCTION Soil moisture and surface roughness are significant indicators for hydrologic studies and the monitoring of agricultural environments. These parameters play an important role in the distribution of precipitation between runoff and infiltration. The possibility of retrieving these soil parameters has been investigated by using scatterometers, satellites, space shuttles, and airborne synthetic aperture radars [1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,12]. The launch of the new European Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) in March 2002, carrying the C-band Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR), should enable the scientific community to improve and increase its ability to retrieve physical parameters, based on ENVISAT's capability of providing images in HH, HV, and VV polarizations (two polarizations are possible simultaneously) and at various incidence angles between 15° and 45°. The objective of the present study is to investigate empirical inversion approaches in order to retrieve volumetric soil moistures for bare soil from ASAR images acquired at various incidence angles and in HH and HV polarizations. This work will enable us to evaluate the potential of the new ASAR sensor for extracting surface soil moisture. DATA SET The image data used in this study were acquired by the ASAR SAR between 9 February 2003 and 20 April 2004 over two study sites (16 images, HH and HV polarizations, incidence angle between 20° to 43°). The first lies to the west of Paris, near Villamblain, France (latitude 48° 00` N, longitude 01° 34` E). The second is located near Toulouse in the Touch catchment basin (latitude 43° 27` N, longitude 01° 02` E). The sites are composed mainly of agricultural fields intended for growing wheat and corn. Simultaneously with the radar acquisition, ground truth measurements including soil moisture, surface roughness, and bulk density were performed on several bare soil test fields. Soil moisture content was measured using the gravimetric method (upper 0-5 cm soil layer, 10 locations within each test field). The volumetric soil moistures range from 5.4% to 47.3% with a standard deviation of about ±1.7%. The soil bulk density ranges from 0.86 to 1.66 with a standard deviation of about 0.06. Most of the in situ ground measurements of soil moisture were made within ± 2 h of the ASAR overpasses. Soil roughness measurements were also carried out, using a 2 meter-long needle profilometer with a 1-cm sampling interval (10 roughness profiles for each test field : 5 parallel and 5 perpendicular to the row direction). On the basis of these measurements the roughness parameters, such as the root mean square (rms) surface height and the correlation length (L) were calculated using the mean of all experimental auto-correlation functions, both parallel and perpendicular. The rms values fluctuate between 0.5 cm and 3.56 cm; the


The Cayley differential (CD) codes constitute a systematic way to construct differential unitary space-time codes for noncoherent MIMO communications. The present authors propose designing CD codes by minimising the union bound based on the exact pairwise error probability (PEP). The gradient descent method is employed to numerically search the optimum dispersion matrices. They search the optimum CD codes for a particular scenario taking into account the number of transmit and receive antennas and the operating SNR. Simulation results show that codes optimised by the new criterion generally outperform the CD codes designed by maximising the expected distance between codeword pairs and the Cayley TAST codes that satisfy the full rank criterion. The new CD codes also enjoy better or comparable performance over other group-based or non-group codes.


This is the first time that the International Symposium on Exoelectron Emission and Applications has been held in Osaka, Japan. Japanese research on exoelectron emission has certainly been spreading and growing from the standpoint not only of basic solid-state or surface science but also of technical applications. A brief review of this progress is presented.


Changes in phosphorus applied as superphosphate to irrigated pastures on a red-brown earth were studied for a 4 year period commencing 1 year after the establishment of the pastures. The pastures consisted of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and white clover (T. repens L.). Measurements of phosphorus fractions were made on the 0–3 in. soil horizon over this period and, for the final 2 years, on the organic matter layer (mat) which was present on the soil surface under all pastures. The mat was shown to be an important accumulation site for organic phosphorus, as well as for inorganic phosphorus which accumulates from interception of broadcast applications of superphosphate. Of the 155 lb phosphorus per acre added as fertilizer, 82–100% was accounted for principally as increases in the acetic acid-soluble fraction or as organic phosphorus. There were no significant changes in the inorganic phosphorus fraction soluble in sodium hydroxide. It was concluded that the amount of phosphorus converted to the organic form will determine the level for maintenance applications of phosphorus on the irrigated pastures.


Both patients and hospitals are harmed by hospital-acquired infection, sometimes known as "nosocomial infection." To prevent these hospitals, require excellent disinfection and sterilization technologies, which are now integrated into a single department known as the central sterile supply department (CSSD).Aim is to study Organization, workload and the Quality Control Practices in CSSD. This descriptive, observational and hospital survey based study was carried out over a period of 6 months from November to April in Santosh Medical College & Hospital Ghaziabad. Monitoring of CSSD is done to oversee the use of different sterilization methods and capturing indicators to monitor sterilization process and ensure technical maintenance of the equipment according to National standards and manufacture's recommendation. CSSD of the institution is centrally located within the hospital. Various articles including linen, dressings, surgical instruments and trays are sterilized in the CSSD. Sterilization is done by steam sterilization and gas sterilization with a total of seven autoclaves and two ETO machines. Physical, chemical are regularly used during the process of sterilization. CSSD of institute with proper practices of sterilization methods helps in continuous improvement required to decrease hospital acquired infections (HAIs).


Abstract An efficient numerical model is used to solve the linear barotropic equations of motion with North Atlantic bottom topography and seasonal wind forcing. The model domain extends from 10°S to 80°N and from 0° to 100°W with 1° × 1° resolution. Seasonal transport and sea level variations predicted by the model are compared with the available data. The most striking result from our study is the ability of the model to reproduce features of the observed annual cycle of sea level. The model reproduces most of the features at stations on the southeastern seaboard of the United States noted by Blaha, although with reduced amplitude. We demonstrate the influence of offshore transport variations on our model response at these stations and suggest that perhaps the coastal sea level record provides evidence for the transport variations in deep water, offshore from the Gulf Stream, that are predicted by the model. We have also looked at the model response at stations farther north and on the eastern side of t...


Molecules that absorb 10.5-μm CO2 laser radiation are important as candidates for laser isotope separation and as possible saturable absorbers, passive mode lockers, and subjects for various non-linear optics experiments. Two such molecules are SF6 and OsO4, which have dense and complex absorption features that were not resolved until the development of tuna-ble diode lasers (resolution <10-5 cm-1). The spectra of these two compounds have been ex-amined in the region 940-970 cm-1 and will be discussed, with special attention to calibra-tion techniques. Full assignments and analyses of the bands have been carried out, isotope shifts measured, and the molecular constants determined. Application of these results to the analysis of non-linear optics experiments will be discussed.


ABSTRACT Within special education policy and practice, parents are expected to advocate for their children to receive appropriate special education and related services. However, the majority of parents report feeling disempowered to advocate; families from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds may feel especially disempowered. Federally funded Parent Training and Information Centers (PTIs) exist in each state to empower historically underserved (including CLD) parents of children with disabilities. In this study, we examined how PTIs educate and empower CLD families through semi-structured interviews with 13 PTI staff members who work with CLD families across five states. The participants emphasized the importance of strategies such as conducting outreach in local communities and developing parent leaders among the CLD families they support. The findings also indicated that PTIs struggle with addressing external, systemic barriers which influence CLD families. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.


As healthcare costs continue to rise globally, policy makers and researchers have focused on inefficiencies in healthcare delivery. In the USA, the combination of high costs and disappointing outcomes associated with a fragmented delivery system has generated the idea that substantial reductions in spending are possible without sacrificing patient care. Indeed, we know that high spending often fails to produce optimal outcomes and therefore, reductions in spending should be achievable with no detrimental effects on quality.

The evidence that less can sometimes be more is all around us. Front-line providers know all too well the human and financial costs of aggressive treatment of terminally ill patients who might otherwise prefer a palliative approach. Redundant testing due to inadequate care coordination and lack of information sharing is another example. Preventable adverse events exemplify how poor-quality care can drive up costs and harm patients at the same time. From these instances, a new mantra has emerged among many health policy leaders: less is better. Intensity is bad.

What is clinical intensity? It is often described as the tendency to do more: perform more procedures, admit more patients, consult more specialists and prescribe more medications.1 Why does level of intensity appear to vary widely across institutions? Some have suggested that variation in clinical intensity is due to differences in the underlying patient population, although others have argued that patient factors matter very little. Detailed work by researchers at Dartmouth has suggested that both medical intensity and its variation among providers are fundamentally inefficient …


We present a new correlation imaging approach for the vertical gradient of magnetic total field anomaly for deriving an equivalent magnetic sources distribution of the subsurface.In this approach,we divide the subsurface space into a 3D regular grid,and then at each grid node calculate cross correlation between the vertical gradient of observed magnetic total field anomaly and the vertical gradient of theoretical magnetic total field anomaly due to a magnetic dipole source.The resultant correlation coefficients are used to describe equivalent magnetic dipole distribution in a probability sense.The tests on the synthetic data and the real data show that the equivalent magnetic dipoles distribution derived by the approach basically reflects the causative sources of the subsurface,and also illustrate that its resolution is higher than both that from 3D correlation imaging for magnetic total field anomaly and from 3D correlation imaging based on entropy filter for magnetic total field anomaly.


In Lars von Trier's film Breaking the Waves (1996), music mediates the audience's relationship to the events on screen. On the one hand, von Trier encourages viewers to relate their own embodied experience of listening to music to the film's central character and thereby fosters an empathetic connection between the audience and Bess McNeill. On the other hand, von Trier's use of music provides moments of escape from Bess's traumatic story as the film becomes increasingly violent. By pulling viewers between these two states—an embodied identification with Bess and an awareness of one's own physical responses to music separate from Bess—von Trier's use of 1970s rock music raises ethical questions regarding a viewer's relationship to the depiction of another's suffering. This article aims to bring film scholar Vivian Sobchack's phenomenological approach to bear on film music, as well as historian Dominick LaCapra's theories regarding ethics and empathy. In Breaking the Waves, von Trier's use of music highlights how empathy and escape, pleasure and suffering can become entangled in a morally complex embrace.


Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, prepared at low DS and without change in crystallinity from that of the original cottons, was subjected to hydrolysis with 2.5 N HCI for various lengths of time ranging from 20 min to 5 hr. The yield of DEAE-hydrocellulose (insoluble fraction) ranged from 90.5% at 20 min to 79.2% at 5 hr. Throughout the hydrolysis, the percent nitrogen in the solubilized fraction was triple that in the insoluble fraction. Gas-liquid chroma tographic analysis to determine the distribution of substituents in the solubilized and insoluble fractions showed that the ratio of substituents in the 2-0- and 6-0-positions was higher in the insoluble fraction than in the solubilized frac tion. The 3-0-/6-0-ratio was higher in the solubilized fraction than in the insoluble fraction. The significance of these results as supporting evidence for two types of accessible surfaces of crystalline elementary fibrils in fibrous cotton cellu lose is discussed.


The function of the router ACL show,to clarify the role of access control lists,namely:the source IP address,the purpose of IP address,source port,destination port screening,restrictions on the establishment of rules for communication and thus to achieve access control purposes.Conversion through NAT configuration examples to understand NAT,dynamic IP address and port multiplexed NAT address translation type of technology and configuration of three principles.Multiple VLAN port aggregation,that is,the physical line in a multiple virtual network communication,in order to participate in Trunk of VLAN marking(VLANID) and and the right premise equipment Trunk's VLANID correspond to the completion of the necessary number of VLAN Trunking conditions.


This article is a case study concerning the 'Divine Soldiers' movement in the peasant society of Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Border Region, south-west China in Republican period, aiming at exploring the origins and forms of the peasant collective action and its relations with the modern revolutionary movement. For the origins, analysis focuses on the competition for the control of local resources between three different actors: local bandits declasses, the settled peasant society and the militarists and state power. Author also shows the remarkable popular religious tradition in this region, prevalent since White Lotus rebellion in late 18th century. The article shows that the Divine Soldiers movement represented three patterns of collective action mentioned by Charles Tilly: competitive action, reactive forms and proactive action. But the author argues that these different forms appeared almost simultaneously. Divine Soldiers movement started from the competition with the local bandits predating resources of local peasant society, but it did not remain in this phase. The most of its action was against the resources extraction by the state power and undisciplined roaming soldiers. Divine Soldiers movement also represented the third pattern of action, proactive, in the relations with the Communist revolutionary movement. A number of Divine Soldiers' member were absorbed rapidly by the Red Army and participated in the political process of the Communist Soviet building movement in this region in the early 1930s. These active peasant actions could be generated by the Communist flexible strategies resumed in the slogan "protect Divine Soldiers' body and home", "protect the shrine of Divine Soldiers".


Although the histological literature on the corpus luteum is very extensive, a description of cellular and fat changes in the organ, which distinguishes between the corpora lutea of ovulabion, pseudo-pregnancy, pregnancy, and lactation where these are differentiated, is still lacking for some laboratory animals. In view of experimental work now in progress, it was thought that a short account of the mouse corpus luteum on these lines might be of value. In the absence of pregnancy, old corpora lutea persist for a considerable period in the mouse ovary, and after the initial signs of cellular degeneration, which are not always very obvious, further changes are slow to occur. With suitable histological methods, however, it is possible to distinguish, even after they are fully developed, the corpora lutea belonging to the last one and sometimes two or more oestrous periods.


Simple Summary Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) is a rare subtype of salivary gland neoplasm accounting for 6–7% of such tumors. In our study, we analyzed 2226 total cases of AciCC while conducting analysis on the demographic trends and outcomes related to different treatment strategies, clinical characteristics, and other demographics. AciCC mainly affected white females in their 50s. Grade III (poorly differentiated) and Grade IV (undifferentiated) cancers along with tumors that metastasized were associated with worse survival outcomes. This study aims to provide further data on treatment strategies, demographic features and trends, and factors associated with poorer prognosis. Abstract Background: Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) comprises 6–7% of all salivary gland neoplasms and is the second most common salivary gland malignancy in children. Like many salivary gland carcinomas, it is considered low grade but occasionally it behaves aggressively. Understanding the risk factors associated with recurrence, metastasis, and death is important to determine the counseling and management of individual patients. Older population-based studies are presumed to have been confounded by the misclassification of other neoplasms as AciCC, in particular secretory carcinoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Since diagnostic tools to reliably separate these entities have been available for over a decade, reevaluation of epidemiologic data limited to the 21st century should allow a better characterization of the clinicopathological characteristics of AciCC. Methods: Our study extracted data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for the period 2000 to 2018. Cox regression model analysis was performed to identify risk factors independently affecting survival. Results: Data for 2226 patients with AciCC were extracted from the database. Most patients were females: 59%, and white: 80.5%, with a mean age at diagnosis of 51.2 (SD ± 18.7) years. Most cases (81%) were localized at presentation. Tumor size was less than 2 cm in 42%, 2–4 cm in 47%, and >4 cm in 11%. Low-grade tumors had 5-year survival > 90%, whereas high-grade tumors had survival < 50%. Of the patients with known lymph node status only 7.3% had nodal metastases. Distant metastases were documented in 1.1%, involving lungs 44%, bone 40%, liver 12%, and brain 4%. The most common treatment modality was surgery alone: 63.6% followed by surgery and adjuvant radiation: 33%. A few received chemotherapy (1.8%) or multimodality therapy (1.2%). The 5-year overall survival rate was 90.6% (95%CI 89.1–91.9), and disease-specific survival was 94.6% (95%CI 93.3–95.6). Multivariable cox regression analysis showed that undifferentiated (HR = 8.3) and poorly differentiated tumor grade (HR = 6.4), and metastasis (HR = 5.3) were the worst independent prognostic factors. Other poor risk factors included age > 50 (HR = 3.5) and tumor size > 4 cm (HR = 2.5). Conclusions: In the US, AciCC is more common in middle age white females, and most tumors are less than 4 cm and localized at diagnosis. The most relevant negative prognostic factor was high tumor grade which was associated with higher hazard ratios for death than all other variables, including regional or distant metastases at presentation.


We demonstrate that for multilayered magnetic nanowires, where the thickness and composition of the individual layers have been carefully chosen, domain walls can be pinned at non-topographic sites created purely by ion irradiation in a focused ion beam system. The pinning results from irradiation induced alloying leading to magnetic property modification only in the affected regions. Using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we have studied the pinning behavior of domain walls at the irradiation sites. Depending on the irradiation dose, a single line feature not only pinned the domain walls but also acted to control their structure and the strength of their pinning.


Dietary α‐carotene is found mainly in carrots. Upon its central cleavage in the intestinal brush border, α‐retinal and retinal are formed and subsequently reduced to α‐retinol (αR) and retinol (R). Previous reports suggest that αR has about 2% of the biopotency of all‐trans‐retinyl acetate due in part to its inability to bind to retinol‐binding protein. The current studies determined the biopotency of αR compared with R and 3, 4‐didehydroretinol (DR) in a controlled growth assay. Rats (n = 40) were fed a defined vitamin A‐deficient diet for 8 wk and then divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 10/group). Groups were orally dosed daily with 50 nmol retinyl acetate (14.3 μg R), α‐retinyl acetate (14.3 μg αR), 3, 4‐didehydroretinyl acetate (14.2 μg DR), or plain cottonseed oil (negative control group). This regimen was continued until some of the rats in the control group showed signs of vitamin A deficiency at 5 wk after supplementation began. Comparison of areas under the growth response curves revealed that αR and DR had 40 and 110% bioactivity, respectively, when compared with R. In study 2, rats (n = 40) received daily doses of 70 nmol retinyl acetate and 0, 17.5, 35 or 70 nmol α‐retinyl acetate. Although liver reserves of R differed among groups in study 2, αR did not interact with R. Rat growth curves revealed that αR and DR are more biopotent than previously reported with sustained equimolar dosing.


As we shift away from traditional information exchange pathways, we enter avenues that are anything but predictable. These 'channels' do not provide the economic, cultural, or traditional reliability that we have come to expect, nor the certainty that what we are reading or viewing is trustworthy. We are willing to make this hell-bound exchange of trust for innovation because we value ourselves more than the information, perhaps to a greater extent than ever before. What we are neglecting are the communities that have until now made possible what we may see as quaint and largely useless. As national borders disappear, cultural barriers also more slowly dissolve, and everywhere becomes more and more like here. We seek ways to express and reserve our individuality. We are, after all, us, not them.


Background: The new heart failure (HF) therapies of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), vericiguat, and omecamtiv mecarbil do not act primarily through the neuro-hormonal blockade, but have shown clinical benefits in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, their respective efficacies remain unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the relative efficacy of new drugs for HFrEF. Methods: We performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SGLT2i, vericiguat, omecamtiv mecarbil, and placebo in HFrEF patients. The primary endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular death (CVD) or HF hospitalization (CVD-HF); secondary endpoints were CVD, all-cause death, and HF hospitalization (HFH). Results: Twelve RCTs (n = 23,861 patients) were included. A significant reduction in CVD-HF was observed with SGLT2i compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71–0.83), vericiguat (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75–0.93), and omecamtiv mecarbil (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72–0.88). No significant difference was observed between vericiguat and omecamtiv mecarbil (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87–1.04). SGLT2i were superior to placebo and omecamtiv mecarbil for all individual secondary endpoints (CVD, all-cause death, and HFH), and also to vericiguat for HFH. SGLT2i ranked as the most effective therapy for all endpoints, and vericiguat, omecamtiv mecarbil, and placebo ranked as the second, third, and last options, respectively, for the primary endpoint. Conclusions: In patients with HFrEF on standard-of-care therapy, SGLT2i therapy was associated with a reduced risk of CVD-HF compared to placebo, vericiguat, and omecamtiv mecarbil. Furthermore, SGLT2i were superior to placebo and omecamtiv mecarbil for CVD, all-cause death, and HFH, and also to vericiguat for HFH.


The author in this article gives her own opinion on the issue of fee-collection, to which the whole society attaches an importance in recent years and the failure fee-collection, due to some students' being in debt, affects the construction and development of colleges and universities.


Dilated cardiomyopathy is a common disease in several canine large breeds. The clinical characteristics
 are very well described for some breeds like the Irish Wolfhound, the Doberman pinscher or the
 Boxer. In the frame of the European project LUPA, genetic studies were lead on these breeds to determine
 the molecular basis of the disease. Several genomic areas were highlighted. During the project,
 two mutations were described for two different canine breeds in the United States. According
 to the geographical origin of the population, the relevance of the mutations varies. This article presents
 the results of the LUPA project on genetic knowledge in dilated cardiomyopathy


and, by extension, of politics in developing countries. Many of the generalizations made in the book provide an excellent starting point for further research. One of the merits of Agpalo's book is that there is such a richness and variety of suggested approaches that it may be possible to pursue further research on this topic despite the fact, that since September, 1972, when martial law was declared in the Philippines, no elections have been held in the country and hence a new ingredient has been added to Philippine politics.


Objective To summarize our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of sigmoid volvulus. Methods The clinical and management of 27 cases with sigmoid volvulus were analyzed and literatures reviewed. Results 16 cases were diagnosed by roentgenograms of the abdomen, 6 by colonoscopy, 4 by laparotomy, and one case was misdiagnosed as "gastrectasia". 16 cases underwent non operative detorsion ,12 cases succeeded without any complications.15 cases were performed laparotomy (8 cases detorsion and colopexy,7 cases one-stage resection and anastomoses).One case with severe diabetes mellitus died from pulmonary infection and arrhythmia after operation. No anastomoses leak occurred. Conclusion Elder male patient with complaint of abdominal pain, distention and constipation should be suspected sigmoid volvulus. About 60% of cases could be diagnosed by roentgenograms. Colonoscopy has significant virtues to the cases without peritonitis and gangrenous bowel, and detorsion can be performed with high successful rate and low risk as soon as diagnoses are available. Laparotomy should be performed in time if non operative detorsion are failed or cases have peritonitis or gangrenous bowel.


Objective To discuss the clinical efficacy of point-injection with nerve growth factor (NGF) in treatment of infantile cerebral palsy.Methods According to the time order,50 cases with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into the treatment group(30 cases) and the control group (20 cases).Both groups were given the conventional treatment of Bobath mainly exercise therapy,homework therapy and the language therapy.In addition,the treatment group was given the treatment of point-injection with NGF.Gesell scale was used to evaluate all the patients before and after treatment.Results After treatment,the Gesell evaluation of the treatment group was higher than control group,and the difference was statistically significant (t =-2.096,-2.187,-2.048,-2.053,-2.225,all P <0.05).Conclusion On the basis of rehabilitation training,point-injection with NGF could improve intelligence,motor function and language in children with cerebral palsy,and the efficacy was obvious.

Key words:
Cerebral palsy; Point-injection; Rehabilitation; Nerve growth factor


Multisource assessment refers to a type of evaluation conducted at different levels and on various aspects by multiple persons including supervisors, subordinates, and colleagues. It includes self-assessment as well. In this paper, the concept of multisource assessment is redefined for classroom environments. To study the educational value of multisource assessment, a multisource assessment model that leverages translation editing is used in a real classroom environment. Class observations and survey results indicate that multisource assessment is effective as it allows rich feedback from multiple participants, creates huge amount of knowledge and advances cognitive development. Three types of multisource assessment were conducted in translation classes: Student conducts 'self-assessment' to review and edit his/her translation assignment from his/her own perspective; classmates carry out "peer-assessments" to assess the quality of assignments from readers' perspective; and lecturer conducts 'teacher's assessment' to give comments as a specialist. These three approaches, carried out in parallel, created synergy effect, thereby raising reliability and validity. Furthermore, students were more engaged in classroom discussions, contributing different opinions on given subjects. Some issues remain unsettled, such as 'ensuring reliability and homogeneity of peer reviews', 'developing more effective self-assessment tools', and 'streamlining processes or adjusting assessment frequency to resolve excessive time consumption problem'. Once these issues are resolved, multisource assessment is expected to present significant educational value.


The purposes of this study were (1) to develop valid and reliable psychological well-being for Thai elderly people and (2) to examine the factor structure of psychological well-being. The sample consisted of 300 elderly people in Bangkok. The instrument was the Elderly Psychological Well-Being Scale which contained 24 items. Each item was rated on a five- point Likert scale, from ( 1) never true of me to ( 5) always true of me. The data were analyzed using confirmatory analysis. The results from confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the first order factor structure model which consisted of 5 correlated factors such as (1) positive emotion (2) self-reliance (3) social relationship (4) having mind anchor and (5) resilience. Results from the second order confirmatory factor analysis also indicated that psychological well- being included the combination of 5 factors. The results also indicated the psychological well- being inventory had good psychometric properties: internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and convergent validity. The measure of psychological well- being scale is a multidimensional scale that has the potential for significant usage in the development and testing of theory, as well as practical application.


Abstract Increasing interest in internal cognitive states of recreationists during participation has led to the investigation of the influence of differing amounts of previous experience on participation. Varying levels of experience imply different amounts and organization of information available to the individual to evaluate recreation participation. However, experience may be conceived of in different ways. A person may be a novice in a given environment, yet have experience elsewhere. This paper analyzed the subjective perceptions and motivations for participation of float trip recreationists on thirteen rivers across the nation, using amount of previous experience on the river and elsewhere as independent variables. Results indicated that persons who were new to the river on which they were surveyed but who had float trip experience elsewhere were more like persons with previous experience on the study river. However, on questions related specifically to the river itself, persons with experience els...


This paper aims to show how re-familiarizing with the concept of archetypes and their manifestations in myths, legends and fairy tales can provide the therapist with a practical and helpful tool for working with clients. Jung did not leave a clear-cut clinical methodology for later generations to adopt and evolve. Instead, the curriculum for the aspiring analyst was (and continues to be) Jungian analysis itself tempered by reading key works of Jung and successors. Espousing an archetypal perspective, this paper refers to several examples of the negative mother archetype as it appears embodied in a myth, a legend and a Chinese filial piety exemplar. The analysis of this sampling of literary narratives from various cultures is used to illustrate the universal nature of archetypes and how they can be leveraged by the clinician to shed light on the modalities of symptomology presented by the client in the grip of a mother complex.


In this paper a simple model is proposed in which the observed φ and ω resonant states are considered as mixtures of "pure" states |Y〉 and |B〉 corresponding to hypercharge and baryonic mesons. The implications of this model for the isoscalar nucleon form factor; the decays of the φ, ω, and π0 mesons; the role of the ω and φ mesons in nuclear forces; the mass distribution of Dalitz pairs in the decay π0→γ+e++e-; and the photoproduction of η mesons are briefly considered.


Contents: Foreword by the Director of CAM Acknowledgments Introduction "Wedded Perfection," by Cynthia Amneus "Wedding Dress Choices for the Masses, 1880-1920," Sara Long Butler "The Commercialisation of Weddings in the 20th Century," Katherine Jellison Catalogue of the Exhibition


This paper presents experimental data of three different prototype valves with cone-, ball-, and slide-valve geometries that have been tested using R-744 and two reference media, ARAL 4005 and R-729, under one-phase flow conditions. Three different test rigs were used to carry out the tests using boundary conditions with the objective to achieve more or less similarity regarding the Reynolds number and the Mach number. One aim was to find physical-based flow correlations to describe the flow behavior of the three investigated valve geometries with carbon dioxide (R-744), hydrocarbon-based low-viscosity fluid (ARAL 4005), and air (R-729) as the fluid. The main goal of this research was to find a correlation between the flow coefficients of both (a) R-744 and ARAL 4005 and (b) R-744 and R-729 to enable the transfer of a flow coefficient measured for ARAL 4005 or R-729 into a flow coefficient for R-744.


On-surface supramolecular chemistry inspired the fabrication of a large variety of atomically controlled systems and on-surface synthesis allowed the production of low-dimensional materials with atomic precision. Since numerous surface-supported nanostructures are constantly developed, their possible applications stimulate diverse areas of research such as catalysis, organic electronics, surface sensing, surface functionalization and nanopatterning.
Several protocols and interfacial approaches have been developed for the production of surface-supported supramolecular networks by self-assembly and by far, the increasing interest for nanomaterials with innovative functionalities has boosted the search in on-surface activation of chemical reaction for the covalent stabilization of more complex molecular architectures.
Photochemistry was furthered as a promising approach for this purpose and pioneering examples allowed a deeper understanding of light-induced on-surface chemical reactions. However, the search in this field is still at its birth and further research is required. The Scanning Tunneling Microscope provides the necessary resolution for this studies in various conditions, including solid/liquid or solid/air interfaces or Ultra High Vacuum (UHV).


The reform of economic housing didn't overcome the housing difficulty for the lower income people,but led to dissatisfied emotion of the people even with unsteady factors.The transformation from indirect subsidy to direct subsidy means a progress in some sense.The author in the paper firstly made a comparative analysis on the feasibility of direct subsidy replacing indirect subsidy,and then discussed the disadvantages as well as the possible problems of direct subsidy policy.Lastly programme was provided for improvement.


Najla Abbes is a Fulbright alumna. She was a Fulbright Language Teaching Assistant at Pfeiffer University, North Carolina from 2007 to 2008. She has a Master's degree in English Literature from The Higher Institute of Languages in Tunisia. She is currently working as a MEPI administrator at the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. In this position she advises civil society actors in relation to the writing of funding proposals. She conducts field research and reports on MEPI-funded projects. She has also worked as an Arabic language instructor at the Foreign Service Institute Tunisia (FSI) and the School for International Training (SIT). Her main duties were to teach different levels of Modern Standard Arabic and conduct lectures and workshops on Tunisian identity, education, and women in Tunisia. Najla is the co-founder, treasurer, and program coordinator of the League of Tunisian Women Voters (LET). The league aims to improve Tunisian women's ability to participate effectively in public affairs, especially in politics and electoral practices, as voters and candidates based on the principles of human rights and social gender. As a program coordinator, Najla developed project proposals on women empowerment strategies and helped to implement an exchange program between Tunisian female potential candidates for the coming elections and Danish female MPs.


At a recent meeting of the Society for Business Ethics, I met an ethics panel member who commented on the extra efforts that St. Joseph Health, a very large healthcare organization, was engaging to accomplish its mission: "To extend the healing ministry of Jesus in the tradition of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange by continually improving the health and quality of life of people in the communities we serve." Within their 25,000‐person system of 18 non‐profit hospitals, they are seeking to unify their efforts by requiring the senior leadership to participate in a four‐year organizational formation program and a mission‐based immersion experience to internalize and create a values‐based culture. A䴫נ�ˎƦ Rנ�콰�跲�ᅰ㲢� K. M밲Ʀ��ᔕ�ᅰᅰ


When the temperature of a structure varies, there is a tendency to produce changes in the shape of the structure. The resulting actions may be of considerable importance in the analysis of the structures having non-prismatic members. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the modeling, analysis and behavior of the non-prismatic members subjected to temperature changes with the aid of finite element modeling. The fixed-end moments and fixed-end forces of such members due to temperature changes were computed through a comprehensive parametric study. It was demonstrated that the conventional methods using frame elements can lead to significant errors, and the deviations can reach to unacceptable levels for these types of structures. The design formulas and the dimensionless design coefficients were proposed based on a comprehensive parametric study using two-dimensional plane-stress finite element models. The fixed-end actions of the non-prismatic members having parabolic and straight haunches due to temperature changes can be determined using the proposed approach without necessitating a detailed finite element model solution. Additionally, the robust results of the finite element analyses allowed examining the sources and magnitudes of the errors in the conventional analysis.


This paper describes the pragmatic-rhetoric functions of visual perception verbs used as evidentials in scientific articles. These verbs not only indicate different types of evidentiality (visual and inferential), but can also adopt forms that suggest the (non)shared status of evidence. Our aim is to discover if there exists any constant relationship between the type of evidentiality, accessibility and the functions these evidential constructions have in the discourse. This study was carried out in a corpus of Biology articles published between 1799 and 1920. We believe that, in this corpus, many evidential choices are conditioned more by the author's intentions than by the conventions of the genre. It should be reminded that in the period under study the conventions of scientific writing were yet to be established.


The Raman spectra of water are measured at temperatures up to 510 °C and at pressures up to 40 MPa. The peak frequency increases with temperature, indicating the break of hydrogen bonding, and it changes only slightly at higher temperatures above the critical point. The peak frequency has a maximum near the critical pressure, and the extent of hydrogen bonding significantly changes with pressure in this near-critical region. The deviation of the maximum frequency Δf relative to that of the monomer is in good agreement with the chemical shifts with the literature NMR data. The extent of the hydrogen bonding can be estimated from the Δf values. The Δf values at the near-critical points are significantly lower compared with those in super- or sub-critical conditions, and the strength of the hydrogen bonding weakens uniquely in the near-critical region.


This article describes the development and eventual closing down of the research lab for inter-disciplinary problems in musical acoustics (Forschungslabor für akustisch-musikalische Grenzprobleme) at the Technical Centre for Radio and Television Broadcasting (RFZ) in Berlin-Adlershof. It discusses the design and building of the Subharchord electronic synthesizer, and the situation of that device within the social, economic and aesthetic contexts of the GDR. The instrument is presented as well as the background of the idea of subharmony. Finally, some musical works produced with the Subharchord in the lab are discussed.


The efficacy of six kinds of insecticide on cotton plant bugs was tested in the insect-resistant transgenic Bt cotton field.The results showed that 5% Fibroins SC at 600 mL/hm2 had the best control effect on cotton plant bugs,and it had quick control efficacy and long control time.35% Endosulfan EC,40% Chlorpyrifos EC and 1.8% Avermetins EC also had well control effect,but the control effect of high active Cypermethrin was low.


In this paper, a new method to obtain the reversible characteristic of GO SiFe sheet, under circular rotating induction, is-proposed. It uses dynamic clockwise and anticlockwise H locus and a suitable averaging. Tested for variable frequency, this method is valid and leads to identical characteristics from 10 to 300 Hz. However, for 400 Hz the curve obtained is larger and the method is no more correct. This effect is due to the non uniformity of the vectors B and H in the cross section of the sheet and can be clearly explained by a diffusion calculation. The reversible H locus points out the symmetry of the sheet and the characteristic axes of the Goss texture. A modeling of such a behavior is attempted considering the applied field energy and the anisotropy energy with a reduced constant.


User intent extraction from social media texts is aimed at identifying user intent keyword and its related information. This topic has attracted a lot of researches since its various applications in online marketing, e-commerce and business services. One of such studies is to model this problem as a sequence labeling task and apply state-of-the-art sequential tagging models such as BiLSTM [12] and BiLSTM-CRFs [12]. In this paper, we take a further step to enhance intent extraction results based on tri-training [23] and ensemble learning [2]. Specifically, we simultaneously use three BiLSTM-CRFs models, each of them is different from others by the type of word embeddings, and apply majority voting scheme over their predicted labels when decoding final labels. Extensive experiments on data from three domains Real Estate, Tourism and Transportation show that our proposed methods enjoy a better performance compared to single model based approach.


Despite the voluminous literature on addiction very little is known about the actual processes of addiction—beginning use, addiction, abstention, and relapse. This paper attempts to contribute to one of these gaps—abstention. A survey of 422 male addicts in six treatment facilities showed that many addicts do have long periods of voluntary abstention outside of jails and treatment programs and that the majority during these abstentions make reasonable adjustments to the working world and square life. Long term abstention is associated with both age and length of heroin use. Education, family compatibility, and criminality prior to heroin use are associated with social adjustments. In turn, the better the social adjustment, the longer the period of voluntary abstention.


Describes mainly how to diagnose the real cause of failure and the effective solution according to -300V interlock of Elekta precise linear accelerator.


The development of shale oil often encounters a series of challenges, such as insufficient natural energy, rapid declines in production, and low oil recovery. Given its wide availability and low cost, natural gas serves as an ideal injection medium to enhance shale oil recovery. Based on the foundational data from Chang 7 block X in the Ordos Basin and considering the influence of reservoir stress sensitivity, this study uses numerical simulation methods in conjunction with the random forest algorithm to examine gas flooding in shale oil. This research aims to identify the key factors influencing the effectiveness of natural gas flooding for shale oil and to establish a chart for the adaptive natural gas flooding development boundary. The findings suggest that, for reservoirs with permeability less than 0.2 × 10−3 μm2 and oil saturation below 55%, it is advisable to adopt longer fracture lengths during hydraulic fracturing to achieve better development results. After 10 years of gas flooding, continuing the use of this method is not recommended, and adjusting of the development strategy becomes essential. For extended development periods, avoiding long-length fractures is crucial to mitigate gas channeling and ensure the effectiveness of the development process. This study offers theoretical guidance and technical support for developing shale reservoirs with natural gas flooding.


This article deals with how the beginning of the perfection process of man is depicted in ṣūfī literature. In this context, our study aims to analyze the approach of ṣūfīsm to the problem of "How does a person begin to become competent through the stories of Ṣūfīs?" The framework of the article is limited to the study of alRisāla alQushayrīyya by alQushayrī. We first conclude that the beginning of the human competence process is not based on a finding that human is the subject, but on the contrary, on a remembrance that Allah is the agent. We claim that for human beings, a systematic education and training process are not necessary at the beginning, but instead, elements such as senses, good deeds, and miracles come to the fore. Another conclusion of the study is that an indeterministic approach has been adapted instead of determinism based on the cause-effect relationship regarding the course and fate of the continuous change that constitutes the axis of the perfection process of human beings. Another issue is that the terms preferred by the saliq to express his orientation to Sūfism, as well as, the beginning of his pathway including tawba, asceticism, abandonment, turning to Allah, and becoming a Muslim again. Finally, we point out that the common concepts that come to the fore in the transformation of the traveler, who has entered the process of becoming competent, are asceticism, spiritual journey and companionship.


adepartment of Medicine, university of toronto, toronto, ontario, Canada; bdept of Medicine, university Health network and Mount sinai Hospital, toronto, ontario, Canada; cdivision of respiratory Medicine, West park Healthcare Centre, toronto, ontario, Canada; dpediatric infectious diseases and Medical Microbiology, Max rady College of Medicine, university of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; edepartment of Medicine, faculty of Medicine & dentistry, university of alberta, Walter Mackenzie Health sciences Centre, edmonton, alberta, Canada; fdepartments of Medicine, epidemiology & Biostatistics, McGill university, Montréal, Québec, Canada; gMcGill international tB Centre, McGill university & Centre for outcomes research & evaluation (Core), research institute of the McGill university Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada; hdept of services spécialisés, ungava tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Québec, Canada; idept of services spécialisés, inuulitsivik Health Centre, puvirnituq, Québec, Canada


Objective To investigate the correlation of epidermal distribution of lamellar bodies and expression of ceramidase with skin barrier dysfunction in polymorphous light eruption.Methods Forty-seven patients with polymorphous light eruption and 40 healthy volunteers were recruited into this study.Noninvasive instruments were used to measure skin sebum content,transepidermal water loss(TEWL)and water content in stratum corneum in all of the subjects.Then,tissue specimens were obtained from the lesions at sunexposed sites in the patients and normal skin of the healthy volunteers.The ultrastructure and distribution of lamellar bodies were observed with transmission electron microscopy in five lesion and control specimens.Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of ceramidase in the tissue specimens.Results Compared with the normal skin from healthy volunteers,the lesions from patients showed decreased number of lamellar bodies in the granular layer and prick cell layer with a disorganized arrangement.Ceramidase was positively expressed in 20 lesion specimens and 36 normal control specimens,weakly expressed in 21 lesion specimens and 4 normal control specimens,and negative in 6 lesion specimens; there was a significant difference in the expression of ceramidase between the lesion specimens and normal control specimens(P < 0.01).The lesions also showed high TEWL(34.2191 ± 12.70 vs.16.8350 ± 6.50,P < 0.01),lower water content in stratum corneum(22.7319 ± 8.71 vs.29.4250 ± 5.08,P < 0.01)and similar skin sebum content compared with the normal skin.Conclusions There is a disturbance in the synthesis of ceramide in patients with polymorphous light eruption,which may contribute to the impairment of skin barrier.

Key words:
Polymorphous light eruption;  Skin barrier;  Lamellar body;  Galactosylceramidase


This paper summarizes the results of faunistical and ecological researches realized, in 1982-83, on Diptera Dolichopodidae of the «Parc Naturel Regional de Saint-Amand (Nord)». About 26 000 specimens, belonging to 50 species, have been collected by means of yellow traps and emergence traps. Among these, Campsicnemus scambus, Dolichopus nigricornis, Hercostomus celer and H. brevicornis appeared to be dominant. The maximum of diversity is observed during the June-July period in the Sphagno-Alnetum association.


Molecules of the title compound, C2H2N2S2, exist in the crystal structure in the zwitterionic form with the thiol group deprotonated. Hydrogen bonds between the protonated N atoms and the thiolate S atoms link the molecules in a zigzag packing arrangement parallel to the ac plane.


Natural resources in the form of oil, gas, minerals and forests are an asset in the countries where they are found. A number of countries depend largely on exports of their natural resources, earning major portion of their foreign exchange from these exports. It is very easy for the countries to exhaust their natural resources by over utilization of these resources. Policy makers may overlook sustainability aspect of the natural assets and resultantly, design policies to obtain short term gains while ignoring long term implications. Another problem faced by countries depending heavily on export of natural resources is that their revenue generation capacities from service sector or export of other items is overlooked in policy decisions. The paper presents a framework that may be used by policymakers for visualizing country's natural resources as assets and developing policies for gaining maximum economic benefits from these assets, but at the same time, taking care that these assets are developed and preserved for the next generations. The paper suggests that the countries should view natural resources as critical asset and secondly, asset specific strategies should be formed for their development. It is emphasized that these asset specific strategies should be designed in such a manner as they do not work against one another and are aligned with the overall economic plan of the country.


We begin our roundtable discussion with a very simple question. Is Monopolization or the Abuse of Dominance a matter of equal concern in competition law to collusion and other agreements by two or more persons which harm competition? The history of competition law suggests that these are matters of equal concern, although modern practice suggests that cartels may have replaced monopolies as "public enemy number 1." As a textual matter, Section 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act are treated equally in terms of importance, remedies, and private rights of action. In the United States, monopoly and trusts were used largely interchangeably in the debates leading up to the enactment of the Sherman Act. The two sections of the Sherman Act were further used largely interchangeably in the early cases brought by the United States government and decided by the Supreme Court. To a large extent, it was assumed that violations of Section 1 were the means by which monopolization was achieved. The same is true in the European Union with Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty. The two competition offenses have equal textual importance, equal remedies, and similar non-exclusive lists of violations laid out in the Treaty itself. In the broader history of the ordo-liberal tradition that informs EU competition law, both conspiracy and abuse offenses would seemingly threaten the envisioned democratic market economy and political order. From one perspective, monopolization may be even more pernicious than cartelization. To the extent that cartels are merely an


employ to help guide their overburdened mothers. Chapter three explores the difference between the stereotypes about the fathers of incarcerated girls in contrast with the girls' lived experiences with their fathers. Chapter four continues to delve into the lives of the girls by exploring their relationships with significant others, and especially their difficulties with relationships. The end of the book examines some even gloomier portions of the girls' lives. In fact, chapter five is a harrowing read. In it, Lopez frankly explains the girls' experiences with drugs and the prevalence of drug use. Chapter seven explains the state of the institutions in these girls' lives, drawing on Lopez's working experience in a clinical position at a juvenile justice facility. She discusses the peril of misguided attitudes centered on retribution to the girls, as well as the negative consequences of insufficient funding, staff, and resources. Readers are left with a clear understanding that these girls do not receive appropriate support during and after incarceration. Complicated Lives closes by speaking about visions of the future, both good and bad, from the girls. The book is occasionally repetitive and Lopez could have better analyzed the role of race, and she neglects to analyze the role of sexualities; however, she effectively explains how to better serve girls like the ones in this study—particularly at the levels of institution and policy. Complicated Lives is carefully constructed, using qualitative data and an intersectional lens. This book would be useful for graduate students, scholars of gender, race and justice, and those who work with girls in the system. Complicated Lives is engaging and clear so girls and families in the juvenile justice system, as well as undergraduate students in criminology, women's and gender studies, and sociology courses will likely also find this book helpful.


There is debate over whether effective T‐cell mediated protection against a second infection, or post‐vaccination, is better done by central memory cells or effector memory cells. The former may have greater powers of expansion, whereas the latter may be closer to the site of pathogen entry and faster to respond. This review focuses on memory T cells which are not recirculating but which remain at the peripheral site of initial pathogen or vaccine encounter, so‐called tissue‐resident memory cells. They may play key roles in protection against re‐eruption of latent viral infections and at mucosal surfaces.