Love it or hate it, the law and economics movement, with its self-proclaimed objectivity, has dominated American legal discourse since the 1970s. In a sweeping narrative, covering four centuries, James Hackney's Under Cover of Science seeks to undermine the movement's stronghold by unearthing the complicated relationship between science, economics, and legal thought. Hackney covers a large territory and tells several parallel stories. The development of scientific theory from Newtonian physics to Darwinian evolutionary theory to Einstein's theory of relativity and, ultimately, to the demise of scientism in the last decades of the twentieth century is described as the catalyst of important transformations in American thought, especially in legal-economic theory. The appeal of scientific thought to legal scholars and economists was its claim for objectivity. But, as Hackney argues, when legal-economic theory imitated science, it assumed an aura of objectivity that masked its political and social ideologies. The law and economics movement is the most recent manifestation of this phenomenon. Hackney begins by tracing Blackstone's Commentaries, a four-volume work written between 1765 and 1769 in an attempt to systematize English common law and that was extremely influential in antebellum America, to Newton's mechanistic vision of the universe. Just as Newton described the laws of motion as determining the working of the universe, Blackstone described natural law principles as determining the working of the common law; all legal rules were deduced from these principles. Yet, while Newton derived physical laws from empirical, objective, observations, Blackstone derived them from observing the English common law, which was both "socially constructed and politically charged" (17). Proclaiming objectivity, the Commentaries helped legitimate the existing allocation of property and wealth. In the second chapter, Hackney uses developments in tort theory to demonstrate how, by the first half of the twentieth century, American legal-economic theory, influenced by Darwinian theory, turned from deductive formalism à la Blackstone to empiricism and inductive inquiry. But this shift was not value free. As Hackney demonstrates, it went hand in hand with an ideological shift from laissez faire toward redistributionist policies. Legal realists, the main proponents of the new approach, used social scientific studies to promote a progressive agenda and ultimately to legitimate the modern administrative state. The third chapter explores how the postwar analytical turn toward logic and physics, dominated at that time by Einstein's theory of relativity, served as a catalyst for the emergence of neoclassical economics and its progeny, the law and economics movement. Appropriating the positivist distinction between facts and values, neoclassical economists argued that, like science, economic analysis must be devoid of ethical considerations. Yet, as Hackney argues, like the deductive formalism of the nineteenth century, neoclassical economics' claim to be scientific helped legitimate the status quo distribution of wealth. Free competition was presumed to promote Book Reviews 759


Some pure fluid digital flowmeters are described and factors determining their accuracy are discussed. One meter under development is described in detail and performance characteristics are given. A new type of vortex flow controller is also described and shown to have advantages in performance and geometry over existing devices. Further improvements in performance and new devices which ease the control and interface problem are discussed. Flow diverters are also described and some characteristics are presented.


We propose a fast maximum a posteriori (MAP) adaptation technique for a GMM-supervectors-based video semantic indexing system.The use of GMM supervectors is one of the state-of-the-art methods in which MAP adaptation is needed for estimating the distribution of local features extracted from video data. The proposed method cuts the calculation time of the MAP adaptation step. With the proposed method, a tree-structured GMM is constructed to quickly calculate posterior probabilities for each mixture component of a GMM. The basic idea of the tree-structured GMM is to cluster Gaussian components and approximate them with a single Gaussian. Leaf nodes of the tree correspond to the mixture components, and each non-leaf node has a single Gaussian that approximates its descendant Gaussian distributions. Experimental evaluation on the TRECVID 2010 dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The calculation time of the MAP adaptation step is reduced by 76.2% compared to that of a conventional method and resulting accuracy (in terms of Mean average precision) was 10.2%.


Network calculus has been proposed and customized as framework for worst case analysis in wireless sensor networks in [1]. It has been demonstrated that this so-called sensor network calculus is an effective means to calculate maximum message transfer delays, maximum buffer requirements at the sensor nodes as well as lower bounds on duty cyles. Yet, so far only a single sink was accomodated for in the respective models. In this paper, we describe how sensor network calculus can be enhanced to also cover scenarios involving multiple sinks.


Abstract The paper presents the slope stability analysis of the unmodernised section of the Groszowice separation levee in the condition of water level changes, particularly after rapid drawdown. Based on soils field and laboratory tests, the stability analysis of the construction was conducted with GEO5 software. For the upper levee, the utilisation degree of slopes resistance was determined according to the Eurocode 7. Calculations were conducted for normal and high water level, as well as after rapid drawdown. The analysis was carried out with the use of five most commonly applied methods. The results have shown that at normal and high water level, the structure was stable. However, it does not correspond with its existing damages. The loss of stability was proved only under rapid drawdown conditions. Additionally, for the central part of the separation levee, the filtration curve position was conducted with the use of the Finite Elements Method (FEM). The water seepage on the slope above normal water level explains the suffosion displacement of soil particles that occurs due to damaged slope sealing and drainage.


This paper describes an impulse‐based dynamic simulation method for articulated bodies which has a linear time complexity. Existing linear‐time methods are either based on a reduced‐coordinate formulation or on Lagrange multipliers. The impulse‐based simulation has advantages over these well‐known methods. Unlike reduced‐coordinate methods, it handles nonholonomic constraints like velocity‐dependent ones and is very easy to implement. In contrast to Lagrange multiplier methods the impulse‐based approach has no drift problem and an additional stabilisation is not necessary. The presented method computes a simulation step in O(n) time for acyclic multi‐body systems containing equality constraints. Closed kinematic chains can be handled by dividing the model into different acyclic parts. Each of these parts is solved independently from each other. The dependencies between the single parts are solved by an iterative method. In the same way inequality constraints can be integrated in the simulation process in order to handle collisions and permanent contacts with dynamic and static friction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In order to increase traffic safety for unprotected road users in Sweden, aproject based on accident in-depth investigations was carried out. Theproject focused on accidents between unprotected roa ...


Inc. Magazine's first annual Inc./Gallup survey [ 1] on attitudes of American workers showed, surprisingly, very high levels of job satisfaction and a positive outlook on work, workplace conditions and the many recent changes in the ways work gets done. They expected to find a "crisis in worker confidence" as pictured in the daily news and books on the de-jobbing of America, such as William Bridges' Jobshift: How to prosper in a workplace without jobs (Addison-Wesley, 1994). Additionally, the survey was conducted in November, 1995; a year in which, on average 37,000 U.S. jobs were cut every month! The title "The happiest workers in the world", made me wonder if this is also true for Library workers.


At the beginning of the new millenium several trends can be observed in the field of communications networks. First, bandwidth requirement in networks seems to grow without limits. IP (Internet Protocol) based data networks play a central role. This is not only due to the fact that data traffic has surpassed voice traffic but even more due to the exponential growth rate of IP traffic volumes. Second, more and more users and applications request QoS (Quality of Service) mechanisms from today's communication networks. Third, optical technology continues to provide an exponential growth at higher rate than IP traffic growth in fiber transmission capacities. In this paper, we will elaborate on these trends and show how they motivate optical burst switching(OBS) as a new switching paradigm for future transport networks. We start with an overview of the evolution of photonic and IP networks, and classify OBS with respect to switching paradigms. Section 2 surveys the definition and design parameters of OBS. In Section 3, different proposed reservation mechanisms are introduced and compared in a scenario where no classes are distinguished. Section 4 describes an analysis for the burst loss probabilities with JET for arbitrary offset values. Finally, in Section 5 a detailed discussion of the performance in a two-class OBS node is presented.


Objective:To investigate the influence of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin(ET)levels on liver function and portal hyperdynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis.Methods:The plasma levels of NO and ET of 51 cirrhotic patients[who were divided into group A(n=19),B(n=21) and C(n=11) according to the liver function] and 31 normal controls were measured by Griess and radioimmunoassay,respectively.Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure the portal hypernamics(including portal venous and splenic venous blood flow) and automatic biochemistry analyzer was used to measure the liver function.Results:The NO and ET level in the plasma of the cirrhotic patients(including Child-Pugh A,B and C)was significantly higher than that of the controls(P(0.01)).The NO and ET level in the plasma of the cirrhotic patients increased with the degeneration of the liver function and the difference was obvious between different grades(P0.01).The ratio of NO/ET in the plasma of the cirrhotic patients(including Child-Pugh A,B and C)was significantly higher than that of the controls(P0.05).The difference of NO/ET levels was significant between group A and group C(P0.01),but the difference was not obvious between group B and group C(P0.05).The plasma level of portal venous and splenic venous blood flow(PVBF and SVBF) was significantly higher in the cirrhotic patients than that in the controls(P0.01).The increase was more obvious in group C.The difference was significant between group C and group A(P0.01)but there was no difference between group C and group A.The plasma of NO and ET had a positive correlation with portal venous and splenic venous blood flow(PVBF and SVBF) in the cirrhotic patients,and it had a positive correlation with PVBF and SVBF in the controls.The plasma levels of NO and ET were significantly higher in ascites patients than those in the controls(P0.01)and the no ascites patients (P0.05).Conclusions:The serum levels of NO and ET are of great value in the evaluation of the liver function and the plasma levels of NO and ET may play an important role in the pathogenesis and promotion of portal hyperdynamics in patients with cirrhosis.


concepts -qSv, KOXOV, and dyadov is entirely in conformity with this aim. When he shows at 359 e—360 a that to describe courageous action in war as KOXOV is equivalent to describing it as dyadov (since KOXOV implies dyadov, as agreed at 358 b) and hence as 178v (since there is reciprocal implication between iJSu and dyadov) he naturally introduces KOXOV before dyadov and 17SJ, for in presenting an analysis of the 'virtue' of courage it is natural to take as one's starting-point the term of approval customarily applied to courageous actions. Neither here nor anywhere else in Protagoras 351 b ff. does he imply that the criterion of good is other than pleasure.


Due to the high dimerization const. of ureidopyrimidinone (UPy), mols. contg. two such units form large polymeric aggregates, which are in equil. with cyclic species. We have investigated the dynamics of exchange in solns. of bifunctional compds. 1 and 2, using EXSY 2D-NMR and size exclusion chromatog. (SEC). Exchange spectroscopy on mixed linear aggregates of 1a and 1b shows that the kinetics of exchange between assocd. UPy units is different from that in monofunctional compds., and takes place via a long-lived intermediate. Simulation of size-exclusion chromatograms of compds. 2 show that exchange of mols. between cyclic dimers is fast on the chromatog. timescale, although it is slow on the NMR timescale. [on SciFinder (R)]


In our post-colonial context, translation is interpretation and becomes a site, a space that creates a mode of self-interpretation in favor of the logic of globalization. The latter comprises a process of abolishing all that is local, traditional, and imposes homogeneity. Indeed, we are compelled to acquire a new subject - with a uniform, global look and thinking, in place of our old selves. The new is something that we must construct bodily on top of our traditional self: it must be exercised, painted, behaviorally proper, and uniformly predictable. All other forms of being a subject - the local - are to be relegated to the bin of primitivism, exoticism, inadequacy, and out of historical flow. In this context my paper will investigate the contemporary Other/Otherness, some aspects of African art which was termed as primitive by the West, located in the local-historical Space, the immigrant Space, a local-Global Africa attempting to catch up with the Western Space. After all, third world, me being from the third world, must catch up to the "world history" since our history is not part of the world. We are the Third Space, the Third World; we are attempting to be global and yet compelled to be local third. We are compelled to become subjects and objects of technical power and prowess, and yet we still cling to our traditional self.


cell membrane (PS exposure detected by Annexin V binding) events. This is the first time that fetal NRBCs in the maternal circulation have been examined for PS exposure. Our analysis also differs from a recent report made by Kolialexi et al. (13), who reported a high percentage of Annexin V-positive fetal cells in the maternal circulation, which were proposed to be of an apoptotic nature. A major technical difference between this study and most other studies examining PS exposure is that these authors used an anti-Annexin V antibody for their analysis and not Ca 2ϩ-dependent Annexin V binding to exposed PS, as is the commonly used and well-validated approach. In this regard, it is likely that the use of this antibody can lead to the detection of endogenous Annexin V expression. This is important when considering trophoblast cells, where it is well established that Annexin V is found both in the cell cytoplasm (in undifferentiated cells) and on the cell surface (in differentiated cells) (14, 15). Consequently , it is possible that the use of this anti-Annexin V antibody may have detected nonapoptotic trophoblast cells. This issue may need to be resolved by determining the cellular origin of the fetal cells examined and whether similar results can be obtained by use of Annexin V-/PS-binding-based enrichment systems of the sort we used in this study. Although our study suggests that trafficking NRBCs do not undergo apoptosis on entry into the maternal circulation , the fate of other trafficking fetal cells, such as lymphocytes, or various progenitor cells is unclear. These studies will, however, be technically extremely challenging because of the scarcity of these fetal cell subpopula-tions. Fate of fetal nucleated erythrocytes circulating in maternal blood: apoptosis is induced by maternal oxygen concentration [Technical Brief]. Microchimerism of presumed fetal origin in thyroid specimens from women: a case-control study. Antiphosphatidylserine antibody removes annexin-V and facilitates the binding of prothrombin at the surface of a choriocarci-noma model of trophoblast differentiation. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines (1, 2). Its major function is to form a stable complex with free hemoglobin released from old red blood cells or during episodes of hemolysis, thus preventing iron loss and renal damage (1, 2). Haptoglobin consists of two chains, the ␣-chain and the ␤-chain, which are derived from a single polypeptide after proteolytic cleavage (3). The ␣-chain exists in two …


The problem, as we see it, is not so much that different disciplines study Bushmen from different perspectives. Rather, it lies in the nature of the intellectual lineage in which Bushman studies as a discrete field of knowledge-making is situated. The oldest part of this lineage has roots in a centuries-old European view of Bushmen as racially and culturally primitive curiosities. It survives to this day in the practice of putting individual Bushmen on display to the colonial gaze in so-called cultural villages. Bushman studies as an intellectual activity can be said to have begun with Wilhelm Bleek's linguistic researches in the 1850s and 1860s, and with George Stow's researches into rock art in the 1860s and 1870s. The field was developed further by researchers like Lucy Lloyd and Dorothea Bleek in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It grew rapidly with the development of academic anthropology in southern Africa from the 1920s onward. Stow, and to some extent Bleek, saw the Bushman groups of their time as political and cultural actors who had histories that needed to be studied alongside those of other peoples. Historians like George Theal helped entrench the notion of 'the Bushmen' as the authentically autochthonous inhabitants of southern Africa. But from the late 19th century onward, in keeping with the increasingly racialised ethnographic thinking that was then developing in Europe and the United States, Bushmen came to be portrayed by researchers and popular writers alike less and less as actors in history, and more and more as savages who had a culture of a sort, but no meaningful past. Their ahistorical 'primitiveness' was seen as standing in sharp contrast to the dynamic evolution of European societies. In the hands, quite literally, of physical anthropologists, Bushmen became mainly objects of pseudo-scientific racial profiling. Scholarly perspectives on the 'value' (or otherwise) of studying Bushmen varied widely, but few, if any, researchers saw them as having a history worth investigating. After World War II, Bushman studies expanded rapidly as an academic field, particularly in the disciplines of anthropology and linguistics, and, a little later, of archaeology. Research into rock art, done at first by amateur enthusiasts and later by academics, also expanded markedly. While members of institutions like the Harvard Kalahari Research Group produced particular kinds of disciplinary knowledge about Bushmen for academics, writers like Laurens van der Post contributed to a growing and insatiable popular Western imaginary centred on the idea of the Bushman as pristine hunter-gatherer with prehistoric links to (mainly desert) landscapes. …


We describe the way we designed and built embedded labs while teaching students the basic principles of digital electronics. By this means, we also introduced students to the world of embedded microcontrollers with the thought that they might someday build their own circuits.


Using the combinatorial description for knot Heegaard–Floer homology, we give a generalization to singular knots which does fit in the general program of categorification of Vassiliev finite–type invariants theory. Introduction Since the categorification of the Jones polynomial by Mikhail Khovanov in 1999 [Kh00], the study of knots and links via homological invariants has remained constantly on the front of the scene. Nonglad to give a refinment of polynomial invariants with an increased capacity for distinguishing knots, homological invariants seem to drag many more informations. In particular, their functorial behaviour with regards to knots cobordisms brings effective tools for studying geometric properties. Among them, Heegaard–Floer homology [OS04],[R03], which categorifies the Alexander polynomial, appears to be particularly rich since it detects the unknot, the trefoils, the figure eight knot, the fact that a knot is fibered or not and the Seifert genus. Moreover, it is very convenient for investigating links surgery. Unfortunately, the original definition, using Heegaard splitting and holomorphic disks, is unsuitable for computation. However, during the summer 2006, a combinatorial description [MOS06] arised which has led to a combinatorial construction [MOST06]. On the other hand, polynomial invariants are known to share some finiteness properties in the following Vassiliev sense. A singular link is a link with a finite number of rigid double points . Any polynomial invariant λ can be generalized to singular links by induction on the number of double points, using the formula λ( ) = λ( ) − λ( ). The invariant λ is said to be of finite type if it exists an integer n ∈ N such that the generalization of λ to singular links vanishes on links with at least n+1 double points. Most known invariants are of finite type or, at least, are infinite combination of them. Typically, coefficients of Alexander and Jones polynomials (after a suitable change of variables) have this property [BL93],[BN95]. Then, it is natural to raise the question about a possible Vassiliev–like behaviour of the corresponding homological invariants. In [Sh07], Nadya Shirokova sets the foundations for such a categorification of Vassiliev theory. Moreover, she shows that Khovanov homology does fit her theory [Sh06]. The combinatorial construction for Heegaard–Floer homology is carrying hope for a similar treatment. The first step in this direction would be to define a generalization of Heegaard–Floer homology for singular links. This is the purpose of this paper.


The current study aims to describe the effectiveness of CTL approach (REACT) to improve students' self confidence in mathematics. It is a classroom action research (PTK). The subjects of the study were students of grade VIII MTs Nurul Ihsan Sukarara in the academic year 2017/2018 consisting of 29 students. Data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. The findings show that students' confidence in mathematics in the first cycle reached 10.3% for high category, 55.2% for moderate, and 34.5% for low category. Meanwhile, in the second cycle students' self-confidence score on mathematics reached 6.9% for very high category, 72.41% for high category, and 20.69% for moderate. This study indicates that there is an increase of students' self confidence in mathematics due to CTL approach (REACT).


During a five-year period, the Regional Ethical Review Boards (cf. IRB) in Sweden handled applications regarding more than 13 000 studies. This may seem to offer significant protection, but the question is to what extent this review procedure really protects research subjects, if the way in which research is actually conducted is not monitored as well. For instance, do researchers really apply for ethical approval whenever this is required by the law, and do those who get an ethical approval proceed as described in their experimental treatment ondying patients – implanting an artificial trachea – was conducted without any approval from the Regional Ethical Review Board. It is reasonable to assume that there is a need for an effective and efficient system of oversight. Indeed, TheEthical Review Act and the preparatory work on which it is based explicitly acknowledges the need for oversight. Moreover, there are authorities responsible for conducting it. In this presentation, however, we will provide empirical data that reveals an almost total lack of actual oversight in Sweden. We shall also discuss the significance of oversight in more general terms. (Less)


There are numerous books and papers dealing with the history and development of individual international financial centres (IFCs), or comparing two or three IFCs. However, in his recent book Youssef Cassis has attempted something more ambitious, but surprisingly not undertaken before. He has written a book '. . . designed as a creative synthesis . . . based on existing literature . . . new by virtue of its purpose, its long-term perspective, and its comparative approach' (p. xiii) '. . . with particular emphasis on the dynamics of [the] rise and decline' (p. 4) of IFCs. The bibliography reminds us that Cassis, currently Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Geneva, has a long record of writing about European bankers, financial elites and financial centres, so is well-equipped to undertake this task. He was supported in this project by Pictet & Cie, the Swiss private banking firm, who wished to commemorate their two-hundredth anniversary, and he has rewarded them with a fine book. Cassis identifies his target audience as academics and practitioners. While professional historians will find little to surprise in this book, and the author acknowledges that it is '. . . not intended primarily for specialists' (p. xiii), it should serve as an excellent reference work. Its scope is remarkably wide, drawing on the enormous range of scholarship which is documented in the 50 pages of notes and 20 page bibliography. The author demonstrates a formidable command of the literature, written in three languages, published in many countries, and which covers, inter alia, economic, financial, and business history, and histories of banking and financial systems, corporate finance, macroeconomic policy and individual businesses. The book is arranged chronologically, with separate chapters covering the periods 1780–1840, 1840–75, 1875–1914, 1914–45, 1945–80 and 1980–2005. The different periods are accorded roughly equal weight, but the chapters dealing with 1875–1914 and 1914–45 are a little longer. From the late eighteenth century Amsterdam was the most important IFC, with leadership passing in the nineteenth century to London and Paris. The late nineteenth century saw the rise of Berlin and New York and decline of Paris. New York's rise was a reflection of the transformation of the US from an emerging market to the world's major economic power, and that city's position was reinforced by the impact of the two world wars. Most of the 1950s to the 1970s is the story of the Euromarkets, and here the author is careful to differentiate between these and the wider history of international financial markets. Cassis also distinguishes carefully between the relative strengths of different IFCs, with different types of activity having greater prominence in different centres. Such specialisation reinforces the economic arguments that financial centres are explained by industrial clustering. Notwithstanding the chronological arrangement, various broader themes recur throughout the book. Perhaps the strongest underlying theme is the extent to which IFCs depend on strong domestic economies. IFCs such as New York and Tokyo have drawn heavily on the strength of


We used a mathematical model of closed-loop blood circulation previously developed and validated by Thomas (1997). The equation governing blood flow through all cardiac valves was a simplified Bernoulli equation with both resistive and inertial terms. Normalized elastance functions of ventricles and atria were used to generate realistic pressure-volume curves. The mitral valve EOA indexed for body surface area was varied between 0.7 (severe PPM) and 1.9 (no PPM) cm/m, assuming a normal cardiac index of 3.3 l/min/m at rest, normal LV diastolic pressures, and a normal pulmonary vascular resistance of 250 dyne.s/cm. Heart rate (HR) was varied between 70 and 130 b/min and stroke volume (SV) was varied between 70 and 120 ml to simulate different flow levels as generally observed in humans at rest and during mild, moderate, and strenuous exercise.


The incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in Indonesia is still quite high. The UTIs are generally treated with antibiotic. However, the use of antibiotics has recently increased tremendously thus triggering bacterial resistance. This study was to analyze the susceptibility of the Escherichia coli as the cause of the UTI to 15 antibiotics at the UPTD Health Laboratory Center of Maluku Province. The study was an experimental laboratory study using the disk diffusion method. The antibiotic disc was placed on the media and the inhibition zone against E. coli was measured. The results showed that the E. coli was resistant (26.67%) to 4 types of antibiotics, namely amoxilin, ampicillin, sulfametazole dan penicillin. Meanwhile, E. coli was sensitive (46.66%) to 7 types of antibiotics, namely kanamycin, gentamicin, subactam ampicillin, chloramphenicol, amikacin, ceffazedine and azithromycin. Furthermore, E. coli was intermediate (26.67%) against 4 types of antibiotics, namely ciprofloxacin, ceptriaxone, cefoxitin and colistin. This study concluded that of the 15 antibiotics tested, gentamicin, amikacin, and kanamycin were the most effective antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of E. coli that causes UTI. Nevertheless, the appropriate choice of antibiotic needs to be adjusted only by physicians based on local, regional and national patterns of susceptibility.


The dilution index E is an indicator of mixing of inert solute clouds in heterogeneous porous media. Its maximum value is theoretically known to increase monotonically in steady Darcy flows through isotropic heterogeneous porous media. Our numerical results allow us to test this hypothesis by establishing the relationship between the slope a of maximum dilution index Emax and the averaged positive second invariantQav of deformation tensor∇u. The parameters of this relationship depend on molecular diffusion and dimensionality of problem considered.


Objective
To discuss the feasibility of transferring neck- shoulder peak area expanded skin flap to facial and napex area of removed scar tissue, and to observe the therapeutic effect of expanded cervico-acromial flaps for facial and napex scar.

Methods
In the first stage, the soft tissue expanders (ranging from 600 ml to 800 ml in volume) were implanted under the deep fascia of the cervio-acromion region. The blood vessle that located at the base of the flap were protected. In the second stage, the expanded flap, pedicled by the lateral neck (supraclavicular artery), was elevated and rotated by 90-180 degree to the facial or napex defects. The donor site of the flap was closed primarily or by free skin graft.

Results
A lot of 28 patients, with napex scar in 5 cases, facial scar in 23 cases, were treated by the expanded cervico-acromial flaps, the length of which ranged from 5-10 cm, the width 15-20 cm. All flaps survived with color and texture matched well with the surrounding skin tissue.

Conclusions
The blood supply of the cervico-acromial flap is stable and abundant with constant perforators. It is a reliable technique for facial and napex reconstruction.

Key words:
Facial scar; Neck scar; Cervico-acromial flap; Expand flap


In spite of the development of new imaging techniques, X ray images still keep a prominent place in studying articulatory phenomena. Indeed, they are still unsurpassed at obtaining an overall view of the moving vocal tract. However X ray images require that articulator contours are extracted by hand which is a tedious task. The paper describes an approach towards the automatization of tongue contour extraction. The "Snake" method introduced in computer vision to extract contours is unable alone to achieve the task. Therefore we make "Snakes" cooperate with an optical flow method, applied where contours are not sufficiently isolated from spurious contours. Our experiments have shown that the tongue is tracked successfully when it is visible, and that interaction with the user remains necessary when the tongue is obscured.


This paper deals with a research of semantic information retrieval, especially is to measure related degree between unknown word (UW), which is a big obstacle in an area of semantic document retrieval, and related word. To do this, we consider UW as word not defined in WordNet that is English lexical dictionary and grasp concepts related with UW from Web documents through co-occurrence and measure related degree using probabilistic and semantic method. This paper describes just a method for the measurement except an objective and quantitative evaluation comparing with other systems or results. However, we show possibility, expectation and value of the research using some kinds of sample documents.


Recently, a new concept of rotation scanning synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer (RS-SAIR) has been receiving more and more attentions for its advantage of much simpler configuration with looser requirements of antenna elements. In this article, we investigate the imaging theory of RS-SAIR, and introduce the pseudo-polar FFT algorithm to deal with the polar u-v samples. It only involves 1D interpolation and 1D FFT routine that guarantee a high accuracy and computation efficiency. The sampling strategy and aliasing effect of RS-SAIR are studied with this imaging algorithm. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the associate theory. Finally we develop a 5-elements RS-SAIR instrument and carry out rotating scanning imaging experiment successfully. The first imaging results consist with the expectation.


To date, there are many studies on the treatment of tubal-peritoneal infertility. Analysis of the literature suggests that currently in the treatment of women suffering from tubal infertility, two options are available: surgical treatment and assisted reproductive technologies. Numerous studies of domestic and foreign literature indicate that, to date, the problem of effective treatment of tubal-peritoneal infertility remains unresolved until the end. Also for family planning, the problem of assessing the ovarian reserve and reducing the follicular pool after surgery on the fallopian tubes remains unmet and unstudied.


The four acid dissociation constants of the DOPA cation have been determined at 25°± 0·02° and 1·0M ionic strength (KNO3) by means of a glass–calomel electrode system. The reactions of the ligand with copper(II) ions were also examined by potentiometric methods by use of both glass and copper amalgam electrodes, and the polymerisation of copper–DOPA complexes has been studied. Stability constants (measured at 25°± 0·02° and 1·0M ionic strength) for the copper complexes have been measured for both chelating sites and the dimerization constant obtained. The implications of these results with regard to metal-catalysed oxidations of catechol derivatives are discussed.


The achievements of the Wright brothers in constructing a Heath-Robinson aircraft that flew a few hundred yards have been subsumed by intercontinental jet and even supersonic travel. Similarly, the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) initially recruited children with relatively mild asthma and proven airway hyperresponsiveness to a treatment trial comparing either regular budesonide or nedocromil with as-needed short-acting bronchodilators (1). The subjects' asthma was then so mild that it was rightly deemed ethical not to treat the majority with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). As with the Wright brothers, the initial trial question has become of minor historical interest only, but the continued follow-up and detailed study of the CAMP children, now young adults, has led to a stream of important insights into the nature and evolution of childhood asthma and lung growth. In this issue of the Journal, Izadi and colleagues (pp. 776–787) have studied the CAMP trial participants in adolescence and young adulthood to determine the factors that predict evolution from relatively mild to severe asthma (2). The huge strengths of the study include the longitudinal, prospective design and an amazing 65% retention rate of their subjects. They report that 12% and 19% of patients in late adolescence and early adulthood, respectively, had severe asthma, but only 6% were consistently severe. The most important factors predicting evolution to severe asthma were reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, adverse lung growth trajectory (reduced growth and early decline), and maternal smoking in pregnancy, as well as being of the weaker sex (male). Of note, maternal smoking in pregnancy is not merely associated with reduced lung function soon after birth (3); it also increases the child's subsequent vulnerability to environmental challenges, such as smoking (4) and occupational irritants (5), and is associated with more rapid lung function decline (6). The CAMP data presented in this issue of the Journal have not only prognostic importance but also mechanistic implications that I propose should lead to a change in public health policy. Any study of severe asthma immediately poses the question of how rigorously it has been possible to determine who has true severe, therapy-resistant asthma and who has difficult asthma, just needing to get the basics right (7). Obviously, clinical manifestation of asthma depends not just on the severity of the underlying airway disease but also on fluctuating social and environmental factors, as well as comorbidities (8). Thus, the changes in severity status in the CAMP follow-up may reflect, for example, changes in adherence to ICS rather than a change in fundamental asthma pathobiology. This, however, could not be determined, because the study did not have the scope to do the sort of detailed, multidisciplinary evaluation that such children merit (9). Nevertheless, mild childhood asthma becomes truly severe in probably 5–10% of patients, according to other data cited by the authors, and this is useful prognostic information for parents. It also underscores that mild tomoderate childhood asthma is not a trivial condition but may have long-term severe consequences and needs to be taken seriously. Furthermore, measuring lung growth will help to identify risk of progression to severe asthma, and this domain of risk needs to be an important part of asthma guidelines, as has been argued elsewhere (10). Hence, the present study (2) turns the spotlight firmly onto lung growth as the root of deteriorating asthma and, yet again, the importance of early life deprivation. Although type 2 inflammation is very important in the pathophysiology of childhood asthma, and antiinflammatory treatment with ICS has revolutionized asthma outcomes, there was no association between biomarkers and associations of type 2 inflammation (peripheral blood eosinophil count, total IgE, sensitization, and exposure to aeroallergens) and outcome (their Figure 3). Interestingly, it is possible that the absence of childhood hay fever predicted later severe asthma. Being randomized to antiinflammatory treatment in the original CAMP study did not impact risk. Therefore, although ICS treatment is clearly the cornerstone therapy for reducing asthma attacks and controlling symptoms, it seems highly unlikely that treating inflammation is going to impact lung growth, and new approaches are needed. Although of course biologicals such as omalizumab and mepolizumab were suggested by Izadi and colleagues (2) as therapies that might modulate remodeling, the studies of inflammation and remodeling in early life do not suggest that inflammation is the root cause of change in airway caliber but rather that inflammation and remodeling are parallel processes (11). Furthermore, the logistics of getting agreement from families and funders for the preventive treatment of a child with perhaps only mild asthma with long-term injections of an expensive biologic are not trivial. Finally, the importance of these CAMP data is enhanced because the double whammy of both impaired lung growth (12) and childhood severe asthma (13) are associated with long-term risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, meaning that addressing lung growth and remodeling is of urgent and fundamental importance. It is one thing to identify a problem and quite another to be able to address it. The difficulties are twofold; the first is that we know too little about the biology of normal and abnormal airway growth and how to modulate it, and the second is that by the time most children in the community as opposed to the research laboratory (14) can perform reliable spirometry, it is almost certainly too late to intervene to improve lung growth (15). There is a tantalizing hint that there This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0. For commercial usage and reprints, please e-mail Diane Gern.


HHT (Hilbert-Huang Transform) is one kind of adaptive signal processing method and it is suitable for processing nonlinear and non-stationary signal. Amplitude-frequency characteristics of signal are accurately demonstrated through marginal Hilbert spectrum obtained by HHT and EMD reconstruction filter. Fault diagnosis method based on marginal Hilbert spectrum is proposed for non-stationary vibration signal of cooling tower and high resolution superiority of which is verified through experiment. The experiment result indicates which is effective for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.


Production planning, in general, is the allocation of resources to jobs in a manner that should satisfy the criteria of minimizing cost and satisfying customers. It is a complicated process and demands well-defined techniques, time and experience to achieve satisfactory results. An integrated knowledge-based/simulation approach to production planning is introduced and discussed in this paper as a possible alternative to traditional operational research methods. Based on this approach a computer-based simulation model is developed to model production facilities of a pre-casting factory and integrated with knowledge-based rules that mimic the decision-making process of a human planner. The knowledge rules which were developed by eliciting knowledge from a production manager and previously published literature are of three different types: product selection rules, plant selection rules and allocation rules. In order to verify and validate the model, a thorough industrial case study has been conducted through...


Objective To analyze the relation between personality characteristics,coping styles and division management,so as to understand the relationship between mental health status,personality characteristics,and workplace of new nurses during the adapting period of department environment,and improve the quality of care.Methods Totals of 61 nurses who were assigned to a comprehensive hospital in 2010 as the experimental group,and other 65 nurses who were assigned to the hospital in 2009 as the control group.The experimental group adopted the management of department division by analyzing the personality traits,coping style assessment and nurse leadership style,while the control group was randomly division.Intervention effects were evaluated respectively in before division,6 months and 18 months after division.Results There were six nurses left in control group,the left rate was 9%,while no one left in experimental group.Hostility factor score of SCL-90 of experimental group was lower than that in control group after 6 months of division (t =3.12,P <0.01),as well as the scores of retreat of coping style and rationalization factor (t =3.75,3.35,respectively;P < 0.01).Forcing factor score of SCL-90,and self-reproach factor score of coping in experimental group were lower than that in control group (t =2.02,2.68,respectively ; P < 0.05),while EPQL factor score was significantly higher than that in control group(t =2.20,P < 0.01) after 18 months of division.Conclusions According to the psychological characteristics and coping style of new nurses,and leadership style of head nurses to divide the department for new nurses can improve mental health of the new nurses,promote them to adopt mature and positive coping styles to the stress,and promote their loyalty for the nursing and the stability of nurses team.

Key words:
Nurse ;  Division;  Personality characteristic ;  Coping style


This paper presents an approach to automatic visual emotion recognition from two modalities: face and body. Firstly, individual classifiers are trained from individual modalities. Secondly, we fuse facial expression and affective body gesture information first at a feature-level, in which the data from both modalities are combined before classification, and later at a decision-level, in which we integrate the outputs of the monomodal systems by the use of suitable criteria. We then evaluate these two fusion approaches, in terms of performance over monomodal emotion recognition based on facial expression modality only. In the experiments performed the emotion classification using the two modalities achieved a better recognition accuracy outperforming the classification using the individual facial modality. Moreover, fusion at the feature-level proved better recognition than fusion at the decision-level.


Enhancing the cutting tool life is important and economic factor to reduce the tooling as well as manufacturing cost. The tool life is improved considerably by 92 % after cryogenic treatment. The cryogenic treatment is a one-time permanent, sub-zero heat treatment that entirely changes cross-section of cutting tool. The cryogenic treatment is carried out with deep freezing of cutting tool materials to enhance physical and mechanical properties. The cryogenic treatment improves mechanical such as hardness, toughness and tribological properties such as wear resistance, coefficient of friction, surface finish, dimensional stability and stress relief. The deep cryogenic treatment is the most beneficial treatment applied on cutting tools. The cryogenic treatment is the most advanced heat treatment and popular to improve performance of the cutting tool. The optimization of cryogenic treatment variables is necessary to improve tool life. This study reviews the effects of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, tribological properties of tool steels and machining applications of cutting tool by investigating the surface and performing the surface characterization test like SEM. The economy of cutting tool can be achieved by deep cryogenic treatment.


Muscular dystrophy is a catastrophic neuromuscular disease characterized by muscle wasting and weakness and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We recently demonstrated that sarcoglycan delta deficient (Sgcd‐/‐) mice, an established model of muscular dystrophy, exhibit sympathovagal imbalance at a young age prior to development of DCM and premature death [Clin Auton Res 20(5):300, 2010]. We hypothesized that the combination of autonomic dysregulation and DCM in middle‐aged Sgcd‐/‐ mice confers susceptibility to acute stress‐induced cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram and HR variability (HRV, SD of R‐R interval) were measured by telemetry in control C57BL/6 and Sgcd‐/‐ mice (50‐60 wks of age). Acute mild psychosocial stress was induced by two methods: brief (<1min) hand‐held restraint and ~15 minute exposure to an intruder mouse. In control mice, both types of stress transiently increased HR without affecting mean BP or HRV. In contrast, Sgcd‐/‐ mice immediately assumed a supine position after hand‐held restraint for several seconds accompanied with marked increase in HR (760±20 vs. 616±20 bpm at baseline, P<0.05) and arrhythmias. Exposure of Sgcd‐/‐ mice to an intruder mouse initially increased HR mice, decreased HRV, and triggered arrhythmias (see Table). These responses were not associated with a postural change and were followed by progressive bradyarrhythmias, hypotension, ventricular fibrillation and death in 40% of Sgcd‐/‐ mice. We conclude: 1) Acute mild stress induces cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in Sgcd‐/‐ mice; and 2) Therapeutic targeting of both autonomic dysregulation and stress disorders may yield better clinical outcomes in muscular dystrophy. *vs. Baseline± vs. Control Control Mice (n=4) Sgcd‐/‐ Mice (n=5) Baseline Intruder Stress Baseline Intruder Stress BP (mmHg) 113±1 117±2 100±3± 94±2*± HR (bpm) 572±21 628±19* 611±10± 743±15*± HRV (ms) 9.4±1.3 8.8±1.6 6.2±1.6± 2.9±1.1*±


Background. Knee exercises are generally recommended following knee-related operations. Nevertheless, compliance in performing self-administered exercises is varying. The use of exergames may alter patient compliance. These computer games encourage the user to exercise. Exergames are not yet used much in orthopedic rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different seating positions in electromyography while performing knee exercises with the exergame GenuSport.Material and methods. 72 healthy women and men were tested in 6 seating positions using an application-based knee-training device (KT). Positions were 1. user seated 90 upright with straight leg on KT, 2. 90 upright with leg exercising in external rotation on KT, 3. 90 upright with leg exercising in internal rotation on KT, 4. 90 upright with straight leg on 30mm elevated KT, 5. 45 upright with straight leg on KT and 6. 45 upright with straight leg on 30mm elevated KT. Electromyogram was recorded for biceps femoris, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, vastus medialis, adductor magnus and vastus lateralis.Results. No significant difference was shown in position 2, 3 or 4 compared to position 1. In position 5 and 6, EMG reported significantly higher values compared to positions 1 to 4 (ischiocrural: 130% and quadriceps: 90%). The quadriceps was activated significantly less in position 6 compared to 5.Conclusion. 1. Bedside-based knee extension exercises are most effective in a seated position of 45 trunk inclination. 2. A slightly more bent knee (KT elevation of 30mm) leads to a higher activation of the ischiocrural muscles.


The theory of small-signal heterodyne mixers operating with very large injection potentials is described. The mixer properties investigated are the conversion transconductance, the relative amplitudes of the difference-frequency and injection frequency components in the output, and the amplitude of the injection modulation-frequency component in the output in the case where the injection potential is amplitude-modulated to a small degree, as by power-supply ripple or noise, for example. The theoretical analysis is based upon 2- and 3-segment piecewise-linear approximations of the current and incremental transfer conductance curves, so that the mixer can be treated as a switch-type or commutator-type modulator. The method of constructing the approximations from the original curves is described. The result is a set of universal performance curves for mixers of the particular class chosen to illustrate the method. The method can be extended to other classes of mixers.


Light-triggered treatments in the presence of photosensitizer and oxygen molecule are prevalent for a wide variety of diseases. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced in the vicinity of malignant tissue by the light activated sensitizers, are considered as active agents in the photodynamic therapy (PDT). The higher reactivity of photosensitizers in nano state enhances the profile of pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index of the active molecule. In that direction, this review emphasises the application of porphyrin (Por) and phthalocyanine (PC) as nano photosensitizers in the development of antibacterial nanotherapeutic agents for resistant and non-resistant bacteria.


In this chapter, the authors apply the lens of complexity theory to explore evidence-based organizational change and development (EBOCD) in global contexts with external OCD consultants working with organizations located in a national culture other than their own. The authors' research and experience leads them to believe that, while OCD is practiced within the complexity of organizations, the addition of cross-cultural dimensions significantly exacerbate the contradictions and paradoxes OCD practitioners need to manage, making change initiatives and their results more unpredictable. The authors highlight the experiences of global OCD external consultants to illustrate this added complexity and discuss how practitioners should apply evidence in a complex, cross-cultural environment.


This paper focuses on the VM allocation policies for load balancing in cloud computing environment. Intermittent nature of balancing the load scheme into the cloud computing becomes a challenging job and it also affects the load balancing of the cloud. The suggested proposed model generates and step-up the VM allocation policies but also transforms the generated cloud workload. Furthermore, to improve the workload distribution of workload and stability of the overall cloud computing environment the load balancing algorithm is most important for load balancing. The work of load balancing is equally effective in the cloud computing environment and it is most essential one for load balancing algorithms to take care of all issues at the time of the work load. The researchers studied different algorithms to solve the problems of load balancing that generate problems during the distribution of workloads. The analysis VM allocation policies are tested on CloudSim environment and the results, and discussion is about to which one VM allocation policy is superior.


In these days, U-Health indicates that health care and medical services can be applied in real-time with the support of wired and wireless communication technology. It has emerged to give solutions for many social issues including medical expenses, aging of populations, and the absence of medical experts. In the case of Mobile, U-Health system is a service in which the mobile device provides to user an interface to interact with standalone medical devices. However, most medical devices adopt heterogeneous protocols and standards which fully depend on their manufacturers. To solve this issues, a standard ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD(Personal Health Device) has been developed by IEEE Personal Health Data Working Group. This standard provides techniques to assure compatible extensibility of the U-Health system by defining the standards which are responsible for managing and exchanging health information of the user between PHD and remote servers. For this reason, we designed a U-Health system on smart phone using the ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD standards, and secured communicate with SSL through the web interface. Then, we implemented a management application on smart phone using ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD standard in order to assure compatible extensibility among other types of PHDs from various manufacturers. Based on the result achieved from our implementation, the proposed U-Health system could be utilized as a realtime service which could be deployed in mobile environment from the reality.


This paper examines how changes in the relative importance of knowledge exchange (KE) in their overall portfolio of activities triggers moves towards diversification of their KE strategies. Using a 8-year panel data of UK universities, we find that as a university's proportion of KE income increases, it becomes more specialized in its KE profile. On the other hand, as the proportion of income from research increases, the university increasingly diversifies its KE activities. We also find that the existing levels of tangible and intangible assets that the university possesses moderate these dynamic relationships. The move towards diversification or specialization tend to be more pronounced for universities with narrower knowledge bases (intangibles) and smaller asset bases (tangibles), and vice versa, that is smaller and narrow based universities are more responsive in adapting their KE portfolio than larger and broad based ones. Paper: Universities are increasingly being looked upon as ambidextrous organizations, where they are simultaneously expected to explore the frontiers of knowledge through basic research, and at the same time, exploit this knowledge to create impact, both for the benefit of the wider society and for non-academic stakeholders for whom this knowledge has commercial value (Ambos et al., 2008; Sengupta and Ray, 2017b). While the exploration function has traditionally been a part of universities' core mission of research and teaching, it is only recently that the exploitation function collectively referred to as Knowledge Exchange (KE) in the literature has become a central feature in many universities (Ambos et al., 2008; Chang et al., 2009; Chang et al., 2016). A key factor that encourages universities to evaluate KE much more strategically than in the past, is the gamut of significant changes in the public funding model of basic research (Bhattacharjee, 2006). In many countries, public support for basic research (and education) is gradually being reduced, and universities are being encouraged to reduce their dependence on these in favour of private sources (Muscio et al., 2013; Rosli and Rossi, 2016; Strehl et al., 2007). The latter includes income from private donations in some cases, but a more widespread source is KE, in the form of licensing of intellectual property, research contracting, provision of consultancy services, provision of executive education courses, and so on. Furthermore, the allocation mechanisms for public funding have changed, with an increased role of performance-based funding allocations, which concentrate funding at the top of the rankings, leaving middle and low-ranking institutions particularly vulnerable to uncertainty (Rosli and Rossi, 2016). There is also growing evidence that universities are increasingly treating the exploitation function strategically, thus allocating resources, designing incentives, setting up internal mechanisms and processes to enhance KE, and generally taking a longer-term view of KE as an organization (Sengupta and Ray, 2017a). But not much is known about the dynamic impact of external and internal changes on the way a university's exploitation function has evolved, particularly around how KE is structured, strategized and executed (Uyarra et al., 2019). While it has been shown that increasing reliance on private funding changes the nature of universities' research activities and may encourage short termism (Archibugi and Filippetti, 2016), much less is known about how the exploitation arm reshapes itself in response to its own increasing relevance from a strategic point of view. The present study is one of the first to address this research gap, by analysing how universities' increasing dependency on its own exploitative function impacts its KE strategy. While previous research has examined the dynamic interlinkages between KE and research in terms of overall output, there is little understanding of how KE evolves strategically over time. This is crucial, both from a theoretical and practical perspective, as ambidexterity as a concept is closely aligned with the dynamic capabilities of organizations, and the latter has been shown to be critical for long term survivability and prosperity of organizations (O'Reilly and Tushman, 2008; 2013; Teece et al., 1997). From a university's perspective, this implies that as its KE and research capabilities develop and mature, it may possibly wish to reconfigure its future KE strategies and develop new competencies in response to changing realities around both these functions underpinning ambidexterity. Building on an eight-year panel dataset collecting publicly-available information about universities in the United Kingdom (UK) – where policy changes in recent years have increased the potential volatility of universities' sources of income – we examine how changes in the relative importance of exploration versus exploitation functions triggers moves towards diversification versus specialisation in KE strategies. The findings reveal that as a university's exploitative function matures and becomes increasingly important relative to others, it becomes more specialized in its KE profile. On the other hand, as the exploratory function grows in relative importance, the university increasingly diversifies its KE activities. In both cases, we see similar results for the portfolio of KE channels as well as the portfolio of external stakeholders it engages with. We also find that the availability of tangible and intangible assets within the university moderate these dynamic relationships significantly. The relationships tend to grow stronger for universities with narrower knowledge bases (intangibles) and smaller asset bases (tangibles), and vice versa. Generally, those universities which are relatively smaller and/or with narrower knowledge bases are more responsive in their KE strategies to changes in the relative incomes from their exploitation and exploration functions, whereas bigger more broad-based universities are less so. A limited amount of previous research shows that such realignment is linked to the way it is structured (centralised versus devolved) (Bercovitz et al., 2001; Sengupta and Ray, 2017a), to how its located (internal versus outsourced) (Sengupta and Ray, 2017a). Crucially, quite a few papers have examined the choice of KE channels, in particular the role of individual, departmental and organizational antecedents on the choice between commercialization and various forms of engagement (D'Este and Patel, 2008; Geuna and Rossi, 2011; Lockett et al., 2015; Perkmann et al., 2013). While most of these papers have addressed the question of choice of KE profile from a static perspective, to the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to consider it dynamically. Indeed, as ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities are closely interlinked (O'Reilly and Tushman, 2013), it is crucial to examine the evolution of the KE profile of universities over time, for theoretical and practical considerations.


We report a user-friendly, open source graphic user interface (GUI) capable of quantifying neuron morphologies from bright-field and fluorescence microscopy images while recording user inputs for future research—holography and photoacoustic image analysis to follow.


A central issue in ecology is the definition and identification of keystone species, i.e. species that are relatively more important than others for maintaining community structure and ecosystem functioning. Network theory has been pointed out as a robust theoretical framework to enhance the operationality of the keystone species concept. We used the concept of centrality as a proxy for a species' relative importance for the structure of seed dispersal networks composed of either frugivorous bats or birds and their food-plants. Centrality was expected to be determined mainly by dietary specialization, but also by body mass and geographic range size. Across 15 Neotropical datasets, only specialized frugivore species reached the highest values of centrality. Furthermore, the centrality of specialized frugivores varied widely within and among networks, whereas that of secondary and opportunistic frugivores was consistently low. A mixed-effects model showed that centrality was best explained by dietary specialization, but not by body mass or range size. Furthermore, the relationship between centrality and those three ecological correlates differed between bat- and bird-fruit networks. Our findings suggest that dietary specialization is key to understand what makes a frugivore species a keystone in seed dispersal networks, and that taxonomic identity also plays a significant role. Specialized frugivores may play a central role in network structuring and ecosystem functioning, which has important implications for conservation and restoration.


During recent years an evolving, "progressive" philosophy of education has become sufficiently embodied in detailed procedure to permit of its widespread adoption. As a result, here and there, from coast to coast, this new education, in various guises, under different names, and in various degrees of completeness has been tried out with results sufficiently promising to merit the more critical and comprehensive evaluation it is now receiving.


BACTERIAL host cells endow the DNA of bacteriophage h and that of the transducing phage hdg with host specificity (ARBER and DUSSOIX 1962; ARBER 1964). This label on the DNA plays an important role in phage infection. In the absence of the required host specificity, the bacteria degrade the DNA of the infecting phage, which is then said to be restricted (DUSSOIX and ARBER 1962). Preliminary evidence has been given by ARBER and DUSSOIX (1961) and ARBER (1962) that bacterial DNA is also subject to this same control mechanism. The enzymatic system endowing h DNA with host specificity would thus act on the host DNA as well, and the host specificity could play a role in the decision of whether DNA transferred in conjugation from male to female bacteria is accepted or rejected. This last action can be checked by measuring the frequency of formation of recombinants, provided other factors antagonistic to genetic integration, such as nonhomology of the male and female DNA molecules, are also considered. The present paper gives an account of experiments carried out to investigate restriction in bacterial conjugation involving Hfr, F+, F-gal+, F-lac+ and (RTF)f donor strains. Since our first experiments the results have been confirmed and extended by various other investigators (BOICE and LURIA 1963; HOEKSTRA and DE HAAN 1963; GLOVER, SCHELL, SYMONDS and STACEY 1963; PITTARD 1964; BOYER 1964).


This paper proposed whole-chip all-directional ESD protection circuit design with RC LIGBT-based 12 V Power clamp and SCR-based 12 V I/O Clamp. The proposed ESD protection circuit is fabricated using a $0.18\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process. To analysis electrical properties and robustness was analyzed by TLP (Transmission Line Pulse) system, and with an ESD pulse generator. The results of the measurement indicate that in the case of the RC LIGBT power clamp for HBM 8 kV and MM 800V in stress mode DS (VDD to VSS). Additionally, SCR-based ESD protection circuit for I/O can discharge ESD current in four stress mode (PD: positive - VDD, ND: negative -VDD, PS: positive -VSS, NS: negative -VSS) with superior characteristics for HBM 8kV, MM 800V.


Parents' most important need was for accurate and honest information. Needs focused around sensitive infant care and involvement in decision-making. The greatest stressor for parents was alteration to the parental role, followed by infant appearance.A descriptive / Cross-sectional study design is carried to assess the mothers' knowledge regarding infant physical needs in Babylon governorate. The study conducted in Babylon Governorate in AL-Hashemia district, health centers. The sample size was (100) mother's .The sample of study was multistage sampling, The data were collected through the training of two groups of specialized community health nursing student, each groups consisting of 2 students. They were trained on how to collect the sample and data collection method. The study used a developed questionnaire (Arabic version( The data of the present study are analyzed through the use of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) study concluded A third of the female participants in the study breastfeed their children through a bottle of milk and half of them feed their children 5 times a day, more than half of the participants had moderate information, while 40% of them had little information about caring for their children physically. study recommended new mothers depend on the care of their children on the family inheritance, especially the mother or older sister without adopting the scientific aspects and the development in the care of infants. Therefore, the study suggests developing an educational program that is part of the motherhood and childhood program.


The storage reliability of the flash memory suffers from serious challenges due to various noises such as inter-cell coupling interference and retention process, especially as the device size continuously scales down and the number of cell state levels increases up. Since the threshold voltage distributions shift because of these noises, the conventional pre-defined fixed thresholds will cause misreading errors when read the data. Motivated by the unidirectional shift characteristic of the voltage distributions caused by inter-cell coupling interference and retention process, this paper proposed the concept of dynamic thresholds, including dynamic verification thresholds (DVTs) and dynamic read thresholds (DRTs) to improve the flash reliability. Moreover, based on the dynamic thresholds, we also presented a signal processing scheme with DVTs to compensate the inter-cell coupling interference, and introduced two coding schemes with DRTs for tolerating the retention process, which can also be generalized to asymmetric channels. Analyses and simulation results show that the raw bit error rate (BER) can be significantly reduced by using dynamic thresholds.


Purpose: This case report described the effect of neural mobilization techniques in conjunction with physical therapy on a patient with median and ulnar nerve injuries. Method: A 56-year-old woman with median and ulnar nerve injuries from blunt trauma received neurorhaphy and neurolysis of the injured nerves. Thirteen months after nerve surgery, electrodiagnostic testing results [neural tension tests, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) tests] indicated that the patient had median and ulnar nerve entrapment. Thus, the patient was treated with neural mobilization techniques, 10 times over a 4-week period. Results: After 10 sessions of neural mobilization techniques, there were increases in active movements of the flexion, opposition, and abduction of the thumb as well as abduction and adduction (average10 degrees improvement) of the 4 fingers. There were also improvements in the two-point discrimination test for the hand and forearm (volar side: from 3 to 1.7 cm; dorsal side: from 2 to 1.3 cm), and functional activities (severe difficulty to mild difficulty). Conclusion: There seems to be a role for nerve mobilization techniques in the treatment of patients with peripheral nerve injuries following surgical management. Controlled studies regarding the effectiveness of nerve mobilization techniques in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries following surgical management are warranted.


In oxygen-deficient waters, the difficulties of oxygen uptake in gill parasites and their fish hosts may influence host and parasite densities, site selection by the parasite, and effects of the parasite on host condition. This study quantified the prevalence and intensity of the gill monogenean Neodiplozoon polycotyleus in the African cyprinid fish Barbus neumayeri from an intermittent forest stream in western Uganda. Oxygen levels were low in the stream over the 12-month study, averaging only 2.5 mg litre−1 (monthly range = 1.2–4.3 mg litre−1). However, parasite prevalence was high (47.2%), suggesting high tolerance to low oxygen in N. polycotyleus. The prevalence of parasites varied with host body size, with the highest frequency of occurrence in the middle size classes. Prevalence also varied over the year; seasonal peaks of rainfall coincided with a lower frequency of N. polycotyleus. The significantly nonrandom frequency distribution of parasites among hosts suggests regulation of parasite numbers. Of the hosts infected, 37.1% harboured one N. polycotyleus parasite, and 62.9% harboured two parasites. No fish were infected with more than two diplozoons. There was evidence for strong site specificity by N. polycotyleus within hosts; 77.7% of the parasites were located on the filaments of the second gill arch, which may relate to increased oxygen availability. In addition, only one of the 178 infected fish had more than one parasite on one side of the branchial basket. Although N. polycotyleus is undoubtedly parasitic, we found no evidence of a negative parasitic effect on the condition or reproductive status of B. neumayeri.

Resume

Dans les eaux deficientes en oxygene, la difficulte que rencontrent les parasites des branchies et leurs poissons hotes peut influencer la densite des hotes et des parasites, la selection du site par le parasite et l'effet du parasite sur la condition de son hote. Cette etude quantifie la prevalence et l'intensitede Neodiplozoon polycotyleus chez le cyprinide africain Barbus neumayeri dans un cours d'eau forestier intermittent a l'ouest de l'Ouganda. Le taux d'oxygene du cours d'eau est reste bas pendant les douze mois qu'a dure l'etude, egal en moyenne a 2,5 mg/litre (ecart mensuel = 1,2–4,3 mg/litre). Cependant, la presence parasitaire etait elevee (47,2%), ce qui suggere chez N. polycotyleus une tres bonne tolerance a de faibles taux d'oxygene. La presence de parasites variait avec la taille, elle etait la plus elevee dans les classes de taille moyenne. Cette presence variait aussi au cours de l'annee, et les pics saisonniers des pluies corespondaient a une abondance moindre de N. polycotyleus. La distribution de frequence des parasites qui n'est significativemement pas laissee au hasard chez les hotes suggere une regulation du nombre de parasites. Chez les hotes infestes, 37,1% abritaient un parasite et 62,9% en abritaient deux. Aucun hote n'en avait plus de deux. On a constate l'evidence d'une forte specificite de site de N. polycotyleus chez les hotes: 77,7% des parasites se trouvaient sur les filaments de la deuxieme branchie, ce qui peut avoir un rapport avec une meilleure disponibilite en oxygene. De plus, seul un des 178 poissons infestes avait plus d'un parasite d'un meme cote. Bien que N. polycotyleus soit indubitablement un parasite, nous n'avons trouve aucune preuve d'un effet negatif sur la condition ou sur le statut reproducteur de B. neumayeri.


This paper is concerned about improving our understanding of preventing fraud in e-business transactions using continuous assurance systems. A conceptual model has been constructed to produce a generalised overview of the fraud auditing environment, and the objects and forces influencing the process. The second aim of this paper is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of continuous assurance systems. Towards this goal, a specific implementation of one such system, eSCARF (electronic System Control Audit Review File) has been constructed and will be tested in the IBM WebSphere Commerce environment. This evaluation will be in the form of a case study of the usage of such a system in a real world business environment. One company will be selected for this purpose, and the eSCARF system will be integrated, after information gathering interviews, into their e-business system, and the resulting eSCARF reporting will be analysed and evaluated by the organisation's management.


Under aqueous conditions dimethylamine, piperidine, and triethylamine catalyzed the ring-transformation reaction of triaryl-2H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,6(6aH)-diones (1), giving benzoylhydroxy-1-pyrrolines 2, which afforded benzoylpyrroles 3 upon acid-catalyzed dehydration. The lactone-ring-opened amides 6 were obtained in the reaction of 1 with methylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, and perhydroazepine at room temperature in ethanol. Pyrrolidine and piperidine produced pyrrolecarboxamides 7 when the reaction was carried out in aqueous ethanol under reflux. Amides 6 afforded 7 upon treatment with the amines under the above-mentioned conditions.


Objective To study the intelligence, memory and emotion in patients with myasthenia gravis(MG). Methods Wechsler adult intelligence scale RC, Wechsler memory scale RC and self depression scalewere used to detect 31 patients with MG and 22 healthy control subjects and 25 medical control subjects. ResultsIn the majority of the test data, in the MG patient group were significantly lower than those in healthy control groupand the medical control group respectively.14 MG cases had intelligence impairment and among them 6 MG caseshad intelligence deficit, whereas 24 MG cases had memory impairment and among them 19 MG cases hadsignificantly memory impairment, with recent memory more significantly impaired than long memory,and withmemory damage more in the general body type than in the eye muscle type.13 MG cases had subjective depressionsymptoms.Conclusion The results support the idea that MG had central cholinergic impairment that might resultin cognitive dysfunction.


Background: Widespread routine use of cross-sectional imaging modalities (ultrasonography [US] and computed tomography [CT]) leads to incidental discovery of many focal lesions in kidneys. It is important that these lesions are correctly characterised since many of them represent malignancy. Incidentally discovered renal masses are often difficult to characterise because of their small size or complex morphology. Increasing numbers of renal cancers are discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other reasons; up to 40 % of those masses are smaller than 3cm. Together, US and CT are able to characterise up to 95 % of renal masses larger than 15mm. Bosniak classification proved to be very useful in distinguishing between benign and probably malignant cystic renal lesions. In small solid focal lesions, evidence of tumoral vascularity is crucial, since many of them represent small cancers. In CT, partial volume averaging can cause problems in detection of very small masses as well as their characterisation due to inacurate measurement of pre- and postcontrast density of the lesion. This can be overcome by using thin collimation and by modifying contrast administration protocols. Some hyperdense lesions are difficult to characterise because of sparse or non-opacification – they may represent hyperdense cystic mass or solid tumor (i. e. papillary renal cell carcinoma). US offers high-resolution imaging of cystic and complex masses and non-invasive asessment of vascularity. Considering high sensitivity and specificity rates of US and CT, angiography has a very limited value in diagnosis of small, cystic or poorly vascularized renal masses. Conclusions: How to manage patients with incidentally discovered small renal tumor? Small tumors (< 3 mm) rarely metastasize, are low grade and grow slowly. Therefore, in older or high-risk patients follow-up (watchful waiting) is an option. On the other hand, surgical tumor removal and follow-up is considered in younger patients. In many cases correct diagnostic and therapeutic decisions can only be achieved with collaboration of radiologist, urologist and pathologist.


The discourse on the information society is characterised by a democratic ideal of "general access." In this chapter, we follow the transformation of such an ideal as the discourse of the informati ...


We consider the ensemble observability problem for nonlinear systems and illuminate it from both theoretical and practical perspectives. In the ensemble observability problem we would like to reconstruct a density of initial states from the evolution of the density of outputs under a nonlinear system. For the theoretical question of ensemble observability, i.e. the uniqueness of the reconstruction of the initial state density, we discuss possible approaches. One approach is based on the natural connection between the ensemble observability problem with nonlinear tomography problems. Through this formulation, the problem also becomes amenable to computational solutions. We present an implementation of Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques from computerized tomography which is well-suited for reconstructing the initial state density. We illustrate this method on a simulation example.


The paper examines the ultimate motive of urban renewal in Nigeria within the context of neoliberal capitalism and the plausibility of niche for slum-tailored social work practice. It contends that urban renewal exercise is really motivated by the urge of the rich and powerful to acquire slum real estate which is subsequently repurposed to serve the interests of capital. But beyond this, it argues that each slum renewal or clearance invariably generates a new slum in its stead and thus the slum phenomenon can be considered a constant in the urban environment in Nigeria. As a result, there is need for shift of emphasis from simple orthodox renewal exercises to focusing on how to address the social challenges of slum dwelling. To this end, the paper contends that the peculiar social challenges of the slum which range from social conflict to crimes and juvenile delinquency ironically create opportunity for innovative and slum specific social work practice. Hence, there is need for the evolvement of social work competence and capacity to deal with these challenges in Nigeria. Given that this is a theoretical paper, the method of data collection is based on the desk review of extant literature on topical issues in the study. Consequently, the paper is anchored on the thematic method in making sense of the information collected from the literature and these were used as discussion sub-themes in the literature review section


A connection and junction apparatus of steel pipes for a strut is provided to reuse the steel pipes by fastening two coupled steel pipes with two ring plates having a plurality of reinforcement. A connection and junction apparatus of steel pipes for a strut comprises a first ring plate(110), a second ring plate(120), a plurality of reinforcements(300), and a fastening unit(130). The first and second ring plates covers the outer end surfaces of steel pipes, which are in contact with each other, and have first and second coupling pieces(111,121). The coupling pieces gets in contact with each other by a hinge. The reinforcements are attached to the first and second coupling pieces. The fastening unit secures the first coupling piece to the second coupling piece. The second ring plate covers the outer end surfaces of steel pipes, which is in contact with each other, and has a first coupling piece.


It is now well established that the aberrant conversion of peptides or proteins from their native functional states into toxic amyloid entities underlies the pathogenesis of a wide range of debilitating human diseases, collectively known as protein misfolding disorders (PMDs). To date, more than 50 amyloidogenic proteins or peptides have been shown to cause PMDs; these include amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) in type2 diabetes mellitus. Accumulating evidence indicates that one of the main pathogenic factors in PMDs involves a direct interaction of amyloidogenic proteins with biomembranes. However, the interplay between the two is highly complex, and overall cytotoxicity depends upon a combination of the physico-chemical properties of the misfolded proteins (e.g., size and surface hydrophobicity) on the one hand, with those of the lipid bilayer (e.g., phospholipid composition, cholesterol and ganglioside content) on the other. Exploring amyloid-membrane interactions at a fundamental level will help inform the development of novel therapeutics for PMDs. In this Research Topic, we have published a collection of five articles dedicated to amyloid-membrane interactions in PMDs, of which three are reviews and two original research articles. Peptide aggregation occurs along a misfolding continuum, starting from an intrinsically disordered monomeric state, through a range of metastable oligomeric entities, and ending in highly-organised fibrils featuring a repeated cross-β-structure. A consensus is building that the peptide conformations most relevant to toxicity are most likely represented not by the end-stage fibrils, but by the earlier oligomeric intermediates. Thus, Gonzalez-Garcia et al. extensively review recent progress in elucidating mechanisms involved in the interaction between toxic misfolded protein oligomers and biological membranes. Aided by excellent figures, they provide an overview of how oligomers of diverse proteins, such as α-syn, tau, Aβ42, SOD1 and the Eschericia coli HypF-N protein, share common mechanisms for disrupting cellular and mitochondrial membranes. These include membrane thinning by partial insertion into the bilayer, formation of transmembrane porelike structures, and lipid extraction through a detergent-like action. The various mechanisms converge on increased intracellular calcium levels and reactive oxygen species generation, ultimately triggering cellular apoptosis. Oxidative stress serves as a positive-feedback driver of Edited and reviewed by: Ramani Ramchandran, Medical College of Wisconsin, United States


In this paper, we propose a novel face recognition method based on fusing the near infrared and visible images of face images with distributed compressive sensing. The near infrared image and visible image of one same subject constitute an ensemble. Both images in one ensemble share a common sparse component while each individual image has an innovation component. To better capture the complementary information of the ensemble, the distributed compressive sensing is used to obtain the common component and the innovation component of near infrared and visible image. The obtained common component contains the complementary information of near infrared and visible image effectively. So the sparse coefficients of the common component obtained by distributed compressive sensing can better capture the intrinsic structures of each image and therefore can obtain better performance than that of only using near infrared image or visible image. The experimental results on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method.


Previous work has shown that a facial expression is able to be decomposed into an expressive component and an neutral component. Many researchers have utilized this principle to implement the facial expression classification with paired laboratory-controlled datasets where each expression image has a corresponding neutral face image of the same identity. However, existing approaches cannot deal with unpaired in-the-wild datasets where most of the expression images lack their corresponding neutral counterparts. In this paper, we propose a new de-expression method based on domain transfer techniques that applies the above principle to unpaired in-the-wild datasets. Different expressions are treated as different image domains so that domain transfer techniques (such as generative adversarial networks) are able to be adopted to generate neutral face images for in-the-wild datasets. In such way, we obtain better expression recognition accuracy and alleviate the problem of lacking paired expression images. Experimental results conducted on three well-known public datasets, CK+, RAF and FER2013, validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The results shows that our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on both laboratory-controlled and in-the-wild datasets.


Beta‐arrestin2 appears to mediate downregulation of the G protein coupled receptors, but this has not been characterized for cannabinoid receptors. The role of beta‐arrestin2 in the regulation of brain CB1 receptors was investigated in wild type and of beta‐arrestin2−/− mice. Chronic treatment of mice with 37.5 mg/kg delta9‐tetrahydrocannbinol (THC) once/day for four days showed no difference in the development of tolerance; however, there were differences between wild type and beta‐arrestin2−/− mice in the number of antagonist‐precipitated withdrawal signs. Radioligand binding indicated that THC treatment decreased the number of CB1 receptors in wild type mice, but did not affect the number of receptors in beta‐arrestin2−/− mice. These results indicated that the presence of beta‐arrestin2 does not appear to affect the development of tolerance, but does appear to affect the magnitude of dependence. Our studies also indicate that beta‐arrestin2 is required for down‐regulation of CB1 receptors.


In this paper, we analyze the main economic consequences for developing countries of the existence, the operation, and the evolution of the patent system in the context of TRIPS. We define the so-called post-TRIPS economy as the new system of international economic relations modified by the strengthening of intellectual property rights (IPR). We provide a survey of theoretical and empirical literature dealing with TRIPS, the evolution of the IPR system, and the capacity for development. The effects of the strengthening of intellectual property rights on technology transfers are also addressed.


Ten cabbage {Brassica oleracea L, var. capi tata) cult ivars were evaluated in terms of head characteristics a n d consumer acceptabi l i ty . They were p lanted at the Fortune agr icul tura l exper iment substat ion, on the southern coast of Puerto Rico. Head we igh t ranged f r om 1.73 kg to 0.61 kg; d iameter from 1 7.55 cm to 12.40 cm; and head leng th f rom 16.28 cm to 13,79 cm. No signi f icant difference was observed in head we igh t among cult ivars Rio Verde (wi th the highest score), Bravo and Big Cropper; nor between Titanic and Market Prize. Rfo Verde had the largest d iameter . There were no signi f icant differences in d iameter be tween cult ivars Rio Verde and Big Cropper; nor among Big Cropper, Bravo, Ti tanic, Market Prize and Superette. Rio Verde scored the highest in appearance. Appearance of other cabbage cultivars was not s igni f icant ly d i f fe rent . Al l cult ivars scored high in terms of flavor, texture and general acceptabi l i ty by the taste panel , both raw and cooked. In general terms, Rio Verde, Bravo, Titanic, Market Prize and Big Cropper scored the highest.


We investigate the possibility of performing stochastic simulation of a synthetic gene circuit that includes a cell-to-cell communication system with an intracellular feedback control circuit. We propose an implementation of the CLE stochastic simulation method that makes possible to simulate gene synthetic circuits involving cell-to-cell communication. We find the minimum number of samples ensuring the statistic moments over the population do not degrade. This allows us to reduce the total simulation time and improve the efficiency of the method. Also we reveal that one realization of the population of interconnected cells, provided there is enough time to perform the time average, is useful to obtain representatives of the long-term moments of the population. Finally we show the potential of the improved approach by performing an analysis of the influence of the parameters in the LuxR promoter on the noise strength of the population.


SUBTITLE: CIVIL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONS, AIRPORTS AND AIRLINES WORLDWIDE FACE A MOUNTING RAFT OF NEW LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS, PARTICULARLY IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD.


The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of educators pertaining to AIDS. Surveys were mailed to 212 educators employed in two districts in Southwestern Kansas. A total of 128 complete surveys were returned. Of the educators returning complete surveys, 25 were males and 103 were females. The following independent variables were investigated: age, gender, level at which the educator works, years of experience in education, and religious affiliation. The following dependent variables were investigated: Perceived Personal Vulnerability, Perceived Extent of Others' Risk Reduction Efforts, Desire for AIDS Information, Perceived Effectiveness of Preventive Measures, and Knowledge of AIDS. Five composite null hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. A three-way analysis of variance (general linear model) was employed for all null hypotheses. A total of 102 comparisons were made plus 102 recurring. Of the 102 comparisons, 30 were for main effects and 72 were interactions. The results of the present study appeared to support the following generalizations: 1. educators age 49 and less have a greater desire for AIDS Information than those age 50 and over, 2. educators with 1-5 years experience have a greater desire for AIDS Information than those with 21 and more years of experience, 3. educators with 16-20 years of experience Perceived Effectiveness of Preventive Measures more important than those with 1-5 years of experience, 4. educators working at the high school level have more Knowledge of AIDS than those working at the elementary level, 5. educators age 35-49 have more Knowledge of AIDS than those age 50 and over, 6. the independent variables age and gender should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Perceived Disease Severity, 7. the independent variables gender and years of experience should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Perceived Disease Severity, 8. the independent variables years of experience and level at which the educator works should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Perceived Personal Vulnerability, 9. the independent variables age, years of experience, and level at which the educator works should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Perceived Extent of Others' Risk Reduction Efforts, 10. the independent variables age and level at which the educator works should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Perceived Personal Vulnerability, 11 . the independent variables age, gender, and level at which the educator works should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Perceived Personal Vulnerability, and 12. the independent variables gender and religious affiliation should be examined concurrently for the dependent variable Knowledge of AIDS.


The long head of the biceps (LHB) brachii tendon originates at the supraglenoid tubercle and superior glenoid labrum. Its labral origin is mostly posterior in over half of cases. Inside the joint, the tendon is extrasynovial and passes obliquely, heading toward the bicipital groove. The LHB tendon distally joins the short head of the biceps (SHB) tendon as both transitions into their respective muscle bellies in the central third of the upper arm, and after crossing the volar aspect of the elbow, inserts on the radial tuberosity and medial forearm fascia. The latter occurs via the bicipital aponeurosis.The blood supply to the LHB tendon occurs via the anterior humeral circumflex artery. Two critical areas of avascularity of the LHB tendon have been demonstrated to be located on the deep undersurface of the tendon in the groove, and proximally near its insertion at the superior glenoid.The bicipital groove is an anatomic landmark that sits between the greater and lesser tuberosities and serves as a critical location of proximal biceps stability. The soft tissue components of the groove create a tendo-ligamentous sling to support the LHB tendon. They include portions of the rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis and supraspinatus), coracohumeral ligament (CHL), and the superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL).Biomechanically, the LHBT has a controversial role in the dynamic stability of the shoulder joint. It has been demonstrated, mostly in biomechanical cadaveric-based studies and animal models, that the tendon at least plays a passive stabilizing role in the shoulder. Neer proposed in the 1970s that the LHBTs stabilizing role varied depending on the position of the elbow. Several subsequent studies refuted the theory that the LHBT played any active shoulder stabilizing effect. Jobe and Perry evaluated the activation of the biceps during the throwing motion in athletes. The authors reported the peak muscle stimulation occurred in relation to elbow flexion and forearm deceleration, with very little proximal biceps activity during the earlier phases of throwing.Thus, in most healthy patient populations, the LHBT plays a negligible role in the dynamic stability of the shoulder. The main function of the biceps muscle is forearm supination and elbow flexion. The biceps also contributes 10% of the total power in shoulder abduction when the arm is in external rotation.


ABSTRACTPurpose: characterize the vocal symptoms of future professional voice users according to the age, gender and body mass index. Methods: the participants answered the Voice Symptom Scale, consisting of 30 questions, 15 being from limitation domain, eight from emotional domain and seven from the physical domain. Subjects were instructed to mark the answer that corresponds to the frequency of occurrence for each of the symptoms questioned. Also have been collected occupational data, anthropometric and general health. The data were analyzed descriptively and statistically using the nonparametric tests Spearman rank correlation, Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of 5%. Results: the sample consisted by 47 subjects, aged between 19 and 37 years (mean 22,17 years), being 28 (59,57%) females and 19 (40,43%) were males, the average was 11,38 vocal problems of a possible total of 30. There was greater frequency of symptoms "you cough or hem" and "you have difficulty to speak in noisy places".


The vitality, growth and survival of microorganisms are highly affected because of salinity in the environment. Salinity results in osmotic stress and toxic ions, which in turn hinder the soil microbial activity. The salt tolerant Bacillus spp. showed Optimum growth at 20% salt concentration. While the salt tolerance observation, other test revealed the ability of organism to exhibit phosphate solubilization. Under salt stress, various mechanisms such as exopolysaccharides production, indole acetic acid production, ammonia production were stimulated. The salt stress was alleviated by these various mechanisms for the means of survival. Index Terms Ammonia, Exopolysaccharide, Halotolerant, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Plant growth promoting bacteria.