We're not fooled; recordings aren't real. With two speakers spaced 60° in front of us – let's call that "speaker stereo" – the three most key qualities of audio reproduction are distorted. Defects are due not only to your listening equipment or acoustics, but simply to the positional relationship of the speakers and your ears. Unless that relationship is corrected to produce no acoustic artifacts, correct localization, spatiality, and tone color remain imprisoned in much of your recorded collection. Even 5.1 surround is still 60° stereo in front plus two side-rear speakers to provide envelopment, but still we do not experience being "transported" to the extent that captured auditory scenes are unlocked, and our speakers and listening space "disappear."


Abstract This article reflects on a year of my personal experience as I prepared to retire from my psychotherapy practice of 40 years. While aware that this might be a poignant experience for bothmyself and my clients, my own surprising emotions and dreams demanded that I pay attention to myself. By acknowledging my feelings I was able to direct sensitive attention to the clients' feelings of loss and sadness. Finding the balance between the sadness that filled the therapy room and my own enthusiasm for what awaited me outside that room, was not a simple task


Looking to determine the characteristics of the common curriculum of engineering careers of Division de Ciencias de la Vida (DICIVA), we conducted a review of literature and the generic competencies of graduation from High school, we analyzed the results of admission exam and studied a survey of employers. A common curriculum for curricular modification of careers in Food Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Agricultural Mechanical Engineering was developed and proposed. The common curriculum is competency based, is integrated with common learning units between careers, promotes the development of basic skills and required disciplines, responds to the needs of globalization and considers the learning and evaluation activities, different profiles, credits and activities arising from them. It is important to update on new educational approaches for teachers and students and to establish closer contact with local businesses.


Recently there has been some controversy about how CO and benzene adsorb on platinum. With CO, there is disagreement over whether there is back donation of electrons from the metal to the CO 2π* orbital. With benzene, there is disagreement, over whether benzene adsorbs in a distorted state. In this article we use a standard high resolution electron energy loss (HREELS) spectrometer with modified electronics to measure the equivalent of a ultraviolet (UV) spectrum for two different systems: CO on Pt(110) and benzene on Pt(110) and benzene on Pt(110). In the case of CO, the UV spectrum shows peaks at 5.6 and 8.2 eV that may shift slightly with coverage. By comparison, gas-phase CO shows peaks at 6.2 and 8.3 eV. The difference between the gas-phase peak positions and those on the surface are indicative of the antibonding orbitals being stabilized, as one would expect from the Blyholder model. With benzene we observe two different spectra: a first monolayer spectrum with a broad peak centered at 4.9 eV, and a...


Phenotypic transitions in related taxa often share a common genetic basis, which suggests that there are constraints that shape the process of evolution at the genetic level. For example, noncoding changes in a gene may be favored relative to coding changes. Non-coding changes, which can alter context-specific gene expression, tend to have fewer pleiotropic consequences than coding changes, which affect the function of a gene product in all contexts. In this study, we evaluate the importance of protein-coding versus non-coding changes to the recent evolution of a novel anthocyanin pigmentation trait in the monkeyflower genus Mimulus . The magenta-flowered Mimulus luteus var. variegatus recently gained petal lobe anthocyanin pigmentation via a single-locus Mendelian difference from its sister taxon, the yellow-flowered M. l. luteus . Mapping and functional tests previously showed that transcription factor MYB5a/NEGAN is the single gene responsible for this difference. Further characterization of M. l. variegatus MYB5a , presented here, suggests post-transcriptional editing of two sites in the mRNA. We overexpressed the genomically encoded protein-coding sequences of MYB5a , from both M. l. luteus and M. l. variegatus , in Nicotiana tabacum leaves, in order to test their efficacy as anthocyanin-pigment activators. Quantitative image analysis of transfected tobacco leaves revealed robust anthocyanin production driven by both types of transgenes, compared to a negative control, and overall functional equivalency between the luteus and variegatus alleles. This finding supports the hypothesis that petal pigment was not gained by protein-coding changes in M. l. variegatus , but instead via non-coding cis -regulatory evolution.


Internationalization is now identified as a strategic institutional objective throughout much of the global higher education community. How this goal is understood, embraced, and manifested across institutions, disciplines, and curricula varies greatly. Although internationalization has the potential to connect, all too often the pursuit of this goal creates division – a potentially negative force in teaching and learning contexts. This session will invite participants to reflect upon their own response to the internationalization of the curriculum from the perspective of tourism educators, and to consider approaches that can bring about a shift towards more inclusive pedagogies that both recognize and value diversity.


Tinospora cordifolia is a requisite medicinal plant, has been used for the treatment of various diseases and has been recommended for improving the immune system mentioned in Ayurveda and other systems of medicine as a monoherbal or polyherbal preparation. Nonetheless, Ayurvedic and other ancient literature reported that Tinospora cordifolia growing on neem plant gives better immunomodulatory activity. The traditional and scientific data comprising immunomodulatory potential, pharmacognostic description, therapeutic uses, phytochemical constitution, of Tinospora cordifolia and neem guduchi using the aqueous extract in the form of satwa has well established. The present study evaluates the comparative immunomodulatory activity using satwa of Tinospora cordifolia and neem guduchi using in-vitro models, for understanding the influence of edaphic factors on biologically active compounds. Evaluation of the immuno-modulatory potential of the guduchi satwa and neem guduchi satwa at the dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight was done in rats; assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried out by assessment of neutrophil adhesion whereas phytochemical profile was established by HPTLC method. Simultaneously, the correlation between soil factors and medicinally active compound responsible for immunomodulation also studied. In the present study, we have compiled and investigated the active compounds which are immunomodulator. Results of present studies suggested that neem guduchi satwa was found to be potent immuno-stimulant in a dose-dependent manner when compared with other group and there is no clear correlation between soil factors and medicinally active compound were observed. INTRODUCTION: During the past 15 years, pharmaceutical industry research into natural products has declined because lots of challenges face in drug discovery from natural sources, most of the current difficulties are categories:


The covariance of sectoral and aggregate U.S. output is significantly higher than the covariance of sectoral and aggregate productivity. Explaining this industry comovement is a challenge for business cycle theory. We propose an explanation based on costly information about productivity (TFP). Because information has a high fixed cost of production and a low marginal cost of replication, information producers charge more for low-demand signals to cover their high average cost. Forecasts of macroeconomic aggregates, relevant to many producers, are cheap; sector-specific forecasts are more expensive. If many managers use the inexpensive aggregate data to infer their industry TFP, their expected industry TFP will be more correlated than true industry TFP. Since hiring and investment decisions depend on expected TFP, they will also be highly correlated. As a result, sectoral output comoves more than TFP alone would predict


Food consumption and the accompanying nutritional quality of the diet are determined both by income and price as well as by a broad range of the other factors. Changing demographics and household composition, woman's labor force participation, new concerns about health-diet links as well as changes in the food markets can all affect the types and amounts of food consumed. Specifically, the major objective of this study is to develop methodologies and to analyze the effects of socioeconomic and demographic factors on nutrition demand and consumption behavior of households. To accomplish these objectives in this study, the food consumption survey data collected from the national representatives of Turkish households, who live in urban and rural areas. This study also investigated nutrition consumption for socioeconomic and demographic groups in both rural and urban areas in Turkey. According to results of the model, fat income elasticity is considerably higher at 0.57, while those for protein-calorie and carbohydrates are 0.47, 0.43 and 0.38. Thus a given increase in household expenditure will lead to a much larger proportionate rise in consumption of protein and fat than it will for carbohydrate and total calorie intake. Article History Received : 21.10.2018 Accepted : 27.12.2018


Digital democracy provides a new space for community involvement in democratic life. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review to uncover the trend of concepts in the study of digital democracy. This study used descriptive analysis with data sources derived from the Scopus database from the period between 2014 and 2020 (a total of 230 articles) and processed with VOSviewer. The results showed three dominant concepts, namely democracy, the internet, and movement. In addition, it was found that the digital era provides positive and negative impacts on democracy, that public knowledge in a quality digital democracy is important, and that there is strong elite control in virtual democracy. The results of this research can be used as a basis for developing digital democracy studies. Meanwhile, this study was limited by the fact that the articles reviewed were only sourced from Scopus and did not include publications from 2022. Therefore, future studies need to take a comparative analysis approach that uses the Web of Science (WoS) database and increases the time period in which articles are sourced.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the reversing multidrug resistance and inducing apoptosis in human tumor cell line KBV200 by hyperthermia.Methods Cell surviving fraction(SF) was determined by MTT assay.Apoptosis in KBV200 was detected by light and electron microscope,DNA end-labeling method(Tunel) and flow cytometry.Results SF of KBV200 was decreased and cytotoxicity of Vincristine(VCR) on KBV200 was increased by hyperthermia 42℃ for 1 hour.The SF of KBV200 with single VCR treatment was (90.70±8.78)%;in combination of hyperthermia with VCR,the SF was down to (57.40±21.55)%.There was a significant difference(P0.002) in two groups.During the combining use of hyperthermia and cell differentiation agent(CDA-II),the reversal effect on KBV200 was obviously increased;with CDA-II and VCR treatment,the SF of KBV200 was (59.24± 30.80)%; when the combination of hyperthermia,VCR and CDA-II together,the SF of (15.32± 2.68)% was received(P0.05).Apoptosis occurred after 24 hours of hyperthermia with 42℃ or 43℃ for 1 hour .Inducement of apoptosis was stronger with 43℃ than it with 42℃.Conclusion Hyperthermia could reverse the multidrug resistance and induce the apoptosis in KBV200.Apoptosis of KBV200 induced by hyperthermia is an important factor in reversal multidrug resistance on KBV200.


Today, in Ukraine, the issue of producing high-quality and safe livestock products is solved by the introduction of intensive technologies that involve the use of various feed additives, including vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, macro- and microelements. In recent years, the development of feed additives using live cultures of microorganisms, so-called probiotic products, has attracted much attention of scientists. The strategy in the creation of these products is aimed, first of all, at ensuring the physiological needs of the animal body in biologically active substances. The addition of probiotic supplements to feed increases the bioavailability of nutrients, health, immunity, performance and conservation of animals. Probiotic feed additive EnzActive is a special product on the market of feed additives, the addition of which to feed is aimed at reducing, and in the future, the complete elimination of the use of antibiotics in animal feeding. The article examines the mechanism of action of active fodder yeast on the body of farm animals and proves that the use of active fodder yeast in animal feeding helps reduce the cost of feed due to better assimilation by the animal's body and reduction of morbidity among animals. Methods of introduction of active fodder yeast into the technological process of compound feed production are analyzed. On the basis of theoretical and experimental data, a structural scheme for the extrusion of grain raw materials with active fodder yeast is proposed, which involves preliminary mixing with crushed grain raw materials to obtain a highly homogeneous and stable composition. The physical properties of the feed additive, which includes corn grain and active feed yeast EnzActive, were experimentally determined, which indicate that, compared to the loose, extruded feed additive, it has the following advantages: the mass fraction of moisture decreases by 24.4%, the natural slope angle increases by 11, 6%, the flowability decreases by 48.2%, and the volumetric weight decreases by 24%. When extruding corn grain with active fodder yeast, the degree of starch dextrinization is 59%, and the extrudate expansion index is 2.3. Microbiological indicators were determined, which indicate that the number of yeast cells in extruded grain with active feed yeast EnzActive was only 6% compared to the number of yeast cells in untreated corn grain with active feed yeast.


fied with PT leaders and community trips (97% positive ratings) and least satisfied with peer mentoring calls (6% negative ratings). Parents indicated community trips, peer mentoring, and group sessions were acceptable and beneficial. Parents had difficulty supporting homework and reported challenges with peer mentoring phone calls. Outcomes: 89% of youth reported using PT concepts in their everyday lives. Parents observed increases in youth's confidence, self-awareness, problem-solving, and communication skills and increased participation in vocational activities and social relationships. Conclusions/Significance: Youth with DD and their parents find PT acceptable and beneficial. Youth find PT enjoyable and useful, and parent reports suggest PT increases youth's inclusion and participation at school, work, and the community. PT can be improved by providing more support for peer mentoring phone calls and parent training to increase generalization to youth's everyday lives.


The task has been solved of acoustooptic interraction of Bessel light beams (BLB) in uniaxial crystal with plane acoustic wave. The process has been calculated of isotropic scattering of BLBs without change of the polarization state. The diffraction efficiency has been found out, and it has been shown to be closely one hundred percent. The studied acoustooptical process can be taken as a principle of the method of TH- and TE-polarized Bessel light beams obtaining, which differs by the possibility of manipulation in time by the polarization state.


A new unified method of treating the sounding mechanism of organ pipes and cavity resonators replaces the control volume method which until recently has been the most widely accepted theory. It is shown that shear layers contain a dividing surface whose motions control the production of sound in the resonant cavity. Both jet-drive andforce drive contributions are found to be involved in the sounding mechanism. The present approach shows the drive system to be inherently linear over a range of shear layer widths, so that sinusoidal oscillation is readily achievable. For voicing situa tionscalling for spectra rich in harmonics, nonlinear drive is attained by resorting to a smaller ratio of jet width to lip cutup which, at high enough Reynolds number, permits the growth of eddies which result in impulsive action at the lip.


A plethora of online resources exist today for the study of the many different subjects in Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) area. The majority of these resources have been either developed in-house by participating research organizations or higher education institutions. Professional bodies have sponsored some of these initiatives such as the International Association for Engineering Education, iNEER (International Network for Engineering Education and Research) as well as some universities across Europe (University of Porto, Portugal, University of Ulster, UK etc.). Present efforts are geared towards implementing these virtual laboratories in enhancing teaching, learning and research in specific subject areas. This paper reports on collaborative experiments between University of Porto and The University of Ulster involving the sharing of the virtual Physics suite of Laboratory for conduct of experiments exploring the concepts of interferometry. The online resources from University of Porto were made available to researchers at the University of Ulster who reports on the use of the Michelson Interferometer application for measurements of wavelength and mirror displacement. We report on the researchers' experiences and evaluation of the resources and conclude with some of the challenges and potential which such systems present.


Meeting of the Regional Health Forum, South will take place on Thursday, 11th April 2013 at 2.00pm in Council Chambers, County Hall, Cork.


Based on the full-discretization method, this work presents a generalized monodromy matrix as an exact function of the order of polynomial approximation of the milling state for chatter avoidance algorithm. In other words, the computational process is made smarter since the usual derivation of the monodromy matrices on order-by-order basis – a huge analytical involvement that rapidly gets heavier with a rise in the order of approximation – is bypassed. This is the highest possible level of generalization that seems to be the first of its kind among the time-domain methods as the known generalizations are limited to the interpolating/approximating polynomial of the milling state. It then became convenient in this work to study the stability of milling process up to the tenth order. More reliable methods of the rate of convergence analysis were suggested and utilized in consolidating the known result that the best accuracy of the full-discretization method lies with the third and fourth order. It is seen from numerical convergence analyses that, although accuracy most often decreases with rising order beyond the third-order methods, the trend did not persist with a continued rise in order.


DRAWING of metals occurs in innumerable ways, both hot and cold. Here, however, we are concerned only with the cold drawing operations used to form vast tonnages of steel, and large quantities of non‐ferrous metals, as tube and wire, and for the forming of sheet metals (especially by deep drawing).


This dataset includes HadISST1 and HadSST2 from U.K. Hadley Centre. HadISST1 is a unique combination of monthly globally-complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1 degree latitude-longitude grid from 1870 to date, and HadSST2 is a monthly global field of SST on a 5-degree latitude-longitude grid from 1850 to date, neither interpolated nor variance adjusted.\n\nThe data may also be obtained from the server at the Hadley Centre [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/] in the UK.


Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is a non-parametric descriptor that is used to study various local structures of an image. It is considered as simple and efficient texture operator for image analysis in challenging real-time situations. It has been applied successfully for various applications of computer vision and image processing, like pattern recognition, texture analysis, face detection, image retrieval etc. This paper covers different LBP variants in spatial domain, which were created in order to improve its robustness and efficiency.


The flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of serial metal hydroxystannates on semi-rigid PVC was studied.The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of metal hydroxystannates was investigated through quantitative analysis and the SEM of the residual char after sample burning.The results showed that samples treated with flame retardants had higher limiting oxygen index(LOI) and char yield,lower smoke density rating(SDR) and maximum smoke density(MSD),and better flame retardant and smoke suppression performance.The flame retardants had a little effects on the mechanical properties of materials since its using amount was small.


Ray volume and dimensions of ray cells as seen in tangential section were measured in 50 Japanese hardwoods and their relation to the basic density of hardwoods was investigated. Rays are primarily composed of procumbent ray cells but a few species have a larger volume of upright ray cells than procumbent ray cells. The basic density was closely related to the wall thickness of the fibres, cell wall materials of the fibres and cell wall materials of the rays.


: Napoleona imperialis is used in folk medicine for the healing of wounds and treatment of hypertension.Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programmes,seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products,interest particularly inedible plants has grown throughout the world.Herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioacti ve compounds.this paper is therefore aimed at identifying the constituent alkaloids and flavonoids in methane extract of N.imperialis root.Gas chromatographic technique was used used for this assay.Result for flavonoid compounds shows Epicatechin (0.85 ± 0.11µg/m) having significantly higher concentration than Quercetin (0.50 ± 0.01µg/ml) with a neglible concentration of Naringerin , Rutin and Kempferol. Lunamarine (0.95 ± 0.2µg/ml) was significantly higher than Ribalinidine(0.04 ± 0.00µg/ml). for alkaloids.The presence of these bioactive compounds especially flavonoids that serves as antioxidants could provide a rationale for the ethnomrdical use of N.imperialis in wound healing and as an antihypertensive agent.


Despite the widespread adoption of automated perimetry, there is still a role for peripheral perimetry. So far there was no accurate quantitative analysis on the change of visual field, most analysis were qualitative and depend on doctor's experience. Computer aided diagnose system was designed to judge the accurate change in visual field. Tabu search technology was used to identify visual field from the result of peripheral perimeter test, and accurate visual filed defect dimension can be concluded by compared with point to point. At the same time liable eye diseases were predicted by computer. Computer aided peripheral visual field diagnose system can identify defect in visual field, and provide reliable clinical diagnosis


The article examines some questions about the evaluation of early childhood policies and programs in Brazil. The focus is on the existing context of this discussion, in this country and internationally, that shows changes in some principles and orientations established since the 1990's, which are now questioned by different social actors, based in various reasons. In this context, the article points out some influences that question the adopted evaluation policies orientations in Brazil, trying to identify important aspects to be considered in early childhood programs context evaluations and in children development assessments.


Objective:To investigate the acupuncture therapy effect features in chronic constipation.Methods:According to the Rome Ⅲ diagnostic criteria,based on the clinical pathway on chronic constipation,31 cases enrolled in,who were moderate and severe.The acupuncture points were divided into 2 groups,employed alternately,once daily,20 times in a course.Group 1: Tianshu Daheng Fujie Qihai Guanyuan Zusanli Shangjuxu Zhigou,Group 2: Dachangshu Shenshu Baliao Sishencong.According to patients defecation diary,record the first time defecation after treatment,defecation time per day,stool times per week,stool consistence and concomitant symptoms such as bloating,anus fullness,poor appetite and insomnia.Results:Total 31 cases 15 cases were recovery,6 cases were better,6 cases were good and 4 cases were invalid.The defecation time per day and per week,stool consistence and concomitant symptoms were improved(P0.01).Follow up 26/31 cases,the quality of life were improved.Conclusion:Acupuncture therapy in chronic constipation is effective and safety and to be worth spreading and further research.


ABSTRACT This paper is devoted to the hydrodynamic interplay of rigid bodies in direct proximity. Emphasis is given to proximity influences on inertia and resistance forces. The numerical study employs an overset grid procedure, which accounts for the mechanical contact of rigid bodies, to investigate contact simulations of a circular cylinder and a sphere with a plane wall, which were previously analysed with less general approaches. Results obtained from the present study reveal a significant increase of the additional inertia and resistance forces when reducing the distance to the wall. Moreover, the results indicate that the proximity influence on the added mass and added resistance is coupled. While previous studies in the literature have not been able to capture the observed high-order influences, the derived formulae provide simple corrections of the baseline values that can easily be transferred to wetted structural simulations.


The pharmacological activity of Mycena dendrobii Fan et Guo, a new species of endophytic fungus was studied. It was revealed that the mycelia methanol extracts and the fermentation liquid ethanol extracts of Mycena dendrobii showed anglgesic effect to mice, which have the correlations to that of the traditional Chinese medicine 'shihu'. The fermentation liquid ethanol extracts of Mycena dendrobii showed excitation effect to central nervous system of mice. Then the effective parts of anglgesic effect was determined.


Many of the countries moving towards a market-based economy have faced significant problems of equity and access to basic health services during the transition years, as a result of diminishing public resources available for health care, increasing user charges and rising poverty levels. This chapter, based on an online dossier in the Health Systems Resource Guide (www.eldis.org/healthsytems), provides an overview of these issues and considers policy responses to them. Summaries and full text versions of all of the references, as well as further readings and other resources, can be accessed freely via the online version, at www.eldis.org/ healthsystems/te.


This paper presents the outcome of production of austempered gray iron (AGI) using forced air cooling as quenching medium. Class-20 gray cast iron was austempered at different austempering temperatures, their microstructural morphology characterized, and some mechanical properties were evaluated. Samples from Class-20 gray cast iron were prepared for micrographic analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and mechanical testing. The prepared samples were austenitized at 920 o C, soaked for 1hr, force air-cooled to austempering temperature range of 250 o C-400 o C (at 25 o C interval), further held for another 1hr at austempered temperature to allow for complete phase transformation, and then air-cooled to room temperature. The optical micrograph revealed a unique microstructure consisting of ferrite (α) and high carbon austenite ( HC) called "ausferrite" the coarseness of which increases as the austempering temperatures increases. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed only the peak of phase. The estimated effective "particle size", , of this phase increases with increase in austempering temperature. Results of mechanical tests showed significant increases in tensile strength, hardness, toughness and ductility over Class-20 grade of gray cast iron. These beneficial property increases were shown to correlate well with the fineness of ausferrite structure and the particle size associated with the ferrite. Conclusively, AGI has unique combination of high strength and ductility which makes it suitable for manufacturer of parts in which high strength; high wear resistance and high ductility is required.


All CNKI articles related to the teaching of the introductory linguistic course in China were built into a small corpus.AntConc was used to generate a cluster list.This was then analyzed for the key clus- ters and content of the articles.In particular,we aimed to elucidate the main research focuses and trends.Sev- en focuses were identified,of which teaching method was the most targeted one. The status quo of teaching and the effect of teaching were also discussed.Studies of linguistic courses for English majors and for Chinese majors shared common research focuses and achieved vigorous growth.This proves it possible for researchers in both fields to cooperate.


Part I: The Context of Organisational Behaviour 1. Introduction to Organisational Behaviour 2. OB in its Environment 3. Change Part II: The Foundations of Organisational Behaviour 4. Perception 5. Attitudes, Values and Beliefs 6. Ethics and Standards 7. Motivation 8. Communication 9. Influence, Power and Authority 10. Organisational Politics 11. Conflict 12. Teams and Groups 13. The Nature of Work 14. Technology 15. Culture Part III: Organisational Behaviour in Practice 16. Leadership 17. Change 18. Organisation Structure and Design 19. Human Resource Management and Employee Relations Part IV: Organisational Behaviour: Expertise and Application 20. The Nature of General Management 21. Strategic Management 22. Operations Management 23. Workplace Behaviour 24. Stress: 25. Leading and Managing for the Future


This paper is concerned with dynamics analysis and control of a Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) equipped with a manipulator. First, kinematics and dynamics of a 2-link underwater manipulator mounted on "Twin-Burger", and a Resolved Acceleration Control (RAC) method are described. Next, since the coordinate action between manipulator and AUV is required, the routing algorithm considering the dynamic manipulability of the robot is proposed. Computer simulation using the RAC method and the routing algorithm shows the good control performance.


This paper deals with the influence of process parameters, especially of argon pressure, power, and target-substrate spacing on impurity content and properties of Cr-Si thin films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering in a non-heated high vacuum apparatus. The results confirm the well-known fact that in such a unit by means of a magnetron pure films can be produced without any difficulties. However, this has proved to be possible only in the case of low argon pressure being preferentially employed in magnetron sputtering. Boosting the argon pressure yields drastic film contaminations by oxygen and hydrogen, which are caused by a reinforced release of adsorbats from the apparatus walls under these operating conditions. A high argon pressure effects simultaneously a change in the film microstructure resulting together with the contaminants in modified electrical properties.


The invention provides a method for measuring microelement in sodium aluminate solution, relating to a continuous fast analysis method for measuring the microelement in the sodium aluminate solution when producing aluminum oxide. The method is characterized in that an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer is used for measuring the content of the element in the sodium aluminate solution when measuring. The method comprises the steps of: leading industrial sodium aluminate solution and acid to have neutralization reaction according the characteristic of the industrial sodium aluminate solution; diluting and confirming volume according to the different concentrations of the solution to prepare sample solution which is suitable for the requirement of measurement; selecting a best analysis spectral line; fast measuring the content of the 24 microelements in the sodium aluminate solution with the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer; and computing to obtain exact analysis data. The method improves the analysis speed for measuring the microelements in the sodium aluminate solution, and provides immediate, exact and reliable analysis data for the production of the aluminum oxide and the improvement of the technology.


In its decision filed on 27 April 2016, the Court of First Instance of Rome (Tribunale di Roma) states that even a non-detailed cease-and-desist letter (i.e., a letter without any indication of the URLs), subject to specific conditions, may be deemed sufficient to oblige the relevant hosting provider to remove the infringing content.


In the field of synaptic transmission, the NMDA-preferring subtype of glutamate receptor is the fulcrum for the most widely studied forms of activity-dependent plasticity: NMDA receptor-dependent long lasting potentiation (LTP) and long lasting depression (LTD) of excitatory synaptic transmission. Although this form of plasticity is found at a large number of central synapses, it is most commonly studied at the Schaffer collateral–CA1 pyramidal cell synapse of the hippocampal formation. Indeed studies of plasticity at this synapse have dominated this field since its original description more than 20 years ago. A quick scan of the literature tells us that much has been learned about the mechanism(s) underlying this form of plasticity and its role in a wide number of developmental, physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, despite being the centre of intense research focus there remains little concensus regarding all of the nuts and bolts responsible for its induction and expression, indicating that much is still to be learned.

In addition to these more widely studied forms of plasticity the last decade has seen a crescendo of research into novel mechanisms of plasticity whose mechanisms and properties markedly differ from the 'classical' NMDAR-dependent forms. Indeed it seems at times as if virtually every ion channel, synapse, cell or circuit is subject to some form of plastic change that can endure for extended periods of time. These forms of plasticity can arise via alterations in the basic properties of synaptic transmission, and can lower or raise the threshold for other forms of plasticity, alter cell intrinsic excitability, homeostatically control network function, and lead to structural and developmental maturation; they may underlie a number of aberrant pathophysiological conditions. Thus, the classic view of associative, Hebbian-types of plasticity as a central mechanism for learning and memory is slowly being augmented by myriad new and disparate mechanisms, which undoubtedly are also essential for a large number of physiological and pathophysiological processes.

To highlight recent progress in this field, The Journal of Physiology organized a symposium entitled 'New directions in synaptic and network plasticity – a move away from NMDA receptor mediated plasticity' at the 2007 Society for Neuroscience Meeting in San Diego, California. This symposium brought together leading luminaries in this emerging field, all of whom work on different but exciting aspects of these new forms of plasticity. This issue of The Journal brings together Symposium Reports from each of these speakers.

Bloodgood & Sabatini (2008) highlight their recent studies on the downstream consequences of glutamate receptor activation in single spines of hippocampal neurons. Using state of the art imaging techniques they illustrate that the amplitude of synaptic events and their related spine head Ca2+ transients are established by a complex signalling cascade involving the regulation of postsynaptic non-glutamate receptor ion channels. Specifically, voltage- and Ca2+-gated ion channels located within the spines themselves open in response to glutamate receptor signalling, which can then act as a feedback loop for self-regulation of subsequent synaptic signals. These data underscore an important observation that synaptic depolarization of an individual spine must be of a sufficient magnitude (tens of millivolts) to trigger opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Importantly, the interplay between these postsynaptic voltage-gated channels and synaptic glutamate receptors offer a large number of potential sites for modulation of up- and downstream events.

Traditionally, mechanisms of long lasting plasticity have been studied at glutamate receptor synapses made onto excitatory principal cells. However, three reviews in this issue discuss recent reports of plasticity within inhibitory interneuron circuits. Kullmann & Lamsa (2008) discuss recent data showing that glutamate receptor mediated synaptic events onto local circuit GABA-containing inhibitory interneurons also possess novel mechanism(s) of plasticity (see also Pelkey & McBain in this issue). Nugent & Kauer (2008) then report that the GABAergic synaptic output of inhibitory interneurons in the ventral tegmentum possesses a hitherto unexplored mechanism of plasticity under tight regulation by opioid receptor activation.

Kullmann & Lamsa (2008) describe two forms of plasticity recently observed in distinct interneuron subtypes. One of these is a so-called 'anti-Hebbian' form of plasticity observed at GluR2-lacking, Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors in a subset of hippocampal interneurons. Rapid synaptic signalling at glutamate synapses onto interneurons is often controlled by the presence of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors, and unlike glutamate receptors on principal neurons, which are typically Ca2+-impermeable, these AMPA receptors are highly rectifying and pass primarily inward current, due to a voltage-dependent block by intracellular polyamines. Consistent with the known properties of these receptors, this form of plasticity is blocked by postsynaptic depolarization but enhanced by hyperpolarization. These authors then discuss their data in the context of other forms of Hebbian plasticity known to exist at glutamate synapses made onto hippocampal interneurons.

The ventral tegmentum area is a brain region intimately involved in reward behaviour and importantly is the major focus of research into mechanisms of addiction. Recent work from the Kauer lab and others has highlighted that some mechanisms of addiction are likely to be associated with novel forms of synaptic plasticity. Nugent & Kauer (2008) discuss their recent data illustrating a long-lasting plasticity of GABAergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area. Specifically, this new form of GABA synapse plasticity is heterosynaptic and is triggered not by activity at the GABA synapses onto dopamine neurons, but rather by activation of glutamatergic inputs onto the same cells. This excitatory input then triggers a retrograde transmitter (most likely via a nitric oxide signalling cascade) that ultimately leads to a strengthening of inhibitory input onto the very same cells. Importantly this form of plasticity can be prevented by a single in vivo administration of morphine 24 h earlier and suggests a model whereby prior opioid receptor activation interferes with nitric oxide signalling cascades to prohibit long-lasting plasticity of GABAergic transmission. The authors then discuss these observations in the context of other examples of plasticity of GABAergic synapses.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have long been considered auto- or heteroreceptors that primarily regulate pre- and postsynaptic excitability. When localized to presynaptic terminals, activation of mGluRs typically reduce transmitter release probability. However, Pelkey & McBain (2008) highlight work at the mossy fibre–CA3 system describing a metaplastic role for a Group III mGluR, mGluR7b, in triggering bi-directional plasticity. Importantly mGluR7 is expressed preferentially on mossy fibre axon terminals apposed to interneurons and is largely absent at the larger mossy fibre boutons innervating principal cells of the CA3 hippocampus. The presence or absence of mGluR7 dictates whether synaptic strength will weaken or strengthen in response to high frequency afferent mossy fibre activity, respectively.

In addition to their role in regulating neuronal pre- and postsynaptic excitability, mGluRs also have an impact on local and global protein synthesis. Thus, Group 1 mGluRs signalling via their associated Gq second messenger cascade can have a major influence over neuronal structure as well as regulating protein synthesis. Dolen & Bear (2008) discuss their recent observation that indicates a pivotal role for the Group 1 mGluR, mGluR5, in fragile X syndrome. Fragile X syndrome results from a mutation that leads to a transcriptional silencing of the FMR-1 gene, which encodes the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP usually functions as a negative regulator of protein synthesis and can counter mGluR5's positive regulation of protein synthesis. Consequently, it is suggested that in the absence of sufficient FMRP, exaggerated protein synthesis triggered via mGluR'5 signalling can account for many of the features of fragile X syndrome. Of particular importance, a reduction of mGluR5 signalling reverses a number of CNS related fragile X phenotypes pointing to the possibility that intervention of mGluR activity may be a tenable therapeutic strategy for treatment of this debilitating disorder.

As mentioned above, activity at a number of surface ionotropic and metabotropic receptors can have major implications for determining or influencing neuron structural development and plasticity. The so-called 'synaptotrophic' hypothesis suggests that synaptogenesis is an orderly series of hierarchical processes that is dynamic, and influenced by ongoing activity. Cline & Haas (2008) provide a scholarly re-evaluation of this hypothesis and highlight that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this complicated multifaceted interplay between activity and development is crucial for our appreciation of neuronal development.

As this brief overview shows, the field of neuronal plasticity is a lively and engaging one. There is hardly a week that passes without some new aspect or mechanism of plasticity being postulated in our peer-reviewed journals. Progress is often marred by our inability to reach concensus on the underlying principles for these myriad processes, but this is ultimately the stimulus to delve deeper into each and every form of plasticity.

Vive le difference!


Abstract A transitive simple subgroup of a finite symmetric group is very rarely contained in a full wreath product in product action. All such simple permutation groups are determined in this paper. This remarkable conclusion is reached after a definition and detailed examination of 'Cartesian decompositions' of the permuted set, relating them to certain 'Cartesian systems of subgroups'. These concepts, and the bijective connections between them, are explored in greater generality, with specific future applications in mind.


Ifound Let Magic Happen a challenging book to review, not only because it spans a variety of themes, but also because it is so replete with the unusual that it is impossible to do the book justice in a short precis. It is a book that just has to be read to be appreciated fully. In simple terms, this book presents an autobiographical journey-in-progress about a conventional radiologist who stumbles increasingly into non-rational ways of viewing illness and health. But, being complex and multi-layered, Let Magic Happen is really much more than that. It is, at once, a timely and well-researched invitation to modern medicine to embrace a post-modern integrated perspective; yet, it is also a wide-ranging survey of modern healing techniques grounded in personal experience in a way that brings genuine scientific inquiry to life. In 2002, I had the pleasure of meeting the author, Dr. Burk, when he visited the Victoria Pain Clinic. Since it was unusual for busy clinicians to take time out of their schedules to visit the clinic at all, the appearance of a highly qualified east-coast university-based radiologist prompted, in me, both curiosity and trepidation. My concerns, however, were completely groundless. Dr. Burk behaved as if I, rather than he, were the professor. He was the consummate student. I recall him being a sponge for absorbing everything I told him about and, while his attentiveness was certainly a fine ego-boost at the time, little did I realize what an extraordinary man he was. Dr. Burk did his undergraduate studies at Duke University, his medical training and residency at the University of Pittsburgh, and a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at The University of Pennsylvania. In his earlier professional years, he was involved in the emerging computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies, publishing numerous articles in major journals. In this book, he describes some of the strange mishaps that occurred with intense magnetic fields in the early days of MRI development, before safety standards were standardized. However, such stories are only a taste of what is to come in later chapters, because unusual experiences are found on every page. Dr. Burk's transformational journey really began with two key experiences—one personal and one professional. In the first, his father's cancer diagnosis initiates a potent life review, and, in the second, his worldview is shattered when a medical intuitive (with whom he was conversing on the telephone while looking at an unusual MRI) diagnoses a pelvic sarcoma accurately using only the patient's name and birthdate. This second mind-blowing experience, perhaps more than anything else, provides a professional impetus for what subsequently became a life quest. As the journey progresses, Dr. Burk leaves no stone unturned. He organizes a Duke Mind–Body Medicine Study Group (MBMSG), develops non-drug, anti-anxiety techniques for use in surgery and radiology departments, uses dreams to solve funding difficulties, develops his intuition through specific mind-training, founds the Duke Center for Integrative Medicine, trains in acupuncture through the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, explores Five-Element constitutional typology, and opens an acupuncture clinic at Duke. However, that is not all. Dr. Burk also visits the Rhine Research Center and becomes board President of that Center. He demystifies psi phenomena ,while pointing out that the science behind it is often more rigorous than that used in non-fringe studies; explores near-death experiences, brain biofeedback, holotropic breathing, Hemi-Sync, and even broaches the touchy subject of unidentified flying objects phenomena. Dr. Burk uses insights gleaned from all these explorations to guide his way through the pitfalls of personal and professional renewal. It is a renewal that, amazingly, goes on today. In more recent years Dr. Burk has become interested in the Emotional Freedom Technique, which involves tapping specific acupuncture points to treat post-traumatic stress disorder and other deeply rooted anxiety issues. In


Abstract : This report covers a number of Human Factors (HF) issues relating to the role of the operator and the operator machine interface (OMI) in sonar processing. The first section of the report updates an existing function analysis of the CANadian Towed Array Sonar System (CANT ASS) to incorporate ongoing operational functions that have emerged since the original analysis was conducted. The second section of the report reviews relevant literature that addresses design issues for the OMI of sonar combat systems. No specific guidelines were found that could be directly applied to the design of new sonar systems. However, some useful generic principles for the display of tactical information, for representing the underwater environment, for data visualisation and for supporting military command decision-making were obtained. The third section of the report outlines a function analysis of the Towed Integrated Active Passive Sonar (TIAPS) system based upon its present state of development, reviews HF considerations of the TIAPS OMI and examines core functions. These include configuring the system, monitoring, evaluating and refining automated processes, analysing the truth concerning auto-detected contacts, building and monitoring the tactical picture and building and maintaining the Under Water (UW) recognised maritime picture (RMP). Specific OMI design issues are identified in areas with respect to display design, tools to support contact analysis, workstation configuration, software navigation and communication of spatial information. The analysis also examined broader and more fundamental problems concerning the relationship between the operator and automated system functions, notably trust in automation and the need to for operators to comprehend limitations in the data produced by automated detectors and trackers. Finding solutions to the human-system problems associated with more automation is identified as an equally important research concern as


The goals of education is not only to create smart and multitalented generations. Other goals that education must achieve is creating generations who can behave properly everywhere. There are many ways to build good characters on students. One of the way is by knowing and learning about the values of life through local cultures or heritages. In this study, the researcher would like to use Poesponegoro manuscript as the subject of the study. There are three inqueries to be analyzed such as the origin, the inheritance process and the moral values taken from the manuscript. As this research is a philology study, the researcher used several methods to collect and analyze the data such as using interview and documentation. The result showed that the manuscript is still origin and the process of inheritance was through translated written text, genealogists, relics and traditions or customs. Moreover, it showed that there are several moral values that can be learned from Poesponegoro manuscript such as honesty and fairness values, hard working value, religiousness value, devotion and patriotism values.


After sowing and before emergence in the millet field,Selecting seven common soil treatments herbicide for 75% Thifensulfuron-methl WG,72% 2,4-D butylate EC,50% Prometryn WP,45% Propazine-Simetryn WP,330 g·L-1Pendimethalin EC,960 g·L-1Metolachlor EC,38% Atrazine SC,setting low,medium and high levels,the efficiency for security and anti-screening test was conduccted.The results showed that:the best security was 45% Propazine-Simetryn WP,and plant control effect and fresh weight control effect reached over 90%,the proposed amount was 2 250~2 475 g·hm-2;followed by 50% Prometryn WP and 38% Atrazine SC,the proposed amount of 50% Prometryn WP was 750~900 g·hm-2,the proposed amount of 38% Atrazine SC was 3 750~4 500 mL·hm-2;330 g·L-1Pendimethalin EC and 960 g·L-1Metolachlor EC showed serious phytotoxicity,They could not be used in millet field of chemical weed control;75% Thifensulfuron-methl WG and 72% 2,4-D butylate EC were invalid for grass weeds,they were not recommended applications alone.


The purpose of the Human Exploration Telerobotics (HET) project is to demonstrate how advanced remotely operated robots can increase the performance, reduce the cost, and improve the success of human exploration missions. To do this, we are using the International Space Station (ISS) as a laboratory to test new telerobotic systems, modes of control, and operational concepts. In this paper, we first provide the context and motivation for HET. We then describe the three telerobotic systems currently used by the project, initial testing, and results to date.


The objective and subjective reasons which hinder the improving of oral English learning in college are:lack of inter-cultural communication consciousness, lack of real language input, and lack of practice and language situation. Students' psychological obstacles hinder the improving of their oral English learning. Some strategies on the ability training of the oral English learning include emphasizing training oral English inside and outside the classroom, paying attention to the art of correcting errors, teaching cultural differences between English and Chinese.


continuing taxonomic revision of Indian marine algal flora, which is part of the mandate of the Institute. The herbarium specimens are being received and accession number given to each collection that is deposited there. It has been proposed to barcode all specimens for databasing and easy accessibility and wider dissemination of information. The herbarium located at CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, which is now part of this new facility, is indexed in the Handbook on Herbaria in India and Neighbouring Countries 6 and also registered in Index Herbariorum 7 . This is the only herbarium housing exclusively marine algal collections. Besides having a role in authentication and reference for describing new species, herbaria play a critical role in studies pertaining to climate change, ethanobotany, ecology, DNA bar coding, etc. Recognizing the National Facility for Marine Algal Reference Herbarium is critical at this juncture. The herbarium is planning capacity-building programmes in the near future for students and researchers and to also undertake complete digitization of its collection for database and


The present paper describes the feasibility of a flow injection system with multidetection based on potentiometric and spectrophotometric measurements for chloride determination. Chloride determination by potentiometry was accomplished by using two electrodes of Ag/AgCl where the first one act as the indicator in the first zone sample and the second one act as reference electrode, resulting a an positive signal. After zone sample reaches the second electrode the first electrode will be the reference electrode, generating a negative signal. For the spectrophotometric determination, it was used the conventional reaction between Hg(SCN)2 and chloride with further displacement of SCN - and formation of complex with Fe (III) detected at 480 nm. The linear work range was limited by the spectrophotometric detector and resulted in 10 to 500 mg L -1 . The method was applied to determine chloride in samples of parenteral solutions and the results obtained, with both detectors, were in agreement at 95 % confidence level (paired t-test). The precision evaluated as repeatability (n=20) for samples analyzed showed relative standard deviations (RSD) smaller than 3.5% for multidetection employed. The FIA with multidetection results is better reliable, since it consists of doing two determinations of the same analyte with different detectors. It is similar to what is done with two independent determination of the analyte.


Mabinlin II is a sweet protein with the highest known thermostablility and is isolated from the seeds of Capparis masaikai Levl. grown in south China. Two crystal forms of mabinlin II were obtained using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. One of them diffracts to 2.8 A resolution and belongs to space group P2, with unit-cell parameters a = 50.16, b = 50.17, c = 76.60 A, beta = 99.6 degrees. There are four molecules per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 35.3%.


We have investigated the crystallization of a monatomic simple liquid in equilibrium, where the constituents interact through the Lennard-Jones-Gauss (LJG) potential. By incorporating a perturbation expansion into a density functional approach, we obtain a phase diagram covering a wide range of the parameter space. The phase diagram agrees qualitatively with that obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD simulations show that the system cannot be crystallized, even if the temperature is sufficiently low, in a certain region of the parameter space. In this parameter region, we find that the coexisting density of the fcc crystal is unexpectedly high owing to a decrease in the free energy and show that the third-nearest-neighbor site of the fcc crystal coincides with the second minimum in the LJG potential.


This article discusses explanatory theories of normative concepts and argues for a set of criteria of adequacy by which such theories may be evaluated. The criteria offered fall into four categories: ontological, theoretical, pragmatic, and moral. After defending the criteria and discussing their relative weighting, this article uses them to prune the set of available explanatory theories of oppression. Functionalist theories, including Hegelian recognition theory and Foucauldian social theory, are rejected, as are psychoanalytic theory and social dominance theory. Finally, the article defends structural rational choice theory as the most promising methodology for explaining oppression.


Factors such as the increasing complexity of power grid; state-of-the-art operation and information technology; more complex behavior and characteristics of customers' loads; the unstoppable demands of better quality, reliability, and efficiency of electricity; and the growing development of renewable energy sources have become challenges for power utilities to build and implement smarter grids. Several countries in Europe and United States answered these challenges by deploying projects towards Smart Grid, in which various different key initiatives were introduced in the initial phase in different countries with different power grid structures and problems. In the same sense, South East Asian countries have also carried out key initiatives to tackle challenges mentioned above. This paper is intended to give insights on the smart grid key initiatives taken by each utility under HAPUA, especially in the distribution system. All data presented here were gathered first hand from all utilities under Head of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities (HAPUA). Subsequently, a table of commonness of key initiatives was created to find out which initiatives became the most selected ones. Based on the table of commonness, it appears that AMI, AMR, and SCADA were the most common key initiatives taken by the majority.


The effectiveness of different drugs in the experimental chancroidal infection in man may be tested by a number of means. One way is to reproduce the clinical condition by intradermal inoculation and to treat the developed lesion. This method has little advantage to offer over that of treating the clinical infection, for each volunteer is automatically a ' take'. More satisfactory methods are


It introduces an intelligent and remote detecting system for railway safety. Thi s system uses SCM as the microcontroller to measure the speed and direction of t h e train, and to sound the alarm.A mixed power supply and the multi communication technology are used in the hardware design.


The invention provides a lighting device for a motor vehicle. Such a device comprises one or more electronic circuits incorporating electronic components sensitive to electrostatic discharge. Through the provisions of the invention, the components are protected by promoting the flow of electrostatic discharge in a controlled manner to ground. All parts of one or more electronic circuits may thus be protected by avoiding random electrostatic discharges may destroy or damage sensitive electronic component.


Automatic evaluation of written responses to content-focused assessment items (automated short answer scoring) is a challenging educational application of natural language processing. It is often addressed using supervised machine learning by estimating models to predict human scores from detailed linguistic features such as wordn-grams. However, training data (i.e., human-scored responses) can be difficult to acquire. In this paper, we conduct experiments using scored responses to 44 prompts from 5 diverse datasets in order to better understand how training set size and other factors relate to system performance. We believe this will help future researchers and practitioners working on short answer scoring to answer practically important questions such as, "How much training data do I need?"


Politeness principle is determined by culture,and in the meantime,it reflects culture.The ways to express politeness are different in English and Chinese owing to their different backgrounds.This paper shows these differences through listing 7 aspects of social life and analyses the historical and cultural roots of these differences.


The present invention discloses an apparatus and method for mining with the injection and production wells, mining means comprises a string and the casing, the sleeve string disposed within the sleeve, the segments are provided corresponding to the sleeve oil oil filling opening of the injection port and the corresponding segment, between the upper sub-string and the casing tube is provided; the column comprising: a concentric double tube, a concentric double tube is connected to the upper end of the Y-junction on the lower end of the tubing, the concentric double tube is connected to tubing, a concentric position corresponding to the upper section of the injection pipe is provided with a dual dispenser; a plurality of packers, connected between the concentric double tube and the production casing, and the packers are located between the upper and concentric double pipe, and the oil injection section is located on section; oil passage, which is provided on the column, and corresponds to the position of the oil port. When the present invention is to reduce the number of extraction wells, the drilling cost savings, and can increase reservoir production.


We have presented a theoretical extended version of dense coding protocol using entangled position state of two shared between two parties. A representation of Bell states and the required unitary operators are shown utilizing s normalized Hadamard matrices. In addition, some explicit and conceivable forms for the unitary operators are pres using some introduced basic operators. It is shown that, the proposed version is logarithmically efficient than some oth qubit dense coding protocols.  2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 03.67.Hk; 89.70.+c ing ses rts. s a ns, ret re on an


The purpose of this study was to investigate a measuring system that can diagnose an initial dementia. We focused on the relationship between an initial dementia and perceptual motor coordination that is concerned with location. In this paper, non-dementia elderly subject and young subject pointing movements to a visual target were measured in three conditions. Condition 1: only the target was presented. Condition 2: auditory stimulation was added at a location the same distance from the center as that of the target but in the opposite direction. Condition 3: auditory stimulation was added at the same location as the target. The results showed that in condition 3, latency was shorter and the error rate of pointing movement was lower than in the other conditions. These results suggest that, it is possible to measure the ability of perceptual motor coordination and to control the ability to detect a visual target by auditory stimulation.


The interest in sleep as a potential clinical biomarker is growing, but the standard method of sleep assessment, polysomnography, is expensive, time consuming, and requires a lot of expert assistance for both set‐up and interpretation. To make sleep analysis more available both in research and in the clinic, there is a need for a reliable wearable device for sleep staging. In this case study, we test ear‐electroencephalography. A wearable, where electrodes are placed in the outer ear, as a platform for longitudinal at‐home recording of sleep. We explore the usability of the ear‐electroencephalography in a shift work case with alternating sleep conditions. We find the ear‐electroencephalography platform to be reliable both in terms of showing substantial agreement to polysomnography after long‐time use (with an overall agreement, using Cohen's kappa, of 0.72) and by being unobtrusive enough to wear during night shift conditions. We find that fractions of non‐rapid eye movement sleep and transition probability between sleep stages show great potential as sleep metrics when exploring quantitative differences in sleep architecture between shifting sleep conditions. This study shows that the ear‐electroencephalography platform holds great potential as a reliable wearable for quantifying sleep "in the wild", pushing this technology further towards clinical adaptation.


AbstractThe article is a case study of a cross-cultural auteur film-remake by Michael Haneke of his earlier film: Funny Games, US (2007) and Funny Games (Austria 1997), that is a part of a PhD project devoted to the cross-cultural film remakes. The case of the Funny Games, US although an exact frame-by-frame repetition, shows a significant alteration of meanings that arise out of the changed cultural context a remade film is destined to operate in. The different set of ideas and historical experiences modify a seemingly universal for the Western culture problem the film attempts to discuss with. Through cultural, hermeneutical analysis of a particular basic assumptions the films' discourse is formed on, the author shows how given points lose their adequacy and relevance leading to a final failure of the communication process and a lack of expected reaction to the US-version-of-the-film's efforts at provoking a serious debate.KeywordsFilm remakes, cross-cultural remakes, cultural context of a meaningThis paper is a case study, a part of a wider project investigating various strategies employed in a process of a cross-cultural remaking of films. The process of transferring a film across borders relays on a transfer of the narrative, that requires modifications of elements of a structure and meaning to a new cultural environment. Particular authors employ various means of translation, whose final effects stem from an exact copy, as in a case of the Funny Games U.S., to changes pertaining to a cultural background (The Departed 2006), to vast modifications of every layer of a film structure (The Pathfinder 2007). The analysis of the practice fosters numerous theoretical questions that are much beyond a scope of this paper, whose intention is to present one specific example of transformations of a meaning in a changed cultural context, or - more precisely - the alterations that arise out of a different role particular elements start to play in 'an ongoing pattern of life' (Geertz 1973: p. 17) of the new sphere.The cross-cultural remakes are present in a history of the cinema from its earliest beginnings (Anna Karenina: 1911 France, 1914 Russia, 1915 US, etc.; Bel Ami: 1938 Germany, 1947 US; Beloved Vagabond: 1916 France, UK 1923, US 1936; Bluebeard: 1901 France, 1909 US, etc.; Cabinet of Doctor Calighari: Germany 1919, US 1962; Carmen: Spain 1910, US 1912, and later many others; Chicago: France 1927, US 1942, etc.; Le Corbeau: France 1948, US 1951; Dante's Inferno: Italy 1911, US 1924, etc.; Beggar's Opera: Germany 1930, US 1953, etc.; and numerous others - see Druxman 1975). The longevity of that tradition has been also demonstrated by numerous examples of films made in recent years, like Vanilla Sky by Cameron Crowe (2001, based on the Abre Los Ojos by Alejandro Amenabar), The Ring by Gore Verbinsky (2002, from the Hideo Nakata's Ringu), or Insomnia by Christopher Nolan (2002, original directed by Erik Skjoldbjaerg under the same title).The sole notion of the remake stirred also numerous discussions as of how to define the concept, how to distinguish between influence, citation, and plagiarism in case of unacknowledged remakes, where to set borders between paraphrasing, allusion, pastiche and "natural" source of finding similar dramatic solutions, how to locate the remake within a wider spectrum of the industry routine, like the sequels, cycles, and series, prompting the emergence of hybrids (Neale 2000), or what is a difference between the remake and adaptation (Verevis 2006). The answers to these questions vary and are determined by the methodology employed by particular scholars, what however arises no special doubt is a necessity of carrying on the analysis not only on a layer of the films' textual and structural specificity, but in a wider cultural context. The important components of this context are production and industry determinants (copyright law, tendency to minimize risk of a new production and to lower the production costs), external environment (processes of film promotion and reviewing, film criticism, film academies), as well as general film competence of the audience and ways of shaping it (Verevis 2006). …


no attempt to reflect on the conflict's importance to the conduct of war in the twentieth century. As scholars have pointed out elsewhere, given the eerie parallels between the fighting in Manchuria and in western Europe a decade later, this is a question of more than antiquarian interest. At the same time, despite the editor's avowed aim of examining the importance to "Weltgeschichte," aside from the archipelago off its eastern shore that launched the war, the authors ignore Asia almost entirely—even though the land war was primarily conducted on the continent itself. Of course, no collection can be encyclopaedic. For those who read German, this volume will provide an excellent overview of "World War Zero."


Notwithstanding the pains which astronomers have taken to determine accurately the refraction of mixed light, nothing, I believe, has ever been done towards ascertaining the dispersive power of common air, or comparative degree of refrangibility of the differently coloured rays in their passage through our atmosphere. The importance of such an inquiry, however, must be obvious to every one who duly considers the effect which the different degrees of refrangibility of the variously coloured lights must necessarily produce in the apparent situations of differently coloured objects. Stars of different colours must be differently refracted, and the apparent altitude of the sun must vary according to the colour of the dark glass through which he is viewed.


argument moves towards the place of identification with the death of Christ. 'It is fatally easy', he writes, 'for the minister of the gospel to make his message relevant to the culturally privatized self by making of it a traditionally hallowed form of self-actualization, an improving meditation technique with Jesus for its mantra.' By contrast with such possible cosiness the sinlessness of Jesus and his ministry prepare for the death of God and the subsequent new revelation of God as love. To summarize the argument as 'the recovery of the belief in the divinity ofJesus as the Holy Spirit's principal therapy of our spirit' is indeed to show that the book treats in detail the identity of Jesus and people's relationship with him. Perhaps the attempt is being made to tie it all up too tightly. There are nuggets of gold here, but they take some getting. The story of Jesus is more than a mere paradigm of the human condition and more than a paradigm of God's relationship with man. So it really can be a foundation for an existential christology, which Sebastian Moore seeks to expound, involving self-sacrifice as it must, and the source of a proper self-esteem which is the foundation of a mature spirituality.


Ten adolescent diabetic children monitored blood glucose (BG) concentrations during a British Diabetic Association holiday camp in Denmark. The range of results was wide but revealed a mean pre-breakfast (fasting) BG of 9·8 mmol/l and a mean BG before the main evening meal of 13·2 mmol/l. Before the evening meal eight of ten children had BG concentrations in excess of 13 mmol/l. There was a significant correlation between mean BG concentrations and glycosylated haemoglobin. The procedure was well accepted and proved to be of considerable educational value. It clearly revealed the children whose diabetes was satisfactorily controlled and those in whom adjustments of management were required. It is suggested that similar phases of self-measurement of BG in their homes will clarify the diabetic control of many children and thus help to improve it.


As the teaching of English develops,more and more public speaking events of all kinds are conducted,attracting growing attention to the proficiency of public speaking in English.This paper studies the importance of English public speaking training and its necessity to teacher training,and then discusses this topic from the perspectives of theory,practice and research.


In the online world, data has become equivalent to currency of the real world. Search engines, e-commerce sites, online social networks, advertisers, fraudsters, spammers etc. are in thirst of data of users, more specifically Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which can be used for genuine business gains or malicious purposes. In most cases, sharing of user's data by a website to its partners is subjected to legal terms and conditions of the site. However, once data moves from a user's browser to the Internet, there is no mechanism to track the data. In this paper, we propose a system which aims to track and detect privacy violation on the web. System assists users of the web to maintain their own record of data they share with each website and also alert the user about the possible privacy violations using a


Previous cartographic research has suggested that overall map design will influence the manner in which a map is initially viewed, which, in turn, will influence the kind and amount of information it communicates. We tested this hypothesis in an experiment in which viewers examined both balanced and unbalanced, and simple and complex maps. Their eye movements were recorded as they viewed these maps and their memory of the maps tested. In early viewing, balance evoked greater concentration (evinced by more eye fixations) on informative map components than imbalance. Imbalance caused greater information-processing difficulty (evinced by longer fixation durations) than balance and worse map memory, especially for complex maps.


Traffic accident injury is the eighth leading cause of death in the world, which seriously affects economic development and life stability. In order to explore the influencing factors of the severity of major road traffic accidents in China, potential influencing factors were selected from the statistical data of 366 major accidents. Fixed-parameter and random-parameter negative binomial model were respectively used to build models for accidents data. The results show that geographical zone, time and date of accident, road administrative grade, season, accident type, road alignment and number of traffic violation behavior are significantly related to the accident severity. Strict management of drivers is an effective way to improve the degree of accident injury.


The establishment of FSA has brought about the consequences of macroprudential policies which are still under the authority of Bank Indonesia while the microprudential  policies have been the Auhtority of FSA. The problem in this study is what the appropriate definition, characteristics and coverage of macroprudential and microprudential supervision regulatory authority are in order to support the economic stability of a country. This type of research was a normative study. The results showed that the definition of macroprudential regulation and supervision policy is the authority given to Bank Indonesia to conduct regulation and supervision of banking institutions out of the institution and health fields, prudential aspect, and bank examination. The characteristics of microprudential and macroprudential banking regulation and supervision can be seen from the policy focus.


The Delta and Kappa variants of SARS-CoV-2 co-emerged in India in late 2020, with the Delta variant underlying the resurgence of COVID-19, even in countries with high vaccination rates. In this study, we assess structural and biochemical aspects of viral fitness for these two variants using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), ACE2-binding and antibody neutralization analyses. Both variants demonstrate escape of antibodies targeting the N-terminal domain, an important immune hotspot for neutralizing epitopes. Compared to wild-type and Kappa lineages, Delta variant spike proteins show modest increase in ACE2 affinity, likely due to enhanced electrostatic complementarity at the RBD-ACE2 interface, which we characterize by cryo-EM. Unexpectedly, Kappa variant spike trimers form a structural head-to-head dimer-of-trimers assembly, which we demonstrate is a result of the E484Q mutation and with unknown biological implications. The combination of increased antibody escape and enhanced ACE2 binding provides an explanation, in part, for the rapid global dominance of the Delta variant. Saville, Mannar et al . provide a structural basis for enhanced antibody evasion and ACE2 binding by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. They further identify a head-to-head dimer-of-trimers cryoEM reconstruction unique to the Kappa variant spike.


Mather's work has been fundamental in informing scientists of the relatively mysterious behavior and cognition of an understudied group of animals – the cephalopods. This work helps to fill a gap in the comparative literature that has historically sought evidence for complex behavior only in species that are closely related to humans or share important ecological features such as social complexity. Jennifer Vonk, Professor of Psychology, Oakland University, studies cognition in a wide range of species. She investigates cognition from evolutionary and animal welfare perspectives. Website Mather's (2019) research is profoundly important to the field of comparative psychology, as the octopus exhibits such a unique morphology and exists within a niche where few species are studied, especially with regard to cognition. Comparative psychologists are only beginning to value studies of diverse species and emerge from the shadow of their laboratory history focusing on a small number of species such as rats, pigeons and macaques (Vonk & Shackelford, 2012). In this commentary, I do not wish to engage with arguments regarding the extent to which the octopus has a mind or consciousness. Rather, I would like to focus on the value of understanding how such a species does represent its world given its uniqueness. Humans are better equipped to translate the behavior of closely related species, such as nonhuman primates, into a representation of their cognition. Even with distantly related species such as rodents and corvids, we share terrestrial and social environments, and with aquatic mammals, such as cetaceans, we share some homologies; e.g., complex vocal communication and parental investment. As Mather (2019) makes clear, the octopus, in contrast, is so foreign in its decentralized nervous system and ecology that a better understanding of its abilities could elucidate how similar behaviors may evolve in response to different selection pressures. The octopus also serves as a reminder that selection creates different solutions to similar problems in variable environments. The study of such organisms poses myriad challenges. Not the least of these is the fact that cephalopods may prioritize chemical modalities and utilize vision in a way that is very different from how humans perceive the world. The need to coordinate so many appendages simultaneously has likely sculpted their cognition in ways that humans cannot fathom, as Mather identifies. It is a testament to the ingenuity of researchers like Mather that so many cephalopod Animal Sentience 2019.242: Vonk on Mather on Octopus Mind 2 traits have been uncovered, even if the larger scientific community (as evidenced by other commentaries) remains uncertain as to how the data should be interpreted. Researchers tend to be myopic with regard to how "advanced" cognition can evolve. Historically, we have focused on re-tracing our own evolutionary history within the primate order, which makes a good degree of sense, of course, as examining cognition in extant species within the same lineage may help indicate when the capacity emerged. However, this strategy neglects the possibility of convergent evolution. More recently, humans have identified with the social cognition of highly social animals like canids, cetaceans and corvids, and have attributed primatelike cognition to corvids. In contrast, when attempting to understand basic learning processes through invasive techniques, we have commonly exploited more distantly related species, such as laboratory rats (although we have certainly exposed nonhuman primates to their share of invasive research). Backlash against such practices typically focuses on the purported intelligence of such species and their capacity to feel emotions. It is thus unsurprising that researchers focus on such aspects when attempting to effect change in animal welfare practices. However, as Gutfreund (2019) points out, animals need not be attributed minds to be of scientific interest, and scientists should appreciate how various species have evolved to adapt to their environments in complex and impressive ways. Schwartz (2019) similarly reminds us of the important lesson from Pinker's (1994) elephant biologist example; we should not judge animal minds by human standards. Our fascination with the octopus and its amazing problem-solving abilities will ideally serve as a reminder that there are multiple routes to the same outcome. Thus, we should be open to observing "advanced cognition" in many species, not just the ones we find the most relatable to ourselves. This should have implications not only for our treatment of other species but for how we approach our science. Studying non-social species is essential to properly assessing the social intelligence hypothesis (Eaton et al., 2017). For too long, we have allowed assumptions about what sorts of animals should be able to perform certain tasks to dictate the focus of our science rather than investigating how various species do approach the problems they face. When closely related species, such as chimpanzees, behave as we expect humans to do, we are all too ready to assume similar underlying mechanisms, even when the corpus of data may not support such assumptions (Vonk, in press). When we identify complex behavior in more distant and less obviously "charismatic" species, such as fish and insects, we are more likely to discount reports of impressive cognitive feats and eschew the experimental paradigms giving rise to such reports (e.g., Vonk, 2019). For example, reports of emotion states in bees (Baracchi, Lihoreau, & Giurfa, 2017) and mirror-self recognition in fish (Kohda et al., 2019) have come under fire, but less compelling evidence for the same behaviors in primates and other charismatic species, like dolphins, is more readily embraced (e.g., Delfour, 2001). Mather astutely argues for the importance of testing species in their natural environments, as well as in more carefully controlled laboratory conditions. By testing species that have adapted to a multitude of environments, we are better able to understand how cognition evolved. For example, if we find that non-social animals are able to learn from watching the behaviors of others (even non-conspecifics), we will no longer assume that social learning can emerge only as a function of living in large social groups, as has been demonstrated by Wilkinson and her groundbreaking work with reptiles (Kis, Huber, & Wilkinson, 2015), and at least one research group working with the common octopus (Fiorito & Scotto, 1992, although Mather notes Animal Sentience 2019.242: Vonk on Mather on Octopus Mind 3 this has not been replicated). Like Wilkinson, Mather has opened a window into an unknown mind. Insights from this breakthrough will be appreciated only when we can open our own minds to possibilities we may not yet have imagined. Work with cephalopods will challenge our assumptions about the role of sociality, human-like brain structures and long lifespans in shaping complex cognition.


Automotive products represent one of the most important exports to the Quebec economy, yet the effects that independence would have on this crucial industry have failed to be studied. Currently, Quebec participates in the legal regime governing trade in auto products in North America through the Autopact, FTA, and NAFTA as a sub-federal unit in Canada. Rules of public international law indicate that Quebec could not expect to participate in either the Autopact or FTA, thereby losing advantages accruing thereunder. Further, it seems unlikely that Quebec could negotiate its own Autopact to replace those advantages forfeited through independence. Eventual Quebec accession to NAFTA would likely be possible, though it would involve a negotiating process and would be neither immediate, nor automatic, as some have suggested. Unless properly planned for, the transitory period following Quebec independence but preceding NAFTA membership could prove crippling for Quebec's auto industry, whether its exports were directed towards the US. or the rest of Canada. Furthermore, were Quebec able to join NAFTA, the regime created thereunder would likely offer fewer advantages than it currently enjoys, especially with respect to the ability to offer duty waivers and remissions to select manufacturers, and Quebec's ability to attract automotive industry investment would accordingly be hampered.


derstanding of the impact of the matrix components on the rheology of castables with special focus on high performance alumina and spinel castables. A broad particle size distribution of the matrix fines helps to achieve optimised packing and therefore a high solids content with low viscosity of the suspension. As solids content increases the amount of water is consequently reduced. Additives are required to counterbalance agglomeration of the particles in a suspension. Rheology of High Performance Alumina and Spinel Castables


"For every nutritional problem there is a horticultural solution". Hidden in this is the understanding of the dynamics of nutrients in horticulture. A due importance to nutrients is essential as they affect the productivity, quality and profitability. After achieving food security, it is being increasingly felt that India needed to achieve nutritional security for betterment of its population. In achieving this cultivation of horticultural crops especially fruit crops plays a vital role. To achieve nutritional security our country needs 92 million metric tones of fruits. India's wide range of fruit crops collectively contributes to a large variation in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and K removals. Nutrient removal by fruits and its use efficiency indicate mining of nutrients from soil. The nutrient use efficiency of N ranged from 20 to 40%, P from 5 to 20% and K from 50 to 100%, depending on the variety, growth rate and production potential. Most fruit crops are heavy feeders of plant nutrients and a number of fruit crops may absorb 500-1000 kg of N + P2O5 + K2O /ha/year or even more under good management conditions. The K requirement of fruit crops is particularly high. In contrast, however, the use of K fertilizers in Indian horticulture is negligible. High rate of K is needed to achieve not only highest total fruit production but also the greatest percentage of fruit production suitable for marketing, good in quality, high in mineral content and good in keeping quality. Applied K influences fruit size, appearance, and color and consumer acceptance like fruit recovery, aroma, and taste. Mango, banana, citrus, guava, papaya, grapes, and pineapple account for the major area and production of fruit crops grown in the tropics and subtropics. The majority of these fruits are marketable as fresh for domestic consumption and less than 1% mainly mango, pineapple, and citrus are marketable in other forms for export and domestic consumption. Imbalanced use of nutrients or widespread use of N fertilizers alone leads to poor quality of fruits in terms of TSS, colour, keeping quality, mineral content and nutraceauticals. This also leaves plants overly susceptible to the effects of diseases and pests – a scenario countered by optimum K nutrition. Other beneficial effects of K include high juice content, high vitamin C content, uniformity and acceleration of ripening of fruits and resistance to bruising or physical breakdown during shipping and storage. Several research results suggest the role of K in enhancing the quality of fruits and their keeping and marketable quality. This paper presents a review of the effect of K fertilizers on the nutritional quality of fruit crops in general with special emphasis on banana and grapes.


Clinical hypothermia, until recently, has been confined largely to surface cooling. Attempts to extend this method below the reasonably safe level of 28"c have frequently resulted in high incidence of ventricular fibrillation with uncertain reversal or in prolonged circulatory insufficiency with permanent cellular damage. Because of these limitations, the universal interest in hypothermia, stimulated by Bigelowl in 1950, waned after 1955 when blood oxygenators and cardiac bypass techniques became practicable and allowed safe, prolonged open heart surgery. Now, interest in hypothermia is reviving and is directed towards overcoming certain problems whichmay occur with blood oxygenators. These problems include : 1 Maintaining high flows with normal oxygen saturation without


Aims. Within a 400 pc sphere around the Sun, we search for Praesepe's tidal tails in the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) data set.
Methods. We used a modified convergent-point method to find stars with space velocities close to the space velocity of the Praesepe cluster.
Results. We find a clear indication for the existence of Praesepe's tidal tails, both extending up to 165 pc from the centre of the cluster. A total of 1393 stars populate the cluster and its tails, giving a total mass of 794 M⊙. We determined a tidal radius of 10.77 pc for the cluster and a tidal mass of 483 M⊙. The corresponding half-mass radius is 4.8 pc. We also found a clear indication for mass segregation in the cluster. The tidal tails outside 2 tidal radii are populated by 389 stars. The total contamination of our sample by field stars lies between 50 and 100 stars or 3.6–7.2%. We used an astrometrically and photometrically clean subsample of Gaia DR2, which makes our Praesepe sample incomplete beyond MG ≈ 12.0 mag; this corresponds to about 0.25 M⊙. A comparison with an N-body model of the cluster and its tails shows remarkably good coincidence. Three new white dwarfs are found in the tails.


A sports beverage was developed using silkworm pupa protein powder defatted by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction as the staring material by means of enzymolysis, debittering and desalination, and formulation. Five crucial factors affecting degree of hydrolysis (DH) of silkworm pupa protein by alkali protease were optimized to attain the maximum DH using orthogonal array design. Activated carbon and was used for debittering of the hydrolysate obtained followed by desalination using 717-type anion-exchange resin and 732-type cation-exchange resin. Subsequently, a certain amounts of water, sucrose and citric acid were blended with the debittered and desalined hydrolysate to produce sports beverage. To obtain a product with the highest sensory score, the hydrolysate/water ratio and amounts of added sucrose and citric acid were also optimized using orthogonal array design. Under optimized hydrolysis conditions [temperature 55 ℃, pH 9.0, solid/liquid ratio 1:7 (m/m), and enzyme/substrate ratio 7%], and the DH after 2.5 h was 29.97%. An optimal sports beverage product which can alleviate physical fatigue and has nice taste and special flavor of silkworm pupa could be obtained, when 5-fold volume of water was blended with the pretreated hydrolysate of silkworm pupa protein, with addition of 6% sucrose and 0.15% citric acid.


Throughout the world, people are living longer, healthier lives, and the proportion of older people is growing more rapidly than ever before, causing a dramatic shift in the global population age structure. These trends have been clear for several decades, and with each passing year, research reveals more about how the changing demographic structure is likely to affect individuals and societies. The ongoing changes will have implications for the development of policy in a number of areas – such as health, pensions, education, finance, and job structures – and although population aging is frequently presented as a threat, mitigating factors can dramatically alter its impact. This chapter examines current age profiles throughout the different regions of the world. It starts with the factors contributing to the growth in the absolute numbers and proportion of older people and then looks at the factors contributing to the potential economic and health impact of aging. On the health front, the challenge will be to balance longer lives with an increase in the number of healthy years. If this can be done, it will help society control outlays on health and social care, along with enabling older people to live more productive, fulfilling lives.


Since gold is an important industrial material and thus an important element in the world economy, the development of better technology in the concentration of gold ores is of some economic significance. The authors present very encouraging results obtained in separation of the Doyon gold ores when using the electrostatic inverted roof apparatus which was developed at the Applied Elecrostatics Laboratory of The University of Western Ontario and described in the IEEE-IAS Transactions, Vol. IA-19, No. 3, May/June 1983. The electrification phenomena through combined tribo- and inductive charging was studied at various relative humidities. Contrary to expectations, the experimental work showed that the best separations are achieved at relatively high humidities of ∼ 70% or higher. One of the main cost factors in electrostatic beneficiation of minerals is that of drying the material. The lesser drying required of this gold ore may be of considerable economic importance.


CIRTA (''Construction Incrementale des Reseaux de Petri a Termes Algebriques") is a specification language endowing ECATNets (''Extended Concurrent Algebraic Terms Nets") [6][10] with modularity concepts to make them more suitable for real-world applications. This paper addresses the structuring mechanisms provided by CIRTA, for the design of complex concurrent systems. Two structuring techniques are presented. The first one relies on the usage of CIRTA modules which extend ECATNets with the concepts of interface nodes and composed-nodes. The second mechanism concerns with some structuring operations on CIRTA modules namely: importation, composition and renaming. The semantics of each CIRTA specification using these constructs is defined by giving the behavioral equivalent ECATNet.


Deeply accumulating knowledge and then initiating research is the guiding thought for cultivating innovative thought,bravely making hypothesis is an inevitable step for innovative thinking,and carefully testing the hypothesis is the necessary method for testing if the innovative thought has scientific value.


The 4-Mw swimming pool reactor located at Quehanna, Pennsylvania, is to be utilized for shielding studies, reactor component and instrument development, radiation damage studies, neutron physics studies, isotope production, activation analysis, and training. Supporting facilities, site, operational procedures, and safety devices are described in detail. The effects of human and instrument errors, particularly in combination with the failure of safety devices, are examined. The possible consequences of the release of radioactivity to the general environment are considered. (W.D.M.)


The possibility of obtaining more general kinetic equations describing solid-state reactions in the light of the fractal approach is analysed.


Corresponding to the variation of lateral doping(VLD)technique,a sustaining-voltage technique—variation of lateral thickness(VLT)is developed in this paper.Based on the VLT technique,a new SOI high voltage device with step drift regions is proposed and investigated in detail using the two-dimensional semiconductor simulator MEDICI.The results show that the device with VLT structure is enabled to increase by 20% in lateral breakdown voltage,10% in vertical breakdown voltage,and 150%~200% in doping concentrations in the drift region.As a result,the body resistance decreases and the Figure of Merit(FOM)increases beyond 40%.The devices with the single or two-step drift regions have the cost-effective merits due to the insensitivity of process conditions and the elimination of the high temperature annealing.At same time,the approximately ideal breakdown voltage and drift resistance are still maintained.


In order to develop China's knowledge economy at the trun of centuries , we ought to borrow overseas successful experiences to cultivate risk investments with steady steps under the existing laws and regulations.