Chlorella is one of the best‐studied green microalgal genera because of its wide use as a model system and its utilization in biotechnology. Since the description of the type species Chlorella vulgaris Beij., more than a hundred species have been established in the literature. However, the taxonomic description and identification of these small (<15 μm) spherical or elliptical coccoid cells is difficult due to the lack of characteristic morphologic features. In addition to molecular investigations, biochemical criteria are employed to distinguish between the numerous "Chlorella" species, of which the sterol composition seems to be a reliable chemotaxonomic marker within several groups of these morphologically similar algae. In this study, the distribution of ergosterol was examined in 20 species of the "true" genus Chlorella and more distant "Chlorella" species using HPLC. Ergosterol in concentrations up to 4.5 μg · mg−1 dry weight (dwt) was detected in nine species, which are all related representatives of the Chlorellaceae. More distant relatives within the Trebouxiophyceae or representatives of the Chlorophyceae did not contain ergosterol. The results coincide with the latest molecular investigations of the genus Chlorella and further promote the potential of ergosterol as chemical marker to differentiate between members of the Chlorellaceae and other "Chlorella‐like" species.


A discrete event simulation model may contain several events that have the same timestamp, referred to as simultaneous events. In general, the results of a simulation depend on the order in which simultaneous events are executed. Simulation languages and protocols use different, sometimes ad hoc, tie-breaking mechanisms to order simulataneous events. As a result, it may be impossible to reproduce the results of a simulation model across different simulators. This article presents a systematic analysis of the lookahead requirements for sequential and parallel simulation protocols, utilizing the process-oriented world view, with respect to their abililty to execute models with simultaneous events in a deterministic order. In particular, the article shows that most protocols, including the global event list protocol and commonly used parallel conservative and optimistic protocols, require that the simulation model provide some form of lookahead guarantee to enforce deterministc ordering of simultaneous events. The article also shows that the lookahead requirements for many protocols can be weakened if the model allows simultaneous events to be processed in a nondeterministic order. Finally, the lookahead properties that must be satisfied by a model in order for its execution to make guaranteed progress are derived using various simulation protocols.


Alienation from school improvement processes can lead students to disengage and disinvest in school. Through the creation of the Student Voice Collaborative (SVC) in New York City, an educational leadership program, high school students have partnered with teachers and principals as well as administrators in the New York City Department of Education to address educational issues that matter most to them. Their collective work has led to concrete changes in school and district practices, including the district-wide revision of a tool used to evaluate elementary, middle, and high schools. Students, too, have undergone personal transformation as they have strengthened their skills and realized their ability to effect meaningful change. In this chapter, the author and founder of SVC, Ari Sussman, recounts the program's first three years, noting its setbacks and accomplishments. He then describes the shared school-level governance model SVC has developed, the process it uses to launch and sustain campaigns, and nine design and implementation principles that can guide the work of others seeking to institutionalize student voice in schools and school systems.


In this commentary, I provide suggestions for further refining the way we view and apply the identity confirmation concept to family businesses. I distinguish different family types, such as the core family, the extended family, the patchwork family, and the multigenerational kinship family. In addition, I concentrate on crucial life cycle points in the sense that a business family stays and works together usually much longer than any other work–related group. From a dynamic perspective, certain opportunities and risks in applying the identity confirmation concept become obvious for families in family businesses. Different moderating variables might distinguish whether identity confirmation results in positive or negative outcomes. These moderators point to important future research projects in the area of family business.


This paper continues an investigation of the time-dependent behavior of regulated or reflecting Brownian motion (RBM). Part I focused on RBM starting at the origin; Part II focuses on RBM starting at a fixed positive state. The first two moments of RBM as functions of time are analyzed by representing them as the difference of two increasing functions, one of which is the moment function starting at the origin studied in Part I. By appropriate normalization, the two monotone components can be converted into cumulative distribution functions that can be analyzed probabilistically, e.g., their moments can be calculated. Simple approximations are then developed by fitting convenient distributions to these moments. Overall, the analysis yields a better understanding of the way RBM and related stochastic flow systems approach steady state.


The topic of this subject is transport and traffic according to specific traffic characteristics. Using a specific books l explained all types of traffic and their characteristics.


This paper proposes a method for detecting facial features and extracting its points from color images. A perceptually uniform chromatic system is used for representing color information in order to increasing the robustness of the extraction of the skin color region and the hair color regions. The face and the regions containing facial features are extracted from the image by applying the integral projection method, which makes use of both the color information (the skin color and the hair color) and the edge information (the strength and the orientation). The facial feature points are then detected from each region containing facial feature with the so called SUSAN corner detector. The proposed system is confirmed to be effective and robust to deal with the face images with various translations, slightly rotations and changes of facial expressions. Keyword: Facial feature point detection, Integral projection, SUSAN corner detector, Color information, Edge information


User costs are typically taken to be the appropriate measure of the cost of owning durable goods. In the standard frictionless theory, user costs of homeownership equal rents. It is well-known that ex-post measures of homeowner user costs are much more volatile than rents. I demonstrate here that the divergence between user costs and rents extends well beyond this difference. Even ex-ante measures of user costs are four orders of magnitude more volatile than rents; and even more surprisingly, over a twodecade period the series do not even appear to share a common trend. Furthermore, rent changes are almost unrelated to user-cost driving forces. This leaves statistical agencies in a quandary if they wish to measure homeowner costs: user-cost changes are so volatile that, if used directly, they would completely dominate movements in aggregate price indices; and changes in user costs are not approximated by (far less volatile) rent changes.


The present invention relates to olive fruit tea and a preparation method thereof, which belongs to the technical field of the preparation of health care tea. The present invention aims to solve the technical problem of the olive fruit tea which contains no tea leaves and has the functions of health care and green environmental protection. The present invention has the main following technical scheme for solving the technical problem: complete fresh olive fruit is flattened by beating, cleaned and prepared into the olive fruit tea. The present invention is characterized in that the olive fruit is dried and then prepared into the olive fruit tea which simultaneously contains fragmented blocks of dry olive pulp, dry olive core and dry olive kernels. The olive fruit tea can contain octagon, chrysanthemum and licorice. The preparation method for the olive fruit tea mainly comprises the steps of flattening by beating, flushing, soaking in salt water, soaking in clear water, drying by draining, soaking in filter liquid, drying, stir-frying in a pot, sorting, redrying, packaging at normal temperature, etc., and 5kg of olive fresh fruit is used as an example, 900g of dry olive fruit tea is obtained after the processes are carried out. The olive fruit tea has the advantages of grey color, flaky shape and fragrant fruit flavor; the olive fruit tea is suitable for being drunk as tea, and can also be used as flavoring agents for cooking.


The aim of this article is to research the properties of lexical innovations emerged during 2020–2021, the years of the global pandemic COVID-19, and the aspects of meaning of new phenomena they nominate. The study is based on the procedural apparatus of structural and pragmatic linguistics. The data used are taken out from online versions of English quality and mass newspapers, magazines, online dictionaries (oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com, dictionary.cambridge.org, collinsdictionary.com, merriam-webster.com, urbandictionary.com, dictionary.com). The results characterise the frequency of word-formation morphological models, comprising word-composition, blending and shortening.
The paper focuses on innovations with the lexical items "coronavirus", "Covid-19", "epidemic / pandemic", "quarantine", "Zoom" functioning as a structural component in a series of structurally similar lexical units. The frequency of this structural component is explained by newly coined items semantics, which is connected with the relevant referent accepted by the society and most adequately understood, as it conveys a specific content about the realities of life. The meaning of such a word-formation constituent is easily predicted on the basis of its semantic structure. The article singles out the specific features of using the analyzed lexical innovations to refer to referents of various spheres in the English media discourse of 2020-2021 are identified and investigated. The research proves that innovations in question function in the English media discourse to realize a number of strategies. In the studied research the role of the selected lexical innovations of Covid-19 period in the implementation of strategies for organizing Modern English media discourse were taken into consideration: informative-interpretative, evaluative and attention drawing.


Marine Protected Areas (MPA) are complex tools dealing with interacting ecological, social and economic phenomena. Our goal is to provide tools to evaluate the efficiency of the MPA for a better governance. The model we build is based on a Bayesian network to simulate MPA's governance scenarios. Its outputs are probabilities tables of indicators which represents ecological and socio-economic answers of the MPA to the management measures.The analysis of each selected indicators and the comparisons of the scenarios will be achieved thanks to multicriteria analysis. A first model, developed in the PGEM (Marine Management Plan) of Moorea, a coral island in French Polynesia, is presented. It will be extended to six other tropical and mediterranean case studies with a view to propose a generic model for MPAs


Methods: Sixteen freshly enucleated human cadaver eyes were deepithelialized and dehydrated with dextran. A tube was placed in the anterior chamber and connected to a transducer and to a bottle system filled with balanced salt solution. The pressure in the eye was then altered between 5 mm Hg and 58 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure measurements were obtained with DCT, GAT, and PTG at each manometric pressure reading. Results: On average, DCT values measured 0.58±0.70 mm Hg higher than real intracameral pressure. The GAT and PGT showed consistently lower values, �4.01±1.76 mm Hg and �5.09±2.61 mm Hg, respectively. At all bottle heights, DCT values were significantly closer to the reference pressure than GAT and PTG (P.001). Conclusions: Measurement with DCT provides IOP values significantly closer to true manometric levels than either GAT or PTG. Further studies are warranted to determine its reliability in patients and the effect of corneal thickness. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:1287-1293


A survey of student user opinion of the new university Arts and Social Studies Library is reported. Students are concerned more about adequacy of book stocks and study spaces than about other issues. It is suggested that this type of survey might provide information for policy decision makers in allocating resources.


Azaperone is a butyrophenone tranquilizer for swine. Food producing pigs are particularly sensitive to stress during handling and transport to the abattoir. In vivo, azaperone is partially metabolised to azaperol, a metabolite with pharmacological activity. The high and persistent concentrations of azaperone and azaperol in the injection site contra-indicates the use of azaperone using the intramuscular route for the transport of the food producing animals, pigs, to the slaughterhouse; the oral use could be an alternative to avoid residues at the injection site. The present study determined the tissue depletion of azaperone and its metabolite azaperol after oral administration of the formulation Stresnil®. Male pigs (30-45 kg of body weight) were treated with Stresnil® (single oral dose of 4 mg azaperone/kg body weight) and were sacrificed 6, 24 and 48 hours after the administration. Muscle, skin + fat, liver and kidney were collected from each animal. Azaperone and azaperol were assayed by HPLC after solid phase extraction. The concentrations of the azaperone plus azaperol in all analysed tissues did not exceed to the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) established by the European Union (100 μg/kg in muscle, liver, kidney and skin plus fat) at any sampling time. As a consequence, from the results obtained in the present study, edible tissues of pigs treated orally with 4 mg/kg azaperone, 6 hours before to the sacrifice, might be acceptable to guarantee safety for the consumers. Nevertheless a withdrawal time of cero hours was estimated by linear regression analysis.


Recently the increase in the exchange of goods between Europe and Asia caused by social and economic factors creates good opportunities for railways. At the same time, however, it becomes an enormous challenge of railway transport because there are different rail track gauges(i.e narrow/standard/board gauge) on the continental transportation which between Korea(TKR) and Eurasian (TCR/TSR). The existence of various track gauges is one of obstacles preventing the smooth flow of goods by rail. The transferring process system from one track gauge to another could vary with the types of cargo. Service operation of these systems has a decisive effect on working time and cost of storage and transshipment facilities at border crossings. In relation to the above-mentioned factors, it is important to examine the comparison between different methods of transferring goods in different track gauges. In this study, to analysis economics on continental railway container transportation systems, it is performed to compare transportation scenarios between the transshipment and to examine technical factors of them.


ABSTRACT This paper explores the dynamics of capitalism, imperialism, and nationalism to contextualise and explain "radical" food sovereignty. It defines the opportunities and constraints surrounding the dynamics of "radical" food sovereignty as an anti-capitalist, counter-hegemonic movement. The difficulties in subverting the state-capital nexus are explored with reference to the pink tide states in Latin America, particularly Bolivia and Ecuador. Such "left" populism, through neo-extractivist funded welfarism, has subverted "radical" food sovereignty movements. Growing contradictions of neo-extractivism presage the delegitimation of the peripheral state-capital nexus, a resurgence of right authoritarian populism, and a further round of counter-hegemonic protest.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder in which pathological Langerhans cells accumulate in a variety of organs. LCH usually affects the bone, skin and lymph nodes of children; however, LCH occasionally affects vital organs, including the liver, spleen and pituitary gland. The present study reports a case of an adult LCH patient with marked liver damage, splenomegaly and pituitary damage treated using a new therapeutic strategy. This case was misdiagnosed as liver cancer and pituitary tumor on the basis of abdominal ultrasound, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and head MRI. The final diagnosis was established by identifying the proliferation of cluster of differentiation 1a-positive LCs in liver tissues. A new regimen of combined 12-week therapy of prednisolone/desmopressin/vincristine and 10 months of maintenance therapy of prednisolone/vinblastine/6-mercaptopurine improved symptoms, liver function and blood cell tests.


The authors propose a new optically-driven actuator system which utilizes 'photo-induced phase-transition' (PIPT) phenomena. This system is expected to be useful for micromechanical systems, since it provides wireless energy supply by light. The concept and the material properties are reported. PIPT phenomena have been recently reported to occur in various materials. These materials show bi-stability on their material phase such as structure, optical properties, magnetic properties, etc. The phase of the material is changed by irradiation of light with fixed wavelength, as well as by temperature or external fields. In this report, a kind of polydiacetylene (PDA) substituted with alkyl-urethane is investigated. This material is known to show reversible PIPT around 125 degrees Celsius between 'blue' phase and 'red' phase. The authors measured the induced macroscopic elongation of PDA crystal using a laser-focus displacement meter. For the first step, the phase of the sample was controlled by thermal phase-transition hysteresis. The induced strains due to the phase transition were measured to be highly anisotropic: 2%, 0.03%, and 0.9% at 125 degrees Celsius for a-, b-, and c-axes, respectively. These values are larger than that of piezoelectric or thermal-expansion materials that are conventionally used for microactuators. Thus this material is expected to be used for mechanical actuators, which are driven not only thermally, but also optically.


Objective: This study developed and tested a student-report measure of motivational interviewing (MI) teaching quality called the Evaluation of Motivational Interviewing Teaching (EMIT) scale. Method: Social work students (N = 297) receiving course content on motivational interviewing completed the EMIT, and exploratory factor analysis investigated whether theory-based dimensions of teaching emerged as EMIT subscales, including: interactivity/skill building, MI content coverage, modeling MI during teaching, trainee autonomy violation, and encouraging ongoing training in MI. Results: Two subscales emerged representing MI-consistent (28 items, α = .92) and MI-inconsistent teaching practices (7 items, α = .73). Conclusions: Although more research is needed on the EMIT, this study supports the initial reliability of the instrument and can help social work educators evaluate MI teaching quality.


The French Competition Authority ("FCA") has fined twelve undertakings involved in a cartel at multiple levels of the ham and cold meats sector. On 16 July 2020, the FCA issued a decision…


Immunohistochemistry examination (IHC) is one of the additional tests to diagnose and determine breast cancer subtype. IHC examination is a method to check intracellular protein using a monoclonal and polyclonal antibody to detect the antigen in tissue. IHC examination determined by hormone receptor markers (ER and PR), HER-2/Neu expression, and apoptotic and proliferation markers (Ki-67 and p53) can be used to determine therapy and prognosis. This study aims to determine the hormonal status of breast cancer patient at Siloam Semanggi Hospital in 2018, in the form of age, gender, pathology diagnose, and the result of IHC (ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67). This study is a retrospective descriptive study using pathological anatomy laboratory results of breast cancer in MRCCC Siloam Semanggi Hospital and 208 patients following inclusion and exclusion criteria. The result obtained is that the age group with the highest frequency is 50-59 years, with 34.1%. The highest frequency by gender is a woman with 99.5%. Carcinoma mammae NST with grade II and III was found in 38.0% of patients. The hormonal receptor with ER and PR positive was found in 51.0% of patients. HER2 expression negative was found in 56.7% of patients. High proliferation Ki-67 was found in 82.7% of patients. Luminal B with HER2 negative subtype was found in 32.2% of patients. Patients in 50-59 years with Luminal B with HER2 negative subtype was found in 26 patients. Patients in carcinoma mammae NST with grade II with Luminal B with HER2 negative subtype was found in 27 patients.

Keywords: Breast cancer, pathologic anatomy, immunohistochemistry, breast cancer subtype


Enzymes are appealing diagnostic targets because of their centrality in human health and disease. Continuous efforts spanning several decades have yielded methods for magnetically detecting the interactions of enzymes with exogenous molecular substrates. Nevertheless, measuring enzymatic activity in vivo remains challenging due to background noise, insufficient selectivity, and overlapping enzymatic functions. Magnetic micro- and nanoagents are poised to help overcome these issues by offering possible advantages such as site-selective sampling, modular architectures, new forms of magnetic detection, and favorable biocompatibility. Here, we review relevant control and detection strategies and consider examples of magnetic enzyme detection demonstrated with micro- or nanorobotic systems. Most cases have focused on proteolytic enzymes, leaving ample opportunity to expand to other classes of enzymes. Enzyme-responsive magnetic micro- and nanoagents hold promise for lowering barriers of translation and enabling preemptive, point-of-care medical applications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


The paper describes the experimental system which consists of SCHNEIDER Inverter,PLC and haman-machine interface(HMI).This experimental system can carry out the most important methods and models of modern frequency modulation.The paper also describes experimental contents.


Current interest in developing a more "multicultural" view of American theater has also renewed interest in theatrical performances by immigrants to the United States. Sometimes classified as "immigrant theater," these performances are frequently mentioned within the context of what is sometimes called the "ethnic" American theater, a category that includes theater by later generations of "hyphenated" Americans. Such framings and namings, I would suggest, deserve to be investigated as carefully as the theatrical works and communities to which they allude. Several past encounters, both academic and theatrical, inform this particular investigation. I wrote the first version of this essay for a conference titled Immigrant Cultures and the Performing Arts, which was sponsored by the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota in March of 1996. I had been invited to present what was to be the only paper on nonEuropean immigrant culture. Knowing this, I gave myself a "theoretical" as well as "informational" agenda. I set out to discuss and problematize existing models of "immigrant theater"—the subject of most of the papers at this conference—in light of particular assumptions about immigrant experience. These assumptions are worrisome, insofar as they manifest certain essentialist notions of "culture" and norms of assimilation that can be used to marginalize those who do not fit such patterns. But other issues soon complicated this enjoyable task. In pointing out how theories of "immigrant theater" might in fact be exclusionary, I realized that this particular exclusion, while perhaps the most obvious, was not alone. Immigrant experience can be itself rendered marginal even in presumably more progressive scholarship on "hypenated" identities and the artistic productions that try to express them. This problem of inclusive representation was painfully clear to me in a choice I made for my recent book Performing Asian America: Race and Ethnicity on the Contemporary Stage} During the fall of 1994,1 went to see three


INTRODUCTION: Rehabilitation of maxillary posterior region with endosseous implants is complicated in the presence of insufficient residual alveolar ridge and maxillary sinus pneumatization. New bone formation without any bone grafting materials has achieved promising results in sinus augmentation. Melatonin and hyaluronic acid suggest satisfying results in enhancing bone defect repair, osseointegration of dental implants. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of melatonin and hyaluronic acid combination on bone regeneration in maxillary sinus augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 16 patients with missed maxillary posterior teeth indicated for sinus augmentation were divided equally into; group I, received melatonin and hyaluronic acid after sinus membrane elevation with simultaneous implant placement, and group II, did not receive any materials after the procedure. Clinical evaluation were done for pain, swelling, complications, and implant stability and radiographically for vertical bone height gain, bone density, and marginal bone level. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in bone density on the 1st and 6th months postoperatively in each group and between both groups ( p ≤ 0.05 ). Regarding vertical bone height gain and implant stability, there was significant increase in each group, whereas the increase was insignificant between both groups. Marginal bone level difference between both groups was insignificant. Sinus membrane perforation occurred in one case only which did not affect the procedure completion; and there was no failure or complications along the follow up periods. CONCLUSION: Melatonin and hyaluronic acid could have a considerable properties regarding bone density in sinus augmentation without complications. ___________________________________________________________________________


AMD bulldozer module represents a new direction in microarchitecture and includes a number of firsts for AMD, including AMD multithreaded X86 processor, implementation of a shared level 2 cache, and X86 processor to incorporate floating-point multiply-accumulate (FMAC). This article discusses the module multithreading architecture, power-efficient micro architecture, and subblocks, including the various microarchitectural latencies, bandwidths, and structure sizes.


Culture sets a person and society program goals and development goals and seeks to achieve them using various tools. Such programs are broadcast and implemented by a person in interaction with the socio-cultural environment of his or her life, they are fixed as codes in his consciousness and subconscious, determine the direction and content of his behavior and activity. Based on these ideas about the content of the programming function of culture, such phenomena as imprinting and impressing are considered as its tools. At the same time, imprinting is positioned as a tool for broadcasting and consolidating programs, and impressing - as a tool for generating new cultural programs. It is emphasized that in the context of digitalization of culture, its programming nature becomes apparent and, therefore, the discovery of its implicit tools acquires special not only theoretical but also practical significance.


The present invention relates to a platinum-based catalyst and a method of a new, more specifically, non-porous high-density ceramic oxide surface, the mesopore size of the porous zirconia-the alumina coating comprising a composite carrier for Bimetallic of platinum and tin If then supported on a complex compound with the platinum-containing catalyst prepared by microwave irradiation to perform a conversion process of hydrocarbon conversion enhancement and mono without deactivation by the conventional acid sites - to improve the selectivity of the olefin, part reaction the aromatic compound to suppress the generation of the present invention relates to novel methods of platinum-based catalysts and their that can be usefully utilized in the petrochemical industry. High-density ceramic oxide, a zirconia-alumina composite carrier, platinum, tin, platinum-containing catalyst


and ghrelin were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: SFRP5/leptin ratio was lower in the GDM mothers in comparison to that of the control group. There were positive correlations between SFRP5/leptin ratio and total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels. The SFRP5/leptin ratio correlated negatively with total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW). CONCLUSIONS: The SFRP5/leptin ratio appears to be a promising index for evaluating of metabolic disturbances in mothers with a history of GDM.


1. The Field of Complex Numbers 1.1. Basic Definitions and Representations. We start with some definitions. Definition 1.1. We define the number i, called the imaginary unit number to be a number such that i = −1. Definition 1.2. A complex number is an expression of the form z = x + iy where x and y are real numbers. We call x the real part of z, sometimes denoting it by Re(z) and we call y the imaginary part of z sometimes denoting it by Im(z). We call the set of all such numbers the set of complex numbers and denote it by C. We can also represent complex numbers geometrically. Definition 1.3. For a complex number z = x+ iy, we represent it on a two dimensional coordinate system as the point in the plane with coordinates (x, y). We call this geometric representation of C the complex plane.


Search and retrieval based on perceptual similarity will be a key issue for photo manager tools, indeed the majority of the thousand of photos collected day by day by users are not annotated or are associated with few meaningful keywords, making ontology or keyword based search not always affordable. In this paper, a complete performance analysis on similarity retrieval with common color features is proposed, focusing on the specific application scenario of personal photo collections. The analysis includes an enhancement of the standard HSV color space (aHSV), that provides performance improvements at no cost in practice. Tests are carried out on 25 variations of the UCID v2 database.


Tripe I Method is a valid fuzzy reasoning method with respect to FMP and FMT reasoning models.Opposite direction triple I method provides a new way for designing fuzzy reasoning engine.In this paper,opposite direction triple I method with respect to FMP and FMT models under R0 and Lukasiewicsz implication operator are discussed,and the unified forms of them are provided.


Systematic reviews aim to collate all empirical evidence that fits prespecified eligibility criteria to answer a specific research question. Some systematic reviews undertake a meta-analysis to statistically combine study results and provide a more precise estimate of treatment effects. These meta-analyses are commonly based on aggregate data, extracted from publications or obtained from the original authors of these papers1 but aggregating data limits the options for in depth analysis.

Meta-analysis of individual patient data (IPD) appeared in the 1990s2 to address these problems. A great advantage of IPD analysis is that it offers investigators the opportunity to investigate whether an intervention is differentially effective for different types of participants. Quantifying interaction effects using IPD increases power and generalisability of results and is considered the gold standard for subgroup analyses.3

We congratulate Hayden and colleagues (linked paper BJSM 2020, bjsports-2019-101205)4 who undertook an IPD to identify subgroups of patients who particularly benefit from exercise therapy for low back pain.4 From a total pool of 56 eligible trials, the authors retrieved data from 27 studies (3514 participants). This reflects the major challenge when performing IPD analyses—retrieving raw data from multiple trials.

Let us drill down on some specific barriers to successfully obtaining the 'D' in …


The author describes a novel activity-based model which uses a simple competitive mechanism to form a topographic map and ocular dominance stripes simultaneously. The model does not attempt to take into account all that is known about the development of the visual system. Rather, its aim is to show how simple Hebbian learning combined with a suitable weight normalization rule can lead to the development of these mappings. The model forms an appropriate mapping when presented with distributed patterns of activity in the retina. This is much closer to biological reality than the activity regime used in previous models. The author considers input consisting of random noise filtered through a Gaussain as a first step towards investigating the effects of retinal correlations on receptive field and map development in this model. Simulation results on the monocular and binocular cases are presented.<<ETX>>


We evaluate the asset pricing implications of a class of models in which risk sharing is imperfect because of the limited enforcement of intertemporal contracts. Lustig (2004) has shown that in such a model the asset pricing kernel can be written as a simple function of the aggregate consumption growth rate and the growth rate of consumption of the set of households that do not face binding enforcement constraints in that state of the world. These unconstrained households have lower consumption growth rates than constrained households, i.e. they are located in the lower tail of the crosssectional consumption growth distribution. We use household consumption data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey to estimate the pricing kernel implied by the model and to evaluate its performance in pricing aggregate risk. We employ the same data to construct aggregate consumption and to derive the standard complete markets pricing kernel. We find that the limited enforcement pricing kernel generates a market price of risk that is substantially larger than the standard complete markets asset pricing kernel.


The repetitive self‐assembled structure of amyloid can serve as inspiration to design functional materials. Herein, we describe the design of α/β6, a peptide that contains distinct α‐helical and β‐structure forming domains. The folding and association state of each domain can be controlled by temperature. At low temperatures, the α‐domain favors a coiled‐coil state while the β‐domain is unstructured. Irreversible fibril formation via self‐assembly of the β‐domain is triggered at high temperatures where the α‐domain is unfolded. Resultant fibrils serve as templates upon which reversible coiled coil formation of the α‐domain can be thermally controlled. At concentrations of α/β6 ≥ 2.5 wt%, the peptide forms a mechanically defined hydrogel highlighting the possibility of designing materials whose function can be actively modulated by controlling the folded state of proteins displayed from the surface of fibrils that constitute the gel.


Composite materials based on polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene modified with mono- and two-component elementoxide (elements - phosphorus (5+), vanadium (5+), titanium (4+)) structures were synthesized. The influence of the chemical nature and the sequence of grafting (in two-component systems) of modifier elements on the wettability of polymer films, energy characteristics and morphology of their surface was established


The subject of the study is the legal norms that fix the procedure for applying coercive measures for violation of financial legislation, as well as doctrinal approaches and concepts on the chosen subject.The purpose of the article is: firstly, to rethink the leading role of the sectoral approach to the analysis and legal regulation of enforcement measures for violations of financial legislation, the development of which has led to the formation of alternative legal structures for regulating financial relations and parallel legal institutions of legal liability; secondly, in determining effective legal instruments aimed at streamlining the system of measures of state coercion applied to subjects of financial legal relations.The article examines: alternative, bypassing the current legislation, legal regulation of relations in the field of application of coercive measures; parallel legal institutions of legal responsibility for violation of financial legislation, as well as issues of streamlining the system of property sanctions for financial offenses.The use of general logical research methods, including analysis and synthesis, the formal legal and comparative legal methods, allowed the author to come to the following conclusions: (1) the emergence of alternative legal structures for regulating coercive measures for violation of financial legislation is caused by a mixture of state functions between federal executive authorities, the reason for which is a deviation from the concept of a three-tier system of public administration; (2) based on an industry approach, the well-established opinion of the legislator to determine the types of legal liability leads to the absence of conjugation of legislative acts in this area and, as a result, to the unreasonable application of legal liability measures, to double liability, as well as to problems in the field of determining the evidence base in cases of financial offenses; (3) as a basis for streamlining the system of coercive measures for violation of financial legislation, it is advisable to take an approach aimed at overcoming the gap between branches of law, the development of which is manifested in the expansion of the reception of universal legal structures in financial legislation and the application of the obligatory method of imposing property liability, which allows creating a different mechanism for imposing economic sanctions, corresponding to the riskbased approach to the implementation of control and supervisory activities. The application of the obligatory method of imposing property liability should be accompanied by a reduction in the number of fines for offenses in the financial sector, provided for by acts of financial legislation and the Russian Code of Administrative Offenses.


An analysis of late twentieth and twenty‐first century predictions of Arctic circulation patterns in a ten‐model ensemble of global climate system models, using the method of self‐organizing maps (SOMs), is presented. The model simulations were conducted in support of the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC). The analysis demonstrates the utility of SOMs for climate analysis, both as a tool to evaluate the accuracy of climate model predictions, and to provide a useful alternative view of future climate change.


We show that for small enough sleep rate, the critical density of the symmetric Activated Random Walk model on Z 2 is strictly less than one.


Acknowledgements This work was written as my diploma thesis in mathematics at the University of Hei-delberg under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Enno Mammen. I wish to thank him for his help and advice. In Tobias Müller I found a very competent advisor. I owe him much for his assistance in all aspects of my work. Thank you very much! Dr. Lutz Edler, head of the Biostatistics Unit at the DKFZ, kindly allowed me to use his data and showed great interest in the progress of my work. Parts of this work will be presented by Dr. Lutz Edler at the conference on Statistics in Functional Genomics, June 2001 at Mount Holyoke College. The article (Markowetz et al., 2001) contains material from this thesis. I have very much enjoyed working at the TBI and can hardly imagine a better working environment. I have learned a lot from the group meetings and the discussions with my colleagues. Thanks, everyone, for the good cooperation and willingness to help! 2 Jede Statistik, jede rein deskriptive oder informative Arbeit beruht auf der großartigen und vielleicht unsinnigen Hoffnung, in der weitläufigen Zukunft könnten Menschen wie wir, nur hellsichtiger, mit Hilfe der von uns hinterlassenen Daten zu einer glücklichen Schlußfolgerung oder einer bemerkenswerten Generalisierung gelangen.


Ann-Charlotte Bredahl is Strategic Process Coordinator, Skandia Insurance, Ltd., Stockholm. The gaps between a company's market value and the accounting reality has grown over the last decades showing a fundamental discrepancy between the story told on corporate balance sheets and the real one played out daily by organizations themselves. Skandia has tried to capture and understand this difference by developing the Skandia Navigator. The Skandia Navigator is a tool for implementing, follow up and communicating the strategy of the company. The article gives a background to how the Skandia Navigator works and a more in-depth part where requisites for a successful implementation are discussed and experiences from actual implementations are covered. This in-depth discussion is generic and does not only apply to Skandia even if the discussion primarily is based on internal experience.


Use of butyraldehyde for selective reduction of Neptunium has been reported earlier. As there is no model available to account for its extraction behaviour in the conventional purex system, the reported experimental results could be explained only on the qualitative basis. The reported data were analyzed to determine its solvation number and an empirical model was developed for estimation of its distribution coefficients under purex conditions. The reported counter-current extraction run in mixer-settlers was also computer simulated using an in-house developed purex code SIMPSEX. The simulated profiles were compared with the experimental stage profiles and a satisfactory agreement was observed.


The decline in carnivore populations is largely exacerbated by lethal methods used to reduce livestock depredation. Financial mechanisms are designed to limit lethal control by reducing the cost of depredation. The media can affect how the general public feel about issues like financial mechanisms but no study has been undertaken to understand the framing of this topic. This article filled this gap by using content analysis of newspapers to analyze economic incentives designed to mitigate human–carnivore conflict in Namibia. Forty-six percent of the articles were framed positively toward incentives, 24% ambivalently, 19% negatively, and 11% neutrally. Compensation was commonly framed positively whereas community-based conservation, trophy hunting, and tourism were framed ambivalently. Incentives were framed more negatively where perceived costs outweighed benefits. These results can help conservationists plan more effective communication interventions and anticipate issues that can affect the success of mitigation strategies.


Rice fields are areas that have irrigation and rarely have lighting; this is dangerous at night because wild animals such as snakes are difficult to see. Irrigation has low-scale water energy with low-head conditions; hence the Darrieus and Savonius type water turbines are considered suitable for this condition. However, until now, there has been no comprehensive study of the feasibility of the two turbines for irrigation flow. Hence this study presents the experimental work to explore the performances of the Darrieus turbines Two Blade Different Configuration and hybrid Darrieus-Savonius turbine for irrigation flow. Accordingly, four configurations of the water turbines used in these investigations, i.e., Darrieus turbine with two different blades shape the aerofoil of NACA 0016 and NACA 0020, single Darrieus turbine with the aerofoil NACA 0016, single Savonius turbine, and hybrid Darrieus-Savonius turbine with the aerofoil NACA 0016. The mechanical power of the water turbines was measured using a rope brake dynamometer. The results show that the single Darrieus turbine with the aerofoil NACA 0016 has higher tip speed ratios but a lower torque coefficient than the single Savonius turbine. Then, hybrid Darrieus-Savonius turbine with the aerofoil NACA 0016, the maximum power coefficient lower than other. Furthermore, the single Savonius turbine has the highest power coefficient than the other. And the single Darrieus turbine with the aerofoil NACA 0016 shows that the turbine has higher torque than others. Thus, based on the results, a single Darrieus turbine with the aerofoil NACA 0016 is recommended for application.


The Granada Basin in southeast Spain is an area of moderate seismicity. Yet, it hosts some of the highest seismic hazards in the Iberian Peninsula due to the presence of shallow soft sediments amplifying local ground motion. In urban areas, seismic measurements often suffer from sparse instrumentation. An enticing alternative to conventional seismometers is the Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology that can convert fiber-optic telecommunication cables into dense arrays of seismic sensors. In this study, we perform a shallow structure analysis using the ambient seismic field interferometry method. We conduct a DAS array field test in the city of Granada on the August 26th and 27th, 2020, using a telecommunication fiber. In addition to the existing limitations of using DAS with unknown fiber-ground coupling conditions, the complex geometry of the fiber and limited data recording duration further challenge the extraction of surface-wave information from the ambient seismic field in such an urban environment. Therefore, we develop a processing scheme that incorporates a frequency-wavenumber (f − k) filter to enhance the quality of the virtual shot gathers and related multi-mode dispersion images. We are able to employ this dataset to generate several shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles for different sections of the cable. The shallow VS structure shows a good agreement with different geological conditions of soil deposits. This study demonstrates that DAS could provide insights into soil characterization and seismic microzonation in urban areas. In addition, the results contribute to a better understanding of local site response to ground motion.


Of all methods to compare two treatments, randomised trials are the most persuasive, since the process of randomisation diminishes the effects of factors which may confound the results of the trial, such that any differences in outcome are likely to be due to differences in the treatments. Randomised trials have become so central to the advance of clinical knowledge that there is a temptation for readers of journals to accept their results without question, the words "randomised trial" being surrounded by such an aura of correctness that they preclude further thought. Randomised trials are also essential to the new discipline of evidence-based medicine (Davidoff et al. 1995; Grahame-Smith 1995; Rosenberg & Donald 1995). In its clinical setting, evidence-based medicine involves a group of doctors asking a question concerning a clinical problem, ascertaining from computer searches of the literature those publications which are relevant to the problem, identifying those studies in which the conclusions are valid by applying a simple check-list and from the valid studies formulating a treatment plan for the clinical problem (Rosenberg & Donald 1995). Fundamental to this process is systematic review sometimes including meta-analysis of all valid studies, the systematic review then being the basis of authoritative statements when the group of doctors make their recommendations. Yet the check-list given by Rosenberg and Donald may not allow valid studies to be identified, for it is too simple. The check-list asks if the study was randomised, without qualification, but in many reports of randomised trials there are suspicions from the design of the study that bias may have occurred, that very bias which the randomisation procedure was supposed to prevent. The phrase "a randomised trial was undertaken " is insufficient to indicate whether the treatment allocation was truly random. Thus in some trials (" quasi-randomised trials ") treatment allocation was determined by a non-random method, such as day of the week or case record number, where prior knowledge by the trial investigators of the assignments may result in some eligible subjects not being given their allotted treatment, if this treatment is not favoured by the investigators. In other trials, where apparent simple randomisation was performed, the numbers assigned to each group are often virtually equal when one would expect them by chance to differ, suggesting that a nonrandom method may have been used. Occasionally, with apparent simple randomisation, the opposite happens, there being such a wide disparity in the numbers assigned to each group as to suggest prior ascertainment of the treatment allocation and preferential assignment to a favoured treatment. Even opaque sealed envelopes are not free of suspicion, for it is sometimes possible to see the treatment allocation by holding the envelope up to a strong light, or to open it and discard the envelope if the assignment is not to the investigators' liking. Schulz et al. (1 994) assessed the quality of randomisation in 206 trials in four journals of obstetrics and gynaecology, including our own. They studied the type of randomisation reported (simple, bloclung, stratified) ; the generation of the sequence of random numbers (random number table, computer) ; the concealment of the allocation to the point of treatment; whether there was a table of baseline characteristics with appropriate summary statistics (to reassure the reader that the randomisation process was successful in generating groups of women who were similar as far as important prognostic factors were concerned); and whether a prior power calculation had been carried out. The results were disappointing. Only 22% of trial reports described the method of randomisation, 32 YO an adequate method of generating random numbers and 23% an adequate approach to allocation concealment. In 54 YO of unrestricted .trials (which do not use methods to ensure equal numbers in each group) the difference in the size of the groups was zero or one, much less than would be expected from simple randomisation, suggesting that either restriction by blocking was carried out and not reported or a nonrandom method was used. Baseline characteristics were reported in 84 % of trials, but in only 68 % were there appropriate measures of central location and dispersion of the baseline data. It was unusual for there to be a clear statement of the primary hypothesis the trial was designed to investigate, and in only 24% of trials were power calculations reported based on the trial hypothesis. The results for this journal were better than for the other three, but there is no room for complacency: only 38 YO of trials in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology reported an adequate method of random sequence generation, 44% an adequate method of allocation concealment, and 52% a prior power calculation. Randomisation inadequacies are a major source of bias in randomised trials, which are important not only for individual trials, but also systematic reviews of trials. Meta-analyses are usually derived from trials of varying


Polymer gels are known to be opaque when the preparation conditions, such as the reaction temperature and the composition, are changed. The increase of the opaqueness of the gel suggests strongly the change of network structure. Here, we are going to review the recent studies on the structure and the frictional study of the opaque poly(acrylamide) gel. The results indicate that the opaque poly(acrylamide) gel consists of the fractal aggregate of the colloidal particles of sub-micrometer in size. The density of the colloid particle is calculated from the structural parameters and is found to be of the order of about 1 g/cm3. The results indicate that the main chain component and the cross-linker is densely cross-linked into the particle. The frictional property of poly(acrylamide) gel is analyzed in terms of the structural parameters of the gel. It is found that the frictional property of the opaque gel is well explained in terms of the structural parameters of the opaque gel.


Let H be a discrete polynomial hypergoup on N with Plancherel measure ,t. If the hypergroup H is symmetric, the set of characters H can be identified with a compact subset of the real line which contains the support of pL. We show that the lower and upper bounds of H and supp iu coincide. In particular, the trivial character belongs to the support of the Plancherel measure.


3 Introduction 4-7 Methods 8-10 Results 10-15 Discussion 15-16 Table 1: Comparing Trimethoprim and UCP111E 6 Table 2: IC50 Values for DHFR 7 Appendix A 17-25 References 26


In this paper, we explore undergraduate students' contradictory expectations of a woman professor (Dr. Baker) who taught a feminist course. Over the course of three semesters teaching the same class, the professor got pregnant and carried her child to term. Using qualitative and quantitative teaching evaluation data from this course, we analyze how students' reactions to their professor shifted depending on their professor's capacity to fulfill their gendered expectations. We also examine how the interactions between students' gendered expectations, their reactions to feminist course content, and their responses to their pregnant professor influenced the students' teaching evaluations of Dr. Baker


this article combines STFT and PARAFAC model to classify motor imagery EEG.Firstly,we get time-frequency distribution of left/right hand motor imagery EEG through STFT algorithm;secondly,temporal features are extracted from the resulted tensors using PARAFAC model;finally,a Bayes classifier is used to classify the features.During STFT analysis,the choice of window length and percent of overlap of adjacent segments is important,which has great influences on the classifying result,through adjusting these two parameters,the algorithm introduced here can perform well.


Ever more companies are forcing their way into international markets as the proportions costs in manufacturing costs for transportation and communications continue to fall. This phenomenon of globalization is currently under discussion both from the economical and technological, as well as from the social and ecological points of view. The terms internationalization and globalization are often used as synonyms here, as well as being differentiated by some however because of the extent of cross-frontier activities by companies.


The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is a major economic engine of China. Despite its bountiful natural resources, high population density, urbanization and rapid economic growth have led to increasingly high demand for water, energy and food, thus raising the region’s level of exposure to the risks of water, energy, or food insecurity. To analyze the current situation and identify challenges to resource sustainability, we build an input-output (IO) model for the YRD and link it to existing sector models of water, energy and food. The IO model explicitly represents interdependencies of the sectors including but not limited to water, energy and food, whereas the process-driven sector models provide additional details of spatiotemporal dynamics within each sector. A set of metrics were also designed to quantify the level of sustainability of the water, energy and food sectors in the YRD.


BACKGROUND AND AIM:To investigate the skin phototoxicity of di-sulfo-di-phthalimidomethyl phthalolcyanine zinc(ZnPcS2 P2)-based-photodynamic therapy.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Kunming mice were assigned to five dose groups,receiving intravenous administration of 0.9%NS at 0.2 ml/10 g body weight,the solvent at 0.2 ml/10 g body weight,hemoporphyrin injection at dosage of 15 mg/kg body weight,ZnPcS2 P2 at dosages of 2 or 5 mg/kg body weight.Mice were exposed to simulated sunlight(10,20,30,40 mW/cm2) 1,3,24,48,72,96 h and 7 d after a single intravenous injection.Skin phototoxicity was investigated by the weight of the slices taken from earflaps by perforex(diameter=6 mm).RESULTS:When mice were exposed to light(40 mW/cm2) 1,3,24 h after dosing,there were significant differences of the weight of ears between ZnPcS2 P2(2 or 5 mg/kg) and control groups(P0.05).There were no significant findings in ZnPcS2 P2(2 mg/kg)ZnPcS2 P2 group 48 h after dosing,and in ZnPcS2 P2(5 mg/kg) group 7 d after dosing.When ZnPcS2 P2(2 mg/kg) group was exposed to light(10,20,30,40 mW/cm2) 1 or 3 hr after administration,there were significant differences of the weight of ears between 10 mW/cm2 and 20,30,40 mW/cm2 groups(P0.05).CONCLUSION:In Kunming mice ZnPcS2 P2(2 mg/kg) caused phototoxicity 1,3,24 h after administration,the potential for phototoxicity was essentially gone after 48 h.Phototoxicity was gone in the skin of mice exposed to simulated sunlight 7 d after injection of ZnPcS2 P2(5 mg/kg).ZnPcS2 P2(2 mg/kg) caused skin phototoxicity,the saturated irradiance of the light was 20 mW/cm2.


IoT honeypots that mimic the behavior of IoT devices for threat analysis are becoming increasingly important. Existing honeypot systems use devices with a specific version of firmware installed to monitor cyber attacks. However, honeypots frequently receive requests targeting devices and firmware that are different from themselves. When honeypots return an error response to such a request, the attack is terminated, and the monitoring fails.To solve this problem, we introduce FirmPot, a framework that automatically generates intelligent-interaction honeypots using firmware. This framework has a firmware emulator optimized for honeypot generation and learns the behavior of embedded applications by using machine learning. The generated honeypots continue to interact with attackers by a mechanism that returns the best from the emulated responses to the attack request instead of an error response.We experimented on embedded web applications of wireless routers based on the open-source OpenWrt. As a result, our framework generated honeypots that mimicked the embedded web applications of eight vendors and ten different CPU architectures. Furthermore, our approach to the interaction improved the session length with attackers compared to existing ones.


This paper proposes a novel high‐performance passive non‐traditional inerter‐based dynamic vibration absorber (NIDVA), tuned by the H∞ optimization using the patternsearch solver in MATLAB with the starting points, the optimum parameters based on the extended fixed points theory (EFPT). Then, the control performance of the proposed NIDVA is compared with the classic DVA and the high‐performance passive non‐traditional inerter‐based dynamic vibration absorber (NIDVA‐C4). Based on the optimum parameters under harmonic force excitation, the relative dynamic performance index (%RDP) of the proposed NIDVA registered improvements of 31%–63% and 54%–72% with respect to the NIDVA‐C4 and classic DVA, respectively, considering the mass ratio range from 1% to 10%. Regarding the suppression bandwidth index (%SB) for the mass ratio of 5%, the NIDVA can enlarge the SB by 50% and 62% with respect to NIDVA‐C4 and classic DVA, respectively. For the white noise excitation, more than 38%–64% and 53%–69% improvement of random vibration reduction can be obtained from NIDVA with respect to NIDVA‐C4 and classic DVA, respectively. Accordingly, results of this study provide some technical information to design more effective vibration control device in engineering practices.


The paper presents the results of research concerning the influence of various methods of set-aside on the weed infestation of winter triticale on the light soil. In 2007- -2010 the experiments were carried out in the Experimental Station in Bezek (east Lublin Region) on the podsolic soil, formed from heavy loamy sand. Triticale was sown after one-year land lying fallow, in which 5 various ways of its cultivation were used: bare fallow (mechanical), mechanical and herbicide fallow, herbicide fallow, hay-growing fallow and green fodder fallow. Roundup 360 SL was used in chemical cultivation. The range of research comprised the follow-up influence of set-aside on crop weed infestation. The infestation was defined by quantitative and weight method before triticale harvest. It was stated that the biggest number of weeds per 1 m 2 and their air-dry mass were observed in winter triticale sowing after hay-growing fallow. Herbicide as well as mechanical and herbicide fallow land reduced the number of perennial weeds in winter triticale canopy. The dominant species in canopy of winter triticale were monocotyledonous species, especially Apera spica-venti, Setaria pumila and Elymus repens.


CD20 expression is exceedingly rare in T‐cell lymphomas. Most published cases have been diagnosed as peripheral T‐cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified. Only 18 cases of CD20‐positive mycosis fungoides (MF) have been previously reported. Here, we describe two cases of CD20‐positive MF. Patient 1 was an 84‐year‐old woman who presented with a 5‐year history of multiple pruritic erythematous papules coalescing into thin plaques over 80% of her body surface area. She expired after developing tumors and large cell transformation. Patient 2 was a 67‐year‐old woman with a long‐standing history of tumor stage MF with large cell transformation. She developed a nodular plaque while receiving topical and systemic therapy. In both cases, the neoplastic T‐cells demonstrated a CD4‐positive immunophenotype with loss of pan‐T‐cell markers and a monoclonal T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. CD20 was expressed by a significant population of the neoplastic T‐cells, but these T‐cells lacked expression of other B‐cell markers, including CD79a, CD19 and PAX5. This report adds to and summarizes the small body of literature describing CD20‐positive MF, and discusses diagnostic and clinical implications.


Effect of planting techniques and weed-crop competition periods on yield potential of spring planted sugarcane variety HSF-240 was studied at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with a split-plot arrangement, with four replications and net plot size of 3.6m x 10m. In the experiment, two planting techniques viz., 60 cm apart rows in flat sowing technique and 120 cm apart rows in trench sowing technique were randomized in main plots. Seven weed-crop competition periods viz., Zero (weed free), weed-crop competition for 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 days after sowing (DAS) and weedy check (full season weedcrop competition) were randomized in sub-plots. Sugarcane sown by trench method exhibited more leaf area index (LAI), average crop growth rate (ACGR) and yield contributing attributes. Trench sowing by yielding 72.22 and 75.08 t ha -1 stripped cane yields, significantly showed superiority over the flat sowing, which gave 64.13 and 66.04 t ha -1 stripped cane yields in 2005-06 and 200607, respectively. Generally, there was an increase in weed population and biomass but decrease in leaf area index, crop growth rate and yield components with an increase in weed-crop competition period. A decrease of 10.06, 17.90, 22.42, 28.65, 37.64 and 56.89% in stripped cane yield was observed for weed-crop competition periods of 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 DAS and weedy check as compared with zero competition in 2005-06, respectively. In 2006-07, the respective decrease in stripped cane yield was 9.84, 18.76, 22.92, 27.98, 38.75, and 54.98%. Trench sowing at 1.2 m row spacing proved better sowing technique and 45 DAS was the critical period of weed-crop competition.


Introduction Part 1: Exploration and the production of travel pictures 1. Towards the Unknown? 2. The Ideal of Visual Documentation 3. Problematic Picturing 4. "Darkest Africa" Captured in Pictures Part 2: Illustrations of Africa Take Shape in Europe 5. Sharing the Experience of Being an Eye-Witness 6. Selection of Imagery 7. The Inevitable Transformation 8. Coping with the "Dark Continent" Conclusion - Africa through Western Eyes


In recent years,the association between Parkinson's disease(PD)and cognitive impairment is well recognized.The activities of daily living(ADL)in PD are frequently affected by cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis and intervention cognitive impairment will help to slow down the incidence of Parkinson's disease with dementia(PDD).In this article,we review the features of cognitive impairment in PD as well as their diagnostic criteria and management.


Sympatry has been a challenge to systematists, who are still unable to account for the existence of the most elaborate sets of sympatric species, as well as a vexing problem for ecologists, who have tried to visualize it as the outcome of some adjustment to competition. Sympatry is used here in its literal meaning to refer to closely related species that occur together. When related species live together, it is reasonable to ask why one of them does not use all the resources shared by the set of species. If the set of species is stable, it ought to be possible to show why each species is at an advantage when it is specialized to use only a portion of the resources that seem to be available. This way of posing the problem suggests that sympatry can be explained in two different ways. Iii one case, species may tend to evolve broad tolerances, and these potentially competing species could specialize secondarily as a consequence of interspecific competition. A radically different, but equally satisfactory, explanation is that natural selection usually produces species so specialized as to be unlikely to compete with their relatives. Interspecific competition


Effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) synergist on yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duchesne) was studied in the experiment.Results showed that the difference was significant among the average fruit weight of the control, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L PGA treatment, the average yield per area of the PGA treatments of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200mg/L increased by 30.4%, 29.5%, 19.9% respectively.The average length of the roots in the treatment was significant differences compared with that in the control, the leaf thickness of the treatment was very significant differences compared with that of the control by PGA treatment of 100 mg/L and the content of soluble solid of the PGA treatment increased by 2.6%, 11.4% and 3.9% respectively.The brightness (L), redness (a) and saturation(C) of the strawberry with the treatment of 100 mg/L PGA were improved.


The accountability of principal-agent relationship between the company owner (principal) and management (agent) only reflects the relationship between hu¬mans. In the practice, relationship between individuals involved in the principal- agent relationship often experiences disharmony caused by opportunistic attitude of a Party (agent) as the manifestation of egoistic, materialistic, and utilitarian characters. Agents as human equip with opportunistic behavior, forcing them to underline self-interest, precisely to act with personal welfare interest, not for prin¬cipal wealth interest. Such phenomenon requires the injection of principal-agent relationship values to create more harmonic relationship and collective welfare. A base used in the injec¬tion of this value may be the life philosophy attended by Balinese, likes tri hita karana philosophy. Tri hita karana philosophy asserts that the collective welfare surfaces if the human experiences harmonic relationship with God, with other humans and with nature. Harmonic relationship between human and God appears within the behavior re¬flecting the divine awareness. Harmonic relationship between human and other human reflects in the behavior of respecting other interest, creating the peace and harmony with internal and external parties of the company. Harmonic rela¬tionship between human and nature develops through the maintenance and the conservation of natural substances. Harmonic relationship between human and God, human and other humans, and human and nature, in the principal-agent relationship should be minimize the interest conflict to produce a material or im¬material welfare for all. Keywords: accountability, principal-agent relationship, tri hita karana philoso¬phy Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE The accountability of principal-agent relationship between the company owner (principal) and management (agent) only reflects the relationship between humans. In the practice, relationship between individuals involved in the principal- agent relationship often experiences disharmony caused by opportunistic attitude of a P art y (agent) as the manifestation of egoistic, materialistic, and utilitarian characters. Agents as human equip with opportunistic behavior, forcing them to underline self-interest, precisely to act with personal welfare interest, not for principal wealth interest. Such phenomenon requires the injection of principal-agent relationship values to create more harmonic relationship and collective welfare. A base used in the injection of this value may be the life philosophy attended by Balinese, likes tri hita karana philosophy. Tri hita karana philosophy asserts that the collective welfare surfaces if the human experiences harmonic relationship with God, with other humans and with nature. Harmonic relationship between human and God appears within the behavior reflecting the divine awareness. Harmonic relationship between human and other human reflects in the behavior of respecting other interest, creating the peace and harmony with internal and external parties of the company. Harmonic relationship between human and nature develops through the maintenance and the conservation of natural substances. Harmonic relationship between human and God, human and other humans, and human and nature, in the principal-agent relationship should be minimize the interest conflict to produce a material or immaterial welfare for all. Keywords: accountability, principal-agent relationship, tri hita karana philosophy


The study of Muslims in interwar Europe is a rising and intriguing field of research. With the exception of two edited volumes, Islam in Interwar Europe by Nathalie Clayer and Eric Germain and Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe by Gotz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad,1 the history of Muslims in Europe during this period is still fragmented into various fields of study as a side aspect of other issues. Some of these works deal with Muslims in interwar Europe as part of Middle Eastern and Asian history, colonial studies or briefly as related to European migration history.2 Other historians deliver nationally focused narratives of the Muslim presence in western, central, and eastern European territories focused on specific countries, framed within a national history.3


Auxiliary-source bond wires and connections are widely used in power modules with paralleled mosfet s or insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBTs). This paper investigates the operation mechanism of the auxiliary-source connections in multichip power modules. It reveals that the auxiliary-source connections cannot fully decouple the power loop and the gate loop such as the Kelvin-source connection, owing to their involvement in the loop of the power source current. Three effects of the auxiliary-source connections are then analyzed, which are 1) the common source stray inductance reduction, 2) the transient drain–source current imbalance mitigation, and 3) the influence on the steady-state current distribution. Finally, simulations and experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.


This paper deals with the issues of air entraining and water/cement ratio in Portland Cement Concrete as related to its freeze thaw durability. Practices have been in place for nearly thirty years which demanded high early strengths in Portland Cement Concrete pavements. This paper looks at those practices, investigates the correlation between water/cement ratio and air entraining, and presents conclusions and recommendations based on available data.


One of the largest and most important parts of the "new medical-industrial complex"1 is the proprietary-hospital industry, which now owns nearly 1100 hospitals in the United States, or about 15 per...


We present the numerical analysis of a reconfigurable plasma antenna array (PAA) comprised of a metallic half-wavelength dipole and a variable number of cylindrical plasma tubes that are arranged in a planar rectangular lattice. Our simulations, carried out with the linear embedding via Green's operators (LEGO) method, indicate that beam-forming and beam-steering can be realized and controlled by selectively switching the plasma tubes on and off. Moreover, an additional static magnetic field (which makes the plasma non-reciprocal) produces a noticeable rotation of the overall radiation pattern.


We consider the complexity of computing Chow forms and their generalization to multiprojective spaces. We develop a deterministic algorithm using resultants, and obtain a single exponential complexity upper bound. Earlier computational results for Chow forms were in the arithmetic complexity model; our result represents the first Boolean complexity bound. We also extend our algorithm to multiprojective Chow forms and obtain the first computational result in this setting. The motivation for our work comes from incidence geometry where intriguing problems for computational algebraists remain open.


Nowadays great changes have taken place in many fields in our society,including the social life and the family structure,which have influenced the college students in a certain degree in the aspect of their values,psychological health and interpersonal relationships.


The reliability behavior of systems is investigated if two types of failures can happen. Type 1 is removed by minimal repair, Type 2 by replacement. Reliability expressions are derived. The results are used for calculating the s-expected long-run cost rate for a generalized age replacement policy and repair limits.


Women and girls in Nairobi's slums are living under the constant threat of sexual violence, which often leaves them too scared to leave their houses to use communal toilet and bathroom facilities and puts their health in danger, says a new report by Amnesty International.

The failure to incorporate the slums in urban plans and budgets has resulted in poor access to services like sanitation with the result that "women in Nairobi's settlements become prisoners in their own homes at night," said Godfrey Odongo, Amnesty's East Africa researcher.

He added, "They [women] need more privacy than men when going to the toilet or taking a bath and the inaccessibility of facilities …


In the presence of high electric fields in the auroral ionosphere, the ion distribution functions depart from their usual Maxwellian shape. The incoherent scatter radars have observed the signature of this phenomenon in the form of distorted spectra which have lost their double-humped characteristics. In consequence, the classical procedure of spectrum analysis, which assumes Maxwellian distributions to fit the plasma parameters, is no longer valid and has to be modified to account for a non-Maxwellian plasma. The observations of the European incoherent scatter radar EISCAT were at the origin of substantial developments, which are still in progress. We briefly review the main steps in the experimental and theoretical approaches of the non-Maxwellian behaviour of the ionospheric plasma, and we discuss particularly the most recently published results.


Purpose – Green consumer behavior has recently attracted the attention of academic researchers. To address a lack of relevant research, the effects that consumer characteristics (i.e. external locus of control and collectivism) and social influence factors (i.e. environmental visibility and subjective norms) exert on green purchasing intentions are investigated in this study. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a quantitative online survey of 1,866 participants in Taiwan, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Findings – The results show that although an external locus of control exerted a negative effect on consumers' green consumption intentions, collectivism values exerted a positive influence. In addition, both environmental visibility and subjective norms exerted a significant effect on green purchasing intentions. Originality/value – Consumer characteristics and social influence factors were integrated into g...


Abstract We investigated the role of soluble interleukin-4 receptor (slL-4R) as a regulator of IL-4 mediated activities in vivo. Administration of recombinant sIL-4R to mice resulted in (i) prolonged survival of heterotopic cardiac allografts; (ii) decreased popliteal lymph node enlargement in response to allogeneic cells; and (iii) inhibition of IgE secretion in response to anti-lgD treatment. Transgenic mice constitutively expressing elevated levels of biologically active SIL-4R displayed prolonged cardiac allograft survival compared with control animals. However the SIL-4R transgenic mice were capable of mounting normal antigen-specific IgE responses despite the presence in serum of up to 3 μg/ml slL-4R. Surprisingly, coadministration of IL-4/slL-4R or IL-4/anti-IL-4 mAb complexes caused a superinduction of IgE secretion in anti-lgD-treated normal mice and subsequently in other IL-4-dependent biological activities. Thus, recombinant slL-4R can not only antagonize functions mediated by endogenous IL-4, but also potentiate the biological activity of exogenously administered IL-4. These dual roles may have possible clinical implications for the recombinant molecule, as well as for natural slL-4R immunoregulation.


Brassinosteroids (BR) plays an important role in regulating plant growth. We found that the expression of BR synthesis and signal transduction genes were up-regulation when potato dormancy was released, and suckering agents can inhibit the expression of Methylsterol monooxygenase 1 (SMO1), Delta24-sterol reductase 1 (DWF1), Protein BR insensitive 1 (BRI1), BR-signaling kinase (BSK) and Cyclin D3 (CYCD3) genes in potato tuber. Besides, we found that the storage period among different cultivars are significant different at low temperature. Low temperature can obviously extend cultivar 'Favorita' storage time than cultivar 'Mira'. In order to explore the response of BR genes to potato sprout at low temperature. This study will analyze the expression of BR synthesis, signal transduction and regulation genes at from cultivar 'Favorita' and cultivar 'Mira' which both cultivars are storage at low temperature (4°C) and room temperature (23±2)°C environment by qRT-PCR technique. The results showed that the expression of DWF1 and BRI1 are decreased in both cultivars by low temperature treatment. The expression of SMO1, BSK and CYCD3 genes are decreased in cultivar 'Favorita'by low temperature treatment. While, the expression of SMO1, BSK and CYCD3 genes in'Mira'are increase by temperature treatment. It shows that low temperature influences the expression of SMO1, BSK and CYCD3 genes in cultivar 'Favorita', which results in the long dormancy period of the cultivar 'Favorita'. These results will provide the theoretical basis in elucidating the BR mechanism of potato sprout, breeding variety selection and new technology research and development of potato storage regulation.


Security is a vital factor in the field of MANETS. Many researchers are fascinated in finding solution for security. To make it secure EAACK with watchdog mechanism is used, although these techniques avoid intrusion over the network, it also reduces the performance metrics of the network by delay in energy and packet delivery ratio. EAACK is composed of three parts namely ACK, S-ACK and MRA. Hence, we use efficient and secure cryptographic technique with the help of combining EAACK with Genetic Algorithm is used. By using this technique the performance metrics is enhanced and the network performance is achieved successfully. Here we have obtained results from NS2 simulation.


Packet communication applications cannot guarantee correct delivery of every packet. Congestions and interferences in the network lead to lost packets. However, real-time applications require timely delivery of data or information and always tolerate packet loss to achieve this aim. When some speech packets are lost, packet loss concealment (PLC) is used to replace the missing speech. In this thesis, after investigating packet loss characteristics in realistic wireless networks and problems in existing PLC algorithms, we propose a new PLC scheme named adaptive PLC, which is composed of three algorithms: odd-even interpolation, waveform similarity matching and silence substitution. Adaptive PLC adjusts the algorithm to use depending on loss situations. Odd-even interpolation recovers the loss by interpolating odd or even samples in a packet. Waveform similarity matching estimates waveform segments from correctly received or already recovered packets. Silence substitution just fills in the missing part by zeros. The adaptive PLC achieves improvements in speech quality relative to each single PLC algorithm and other existing PLC algorithms.


This paper evaluates the effect of an auto-tuning facility with the user's knowledge for numerical software. We proposed a new software architecture framework, named FIBER, to generalize auto-tuning facilities and obtain highly accurate estimated parameters. The FIBER framework also provides a loop-unrolling function and an algorithm selection function to support code development by library developers needing code generation and parameter registration processes. FIBER offers three kinds of parameter optimization layers---install-time, before execute-time, and run-time. The user's knowledge is needed in the before execute-time optimization layer. In this paper, eigensolver parameters that apply the FIBER framework are described and evaluated in three kinds of parallel computers: the HITACHI SR8000/MPP, Fujitsu VPP800/63, and Pentium4 PC cluster. Our evaluation of the application of the before execute-time layer indicated a maximum speed increase of 3.4 times for eigensolver parameters, and a maximum increase of 17.1 times for the algorithm selection of orthogonalization in the computation kernel of the eigensolver.


Over the past century the United States has greatly expanded access to all levels of schooling for large proportions of children and youth. The United States was among the first nations to develop elementary schooling on a large scale and then by the middle of the current century had already developed extensive secondary schools (Ramirez & Ventresca, 1992; Trow, 1988). Not only have we built large, mass school systems; we have also made education a highly desirable quality and made many ways for people to continue education long into adulthood. Consequently, today, 85 percent of Americans aged twenty-five to sixty-four have a high school diploma or GED, which is probably the highest proportion in the world (The Condi tion of Education 1997 , Indicator 22). Although the younger generation in many developed countries has closed the education gap with the United States at the secondary level, the United States remains among the leaders in higher education completion rates. As this expansion of schooling has occurred, it has transformed the nature of education at each level. A similar process of expansion and transformation appears to be happening all across American higher education. This trend, and the impact it will have on higher education, educational financing, and the American labor market, could make expansion of higher education the defining educational issue of the next century. More American youth than ever before are expecting to go to college, applying for college admission, and actually attending institutions of higher education. Opportunity barriers to higher education, such as tuition and time out of the labor market, are still there, but we may be on the verge of a substantial reduction in their impact. For example, on the incentive side, the relative earnings of college graduates relative to high school graduates has widened since the early 1980s (The Condition of Educa tion 1997, Indicator 33). On the cost side, President Clinton proposed a federal program to assist all youth in acquiring at least two years of higher education in his 1997 State of the Union Address. As Figure 14 shows, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of high school completers who enter higher education over the century. Currently about six out of ten high school graduates enroll in twoor four-year colleges immediately after graduation (The Condition of Education 1997 , Indicator 8). This is up by twelve percentage points since 1972. Similarly, since at least the early 1980s, there is a clear trend of high school educators encouraging larger proportions of their students to attend college. The State of Education 57


This research project analyses the phenomenon of urbanity in late-Modern public spaces and potential
urban transformations of this suburban areas in Europe, from the zoning plans to specific suburban
patterns. It is focused on the sustainability of public spaces in sprawl areas after the WWII
Reconstruction period, based on the case study of free spaces in paradigmatic urban experiments.
On the one hand, this project will explore new techniques of sustainable urban design in sprawls; on the
other hand, stimulate the public debate on sustainable urban systems and new models of transformation
of dysfunctional public spaces by formulating new design guidelines and simulations of new suburban
configurations and types.


I use variation from the 1990s in the Earned Income Tax Credit and welfare reform to estimate the effects on marrying and divorcing. I examine flows into and out of marriage, use test scores to predict who is most likely to be affected by the policy changes, and employ a flexible functional form to estimate heterogeneous effects. I find that low-earning single parents are more likely to marry due to the EITC expansion and lower welfare generosity, while mid-earning married parents are less likely to divorce and high-earning married parents are more likely to divorce due to the EITC expansion.


Promotion and Publicity Handbook for Broadcasters. by ROLF GOMPERTZ Television: The First Fifty Years, by JEFF GREENFIELD TV Book: The Ultimate Television Book, by JUDY FIREMAN The New York Times Encyclopedia of Television. by LES BROWN Film Study: A Resource Guide, by FRANK MANCHEL How to Read a Film, by JAMES MONACO Hollywood Renaissance, by DIANE JACOES erature and Recommendations for Future Research, by RICHARD P. ADLER


Of the three stories not in Spinners of Silk, "Cactus flower" gives an insight into Christian missionary schools and the student demonstrations of the 1930s; the others are "Shandong Deng" and the "Jiang boy." Xiao Qian writes skilfully and with an impressive lightness of touch, presenting the festivals, folksongs and foods of traditional Peking alongside the sombre political atmosphere of the period leading to the Japanese occupation of the capital.


A method for controlliong scan of a slave device according to the present invention comprises: a first process of allowing a master to request the provision of device characteristic information to each slave; a second process of obtaining the device characteristic information provided from each of the slaves in response to the request; a third process of allowing the master to transmit the obtained device characteristic information to the corresponding slave and request a confirmation; a fourth process of registering the device characteristic information of the slave which receives a confirmation response corresponding to the confirmation request as base information of the corresponding slave; and a fifth process of repeatedly performing a scan operation of the first to fourth processes regarding each of the slaves set N number of times. The slave which provides the device characteristic information to the master in response to a following scan operation after a primary scan operation after can be a slave which does not provide the device characteristic information in response to the primary scan operation or does not send the confirmation response regarding the confirmation request.


Objective To compare the changes of myenteric motility of the reservoir among tubular,multiple transverse teniamyotomy and total teniamyotomy,and to investigate the mechanisms of the urodynamics of the reservoir after total tneiamyotomy. Methods Eighteen living pigs were randomly divided into three groups.The operation of tubular bowel continent cecocolic reservoir for bladder replacement was performed in group A,multiple transverse teniamyotomy continent cecocolic reservoir for bladder replacement in group B and complete teniamyotomy continent cecocolic reservoir for bladder replacement in group C,respectivelly.The relationship between the volume and pressure in the three kinds of reservoirs was measured,and the changes of contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscles in the three kinds of reservoirs were determined. Results The largest reservoir volume of group A,B and C were (356.67±30.17),(430.00±20.98) and (515.00±28.11)ml respectively.The volume of group C was the largest,significantly greater than those of group A and B(P0.01).When the volumes of the reservoir of the three groups were all at 300 ml,the reservoir pressure of the group C was the smallest (27.2±3.0)cmH 2O,much lower than those of group A and B(P0.001).The amplitude and frequency of contractions in circular and longitudinal muscles of the reservoir of group C were the smallest when compared with those of group A and B(P0.05). Conclusions Compared with the reservoirs of tubular and multiple transverse teniamyotomy,the reservoir of total teniamyotomy(group C) has better urodynamic characteristics.


Aldol-type reactions of a samarium enolate at the propagating end of living anionic poly(MMA) with aldehydes were carried out. The enolate underwent aldol-type end-capping reaction with 3-phenylpropanal to give the corresponding samarium alkoxide at the polymer terminal. Successive treatment of the alkoxide with benzoyl chloride resulted in its benzoylation. End-capping reaction with 2-phenylpropanal also smoothly proceeded to give the poly(MMA) having the corresponding secondary alkoxide at the terminal. Its benzoylation was not successful; however, an intramolecular reaction of the terminal alkoxide with the methyl ester moiety of the penultimate MMA unit predominantly proceeded to give the corresponding poly(MMA) having a lactone moiety at its terminal. In addition, a terminal samarium enolate of a living poly(MMA), which was supported on polystyrene beads by a benzoyl ester-type linker, reacted with the aldehydes to afford the end-capped poly(MMA), which could be efficiently isolated from the beads by...


Nowadays,the energy and resources of China have faced unprecedented pressure and energy efficiency reconstruction of existing buildings should be given wider attention.Climatic and site factors should be fully considered into energy efficiency reconstruction,and envelope structure should be taken the adverse effects of surrounding thermal bridge into account.At the same time,the enhancement of structure's heat envelope capacity should be paid attention to.Besides,natural sources of heat and cold should be made full use of to get heating and cooling.Energy efficiency reconstruction to the existing buildings must be started from the actual situation.The most appropriate program should be selected,and the new energy efficiency construction methods can't be copied completely.Therefore,the standards of building energy efficiency can be achieved.There are a large number of student dormitories in Xi'an,most of which are lack for the building energy efficiency methods.To take a student dormitory in Xi'an for an example,energy efficiency reconstruction of existing buildings were analyzed.


The designing of network performances indexes are critical to respond to the factors that assess network performances. In this study, a novel assessment method for designing network performance indexes based on combined trapezoidal and intuitionistic fuzzy information axiom. First, the network performances indexes are designed with the customer-expected functional requirement (FR) and the existing FR as the design range and the system range respectively. Then the information content of qualitative and quantitative indexes, which facilitates the selection of the best alternative with minimum information content, are calculated separately and standardized. To solve this issue of the integral characterised by fuzzy bounds, this study proposes a defuzzification method to convert fuzzy bounds into crisp numbers. Finally, the assessment is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed approach.


This research intends to explore with a uniform color space based on the CIE 1931 x-y chromatic coordinate system. The goal is to improve the non-uniformity of the CIE 1931 x-y chromaticity diagram such as to approach the human color sensation as possible; however, its simple methodology still can be kept. In spite of the existence of various kinds of the uniform color coordinate systems built up early (CIE u'-v', CIE Lab, CIE LUV, etc.), the establishment of a genuine uniform color space is actually still an important work both for the basic research in color science and the practical applications of colorimetry, especially for recent growing request in illumination engineering and in display technology. In this study, the MacAdam ellipses and the Munsell color chips are utilized for the comparison with the human color sensation. One specific linear transformation matrix is found for the CIE 1931 color matching functions (see manuscript) to become the novel uniform ones. With the aid of the optimization method, the transformation matrix can be easily discovered and makes the 25 MacAdam ellipses are similar to each other in the novel uniform color space. On the other hand, the perfectiveness of the equal-hue curves and the equal-chroma contours from the Mnusell color chips evaluates for the best optimization conditions among several different definitions for the similarity of all the MacAdam ellipses. Finally, the color difference between any two colors can be simply measured by the Euclidean distance in the novel uniform color space and is still fitted to the human color sensation.


Opencast mining at Waikato North Head, Franklin County, South Auckland, New Zealand, has exposed the sedimentary structures in Late Quaternary titanomagnetite ironsands of two units of the Kaihu Group: the Waiuku Blacksand Member (Hood Formation) and the Entrican Dune Member (Mitiwai Formation). The Waiuku Blacksand Member consists of a series of alternating, steeply cross–laminated and horizontally laminated sand units, which are sometimes separated by units of mud. The very large scale of the cross–laminated sets (up to 12 m thick), their orientation, grain size and internal features suggest an eolian origin. Some of the horizontally laminated units are topset beds associated with the foresets of the cross–laminated units, whereas others are of either interdune stream–lake, or beach origin. Mud units may represent soils, loess, or interdune swamp and lake deposits. The Entrican Dune Member consists of large migrating dunes which were stabilised in this area by afforestation in 1935. Internally, they are...


In order to study the regularity of shedding virus from infected SPF chickens and the formation of aerosol of H9N2 subtype AIV, SPF chickens were bred in a positive and negative pressure isolator. Aerosol samples were collected by AGI-30 (All Glass Impinger-30) extractor, and simultaneously trachea and cloaca samples were collected by tracheal swabs and cloacal swabs in different periods after challenged with vi- ruses. The above-mentioned samples were detected by HI, Dot-ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The results in- dicated that aerosols were isolated from the 4 days to the 43 days after inoculation. It was proved that H9N2 subtype AIV could copy themselves in respiratory passage and cloaca, and then could formation of aerosols. AIV H9N2 subtype could be isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs 3 days after inoculation and lasted for 45 days, viruses were detected from all infected SPF chickens on 7 days.