Poly (4-vinylpyridine) and polyaniline as highly effective base catalysts have catalyzed the three-component reaction of an appropriate aldehyde, cyanoacetic acid hydrazide and malononitrile to prepare of the corresponding N -amino-2-pyridone derivatives. These reactions occur in ethanol at reflux or under microwave heating, in the presence of the base catalysts, are inexpensive and easily obtained with consistent activity.


SUMMARY
In the present research on the "Selection of segregants F3 of japonica type rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) with superior agronomic characteristics for the development of new varieties", was conducted in the El Palmar Experimental Farm belonging to the Technical University of Babahoyo, CEDEGE Project area, province of Los Rios, located at Km 10.5 of the Babahoyo - Montalvo road.
The evaluated variables were; Vigor, Flowering (days), Vegetative cycle (days), Number of tillers per plant, No. of panicles per plant, Length of the flag leaf (cm), Width of the flag leaf (cm), Length of leaf 2 (cm), Width of leaf 2 (cm), Plant Height (cm), Panicle Length (cm), Grain / panicle, Sterility (%), Shelling (%), 1000 Grain Weight (g), Grain Length (mm), Shelled Grain Width (mm) , White Center (%), and Presence of edge (%). The statistical analyzes used were: analysis of variance and the Tukey test 5%, analysis of Principal Components, the analysis of Conglomerates and the analysis of the Relative Variability.
The obtained results in the present work, with respect to the variable number of tillers, were observed lines such as JP001 / JP003 P * - # 19, which achieved an average of 44 tillers; however, others were contrasting as the line JP002 / DH P14-6 that reached only 9 tillers per plant. As regards the panicle number per plant, some lines were expressed in a superior way, such as DH / JP002 P1 # 28, JP002 / JP004 P 7-7 and JP001 / JP003 P * - # 19, which presented averages which were in the range of 35 to 43 panicles per plant.
Line DH / JP003 P * 3-44, reached an average of 119.63 cm of plant height, unlike JP001 / JP004 P2-14, which obtained an average of 51.25 cm. However, it should be mentioned that heights among 80 to 100 cm in rice, can favor its plant architecture and can be less prone to lodging. Line JP001 / JP003 P175-long grain, achieved the highest value of grains per panicles with an average of 223.85, as an indication of better production.
With respect to the yield (g / plant), the line JP003 / JP00 P169-long grain achieved the best value with an average of 100.34 g; however, the analysis of relative variability (%) allowed the selection of eight lines of better behavior, as mentioned below: JP003 / JP00169-P1 long, JP001 / JP003 P3-13, JP002 / JP003 P * -P5, JP001 / JP003 P9 # 15, JP001 / JP003 P3 # 14, JP003 / JP001 P1 # 1, DH / JP004 P6A- # 38 and JP002 / DH P14-6, lines that will be used for subsequent studies.
In this study, it is recommended to give continuity to the selected lines and take them to the next generation (F4), for the selection of elite lines. The lines of good behavior, quality evaluations should be made milling and culinary grain, pests and diseases, nutrition and other studies that complement the research to achieve future release of varieties with excellent characteristics.

Key words: Rice, genetic variability, japonica subspecies, selection, F3 segregation.


We propose general quantitative methods for evaluating and visualizing the results of machine-generated style-specific accompaniment. The evaluation of automated accompaniment systems, and the degree to which they emulate a style, has been based primarily on subjective opinion. To quantify style similarity between machine-generated and original accompaniments, we propose two types of measures: one based on transformations in the neo-Riemannian chord space, andanotherbasedonthedistributionofmelody-chord intervals. The first set of experimentsdemonstrate the methods on an automatic style-specific accompaniment (ASSA) system. They test the effect of training data choice on style emulation effectiveness, and challenge the assumption that more data is better. The second set of experiments compare the output of the ASSA system with those of a rule-based system, and random chord generator. While the examples focus primarily on machine emulation of Pop/Rock accompaniment, the methods generalize to music of other genres.


ABSTRACT The effect of traffic vibrations on buildings is of special interest as its sources have multiplied becoming a concern for residents or for those who work, visit or preserve buildings of heritage value. The problem has their origin in characteristics such as the deterioration of the roads or concentration of public transport routes in adjacent streets. The effect of these vibrations has been the object of study in recent years, with works referred to especially experimental determinations, whose results can be used to assess whether the measurements obtained are within accepted values by some regulations. These results can also be used to calibrate global numerical models to determine this influence analyzing attenuation measures. This paper proposes a global model of finite elements that allows dealing with the treatment of traffic-induced vibrations in structures and analyzing an alternative of solution according to the location. The model includes the building under study, land and surrounding constructions to have orientative results of the whole including its boundary conditions. The actions caused by the traffic are established through impulses that define the load states to be applied. Finally, an alternative is proposed to analyze the options to mitigate the effect of the generated vibrations.


Adapted from his doctoral thesis, Rowan Light's Anzac Nations examines the changing position of Anzac commemoration in Australia and New Zealand between 1965 and 2015.  This period opens at a time when Anzac Day attendance rates were in decline, the 50th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings were marked by relatively limited proceedings on the peninsula and predictions that the event would pass alongside the greying veterans of Gallipoli were heard on both sides of the Tasman.


The invention maintains a proper space with the housing body in order to keep the heat conducting adhesive applied to the electronic control apparatus and relates to a method of manufacturing the same, during assembly of the electronic control apparatus of the slide type, the electronic control element of the vehicle using a gradient structure by the point assembly the end of the slide form along the inclined structure formed on the terminal housing in close contact with the upper housing body assembly of the electronic control elements, a slide type that can be applied uniformly and maintain a heat conducting adhesive to the electronic control element in the manufacturing process and to provide an electronic control device for a vehicle using a gradient structure and a method of manufacturing the same.


The diachronic analysis of gustar presented here is based on a large textual corpus, which provides information on the various syntactic patterns of the verb since the first Spanish documents to the emergence and generalization of the construction INDIRECT OBJECT– VERB–SUBJECT. This process of syntactic change seems to contradict the tendency of other languages to extend the transitive construction at the expense of the "inverse" initial construction. Nevertheless, if the new pattern of gustar is understood as a symbolic unit and their uses en Iraide Ibarretxe-Antunano, Carlos Inchaurralde & Jesus Sanchez-Garcia (eds.), Language, Mind, and the Lexicon, Frankfurt, Peter Lang, 2007, 143-164 along the time are investigated, we find that this is a highly regular way to code events related to human emotions and sensations. The syntactic history of gustar reinforces the idea that grammatical knowledge is organized in terms of constructions, and these constructions are conventional symbolic units that associate a syntactic form with a specific semantic configuration KEY-WORDS: syntactic change, Construction Grammar, argument structure, non-canonical marking.


It's only human ... Legend tells that Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius hired a servant whose sole commission it was to follow him as he walked through the Roman town square and to whisper in his ear when people praised him, "You're only a man, you're only a man". The successful leader is at a risk of falling from grace as his followers increasingly believe in his mystical powers to make the right decisions. The hierarchical organisation perpetuates this belief as it concludes that the closer you are to the top, the closer you are to the answers. Today's managers have to master the skill of making quick, intuitive decisions as well as slow, rational decisions. The quality of such decisions is influenced by the manager's inherent biases, complexity due to uncertainty and lack of information, shortened response times, and the inability to switch between the various styles of decision making.


The population of the rumen ciliates Ophryoscolex caudatus developed from three typical individuals was maintained in vitro. During the long term cultivation we observed the appearance of individuals resembling Ophryoscolex purkynjei and Ophryoscoex spinous while the numbers of particular forms in the culture depended on the growth conditions. Neither amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) nor comparison of nucleotide sequences in the 18S rDNA showed genetic diversity of the morphologically different ciliates.


Lawyers focus on whether behavior in the software industry fits into the present legal definitions for foreclosure and tying. This slant tends to cast antitrust issues as a question of judicial edicts over forbidden business tactics. While that focus is fine for some purposes, it is a narrow base from which to begin a broad discussion about competition policy in innovative markets. The one structural feature lying at the heart of vertical relationships in the IT industry is this: when firms innovate and commercialize technology, they act as both partners and competitors at the same time. Large and small firms alike do this. Although the current discussion focuses on the behavior of large firms, the author can anticipate the layman's response-that the same rules ought to apply to any size firm.


A noise is a kind of homomorphism from a Boolean algebra of domains to the lattice of σ -fields. Leaving aside the homomorphism we examine its image, a Boolean algebra of σ -fields. The largest extension of such Boolean algebra of σ -fields, being well-defined always, is a complete Boolean algebra if and only if the noise is classical, which answers an old question of J. Feldman.


Mutual fund companies market the strong performance of funds created through incubation to gain the attention of investors who value recent returns. This creates an incentive for fund families to select highly skewed securities because extreme performance during incubation will increase the likelihood that some funds will outperform before they are sold to the public. Although incubation is as an innovative fund promotion technique, it may harm investors by creating the perception that random prior returns are a signal of fund quality. We find that net new money flow increases with an incubated fund's skewness. After incubated funds are sold to the public, skewed funds attract more investor dollars and their average performance declines. These results suggest that the use of skewed securities during incubation is an effective method for increasing demand, but may be a poor quality signal of future performance.


The Aluminium alloy 7075 and Magnesium alloy ZE42 plates of 6 mm thickness are welded in circular butt joint division by friction stir welding (FSW) process, utilizing vertical processing machine. Method parameters, for example, welding maximum speed and FSW rotational speed assume an essential part to acquire a superior weld joint for different metals/materials. The contact stir welding device is one of the basic parts to the achievement of this procedure. It comprises of a tube shaped shoulder and a stick with various geometry. In the test work, the said apparatus has been outlined with barrel shaped stick having four unique geometries for erosion mix welding of the disparate roundabout metal plates. Welding has been completed at welding speed changing from 10 to 40 mm/min and FSW rotational speed from 950 to 1500 rpm. Effects of progression parameterson butt welded circular joint were investigated for weld strength. In this research work, it is found that welded joint between dissimilar metals alloysAl7075 and Mg ZE42is framed utilizing FSW by choosing appropriate device stick profile and welding parameters. It is recommended that friction welding of Aluminum composite and Magnesium compound with tapered butt joint geometry would be helpful later on for vehicle applications by getting the advantages from every material practically.


Disclosed is an anti-biological, extracellular matrix adhesion coating, wherein same is a protein plasticization layer. The protein plasticization layer comprises albumin and a hydrophilic excipient. A method for preparing the coating comprises the steps of: formulating albumin, a hydrophilic excipient and water into a glue solution; coating the glue solution onto the surface of a substrate to form a film layer; and plasticizing the film layer to obtain the anti-biological, extracellular matrix adhesion coating. The coating is applied to medical catheters, bone nails, cardiovascular scaffolds, surgical instruments, biological culture products, glass, quartz or ceramic wares.


Abstract The results of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements performed at the IL, edge in AgI in the temperature range 50–292 K are reported. The temperature dependence of the Debye-Waller factors of the first and second coordination shells of iodine is satisfactorily described by a hybrid Debye-Einstein model, which reproduces the main features of the density of states of vibrational modes.


Advances in semiconductor metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as ZnO and CuO NPs, have allowed the construction of novel and efficient optoelectronic devices and sensors. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, which are among the most versatile biomaterials, have proven to be a useful template for arranging and decorating nanomaterials, significantly enhancing their specific functionalities. In this study, we fabricated p-type ZnO and n-type CuO NP-embedded DNA thin layers via a facile drop-casting method. Additionally, cetyltrimethylammonium surfactant-modified DNA (CDNA) thin layers with semiconducting NPs were constructed to expand the usability in an organic solvent. Optical and electrical characterizations of the ZnO and CuO NP-embedded DNA and CDNA thin layers are essential. Thus, DNA and CDNA thin layers with various concentrations of ZnO and CuO NPs were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmittanc...


Recent and proposed changes within the Canadian gas industry have altered the business environment. The revised structure has had a major effect on the long range planning process for resource based frrms. The goal of this thesis was to provide and demonstrate an effective planning methodology that can be used to analyze the future impacts of the present changes. In accomplishing this, an innovative computer modeling system has been used. The Generalized Equilibrium Modeling System (GEMS) is a state-of-the-art network modeling methodology that has been used to develop a North Americ~n regional natural gas model. This model distinguishes eighteen supply and nine demand regions in formulating an interactive representation of the North American gas market. The model provides the analytical capability to monitor the industry interactions for various policy alternatives over a forty five year time horizon. The North American regional gas model was applied in this thesis to analyze a number of current issues of concern to the Canadian natural gas industry. These include a long-range analysis of the consequences of moving to a free market business environment and an analysis of the recently implemented regional floor pricing system. Specific analysis for two series of policy cases was also done. The first examined the effects of changes to Canada's exportable surplus test while the second focused on the effects of a series of staged border taxes on Canadian gas exports. Throughout the analysis, specific regional effects, particularly related to Canadian exports, were also highlighted. The analysis results show that the outlook for the Canadian gas industry is extremely promising in terms of market volumes, revenues and profitability. Under all policies, the potential for significant increases in production is evident. The trend towards the free market business environment is of significant benefit to the welfare of


A number of convergent trends - including but not limited to: end user focus, horizontalization, COTS HW/SW, increasing influence of IT concepts and artifacts - mean that the telco industry needs to assign at least as much attention to data structures, data ownership and data lifecycle as we have traditionally given to functionality and protocols. Such measures aim at cost savings and increased business agility, but in addition data can be treated as revenue generating assets. This paper suggests an architecture framework for successfully dealing with such issues.


6 • IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 2019 T he IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) is one of the strongest IEEE Societies and is currently experiencing enormous growth. This growth and the additional input and fresh views new members bring provide great opportunities. And the greatest potential comes from our future leaders or, put another way, our young members. Given our over 3,980 student members, young people make up more than 28% of the RAS. Consequently, our Society has sought to continuously increase the portfolio of opportunities provided to today's youth. One of the strongest measures of our success in supporting activities of young memb e r s i s t h e more than 270 Student Chapters. The goal o f S t u d e n t Chapters is to create a local network of students and provide them the opportunity to meet and learn from fellow students, faculty members, and professionals in our field. These Chapters are based all over the world, including countries rarely represented at our major meetings like Bangladesh, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia. Our Society provides up to US$40,000 per year to support these Chapters and strengthen Society involvement. In addition, our Distinguished Lecturer (DL) Program provides support to Student Chapters, covering all DL travel expenses so Chapter costs are minimal. The RAS's Education Committee, which reports to the Member Activities Board, is in charge of coordinating and fostering educational initiatives. Important means toward this goal are specialized meetings, workshops, and conference sessions dedicated to student education. Society-sponsored books and summer schools/technical education programs are also the responsibility of this committee. The committee oversees and directs educational resources made available in electronic form and seeks to ensure the high quality of Society-sponsored educational activities. One of our strongest initiatives in this regard is the Student Activities Committee, whose goal is to represent students in robotics worldwide. The chair of the Student Activities Committee is a voting member of our Administrative Committee and thus involved in all decisions about the future development of our Society. We furthermore support several initiatives geared toward young members during three of our flagship conferences: the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, and IEEE/Robotics Society of Japan International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). These initiatives include the photo scavenger hunt, several dedicated get-togethers, and Lunch with Leaders. The latter is open to students and Young Professional attendees and offers a chance to meet and interact with luminaries from our Society and industry for networking, career advice, insights into recent developments, and so forth. The Women in Engineering Committee promotes women and, in particular, young women through Society activities and in cooperation with all Society boards, committees, and working groups. This committee organizes breakfasts and lunches at our flagship conferences to foster discussion on the role of women in robotics and automation, inspire girls, and promote collaborations and programs to advance women in leadership. Our Young Professionals Committee supports the participation of young members in Society activities. One particularly successful activity of this committee is the Young Reviewers Program, which introduces young members of our Society to sound practices in peer reviewing of scientific papers. Our Conference Activities Board has a dedicated budget to support robot challenges at ICRA and IROS. It also offers travel support for authors who are


We integrate reference dependence and hyperbolic time preferences into the optimal stopping framework to study the agent's decision on the working duration. A key insight from our theoretical model is that not only income target but patience as well as the interaction between the two plays a role in that decision. Less patient agents may work for shorter durations; having a target helps hyperbolic discounting agents overcome temptation of finishing the work earlier than the optimal stopping time. An estimation strategy is then developed based on both the reduced form and the structural model approach. Using data for Hawaii longline fishery we find that less patient captains seem to have shorter fishing trips. We also find some evidence that fishermen have references (targets) for revenue when making decisions about the length of fishing trips. Together, the findings suggest the necessity to integrate both reference dependence and hyperbolic time preferences into the model of labor supply.


The authors would like to thank Referee #2 for reviewing the manuscript. Comments: The authors provide a detailed analysis for the variation of tropospheric ozone over Arabian Sea. They indicated that the maximum of spring time free tropospheric O3 over AS is mainly driven by long-range transport, particularly, from India. I recommend the paper for publica-tion after consideration of the points below. Page 2, Line 10-12 It would be better to define the region of Arabian Sea in Figure 1. The enhancement is not very obvious. What is the reason for the 30x10 grid box line in Figure 1? Response: The region of Arabian Sea was defined too far back (in Figure 2 as rectan-


Test series with different wave soldering parameters were run to examine the solder quality achieved in a lead-free wave soldering process. The solder was a Sn -Ag-Cu (SAC) alloy. Solder pot temperature was set between 250°C and 275°C. The most often used pot temperature was 260°C, which is the pot temperature usually used with SAC solders. Other examined process parameters were the solder contact time, soldering atmosphere, preheating temperatures, flux type and flux amount. The test series included different lead-free PCB finishes. Solder bridges and unsoldered SMD components were often observed likely due to the higher surface tension of the SAC alloy. By optimizing the soldering process the amount of these defects can be minimized. One of the main problems observed in lead-free wave soldering was the difficulty to solder through-hole components with a large thermal mass. Typically components with a large thermal mass could be soldered only with long solder contact times and high solder temperatures. Visible defects on the components were rarely observed, even when using these extreme thermal set values. Fillet lifting phenomenona was observed in the through-hole joints when cross sectional analysis was accomplished. Solder composition was analyzed regularly. Special attention was paid to possible increase in copper or lead content. SAC alloys leach PCB copper faster than tin-lead solder. Copper dissolved from PCBs increases the copper content in a solder. The test series contained partly electronics assemblies with tin-lead terminated components. Tin-lead terminated components are a possible source of lead contamination of lead -free solder. A significant risk to lead contamination is posed also if lead contaminated tools are used in solder pot maintenance, like in removing dross. Analyses revealed no significant increase in copper or lead content during the test series, probably because the amount of soldered PCBs was low compared to production volumes.


A prime task in a space-division-multiple-access (SDMA) system is to estimate the array response to each mobile unit, so that multiple co-channel signals can be separated using spatial diversity. Talwar et al. (1994) introduced a data-efficient blind estimation approach by exploiting the finite-alphabet property of a digital signal. However, the algorithm requires that the information bits from all users be perfectly synchronized. In this paper, we establish a practical model for an asynchronous multiuser system. Based on this model, we develop a novel estimation scheme which first synchronizes the multiuser system and then determines the array responses by integrating the techniques. RF field experiments show that the new approach can reliably estimate the array responses and separate multiple sources in some typical scenarios.


Value management (VM) was introduced in China during 1978, when the reform and open door policy started. After a surge of VM applications that emerged in the late 1980s, the development of VM has declined sharply in the recent years in China. Although some successful applications of VM in China's construction industry have been observed, many actions should be taken to exert its full potential to improve value for money for clients. Aims to draw a holistic picture of the current VM practices and provide recommendations for its future development in China's construction industry. Provides a comparison between China's VM approach and the international mainstream to highlight the major differences.


The present study revealed that a large majority of the respondents have to face the problem of irregularity of work. Almost, all the respondents in the sampled districts do not enjoy any facility at their workplace. About onethird of the female respondents were not being paid equal wages for equal work with men. Majority of the sampled women labourers are not aware about the standard working hours fixed by the government. The study also revealed that a majority of the women labourers were suffering from some serious diseases. In addition to the problems faced at the workplace, the women labourers have to face many problems on their domestic front also. After the whole day work, they have the responsibility to look after their children and attend the domestic chores. Even during the period of their illness, more than one-fourth of the respondents have reported that they do not get the co-operation of their husbands rather they are ill-treated and forced to go for work. Some of the respondents have complained that they have been the victims of domestic violence. Apart from this, slightly more than one-third of the respondents have revealed that they were not involved in all important family matters. All this makes their situation more miserable.


The utility model discloses a translation elevating vehicle-carried table for a translation elevating type three-dimensional parking device, which comprises a translation vehicle-carrier frame and a translation driving device, wherein the translation vehicle-carrier frame is supported to a translation track through the translation roller wheel arranged on the translation vehicle-carrier frame; the translation track is fixed on a cross beam which is fixed on a stand column; the translation driving device drives the translation vehicle-carrier frame to move along the translation track; an elevating vehicle-carried frame is arranged below the translation vehicle-carrier frame; the upper end of the steel rope for hanging the elevating vehicle-carried frame is wound on a steel rope winding drum which is movably supported on the translation vehicle-carrier frame; and the translation vehicle-carrier frame is also provided with a turning table plate and the rotation driving device thereof. The translation elevating vehicle-carried table has the advantages that the consumption time for the parking and the fetching of the translation elevating type three-dimensional parking device is reduced by above 50%; the turning can be realized when a parking region is free by utilizing the parking space area in the air; and the turning area on the ground is not additionally added.


In real life,whether you're in their own toilets,corridors,public places such as corridor lighting circuits can not be separated.However,long irradiation is often a waste,lighting and saving circuit is very popular.This article combination of life,information detection device,use some common sensor to design an energy saving lamp,three controlled delay lighting circuit,Which economical and practical,laboratory,home more suitable for home-made.


Product design is a complex,collaborative,decision-making engineering process.However,traditional CAD tools focus primarily on the representation of geometry and mostly support single designer.This paper pre sents a conceptual design system based on whiteboard to support and collaborative work.This system is based on B/S structure and it is able to support collaborative design of mechanical product by multi-disciplinary de-signers dispersed geographically,to help designers creative thinking during the conceptual design,to capture,share and reuse the conceptual design data.


This research aims to analyze the effect of the variables in predicting the company's capital structure. The variables in this research consist of free cash flow (FCF), tangible assets (TAN), firm size (SIZ), and profitability (PRO). The population of this study was all  mining company listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISX) in 2009-2013. Sampling was done by using purposive sampling method and obtain 23 companies with a total of 115 data in this research period. This research used multiple linear regression analysis for testing the influence of independent variables on dependent variable . Results from this research showed that free cash flow significantly and have an influence on the increase or decrease the company's capital structure. Tangible assets and profitability negative significantly influence to the mining company's capital structure. Firm size did not significantly influence to the mining company's capital structure.


Abstract Sperm development, maturation, and successful fertilization within the female reproductive tract are intricate and orderly processes that involve protein translation and post-translational modifications. Among these modifications, sialylation plays a crucial role. Any disruptions occurring throughout the sperm's life cycle can result in male infertility, yet our current understanding of this process remains limited. Conventional semen analysis often fails to diagnose some infertility cases associated with sperm sialylation, emphasizing the need to comprehend and investigate the characteristics of sperm sialylation. This review reanalyzes the significance of sialylation in sperm development and fertilization and evaluates the impact of sialylation damage on male fertility under pathological conditions. Sialylation serves a vital role in the life journey of sperm, providing a negatively charged glycocalyx and enriching the molecular structure of the sperm surface, which is beneficial to sperm reversible recognition and immune interaction. These characteristics are particularly crucial during sperm maturation and fertilization within the female reproductive tract. Moreover, enhancing the understanding of the mechanism underlying sperm sialylation can promote the development of relevant clinical indicators for infertility detection and treatment. Summary Sentence Sialic acids exhibit three pivotal characteristics that render them essential factors in determining the fate decision of mammalian sperm: their negative charge, reversible recognition function, and immune recognition. Graphical Abstract


INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of losartan compared with atenolol for the treatment of hypertension, both from the point of view of society and from that of the health care sector, based on data from the LIFE study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The computations are based on a simple decision tree model, where the probability of stroke was obtained from the LIFE study, a double-blind, randomised clinical study of 9,193 patients with hypertensive left ventricle hypertrophy.

RESULTS
The treatment of hypertension with losartan rather than atenolol entails a cost of DKK 19,668 per gained quality-adjusted life year (QALY), when only the cost of the health care sector is taken into account, and DKK 72,564 if all costs to society are included.

CONCLUSION
The analysis shows that treatment with losartan is cost-effective even when the uncertainty in both data and economic evaluations is taken into account.


The social cost for the increasing older population is motivating new research, designed to support the ability and to favorite the autonomy of the disabled as well as the elderly. This paper describes an original proactive application of a Kohonen classification for home monitoring. Our approach attempts not to use any additional sensor and is only based on the observation of existing home automation events as non vectorial data. An analysis of user habits through the dissimilarity of services with a Kohonen algorithm is proposed for offering automatic scenarii in adequacy with the user capabilities. The simulation results, issued from real data from previous experiences, show the interest of our algorithm.


A random profile of a cell gives a highly biased presentation of the location of various organelles within an intracellular space. The technique combining mathematical modeling and computer simulation presented here is aimed to overcome this bias and interpret intracellular spatial arrangement of an organelle using two‐dimensional (2‐D) observations from random sections. It allows to simulate random sectioning of a cell whose shape approximates to an ellipsoid of rotation, and to obtain the coordinates for the center of an organelle profile located within a cell profile. The pilot study was performed to investigate the influence of different three‐dimensional (3‐D) scattering patterns of an organelle on the coordinates of an organelle profile's center. Computer tests were carried out on a personal computer using the original software written in Pascal. It was ascertained that statistical properties of a sample of organelle profile's center coordinates allow for a quantative estimation of some 3‐D features, including the position of an organelle with respect to a cell center and specific characteristics of an organelle position (e.g., its fixity or randomness). Microsc. Res. Tech. 42:451–458, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Most African governments have attempted improving performance of their civil service through reforms. All ended up failing meeting the desired results because of a combination of internal and external factors. The Zimbabwean experience is a typical African reforms effort that failed because of both internal weaknesses and external pressures. This paper looks at the theoretical frameworks and the implementation of reform programmes in the Zimbabwean civil service. Key words: Improving performance, performance management, corruption, change.


Today consumers are becoming more demanding, these are no longer seeking just a service or product quality, now the image of a friendly and sustainable production has a strong impact on the client. Arca Continental is a company dedicated to the production, distribution and sale of soft drinks. The multinational group, Coca-Cola Company, owns the company. Arca Continental currently has the highest market share in the country. Given the 68.3% in Ecuadorian market partitioning. The project involves the measurement and analysis of the carbon footprint produced by the company in the area of distribution in the city of Quito.


A method for sharing access to a wireless LAN access point is applicable between a target client device and a host device which is coupled to the wireless LAN access point, and includes the steps of: configuring the host device to send an invite request to the target client device, configuring the host device to receive an invite response sent by the target client device, and configuring the host device to exchange connection information with the target client device, such that the target client device may connect to the wireless LAN access point according to the connection information.


Purpose: This study was to provide understanding of the meaning of the transition experiences in pregnancy and childbirth among the married immigrant women. Methods: Data was collected through a face-to-face interview from 11 married immigrant women. Their conjugal lives were followed using the herm...


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to methods of producing chiral compounds, particularly to method of producing chiral compound of formula (II). Method involves reaction of chiral compound of formula (I) with H 2 N-NH-CHO in solvent to obtain compound of formula (II). In formulae (I) and (II) Y denotes substituted or unsubstituted aryl fragment, wherein substituted aryl fragment contains 1, 2 or 3 substitutes, which are selected from group comprising halogen, alkyl and C 1 -C 6 alkoxy group. Invention also relates to methods of producing chiral compounds of formulae (III)-(V) using method of producing chiral compound of formula (II), chiral compounds of formulae (II)-(V) and use thereof to obtain fungicidal agent, preferably of posaconazole. EFFECT: in formulae (III)-(V) Y has value specified for compounds of formulae (I) and (II); R aa , R bb and R cc can be identical or different and denote alkyl or aryl residue; R 1 denotes an alkyl residue. 31 cl, 2 dwg, 3 ex


This paper examines the activities of the Bank of England Missions to Latin America during the 1930s, focusing on the Niemeyer Missions to Argentina in 1932 and the Powell Mission to El Salvador in 1934. Previous studies have shown little interest in examining the reactions of the countries which received the missions or the intentions of the local governments and other interests, such as major politicians or big commercial bankers, etc. By focusing on these local factors and actors, we argue that the success of money doctoring depends on the political and economic situation in the country which receives the mission, i.e. whether there are local promoters or collaborators. This study would not only furnish a fresh interpretation of the Bank of England Advisory Missions in the interwar years, but also provide a new image regarding "money doctoring" in general. Draft Version: Please do not cite without author's permission. Any comments would be appreciated. ∗ I should like to thank a number of people and institutions; however, I particularly owe an enormous debt of gratitude to the staff of the Bank of England Archive: Sarah Millard, Ben White and Lara Webb, who gave me every possible assistance and advice during my research on site. I should also note that this research was made possible by a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: (Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)). 2 Introduction After the Great War, Lord Montagu Norman (Governor of the Bank of England, 1920-1944) attempted to reconstruct international monetary and economic order through the establishment of a gold exchange standard. In order to achieve this goal, Lord Montagu sought to establish "orthodox" central banks in as many of the peripheral countries as possible. The "orthodox" central banks were supposed to be independent from national governments and function as the guardians of sound money both internally and externally, and were also expected to economize on their use of gold reserves. In addition, these central banks were expected to be agents that would promote central bank cooperation under the leadership of the Bank of England and ultimately realize world peace. In order to propagate the "orthodox" central banking doctrine, during the inter-war years British financial advisory missions were dispatched all over the world from the Bank of England. As Table 1 shows, the activities of the Bank's missions seem to be more comprehensive in scale and deeper in their impact than those of the well-known Kemmerer missions in the 1920s. The Bank's missions were not only dispatched to countries in the British Empire, but also to so-called "informal empire" countries such as Argentina, China and Egypt. Hence, the Bank of England missions are widely considered to be the most important case of "money doctoring" in history. This paper examines the activities of the Bank of England Missions to Latin America during the 1930s, focusing on the Niemeyer Missions to Argentina in 1932 and the Powell Mission to El Salvador in 1934, based on comprehensive research of primary documents held by the Bank of England Archives. These missions are considered to be worthy of attention for the two following reasons: first, they shed light on the British policy regarding the countries which constituted the "informal empire", second, they represent an interesting case study of "money doctoring"or "money doctors", because almost all of the Latin American countries in the 1930s were in default and were plagued by a series of military coups d'état, inevitably making the missions' tasks both daunting and challenging. In this study we have focused on the following point, which has not previously been addressed. It is inevitable that 'money doctoring' from abroad must have involved infringement of sovereignty and provoked some kind of conflict of interest or nationalism on the side of the countries that invited the


This paper presents a new method for fine‐tuning the Gaussian membership functions of a fuzzy neural network (FNN) to improve approximation accuracy. This method results in special shape membership functions without the convex property. We first recall that any continuous function can be represented by a linear combination of Gaussian functions with any standard deviation. Therefore, the Gaussian membership function in the second layer of the FNN can be replaced by several small Gaussian functions; the weighting vectors of this new network (called FNN5) can then be updated using the backpropagation algorithm. The proposed method can adapt proper membership functions for any nonlinear input/output mapping to achieve highly accurate approximation. Convergence analysis shows that the weighting vectors of the FNN5 eventually converge to the optimal values. Simulation results indicate that (a) this approach improves approximation accuracy, and (b) that the number of rules can be reduced for any given level of accuracy. For the purpose of illustrating the proposed method, the FNN5 is also applied to tune PI controllers such that gain and phase margins of the closed‐loop system achieve the desired specifications.


Community Schools Museums (COSMUS) is an initiative that has been developing an approach to school education from a perspective of multi-dimensional diversity, creativity and community involvement under the Erasmus+ programme in six different countries (Portugal, Greece, Italy, Romania, Poland and Turkey) and in different kinds of schools (arts, music, primary school, high school, VET).This initiative, relies on different educational and multicultural principles, such as the European Youth Charter on Inclusion and Diversity in Education or the European Education Area, and uses a combination of three dimensions that compose the new concept of Community School Museum.The first dimension refers to the local community in which each of the schools is located. This not only enhances concepts such as local traditions, society, or sense of belonging, but also connects with them and involves them in the school activity and curricula content.The second dimension is the school, where education curricula and physical space interact to support those types of knowledge that are essential to sustaining human development, using critical thinking, using creativity or cooperation to promote multicultural meanings.The third dimension is the museum, understood as a flexible tool acting as a communication channel (bi-directional), with elements that act as significance bearers. It uses the approach of learning by doing in order to learn to be, one of the four pillars of learning. It also employs the recommendations of the International Committee for Education and Cultural Action and applies the seven areas of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.Results of the Community School Museum projects show a sound diversity of approaches, which points to the success of the methodology, given that diverse educational, social and cultural contexts give rise to diverse museum contents and designs. One of these results focuses on vernacular heritage.


Evaluate the triolein emulsion could disrupt the barriers and to suggest as an experimental model in blood-ocular barrier studies. Triolein emulsion was infused into the carotid artery in the experimental group ten cats. Normal saline was used in another the control group ten cats. Precontrast and postcontrast 71-weighted MR images Ivere obtained at 30 minutes and 3 hours after embolization. Signal intensities were evaluated in the anterior, posterior chamber and in the vitreus qualitatively and quantitatively. Postembolization 30 minutes MR images were not different from those of the control group. Postembolization 3 hour MR images demonstrated delayed contrast enhancement in the anterior chamber of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyeballs and in the posterior chamber of the ipsilateral eyeball. Delayed contrast enhancement of the posterior chamber of the ipsilateral eyeball was statistically significant (P<0.05). The present study demonstrated significant contrast enhancement in the posterior chamber with infusion of triolein emulsion and can be a model in blood-aqueous barrier studies.


Howard Shevrin University of Michigan Department of Psychology 1012 East Hall 530 Church Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com he was in the 19th Century? Will he eat us out of scientific house and home while our behaviorist in-laws tell us, "I told you so"? And what about some of his old friends mental contents, states of consciousness, and unconscious processes will they break up the party and force a return to the Spartan fare of psychology's preconscious era? In my view these dangers exist as well as new opportunities for bringing together such disparate enterprises as cognitive science, neurophysiology, and psychoanalysis. There are at least four questions which need to be addressed: i) Is there an ambiguity in the current use of the term consciousness? ii) How are mental contents related to men-


A survey was conducted to investigate the extent of adoption of root and tuber composite flour (RTCF) technology transferred among micro- and small-scale entrepreneurs (MSEs) in the bakery and pastry industry in Ghana. A total of 268 respondents were surveyed from the Brong Ahafo, Ashanti, Eastern, Volta, Western and Central regions in Ghana. The overall adoption rate of the RTCF technology among the 268 respondents was estimated at approximately 40%; Ashanti (75.7%), Eastern (43.1%), Volta (41%) and Brong Ahafo (21.4%). Results confirmed that adoption rate of the RTCF was tied to availability, accessibility and affordability of the RTCF in the local communities. Modelling adoption decision of the RTCF technology using the Probit model indicated that process innovation and age of bakers had significant positive influence on the decision to adopt the RTCF technology. Younger bakers with less experience also increased the probability of adoption It is therefore important to encourage bakers to be innovative through the adoption of best practices and technologies that have the potential to increase productivity and efficiency. Adoption of the RTCF technology has significant implications for enhanced food security situation in Ghana.


This study sets out to examine how different kinds of organisations work with sustainability issues. It compares one private and one public actor, which are regarded as forerunners in sustainability work, namely Tetra Pak and the municipality of Malmo. Interviews with informants within the organisations form the basis for the analysis. The study uses theories regarding differences between public and private organisations and examines whether this distinction is relevant for our understanding of the cases and for organisational sustainability work in general. To structure the analysis, I have processed the theoretical literature and extracted three themes. These are: goal complexity; effectiveness or power- sharing; and management methods. The analysis shows that differences in the organisations related to the first two themes are visible, but regarding management methods, similarities between the organisations predominate. Overall, the study concludes that the theoretical framework contributes to our understanding of how sustainability work is organised and can differ between different kinds of organisations. The research highlights structural differences between public and private organisations and shows how these have concrete consequences and create different premises for sustainability work.


Latin America is a group of countries that covers an area of approximately 19 197 000 km2. In 2016, its population was estimated at more than 639 million. The prevalent languages are Spanish and Portuguese.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms


Until recently, we suspect that very few of those reading the present article were familiar with the D68 serotype of enterovirus. However, starting in August 2014, reports arose of severe respiratory disease in children with enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in both Chicago, Illinois, and Kansas City, Kansas (USA) (Table 1) (1), right in the midst of concerns worldwide about a more virulent pathogen that is also abbreviated as EVD – Ebola virus disease. In 2012, the taxonomy for the genus Enterovirus, belonging to the family Picornaviridae, was revised to include 12 species: enterovirus A though J (with no letter 'I' because it could be confused with the number one) and rhinovirus A, B and C (2). Each of the 12 species is subdivided into serotypes that are named using an abbreviation of the appropriate common virus name (with the human ones being enterovirus [EV], coxsackievirus [CV], echovirus [E], poliovirus [PV] and rhinovirus [RV]) and a number (3). Most of the human pathogens belong to E enterovirus A through D. To make the nomenclature even more confusing, most commercial laboratory respiratory virus testing methods use multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that do not distinguish between enterovirus and rhinovirus, often resulting in the grouping of these viruses in laboratory reports. EV-D68, belonging to E enterovirus D, was first detected in 1962 in four children in California (USA)with respiratory disease (4). Since then, clusters of cases of respiratory disease linked to EV-D68 have been described worldwide (Table 1). EV-D68 was initially named human rhinovirus 87 because it has the acid liability typical of rhinovirus (5), until genetic and antigenic analysis led to it being reclassified as an enterovirus (6). Voluntary and passive enterovirus surveillance in the United States (US) from 1970 through 2005 identified EV-D68 as a rare serotype (ranked 47th of 58 serotypes identified), with one unusual feature being that only one-half of the 26 cases occurred during the typical US enteroviral season (June through October). The percentage of cases occuring among individuals ≥20 years of age (23.5%) was higher than for most enteroviral serotypes (7). Despite the fact that apparent outbreaks with severe clinical manifestations have occurred on different continents for >50 years, the epidemiology of EV-D68 is far from fully elucidated. Most clinicians only obtained access to routine diagnostics for enterovirus when molecular detection methods became widely available in the past decade. As previously mentioned, laboratories commonly do not distinguish between enterovirus and rhinovirus. Even when these viruses are differentiated, enterovirus serotyping is typically only available as part of an outbreak investigation. Therefore, the incidence of EV-D68 infection, the spectrum of clinical manifestations, the ages of those with infection and disease, and both shortand long-term outcomes are unclear. Why was there so much more 'fuss' about the 2014 EV-D68 clusters of cases compared with previous outbreaks? It appears likely that this heightened level of concern occurred because, due to more rapid availability of strain typing, the virus linked to the US clusters was identified before the outbreak had passed. Furthermore, to have simultaneous outbreaks with multiple pediatric intensive care admissions in US cities that are 700 km apart was alarming, indicating that we could be on the verge of a widespread severe outbreak. In response to the reports of the two US outbreaks, the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health in Alberta retrospectively tested 230 nasopharyngeal specimens from children (<18 years of age) submitted from July 1, 2014 to September 10, 2014 from which enterovirus or rhinovirus had already been detected. None of the specimens from July yielded enterovirus. There were 83 enterovirus specimens from August and September, of which 49 (59%) proved to be D68. As of November 7, 2014, an additional 62 cases of EV-D68 in Alberta have been detected in children through prospective testing (8). In the US, almost all states (47 of 50) reported cases of EV-D68 as of November 12, 2014, with a total of 1116 cases detected. EV-D68 was clearly the predominant serotype because it was detected from approximately 40% of all specimens submitted to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Georgia, USA) for enteroviral testing, with approximately 30% being positive for other enteroviruses or rhinovirus (9). Asthma appeared to be a risk factor for the detection of EV-D68 in Alberta and in the US (8,9). This link had not been described with previous outbreaks, possibly because they were dramatically smaller. Other than children in the two index outbreaks in Chicago and Kansas City (1), it appears that most children in whom EV-D68 was detected in 2014 experienced uneventful hospital admission with respiratory tract infections. One would assume that if EV-D68 is similar to all other enteroviruses, patients in whom EV-D68 is detected represent 'the tip of the iceberg', with many others not being tested because they did not require hospital admission, did not have testing performed or did not have symptoms that would prompt testing for respiratory viruses. Anecdotally, pediatric emergency physicians in Alberta described seeing more severe cases of asthma in August and September than expected for that time of year, but it is not possible to determine whether this was related to EV-D68. Twelve deaths had been reported in the US as of November 12, 2014 (9) but the clinical details and the role that EV-D68 played in these deaths is unclear. To further muddy the waters, on September 24, 2014, the CDC announced that nine children in Colorado (USA) had presented from August 8 to September 15, 2014 with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), of whom four ultimately had EV-D68 detected from nasopharyngeal specimens (10). Features of these cases that were unusual for AFP included focal extremity involvement and magnetic resonance imaging changes in the anterior horn cells, specifically nonenhancing lesions on multiple levels of the spinal cord usually restricted to the gray matter (anterior myelitis). Of note, of 245 cases of AFP in California from 1992 to 1998, none had anterior myelitis documented on imaging (11). In response to the Colorado cases, the CDC began performing surveillance for cases of AFP with onset August 1, 2014 or later that had focal limb weakness and anterior myelitis on magnetic resonance imaging. As of November 12, 2014, 75 cases of AFP from 29 states had been reported through this surveillance program (12). In Canada, it became evident that most pediatric hospitals had also admitted a small number of similar AFP cases, including at least four cases in Calgary (Alberta) (13) and two in Edmonton (Alberta). As with the Colorado cases, many did not have EV-D68 detected. It is not pediatric infectious diseases notes


Let B be the unit ball in the complex space C. Write Rat(B, B) for the space of proper rational holomorphic maps from B into B and Poly(B, B ) for the set of proper polynomial holomorphic maps from B into B . We say that F and G ∈ Rat(B, B) are equivalent if there are automorphisms σ ∈ Aut(B) and τ ∈ Aut(B ) such that F = τ ◦G◦σ. Proper rational holomorphic maps from B into B with N ≤ 2n − 2 are equivalent to the identity map ([Fa] [Hu]). In [HJX], it is shown that F ∈ Rat(B, B ) with N ≤ 3n−4 is equivalent to a quadratic monomial map, called the D'Angelo map. However, when the codimension is sufficiently large, there are a plenty of rooms to construct rational holomorphic maps with certain arbitrariness by the work in Catlin-D'Angelo [CD]. Hence, it is reasonable to believe that after lifting the codimension restriction, many proper rational holomorphic maps are not equivalent to polynomial proper holomorphic maps. In the last paragraph of the paper [DA], D'Angelo gave a philosophic discussion on this matter. However, explicit examples of proper rational holomorphic maps, that are not equivalent to polynomial proper holomorphic maps, do not seem to exist in the literature. And the problem of determining if an explicit proper rational holomorphic map is equivalent to a polynomial holomorphic map does not seem to have been studied so far.


EDUCATION Ph.D. in Economics, Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, France (Expected Sept. 2013). Advisors: Roberta Dessi and Margaret Kyle. M.Phil. in Economics, Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, 2009. M.Sc. in Economics, Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, 2008. ( High Distinction ) M.A. in Economics, CCER, Peking University, Beijing, 2007. B.E. in Electronical Engineering, Chongqing University of Post and Telecom (CQUPT), Chongqing, 2002.


There is very little information on chromosomal polymorphism in "domestic" species of Drosophila probably because workers have been unwilling to study this problem because most of these species have small numbers of inversions at low frequencies (Carson 1965) ; adaptive role of the inversion polymorphism in this group remains rather speculative. D. immigyans, virtually a domestic and cosmopolitan species, is now found in semiwild habitats on most continents and in natural states such as in Chile (Brncic 1970) and in the Hawaiian islands (Paik and Sung 1972; others). Several different workers from their studies on the chromosomal polymorphism in this species have shown some evidence of geographic variations in the relative frequencies of the same polymorphic inversions (see Discussion). The need of further studies on the local variations is obviously indicated. In a large breeding population the frequencies of such "widespread" inversions are determined by selection and migration. But in a small, island-type population, or in one subject to changes in climatic and ecological conditions, the frequency changes due to drift are also important. Apparently, work needs to be done along this line. In this communication we present the chromosomal polymorphism found in natural populations of D. immigyans on three main islands of Hawaii. First, the data obtained from dissimilar habitats within island are compared with each other. Secondly, the differences between different islands, and between the islands and continental populations are discussed.


Bacteriophage 812 represents potential candidate for the treatment of the infection caused by antibotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In this work, three of its strucural proteins had been studied, putative hydrolase TmpE, portal protein Prt and morphogenic protein of the baseplate TmpF. The genes encoding above-mentioned proteins were successfully cloned into the expression vector, fused to C-terminal histidine tag. Subsequently, they were over-expressed in Escherichia coli and the products were purified by metal-affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The results include yielded crystals of the putative hydrolase, suitable for further optimization, functional complexes of portal protein usable for single-particle reconstruction by cryo-electron microscopy and purified protein TmpF, suitable for functional assays.


Summary The approach to pelvic fractures has undergone substantial change throughout the years. Considerable controversy exists concerning this fracture in terms of hemorrhage etiologies, treatment options, complications, and outcomes. External fixation became popular when conservative treatment was found to be less successful than previously thought. Although there is a trend away from external fixation as internal fixation continues to emerge, external fixation has a definite role in pelvic fracture management. The authors review the indications and techniques for external fixation in the management of pelvic fractures.


The cost of energy consuming of heating system takes a great proportion in the total cost of realty management This article,focuses or the drawbacks of conventional heating system,analyzes the data collected from actual practices and proposes a new system control theory, that is computerize the real-time frequency conversion control or area,time, mode Of heat transformation and temperature grads. The aim of the new theory is promoting the efficiency of energy conversion and minimizing the cost of energy consuming Keywords Area,Period Of time, Mode of heat transformation, Temperature grads Real-time frequency conversion, System control


Business Continuity Management (BCM) is in many respects a technically oriented field. The technical aspects of BCM are of great importance, however they become meaningless if not used and managed properly. Without adequate human and organizational conditions, there is a risk that BCM does not take the decisive step from solely comprising well-documented business continuity plans, to also generating actual behaviors that are deeply rooted in the corporate culture. To increase the knowledge on BCM, with regards to human and organizational aspects, this thesis develops and presents a conceptual model, and also a more detailed guiding method, for the process of implementing BCM. The guiding method has, in some degree, been customized to suit the conditions on the Volvo Construction Equipment site in Eskilstuna, Sweden. An extensive literature study, and a review of the findings, has been carried out as the basis for the conclusions presented in this report.


To find out impacts of tax structure system in Vietnam on GDP and progressivity, models employed are Fixed-Effects and Two-Stage Least Squares, together with the regression model of tax progressivity. Data's source is from Vietnam General Statistics Office. It is cross-sectional time series over the period 1997-2010 for different 61 provinces in Vietnam. Findings present that Vietnam's tax policies are progressive, their integration policy impacts on the economic growth positively. In addition, the result is proved there is a significant relationship between the state budget and GDP. As a result, the budgetary expenses must be paid attention strictly. Because coefficients of value-added tax and corporate income tax are positive and significant, an increase in value-added tax or/and corporate income tax causes an increase in GDP. However, this view for a long-term is a negative impact on the economic growth, because the country can lose competitive advantages to attract foreign development investment, if keeping high tax rates. Note that several inadequacies in policies need reforms in both policies and tax structure system, in which corporate income tax must be focused, because of mobilization of financial outside the state is unstable. Currently, tax policies in Vietnam combine so many goals in each form of encouragement while the policy objectives are conflict, which makes difficulties to carry out. Existing lack of harmony among the taxes in the tax policy can cause a main reason of a decrease in the revenue target of the state and in regulating macro economy.


The problem of ensuring virtual network (VN) connectivity in presence of multiple link failures in the substrate network (SN) is not well investigated in Network Virtualization (NV) literature. We name this problem as Connectivity-aware Virtual Network Embedding (CoViNE). Solving CoViNE will enable a VN operator to perform failure recovery without depending on the SN provider, similar to the IP restoration mechanisms in IP-over-WDM networks. There are two steps in solving CoViNE: i) finding the virtual links that should be embedded disjointly, and ii) finding a substrate resource efficient embedding that ensures the virtual link disjointness constraint. We present two solutions to the CoViNE problem. The first solution uses a heuristic to compute the disjointness constraint, while an optimization model is used for VN embedding. The second solution, in contrast, uses heuristic for both the steps, and thus can solve larger instances of the problem. We compare our solutions with a cut set based approach that ensures VN connectivity for a single substrate link failure. Evaluation results show that our heuristics allocate ~15% extra resources on average compared to the cut set based optimal solution, and executes two to three orders of magnitude faster on the same problem instances.


Relevant information and data on the intensity of water erosion and its area distribution are essential for selecting the most appropriate agricultural land management in an erosion-sensitive landscape. The land users can target appropriate soil protection measures (based on a correct evaluation of the obtained information) to those parts of the territory most significantly affected by erosion-accumulation processes. The USLE erosion prediction model is a suitable tool for evaluating the area from the long-term prediction of water erosion intensity and its area distribution and proposing appropriate anti-erosion measures. Relief, soil erodibility, rainfall erosivity, soil protection effect of vegetation cover, and agro-techniques are the main erosion factors that significantly influence the start and process of erosion-accumulation processes in a given locality. These factors are considered in the model's basic structure. The model has been updated and detailed several times with the aim of a more precise assessment of the territory. An updated digital layer of rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor) generated based on its updated values during its last update was incorporated into its structure. USLE erosion model refinement was achieved based on updating the digital layer of the rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor), which was generated based on its updated values. The results are more informative and precise outputs concerning the intensity of water erosion and its area distribution in specific soil-climatic and geomorphological conditions.


The objective of the work is to improve the control performance of central cooling system and reduce the dynamic deviation of the outlet temperature of fresh cooling water,which is caused by inertia of cooling water system when using traditional PID control model.Hydraulic model,steady heat transfer model and thermodynamic model of the central cooling system are presented in this paper based on fluid mechanics and heat transfer theory.Operating principle and corresponding control method is introduced to a 57 000 ton bulk carrier's central cooling system,and a cascade control model is established by using classical control theory.The performance of PID control scheme and that of the cascade control scheme is compared with the help of software Matlab.Simulation results show that the cascade control scheme possesses better control performance and has a good application prospect in the control design of central cooling system.


Dynamic topology charging initialization method of the present invention relates to a distribution grid, the design belongs to the technical field of power systems structural topologies. At run time including the initial distribution network, the effective power supply node, the non-power supply node, segment, each state switch setting identification collision node set to the empty set; it started in parallel from each of the charging power supply node initialization, each of the first power supply node create a topology Island Tj, then from the power supply node breadth-first search, the search in the order of sequentially determining each node access, line switching charged state and added to modify the status flag in the topology Tj island; if the charged state is changed, then the node to the focus node as a collision node collision; Analyzing segment collision or topological nodes connected to both ends of the island are the same index switch belongs, if the same composition as the inner loop is a single power supply or otherwise, consisting of a dual loop power; and perform loop ID settings. This method can quickly determine the charging device and power supply situation.


Nucleolar morphology in interphase nuclei of non‐growing and growing plant cells has been studied by polarized light and phase‐contrast microscopy. Variation in the optical properties of the nucleoli in unstained preparations are indicative of different morphological stages of this cell organelle with respect to the physiological status of the cells in which these variations occur. A filamentous nucleolar component, the nucleolonema, was evident in unstained nucleoli of explants cultured in vitro and in hypocotyls of germinating seeds. Unstained and stained preparations indicate that the polarized‐light effects observed in nucleoli of previous investigations are primarily associated with this filamentous nucleolar structure.


Abstract In this paper we distinguish between free Hessenberg forms, where only the system matrix is transformed into a special structure, and system Hessenberg forms, where either an input or output matrix is simultaneously simplified. We show how the freedom in the choice of the transformation matrix for the free Hessenberg form can be used to obtain a unique system Hessenberg form. We discuss numerical aspects and outline some basic applications for both types of Hessenberg forms in control and system theory. We show that the system Hessenberg form can be extremely sensitive to perturbations, a property not necessarily shared by the free Hessenberg form. Several examples are explored, and a first-order perturbation analysis is given. Analogous aspects are also discussed for the Hessenberg/triangular forms resulting from reduction of a matrix pencil. The main emphasis of this paper is on systems with one input.


The enterprise intelligence through e-transformation is one of the cornerstones of the next-generation e-business era where the Internet constitutes the core business resource. Furthermore, the severe competitive landscape of e-business makes firms focus on their core capability and farm out staffing functions such as IT. Under this circumstance, enhancing intelligence and synergy through e-transformation will be accomplished by IT outsourcing via ASPs (application service providers). The ASP industry now provides an essential infrastructure for the Internet-based e-business transactions, thereby accelerating corporate e-transformation. An ASP is generally defined as a third-party service firm that deploys, manages, and/or remotely hosts a software application through centrally located servers in a lease agreement. ASPs started their business by providing online application programs such as ERP (enterprise resource planning) and CRM (customer relationship management) solution packages to corporate customers. The first customers were small companies or local branches of multinational companies where IT outsourcing was the only option to deploy IT resources due to financial or regional constraints. As seen in these cases, the biggest merit of employing ASPs is that corporate customers do not have to own the applications and take responsibilities associated with initial and ongoing support and maintenance. Consequently, ASPs are differentiated from the existing IT services in that ASPs provide IT resources to multiple corporate clients on a oneto-many basis with a standardized service architecture and pricing scheme. Background: Industry value cHaIn


DIANA, a digital-analog simulation program for IBM 1620 2 computer, simulates physical systems by solving the simultaneous differential equations describing the systems. It expands and optimizes the input-output capabilities, permits additional flexibility in midstream program alternation, and minimizes the computational time.


Objective: To study the effect of different concentrations bupivacaine on spinal anesthesia, for rapid rehabilitation of lower limbs. Methods: 90 ASA I-II younger patients (18 65 years) undergoing lower limb surgery, according to different concentrations of bupivacaine (7.5mg) were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 0.25 (0.25%, 3 ml), group 0.375 (0.375%, 2 ml), group 0.5 (0.5%, 1.5 ml). The sensory, motor block and recovery were measured and recorded. B ultrasonic measurements of bladder volume were used to guide fluid therapy and bladder catheterization was determined according to bladder filling. Results: The 0.25 group was compared with the 0.5 group; the sensory level reached T10 onset time (min) was significantly shortened (P < 0.05); the maximum level of sensory block was significantly higher (P < 0.05); the recovery of sensory of the three groups has no obvious difference (P > 0.05). With bupivacaine concentration decreased between groups, the maximum motor block time (improved Bromage scale) was significantly prolonged (P < 0.01); motor block recovery time was significantly shortened (P < 0.01). Compared with the 0.375 group and the 0.5 group, the first independent micturition time was obviously shortened in the 0.25 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Different concentrations of bupivacaine (7.5 mg) spinal anesthesia, combined with B-ultrasound guided restrictive infusion strategy, significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative urinary retention; 0.25 group has spontaneous urinary and motor block recovery faster for the lower limbs short surgery.


There is considerable uncertainty within the fusion community regarding the rate at which tritium will permeate fusion-reactor structures and coolant streams. Present estimates vary by several orders of magnitude. Experiments to resolve this uncertainty are in progress at several laboratories. Many of these experiments make use of ion sources to accomplish light-ion implantation, provide surface sputtering, and assist in diagnostic analyses. In one such experiment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), deuterium was implanted into Type 304 stainless steel at 753 K. Measurements of the deuterium permeation rate showed that implantation effects strongly influence permeation of oxidized surfaces, but that continued implantation with its attendant surface modification resulted in diminution of implantation effects.


The HHuLOA (Hull, Huddersfield, Lincoln Open Access) project is a two-year Jisc-funded project, which seeks to identify how open access (OA) support mechanisms can be used to assist with the development of research. One such area is policy landscape, which has shifted dramatically in the past two years. Many academic staff have been left confused, frustrated and stressed by new obligations placed upon long-established publishing practices and by the way in which these changes have been communicated. This paper describes the project's initial work undertaken in this area, with the aim of enabling academic audiences to better navigate the policy environment they find themselves in to comply and better understand the rights they have when using OA.


Monolayers of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are a strongly emergent platform for exploring quantum phenomena in condensed matter, building novel opto-electronic devices with enhanced functionalities. Due to their atomic thickness, their excitonic optical response is highly sensitive to their dielectric environment. In this work, we explore the optical properties of monolayer thick MoSe2 straddling domain wall boundaries in periodically poled LiNbO3. Spatially-resolved photoluminescence experiments reveal spatial sorting of charge and photo-generated neutral and charged excitons across the boundary. Our results reveal evidence for extremely large in-plane 1 ar X iv :2 01 0. 01 41 6v 1 [ co nd -m at .m es -h al l] 3 O ct 2 02 0 electric fields of 3000 kV/cm at the domain wall whose effect is manifested in exciton dissociation and routing of free charges and trions toward oppositely poled domains and a non-intuitive spatial intensity dependence. By modeling our result using driftdiffusion and continuity equations, we obtain excellent qualitative agreement with our observations and have explained the observed spatial luminescence modulation using realistic material parameters. For integrated opto-electronic and quantum photonic devices, the ability to combine different materials having complementary functionalities is key to achieving high performance. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), having the chemical formula MX2 (M=Mo,W and X=Se,S), are of strong current interest since they are direct gap semiconductors in the monolayer form, with bandgaps that are tunable throughout the visible spectral range. They host strongly bound excitons (Bohr radii aB ∼ 1.1-1.8 nm, binding energy Eb ∼ 300-500meV)1 that remain stable up to room temperature2. Moreover, they can be readily van-der-Walls bonded onto a wide range of different substrates3. Unlike conventional semiconductors, the atomic thickness and 2D nature of TMDs is such that their properties change depending on the substrate onto which they are placed. This opens up new routes to tailor the exciton energy landscape by intentionally placing TMDs onto substrates with spatially varying dielectric properties4–8. For example, lateral quantum confinement can enhance quasiparticle correlations, opening the way to study collective behaviour and many-body physics9–15. While dielectric engineering is sufficient for trapping neutral excitonic complexes, the manipulation of free-charges and charged excitons and the exciton ionization needed for efficient photodetection requires strong electric fields16–19. Gate tunable devices with e.g. nanoscale metallic contacts can result in strain fields and large Schottky barrier heights. Moreover, proximity-induced electric fields arising from Fermi-level pinning produce band bending and local potential barrier in the TMD18,20. As such, new approaches are needed to produce high electric fields over lengthscales comparable to the exciton Bohr radius. Lithium niobate is an


Flood has caused significant damage to the agricultural sector, which results in low productivity and causes famine in Kaba-kama community of Basse in the Upper river region of the Gambia. This study analyses the potential role of the community's mitigation efforts to reduce the flood impact in the Gambia. The objective is to determine the influence of community-based intervention activities in reducing the flood impact at the community level. The primary data are obtained in this study from own previous experience by participating in the community work ("Te-setto") to mitigate the impact of flood, and interviews in a form of questionnaires to the members of the VDC in Kaba-kama community. Literature reviews from journals, books, and the final report about the disaster in 2018 by NDMA has served as a secondary source of data for the study. Notifiable, the community-based organization (Village Development Committee -VDC), is the key pioneer of the initiative. This study exemplifies the successful collective efforts by the communities and government in different regions and the country at large in practicing flood adaptive and mitigation strategies, which has potential to be implemented elsewhere in other famine-prone countries in the world.


The present paper constitutes an integral part of the studies on "Zuławski" cheese quality that have been presented in the first part: "Changes of nitrates in ripening "Zuławski" cheese". Physico-chemical and microbiological assessment of raw and pasteurized milk assigned to cheese production proved that the milk not always was of the highest quality. It was stated that ++saltpeter addition to cheese-making milk by 0.01% and 0.02% does not have an explicit effect on improvement of microbiological quality and organoleptic values of "Zuławski" cheese.


A series of monocyclopentadienyl titanium complexes containing a pendant amine donor on a Cp group (A = CpTiCl3, B = CpNTiCl3, C = CpNTiCl2TEMPO, for Cp = C5H5, CpN = C5H4CH2CH2N(CH3)2, and TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) are investigated for styrene homopolymerization and ethylene–styrene (ES) copolymerization. When activated by methylaluminoxane at 70 °C, complexes with the amine group (B and C) are active for styrene homopolymerization and afford syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS). The copolymerizations of ethylene and styrene with B and C yield high-molecular weight ES copolymer, whereas complex A yields mixtures of sPS and polyethylene, revealing the critical role that the pendant amine has on the polymerization behavior of the complexes. Fractionation, NMR, and DSC analyses of the ES copolymers generated from B and C suggest that they contain sPS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1579–1585, 2010


Hookworm infestation is one of the major public health problems of Alabama. Here the parasite has a wide distribution, for scarcely any county, town or village that has been studied has been found free of infestation. Among children of school age the incidence ranges from less than 5 per cent. in some of the larger towns to 95 per cent, in the heavily infested rural communities. Formerly, every case of hookworm infestation has been considered hookworm disease, and the public health plan of organization has been to treat every child until he is entirely free from parasites. Recent studies 1 have shown, however, that the important factor in hookworm disease control is not the incidence but the intensity of infestation from the point of view either of an individual or of a community. The great proportion of persons with hookworm infestation of slight degree suffer no measurable harm, and should


Health care concerns of released parolees in the country, has gained the attention of authorities due to its effects on the capacity of parolees to successfully reintegrate in the community; yet, this had been limitedly explored. This study aimed to describe the perceived health conditions, health seeking behavior and experiences of selected parolees in Region 10. Qualitative approach was used in conducting this study, utilizing in-depth interview to get data from 16 respondents. Then, content analysis was used to analyze the data. The mean age of the respondents is 42.69. Findings showed that respondents have limited education, wherein only one has reached college level. They were also economically deprived with Php80-220 daily income on a "daily-bases wages�?, with a no-work no-income scheme. Three fourth of these respondents have a family with dependents living with them; four respondents are still single. Parolees' health condition behind bars was perceived as devastating with different health complaints such as the following: cough and colds, tuberculosis, fever, skin problems, auditory and visual impairments, edema/beriberi, hypertension, kidney/urinary problems, diabetes, arthritis, body pains, motor in coordination and withdrawal syndrome. Health complaints were attributed by the respondents to lack of nutritional food, proper sleep, and poor sanitation. Health conditions outside bar was perceived as improving by the majority of the respondents. Tuberculosis, edema and skin problems were healed, while others are still undergoing medications. Health care providers are traditional and biomedical but these health practitioners were sought after self-treatment. Results also showed that majority of respondents used unprescribed medicines like the leftover ones. They also used medicines referred by non health practitioners. Herbs were also utilized. Aside from health problems, economic was also seen as a contributory factor, since the respondents viewed their finances as a major hindrance in availing the health care services and medicines. Other problems include complications and side-effects due to self-administration of unprescribed medicines, and absences incurred during their monthly activities in the agency. On the other hand, non-occurrence of illness was reportedly due to self-control and parolees' prohibit themselves from vices. Also, being able to avail and access health care providers and medicines were attributed to their eagerness and perseverance.


By using the methods of documentary,questionnaire,expert interview method and the data mining technology. This paper investigats students physical health and fitness test in primary and secondary schools in Shanxi Province. The results showed that the test work of"national students physical health standard"in primary and secondary schools in Shanxi Province exists many data errors,because school leaders do not pay attention to it and there is lack of space equipment testing personnel quality is poorer. There is also lack of strict testing process. Test data of 2012 compared with the same period of the national primary and middle school students' physical health,the data of body shape indicators have different physical quality index. It is growing faster than the national average except for some indicators. The reason may be related to the accuracy of the test data. The article also puts forward policy suggestions on related issues.


This paper presents a novel small unmanned aerial system which can operate independently and navigate using visual sensors. The basis of the system is a 600 gram quadrotor platform with sonar, inertial sensors and a camera. All processing is performed onboard the vehicle on a lightweight and powerful computer. Vehicle navigation is provided by a two part system. A Bierman Thornton extended Kalman filter (BTEKF) generates vehicle state and image feature estimates in a visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) formulation. Absolute position updates are provided to the BTEKF by a particle filter map-matching technique. Simulation and flight test results demonstrate the capabilities of the system to both navigate in an unknown environment with minimal drift while also showing the ability to eliminate drift when a priori known visual information is visible.


Teacher should pay attention to emotional intelligence education on the course of foreign language teaching.Cultivating and improving students' emotional intelligence by students' interaction may cultivate students' good individuality,because among the factors to influence student's study effect,emotion is important.


The trials were carried out in a pasta factory in Bari Province and confirmed that the existent studies regarding health risks in the pasta production sector can be used as the starting point. However it is necessary to make a specific analysis of the parameters which constitute risk factors, using scientific apparatus. Evaluation of the risks deriving from noise involved a problem of interpretation. The differences found between data obtained with a phonometer and data obtained with a dosimeter may be in contrast, and the dosimeter data can be a source of concern for the workers' health and therefore for their employers who are responsible for health and safety. In actual fact, when the reality of the situation was examined, it was seen that different plant operations involve workers' movements which can stress the microphones differently from acoustic pressure. Therefore, the noise levels which are actually indicative of the situation in the workplace are the phonometer data. However, these too were quite high: daily exposure levels of over 80 dB(A), 85 dB(A) and 90 dB(A) in one case, while the impulsive noise levels were always lower Lpk=112 dB(C). Evaluation of the risk from exposure to particulate matter showed concentrations of inhalable particulate matter PM 10 which were constantly below the level of TLV-TWA = 0.5 mg/m 3 adopted by the ACGIH as the maximum inhalable dose in eight hours of work. This shows the efficiency of the dust extractor system, which the firm recently upgraded. However, we looked at preventive measures which consisted of: - working regulation defined by applying industrial health and safety procedures ; - correct and continuous maintenance of the extractor system; - identification of workers who are more susceptible to respiratory diseases – mostly caused by semolinas powder - even when exposed to levels below TLW. This study has further confirmed that the risk evaluation is not an exact science ; in that it does not consist only of technical and mechanical factors, but needs also to consider the many factors connected to workers' interaction with the workplace.


In this paper a number of the legal, ethical and social issues raised by our ever increasing reliance upon new technologies are considered and discussed. The spectre of software piracy is examined, along with its relationship to the criminal offence of theft, and the difficulties of ascribing the label `thief` to those who engage in such conduct are addressed. Particular attention is given to extent to which many large software programmers are, like the robber barons of old, attempting to reinvent themselves as paragons of respectability now that it is in their perceived best interests to do so. Finally, it is suggested that our current conceptions of property are too outdated to adequately balance the competing issues at stake between that information which can legitimately be owned outright, that which can be owned for a given period of time, and that which should always be regarded as being in the public domain.


In this letter, we propose an efficient loop-delay estimation approach for digital predistortion (DPD) based on the DPD linear coefficients. The basic concept of our approach consists in considering that the linear coefficients as computed by the DPD act as a linear filter that represents the linear response of the power amplifier, providing very accurate information about loop delay. Our approach has the great advantage of avoiding the need of a dedicated high-precision loop-delay estimator while using DPD. Two different estimators based on the DPD linear coefficients are presented, and their performance characteristics are illustrated on a measurement example using the Chalmers RF WebLab measurement setup.


Analyzing the present situation of the library group of our college,aiming at the existed problems,some effective methods and approaches were put forward in order to enhance the library group construction of high vocational colleges,taking Huanggang Polytechnic College as the example to analyze and prove the details.


Sesame (Sesumum indicum) seeds were germinated for seven days under laboratory conditions and the lipolytic activity of the defatted, dried seedlings was determined. Germination increased the lipolytic activity of sesame seeds and the highest activity was observed on day-4. The lipases of four days germinated sesame seeds were able to hydrolyze mainly the saturated fatty acids from seal blubber oil (SBO). Reaction temperature, incubation period and oil-to-seedling powder ratio had a significant effect on the hydrolysis of saturated fatty acids, thereby concentrating unsaturated (mono- and polyunsaturated) fatty acids of seal blubber oil.


Personalization is typically based on preferences extracted from the interactions of users with the system. A recent trend is to also account for the social influence among users, which may play a non-negligible role in shaping one's individual preferences. The underlying assumptions are that friends tend to develop similar taste, i.e., homophily, and that similar users tend to connect to each other, i.e., social selection. In this work, we investigate the conditions under which social influence has a significant impact on the preferences of users. We find that pairs of friends, where one is socially very active whereas the other is not, exhibit stronger correlations in their preferences compared to other pairs of friends, implying thus a stronger mechanism of influence.


The callers feel worried, depressed, annoyed and come to counsel because of their dissatisfying appearances, which is diagnosed as the general psychological problems. Using the cognition therapy can change the callers′irrational beliefs and wrongly thinking mode, lead them to implement self-behavior training and alleviate the passive mood. We have achieved both concrete goal and short-term goal by face-to-face consultation, and we are devoting to perfect the callers′ personality and psychological health.


This paper discusses two prevailing views--optimistic and pessimistic--about the potential benefits and risks arising from developments in human genetics and argues that we do not yet have enough evidence to assess which elements (if any) of either view are likely to be correct.


The problem of optimizing the H" norm of a rational transfer matrix with respect to a finite number of design parameters is considered. The H- norm is characterized as a value of a parameter for which a certain Hamiltonian matrix has multiple eigenvalues. A coprimeness test for polynomials is used to algebraically characterize the H" norm as an implicit function of the design parameters. In the case of a single design parameter, necessary conditions for optimality are obtained in the form of a system of two algebraic equations with two unknowns.


Cavitation is a chance‐dominated process and cavitation activity cannot be readily controlled. Interestingly, our recent research in ACIM (acoustic coaxing induced microcavitation) allows us to bring about microcavitation quite readily at all surfaces of interest. Liquid‐borne microparticles exposed to near threshold strength sound fields do not ordinarily cause cavitation, however, experience with ACIM indicates that cavitation by the microparticles is readily facilitated and one can bring about controlled erosion of painted and inked surfaces. Cavitation is an energy concentrator and microcavitation implosions concentrate enormous energy at points. ACIM, consequently, can generate high‐energy density points on liquid‐borne surfaces. Since the implosion effects are felt only locally, these high‐energy density points easily remove ink/paint off surfaces while preserving the structural integrity of the underlying substrate. The presentation will demonstrate initial evidence of using silent sound and clean ...


Microwave measurements of dielectric loss by a hemispherical open resonator may be in error if the resistivity of the plane mirror on which the sample rests differs greatly from that of the concave mirror. The error can be corrected if the ratio of the two resistivities is known or eliminated by using a sample which is an integral number of half wavelengths long.


This study investigates the recycling behavior of Croatian citizens and identifies the determinants of individual recycling intention. It also addresses whether the existing deposit refund system for glass bottles in Croatia can be replaced by an expanded system that includes the return and reuse of almost all types of glass containers. A total of 427 Croatian citizens participated in the survey. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling. In addition to the survey, a focus group was conducted with the relevant experts. The results confirmed the assumption about the pro-environmental orientation in Croatia. Citizens have a positive attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system in waste glass disposal and intend to implement it. The most significant predictor of their intention is their attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system, followed by familiarity with recycling. A person's recycling intention is mainly determined by familiarity with recycling and perceived behavioral control. In the qualitative study, Croatian experts were generally positive about an expanded deposit refund system for glass containers but warned that implementation would not be without certain obstacles. The added value of the study is the creation of new knowledge for the design of local and national policies that can promote individuals' environmentally friendly behavior and improve the glass waste disposal system in Croatia.


This chapter analyses the evolution of US stock markets in terms of five functions: 'control', 'cash', 'creation', 'combination', and 'compensation'. I argue for the centrality of the control function in supporting innovative enterprise in the rise of US managerial capitalism. I then consider how each of the five functions can encourage value creation or, alternatively, empower value extraction, and trace the evolving roles of the five functions of the stock market in major US business corporations over the past century. Drawing upon this history, I conclude by critiquing the dominant ideology that, for the sake of superior economic performance, a company should be run to 'maximize shareholder value' (MSV). I indicate how MSV undermines the social conditions of innovative enterprise: strategic control, organizational integration, and financial commitment.