Forceps biopsy is a useful method for histopathological diagnosis of bile duct lesions. However, obtaining sufficient tissue from an appropriate target position is often difficult under fluoroscopic guidance, especially in the hilar region. Although it can be confirmed that the target position is grasped with cholangioscopy-guided biopsy, the tissue obtained is often insufficient because the working channel diameter of conventional cholangiscopy is only 1.2 mm and thus the only available forceps is a 1.0 mm diameter small-cup [1]. Here, a newly developed cholangioscope (DRES Cholangioscopy System; Japan Lifeline Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) has a large working channel of 2.0 mm, allowing the use of biopsy forceps with a 1.5–1.8 mm diameter cup, used in conventional upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopes (Fig. 1). A 77-year-old woman diagnosed with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma required a biopsy of the B4 confluence for treatment decision making. A biopsy was performed using a conventional cholangioscope with 1.0 mm diameter forceps, but a diagnosis could not be made due to poor sample quality and quantity. Therefore, ERCP was re-performed and the novel cholangioscope was inserted up to the hilar portion. Targeted biopsy was then performed in the B4 confluence with cholangioscopic confirmation using 1.5 mm diameter forceps (Fig. 2). Adequate specimens were obtained with the diagnosis of no malignancy and no extension of cholangiocarcinoma (Fig. 3), leading to the application of appropriate therapeutic strategies. No adverse events were observed after the procedure. A mapping biopsy is often needed to determine the surgical indication and method for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma [2]. However, accurately obtaining sufficient samples from the target site is often challenging. The new cholangioscope has a large working channel, which expands the choice of devices that can be used. The ability to insert larger forceps is expected to increase the diagnostic rate of biliary targeted biopsy.


In order to assess the effect of the genotoxicity of Ivermectin( IVM) on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles,the DNA damage in erythrocytes of the tadpoles,exposed to different concentrations of Ivermectin( 0. 000 5,0. 004 0,0. 007 5,0. 011 0,0. 014 5 mg·L- 1) for 48 h and 96 h,was investigated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay( SCGE). The results showed that under laboratory conditions,the DNA damage rate and arbitrary units in erythrocytes of tadpoles increased with increasing IVM concentrations and treating hours. The exposure to the concentration of 0. 000 5 mg·L- 1IVM for 48 h resulted in strongly significant increases in DNA damage rate in the tadpoles. Both of the DNA damage rate and arbitrary units were strongly significant higher than those of the controls when exposed to 0. 007 5 mg·L- 1IVM. There was strong linear correlation between arbitrary units of DNA damage and the concentrations of IVM in the same exposing time. The results of this study indicated that IVM produced DNA damage in amphibian tadpoles,and may be a risk of upsetting water ecological balance.


In financial, electronic and other security-sensitive industries, data centers require various protocols and algorithms to secure massive volumes of transactions. It is well known that digital signature is a computationally expensive task and a potential bottleneck that can restrict overall performance. In this paper, we make the following contributions. First, we propose a novel method called sDPF-RSA to accelerate the core algorithm of RSA, Montgomery multiplication, for Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The sDPF approach takes advantage of the sign bit to increase the amount of information processed with each double precision floating point value and considerably improves performance. Second, we have comprehensively reviewed and tested the algorithms to ensure they all run in constant time. In particular we improve the standard carry resolution algorithm, introducing two constant time parallel techniques. We thus minimize the potential for timing attacks against GPU based RSA crypto-systems. Finally, we propose a full implementation of RSA, optimized for our GPU-accelerated computing platform to maximize its computing power. With protection against timing attacks, the throughputs of RSA-2048/3072/4096 on an NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN Black set a record of 52,747/15,179/6,435 (for signature generation) and 1,237,694/584,083/354,139 (for signature verification with public key 65,537) operations per second with modest latency, outperforming the contemporaneous CPU and many-core processor Xeon Phi by 3.9-11 times.


A sort of design and the analysis of the experiment result for Align microscope object lens.which is equipped on Mask Aligner,has been introduced.A kind of Conjugate infinity distance Type has been used in the object lens.For the traditional double Gs structure employed for taking pictures,a complex design has been used.In addition,the optics system has also been improved for long working distance,flat-field,and scene depth.


The paper analyses the industry-specific determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in Indian manufacturing industries. We find that the intensity of IIT would be larger if an industry is characterized by a greater degree of product differentiation. The intensity of IIT reduces if the spectrum of production activities in an industry is confined to few locations because of plant level scale economies. We find a negative relationship between IIT and the extent of multinational involvement, indicating that foreign direct investment replaces export sales of differentiated products to the host countries.


There are more and more researches which are about the CT perfusion imaging(CTPI) technology in the recent years,including the detection of ischemic penumbra of acute stroke thrombolytic therapy,the evaluation of the cerebral hemodynamic changes in patients with TIA or ischemic stroke and the CTPI research about cerebral reserve capacity and so on.The principle and characteristic of CTPI as well as its application in evaluating cerebral ischemia and cerebrovascular reserves are reviewed in this paper.


The problem of session variability in text-independent speaker verification has been tackled actively for a few years. Factor analysis has successfully been applied for this problem. However, efficient implementation of factor analysis is also a challenge. In this paper we propose a novel GMM mixture pre-selection based factor analysis model for speaker verification and show how it successfully implemented using some fast approximations which result in minor degradation in accuracy. We tested the novel algorithm on the NIST SRE 2006 evaluation set. With similarly accuracy as factor analysis, the efficiency is improved about 10 times.


Describes and analyzes two test methods used especially for DR mammograph,which are helpful for the quality control and quality assurance of DR Mammography in the hospital.


Enterprises must choose the right way of financing to raise funds for their productive and operative activities,so that such activities can run in order and satisfy the needs of the reproduction.The article analyses the significance,reason,necessity of the prevention,so that the lowest financing cost,least risk and the goal of the economic benefits can be realized.


This paper proposes a novel soft-start circuit,which raises the output voltage from zero to regulated value smoothly. This circuit effectively suppresses the DC-DC switching power supply inrush current and output voltage overshoot during startup. At the same time,the soft-start circuit overcomes the shortcoming that the traditional soft-start circuit can not start up with heavy load. This circuit is easy to integrate into the DC-DC regulator,because we do not use the external capacitor which takes too much area. The Cadence Spectre simulation platform is used for circuit simulation and verification. In the synchronous boost DC-DC chip with an input voltage of 2. 4 ~ 4. 2 V,the load starts up within the range of 0 ~ 2. 1 A,and neither inductor current nor output voltage overshoot appears.


Purpose: This study was carried out to compare between the remineralizing ability of incorporating calcium phosphate nanoparticles (nCaP) into composite and composite without calcium phosphate nanoparticles, using adhesive with and without fluoride on remineralization of caries affected dentin in-vivo. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were incorporated into the flowable i-FlowN composite at a mass fraction of 10%. Forty molars in forty patients having class I caries with ICDAS II score 3 were selected. In each selected molar, caries was removed except from the pulpal floor. Thereafter, molars were divided into two groups (n= 20) according to the type composite; resin composite incorporating nCaP and resin composite without nCaP. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n=10) according to the adhesive used; resin composite incorporating nCaP and free fluoride adhesive, resin composite not incorporating nCaP and free fluoride adhesive. All cavities were finally sealed with nanohybride resin composite (Filtek Z350). Assessment of mineral density was performed at base line (C), after one month (C1) and after three months (C3) using digitized radiography. Results: The resin composite incorporating nCaP with adhesive induce the highest remineralization potential during the study intervals followed by resin composite incorporating nCaP free adhesive, then composite free nCaP with fluoride adhesive and lastly composite not incorporating nCaP free fluoride adhesive. Conclusion: nanoparticles are capable of remin eralizing the caries affected dentin when incorporated into composite resin and fluoride increase the remineralizing ability. Codex : 05/22.01 firstname.lastname@example.com http://adjg.journals.ekb.eg DOI: 10.21608/adjg.2021.56032.1328 Restorative Dentistry (Removable Prosthodontics, Fixed Prosthodontics, Endodontics, Dental Biomaterials, Operative Dentistry)


In this letter, a computational approach for solving cross-coupled algebraic Riccati equations (CAREs) is investigated. The main purpose of this letter is to propose a new algorithm that combines Newton's method with a gradient-based iterative (GI) algorithm for solving CAREs. In particular, it is noteworthy that both a quadratic convergence under an appropriate initial condition and reduction in dimensions for matrix computation are both achieved. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the efficiency of this proposed algorithm.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and device for forcedly braking the remaining end of a long rolling stock. SOLUTION: The braking is carried out by using an independent remaining end braking slider 31, or in a manner that a rollgang 20 for lowering a conveyor roller 24 to the bottom of a trough is equipped with a branching part 19 in which a separate arrival trough 41 is provided in the rear, and that the independent remaining end braking slider 31 is installed in the path of the arrival trough 41. COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO


Objective To prepare high-titer horse anti-rabies plasma.Methods Virus inoculation,cultivation and harvest were adopted to generate concentrated rabies virus antigen cultured in primary hamster kidney cells.Immunological effects of primary hamster kidney cell-derived and sheep brain-derived rabies virus on horse were compared.Results The plasma titers of anti-rabies antibodies were significantly higher in horses immunized with primary hamster kidney cell-derived rabies virus(mean,157 IU/ml)than in those immunized with sheep brain-derived rabies virus(mean,113 IU/ml).Conclusion High titer horse anti-rabies plasma was successfully prepared.


Abstract : This thesis evaluates the Dual Function ABRI (Dual Function of The Indonesian Armed Forces in Indonesia). In context of the National development the ABRI represents a major institution in the State of Indonesia. The ABRI has a dual function of playing a central role of contributing to the Nation's development, first as a defense and security force, and secondly, as a socio- political force, especially as we approach the year 2000. The ABRI has contributed to the development of Indonesia. This thesis examines the role of the ABRI Dual Function in Indonesia Society, its contribution to national development and to the Dual Function role in Indonesia's future.


Objectives: B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor therapy has recently been approved for non-renal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). While BAFF plays a role in experimental lupus nephritis (LN), its role human LN is not well studied. Methods: Case control study in 102 SLE patients, 30 with LN (+LN) and 72 without LN (-LN) and 31 healthy controls. We analysed BAFF mRNA expression in PBMCs (BAFF-RQ) and serum BAFF (s-BAFF) levels and investigated their relation with clinical, histological- and additional acute phase proteins. Results: s-BAFF and BAFF-RQ were increased in +LN patients compared to controls, but their expression did not correlate with ISN/RPS class, Activity- or Chronicity index on biopsy. s-BAFF correlated with levels of anti-nucleosome antibodies, C1 inhibitor and α-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP), while BAFF-RQ correlated inversely with Factor VIII. Conclusions: s-BAFF and BAFF mRNA levels are increased in LN patients, but do not reflect histological disease severity. The association of increased BAFF expression with both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers and reduced endothelial activation suggest that BAFF inhibition in LN may have diverse effects.


Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are useful in environment where fixed network infrastructure is unavailable. MANETs demand an efficient and distributed Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to effectively reduce collisions and thus becomes a key issue for MAC design in MANETs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to avoid collisions, achieve fairness with the help of carrier sensing, handshaking, and back-off mechanism. The use of multiple channels in wireless networks could provide performance advantages in reducing collisions and enabling more concurrent transmissions. This paper provides a brief study on two popular Contention based MAC protocol - BTMA and DBTMA.


A physically motivated approach is used to study the linear chain XXZ spin‐1 Hamiltonian in the antiferromagnetic regime. A variational Hamiltonian is obtained restricting the basis set to states with local antiferromagnetic environments separated by sites with Sz=0 acting as domain walls. Ground‐state properties of this variational Hamiltonian are obtained and, in particular, an order–disorder transition is found with critical behavior corresponding to the two‐dimensional Ising model universality class, in agreement with Haldane conjecture. Excellent agreement with finite chain data concerning the position of Haldane's point, ground‐state energy, and elementary excitations is found.


Abstract The Cambrian fauna can now reasonably be seen as containing many taxa that lie in the stem-groups of the extant phyla. As such, these fossils suggest how both the 'body plans' of extant phyla were assembled, and also how various 'minor' phyla relate to the larger groupings of today such as the arthropods and annelids. The various arthropod and lobopod taxa of the Cambrian faunas have been controversial and have generally been considered either as lying in the crown or (occasionally) stem groups of the euarthropods, onychophorans and tardigrades. However, phylogenetic analysis strongly suggests that many of even the most euarthropod-like taxa do not lie within the euarthropod crown-group but are more basal. Further, the commonly expressed view that Cambrian lobopods are in effect stem- or crown-group onychophorans also seems not to be well supported. Lobopods in the Cambrian appear to be diverse and not particularly closely related to one another, and certainly cannot be combined in a monophyletic clade. Both these advances offer hope that the tardigrades (placed as the sister group to the euarthropods in many analyses of extant taxa, here collectively named the Tactopoda) may be more closely related to some of these Cambrian taxa than others. The challenge for both neontologists and palaeontologists is to refine the systematic analysis of both living and fossil taxa in order to maximise the usefulness of the (admittedly few) characters that unite tardigrades to their Cambrian forbears.


Force/displacement actuators with the high output power and time response can be fabricated from shape memory wires or ribbons. Typically Ni-Ti shape memory alloys are used as an active material in such actuators. They are driven by Joule heating and air convection cooling. In the present work, the time response of various types of Ni-Ti actuators having different transformation temperatures and geometrical sizes, is studied systematically under conditions of free and forced air convection. The simple analytical model for calculating the time response is developed which accounts for the latent heat and thermal hysteresis of transformation. For all the types of considered actuators, the calculated time response is in a good agreement with that observed experimentally. Finally, on the base of the suggested model, we present the time response of Ni-Ti actuators calculated as a function of their transformation temperature and cross section dimensions.


We analyzed data from a long‐term artificial selection experiment that includes 4 lines of mice bred for high voluntary wheel running (HR) and 4 non‐selected control (C) lines. The HR lines reached a selection limit at generation ~16, running ~3‐fold more revolutions/day than C lines. In addition, wheel running varied across generations in an apparently cyclical fashion in both HR and C. We used the first 25 generations to estimate quantitative genetic parameters before, during, and after the selection limit was reached. We used ASReml‐R to apply the "animal model", a linear mixed‐model that uses all the information on the coefficients of co‐ancestry among individuals in a pedigree. Our preliminary results indicate additive genetic variance (VA) was not eliminated in HR lines after the limit was reached. However, the selection regime led to a negative covariance between VA and maternal genetic variance (VM), which could maintain VA in the selected trait and potentially explain the presence of a cycle. We also found that the genetic correlation between mean running speed and duration of wheel running tended to be lower in females than in males, which may explain why the response to selection was achieved differently in females (mainly speed) and males (both speed and duration). Supported by NSF grants IOS‐1121273 to TG and EF0328594 to PAC, and a NSERC postdoctoral fellowship to VC.


A 2‐year‐old boy with flat and spoon‐shaped nail plates was referred to us. His mother had noticed that his fingernails were quite soft when he was born. After 2 months, the nails became flat or spoon‐shaped; the toenail plates also became rough and flat. Systemic examination revealed nothing unusual. All his fingernail plates were quite thin, and had concave surfaces; the distal edges of some nail plates were rough and darkened ( Fig. 1 ). His great, second and middle toenails on both sides showed the same abnormalities as the fingernails. Routine laboratory tests were normal; serum levels of iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium were within normal limits. Repeated microscopic examination and culture of fungi from both fingernails and toenails were negative. Histologic examination of the distal edges of some of his fingernail plates was basically normal.


MALE STERILITY has been found as a mutant in most higher plants that have received more than a cursory genetic examination. This phenomenon is often associated with physiological upsets, morphological abnormalities, and aberrant chromosome behavior. It may be conditioned by cytoplasmic factors, nuclear genes, and interactions between genes and cytoplasmic factors. The appreciation of the advantages of hybrid vigor has stimulated plant breeders to look for efficient methods of producing pollen-free inbred lines. Control of pollen production without the difficulty of mechanical emasculation has allowed crosses to be made efficiently in many additional species, and has stimulated research in plants which otherwise would have been disregarded because of difficulculties in hybridization. This paper reports the results of research designed to determine the feasibility of utilizing male sterility for the production of Fx hybrid table beet seed.


Generative artificial intelligence tools have found a wide range of uses in marketing. This article delves into how these tools are transforming three key areas of marketing: personalization, insight generation, and content creation.


A study quantifying the role of the interactive effects of salt and drought stresses, generally co-occurred in deserts, on seed germination in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was conducted in a constant temperature incubator. The experiment consisted of seven levels of salinity stress (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8% NaCl) as well as six drought stress levels (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.6 and-2.0 MPa PEG). Accordant to our expectations, the interactive effects of salinity and drought stresses were additive on seed germination percentages, germination rate, and germination energy; significant decreases were seen in all of them in response to increases in salt and/or drought stresses. Furthermore, regression coefficients of salinity (β1) were higher than drought (β2), indicating that salinity was the first factor, and drought was secondary for salt and drought mixed stresses.


Abstract : A generalized computer program has been developed to plot contours on the Houston Instruments and/or Tektronix plotters. Several input options are permitted to increase flexibility of the program. The program is programmed in FORTRAN IV language and implemented on the CDC 6600 computer. (Author)


Abstract A new high-sensitivity optical reflective probe is reported for the simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity and temperature. A concise interference structure was used for exciting the cladding mode. A nanoscale gold film served as the sensitive detection area to induce surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A photosensitive material (polydimethylsiloxane) was partially coated on the sensitive layer to produce double SPR peaks. The SPR effect model of the optical fiber structure was modified and a complete detection system was constructed. The preparation and structural parameters were optimized to obtain high-quality spectral properties. Through the calibration experiments, the response to salinity at its characteristic wavelength had a sensitivity of 0.0558 nm/%, while the temperature response at its characteristic wavelength was −4.418 nm/°C. The reflective probe was shown to have low crossover sensitivity. Compared with standard instrumentation, this device was shown to be stable and precise and is expected to have significant practical applications.


Plastic syringes are Class IA medical devices which are used frequently for the administration of drugs parenterally. Syringes and their materials have to fulfil the tests like transparency, water vapor permeability, leakage and cytotoxicity. These tests are indicated in pharmacopoeias and they are applied for the understanding whether is suitable to standard. Also they obey to some requirements such as electrical properties, sterility, chemical resistance and extractables/ leachables. These requirements are indicated in standards. In this article, firstly the requirements and tests are mentioned. Afterwards, sterilization of plastic syringes with ethylene oxide or radiation and the effects of radiation sterilization on the plastic syringe materials are explained. Finally, several studies done on the possible interaction between plastic materials of syringes and some chemical solutions have been summarized.


The analysis contained in this article is centered on the German jurist Carl Schmitt and his polemical interpretation about the destiny of Leviathan, which is understood both as a political symbol and a political doctrine. In this paper it is established that Schmitt pushed aside certain moral-oriented readings that present Hobbes in the modern conception of the State both as a perverse defender of absolutism and also as the ultimate representative of political and formal iusnaturalism. In any case, Schmitt displays Hobbes as a basically political thinker who lays out the autonomy of decisions while observing the problem of sovereign power.


The optical properties of a two-level molecular system immersed in a thermal reservoir and irradiated by an electromagnetic field were studied using the optical stochastic Bloch equations. The effect of the solvent is modeled as a stochastical shift of the system's Bohr frequency and the electromagnetic field includes both pump and probe fields. The resulting analytical expressions were studied by means of two and three dimensional graphics of the optical properties as a function of the pump-frequency detuning factor and the strength of the noise source.


The cutting property of six self-designed zinc alloy ingots was investigated by means of cutting-hole test.Results show that small amount of alloy elements cannot obviously improve the cutting property of zinc alloy.When the amount of alloy elements,such as Cu,Mg,Al,Fe,Pb,is higher than 5%wt,the hardness of zinc alloy was greatly enhanced and its cutting property was enhanced to some extent.Addition of proper amount of rare earth elements can improve the cutting property of zinc alloy effectively.


The potential for mapping the information economy as a means of understanding how the various component parts may be represented within a spatial structure is explored in this article. The author examines and critiques two existing maps and proposes another set of maps that represent the supply of and demand for information, respectively. The article is exploratory by design and is intended to stimulate discussion rather than offer a concrete solution to the complex issue.


In this article, we introduce the triple Laplace transform for the solution of a class of fractional order partial differential equations. As a consequence, fractional order homogeneous heat equation in 2 dimensions is investigated in detail. The corresponding solution is obtained by using the aforementioned triple Laplace transform, which is the generalization of double Laplace transform. Numerical plots to the concerned solutions are provided to demonstrate our results.


The 1980s were a time of substantial change for tax policy in the United States. Although it represented continuation of a trend that began at least as early as 1978, the 1981 Tax Act was notable for sharp reductions in the effective rate of tax on certain forms of investment. In particular, accelerated depreciation and investment tax credits favored investment in structures and equipment, and the exclusion from the base of 60% of capital gains encouraged corporate investment supporting equity claims ("equity-financed" investment). The Tax Reform Act of 1986 apparently balanced less accelerated depreciation, the elimination of the invest ment tax credit, and the removal of the capital gains exclusion with reduced tax rates at both the corporate and individual level. The objec tive of the 1986 law was to even the investment playing field, to subject all forms of investment to lower but more uniform levels of taxation. In


In last month's edition of the REIQ Journal, we examined the PAMD Form 21a - Appointment of Real Estate Agent (Commercial and Industrial Sales, Leasing and Property Management) (the Form 21a), focusing on its application for real estate agents engaged in commercial property management.


ABSTRACT For the last two decades, the polysemous notion of 'scale' has drawn an increasing amount of attention among scholars studying heritage policies and practices, often with regard to UNESCO conventions. Significantly, in many of these works, terms such as 'global', 'national' and 'local' are connected to categories of 'scale' or 'level' that are taken for granted by the scholars who use them to guide their analysis. This paper, in contrast, promotes a different, constructivist understanding of the notion of scale. From our perspective, there is an added value to be found in focusing—without using any preconceived or external conception of scale—on the ways in which stakeholders conceive of and use scale throughout the processes of heritage making. Using the case of alpinism and the creation of its file for submission to the Intangible Cultural Heritage list, we show that the interest of this approach lies in its comprehensive ability to highlight how people define, elaborate and use scale in order to qualify their practices or to achieve specific goals.


Zebrafish are "in" right now. Recently, an entire issue of Development [December 1996] was devoted to the results of an extensive drive to identify several thousand new mutations in the zebrafish Danio rerio. One of the teams was led by Janni Nusslein-Volhard who has already won the Nobel Prize for a similar project on fruit flies (Holder & McMahon 1996). She and her colleagues specifically chose zebrafish for their study because they wanted a vertebrate model for development in which the biology of the organism was well understood and mass screening for mutants is possible (Brown 1997). The zebrafish was chosen because it is easily bred under laboratory conditions; it is small-only an inch long-so it is relatively easy to produce the thousands of specimens the researchers needed. It is the combination of the clear visibility of the early stages of development plus relatively easy mutability that makes the zebrafish so attractive (Roush 1996a). Recent work indicates that the early stages of zebrafish development are similar to those in other vertebrates, an important characteristic if this fish is to be used as a model of vertebrate development. Wade Roush (1996b) reports that the zebrafish is making outmoded


This study investigated the relative ranking of community participation strategies utilized for health development among the o-kun Yoruba of Kogi State, Nigeria. Data for the study were generated mainly by means of multi-stage sampling technique through the use of structured questionnaire administered to 235 respondents randomly selected from 7 communities in the study area. Techniques of data analysis were mainly the use of Preference Based Analysis and non-parametric statistics including simple frequency distribution. Findings from the study revealed that there was no uniformity in the ranking of such strategies among the study population. And the study suggests therefore that, aside from the fact that participation does not just occur, every community seems to opt for a community participation strategy whose end they are able to see more clearly, and utilize more to advantage, among several alternatives. One major implication of this analysis is that health planners and policy makers in the health sector must appreciate the fact that whether in rural or urban settlements, health behaviour is always a rational one. This study also recommends that end-users of health programs should be sufficiently involved in the critical stages of project formulation, planning, implementation, evaluation and decision- making.


ABSTRACT

Bob Parpunguan Fernandus. Teaching Speaking Skill Using Direct Method at Seventh Grade of Student in SMPN 03 Babelan Kabupaten Bekasi. A project Faculty of Letters. Gunadarma University. Jakarta; 05 September 2012.

In this papper, the writer adopted concerning observation direct method in the class and suitable school. Studying English without practice is useless. One problem that makes the students speaks. Speaks gasping is that student feel really shy about talking in English. One the other hand, if the right activities are taught in the right way, speaking in the class can be a lot of fun, raising general learner motivation and making the English language class room is fun and a dynamic place. Because of above reason, the writer has chosen "Teaching Speaking Skill Using Direct Method at Seventh Grade of Student in SMPN 03 Babelan Kabupaten Bekasi".

Keywords: Teaching, Speaking, Discussing, Direct Method


The command administrative system of governance which existed in the former Soviet Union was based on bureaucracy as one of its key elements. Soviet bureaucracy was fully politicized. To be placed even in a minor managerial position was tantamount to becoming a political appointee: a person had to be approved by the Communist party's local committee. The term "nomenclature" is generally used to describe the senior management level in the former Soviet Union. Basically, it was an explicit list of top administrative posts to which only select people could have been appointed. These people (all, without exception, Communist Party members with the experience of several years) were on the lists of potential candidates that were maintained by the Communist Party. The "new Russian bureaucrat" is often a former nomenklatura member. To what extent do present governmental structures meet the goals of the transitional period? What, if any, can be done in order to improve the situation?


Following an introduction to noise and noise regulation of wind turbines, the problem of adverse health effects of turbine noise is discussed. This is attributed to the characteristics of turbine noise and deficiencies in the regulation of this noise. Both onshore and offshore wind farms are discussed.


This dataset consists of 24hs time series of household occupancy probabilities at 10 min resolution for seven household groups of England derived from the United Kingdom Time Use Survey, 2014-2015. Three occupancy states are presented: 'at home and sleeping', 'at home and not sleeping' and 'away from home'. All works which use or refer to these materials should acknowledge these sources by means of data citation.
For more information on how this dataset was created, please refer to:
Aragon, V., Gauthier, S., Warren, P., James, P., & Anderson, B. (2017). Developing English domestic occupancy profiles. Building Research & Information. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1399719


Rivers are natural geological laboratories that can be readily used for introductory physical geology classes. River processes and landforms make excellent subjects for local field trips. Field exercises can involve discharge measurement, flood prediction, and application of the Hjulstrom diagram to river sediments. These field exercises require an estimation of the velocity of the river current. Surface velocities can be measured using a "current bob" constructed from a stryofoam ball, several nails, a wooden dowel and several meters of seine twine. The Manning Formula provides a check of the current velocity.


A gas turbine combustor must be designed to satisfy many mutually conflicting design requirements, including stable operation and high combustor efficiency over a wide operating envelop, low pollution emissions, low pressure loss, acceptable temperature pattern factor, low liner wall temperature levels and acceptable starting characteristics. However, creating a reliable flame stabilization mechanism in the primary zone is the initial step in achieving the combustor basic requirement In this study, we investigate two annular combustors used in a 60-lbf-thrust turbojet engine. In accordance with experimental finding of both combustors, the redness of the tailpipe is observed as the overall equivalence ratio exceeds 0.25. However; a higher equivalence ratio can be expected in full engine operation owing to the turbine's energy consumption. Flame stabilization capability of type Β combustor seems to have deteriorated from the perspective of lean blowout limit Numerical results indicate that the deep penetration of the primary jet in type Β combustor worsens the performance in flame stabilization as compared to type A combustor. CO emission data reveal that the combustor inefficiency is higher than expected as attributed mainly to an undersized combustion volume, weak flame stabilization capability, and questionable atomization performance of the air-blast atomizers of the combustors investigated.


The Constitution forbids the states from discriminating against non-residents in the regulation or taxation of commercial activities. Yet, courts have allowed states to favor residents over non-residents in a number of ways, such as with respect to public university admissions and government procurement policies. In this article, Professor Williams offers a normative theory and doctrinal framework to reconcile these competing demands of interstate equality and state autonomy. Specifically, states may favor residents with respect to state programs funded by state citizens when such discrimination is necessary to vindicate the citizens' legitimate claim of entitlement to such taxpayer-funded programs. This "investment capture" defense is then applied to the various mechanisms states typically use to favor residents, such as discriminatory tax provisions, government procurement policies, the distribution of government-owned goods and services, and the imposition of so-called "downstream restraints" on private parties who deal with the state.


This article investigates a problem of event-triggered controller design for DC microgrid, in which multiple nonlinear Constant power loads (CPLs) and probabilistic actuator fault are considered. A novel pre-averaged event-triggered mechanism (PAETM) is put forward, under which the average value of each time interval is used to determine the triggering instead of using the sample data that represents the system characteristic partially. Benefit from this mechanism, triggering events are reduced and the network burden is mitigated while the system performance is ensured, which contributes to a higher efficiency for DC microgrid. Considering various disturbances in DC microgrid, a unified PAETM controller design for DC microgrid with probabilistic distribution actuator fault and disturbance is proposed. Finally, a simulation example is shown to illustrate the validity of the proposed control strategy.


Through ananlyzing the structure of a new type three arcs section equal distance plane connection form, formulas are set up. CAD/CAM software is used to produce its diagrams,route of outline cutter and NC machining program, and workpiece cutting emulation is done.


This paper put forward measures based on calculation of numerical value to testify its correctness and feasibility in order to improve the bearing capacity of corrugated arch roof of thin metal with span.


The classroom learning environment is a comprehensive entity composed of interpersonal relationships, rules and regulations, class ethos, material conditions, etc., and is an important component of classroom teaching. This study aims to explore the influence of teaching methods based on the classroom learning environment on middle school students' self-regulated learning. Convenient sampling was used for the questionnaire survey, with 276 middle school students in China's A city as the research subjects. The research results showed that teaching methods have a significant impact on middle school students' self-regulated learning; teaching methods have a significant impact on the classroom learning environment; the classroom learning environment has a significant impact on middle school students' self-regulated learning; the classroom learning environment plays an important role in the relationship between teaching methods and middle school students' self-regulated learning.


The present article uses agent-based social simulation to study rational behaviour in networked innovation. A simulation model that includes network characteristics and network participant's characteristics is run using parameter sweeping, yielding 1450 simulation cases. The notion of coalitions was used to denote partnerships in networked innovation. Coalitions compete against each other and several variables were observed for winning coalitions. Close analysis of the variations and their influence on the average power per winning coalition was analysed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. The analysis brought forward two main conclusions. First, as average betweenness centrality per winning coalition increases, the average power per winning coalition decreases. This implies that having high betweenness centrality as a network participant makes it easier to build a successful coalition, as a coalition needs lower average power to succeed. Second, as the number of network participants increases, the average power per winning coalition decreases. This implies that in a larger network, it may be easier to form a successful coalition. The results form the basis for the development of a utility-based recommendation system that helps people choose optimal partners in an innovation network.


The blow-up of solution of the Cauchy problem for a class of Bq-type equationutt-uxx-uxxtt-μuxxxx+uxxxxtt=f(u)xxis proved by use of so called "concavity" arguments.


Abstract Improved methodology for the synthesis of benzo[f]ninhydrin (1) is described. The generality of this approach is illustrated with the synthesis of two novel analogs, 6-methoxybenzo[f]ninhydrin (3) and thieno[f]ninhydrin (4).


The El Niño (EN) phenomenon is the most common climate anomaly which occurs quasi-periodically in the tropical Pacific. The central area in the eastern Pacific which is strongly affected during El Niño events is the coastal part and the western Andean slopes of Ecuador and northern Peru (Sechura Desert). The time-series analysis of precipitation data shows that the intensity and re-occurrence of EN increased at the end of the last century (Fig. 1 and BENDIX et al. 2000). Especially the extreme events (so called Super El Niños) cause heavy precipitation, floods and economical losses as well as an increased frequency of diseases like dengue fever or malaria in the coastal areas of Ecuador and northern Peru. For Ecuador, the 1997/98 EN was the strongest event of the last century, exceeding the last Super EN of 1982/83 (GASPARRI et al. 1999; BENDIX 2000b). The infra-structural damages of Ecuador alone amount to more than 200 Mio. US$ and occur mainly in the five coastal provinces (El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Los Rios, Manabi). Losses in agriculture are quantified to 104.7 Mio. US$ (Tab. 1). The poor population (landless agricultural workers) suffers from the greatest financial losses and is also mostly affected by the increase of water-borne diseases. Only shrimp production profits from increased sea surface temperatures in the coastal waters. E R D K U N D E


The paper aims to provide empirical clarification over some key failure factors of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), and also analysis of the similarities and differences in factors' relations in the Republic of Serbia and Visegrad countries. The SMEs' failures factors have been accessed from the point of view of SMEs owners and managers whose opinions were collected through a questionnaire disseminated in five countries (Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland and the Republic of Serbia). On the other hand, for the research presented in this paper, the data from Hungary, the Czech Republic and the Republic of Serbia were used. The structural equation model was developed and analyzed to confirm the reliability of the conceptual model, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) for comparative measurements on the observed data from different countries. The result showed the existence of differences in opinions of SMEs owners and managers concerning failure factors in examined countries.


The present invention provides a method and system for an electric vehicle torque and the torque correction coefficient calculation resolved, in consideration of the motor speed and the accelerator opening, but also considering the vehicle speed and the torque to determine a fault level correction coefficient and the correction start point real-time correction system needs to resolve torque. When different speed and failure grade, and the accelerator opening the same, it can be different torque correction coefficient, and thus a more accurate torque parsing coefficient, the above-described embodiment of the present invention is the actual output torque of the motor to provide more accurate and more comprehensive considerations, to improve the accuracy of the torque control of the vehicle.


How long will it take to get from "Point A" to "Point B"? Estimating the answer to this question is essential for outdoor leaders to accurately and safely manage their outdoor adventure education course. By being able to carefully estimate the amount of time needed to travel a particular route, over the course of a day or an entire expedition, outdoor leaders will be able to avoid unnecessary risk and provide ample time for other curricula and experiences. This paper describes several land-based travel calculation methods (including the less known Munter system recently added to www.caltopo.com'smapping functionality), and notes why they are essential for leading successful outdoor expeditions. Along the way the paper articulates the pedagogical relevance of time calculation models to leadership curriculum and anticipates critiques related to the "McDonaldization" of outdoor adventure education.


Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) is released during the storage of blood components, particularly platelet concentrates, and transfusion recipients are exposed to high levels of TGF‐β1. Because TGF‐β1 is one of the most potent immunosuppressive cytokines known, understanding the immunobiologic functions of TGF‐β1 may be relevant for understanding the immunobiologic effects of transfusion. Our laboratory studies the biologic effects of TGF‐β1 in the immune system. Mice deficient in TGF‐β1 spontaneously develop autoimmunity, confirming the important role of this cytokinean an immune regulator. A few years ago, my laboratory made the observation that genetic background strongly affects the phenotype of TGF‐β1–/– mice. TGF‐β1–/– mice on the BALB/c background rapidly develop an aggressive T‐cell–mediated hepatitis, whereas TGF‐β1–/– mice on the 129/CF‐1 background do not. In this review, I summarize findings published or in press from our laboratory on disease pathogenesis in TGF‐β1–/– mice and then discuss some of the exciting (as‐yet‐unpublished) directions our laboratory is currently taking.


This paper focuses on electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) comparison to help the rehabilitation patients. Both methods have unique techniques and placement of electrodes. Usage of signals are different in application based on the economic conditions. This study helps in choosing the signal for the betterment of analysis. Ten healthy subject datasets of EEG & FNIRS are taken and applied to plot topography separately. Accuracy, Sensitivity, peaks, integral areas, etc are compared and plotted. The main advantages of this study are to prompt their necessities in the analysis of rehabilitation devices to manage their life as a typical individual.


The study of Modern Chinese literature, which has been neglected in American academic circles except as a side product of some research project on Communist China, receives in this book ample attention from students in the Oriental Institute of The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences under the direction of the noted Sinologist, Jaroslav Prusek. For this reason, the result of their study, mostly written in English, deserves our appreciation and a critical notice. In this collection of research papers, prefaced by a long and valuable Introduction by Prusek, the young Czechoslovak scholars covered a variety of topics that range from the autobiographical works of Kuo Mo-jo to the early novels of Lao She, Pa Chin's The Family, Ping Hsin's stories and T'ien Han's dramatic works. Also included is a study, written in German, of Chao Shu-li's novel, San-li Wan. With the exception of Chao Shu-li, a Communist writer who attained fame after 1949, the book deals with the works of modern Chinese writers in the period from 1917 to 1937.


A new technological processes combining a vacuum titanizing with a preliminary electrolytic deposition of Co-W or Ni-Mo alloys on the tool steel surface have been proposed to increase th e corrosion resistance of the carbide layers of the TiC type. As a result, composite carbide layers of the TiC+(Co-W) and TiC+(Ni-Mo) type on the steel surfaces have been obtained. It has been proved that the wear resistance by fric tion of these composite layers produced by means vacuum titanizing of steel covered with electrolytic coatings is as good as the TiC carbides layers produced on the steel surface without electrolytic coatings, but their corro si n resistance is higher. Introduction Diffusion titanizing is applied to increase the durability of tools which operate under wear conditions. Titanizing of t ol steel results in hard and wear resistant coatings based on titanium carbide. There is considerable MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS 2-2006 82 bibliographical data concerning the diffu sion titanizing process, in particular, problems connected with hard titanium car bide layers are quite well elaborated [1, 2]. In the Institute of Precision Mechanics, a titanizing method was developed which consists in holding steel at a temperature of over 1000 C in titanium vapour under low pressure conditions [3]. However, the received carbide layers exhibited rather poor corrosion resistance in chloride media [3÷5]. To improve their corrosion resist ance, Co-W or Ni-Mo alloys were deposited electrolytically on the steel surface before the titanizing process. This resulted in the formation of TiC+(C o-W) or TiC+(Ni-Mo) type composite carbide layers with modified characteris tic . The objective of this paper was to determine the corrosion resistance in chlori de solution of such composite layers produced on tool steel surface, as well as their tribological properties. 1. Experimental The titanizing processes were carried out in a cold-wall vacuum oven at the temperature range of 1050 -1100 C at the pressure ranged from 10 Pa down to 10 Pa. Experiments were carried out on sa mples made of X210Cr12 tool steel. Composite carbide layers of the TiC+(Co-W) type were produced by means of the vacuum titanizing process comb ined with preliminary electrolytic deposition of Co-W alloy on the steel samples surfaces. First, the steel samples were covered with 5 μm thick electrolytic coatings of 70% Co–30% W alloy. Subsequently vacuum titanizing of these samples was applied [4]. Composite carbide layers of the TiC+(Ni-Mo) type were produced in vacuum titanizing process on the steel samples with 5 μm thick electrolytic coatings of 70% Ni30% Mo alloy. Carbide titanized layers were obtained on the steel samples without any electrolytic coatings. In th e following part of this paper these carbide layers are appointed as TiC layers. The layers obtained were investigated by performing an X-ray structural analysis and a spectral line analysis with a microanalyser. Metallographic examinations and thickness measurements of the layers were carried out with an optical microscope. The layer microstructure was revealed by inital etching. Electrochemical corrosion measurements of obtained layers were performed in 0.5 M NaCl solution . Potentiometric, voltammetric and impedance techniques were employed using Autola b system (GPSTAT 20 + FRA) [4]. Tribological properties of the layers were evaluated by sliding wear tests with concentrated contact. The tests were performed on sets of taper-three rolls test pieces at constant surface pressure in the range 50 ÷300 MPa [5]. ∗ Electrochemical corrosion measurements were made on Faculty of Chemistry of Warsaw University of Technology. 2-2006 MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS 83 2. Results 2.1. Layers constitution A metallographic cross-sections of the TiC+(Co-W) and the TiC+(Ni-Mo) composite layers, as well as the TiC carbide layers have shown that the layers were unetched, as opposed to the steel base. An X-ray surface structure analysis of titanized surfaces on the tool steel revealed a substantial presence of titanium carbide (TiC) and a trace Fe 2Ti intermetallic phase. Concentration depth profiles of Ti, Cr, C and Fe in the layer diffusion zone were typical of a carbide tita nized layer [3]. Concentration of titanium in the TiC carbide layer was about 78 wt. % and of carbon about 19 wt. %. Thickness of the layer was about 10 μm. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns of the TiC+(Co-W) composite coatings revealed the occurrence of titani um carbide TiC and CoTi intermetallic phase. Concentration depth profiles of Ti, Co, W, Cr and Fe in the layer diffusion zone obtained by means of the X-ray microanalyses are shown in Fig. 1a.


Starting from the theory summary and progress track about the study of tourism experience and experience economy,the paper puts forward the application of these two theories in practice.The paper sums up five aspects of tourism experience:classification,conceptual development,authenticity,quality and experience management.Based on theoretical analysis of experience classification,the paper raises ways of moulding tourism experience through experiencing main products and supporting themes.Methods of improving experience quality are offered,based on the inspection of the affecting logic of experience.


A great deal of work has been finished to get remote clinical sensor networks. We propose a useful way to deal with forestall within assault by utilizing various information servers to store patient information. The fundamental commitment of this task is safely conveying the patient information in various information servers and utilizing the cryptosystems to perform measurement examination on the patient information without compromising the patient's protection. The current arrangements can safeguard the patient information during transmission, yet can't stop within assault where the overseer of the patient data set uncovers the touchy patient information. In this paper, we propose a pragmatic way to deal with forestall within assault by utilizing numerous information servers to store patient information. The fundamental commitment of this paper is safely appropriating the patient information in numerous information servers and utilizing the Block chain and Block affix cryptosystems to perform measurement examination on the patient information without compromising the patient's protection. Pantomime is a security danger to the patient information realness. In a home consideration application, an aggressor might imitate a remote depend point while patient information is sending to the distant area.


This paper reported the effects of disposal methods of sample on determination of digestive enzyme of tilapia and silver crucian carp. The results showed that activities of digestive enzyme in intestine tissue homogenized for 1 min and 2 min (10000 r·min~(-1)) respectively were not remarkably different, and so did that frozen and melted once. By centrifugation, the activities of digestive enzyme in superstratum of intestine tissue homogenized were 2.8%-7.4% lower than those of initial intestine tissue homogenized. At 4 ℃,the activities of digestive enzyme in intestine tissue homogenized were the most stable in the phase of 3-9 h and 9-18 h for protease and amylase of silver crucian carp respectively after homogenization, and so did that in the phase of 6-9 h for both protease and amylase of tilapia, in the other phase, the activities of digestive enzyme in intestine tissue homogenized decreased at most by 9.0%-18.2% and 11.5%-44.4% for protease and amylase respectively.


Two new ostracod genera of the family Trachyleberididae Sylvester-Bradley, 1948, each based on a new species, are described and commented here. The specimens were collected in Tortonian sediments cropping out at El Hadjra Safra in the El Ma El Abiod basin (region of Tébessa, north-eastern Algeria).


Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov is an outstanding and productive Russian-Amercian writer. As the epitome work of the writer, Lolita must be the most controversial novel without doubt. This novel has been adapted into two versions of films: 1962 version and 1997 version. This paper will analyze the 1997 version of Lolita directed by Adrian Lyne. Most critics have mainly conducted the analysis of the film form the perspective of ethnics, postmodernism, narrative strategy, time as well as the image of death. However, there are few, if any, researches done from the perspective of literary ethics to dig into the relationships in the film. With the integration of ethics methods and literary research methods, literary ethics serves as a major new criticism approach and is mainly employed to conduct the analysis of literature. With the ethical factors unveiled in Lolita, this paper seeks to analyze three relationships: human beings and society, human beings and self, ethics and truth.  The paper interprets the film Lolita from the perspective of literary ethics, explores the relationships in the film, exploits Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov' s pursuit of truth, kindness and beauty, and also hopes to provide a new direction for later research on the film Lolita.


........................................................................................................3 Thesis Summary.............................................................................................4-5 Introduction..................................................................................................6-7 Barriers to Healthy Eating................................................................................7-10 Resources at the University of South Carolina........................................................10-13 Chronic Diseases Affected by Diet....................................................................13-18 Why a Cookbook.........................................................................................18-20 Creating the Cookbook..................................................................................20-21 Things to Improve............................................................................................21 Conclusion................................................................................................21-22 References................................................................................................23-26


As there is a tremendous increase in the demand for the data dissemination in wireless networks, it is necessary to investigate an effective mechanism in order to improve the cooperative data dissemination in telematic applications. In this paper we have considered cooperative data dissemination with respect to Roadside WLANs as an infrastructure. With respect to cooperative data dissemination the contents or the data are stored at the access point (AP) and as and when required, the contents are downloaded from the content server in the internet and are disseminated to the mobile users. When multiple users request for the data, providing a satisfactory services to users cannot be achieved with the existing approach. To provide satisfactory dissemination services to the nomadic users with reduced delay, it is necessary to optimally utilize the available buffer space. Effective buffer management will thereby reduce the frequent download from the content server and thereby improve the performance with respect to content download time, latency and chunk cache hit ratio. In this paper we propose a mechanism to optimally use the available buffer space based on the user mobility and content popularity. Buffer management is carried out in this proposed work by determining the frequent set of data using least popularly used algorithm.


This paper refers to the contribution of the development of cultural heritage on tourism development and the risks that it creates. Initially, all the impact on the environment from the use of cultural resources for tourism development and measures for their protection are recorded. Then, the relationship between tourism and cultural heritage and the natural environment is examined. Specifically, the survey focuses on the traditional settlements, protected areas and tourism intensity in Greece at a level of municipality boroughs. Statistical data, legislative texts were used and use of geographic information systems was made while conducting the research. On the one hand the survey showed that, the development of the cultural heritage of a country contributes to tourism development and on the other hand the improper management of cultural resources leads to degradation. Despite the fact that there is now an adequate legislative framework for cultural heritage protection, it is not sufficient for an integrated management, but more planning and new measures are required.


Abstract Objective: To investigate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of infliximab (IFX) in Japanese patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: In this multicenter open-label study, IFX was infused at 5 mg/kg to 33 Japanese patients with active AS using or intolerable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at Weeks 0, 2, and 6, and then every six weeks for approximately three years (mean: 149.5 weeks). Results: Assessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis (ASAS) 20 response at Week 24 (primary endpoint) was 97.0% (32/33) and was thereafter maintained at approximately 90% over the three-year study period. Improvements in range of motion, physical function, inflammatory parameters, and quality of life (QOL) were all maintained throughout the three-year study period. A serum IFX level of ≥5 μg/mL was maintained with six-week infusion intervals, and only two patients (6.1%) developed antibodies to IFX. Specific adverse events in AS patients were not observed. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a 5 mg/kg administration of IFX at six-week intervals to Japanese patients with active AS is safe, effective and provides long-term therapeutic benefits.


Treating clients with severe mental illness in community mental health settings can be challenging. Often, they lack solid intrapersonal support and have utilized surrounding resources to the best of their ability; yet, they still find themselves caught in the system of repeat treatment with no actual results. We can resolve these issues, which are amendable to family treatment and intervention, per previous research. It is essential for effective community mental health treatment that does not result in clients re-entering treatment on numerous occasions. Doing so could assist progress and advocate for inclusivity and emotional empowerment in identified clients—including their family members in treatment as a collective unit. This article proposes an ecological and systemic approach to mental health treatment for severe mental illnesses and provides treatment implications for clinicians.


A flow in a film cooled bipropellant thruster is simulated to estimat e the film -cooling effects. A three dimensional numerical model contains gas phase reactions within a turbulent flow field. The combination of fuel and oxidizer is hydrazine (N2H4) and NTO (nitrogen tetroxide) respectively. The wall heat flux to the chamber wall is numerically obtained, and an average wall temperature is estimated. In the present paper, to make the problem simple, the liquid/gas phase change is n ot considered, but the gas -phase reaction of hydrazine and NTO in the flow is taken into account. The numerical simulations are conducted for the conditions that have already been experimented with. The numerically estimated average wall temperatures are h igher than th ose observed in the experiments . The relation among the gas temperature , the combustion products and the specific impulse is discussed.


Introduction: The study was conducted to determine the relationship of bone mineral density (BMD) status of the severity of periodontal disease and oral hygiene. Methods: The study was conducted on patients who come to RSUP.DR.Wahidin Sudiro Husodo with the sample size is 33 people. Each sample examine of BMD at the lumbar spine and the femoral head by using DXA. After that sample completing dental records, of the oral cavity using a photo rotgen panoramic dental X-ray to see the level of alveolar bone resorption, then do a complete blood laboratory test to see the results of blood tests (calcium serum). Test results is inputted on the data management software Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and processing the data by using software SPSS 19.0. Result: The results shown that low levels of BMD to periodontal status showed a significant result (p = 0.005). The level of bone resorption occurs greater in Mandibula than in Maxilla. However, serum calcium levels showed no significant results in the low BMD (p> 0.005). In addition, there were no statistically significant results between low bone BMD with oral hygiene (p> 0.005). Conclusion: In general, low bone mineral density has a significant relationship with the severity of periodontal status, while generally low BMD was not significantly associated with oral hygiene.


In order to solve the problem that background model can not be well adapt to background changes in traditional single-Gaussian background model (SGM) detection, an innovative single-Gaussian background model detection method is proposed. N frames are used to establish the initial model, and the background area is obtained by frame difference method. At the same time, the background is divided into a large area of the stationary area, historic changing area and historic area of the changing one. Then the large stationary area and historic changing area are taken with fixed update rate and the relevant track area of historic changing area is taken with linear attenuation in accordance with the time distribution. So background model parameters are updated. The moving target is obtained by using the background subtraction. According to the experiment, the self-adaptability of the proposed algorithm model is improved greatly, and the detection of moving target is more accurate based on single Gaussian background model.


This paper develops an interaction 3D model for the basilar membrane inner ear fluid-structure explaining the uncoiled cochlea with a determination in the domain of the time. The model predicts and forecasts the amplitude vibrations of the Basilar Membrane (BM) together with the pressure wave's magnitude in the two conditions. The 3-dimensional model is assessed in terms of responses that are dynamic to the cochlea. The study uses the short-term time frontier sounds, as well as unsteady phenomena to show such kinds of responses. Addition aim is to compare the outcomes with a one-dimensional mass- spring –damper approach. Several experiments have been carried out regarding the characteristics of frequency position, cochlea differential pressures, oval window (OW), the round window (RD), amplitude of deflection and the velocity of the stapes footplate (SF). These experiments are extremely hard to conduct and however, they provide much significant information. To solve this complexity, some of the helpful tools are used including numerical tools that can complete and extend the physiology understanding of the cochlea. The outcome of the time -domain, fluid-structure interaction (SFI) that is focusing on the (BM) vibrations is presented. The micromechanics of the cochlea calculations, as well as comparisons with the simple mechanical ID models, are considered.


Introduction: Recently, various systematic reviews and evidence-based clinical practice guidelines have evaluated the efficacy of stroke rehabilitation interventions. Across them proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and neuro-developmental treatment (NDT) Bobath resulted to be an effective and widely used therapeutic approaches.

Objective of the work: The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of PNF and NDT Bobath concept for improvement of trunk motor control in patients after ischemic stroke.

Materials and methods: The study consisted of 30 patients up to 3 months after ischemic stroke. Participants were randomly assigned to two study groups. Both group consisted of 15 patients underwent rehabilitation according to the PNF or NDT Bobath concept. Comparison of the changes in the Trunk Impairment Scale was the primary outcome.

Results: The analysis of the values of total TIS scale showed a statistically significant improvement in both group. Within group analysis showed statistical significance among baseline and intermediate measurement, and among baseline and final measurement within both groups. The analysis of total TIS scale indicators between the PNF and Bobath groups showed no statistically significant differences.

Conclusions: Both the PNF and Bobath concepts have proven to be effective in the treatment of posture control and there have been significant improvements in patients from both groups.


Bottom current is a significant depositional process in deep sea, by which sediments can be directly transported to form contourite drifts on seafloor. Among the different types of contourite drifts, fault-controlled drifts are not well constrained and few studies have been devoted to their morphological features and depositional patterns. This study is to summarize the features for seismic identification of fault-controlled drifts based on high-resolution multibeam bathymetric and seismic data from the Beikang Basin, southern South China Sea. Two sub-types of fault-controlled drifts, i.e. the syn-depositional and post-depositional fault-controlled drifts are recognized. Their formation mechanism and relationships with faulting are discussed in this paper. According to the interaction between faulting and bottom-current processes the bottom currents can be divided into two types: 1) bottom currents simultaneous to the fault movement, generating the synchronous fault-controlled drifts; 2) bottom currents after the fault movement generating the post-depositional drifts. However, the researches conducted so far are limited to the drift deposits related to normal faults. More researches are required for the drifts formed in other active tectonic settings, such as those related to strike-slip faults and reverse faults.


On the cover: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most virulent pathogens known. Formerly called "consumption," tuberculosis (TB) has plagued humans since ancient times, and currently causes approximately 1.5 million deaths annually worldwide. It is estimated that roughly 2 billion people harbor the infection, and about 90% of them will never develop clinical disease. Active TB is highly contagious, and effective treatment is hindered by drug resistant strains and the persistence of latent infections. Likewise, vaccines to prevent infection with M. tuberculosis have proved elusive. Although lung is the most common site of TB infection, M. tuberculosis can infect any organ. In this issue, Lu and colleagues (p. 6) evaluate the use of an interferon-gamma release assay in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to detect tuberculous meningitis, a highly lethal form of TB.


This study aims to analyze changes in the area and function of forest areas in Manokwari Regency from 1999 to 2014 using a Geographic Information System (GIS). This study uses a descriptive method with overlay techniques and maps analysis and secondary data, which consists of several stages including the preparation stage, the initial data processing, and processing stage, the ground checking stage, and the data analysis stage. The results showed that the change in the function of forest areas in Manokwari Regency based on the Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number: 891/Menhut-II/1999 to the Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number: 783/Menhut-II/2014, for a period of 15 (fifteen years), there has been a change in the function of the forest area which has an impact on reducing the area and changing the function of the forest area by 16,402,506 ha. This is mainly due to the release of forest areas from Convertible Production Forests (HPK) into Other Use Areas (APL) for development purposes. Factors that greatly influence the occurrence of changes in the area and function of forest areas are the release of forest areas in the context of plantation development, settlements, construction of office facilities and infrastructure, and construction of transportation support facilities.


This thesis has three objectives which are (1) to study the volunteer working concept of members in Phra Narai Lopburi, (2) to study the bases of sympathy in Theravada Buddhism scriptures and (3) to analytically study the volunteer working of Rotary members in Phra Narai Lopburi.  The research methodology of Qualitative Field Research has been used by studying from the documents and an in-depth interview.  The results of this research are:- Phra Narai Lopburi Rotary Club has 4 visions in its working following the international Rotary which are Truth Emphasis means an establishment based on the honesty thought with the actual information and fact, but without the induction of the organization to serve or seek for personal interests.  Impartial Adherence means an upholding of justice, equality and respect by containing justice, support and nurture.  Friendship Leading means a building of good interpersonal relationship with an act of friendliness.  Good for All Parties means a determination to build happiness for the mankind. The research results were found that the bases of sympathy in Buddhism scriptures were the Dhamma principle that volunteer workers had to bear in mind.  It consisted of 4 aspects which were Giving means a donation of utensils, appliances and knowledge.  Kindly speech means the use of polite and sweet words, with humble manners.  Rendering Services means a useful conduct to the society without hoping something in returns, with sacrificing physical and mental supports.  Participation and behaving oneself properly in all circumstances with even and equal treatment. The volunteer working of Rotary members in Phra Narai Lopburi had a characteristic of goodwill unity within the organization and liaison according to the four bases of sympathy resulting the members to love and bond together.  The researcher could decode the lesson from the volunteer working of Rotary members in Phra Narai Lopburi to be a virtue model with dedication of both spirit and strength, Inheritance of the giver's ideology, giving of love and forgiveness and synchronization of mind and harmonious speech.


Abstract Genomic libraries served as the templates for the sequencing of all 3.2 billion base pairs of a human being. Genomic DNA cloned into the PAC shuttle vector pJCPAC-Mam2 can be propagated in both prokaryotic and mammalian cells. Since this vector contains both wild type and mutant loxP sites bracketing the genomic insertion site, genomic DNA cloned into this vector can be subjected to loxP-Cre-mediated deletion events from either end of the insert. Transposon vectors containing the same mutated loxP site and a tetracycline-resistance gene were created and introduced into individual PAC clones. Transposition of the mini-transposon cassette was initiated upon the addition of IPTG. Deletions were generated and recovered upon infecting the cells with the bacteriophage P1. The resulting phage lysate was used to infect bacterial cells to recover the deletions. The deletions were shown to emanate from the same starting point and could be generated from both ends of the genomic DNA depending on the transposon vector used. This transposon-mediated deletion technology can be used to delineate 5′ and 3′ gene boundaries as long as a functional assay exists for the gene of interest.


Abstract Purpose: A comprehensive and robust computer database was built to record and analyse the medical physics on-call data in emergency radiotherapy. The probability distributions of the on-call events varying with day and week were studied. Materials and methods: Variables of medical physics on-call events such as date and time of the event, number of event per day/week/month, treatment site of the event and identity of the on-call physicist were input to a programmed Excel file. The Excel file was linked to the MATLAB platform for data transfer and analysis. The total number of on-call events per day in a week and per month in a year were calculated based on the physics on-call data in 2010–18. In addition, probability distributions of on-call events varying with days in a week (Monday–Sunday) and months (January–December) in a year were determined. Results: For the total number of medical physics on-call events per week in 2010–18, it was found that the number was similar from Sundays to Thursdays but increased significantly on Fridays before the weekend. The total number of events in a year showed that the physics on-call events increased gradually from January up to March, then decreased in April and slowly increased until another peak in September. The number of events decreased in October from September, and increased again to reach another peak in December. It should be noted that March, September and December are months close to Easter, Labour Day and Christmas, when radiation staff usually take long holidays. Conclusions: A database to record and analyse the medical physics on-call data was created. Different variables such as the number of events per week and per year could be plotted. This roster could consider the statistical results to prepare a schedule with better balance of workload compared with scheduling it randomly. Moreover, the emergency radiotherapy team could use the analysed results to enhance their budget/resource allocation and strategic planning.


University students' employment is an important part of researches about Chinese social employment.Due to lack of enough information and experience,university graduates will make some subjective decisions concern working.This paper aims at finding out the connection between personal values and enterprises values under the person-organization fit perspective.The result indicates that university students' personal values are related to the recognition of enterprise values significantly.According to the result,it is suggested that firms shall pay more attention to person-organization fit in the employment process.


Three Scenarios For about two decades now, some few literary scholars have been working to integrate literary scholarship with an evolutionary understanding of the human mind. The ideas promoted by these scholars are still at odds with the ideas that prevail in the academic literary establishment, but the Darwinists have been steadily gaining in numbers, visibility, and influence (Kean). I can envision three alternative scenarios for the future development of literary study: one in which literary Darwinism remains outside the mainstream of literary study; another in which literary Darwinism is incorporated as just another of many different "approaches" to literature; and a third in which the evolutionary human sciences fundamentally transform and subsume all literary study (Carroll, Reading Human Nature 71-87). If one were to base predictions on the current status of evolutionary study in the humanities, the first or second scenario might seem the most plausible. If one bases prediction on the inherent appeal of developing knowledge, the third will seem most plausible. No other currently active theory lodges itself in a biological view of the human mind. No other theory thus makes it possible to integrate literary study with the rapidly developing body of knowledge from evolutionary psychology, paleoanthropology, primatology, behavioral ecology, comparative ethology, cognitive and affective neuroscience, behavioral genetics, and personality psychology. If consistency with empirically grounded forms of knowledge is the criterion by which we assess the validity of literary theories, the currently active alternatives to literary Darwinism are out of play from the beginning. They willingly disqualify themselves. Only the Darwinist understanding of literature offers the prospect for a cumulative development of literary research consistent with a broad range of scientific knowledge. (1) In the third scenario--that in which the evolutionary human sciences transform and subsume all literary study--literary Darwinism will absorb the most comprehensive ideas in the evolutionary human sciences and integrate them with ideas specific to literary study. That integration will have to work from both sides. The evolutionary human sciences are still in the process of forming a paradigm. Their model of human nature is not yet complete because it has not yet taken adequate account of the experience that forms the subject matter of the humanities. This essay is designed to help correct that deficiency. In the first part of the essay, I explain how scholars in the humanities can help construct the still developing model of human nature. In the second part, I argue that the proper subject of literary commentary is "meaning" and that meaning can be localized in the interaction of perspectives in authors, readers, and characters. In the third part, I argue that the main categories of human life history are also the main themes of fiction. In the final section, I offer suggestions about directions for future research. A Developing Model of Human Nature Over the past forty years or so, major changes have taken place in evolutionary theories about human nature, with each change bringing us closer to a comprehensively adequate understanding. Sociobiology, the first important movement in modern evolutionary social science, emerged in the 1970s. Like generals grasping too eagerly for a single decisive victory, the sociobiologists lunged at a single, all-purpose explanation for human behavior. They suggested that "fitness maximization"--having as many offspring as possible--is a direct motive in human life (Betzig; Chagnon). That suggestion stripped out too much detail in human behavior. Evolutionary psychology (EP), emerging in the late 1980s, corrected this mistake by insisting on an intermediate causal stage. Evolutionary psychologists agreed that fitness maximization is an "ultimate" causal explanation, but actual human motives, they argued, are "proximate," not "ultimate. …


Selfobject transferences are one of the valuable aditions of Heinz Kohut's theory to psychodynamic clinical practice. This paper endeavors to apply selfobject transferences to the supervisory process. Supervisor and supervisee are both seen as capable of having selfobject transferences. Implication for the supervisory relationship are explored based on whether one or both parties have selfobject transferences and how the selfobject trabsferences interact.


In this paper, a fully synthesizable digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is proposed. Based on a digital standard cell approach, the proposed DAC allows very low design effort and enables digital-like shrinkage across CMOS generations, low area at down-scaled technologies, and operation down to near-threshold voltages. The proposed DAC can operate at supply voltages that are significantly lower and/or at clock frequencies that are significantly greater than the intended design point, at the expense of moderate resolution degradation. In a 12-bit 40nm testchip, graceful degradation of 0.3 bit/100 mV is achieved when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\mathrm {V}}}_{\mathrm {DD}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is over-scaled down to 0.8 V, and 1.4 bit/100 mV when further scaled down to 0.6 V. The proposed DAC enables dynamic power-resolution tradeoff with three times (two times) power saving for 1-bit resolution degradation at iso-sample rate (iso-resolution). A 12-bit DAC testchip designed with a fully automated standard cell flow in 40 nm consumes <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$55~\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 27 kS/s (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9.1~\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 13.5 kS/s) at a compact area of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$500~\mu \text{m}^{\mathrm {2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and low voltage of 0.55 V.


Abstract Two new transition coordination polymers (CPs) with the chemical formula of {[Zn4(dip)4(H2O)2(4-ppbp)2]·12H2O} n (1, H2dpa = diphenic acid, 4-ppbp = (propane-1,3-diylbis(piperazine-4,1-diyl))bis(pyridin-4-ylmethanone)) and [Co(dipH)2(bdin)] n (2, bdin = N,N-(butane-1,3-diyl)diisonicotinamide) have been successfully prepared by reaction of the corresponding metal salts with the H2dpa ligand in the presence of different flexible dipyridylamide ligands. Its treatment activity combined with epidural anesthesia for hip replacement was evaluated. First, the hip replacement operation was carried on experimental mice, followed by the compound given combined with epidural anesthesia. The animal survival rate as well as the rate of anesthesia was recorded and analyzed. In addition to this, the blood pressure level of the mice was also determined throughout the procession of the hip replacement operation.


By common consent, modal mixture (the pairing of the major and minor keys over the same tonic) is acknowledged as a fundamental resource of mature harmonic tonality that acquired primary syntactic role and formal importance only in the late 18th century. This article aims to disprove this view by: 1) showing that modal mixture had been extensively employed by North-Italian composers already at the turn of the 17th to the 18th century; 2) reviewing these composers' use of modal polarity through the lens of contemporaneous scientific theories and artistic practices. Rhetorical and grammatical aspects of binary oppositions and modal transportability of parallel major and minor keys are analyzed in the music of Venetian composers (Antonio Vivaldi, Tomaso Albinoni, Antonio Caldara, Benedetto Marcello). Their innovative treatment of modal mixture corresponds with the simultaneously emerging aesthetics and pictorial imagery of clouds and the new chiaroscuro techniques in Venetian art (Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Sebastiano Ricci, Giambat-tista Pittoni, Francesco Guardi). I suggest a semantic approach to modal mixture through the lens of »Venetian« clouds with their morphological function of reflecting light and reciprocating colours between objects. This link between Venetian music and art is further considered through the prism of contemporaneous optical theories, as stimulated by Isaac Newton and advanced by his translators and exegetes in the Veneto, giving special scrutiny to Francesco Algarotti's Il Newtonianismo per le Dame (1737). Algarotti widely addressed Newton's theories of reflected light and of the transparency and opacity of objects, explaining their relevance and applying them to various cultural phenomena. The exploration of modal mixture in music thus mirrors the all-embracing impact of new scientific theories on the intellectual climate of the Veneto.


Abstract. In January 2020, a scientific borehole planning workshop sponsored by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program was convened at Cornell University in the northeastern United States. Cornell is planning to drill test wells to evaluate the potential to use geothermal heat from depths in the range of 2700–4500 m and rock temperatures of about 60 to 120  ∘ C to heat its campus buildings. Cornell encourages the Earth
sciences community to envision how these boreholes can also be used to
advance high-priority subsurface research questions. Because nearly all scientific boreholes on the continents are targeted to examine iconic
situations, there are large gaps in understanding of the "average"
intraplate continental crust. Hence, there is uncommon and widely applicable
value to boring and investigating a "boring" location. The workshop
focused on designing projects to investigate the coupled
thermal–chemical–hydrological–mechanical workings of continental crust. Connecting the practical and scientific goals of the boreholes are a set of
currently unanswered questions that have a common root: the complex
relationships among pore pressure, stress, and strain in a heterogeneous and
discontinuous rock mass across conditions spanning from natural to human perturbations and short to long timescales. The need for data and subsurface characterization vital for decision-making around the prospective
Cornell geothermal system provides opportunities for experimentation,
measurement, and sampling that might lead to major advances in the
understanding of hydrogeology, intraplate seismicity, and fluid/chemical
cycling. Subsurface samples could also enable regional geological studies
and geobiology research. Following the workshop, the U.S. Department of
Energy awarded funds for a first exploratory borehole, whose proposed design
and research plan rely extensively on the ICDP workshop recommendations.


Growth records revealed a height and weight at the 50th percentile from birth until approximately 11 months of age, followed by an abrupt rise to above the 95th percentile by 15 months. His parents reported a recent increase in appetite and more aggressive play behavior. Physical examination was remarkable for a slightly more developed musculature than the usual toddler, husky voice, Tanner II pubic hair, and Tanner III genitalia (penis length 7.2 cm). Testes, how-


Ondel-ondel is a large puppet figure featured in Betawi folk performance of Jakarta, Indonesia. Ondel-ondel is an icon of Jakarta. ondel-ondel are utilized for livening p festivals or for welcoming guest of honor, usually in pairs. Ondel-ondel is one of a few Indonesian dolk performance that has survived modernization and is still being regularly performed. The musical accompaniment for the ondel-ondel performance varies with regions, occasions and groups of performance.


Background Early diagnosis is very important for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to detect Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) and evaluate its diagnostic value. Materials and Methods Serum concentrations of GOLPH3 were detected by ELISA in 136 CRC patients, 102 GC patients, and 50 healthy controls at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from June 2016 to December 2019. Serum concentrations of CEA and CA19-9 were detected by ECLIA. Results Serum concentrations of GOLPH3, CEA, and CA19-9 were higher in GC and CRC patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). Serum GOLPH3 concentrations were increased in GC and CRC patients with tumors greater than 5 cm, poor differentiation, greater depth of tumor invasion, and increased lymphatic and distant metastases (P < 0.05). In the GC and CRC groups, the AUCs of GOLPH3 were higher than those of CEA and CA19-9 (P < 0.05), while the AUCs of the marker combination were higher than those of GOLPH3 (P < 0.05), and postoperative serum GOLPH3 levels were lower than preoperative levels (P < 0.001). Serum GOLPH3 concentrations in CRC patients correlated positively with CEA and CA19-9 concentrations (P < 0.05). Conclusion Serum GOLPH3 concentrations in GC and CRC patients are related to TNM stage. GOLPH3 may represent a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of GC and CRC. The combination of serum GOLPH3, CEA, and CA19-9 concentrations can improve diagnostic efficiency for GC and CRC. GOLPH3 is expected to become an indicator for the early diagnosis and evaluation of surgical effects.


The Umicore Ge-on-Ge engineered substrate concept consists of a thin epi-ready germanium foil that is weakly attached to a bulk germanium mother substrate. The weak layer is made through modification of the front side of the bulk substrate and allows for easy detachment at any point in the solar cell manufacturing flow. The mother substrate is intended to be re-used multiple times. This paper will present the growth and characterization of III-V layers on Ge-on-Ge engineered substrates as well as the subsequent GaInP single junction device fabrication and characterization. The Voc of the solar cells was unaffected, which proved the similar performance of bulk Ge and engineered Ge-on-Ge as epi-templates.


In the frames of the scientific program “Investigation of the Russian Arctic ecosystems” in 2007-2020 held by Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, comprehensive studies of the bays of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago (NZA) were carried out. There is very little information in the scientific literature on the dynamics and hydrochemical structure of the waters of the bays. Our investigations have revealed that the concentration of nutrients (first of all, nitrates and silicate) in the bays of NZA was higher than in the surrounding water area of the Kara Sea. The most well studied and open for investigations is the Blagopoluchiya Bay in the northern island of NZA. Blagopoluchiya Bay is a fjord-type bay with several streams of the glacier origin.

The concentrations of nutrients (N, P, Si, C) in the streams were observed in August-September (0-1.53 µM of PO43-, 6.4-50.2 µM of SiO32-, 0.6-11.2 µM of NO2-+NO3-, 732-4815 µM of DIC). The observed content of nutrients in the waters of the bay was on average 2 times lower, but not lower than the level limiting the development of phytoplankton.

We suppose that high concentrations of nutrients in NZA bays in August-September were supported by increasing glacial runoff from NZA during the summer open water period and the removal of products of degradation of shore rocks with it. Despite the constant enrichment of nutrients, the concentration of phytoplankton in Blagopoluchiya Bay was extremely low (0.2-0.7 mkgC/l) in comparison with the adjacent marine part of the Kara Sea in all years of research.  Perhaps it was due to osmostress of planktonic algae during desalination of the bay by the NZA runoff.

This work was supported by the State Agreement of The Ministry of Science and Education of Russian Federation (theme №0128-2019-0008); Russian Foundation for Basic Research project 18-05-60069 (processing hydrochemistry data); Russian Scientific Foundation project 19-17-00196 (data obtaining); by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation MK-860.2020.5 (processing carbonate chemistry data).


The article concerns the current system of legal education in Poland and China. It presents the main factors that have an influence on status quo of both systems – the matters of their historical evolution, cultural attitude of society and the political system. The author points already existing cooperation within the scope of legal education of China and western countries, considering also about the future of potential cooperation of Polish and Chinese law faculties.


Rates of ion transport across locust recta were monitored in vitro by following fluxes of 22Na+ and 36Cl−, short-circuit current (Isc), and open-circuit electropotential difference (PD) across this epithelium for several hours. Corpora cardiaca (CC) homogenates, cAMP, theophylline, and hemolymph of recently fed locusts all stimulate electrogenic transport of Cl− across locust rectum, as indicated by a two- to three-fold increase in 36Cl− net flux, Isc, and PD. Cyclic AMP caused a Cl-dependent increase in PD across the lumen-facing but not the hemocoel-facing plasma membrane of the epithelial cells. We propose that a blood-borne factor, possibly from the CC, causes an elevation in cAMP levels in rectal tissue and that this second messenger acts by increasing Cl− entry into the cell from the rectal lumen. Additional fluid absorption accompanies the resulting increase in transport of NaCl, leading to an increase in the hemolymph volume of previously dehydrated locusts.


Based on a class of chaotic system composed of hidden attractors, in which the equilibrium points are described by a circular function, complete synchronization between two identical systems, pattern formation and synchronization of network is investigated, respectively. A statistical factor of synchronization is defined and calculated by using the mean field theory, the dependence of synchronization on bifurcation parameters discussed in numerical way. By setting a chain network, which local kinetic is described by hidden attractors, synchronization approach is investigated. It is found that the synchronization and pattern formation are dependent on the coupling intensity and also the selection of coupling variables. In the end, open problems are proposed for readers' extensive guidance and investigation.


Relational processes are well known to play a central role in human development. This qualitative, descriptive case study examined relational issues of early adolescent girls that arose during a two-week adventure education expedition. Interviews were conducted with 12 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse girls. Results revealed the importance of relationships to girls' experiences on course and that relational aggression affected students' overall course experience. The structure and culture of the course encouraged girls to develop authentic relationships with their peers and to reject engaging in relational aggression. Two students resisted these programmatic interventions. Students who embraced these programmatic interventions reported feeling more trustful of peers, more able to share their feelings and opinions, and more optimistic about making new friendships.