This article is best read as a series of questions. It asks how perhaps the still inchoate disciplines of informatics are helping to reconstruct Nature in ways rarely addressed by environmental criticism. No environment exists abstractly or independently of the organisms it envelopes, and the life forms that larger environments circumscribe, surround or encircle always transform those environments to sustain their existence. Is it as clear today, however, that humans per se are the organisms that Nature envelopes or are natural environments being remade to best sustain only human existence? In fact, are other perhaps posthuman agencies being born into these environments, and are they remaking the workings of both Nature and Society to optimize their survival? If they are, then commonly held notions about what the "environment" is understood to be, and how "environmentalists" must act in its defense, will require some fundamental changes.


We present a learning-based approach to estimate scene sparsity from time-of-flight measurements and address leakage artifacts to obtain improved demixing performance from matrix pencil method. Experiments are conducted in our simulator framework using the MitsubaToF renderer.


Useful for transporting towers. Useful for tower transport, of the type used in the transport of large parts such as sections (2) of tower wind turbine application in any means of transport (road, rail and maritime) comprising a series modular parts consist of modules (3 and 4), flanges (5 and 6), some chocks (7), a balancing tool (27) and some fastening elements (20, 33) by combining allow any anchor section (2) in any means of transport.


We describe an ongoing collaborative e ort to develop a computer integrated system to assist surgeons in revi sion total hip replacement surgery RTHR In RTHR surgery a failing orthopaedic hip implant typically ce mented is replaced with a new one by removing the old implant removing the cement and tting a new implant into an enlarged canal broached in the femur The goals of the project are the signi cant reduction of cement removal labor and time the elimination of cortical wall penetration and femur fracture the im proved positioning and t of the new implant resulting from precise high quality canal milling and the re duction of bone sacri ced to t the new implant Our starting points are Robodoc a computer integrated system for primary hip replacement surgery currently in clinical trials and the manual RTHR surgical proto col We rst discuss the main di culties of computer integrated RTHR and identify key issues and possible solutions We then describe a new system architecture for preoperative planning and intraoperative execution and propose an incremental development strategy to bring the system to the operating room We conclude with a report of preliminary results in CT artifact re moval robot and image registration planning with a spreadsheet of X ray and CT images interactive ce ment cut volume de nition and cement machining


On the basis of the generalized reciprocity relation obtained integral equations to construct an iterative process of reconstructionof thermomechanical characteristics of inhomogeneous bodies. A procedure for the reconstruction of the thermomechanical characteristics of the inhomogeneous layer and a hollow cylinder is considered. The direct problem for the layer is solved based on the unit of Fredholm integral equations of the 2 nd kind. The direct problem for a cylinder is solved by the method of adjustment.


Despite the implementation of the national "Ecology" project, attempts to develop low-carbon energy and transport, the implementation of "garbage reform" and other measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of the economy on the environment, the eco-efficiency of production systems in Russia remains low. In this paper, we propose a new approach to solving the problems of comparative assessment of the effectiveness of regional environmental management systems (R-EMS), taking into account the structural heterogeneity of the regional economies. The developed approach includes the simultaneous solution of two DEA tasks, one of which is formulated to assess the eco-efficiency of the region's economy, and the other to assess the efficiency of spending funds aimed at protecting the environment in the region. As a result of solving two problems, the researcher receives a large amount of information that can be used in developing strategies for regional development. In particular, the information obtained can be used to develop measures to stimulate the activities of regional authorities in the field of environmental management and increase their responsibility for the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. The proposed approach was tested on the example of solving the problem of comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the R-EMSs in Russia in the period 2015-2019. However, the method developed by us is not tied to specific territories and can be used to conduct similar studies in other countries and regions.


The utility model relates to a label stripping device, which comprises a base plate, a label conveying motor mechanism, a servo label stripping motor mechanism and a label backing paper collecting motor mechanism, wherein the label conveying motor mechanism, the servo label stripping motor mechanism and the label backing paper collecting motor mechanism are mounted on the base plate. The label conveying motor mechanism includes a label storage tray for storing labels, a label conveying motor and a label conveying rubber wheel; the servo label stripping motor mechanism includes a label stripping port, a servo motor and a label backing paper collecting rubber wheel; the label backing paper collecting motor mechanism includes a label backing paper collecting motor, a label backing paper collecting tray and a label backing paper collecting buffer mechanism; the label conveying motor is respectively connected with the label storage tray and the label conveying rubber wheel; the servo motor is connected with the label backing paper collecting rubber wheel; the label backing paper collecting motor is respectively connected with the label backing paper collecting buffer mechanism and the label backing paper collecting tray. The utility model further discloses a labeling machine, which comprises one or a plurality of label stripping devices. The labeling machine is driven by the three motors, and integral label conveying is balanced and more stable.


Temperature-dependent frequencies and linewidths of transverse-optical (TO) and longitudinal-optical (LO) in γ–CuI were fitted according to the anharmonic phonon coupling theory. The results indicate that the asymmetric three-phonon and symmetric four-phonon processes are both responsible for the decay of LO and TO phonons in γ–CuI. Additionally, the possible decay channels are also suggested as: TO (135 cm-1) →LA (∼100 cm-1) +TA (35 cm-1) at L point and three TA (45cm-1) at X point; LO (152 cm-1) → LA (∼102 cm-1) +TA (∼50 cm-1) or three TA (50cm-1) at K point in Brillouin zone. These results are meaningful for the future applications of γ–CuI in optoelectronic and electronic fields.Temperature-dependent frequencies and linewidths of transverse-optical (TO) and longitudinal-optical (LO) in γ–CuI were fitted according to the anharmonic phonon coupling theory. The results indicate that the asymmetric three-phonon and symmetric four-phonon processes are both responsible for the decay of LO and TO phonons in γ–CuI. Additionally, the possible decay channels are also suggested as: TO (135 cm-1) →LA (∼100 cm-1) +TA (35 cm-1) at L point and three TA (45cm-1) at X point; LO (152 cm-1) → LA (∼102 cm-1) +TA (∼50 cm-1) or three TA (50cm-1) at K point in Brillouin zone. These results are meaningful for the future applications of γ–CuI in optoelectronic and electronic fields.


Confucius put forward his concept of essay writing in many respects from different perspectives.A writer should have high sense of responsibility.An essay should be written with upright thoughts and pure contents.Brevity is the soul of expression.Language used in an essay should have rich and bright colors.Contents and type of writing should be perfectly combined.


Background: With the development of laparoscopic instruments such as the morcellator, a large number of gynecologists have performed laparoscopic myomectomies. In this study, we reviewed all cases in which residual myomas were identified by follow-up magnetic resonance imaging in order to evaluate why any myomas would remain after a laparoscopic myomectomy and to find their most common location and depth within the uterus. Methods: Patients (n ¼ 128) with uterine myomas who underwent a laparoscopic myomectomy between 2008 and 2011 and received follow-up magnetic resonance imaging 3 months afterward were reviewed retrospectively. We analyzed the influence of preoperative gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist treatment, as well as the location and depth of the residual myomas within the uterus. The pregnancy rate in all cases was also investigated. Results: The duration of the preoperative administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist was statistically longer in cases where multiple residual myomas were found, compared with cases where a single residual myoma was present. There was no statistical difference in the rate and size of the residual myomas among five different locations within the uterus. The rate of residual subserosal myomas was lowest, compared with two other types, and was statistically lower than residual intramuscular myomas (p < 0.05). The pregnancy rate in cases of residual myomas revealed no statistical difference compared with nonresidual cases. Conclusion: Because the completion of laparoscopic myomectomy without any residual myomas is difficult, informed consent regarding the possibility of their occurrence is necessary, regardless of the number of myomas detected preoperatively. Moreover, intramuscular residual myomas should be given particular attention due to their higher rate of incidence.


PART ONE: EVALUATION IN CONTEXT Means - Ends Analysis - General Conceptual and Analytical FrameworkPurposes of EvaluationEvaluation versus Appraisal and MonitoringLinking to Planning Societal Context Analysis - Linking to Planning PART TWO: FOCUS, SCOPE AND VARIABLES OF EVALUATION PART THREE: MODES AND MEANS OF EVALUTAION - A Framework of Analytical CategoriesAssessing Organizational Ability and PerformanceEvaluating Capacity BuildingEvaluating Societal Change and Impact


The invention relates to a novel intelligent air water generating machine based on Internet of Things.The novel intelligent air water generating machine comprises a main body, an angle adjusting mechanism arranged above the main body and a solar panel arranged above the angle adjusting mechanism.The angle adjusting mechanism is in transmission connection with the solar panel.The main body is provided with an air collecting device, a water generating device, a water getting device and a storage cabinet from top to bottom in sequence.The water generating device is provided with an operation interface.According to the novel intelligent air water generating machine based on Internet of Things, a drive motor in the angle adjusting device drives a rotating gear to rotate so that the angle of the solar panel can be precisely adjusted, solar energy is absorbed to the maximum extent, the power generating efficiency is improved, and high water generating efficiency is guaranteed; an integrated circuit in a voltage stabilizing circuit is used for conducting voltage stabilizing output, due to the fact that the cost of the integrated circuit is low, the production cost is reduced while the performance is guaranteed, and the cost performance of the air water generating machine is further improved.


Two steel I-girder bridges were field tested with a primary objective of recording cross-frame forces under a weighed vehicle. Because previous research has suggested that skew angle is a significant variable affecting cross-frame forces and the role of cross-frames becomes more significant in skewed bridges, one bridge has a skew angle of 32 degrees while the other has a skew angle of 65 degrees. The bridges were instrumented to record cross-frame stresses in approximately 50 locations per bridge and girder stresses in 12 locations per bridge while the bridge was loaded by a weighed vehicle in various positions. The results show that cross-frame forces increase with skew and can be significantly larger than girder stresses. The field testing is also reproduced using a finite element model for the purpose of performing a parametric study to further explore cross-frame forces in steel bridges in future work and discussion of this modeling is also presented.


Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods are grown by a hydrothermal method. The morphology was changed from nanorod to nanotube via a well-controlled chemical aqueous etching process with appropriate amount potassium chloride (KCl). SEM analyses show that the ZnO nanorods can be changed to nanotubes when the chemical etching process was adopted with appropriate KCl concentration and etching time. Uniform ZnO nanotube can be achieved formed when the ZnO nanorods were immersed in 4M KCl aqueous with 13 hrs. The luminescence character of nanorods and nanotubes were investigated by the temperature dependence photoluminescence spectra. Two peaks (excitonic peak and deep level emission) were observed in both morphologies. However, the excitonic peak intensity (EI) and defect related emission peak intensity (DI) ratio of ZnO nanotubes increase when the etching time increases. The intensity ratio variation of EI to DI maybe can be attributed to the surface state of ZnO are increased and oxygen defects of ZnO are decreased in the etching process. The potential application of ZnO nanotubes is demonstrated.


Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited disease in Caucasians, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 2500. It is invariably fatal. Due to variations in the clinical disease, and multiple organ involvement, treatment of cystic fibrosis has generally been concentrated in large regional centers where skilled multidisciplinary care is available. This approach has resulted in earlier diagnosis, improved treatment, and median life expectancy into the late 20s. Although CF was first described in 1932, the CF gene was just found in 1989 and localized to chromosome #7, although the basic defect in CF is still unknown. Recent research indicates the CF gene product may alter a protein responsible for the transport of sodium chloride. The end result is the production of hyperviscos secretions from the exocrine secreting glands. CF is expressed in varying severity in those afflicted: pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, endocrine, and reproductive systems may all be involved. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss each system individually; we will therefore concentrate on pulmonary physical therapy intervention in CF. Failure to thrive, steatorrhea, chronic productive cough, pseudomonas bronchitis and pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and reactive airway disease are routinely seen. Pneumothorax, hemoptysis, cor pulmonale, gallstones, cirrhosis, diabetes, sinusitis, and arthritis are less frequent complications of the disease. Pulmonary manifestations are the major determinant of both quality and duration of life. In 1938, when Dorothy Andersen' described the condition of cystic fibrosis, postural drainage (PD) and percussion became a recognized part of the treatment for this disease. Traditionally, all patients with CF were taught daily programs of passive PD with percussion followed by controlled coughing performed by a PT or relative. This passive approach continues in some parts of the world, but more active methods (eg, forced expiratory technique, positive expiratory pressure, autogenic drainage, and exercise) are now used in several countries. A review of clinical studies of the past 15 years specifically examining the effectiveness of the traditional techniques in CF reveals both positive and inconclusive outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to present current literature evaluating the usefulness of chest physical therapy (CPT) on CF patients.


R,S-acetoin and free D,L-amino acids were determined in three batteries of barrels of Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena (ABTM) and in several samples of Aceto Balsamico di Modena (ABM) by gas chromatography, using chiral capillary columns filled with β-cyclodextrin or L-phenylalanine derivatives. Interesting correlations between ageing period and enantiomeric excess were found: D/L ratios of free proline were significant for evaluating the age, while the R/S ratio of acetoin allowed traditional balsamic vinegars (ABTM) to be discriminated from industrial samples (ABM).


A novel filled function method is suggested for solving box-constrained systems of nonlinear equations. Firstly, the original problem is converted into an equivalent global optimization problem. Subsequently, a novel filled function with one parameter is proposed for solving the converted global optimization problem. Some properties of the filled function are studied and discussed. Finally, an algorithm based on the proposed novel filled function for solving systems of nonlinear equations is presented. The objective function value can be reduced by quarter in each iteration of our algorithm. The implementation of the algorithm on several test problems is reported with satisfactory numerical results.


Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a major energy source for 300--500 million people, is grown throughout the tropical regions of the world. It is cultivated mainly in developing countries on small farms with little technology. As a result, it has received limited attention from scientists and technologists. The Food and Agricul ture Organization estimates for 1977 indicate an annual global production of 105 million tons on II million hectares (ha), of which at least 55 million are consumed by humans. Although cassava is now cultivated in some 90 countries, 80% of the world's production comes from only 10; the six leading producers are Brazil (31 %), Indonesia, Zaire, Nigeria, Thailand, and India (83). In many parts of the world, especially West Africa, cassava appears to be the most economical, lowest risk subsistance crop for the small farmer. The increasing world popUlation and the limited availability of energy has prompted a recent surge of interest in cassava-not only for traditional uses as a human food and for specialized starches including tapioca, but also for animal feedstuffs and industrial uses (55). There is an excellent potential for increasing both yield and area under cultivation. Two international centers for tropical agriculture, one in Colombia (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical [CIAT]) and an other in Nigeria (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture), carry out exten sive research on cassava in addition to other tropical crops (83). Emphasis is placed on developing high-yielding germplasm for low-input conditions. Present world cassava yields under small-farm conditions average only 5-15 tonslha. Experimen tal yields of 55 tons in Colombia (23) and 70 tonslha elsewhere (82) have been obtained. Commercial yields with low input in Colombia have exceeded 40 tonslha. These figures indicate that undoubtedly there are several factors limiting production under farm conditions, one of which is pests. It frequently has been reported that cassava is generally free of arthropod pests; however, present research at CIAT and other centers reveals that mite and insect damage does limit cassava production, e.g. the recent introduction into Africa and


We explore the emergence of spin-polarised flat-bands at head-to-head domain walls in a recently predicted class of antiferromagnetic topological insulators hosting planar magnetisation. We show, in the framework of quantum well physics, that by tuning the width of a domain wall one can control the functional form of the bound states appearing across it. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effect that the parity of the number of layers in a multilayer sample has on the electronic dispersion. In particular, the alignment of the magnetisation vectors on the terminating surfaces of odd layer samples affords particle-hole symmetry leading to the presence of linearly dispersing topologically non-trivial states around $E = 0$. By contrast, the lack of particle-hole symmetry in even layer samples results in a gapped system, with spin-polarised flat-bands appearing either side of a band gap, with characteristic energy well within terahertz energy scales. In addition to being a versatile platform for the development of spintronic devices, when many-body interactions are accounted for we predict that these flat-bands will host strong correlations capable of driving the system into novel topological phases.


In order to save the energy and protect the environment, it were studied about ecomaterials with the developed countries as central figure. In the Metal Matrix Composites(MMCs), this trends appeared the development of the MMCs which had excellent mechanical properties in spite of the low volume fraction of reinforcement. Therefore, in this study, fatigue crack growth test, tensile and hardness test were conducted in order to investigate the mechanical and fatigue properties of 5 %, and 10 % /Al composites. As the results, in the tensile and hardness test, tensile strength and hardness increased but fatigue crack growth rate decreased with /Al volume fraction. And in the view of fatigue failured surface through the SEM, fatigue crack initiated around the SiC particle and in low regions, fatigue creck detoured the SiC particle but crack propagated through the SiC particle in the high regions.


HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is commonly regarded as the reference method for HbAlc measurements. However, HPLC requires a relatively large technical staff, expensive laboratory equipment and is rather time consuming. The mobile DCA 2000 instrument determines HbAlc in only 9 minutes, using only one microliter of capillary blood. It uses an immunoassay based on the inhibition of latex agglutination and a monoclonal antibody specific for the glycated N-terminal end of the beta-chain of haemoglobin. In order to determine the reliability of this new method for clinical practice we compared HbAlc measurements on DCA 2000 with HPLC values. A correlation analysis in 283 diabetic patients showed a highly significant correlation between the two methods (r = 0.96; p < 0.0001). In 215 samples (75.7%) the value measured by means of DCA 2000 was lower than the reference value (mean deviation: 0.6% HbAlc), in 58 samples (20.8%) it was higher (mean deviation: 0.39%). In 10 samples the values were identical. The maximum deviations were plus 1.6% and minus 1.3% HbAlc. DCA 2000 is easy to handle and gives rapid and reliable information on long-term metabolic control. Hence, it could be very useful for clinical practice and outpatient departments.


Written collection development policies and cooperative collecting activities are two tools that archivists are encouraged to use in the course of creating and adding to their repositories' collections. Written collection development policies are advocated as a way to ensure that collections have a coherent and well-defined focus, while cooperative collecting practices are seen as a way to ensure that related materials are not scattered among far-flung repositories and that repositories' scarce resources are not needlessly squandered on unnecessary competitiveness for collections. However, not only are there numerous impediments to the effectiveness of either of these tools, many repositories do not use them. A survey of manuscript repositories reveals some of the reasons why more repositories do not engage in these practices, while quantitatively demonstrating the benefits they offer to repositories that do.


In the Republic of Moldova, fluorosis is a major medical and social problem. We have several endemic areas, where the population suffers from dental fluorosis. The population is not informed about this disease, does not know what are the methods of prevention and treatment, suffering from dysfunctional, aesthetic and social adaptation problems. Minimally invasive methods of treating dental fluorosis have been studied and applied in practice to patients. It has been found that minimally invasive treatment methods are a good solution in combating this pathology and offer patients a better adaptation in society.


Previous attempts to develop a theory for ionization fluctuations in emulsions of identical crystals (or groups with identical crystals) failed. The failure of the theory pointed out that ionization fluctuations, even with relativistic particles, play a very unimportant part, and the observed fluctuations of mean track density are related rather to fluctuations in sensitivity of individual crystals. A variation of a theory based on the latter assumption is developed. (R.V.J.)


A critical component of Burning Man is the contribution and installation of an amazing variety of art expressed in conventional and exotic media. The Fire Arts of Burning Man special section is a sequel to a previously published Leonardo special section (The Art of Burning Man, Vol. 36, No. 5, 2003). As the name of the event implies, fire has come to be an important art medium at Burning Man, as expressed in a variety of sculptural forms presented by participating fire artists over the years.


This report summarizes work performed during the period December 1, 1985 through February 28, 1986. During this period, a data bank for the viscosity of coal derived liquids was treated. The Gulf Research and Development Company has conducted measurements for various thermophysical properties of narrow boiling range coal liquids from the SRC-II process. Data for 17 undefined fractions include measurements of viscosity, thermal conductivity, density, vapor pressure, specific heat, surface tension, and heat of vaporization. Molecular weight, boiling point, and specific gravity for each distillation cut are also reported. Data on various properties of coal liquids produced from the Exxon Doner Solvent coal liquefaction process are also reported in literature. 3 tabs.


In Experiment I,Ss in each of four groups were given 8 shocks in either 8, 11, 16, or 32 trials, confounding probability with number of trials. Each trial was a countdown period of 30 sec, with an ITI of 30 sec. There were no shock probability effects using either heart rate (HR) or skin conductance (SC), with respect either to average within trial changes or to average pre-shock levels relative to rest. In every group after a large acceleration in Trial 1, HR subsided and stabilized; SC rose steadily throughout the session. In Experiment II, Ss in each of four groups were given either 5, 10, 15, or 20 shocks in 20 trials, confounding probability with number of shocks. In addition to the large HR acceleration in the first trial, there were in this case between-group differences in HR, which were a direct function of number and probability of shocks. Skin conductance did not discriminate the groups, though it rose in all groups both within and across trials. Experiment III, a partial replication of Experiment II, showed that the HR differences in Experiment II failed to repeat when the shock intensity was reduced; and SC no longer increased over trials.


continued landowner violence against the rural workers and their leaders made, and makes, clear. But victims of rural violence have not always protested to government authorities, both because they expect little help from the state and because they knew that the violence too commonly was the work of the very state agents to whom they might complain. One result was to make the sugar workers, and Pernambuco's rural population in general, largely indifferent to reforms of procedural democracy in the 1980s and relatively uninvolved in party politics. For them, genuine democracy would have meant not simply voting but effective participation in a state willing to protect their rights and able to deliver to them real material improvements in their lives. They saw little likelihood of this in Brazil's chaotic, corrupt, and personalis! political system.


Original Evening Post caption reads: "The scaffolding has come down from around the facade of the old Prestons building on Willis Street. The facade has been retained and upgraded as part of the exterior of the $200 million Majestic development which is now nearing completion on the corner of Boulcott Street. It is believed the original building went up in about 1910, or shortly afterwards...". Photograph taken 29 January 1991 by an Evening Post staff photographer.
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s) individual image on negative strip.
Physical Description: Cellulose triacetate negative, 35mm


Introduction : Gradenigo syndrome (also known as apical petrositis) is a clinical triad of otitis media, trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy. In the era of antibiotic therapy, it is an exceptional but potentially life threatening complication of acute otitis media, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Case report : A seven-year-old girl with previous history of otitis, presented with left ear pain, headache, diplopia and fever. Diagnosis of Gradenigo syndrome was established and she was treated with systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics and myringotomy with timpanostomy tube placement. Clinical outcome was favourable. Conclusion : This case documents therapeutic success and total recovery with a conservative approach in an immunocompe


Nowadays, in large corporations, owing to the vast number of owners and shareholders, the direct control by owners over firm performance is impossible and this group can only participate in the results of operations. Therefore, it is reasonable that they come to protect their interests and optimally control behavior of employed managers via establishing appropriate monitoring mechanisms. The main objective of this research is to investigate effect of institutional owners on monitoring costs. Based on this objective, a sample of 84 Tehran stock exchange-listed firms over the period 2006-2012 is analyzed statistically. In order to extract a robust model, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression are used and to test significance of regression model and coefficients, F-test and T- test are utilized respectively. Moreover, the monitoring cost is considered the sum of audit fees and executive compensation in current research. The findings indicated that there is a significantly positive relationship between institutional ownership and monitoring cost. The results also revealed that institutional ownership is significantly and positively associated to audit fees and executive compensation.


Skeleton metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis and fracture have posed an detrimental impact on the elderly, which is a primary cause of paralysis and even death in patients. Osteoblast and osteoclast are the two major parts in the regulation of bone homeostasis and imbalance of these two cells, which may result in dysfunction of bone metabolism. Recent researches indicated that bone homeostasis was primarily regulated by endocrine, paracrine, and local mechanical processes. However, increasing evidences have indicated that the significant role of nerve system may involve in bone metabolism via both central and peripheral pathways. Neuropeptide Y(NPY), a neurotransmitter that belongs to a family of peptides, serves as a critical hinge connecting nerve system and skeleton system. Several studies have suggested that NPY generated by both central and peripheral nerve system could regulate bone homeostasis and that NPY-energic nerve fibers distributed on bone surface and in intramedullary cavity and NPY receptors located at osteoblast, chondrocyte, and osteocytes also provide a basis for nerve-skeleton metabolic pathways. NPY can directly regulate osteoprogenitor, involving in the production and differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast. In addition, as a pivotal molecular of energy homeostasis, NPY may affect glucose and fat homeostasis. Studies of animal models also have further indicated energy metabolism may directly or indirectly participate in the regulation of bone mass. Therefore, further researches on the relationship between NPY and bone homeostasis may facilitate to unveil the central and peripheral regulatory effect of NPY on bone homeostasis and provide a new sight for the treatment of skeleton metabolism-related diseases in the future. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 34: 982-986)

Key words:
Neuropeptide Y; Bone metabolism; Osteoporosis; Fracture; Glucose homeostasis; Fat metabolism; Energy metabolism; Treatment


The intestinal epithelium comprises a single sheet of cells which separates the 'milieu interieur' from a wide variety of potential antigens in the intestinal lumen. These include microorganisms, dietary antigens, drugs, and food contaminants and it is not surprising, therefore, that the intestinal tract is remarkably well endowed with immunocytes. These are present as collections oflymphoid cells, as for example in Peyer's patches and the appendix, and as a diffuse population of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria and in the epithelium of the intestinal tract. There has been evidence for many years to suggest that the intestine is capable of mounting a local immune response independent of systemic immunity. In 1919 Besredkal demonstrated that oral immunization of rabbits with killed Shiga bacillus provided solid protection against fatal dysenteric infection, irrespective of the serum agglutination titre. He therefore suggested that there was a local intestinal immune system which was protective. Further support for this concept was provided in 1922 by Davies2, who showed that in patients suffering from bacillary dysentery antibodies appear in the stools several days before serum antibodies are detectable. Since then, evidence3'4 has accumulated to strengthen the concept that the intestinal tract, in common with other mucosal surfaces, is capable of mounting a local immune response which provides protection at its mucosal surface. This review describes the immunocytes which are involved in the intestinal secretory immune system and the nature and properties of the immunoglobulins secreted by these cells. The functional role of this system is then discussed.


Body image dissatisfaction is prevalent among girls and women. Girls as young as 6 years old experience negative body image, and there is evidence that women struggle with body concerns throughout the life cycle (Lewis & Cachelin, 2001; Smolak, 2002; Striegel-Moore & Franko, 2002). In fact, women in mid-life and as older adults report dissatisfaction with their body and are dieting to lose weight (Whitbourne & Skultety, 2002). It is becoming increasingly clear that there is a normative discontent (Rodin, Silberstein, & Striegel-Moore, 1985) that women experience with regard to their body. Body image experiences can adversely affect a woman's quality of life, because the amount of time, energy, and money she spends on beauty enhancement can restrict her opportunities to develop other aspects of her identity (Strachan & Cash, 2002; Striegel-Moore & Franko, 2002). There is a relationship between negative body image and a variety of psychosocial problems. First, body image dissatisfaction is among the most empirically supported risk factors for maladaptive eating practices (Cooley & Toray, 2001). Second, negative body image is associated with poor self-esteem, anxiety about social evaluation, public self-consciousness, depression, and sexual inhibition (Ackard, Kearney-Cooke, & Peterson, 2000; Lavin & Cash, 2000; Wiederman & Pryor, 2000). Finally, body image dissatisfaction is the primary precursor for the development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia (Polivy & Herman, 2002). Although considerable research has been dedicated to the study of eating disorders, there is less literature available for counselors regarding the daily, lived experiences of millions of women who struggle with body image concerns (Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). There is also a dearth of research that has examined the protective factors that buffer some women from the development of negative body image (Cash, 2002; Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999; Taylor & Altman, 1997). If approximately half of all women are dissatisfied with their weight and overall appearance (Cash, 2002; Muth & Cash, 1997), then questions remain regarding the other half of women who do not develop concerns with their body. Cash (2002) argued for a paradigm shift away from the study of body image as pathology and proposed a move toward understanding "the trajectories whereby people create fulfilling experiences of embodiment" (p. 45). This shift should examine the role of protective factors and resilience by exploring the life experiences and personality traits that build resistance to strong cultural pressures that influence women to be dissatisfied with their body (Cash & Pruzinsky, 2002). Specialists in the prevention field have also called for research regarding body image resilience. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (Reiss & Price, 1996; Taylor & Altman, 1997), prevention initiatives in the area of eating disorders should emphasize the ways in which protective factors can be targeted and enhanced in girls and women. Because counselors possess a prevention focus and an orientation toward normal growth and development, they are well situated to take the lead in designing approaches that strengthen protective factors. The counseling profession's emphasis on wellness and holistic approaches that build on the positive resources of clients (Gale & Austin, 2003; Myers, Sweeney, & White, 2002; Myers, Sweeney, & Witmer, 2000) can also be aligned with research and interventions regarding resilience. By understanding the experiences of the sizeable minority of women who develop a positive body image, counselors can more effectively work to enhance protective factors in their prevention and counseling interventions with all girls and women. The purpose of this article is to first conduct a review of recent literature related to the development of body image in girls and women. …


This paper investigated the advantages and disadvantages of low strain reflection wave method by comparison with test results of ultrasonic transmission method. Suitable detection pile length and reliability of test results for low strain reflection wave method were studied in order to provide reference to engineering practice.


The present invention discloses a low-temperature high-humidity environment for underground hydroelectric heat pump air conditioning unit system, comprising a water head, intake pipe, decontamination, intake pump, a first electric control valve, a first heat exchanger, a second motor adjust the cooling water system is composed of a valve, a compressor, a four-way valve, a second heat exchanger, the first check valve, a first expansion valve, the second check valve, the second expansion valve, a first heat exchanger, the third electric control valve, the third heat exchanger, a fourth electric control valve having a pump system, a second heat exchanger, chilled water pumps, cooling cooler constituted (heating) system, by a third heat exchanger, heating pumps, water heaters, electric heaters, desiccant wheel dehumidification system into mechanism, into the cooler, the air handling system of desiccant wheel mechanism. Ensures good operation station underground caverns annual period various functions cooling, heating, dehumidification, and save a lot of waste of energy caused by the dehumidified.


We have previously reported that prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) activates p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through protein kinase C (PKC) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis induced by PGF2α and the effect of incadronate on the VEGF synthesis in these cells. PGF2α significantly stimulated the VEGF synthesis in a dose-dependent manner between 1 pm and 10 μm. Cycloheximide reduced the PGF2α effect. PGF2α increased the levels of mRNA for VEGF. Cloprostenol, a PGF2α-sensitive receptor agonist, potently induced the VEGF synthesis. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, significantly reduced the PGF2α-induced VEGF synthesis. Bisindolylmaleimide, an inhibitor of PKC, reduced the PGF2α-induced VEGF synthesis. The VEGF synthesis induced by PGF2α was significantly attenuated in the PKC down-regulated cells. PGF2α elicited the translocation of PKCβI from cytosol to membrane fraction. PD98059 or U0126, inhibitors of MEK, suppressed the VEGF synthesis induced by PGF2α. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor failed to affect the PGF2α-induced VEGF synthesis. Incadronate enhanced the synthesis of VEGF induced by PGF2α. NaF-induced VEGF synthesis was also amplified by incadronate. PD98059 suppressed the enhancement by incadronate of PGF2α-induced VEGF synthesis. Incadronate markedly enhanced the phosphorylation of Raf-1, MEK1/2, and p44/p42 MAPK induced by PGF2α or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a PKC activator. Incadronate significantly enhanced the cloprostenol-increased level of VEGF concentration in mouse plasma in vivo. These results strongly suggest that PGF2α stimulates VEGF synthesis through the PKC-dependent activation of p44/p42 MAPK in osteoblasts and that the incadronate enhances the VEGF synthesis at the point between PKC and Raf-1.


Abstract Temperature dependence of the magnetization M(T) is calculated for [NH2 NH3][M(HCOO)3] (M=Fe, Mn), namely, HyFe (perovskite and chiral) below =12.5 K and, for HyMn (chiral) below and above =7.9 K (at 100 Oe) by the molecular field theory (MFT). Close to the magnetic transition temperature ( ), the temperature (at 100 Oe) and the field (at 2K) dependence of the magnetization M(T, H) is analyzed by the power–law formula using the literature data. Magnetic susceptibility is predicted as a function of the field (T = 2K). Also, the temperature dependence of the heat capacity is calculated by the compressible Ising model close to the structural phase transitions in perovskite ( =347 K) and chiral ( =336 K) HyFe and the chiral ( =296 K) HyMn. Our results indicate that HyM (M=Fe, Mn) exhibit weak first order or near second order transitions (magnetic transition and the structural phase transitions).


The goal of this paper is to provide an empirical and quantitative assessment of the importance of household financial distress for the transmission of shocks from housing wealth to consumption during the Great Recession. We first merge several sources to obtain a new data set of county-level information about households balance sheets and auto purchases. We use this new data set to show two facts: (1) areas with higher household financial distress exhibit a larger marginal propensity to consume out of home value show, and (2) areas with higher household financial distress faced a larger housing net worth shock during the period 2006-2009. Second, we provide suggestive empirical evidence that (1) and (2) were important to understand the dynamics of consumption during the Great Recession. Third, we corroborate our empirical evidence in a life cycle model with mortgage default and defaultable financial (unsecured) debt.


Economic globalization is a "double-edged sword",on one hand,it can strengthen the economic connection and mutual dependence between the nations to promote the development of world economy;On the other hand,it can bring challenges and threat to the economies of the countries,especially to the small countries and developing countries.This paper analyses simply the opportunities and challenges of China's economic development in the background of economic globalization and puts forward four strategies for China's participation in the economic globalization and to guarantee the healthy development of China's economy.


This is a Efforts to prevent postpartum hemorrhage can be done since the third stage of labor day up to ten with a massage that stimulates the release of oxytocin, causing the process of involution. Information about oxytocin massage is very important to convey to the general public in order to increase knowledge so as to reduce the incidence of bleeding. Methods in community service activities consists of input, process and output. Input in this activity is the mother - PKK cadres, pregnant women in Sub Meteseh. The process is in the form of health education with lectures and demonstrations while the output is the measure of understanding about the prevention of maternal postpartum hemorrhage with pre and post questionnaires given during the event. Perceived outcome of this activity is that participants understand the massage action of oxytocin to prevent postpartum hemorrhage resulting in a change of behavior to take steps to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in the mother. It can be seen from the results of the posttest as much as 40% of participants had a value of 80-60, 60% obtain grades 50-20 while in the posttest as much as 80% of the participants has a value of 90-80, 20% scored 70-60.


The invention relates to a realization device of time slot allocation TDMA, in particular to a realization device of the dynamic time slot allocation TDMA, aiming at solving the problem of low efficiency of the existing coding system. A dynamic time slot scheduling method is adopted in a TDMA communication system. The way of sending from primary ends to secondary ends is that the primary ends dispatch and broadcast the data to each secondary end according to the priority level and the length of data required by the secondary end equipment. The time slot scheduling of upstream data is that: the time of uploading time slot of the frame of the secondary ends is arranged by the primary ends in a unified way according to the priority level uploaded on the previous frame of the secondary ends and the length of the data to be uploaded. The secondary ends arrange proper data to be uploaded according to the size of time slot that the primary ends send to the secondary ends. The device of the invention can be widely applied to an EoC system, a wireless communication system and an optical fiber analog communication system.


The early history of short cuts in calculation has been well summarized by Maurice d'Ocagne, the original discoverer of the nomogram (7:147-53).1 From him we learn that modern occi dental methods of simplified calculation began with the work of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, who published in 1614 his book on the use of the device commonly called "Napier's bones." A few years later, Edmund Gunter followed Napier's invention by devising the logarithmic scale for computing areas, heights, and volumes. In 1637, Ren? Descartes published La Geometrie, in which he showed the possibility of representing algebraic functions by curves. To him we owe the commonly used system of coordinate chart. Later development continued in the hands of the French. Pouchet in his Arithm?tique Lin?aire (Rouen, 1795) prepared the way for modern nomography by designing scales with double graduations. By 1840 his method had been considerably ex tended by French engineers and applied particularly in military science and economics. The theoretical basis of nomography was decidedly furthered by Leon Lalanne, who, in 1842-43 pro posed the theory of anamorphosis, that is, the variation of the axes and their graduation in Cartesian coordinates so as to bring the curve of any equation to the form of a straight line.2 The general application of this principle was worked out by the engi neer Massau in his M?moire sur l'Int?gration Graphique et ses Applications.z The same year (1884) that Massau brought out his M?moire was marked by the publication of d'Ocagne's idea of using col


The analysis of filler particle size and distribution plays a vital role in achieving a good balance of polymer composites' electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Such assessments help understand the relationship between microstructure and the physical nature of polymer composites reinforced with fillers. In this investigation, glass epoxy composites with different nano- and micro-sized fillers, namely, SiO2, Al2O3, MoS2, graphite, and cenosphere, are fabricated by hand-lay technique with bagging. Particle analysis is carried out by employing image processing techniques using ImageJ. To understand the nature of hybrid filler size distribution, a comprehensive assessment of the micro- and nano-filler particle distribution and the average shortest and longest separation distance between the nano- and micro-meter particles is estimated. From the particle size distribution analysis, it is observed that the micrometer particles are more evenly distributed than nanoparticles. The average distance between micrometer and nanofiller particles is observed depending on the type of filler used. The microparticles tend to surround the nanoparticles, which is desirable for decreasing the free space distances between the filler particles. Also, statistical analysis is carried out to study the experimental and estimated micrometer and nanofiller particle sizes used in the composites.


The article discusses necessity of the continued education. A sense of urgency and main content, expounds type and form of continued education, and points out method and measures of continue education.


Abstract This issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Languageis devoted to Euskara(the Basque language) in order to take stock of its current social situation. It has the same aim as the chapter on Euskara(Azurmendi et al. 2001) included in the publication Can Threatened Languages be Saved? (Fishman 2001a). At that time we were writing from a perspective that depended more on the Reversing Language Shift (RLS) theoretical-empirical model propounded by Fishman (1991), now from a freer perspective. We are deeply grateful to Joshua A. Fishman for providing us with this new opportunity through this prestigious journal which he directs and edits, to show the recent evolution and current situation of Euskarato the fields of the sociology of language, of languages and of sociolinguistics in general. It is not the first time that we have to express our gratitude to him and we trust that it will not be the last.


We discuss the difference between optimality and universality. The sequence of measures of a universal test is well studied. To analyze the sequence of measures of an optimal Martin-L¨of test, we introduce uniform Solovay reducibility. Solovay reducibility is a measure of relative randomness between two reals. In contrast uniform Solovay reducibility is a measure of relative randomness between two sequences of reals. Finally we prove that a sequence is uniform Solovay complete iff it is the sequence of measures of an optimal Martin-L¨of test.


A nano-emulsion composition comprising coenzyme Q10 is provided to stabilize coenzyme Q10 and improve bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 by increasing body permeability, absorption, and efficacy of coenzyme Q10. A nano-emulsion composition comprises 5-20 wt.% of coenzyme Q10, 1-5 wt.% of ethanol, 1-5 wt.% of lecithin, 20-30 wt.% of caprylic/capric glyceride, 10-20 wt.% of glycerin, 1-15 wt.% of supplement emulsifier selected from polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, anionic amino acid emulsifier, sugar ester, cholesterol and sodium lauryl sulfate, and a remaining amount of water, and has viscosity of 1.0-15 cPs. Further, the anionic amino acid emulsifier is one or more selected from TEA cocoyl glutamate, sodium glutamate, sodium cocoyl glutamate, magnesium cocoyl glutamate and sodium lauroyl glutamate.


In order to discuss mantle dynamics in the Earth's interior, knowledge of viscosity of the Earth's lower mantle, which is the highest of the whole mantle, is important. Viscosity models of the Earth's lower mantle were reported by geophysical observa-tions. However, observation values of viscosity have large variety (2˜3 order magnitude). Although determination of viscosity of lower mantle minerals by high pressure experiments is needed to understand mantle dynamics, stress-strain relationship for bridgmanite, which are principal minerals of the Earth's lower mantle, are not reported due to difficulty of high pressure deformation experiments. In this study, we tried in-situ stress-strain measurements of Mg-Pv at 27 GPa. In-situ uniaxial deformation experiments were conducted using MADONNA, which is D-DIA apparatus, as Kawai-type ap-paratus at SPring-8 BL04B1. Experimental conditions are 27.3 GPa, 1473 K estimated by equation of state on bridgmanite (Katsura et al., 2009). WC anvils with slit or corn (5 o ) to take tomography and 2D X-ray diffraction, was used along X-ray path. Two-dimensional X?ray diffraction patterns were taken for 300 s using CCD detector. To calculate the stress magnitude from the X?ray diffraction data, we used a model of stress-lattice strain relationship (Singh et al. 1998), where d hkl is the d-spacing measured as a function of azimuth angle ψ , d 0 hkl is the d-spacing under the hydrostatic pressure, G hkl is the appropriate shear modulus for a given hkl, and σ is the uniaxial stress. Pressure and stress were estimated using bridgmanite (111) diffraction peak at deformation experiments. X?ray radiographies of the strain markers was taken using an imaging system composed of a YAG crystal and a CCD camera with an exposure time of 10 s. Uniaxial tension stress and strain of Mg-Pv at 27.3 GPa, 1473 K were estimated as ˜1.3 GPa and ˜4 % during doformation by differential ram. We confirmed deformation experiments at the lower mantle pressure conditions can be conducted by WC anvils. We will perform additional deformation experiments with large strain.


Spiral computed tomography (SCT) is a recently introduced technique which enables scanning of one large volume with no interscan intervals. Three‐dimensional reconstruction using this technique is emerging as an effective means of identifying complex anatomical relationships. Ninety‐two patients with cholecystolithiasis including ten with choledocholithiasis were investigated. All underwent SCT after oral and intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC‐SCT) and 22 were also examined by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). IVC‐SCT showed significantly more anatomical detail than conventional intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC). The junction between the cystic duct and the common bile duct could be identified before surgery in 19 of 22 patients undergoing ERC, in 18 of 22 receiving IVC‐SCT and in five of 22 undergoing IVC. Significant differences were noted between IVC‐SCT, ERC and conventional IVC. Three‐dimensional surface reconstruction of the biliary tract is useful in the evaluation of anatomical relationships between the cystic duct and the common bile duct (clearly seen in 86 per cent of cases). Three‐dimensional reconstruction using SCT scanning is useful for anatomical assessment before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.


In Zambia, the development of the market economy and free trade has affected agricultural production and the rural economy since 2000s. This paper focuses on the change in the farming from both technological and economic viewpoints. The focus is on maize production and small - scale irrigation farming using small engine pumps in the wetlands in addition to modern inputs such as fertilizer, seeds and chemicals. They have attained crop diversification, two crops a year of maize and high rates of farm production. How-ever, high - cost agricultural production may increase vulnerability of some farmers who can't afford to pay for the cost.


Easily computable quality metrics for measured medical data at point-of-care are important for imaging technologies involving offline reconstruction. Accordingly, we developed a new data quality metric for in vivo transversely-isotropic (TI) magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) based on a generalization of the widely accepted octahedral shear-strain calculation. The metric uses MRE displacement data and an estimate of the TI property field to yield a 'stability map' which predicts regions of low versus high accuracy in the resulting material property reconstructions. We can also calculate an average TI parameter stability (TIPS) score over all voxels in a region of interest for a given measurement to indicate how reliable the recovered mechanical property estimate for the region is expected to be. The calculation is rapid and places little demand on computing resources compared to the computationally intensive material property reconstruction from non-linear inversion (TI-NLI) of displacement fields, making it ideal for point-of-care evaluation of data quality. We test the predictions of the stability map for both simulated phantoms and in vivo human brain data. We used a range of different displacement datasets from vibrations applied in the anterior-posterior (AP), left-right (LR) and combined AP + LR directions. The TIPS and variability maps (noise sensitivity or variation from the mean of repeated MRE scans) were consistently anti-correlated. Notably, Spearman correlation coefficients ∣R∣>0.6 were found between variability and TIPS score for individual white matter tracts with in vivo data. These observations demonstrate the reliability and promise of this data quality metric to screen data rapidly in realistic clinical MRE applications.


Abstract 1691

Dasatinib and nilotinib have been founded to be effective and well-tolerated in patients who develop resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Not enough data are currently available to recommend one over the other as the preferred second-line therapy based on efficacy data. Therefore we planned a multicenter retrospective study to analyze the efficacy and safety of dasatinib and nilotinib in patients with imatinib-resistant or –intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. In this Korean multicenter study, 126 patients imatinib-resistant or –intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase were treated with dasatinib (n=76) or nilotinib (n=50) The purpose of this study was to compare rates of cytogenetic and molecular response rate, event-free survival (EFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and toxicities of nilotinib and dasatinib treatment of imatinib-resistant or –intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. PFS was defined as the time from the start of treatment to the earliest date of any of following event: loss of complete hematologic response (CHR), loss of major cytogenetic response (MCyR), progression to accelerated phase (AP) or blastic phase (BP), discontinuation due to treatment failure as assessed by the clinician, and death from any cause on therapy. Event was defined by any one of the following: loss of CHR, loss of MCyR, progression to AP or BP, discontinuation due to treatment failure as assessed by the clinician, treatment discontinuation due to toxicity, and death from any cause on therapy. For dasatinib and nilotinib group, median ages (51 years old vs. 53), median durations of CML (23.7 months vs. 19.8 ) before receiving dasatinib or nilotinib and duration of prior imatinib treatment (21.7 months vs 17.7) were comparable. Nilotinib group had a higher proportion of intermediate and high sokal scores at the time of diagnosis than dasatinib group (41.5 vs 29.3% (high), 41.5% vs 32.5%(intermediate), 17.1% vs 37.9(low), p= 0.04). After median follow-up durations of 20.2 months of dasatinib group and 25.3 months of nilotinib group, the rates of major molecular response were 50.0% for dasatinib group and 59.6% for nilotinib group (p=NS) and the rates of MCyR (complete and partial cytogenetic response) were 78.4% for dasatinib group and 74.5% for nilotinib group (p=NS). The estimated EFS at 24 months was 67% and 48% in dasatinib and nilotinib group, respectively. (p<0.05). The estimated PFS at 24 months was 85% and 56% in dasatinib and nilotinib group, respectively. (p<0.05) Overall survival rates were comparable in both treatment groups (24-months OS; dasatinib 91%, nilotinib 94%; p=0.65). Both were generally well tolerated. Hematologic toxicities were more frequent among patients receiving dasatinib. 10 patients (13%) had pleural effusion in dasatinib; 9 events were grade 1 or 2. Elevated liver enzyme were more frequent among patients receiving dasatinib. In conclusion, In this study population, nilotinib and dasatinib showed similar cytogenetic and molecular response rates and survival. Toxicity profiles of two drugs were different and both drugs showed tolerable toxicities. In terms of event-free survival and progression-free survival, dasatinib was superior to nilotinib, but caution is warranted in interpretation because baseline characteristics including hematologic and cytogenetic response at the time of start with dasatinib and nilotinib and sokal scores at the time of diagnosis were different.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Prior art devices for measuring the quantity of a flowing medium have a temperature-dependent sensor unit flush-fitted in a recess in a sensor holder and held therein by means of an adhesive. However, producing the sensor holder and adhesively securing the sensor unit are relatively complicated. The sensor holder (27) of the invention can be produced by bending a thin metal strip and has two components, a frame component (56) and a holding component (57) which together form a recess (58) into which the sensor unit (25) is flush-fitted and adhesively secured to a plate-shaped projection (64) on a base surface of the holder (57). The sensor holder of the invention is intended for a device for measuring the quantity of a flowing medium, especially that of the intake air in internal combustion engines.


This chapter discusses statutory interpretation: the language used in a statute, the application of the language to the facts, or both. It covers the so-called rules of interpretation: the literal rule, the golden rule, the purposive rule, and the mischief rule, and why we still refer to them; examples of the 'rules' in action; secondary aids to construction; the use of Hansard; how judges choose to explain the construction they have placed on the statute; interpretation and the European Union; interpretation and the Human Rights Act 1998; interpreting secondary legislation; and an example of how to analyse a case on statutory interpretation.


Based on the random anisotropy model we calculate within the linearized theory of elasticity the volume averages (i~ (r)) of the total strain in magnetostrictively deformed amorphous and polycrystalline samples. The mechanism of magnetostriction is clarified, and effects of annealing or application of stress are discussed. In crystalline ferromagnets magnetostriction is determined by the strain-derivative of the macroscopic magnetic anisotropy tensor. In contrast, in macroscopically isotropic amorphous ferromagnets the macroscopic magnetic anisotropy is zero. However, the material may be conceived [I-71 as consisting of very small structural units (basically an atom under consideration and its nearest neighbours) with strong uniaxial anisotropy and with easy axis varying randomly from site to site (Fig. 1). This so-called random anisotropy model has been justified by microscopic calculations based on the point-charge model by Cochrane et al. [6] for amorphous alloys containing rare-earth atoms, and by Elskser et al. [7] based on Hartree-Fock perturbation theory for transition metal alloys. The local magnetic anisotropy energy is a source for magnetostriction, because it may be lowered by the two deformation modes of the units: (1) the local strain is responsible for: (a) a change of the local anisotropy strength; (b) a strain-induced rotation of the local easy axis (Fig. 2), yielding a better alignment with the magnetization direction. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of local anisotropies (the symbols 1 denote the easy axis direction) in monocrystalline (left part) and amorphous (right part) materials. Fig. 2. Schematic illustration for the strain-induced reorientation of the local easy axis (symbol f). Both contributions, which constitute the so-called "conventionaI" magnetostriction mechanism [4, 51 are described by the magnetoelastic tensor Bklij = dKij/ak (2) Rigid rotations of the local units also lead to a better alignment of the local easy axis with the magnetization direction. This "reorientation" mechanism is not relevant for single crystals, because in this case all units rotate coherently, leading to a rigid rotation of the whole sample. In contrast, due to the random easy axis orientation in amorphous ferromagnets (Fig. 1) the local rotations may yield a better alignment with the magnetization direction without rotation of the whole sample. It is the first purpose to find out which of the above discussed mechanisms is responsible for magnetostriction of amorphous ferromagnets. The second purpose is to discuss the effect of the elastic coupling between neighbouring units and to calculate the magnetostriction constant from the magnetoelastic properties of the local units (Kij, Bklij) and the elastic tensor Cijkl, which for elastically anisotropic units is also a random quantity due to the random orientation of the units. Neglecting the elastic coupling and the rigid rotations of the units for a moment, the structural units exhibit spontaneous magnetostrictive strains, like small crystalline ferromagnets with the corresponding orientation of the easy axes. The effective magnetostriction tensor BE:^ describing the macroscopic behaviour of the whole material then is given by a simple geometrical average over the local contributions Bklij of the differently oriented structural units [8]. In reality, however, the elastic coupling prevents the single units from being strained in the same way as if they were elastically decoupled. As a result, there are deviations of ~ 2 : ~ from the simple average over the local contributions. Within the linearized theory of elasticity we have derived and solved the magnetoelastic equations for the total strain in inhomogeneous magnetostrictive materials. We have adopted a random anisotropy model by defining for every unit a local coordinate system for instance with ,+axis parallel to the local anisotropy axis in which the tensors ~:q"", c&? and B&' have Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19888607 C8 1330 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE hexagonal symmetry. For simplicity the local tensor components are assumed to be identical for all units. The only fluctuating quantities are the polar angles .9 and the azimuthal angles cp charaterizing the orientations of the local anisotropy axes with respect to a global coordinate system. As a result of fluctuating angles the tensors Kij, Cijhl and Bklii in the global system are position dependent quantities with spatial fluctuations, e.g., 6Ciik1 (r) . The calculations [4, 51 have been performed by two different methods of elasticity theory, the balance-offorce method and the incompatibility method. The magnetoelastic equations have been solved iteratively, yielding a perturbation series with perturbation parameter 6C(r). Because our continuum theory does not. contain any parameter characterizing the size of the units, it is valid both for amorphous and polycrystalline ferromagnets. For all calculations we have inserted for the local material parameters the values of crystalline Co at 300 K and Gd at 4 K. (It should be noted that the Co values are not identical with those for near-zero magnetostrictive Co-based alloys, see Ref. [4] .) The main results of the theory are: (1) for isotropic distribution of the above defined angles 6 and p the volume average of the magnetostrictive strain (i (2) there is a contribution of both parts of the conventional mechanism, i.e. modifications of the local anisotropy strength (yielding A: , Tab. I) and straininduced rotations of the easy axes (Xzff A: : ) . The relative importance depends on the material parameters of the local units (Tab. I); (3) the contribution from elastic coupling effects (which is approximately given by the difference between the second-order approximations and the zerothorder approximations in Tab. I) depends sensitively on the local material parameters; (4) modifications of XZff due to annealing or application of external stress may be explained by an anisotropic distribution of 6 and cp and by modificaTable I. Results for x : ~ for local material parameters like i n crystalline Co or Gd ([4]), ,for different orders of perturbation theory and according to the balance-offorce method (b fm) or incompatibili~!y method ( im). A: : i s the contribution exclusively due to modifications of the local anisotropy strengths (see ]text). tions of the local Btensor, respectively. For strong annealing we obtain [4] changes of' typically AX:^ x lov7, and for an external stress of 1 MPA we find [4] x some 10-lo. Both values agree qualitatively with experimental results [9, 101. [I] O'Handley, R. C., J. Appl. Phys. 62 (1987) R15. [2] Szymczak, H., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 67 (1987) 227. [3] Fiihnle, M. and Egami, T., J'. Appl. Phys. 53 (1982) 2319. [4] Furthmuller, J., Fiihnle, M. and Herzer, G., J. Phys. F16 (1986) L255; J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 69 (1987) 79; J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 69 (1987) 89. [5] Fiihnle, M. and Furthmuller, J., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 72 (1988) 6. [6] Cochrane, R. W., Harris, R. and Plischke, M., J. Non. Cryst. Solids 15 (1974) :239. [7] Elsbser, C., F5hnle, M., Brandt, E. H. and Bohm, M. C., to be published. [8] O'Handley, R. C. and Grant, N. J., Proc. Conf. on Rapidly Quenched Metals, Eds. S. Steeb and Warlimont, H. (North Holland, Amsterdam) 1985, p. 1125. [9] Hernando, A., Vazquez, M., Madurga, V. and Kronmuller, H., J. Magn. d4agn. Mater. 37 (1983) 161. [lo] Herzer, G., Proc. Conf. on Soft Magnetic Materials 7, Cardiff (1985), p. 355.


[Objective] The purpose of this reseaarch was to analyze the variation characteristis of agricultural climate resources in Benxi.[Method] Baesd on average temperature,precipitation and sunshine and other information from 1953 to 2005 in Benxi,the changing characteristics were studied with statistical analysis.[Result] The results showed that the climate was warming trend in Benxi,especially warming clearly since the 1990s,the warming quarter biggest contribution in winter;the precipitation trends reducing,the rainfall to reduce significantly from 1975,Sunshine also showed decreasing trend.Further analysis found that warming led to drought increased the frequency of the incident.Although having decreased trend of precipitation,heavy rain has increased the number of changes that there was a change in precipitation intensity,the losses caused by disasters in the increase.The early frost delay,end early frost,frost-free period extended temperature in increasing markedly.[Conclusion] These changes will affect the agricultural production layout and structural adjustment in Benxi.


A new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta), Sphaerodoropsis solis sp. nov., is described from the Challenger Plateau in the Tasman Sea, south-west Pacific. It is the third species of the genus with ventral macrotubercles and is further characterized by the lack of dorsal papillae and the specific arrangement pattern of ventral papillae. A character indicating sexual dimorphism, that has been observed in three morphologically similar species, S. arctowskyensis Hartmann-Schröder & Rosenfeldt, 1988, S. bisphaeroserialis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1974c), and S. garciaalvarezi Moreira, Cacabelos & Troncoso, 2004, is confirmed for S. solis sp. nov. Besides S. solis sp. nov., S. arctowskyensis and S. parva (Ehlers, 1913) are newly recorded from the Challenger Plateau and the East Campbell Plateau in the south-west Pacific. An updated key for the genus Sphaerodoropsis is provided.


The main goal of this paper is to assess the level and
pace of regional development of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the one hand, and the
Euro-Atlantic path of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a potential candidate for EU
membership on the other. In the empirical part of the research, the spatial
component encompassed the regionalization of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The
research also included an analysis of the process of the integration of Bosnia
and Herzegovina into the European Union from the aspect of pre-accession
assistance to candidate countries and potential candidates in the function of
promoting regional development. The primary research of regional development
and assessment of the level of development as well as the scope of structural
policies in overcoming the key political, social and economic problems that
hinder the development and improvement of the economic integration of Bosnia
and Herzegovina towards the European Union are limited to the territory of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. The basic scientific methods used in the work and for giving
answers to research questions are historical and comparative methods. They
consist of methods and indicators of statistical analysis (indices, growth
rates, participation rates, coefficients, averages). Specific scientific
methods used in the process of this work are: the method of analysis, the synthesis
method, the induction method, the descriptor method, the deduction method, the
classification method and the comparison method. The empirical results of the
research confirm that Bosnia and Herzegovina is faced with the problem of
regional development with a pronounced imbalance between the areas within the
whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is a confirmation for the need
for systemic policy as well as regional development policy at the level of
Bosnia and Herzegovina that would be in line with the policies of the European
Union.


Kinetic analysis of the interaction of inorganic supports (e.g. CeO2) with sols of highly dispersed metals (iron, nickel, and silver) produced by electrocondensation was performed. The formulas for the kinetics of the process are obtained, and the duration of the process that provides supported metal catalysts with specified parameters is determined. The calculation results have been used to develop a technology for production of supported metal catalysts.


The invention discloses a wireless charging control method and corresponding equipment and system. According to the wireless charging control method, an electronic device is detected to determine whether the electronic device needs to be charged or not, a charging command is sent to a server if the electronic device needs to be charged, therefore, the server controls wireless charging equipment to charge the electronic device, the intelligent control of charging of the electronic device is achieved, great convenience is brought to users, and user experience is greatly improved.


The exploration of rich in sugar residues of carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua) for bioethanol production has been investigated. The main types of feedstocks for the production of bioethanol are raw materials contain different form of fermentable sugar. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bioethanol production in submerged fermentation from carob pods. The extraction of sugars from the carob pod was conducted, achieving very good yields in a short period of time. Saccharomyces sps were isolated from different fruit samples and identified. Among the isolated Saccharomyces sps 01 showed the 20 % , Saccharomyces sps 02 produced 11%, and Saccharomyces sps 03 showed minimum of 9 % of ethanol production. The sugar syrup was allowed to fermentation process with different pH and temperature. At pH 5 showed maximum production compared to other pH condition. The maximum production of ethanol was seen at 30C compare with different temperatures. The outcome of this experiment reviled that carob pod which is neglected and considered as agro sated can be used for large scale production of bioethanol by using specific yeast strains.


Introduction: The global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is rapidly increasing. It is the leading cause of death in women around the world. This study investigated the Apo-Lipoproteins and Troponin Levels in Post-Menopausal Women in Nnewi Metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Methods: A total of 120 subjects comprising of 60 apparently healthy post-menopausal and premenopausal women (control) aged between 50 to 70 years and 20 to 30 years respectively were recruited for the study. Their demographic data, blood pressure readings, andbody mass index (BMI) were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Thereafter, 5mls of blood sample was collected from the subjects into plain container and used for the estimation of biochemical parameters (Apo A-I, Apo B, Apo C-II, and Troponin I levels) respectively using standard laboratory methods. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using student t-test and Pearson r correlation.
Observations and results: The results showed that the mean serum concentrations of Apo B (0.68±0.38 Vs 0.43±0.18g/L); Apo C-II(0.06±0.01 Vs 0.05±0.01g/L) and Troponin I (0.23±0.07 Vs 0.10±0.08ng/ml) were significantly increased in postmenopausal women than in the control subjects (P=0.000), whereas the mean serum Apo A-I concentration (0.20±0.07 Vs 0.48±0.18g/L) was significantly decreased in postmenopausal women than in the control subjects (P=0.000). Interestingly, the mean BMI did not differ significantly in both subjects (P=0.540). More so, there were significant increase in the SBP (136.95±10.55 Vs 108.67±10.88) and DBP (93. 58±8.49 Vs 80. 33±7.21) in the postmenopausal women than in the control subjects (P=0.000). Again, there were no significant correlation observed in parameters studied in both subjects (p>0.05).
Conclusion: These findings revealed that the incidence of coronary heart disease may be associated with menopause. Therefore, lifestyle modifications should be incorporated into the daily lives of menopausal women.


9010 Background: Neuroblastoma is a biologically and genetically heterogeneous tumor and demonstrates favorable or unfavorable outcomes. However, the number of subgroups in neuroblastoma and natural history of each subgroup remain unclear. In Japan, nation-wide neuroblasotma mass-screening (MS) project had been performed on 6-month-old babies for 20 years that might have detected almost all neuroblastomas including regressing/ maturing tumors developed in this period. We surveyed more than 3,600 neuroblasotma cases including approximately 2,000 MS detecting cases. In this study, we examined genetic alterations in the representative cases using genome-wide SNP array and compared with the clinical courses.

METHODS
Genomic DNA was extracted from 198 neuroblastoma samples. SNP array (Affimetrix GeneChip Human mapping Array100K) was used to determine genome-wide aberrations. Chromosome aberrations were confirmed by BAC array and FISH examination. Expression profiles of these tumors were also examined using whole genome microarray (Codelink and Affimetrix Array U133 plus2).

RESULTS
SNP arrays could frequently identify chromosomal aberrations and allelic imbalances including 1p and 11q loss and MYCN amplification in unfavorable tumors. Then, we broadly classified the chromosome aberrations in neuroblastoma into four types: whole gain/loss type, partial gain/loss type, MYCN amplified type, and silent type with no large alterations. Almost all tumors with whole gain/loss type showed favorable prognosis, while MYCN amplified type and partial gain/loss type showed unfavorable outcome. In 32 tumors with silent type, 18 unfavorable tumors had small deletions and/or gains in 1p, 2p, 3p, 11q, and/or 17q but the remaining 16 favorable cases did not. The expression analysis of the unfavorable tumors showed high expression of several genes (DDX1, NAG, NME1, MAC30) in these loci.

CONCLUSIONS
Genome-wide genetic analysis classified neuroblastoma into four types, which are useful to predict the outcome of patients. In the silent type, unfavorable tumors revealed several genes to predict the outcome of the patients. These data provided important candidates of indicators for risk assessment and of therapeutic targets for unfavorable neuroblastoma. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Significance of Study ............................................................................................................... 2 Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 5 Cannabis Misuse Literature ..................................................................................................... 5 Cannabis Misuse ................................................................................................................. 5 Consequences of Cannabis Misuse ..................................................................................... 7 High Risk Populations ...................................................................................................... 10 Treating Substance Use Disorders .................................................................................... 12 Challenges to Existing Models of Substance Use Treatment ........................................... 14 Grief and Loss Literature ....................................................................................................... 16 Theoretical Models of Treatment...................................................................................... 16 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 3: METHODS ............................................................................................................ 20 Researcher Biases .................................................................................................................. 20 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 21 Instruments and Measures ..................................................................................................... 22 Demographics ................................................................................................................... 22 Cannabis Use Disorder ..................................................................................................... 22 Drug Loss .......................................................................................................................... 23 Procedures .............................................................................................................................. 25 Recruitment ....................................................................................................................... 25 Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 28 Data Preparation and Analysis ............................................................................................... 29 Preparation ........................................................................................................................ 29 Analysis............................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 32 v Quantitative Results ............................................................................................................... 33 Participant Data ................................................................................................................. 33 Substance Use Disorder .................................................................................................... 34 Grief and Bereavement ..................................................................................................... 36 Qualitative Results ................................................................................................................. 38 Experience with Cannabis................................................................................................. 38 Aspects of Cannabis Use .................................................................................................. 43 Distinguishing Cannabis from Other AOD Use ............................................................... 46 Long-term Discontinuation of Cannabis Use ................................................................... 57 Emotional Aspects of Cannabis Use ................................................................................. 59 Conceptualizing Abstinence as a Loss Experience ........................................................... 62 Themes about Grief and Loss ........................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION........................................................................................................ 74 Grief in Substance Abuse Recovery ...................................................................................... 75 Grief Work in Treatment .................................................................................................. 75 Drug Loss Theory .................................................................................................................. 76 Attachment Theory ........................................................................................................... 76 Worden's Task Model of Grief ......................................................................................... 78 Special Considerations for Drug Loss: Cannabis Use Disorders .......................................... 83 The Continuum of Misuse ................................................................................................ 83 Different Motives for Using.............................................................................................. 84 Consequences Associated with Mental Health ................................................................. 84 Recovering ........................................................................................................................ 85 The Experience of Drug Loss: Important Themes ................................................................ 87 Permanency ....................................................................................................................... 87 Secondary Losses .............................................................................................................. 88 Changes to Identity ........................................................................................................... 89 Limitations and Strengths of the Study ................................................................................. 91 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 92 Strengths ........................................................................................................................... 93 Significance of Study ............................................................................................................. 93


ABSTRACT Maps produced during the saga of European 'discovery' were shown to erase local forms of spatial knowledge of colonised populations to serve domination interests. This paper explores the continuation of this colonial erasing logic in local planning practices in Jamundí, a municipality where Black peasants' traditional farms persist in a sugarcane dominated landscape. We first compare official maps from the current Land Use Plan of Jamundí with social cartography produced by afro-descendant community councils to analyse the maps' selections, omissions and additions. Through community map drawings and collective discussions during cartography workshops, interviews and tours of the territory, we then reconstruct a Black geography that is concealed in official maps. Our analysis shows that official maps naturalise a scale in which only plantations are formally represented, rendering invisible small-scale traditional agricultural systems and Black ecologies, favouring the expansion of uses and activities detrimental to Black territorial projects in Jamundí. We argue that afro-descendant living spaces and experiences are visually omitted from spatial representation in the physical planning maps through institutionalised processes. We conclude that decolonising local planning is crucial for the recognition and securing of afro-descendant customary land and territorial rights in Colombia as well as for regional sustainability.


Expressions such as <tex>$ax^{2}, axy$</tex>, or <tex>$ax^{3}$</tex>, where <tex>$a$</tex> is a constant, are not unfrequent in computing. There are several ways of parenthesizing them (and therefore, choosing the order of evaluation). Depending on the value of <tex>$a$</tex>, is there a more accurate evaluation order? We discuss this point (with a small digression on spurious underflows and overflows).


With the increasing demand for the resources of oil and gas,the development and exploration of volcanic rock reservoirs gradually become the new increase of the output.The study of volcanic rock lithology is the basis of volcanic rock reservoirs.Common methods in identifying volcanic lithology are not very effective.The principal component analysis method has been used to simply identify the lithology of volcanic rocks,and the results are good,but when the information of texture is included in the rock's name,this method is not very effective.The Linear dimension-reducing mapping method is applied to the volcanic rocks samples based on rock slices,whole rock analysis and logging traces.By this method,andesite,basalt,rhyolite and rhyolitic tuff are indentified and classied well.Compared with the method of principal component analysis,the method achieves much better results and it can separate rhyolite from rhyolitic tuff which is very difficult to be divided in the principle component analysis method.


The Neuromuscular Differential Diagnosis of Joint Hypermobility; S. Donkervoort, C. G. B€onnemann, B. Loeys, H. Jungbluth, and N. C. Voermans; Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2015 Mar;169(1):23–42. S. Donkervoort, C. G. B€onnemann, B. Loeys, H. Jungbluth, and N. C. Voermans* National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neurogenetics Branch, Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, Bethesda, Maryland Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands and center for medical genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Paediatric Neurology Neuromuscular Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King's College London, London, UK Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands


Summary Cortisol is known to alter RNA polymerase activity in liver and thymus. It also binds to cytosol proteins in several tissues. These experiments tested the possibility that cytosol steroid-protein complexes could alter the RNA polymerase activity of homologous nuclei. Steroid-protein complexes were prepared by incubating liver and thymus minces with 10-7 M 3H-cortisol at 37°. The partially purified steroid-protein complexes were obtained by fractionation of the cytosol on Sephadex G-100. Steroid-protein complexes were incubated with intact homologous nuclei and a nuclear sediment was prepared by hypotonic lysis of nuclei and centrifugation. RNA polymerase activity was determined in the nuclear sediment. It was found that a liver cytosol steroid-protein complex significantly (p < .01) increased RNA polymerase activity when compared to free cortisol or buffer. Cytosol proteins from adrenalectomized pigs had no effect on nuclear RNA polymerase. A steroid-protein complex in the thymus significantly decreased RNA polymerase activity in thymus nuclei when compared to buffer, but the difference was no greater than that observed for free cortisol. This indicates that an association of cortisol with liver cytosol proteins may be an early event in the action of cortisol. This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB-29297). The authors appreciate the technical assistance of Mrs. Lois Jaques.


OUR discussion thus far has found evidence among the parties in conflict of many kinds of unification; minglings of antithesis and synthesis; the erection of the one above the other; reciprocal limitations as well as promotions. Parallel with this is to be found the further sociological significance of struggle; namely, the influence which it exercises, not upon the relation of the parties to each other, but rather upon the inner structure of each party. Daily experience shows how easily a conflict between two individuals changes the individual himself. Entirely apart from its distorting or purifying, weakening or strengthening, consequences for the individual, the change occurs through the preliminary conditions which struggle imposes. There must be inner alterations and adaptations demanded by the exigencies of conflict. The German language affords a peculiarly apposite and simple formula for these immanent alterations. The champion must "pull himself together ; 2 that is, all his energies must be concentrated upon a single point at once, in order that at any moment they may be exerted in the direction demanded. In peace he may allow himself more latitude;3 that is, he may indulge the individual energy and interests of his nature which may take courses in various directions and somewhat independently of each other. In times of attack and defense, however, the consequence of this indulgence would be a waste of energy through counter efforts of the different impulses, and a loss of time through the necessity of assembling and organizing them in each instance. In such cases, therefore, the whole man must assume the form of concentration as his essential line of battle and means of defense. Conduct formally the same is demanded


The kinetics of reaction of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with hydrogen in a nickel catalyst tube wall reactor were investigated experimentally and the reaction mechanisms were clarified. The observed rate laws were -rco = (k1PH2P1/2CO)/(1 + KCOPCO) for carbon monoxide, and -rco2 = (k''PH2P1/3CO2)/(1 + KCO2PCO2 + KH2 + KH2OPH2O)for carbon dioxide at low partial pressure. These reaction rate laws were derived theoretically from the proposed reaction mechanism. For a mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide the kinetics of the reaction proved to be well accounted for by the same reaction mechanism.


A major issue of locally repairable codes is their robustness. If a local repair group is not able to perform the repair process, this will result in increasing the repair cost. Therefore, it is critical for a locally repairable code to have multiple repair groups. In this paper we consider robust locally repairable coding schemes which guarantee that there exist multiple alternative local repair groups for any single failure such that the failed node can still be repaired locally even if some of the repair groups are not available. We use linear programming techniques to establish upper bounds on the code size of these codes. Furthermore, we address the update efficiency problem of the distributed data storage networks. Any modification on the stored data will result in updating the content of the storage nodes. Therefore, it is essential to minimise the number of nodes which need to be updated by any change in the stored data. We characterise the update-efficient storage code properties and establish the necessary conditions that the weight enumerator of these codes need to satisfy.


. This article opens a series of research papers dedicated to the former Foreign Minister of the USSR Andrei Gromyko. His contribution to the development and implementation of the security policy is highlighted. The détente policy is understood as part of the security policy. The first article defines the security policy. The most important stages of A. Gromyko diplomatic career are highlighted. Problems of foreign policy continuity, the role that the personal factor plays, and the relationship between strategy and tactics are particularly important in the research the security policy. A distinction must be made between strategy and tactics in politics and diplomacy. This has an essential practical meaning because a correct balance of tactical and strategic approaches is a prerequisite for the success of the security system, which can be built within the framework of a certain paradigm. The author argues that the descriptive story (Part 4 of the article) is one of the possible variants of historiography explaining the role of the personal factor. Much more important, however, is to supplement traditional history with research, because this can lead to the «Gromyko rules» (Part 3 of the article). This helps to better articulate the lessons of history. The article contributes to the author's earlier works on the role of A. Gromyko and his diplomatic school.