One of the emerging milestones in building construction is the development of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs). This complex concept is defined as buildings that on a yearly average consume as much energy as they generate using renewable energy sources. Realization of NZEBs requires a wide range of technologies, systems, and solutions with varying degrees of complexity and sophistication, depending upon the location and surrounding environmental conditions. This paper will address the role of the above technologies and solutions and discusses the challenges being faced. The objective is to maximize energy efficiency, optimize occupant comfort, and reduce dependency on both the grid and the municipal potable water supply by implementing sustainable strategies in designing a research and sports facility. Creative solutions by the architectural and engineering team capitalize on the design of a unique glazing system; energy efficient technologies; water use reduction techniques; and a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) microgrid (MG) with integrated control aspects and renewable energy sources.


The optimism is the state of being cheerful or hopeful about the future and about the world around. Optimism is defined as watching the bright side of a future to come. It involves ignoring the factors like demoralization, anxious feelings about future that involves over thinking, negative outcomes etc. Human beings foresee the effects in positive and negative ways. People who are positive in their approach regarding thinking, behavior and affects are always optimistic. Optimism is linked with precise cooperating style, ambition framing and constructive affect. Optimists demonstrate interest to positive information and show active engagement and trouble solving type behaviors. Optimists tend towards goal commitment, where the aim is to achieve the end result. Freedom and diversity are the optimistic version of the tendency for media to have a fragmenting effect on society that can also be liberating. The media spread new ideas and encourage mobility, change and modernization.


INTRODUCTION
Chronic low back pain is one of the top reasons for seeking medical advice. In the background of the dysfunction besides the somatic pain dysfunctional thinking, negative emotional states, or interpersonal problems can be identified as well. One of the most important factors making the rehabilitation difficult is the fear and avoidance of physical activity.

AIM
The aim of the study was to adapt and validate the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ-H) in Hungarian.

METHODS
The FABQ (16 items) was translated into Hungarian and filled in by 90 patients suffering from low back pain for at least three months. For cross validation the FABQ-H results of 43 patients were compared with pain intensity the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire (ODI), the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ), the Zung Depression Scale (Zung) and the Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS).

RESULTS
The internal consistency of the FABQ-H was good: the Cronbach's alpha was 0.8. Correlation analysis revealed that the FABQ showed significant correlation only with the Pain Catastrophising Scale (r = 0.373, p = 0.014).

CONCLUSION
Our results confirm that the FABQ-H is a valid questionnaire that can be well implemented. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(24): 949-955.


In this paper, a new nonparametric Bayesian model called Sticky Multimodal Dual Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hidden Markov Model (SMD-HDP-HMM) is proposed for mining activities from a collection of time series. An activity is modeled as an HMM where each state corresponds to an atomic activity. By extensively using Dirichlet Process (DP), multiple HMMs sharing a common set of states are learned and the numbers of HMMs and states are both automatically determined. Each time series is modeled to be generated by one of the HMMs such that all time series are clustered into activities. Simultaneously state sequences for time series are learned and each of them is decomposed into a sequence of atomic activities. Experimental results on KTH activity dataset demonstrate the advantage of our method.


Introduction In 2009, we observed worldwide epidemics of pdmH1N1-flu. We made an almost complete survey of epidemic of pdmH1N1-flu in Kounu town which is isolated from others. All the children with influenza should be reported in Japan for the School-Health-Law preventing their attendance in the infectious period. We applied this epidemic to mathematical models and suggested some strategies to control infection. Methods Subjects were children of nursery, elementary, and junior high school living in Kounu town. We estimated this epidemic by applying to Kermack-McKendrick model and Multitype epidemic models, selected the most suitable model, and changed the parameters to analyse from three preventing strategies; shortening of virus seeding by 1 day, decreasing of infectivity by 30%, and decreasing the infectivity in especially high infectivity areas to nearly other's one. Results We estimated R0=1.44–6.95 for the basic reproduction number. The model of assumed subpopulation of school and community was the most suitable, and we found a "super spreader area" on N area in this model. All the strategies could reduce total infectious population. Only when virus seeding was shortened, epidemic was also shortened. Peak infectious population was much reduced when we intervened in especially high infectivity areas. Conclusion Most patients were treated with anti-virus and school closure was carried out. This caused the actual epidemic curve shortened and total patients were less than the estimated epidemic model. Therefore, we suggest that particularly where there is a super spreader, to isolate the patients and interruption to infectious roots are effective.


In the development of commercial promotion, chatbot is known as one of significant skill by application of natural language processing (NLP). Conventional design methods are using bag-of-words model (BOW) alone based on Google database and other online corpus. For one thing, in the bag-of-words model, the vectors are Irrelevant to one another. Even though this method is friendly to discrete features, it is not conducive to the machine to understand continuous statements due to the loss of the connection between words in the encoded word vector. For other thing, existing methods are used to test in state-of-the-art online corpus but it is hard to apply in real applications such as telemarketing data. In this paper, we propose an improved chatbot design way using hybrid bag-of-words model and skip-gram model based on the real telemarketing data. Specifically, we first collect the real data in the telemarketing field and perform data cleaning and data classification on the constructed corpus. Second, the word representation is adopted hybrid bag-of-words model and skip-gram model. The skip-gram model maps synonyms in the vicinity of vector space. The correlation between words is expressed, so the amount of information contained in the word vector is increased, making up for the shortcomings caused by using bag-of-words model alone. Third, we use the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting method to improve the weight of key words, then output the final word expression. At last, the answer is produced using hybrid retrieval model and generate model. The retrieval model can accurately answer questions in the field. The generate model can supplement the question of answering the open domain, in which the answer to the final reply is completed by long-short term memory (LSTM) training and prediction. Experimental results show which the hybrid word vector expression model can improve the accuracy of the response and the whole system can communicate with humans.

http://itiis.org/digital-library/manuscript/file/23421/TIIS Vol 14, No 4-1.pdf


The dopamine transporter (DAT) and α‐synuclein are both expressed in dopaminergic neurons, and it is suggested they form a heteromeric complex in cells. Despite the involvement of α‐synuclein in PD and related α‐synucleinopathies, both its normal function and the mechanism of accumulation in neurons in disease states remain unclear. The primary structure of α‐synuclein suggests it can dynamically associate with plasma membrane and may regulate membrane proteins such as DAT. In the current study we used fluorescently tagged DAT and α‐synuclein to investigate the interaction of these two proteins in living cells using confocal microscopy. We found that DAT interacts with α‐synuclein and recruits it to the plasma membrane. Importantly the level of α‐synuclein recruitment to the plasma membrane directly correlated with surface DAT levels. Moreover, our preliminary data suggest that two populations of DAT exist: one that is colocalized with α‐synuclein and another that is not colocalized with α‐synuclein. Our preliminary findings suggest that the DAT colocalized with α‐synuclein, co‐traffics with this protein in the presence of 10 μM METH. Surprisingly, we found that α‐synuclein does not co‐traffic with DAT in response to PMA. Continued studies will examine these two DAT populations and whether they are differentially regulated by α‐synuclein.


Southeast Alaska comprises the northernmost segment of the Northwest Coast culture area, located in proximity to both subarctic and arctic culture areas. By virtue of its transitional geographic position, the region has shared environmental and cultural features with these adjacent areas over the course of prehistory. The earliest Native Americans of 10,000 years ago were oriented to marine subsistence and travel, based on the location of their occupation sites, the presence of exotic obsidian in their artifact assemblages, and the marine fauna in their refuse. While the mid-Holocene period is not well documented, area populations seem to have expanded by 4000 years ago based on the frequency of radiocarbon-dated sites. Sometime before 3000 years ago, area residents developed techniques for the mass harvest of salmon, enabling long-term storage of large quantities of this important staple food. By 1000 years ago, populations had continued to increase, and signs of intraregional competition are found in the occupation of fort sites. Over its entire human prehistory, subsistence activities focused on nearshore and littoral resources of this biologically rich region. Ethnographically, the maritime adaptation of the northern Northwest Coast is most similar to that of other Northwest Coast peoples occupying the mainland and inner islands to the south. Their maritime adaptation differs from those groups in adjacent regions, such as the Aleut, Koniag, Haida, and Nuuchanulth, who specialized in offshore hunting and fishing. Although the antiquity of these patterns is not known, they may have lasted for several thousand years.


Phoshpate-modified titania (P−TiO2) samples of varying phosphate contents were prepared by the sol−gel method, and the photocatalytic activity was tested in the gas-phase degradation of ethanol at room temperature. DRIFT, UV−vis−DR, N2 adsorption, and XRD methods were used to characterize the structural properties of the P−TiO2 samples. XPS, ICP-AES, and SAXS investigations were additionally performed to further clarify the structural changes of the TiO2 sample due to phosphate modification. We showed that the phosphate ions reacted with the TiO2 surface and that a new crystalline titanium phosphate phase appeared during the calcination process. It was found that the structural and optical properties of the titania samples are strongly influenced by their phosphate content. The photocatalytic activity of the P−TiO2 was compared with that of Degussa P25 titanium dioxide by ethanol photooxidation in the gas phase. We have shown that total degradation of ethanol is significantly faster on P−TiO2 samples with...


the article presents the results of a study of the integration of network technologies such as Ethernet and ATM in order to select more optimal variant of construction of LAN for the transmission of heterogeneous traffic and to ensure the required quality of service.


This paper presents a new form of the autonomous underwater vehicle with a built-in subsystem of cylinder and counterbalance to support floating and diving, the electrical and mechanical system is built-in a modular form for easy integration and disassembly - mounting and expanding the system. In particular, show optimal calculation for diving robot's profile, simulating stress, deformation impact on the profile of the robot to select the hull's material and thickness to make sure the robot is durable and steady at a depth of 50m. The paper also presents advantages of hybrid design between traditional AUV which uses propeller and rudder to turn and glider using counterbalance and cylinder to dive. In addition, the design of the control system for the robot is also mentioned and clarified through the selection of sensors, actuators, designing electrical circuit, designing 600W thruster and tri-axis rotation angles estimator for stable operation of the robot at a depth of 50m. In addition, the paper also presents the dynamic model of the diving robot VIAMAUV2000, from which, builds, simulates and applies controller for diving robot in two main forms: using thruster (AUV mode) and not using thruster (Glider mode).


Abstract In this paper it is intended to design an ultra-wideband band-pass filter, using new models of coupled transmission lines. In this paper, by providing a new model of resonators, the bandwidth of band-pass filters (which are one of the most crucial elements in communication systems) will be moderately increased, while their size and volume decreases. In addition to the increase in bandwidth in these filters, due to the increasing usage of new satellite communication systems, the frequency response of these filters will be developed to utilize notch in the pass band, and an ultra-wideband band-pass filter with notch will be designed and analyzed.


Objective To investigate the resistance of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii against aminoglycosides and its resistance genes.Methods The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of seven antimicrobials(gentamicin,amikacin,tobramycine,netilmicin,neomycin,streptomycin and kanamycin)against 20 strains of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were detected by agar dilution method.Meanwhile,two resistance genes of aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase were amplified by PCR and vertified by DNA sequencer.Results It was found that MIC50 and MIC90 of gentamicin,amikacin,streptomycin and kanamycin in 20 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were all above 1 024 mg/L,and their resistant rates were 95%,95%,100% and 90% respectively,while the resistant rates of tobramycin,netilmicin and neomycin were 85%,90% and 40% respectively.Two aminoglycoside-modification genes ant(2″)-Ⅰ and ant(3″)-Ⅰ were detected in 20 strains,with 55% and 80% of positive rate respectively.The double positive rate of two resistance genes was 50%.Conclusion The resistance of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii against aminoglycosides was closely associated with ant(2″)-Ⅰ and ant(3″)-Ⅰ genes.


The purpose of this paper is to provide a forecast model and policy guideline for setting selection criteria for a wireless communications system, a crucial technology in BIS and BMS according to Korean case studies. Existing cases were used for reference, and a combination of tracking method and communication method was used to construct the forecast models. Each model was rated for its advantages and disadvantages, as well as selection criteria, which resulted in a policy guideline applicable to local authorities in Korea or cities overseas that are considering the introduction of BIS in their respective regions.


Information is the currency of the knowledge economy. Revolution in information has led to the technological horsepower that has helped knowledge to share and network with other institutes and colleges. This paper discusses the importance of library networking and resource sharing among the medical colleges and institutes in Rajasthan (India). Furthermore, this study is also supported by data available from various sources and studies. This work has carried out using different methods and techniques prominently of which include literature reviews, data collection through questionnaires, spot surveys, discussions, observations etc.  Hence the present study is based on multi-method approach and has helped the researchers to propose an Integrated Health Information System (HIS) which will be an information communication technology (ICT) based model for Rajasthan (India) for its' overall sound development to fulfill the complex healthcare information needs for the variety of users at different levels for different purposes. The preliminary investigations have directed to draw hypotheses that the Rajasthan State in India needs services of an effective and efficient HIS. This paper also explores the possibilities of operating institutional repositories (IRs) and some of the challenges and benefits in operating IRs in Rajasthan State's Medical Institutes. The present paper visualised the concept of networking and Institutional Repository (IR) Management in medical libraries and institutes in the state of Rajasthan in India for resource sharing. The present study takes the stock of the existing health information resources, their management, available infrastructure, different categories of users and their characteristics with a view designing an effective HIS including creating the IR in Rajasthan State.


Test work on a 100 mm water-injection cyclone was carried out using a ground lead-zinc ore. Experiments were conducted varying the vortex finder diameter, spigot diameter, feed inlet pressure and injection water rate. The effect of variables on the performance of the water-injection cyclone in terms of slurry throughput and corrected cut-size are presented. A set of equations have been developed for predicting the performance of a water-injection cyclone. Further, the reduced efficiency curve was quantified to predict the size distribution of water-injection cyclone products.


For long time,Irragation water can't get to calculate effectively in The Managing District of HanGu,The user of water proceed the water rate settles accounts to the irrigating-draining station reling on only rough estimate,There are matters between the user of water and the irrigating-draining station,It is difficult to repair the irrigating-building in short-termly,Aiming at the present condition,The auther joins the hydraulics knowledge to induce the calculating-eqution of using water building,for the purpose of irrigation water calculate the usage.


Objective

Intra-abdominal adhesions are an important surgical problem. Colorectal operations are a major cause of adhesive obstruction. Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as an adjuvant therapy to surgery for rectal cancer, though its value for colon carcinoma remains unclear. Peritoneal injuries including the surgical trauma, tissue ischaemia as well as RT are associated with peritoneal fibrinolytic activity. A sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose bioresorbable membrane (Seprafilm®) has been used to reduce intra-abdominal adhesion formation. We have investigated the effect of Seprafilm® on intra-abdominal adhesion in rats receiving RT after the resection of the left colon.

Materials and methods

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=16), control (colon resection, no Seprafilm®); group 2 (n=16), study group (colon resection and Seprafilm®). All the rats received 50 Gy RT after left colon resection. Intra-abdominal adhesions were evaluated by grading and measurement of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) as a tissue adhesion marker in peritoneal samples from the rats. tPA was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit.

Results

The levels of tPA were significantly increased in group 2 rats compared with those in the control group (P=0.0276). It was also seen that adhesions in the rats receiving Seprafilm® were significantly less severe than those in the control group.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the intraperitoneal administration of Seprafilm® reduced the frequency and strength of adhesions.


When the acquisition of professional expertise is founded on understanding human development and facilitating social functioning, interactive opportunities for the exploration of relevant issues, and the practise of relevant skills, provide an invaluable part of the learning process. For distance students, the availability of computer conferencing systems offers the potential of providing some of these opportunities cheaply, conveniently and effectively. However, in circumstances where computer literacy is low, the barriers created by access difficulties (both in relation to the availability of equipment and to the use of the software), lack of technical expertise and associated problems need to be addressed in the context of the potential benefits. This paper describes the trialling and evaluation of a computer conferencing system with a group of undergraduate social work students, where structured tutorial tasks were provided for students who were able to participate online. Other students were provided with an offline alternative. The paper highlights the problems experienced by the online students (and those who intended to participate online but were unable to) and some suggested solutions for dealing with them. However, in particular, it outlines the benefits available to those who overcame the barriers, not only in terms of student support, but also in terms of the pedagogical gains resulting from a guided collaborative learning experience. Task responses indicated the value of the experience for developing analytical and negotiating skills which were fostered by the need to evaluate different viewpoints and modify arguments in response to the contributions of others.


Irrigation is seen as a means of raising agricultural productivity and rural incomes. However, historically, many smallholder irrigation schemes failed to produce the expected results and cannot sustain their running costs or fund further development. It is important to improve our understanding of the constraints to profitability and sustainability, particularly as the urgency for governments to withdraw financial and managerial support gathers momentum.


nf^I^UTBNANT-CoL?NEL q Kapub made over charge for Burdwan Jail to Major K. S. Fitch on the enoon of the 7th November, 1938. V; return from leave Lieutenant-Colonel C. M. Pi kr lesumed charge of the office of the Director of rv lc Health, Punjab, on the forenoon of the 6th December, 1938. j\le^tenant-Colonel A. D. Loganadan, Assistant j, )ector of Public Health, Central Range, Lahore, th 6If to the Military Department, with effect from


This project is part of the "Qualitatsoffensive Lehrerbildung", a joint initiative of the Federal Government and the Lander which aims to improve the quality of teacher training. The programme is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The authors are responsible for the content of this publication.


Quantitative characterization of fluidized-bed hydrodynamics is important for process monitoring and validation of dynamic models. Using a two-dimensiona l fluidized bed of Geldart Group B particles, we experimentall y investigated the situation where multiple pressure sensors were mounted on the walls of a bubbling fluidized bed. Our objective was to identify multivariate dynamic characteristics in the pressure signals that can be correlated with specific physical phenomena in the bed, including spatial distribution of bubbles, characteristic bubble sizes, bubble velocities, and global bed oscillations. We summarize preliminary results from laboratory experiments in which both high-speed pressure measurements and digital video images were collected. By comparing the two types of measurements, it is possible to draw conclusions about important information that can be extracted from multiple pressure signals. In addition to the expected Group B bubble behavior, we observed very long-time-scale oscillations that have not been previously reported. These dynamics may be important for practical fluidized-bed performance as well as for interpreting CFD models.


This paper presents a model of cosine gear planetary transmission with small number teeth difference (CG_PTSTD). Firstly, the mathematical model of the CG_PTSTD is established based on the theory of engagement, including the equations of the conjugate internal gear and the meshing line. Then an example of the CG_PTSTD is developed. In this example, the 2D and 3D models of the CG_PTSTD are established, and the bending and contact stresses are analyzed by finite element software ABAQUS. The results show that the cosine gear can be successfully applied to the PTSTD without tooth tip interference and there are multi teeth simultaneously participating in the mesh.


In this paper, the fundamental modes of two- and three-dimensional coupled vibrations of various piezoelectric ceramic vibrators, including the rectangular cross-sectional bar, the rectangular plate, the finite solid cylinder and hollow cylinder, are analyzed by using the apparent elasticity method, and some quite simple analytic formulae for the resonant frequencies of the above-mentioned various piezoelectric vibrators are obtained These formulae have been used to calculate the variations of frequency constants with the geometric size of the vibrators, and the calculated results are in satisfactory agreement with the published experimental results and results calculated by using various other methods, including the finite difference method, finite element method and Ritz variational method. These formulae are quite simple, and the resonant frequencies or the geo-metric size of the vibrators can be rapidly calculated by using a scientific calculator instead of a computer, so this method is more convenient for engineering design and estimation than the various method mentioned above.
In addition, for a few kinds of usual piezoelectric ceramic materials, the errors caused by neglecting the piezoelectric effect are discussed in detail.
Finally, it should be pointed out that this method can be also used to calculate the resonant frequencies of composite piezoelectric vibrators.


The aim of this work was to study the anti-tumor effect by combined treatment of arsenic trioxide and interferon-α (IFN-α) in mice injected murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LL2) cells. As a experimental model, LL2 cells (1×10?/mouse) were injected subcutaneously into the back region of mice. When the tumor volume reached about 100 ㎣, mice were treated with 1 ㎎/㎏ arsenic trioxide, 50,000 IU IFN-α, or arsenic trioxide plus IFN-α, respectively. The development of tumor cells was significantly inhibited by combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and IFN-α. In arsenic trioxide and IFN-α treated group, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was reached a peak level at 0 hr and it was decreased from 12 hr to 48 hr after the treatment. PCNA is known to be associated with S phase and DNA replication of the cell cycle. Whereas, apoptotic index was reached a peak level at 48 hr after the treatment and it was nearly restored to the control level at 8 days. In conclusion, our results suggest that the combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and IFN-α inhibited the growth of LL2 tumor cells through the suppression of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.


I Excitons in Semi-infinite Solids.- Exciton Reflectivity and Additional Boundary Conditions.- Microscopic Theory of Exciton Polaritons in Semi-infinite Solids.- Exciton Polaritons near Surfaces: The Coherent Wave Approach.- Surface-Exciton Polaritons: A Few Fresh Ideas.- Screening Effect on Exciton Polaritons in Semi-infinite Semiconductors.- Optical Dephasing of Wannier Excitons in GaAs.- True Radiative Lifetime of Free Excitons in GaAs.- Lifetime of Free Excitons in GaAs.- Exciton Masses in Solids.- Quantum Theory of Polaritons.- Influence on Excitons of Band Bending near Surfaces and Interfaces.- II Excitons in Thin Films.- Exciton-Polaritons in a Slab ABC and ABC-Free Theory.- Wave Functions and Optical Properties of Excitons in a Slab.- Wannier Excitons at GaAs Surfaces and in Thin GaAs Layers.- III Excitons in Superlattices and in Quantum Wells.- Key Aspects of Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Properties of Ga0.47In0 53As/Al0 48In0 52 As Superlattices.- MBE Growth and Characterization of Ternary and Quaternary Semiconductor Alloys and Heterostructures.- Crystallographic and Electronic Properties of the (GaAs)1(InAs)1(001) Superlattice.- Electronic States in Heterostructures.- Electronic States of Heterostructures in the Envelope-Function Approximation.- Near Band Gap Photoemission in Al0.27Ga0.63As/GaAs Quantum Wells.- Excitons in Heterostructures.- Electron-Hole Exchange Interaction in Quantum Wells.- Optical Properties of Excitons in Quantum Wells.- Excitons in II-VI Multiquantum Wells.- Optical Spectroscopy of Excitons in Quantum Wells Under an Electric Field.- Observation of Forbidden Transitions in Coupled Quantum Wells.- Excitons and Biexcitons in Semiconductor Quantum Wires.- Index of Contributors.


Introduction: a comparative perspective on work and gender, Jane jenson an overview of the major issues, Margaret Maruani. Part 1 Categorical messages - thinking and rethinking gender relations: introduction - intersections - gender categories in space and time, Jane Jenson time and women's work - historical periodizations, Delphine Gardey where have they been working and what have they been doing? - historical perspectives on working women, Sylvie Schweitzer immigrant women and their daughters - intersections of race, class and gender, Francoise Gaspard the sexual division of labour re-examined, Helena Hirata and Daniele Kergoat resignifying the worker - gender and flexibility, Sylvia Walby. Part 2 Be prepared - education, training and skilling: introduction - variations on women's and men's occupations, marlaine Cacouault a hidden curriculum? - coeducation and gender identity, Annick Durand-Delvigne and Marie Duru-Bellat the social construction of skill, Anne Marie Daune-Richard secretarial work and technological change, Philippe Alonzo and Olivier Liaroutzos the French and German educational models and their consequences for women, Catherine Marry. Part 3 Women's relationship to labour markets - more and more precarious?: introduction - (wo)man-handled by the labour market, Chantal Rogerat the enduring wage gap - a Europe-wode comparison, Rachel Silvera part-time work - challenging the "breadwinner" gender contract?, Colette Fagan, Jacqueline O'Reilly and Jill Rubery female unemployment in France and the rest of Europe, Annie Gauvin moving towards the American model? - women and unemployment in Great Britain, Ariane Hegewisch when exclusion is socially acceptable, the case of Spain, Teresa Torns: part 4 Public policy - promoting equality or engendering new inequalities?: introduction - public sphere, private sphere - the issue of women's rights, Jacqueline Laufer equality at work - what difference does legislating make?, Marie-Therese Lanquetin European policies promoting more flexible labour forces, Daniele Meulders family policy and the labour market in European welfare states, Jane Lewis France's new service sector and the family, Michel Lallement democracy confronts the new domestic services, Genevieve Fraisse rethinking time - there is more to life than working time, Maria-Carmen Belloni, Jean-Yves Boulin and Annie Junter-Loiseau. Conclusion: the future remains open, Christian Baudelot.


Objective: Polygenic risk score (PRS) for type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported to be associated with beta cell function, but whether it is also associated with the longitudinal change of beta cell function is largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association of PRS and the trajectory of beta cell function in a community based prospective cohort.
 Method: We analyzed 6,323 participants without T2D at baseline from Ansan-Ansung cohort with 75-g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests taken biennially for 14 years. Disposition index (DI), derived from insulinogenic index at 60 minutes and Matsuda index, was used as a marker for beta cell function. PRS was calculated using 1.2 million variants from trans-ancestry T2D genome-wide association study using Bayesian regression (PRS-CSx). Participants were stratified into low (1st quintile), intermediate (2nd to 4th quintiles) and high genetic risk (5th quintile). Lifestyle was categorized as unfavorable, intermediate and favorable lifestyle according to Life's Essential 8. Linear mixed model was applied.
 Result: During a median follow-up of 13 years, 379 (30.6%), 875 (23.0%) and 171 (13.4%) participants developed T2D in high, intermediate and low genetic risk group, respectively. Participants in high genetic risk group, compared to low genetic risk group, had a 33% lower DI at baseline (53 [95% CI 50, 56] vs 79 [74, 84]; P = 7.9×10-15), and a 1.7-fold faster rate of decline in log2(DI) per year (-0.035 [-0.028, -0.042] vs -0.020 [-0.013, -0.027]; P = 0.0026). Notably, we found significant interaction between the rate of decline in DI and T2D PRS (P = 8.5×10-5). Healthy lifestyle was associated with decreased rate of decline in DI across all genetic risk group.
 Conclusion: Having a high genetic risk for T2D was associated with not only a lower DI at baseline, but also a faster rate of decline in DI. Genetic information could be used to identify those at risk for rapid decline of beta cell function and emphasize lifestyle modification.

 H.Lee: None. J.Choi: None. H.Son: None. K.Park: None. N.H.Cho: None. S.Kwak: None.

 Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea


Objective To evaluate clinical efficacy and lung function of compound methoxyphenamine capsule on treating cough variant asthma.Methods Total 134 cases of patients with cough variant asthma were randomly divided into two groups for control study,there are 67 cases in A group received compound methoxyphenamine capsule,600mg,po,tid;and 67 cases in B group received fluticasone propionate,125μg,asp,bid;All the patients were treated for 12 weeks;observe the changes of cough and lung function.Results These index including clinical symptom,PEFam,PEFpm and FEV1 had been improved obviously in the 2nd week after treating of the two groups,and get better in the following 4th,8th,12th weeks;there are significant difference between before and after treatment in the two groups(P0.05),but these index have no significant difference between A and B groups(P0.05).Conclusion Compound methoxyphenamine capsule can improve lung function and airway hyperreactivity in the patients of cough variant asthma.


targets to be achieved are clarified, and hypotheses can be verified through field verifications and analysis of actual data. Third, the collaborations with global partner companies are increasing, and we expect to roll out our research results to such global businesses. Collabo-rating with global partners and NTT's global operating companies from the early stages of research


THE general purpose of this study was to investigate the actual practices and methods of college teaching in the field of freshman and sophomore mathematics. Sixty-six teachers of college mathematics (faculty members of twenty institutions of higher learning) helped to provide the primary source data of this study. The analyses, conclusions, and recommendations are based chiefly on 150 completely recorded classroom recitations and, in part, on the critical judgment of the observed and interviewed teachers.


Based on the analysis of the references given in the Russian and foreign periodicals, the present paper states the current notions of the etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of and the methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of acute lung injury developing with the use of blood preparations. It shows the difficulties arising in the diagnosis of this complication and presents the algorithms of differential diagnosis and treatment of acute posttransfusion lung injury. The authors describe their own observation of a case of evolving acute posttransfusion lung injury, the used methods of diagnosis, and the results of treatment in detail.


The present invention relates to compositions COSMETIC CONTAINING IN A ALKILGALACTOSIDO uronate aqueous medium and cationic polymer and their uses for treatment or WASHING keratinous materials. THE ALKILGALACTOSIDO uronate corresponding to formula (I): R SUB {1} {REPRESENTS C alkyl IN SUB, SUB {8} -C, 22}, R represents (i) or (ii) whose carbon bearing the hydroxyl group It is connected to the endocyclic oxygen atom; Where R SUB {2} a hydrogen, an alkali metal, an ALCALINOTERROSO metal or a quaternary ammonium group unsubstituted or substituted.


This essay is focusing on the moving techniques tactics and the guiding thoughts of volleyball team,employing logical analysis and certain reference materials.The basic principle of volleyball's development is from the imbalance between offensive and defensive to balance,then again to imbalance.This changing process is good for the advocating and development of volleyball in the long run.


Fisher, Louis. Presidential War Power. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. Pp. xi, 245. $29.95, hardbound; $14.95, softbound. Hinckley, Barbara. Less Than Meets the Eye: Foreign Policy Making and the Myth of the Assertive Congress. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994. Pp. vii, 252. $34.95, hardbound; $13.95, softbound. Lindsay, James M. Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Pp. vii, 228. $42.50, hardbound; $13.95, softbound. Rosner, Jeremy D. The New Tug-of-War: Congress, the Executive Branch, and National Security. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995. Pp. 1,117. $10.95, softbound.


A new method is proposed to select optimal initial cluster centers.By searching parameters' histogram peak values,the number of cluster centers can be estimated,and these optimal initial cluster centers are selected in the columns or cells where the histogram peaks exist.Because these optimal initial cluster centers are near to real cluster centers,the iterations of clustering are reduced efficiently.Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the compute complexity of new method is lower than some conventional techniques.The improved K-Means algorithm is applied to sort frequency-hopping signals,and the simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm is effective.


The invention relates to a multifunctional preparation for controlling biological corrosion and blockage of an oilfield production system. The contents of functional preparations in the treating water are as follows: 20 to 200 ppm of disinfectant: glutaraldehyde, acrolein, dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride or dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium bromide, 10 to 100 ppm of inhibitor: sodium nitrateor sodium nitrite; and/or 10 to 20 ppm of sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate or lithium molybdate; 10 to 20 ppm of corrosion inhibitor: imidazoline quaternary ammonium; or/and 20 to 50 ppm of desulphurizing reagent: trihydroxymethyl nitromethane; or/and 10 to 20 ppm of penetrating agent: alkylpheol ethoxylates. The components undergo synergistic action so that the concentration of the single component is reduced obviously and reaches 25 to 90%, and the efficiency of killing the SRB (Sulfate Reducing Bacteria) reaches more than 90%.


The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov is famous for conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of а bell. This led to а view of learning called associationism: if а сuе is present, and an outcome follows, animals learn to associate them. Although humans can learn this way, the word "associate" is misleading. Our brains actually learn by making and testing predictions about the world. These are used to determine cues that are unreliable, which our brains then ignore and hence eliminate. It turns out that а dog associates а bell with food only because it has learned to ignore all other cues available to it.


Abstract A shallow inversion layer with southeasterly outflow and a cyclonic vortex in the troposphere are the basic characteristics of the Antarctic mean circulation. An attempt is made to model this pattern in a two-layer representation of the atmosphere where all equations are averaged horizontally over the Antarctic domain. Cooling at the slope drives a direct circulation that acts as a source of westerly angular momentum. This momentum is transferred out of Antarctica by topographically modified large-scale waves, enforced at the northern boundary of the model. Two types of steady states are found for fixed frequency and zonal wavenumber: one where the wave is quite effective in performing the required momentum transport so that a qualitatively realistic circulation results and another one with strong upper-level westerlies but virtually no surface easterlies. A model climatology can be derived if stochastic forcing is added to the equations. It turns out that the distribution of the flow states is c...


The purpose of this study was to examine the significance of branding in the marketing of stud cattle; specifically, to test whether the prices paid for stud cattle are affected by breed brands, as well as the performance attributes of the cattle. Inductive and deductive research methods were used, with a covariance regression model used to find the best predictors of price. The model explained 49.1% of the variance in the log of price. Further, to test whether there was a significant differentiable brand premium across the breed data, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. It revealed a statistically significant effect at the p<0.001 level in price for the six breeds. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test also indicated that the mean score for differences between the pairs of breeds revealed that only the Simmental and Poll Hereford breeds exhibited statistically significant differences. For livestock industries, the results of this research encourage the exploration of branding based marketing strategies.


As we review the nature of our commitmen t to providing quality hearing care services to individuals with hear ing losses in both global and specific ways, we must ask ourselves a fundamental question: What is the efficacy of audiological intervention or, in lay terms, how beneficial are the services provided by audiologists? Are there data available from research studies to answer the question? This is an impor tan t and compelling focus for the entire field of hearing, speech, and language regarding clinical services for individuals with disorders of communication. It has been the focus of several national conferences—National Conference on Treatment Efficacy (1989) and National Research Conference on Models for the Evaluation of Trea tment Efficacy (1992)— sponsored by the American Speech-LanguageHear ing Founda t ion and by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. The research community is being asked to design and implement studies that will provide clearer answers for both scientists and practitioners regarding the efficacy of clinical services.


In this paper a model has been given to estimate the vertical velocity of mesoscale convective cloud with high resolution infrared statellite imagery, and experiments are conducted. The results indicate that the model could show the character of mesoscale convective cloudcluster′s development and evolution quantitatively and the vertical velocity could provide clues for mesoscale numerical forecast and the analysis and forecast of mesoscale convective clouds as well.


We analyze the trading activity of the mutual fund industry between 1975 and 1994 to determine whether funds "herd" when they trade stocks and to investigate the impact of herding on stock prices. Although we find little herding by mutual funds in the average stock, we find much higher levels in trades of small stocks and in trading by growth-oriented funds. Stocks that herds buy outperform stocks that they sell by four percent during the following six months; this return difference is much more pronounced among small stocks. Our results are consistent with mutual fund herding speeding the price-adjustment process.


We report the fabrication of InGaN/GaN multi quantum well (MQW) microdisk arrays on Si(111) substrates. InGaN/GaN MQWs were grown on highly tensile-strained GaN films on Si(111) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Microdisk resonators were fabricated using a combination of optical lithography, a dry GaN-etching process, and Si undercut etching by acid chemical solution. The evidence of whispering-gallery modes in optically pumped microdisk cavities have been observed by photoluminescence. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The protection of original achievements including patents and copyrights is a significant and critical issue in today's knowledge-driven economy. In this article, we propose and develop a blockchain service architecture to enhance information traceability and protection effectiveness. Our proposed service architecture is enabled by the core functionalities of blockchain technology including distributed data storage, peer-to-peer transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. Through this blockchain-based traceability system, we can record, secure, validate, and track original achievements' registrations and other related transactions. The results of our simulation experiments further validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed traceability system design. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed blockchain-based design can effectively enhance original achievements traceability with an embedded automatic incentive rewarding mechanism for both the creation and protection of original achievements. Moreover, our performance analysis and comparative analysis show that the proposed method has more advantages over several other methods. While our study provides an effective solution to address the existing challenges in intellectual property rights and achievements patents protection, the breadth of the blockchain concept and its applications require nuanced investigations in many different contexts. Thus, the proposed blockchain-based traceability system highlights the potential for broader applications of this disruptive technology in many other domains.


The Seriphidium transiliense desert is an essential grassland type in northern Xinjiang.The grassland has different degradation due to long-term overgrazing which restrained the grassland function in production and ecological aspects.In this paper,grassland characteristics and herbivore-carrying capacity of different degraded Seriphidium transiliense deserts were investigated in order to provide information for grassland rational utilization and animal husbandry sustainable development.Results showed that the dominant species transferred from Seriphidium transiliense to Petrosimonia sibirica with the degraded degree of grassland increasing.The ash and crude fiber contents of Seriphidium transiliense and grassland communities had a similar change tendency in spring,but the crude protein and ash with crude fiber had an opposite change tendency in autumn.The herbivore-carrying capacity of the non-degraded grassland in spring and autumn were 1.20 and 1.78 sheep unit per hm2,and the moderate degraded grassland were 0.29 and 1.15 sheep unit per hm2.Efficient protective measures should be taken to prevent ecological environment deterioration before the dominant species changed,that is,the herbivore-carrying capacity of non-degraded and medium-degraded grassland should not beyond the theoretical threshold,and grazing activity in the heavy-degradation and over-degradation area should be forbidden.


Objective:To observe the effect of Boxintong capsule on patients with angina and its effects on the platelet aggregation rate.Methods:Sixty patients with angina were divided randomly into two groups:treatment group receiving Boxingtong capsule,control group receiving Suxiaojiuxin pill.Clinical therapeutic effects in two groups were compared,ECG and platelet maximum aggregation rate were compared before and after treatment.Results:Clinical therapeutic effects and the improvement of ECG in treatment group were similar to the control group,but the improvement of platelet aggregation rate was superior to the control group.Conclusion:Boxintong capsule can significantly decrease platelet maximum aggregation rate and improve symptom of patients with angina.


Abstract : This EA evaluates the potential environmental impacts associated with the dismantlement of 50 Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Launch Facilities (LFs) and five Missile Alert Facilities (MAFs) assigned to Malmstrom AFB, WY; 50 Peacekeeper ICBM LFs and 5 MAFs assigned to F.E. Warren AFB, MT; and three Minuteman III and one Peacekeeper test LFs at Vandenberg AFB, CA.


Objective: The aim was to translate, test, and describe aspects of reliability and validity of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) in Swedish (FSS‐Swe) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Patients with stable SLE, low or moderate disease activity, and low organ damage were included. Forward and back translations of the FSS were performed. Construct validity was tested with 32 women using a first Swedish translation. Feasibility, ceiling and floor effects, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and content validity were tested on a slightly modified final version of the FSS‐Swe in a non‐selected group of patients (n = 23). Results: There were correlations (p⩽0.05) between the FSS‐Swe and overall disease activity according to the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM) (rs = 0.48) and the SLAM Visual Analogue Scale (SLAM‐VAS) (rs = 0.46); between the FSS‐Swe and eight subscales of the Swedish 36‐Item Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) (rs = –0.41 to –0.65) and between the FSS‐Swe and age (rs = –0.35). All patients answered all FSS‐Swe questions at both test and retest. There was one ceiling effect in one question on one occasion. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicated normal distribution. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 and corrected item‐to‐total correlation exceeded 0.3. There were no significant systematic test–retest differences, and the median‐weighted kappa coefficient was 0.75. Twenty patients understood the questions in FSS‐Swe, 18 considered they were relevant, reflected their fatigue, and that none should be excluded. Five items were suggested to be included. Conclusions: The FSS‐Swe supports construct validity, is feasible, has no important ceiling or floor effects, has satisfactory internal consistency, substantial test–retest reliability, and satisfactory content validity in the SLE patients studied. However, its sensitivity to change needs to be tested.


Professor Ivan Petrovich Egorov, honoured scientist of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday on 25 July 1990. Egorov was born in the village of Bol'shaya Sadovka in the Sosnovoborsk district of the Penzenskaya region into the family of a teacher. After leaving school he entered the Kuznetskii College of Education and after graduating he taught mathematics for two years. In 1934 he became a student at the University of Kazan. After a brilliant success there he became a research student of P. A. Shirokov. But because of his worsening health he gave up his research and again taught mathematics in his native area. From 1943 he taught at the Penzenskaya College of Education. In 1945 he presented his thesis for the degree of Ph.D. and in 1956 that for the degree of Doctor of Science. The subject of Egorov's research is the theory of motions in generalized spaces, the very rapid development of which is linked with his name. It is known that the dimension of the full group of motions in Riemannian


Through combining the parallelism across the system with the parallelism across the method,parallel combined methods are constructed for the numerical solution of a class of partitionedstiff systems.Nonstiff equations are solved by an explicit linear multistep approach while an implicit linear multistep approach is used for the stiff part of the system.The order condition,convergence and stability are discussed.The numerical tests are conducted on a parallel computing system and the results demonstrate the method is effective for the class of partitioned stiff systems.


Abstract Four aspects of stories/storytelling, as they relate to life, to the definition of stories, to therapy in general, and to family therapy in particular, are examined. The mechanism for this exploration is a presentation of excerpts from a wide variety of sources. Little is offered by way of commentary. Rather, the selection of particular pieces for inclusion and the elimination of others necessarily make a statement. Consistent with the constructivist position that each person creates meaning according to his/her own belief system, all are invited to read this article as a story and to draw their own conclusions.


Solid material develops from elastic to plastic then to failure after undertaking some load,which means that yield is different from failure.The system of yield criteria for geomaterial is discussed and two definitions which are point failure and surface failure in stress field are put forward.And the criteria of surface whole failure is defined through traditional limit analysis method.Simultaneously,the deficiencies for traditional limit analysis and numerical analysis are pointed out by reviewing and analyzing the solution characteristics of traditional limit analysis method.Based on the combination of these two methods,a newly developed numerical limit analysis method is built,which has enlarged the application rage of limit analysis.The significances and features of traditional limit analysis method and numerical limit method are studied,as well as the reliabilities.The advantages and disadvantages of numerical limit analysis are listed;and the wide applicability of numerical limit analysis in the slope(landslide) engineering,foundation engineering and tunnel engineering is illustrated.


This paper describes the re-engining of diesel generator sets on a fleet of twelve 4258-TEU container ships. Each vessel had three diesel generator sets driven by engines that burned marine diesel and intermediate fuel oil and had a time between overhauls (TBO) of 5,000 hours. The operator elected to replace the engines with low-maintenance, heavy fuel burning engines while retaining the original alternators. The re-engining program is discussed, as are the engineering and planning undertaken to support the project. The paper also discusses the significant regulatory and design challenges that were encountered. Instead of taking the vessels out of service and undertaking the changeout in a conventional manner in a shipyard or topside repair facility, the operator elected to accomplish the changeover on the run, and the work on each ship was completed on a single voyage while the vessel maintained its regular U.S. port calls. This first ever re-engining program was completed within budget, with minimal impact upon cargo operations, and with no schedule delay.


Measuring the value of the information produced by operational data processing systems and decision assistance systems is a challenging process with an attractive payoff— avoiding misallocation of funds.


Over the past several decades, the legal history of the doctrine of liberty of contract has given rise to seemingly inexhaustible discussions of the meaning of and interdependent relationships among certain political, social, and legal ideas associated with liberty of contract and the specific contexts in which these ideas are rooted. Volume editor Harry Scheiber and eight collaborators have produced a remarkable set of reflections upon the history of liberty of contract. Taken together, the essays in this anthology avoid the usual pitfalls of the genre, making marvelous, original contributions to the debate. By engaging critically and constructively not only with the literature but also with each other, these historians have pulled off the intellectual equivalent of a perfectly executed series of lateral passes. As Scheiber notes in his introduction, the contributors shed light on two historically distinct but legally related meanings of "freedom of contract." Some of the essays address "contract as the legal form in which agreements and promises are made, with the purpose of making them enforceable by the courts" (1). Others take on the project of illustrating the relation of contract to political liberty and economic individualism, ideas that Scheiber argues should be understood as a commitment to minimal government intervention into individuals' control and disposition of their property. As A. W. B. Simpson, John V. Orth, James Gordley, and David Lieberman show, however, the legal meaning of contract was not nearly as settled as some lawyers may believe. Indeed, changes in doctrine owed much to political and philosophical shifts, to economic and social conditions that all changed over time and across space. As Scheiber, Charles W. McCurdy, Arthur F. McEvoy, Donald J. Pisani, and Martin Shapiro demonstrate, the political nature of liberty of contract involved not just courts but also lawyers, labor unions, interest groups, reformers, legal theorists, and market actors of all kinds, and their interactions with the law changed liberty of contract in significant and lasting ways.


Atomic layer etching (ALE) has received much attention in recent years as a viable state-of-the-art patterning technique for the fabrication of future generations of nanoelectronics. Thermal excitation or plasma activation, coupled with chemical reactions have been shown as different approaches to enable ALE. In this review, the importance of surface oxidation state is considered as a viable parameter to tailor the chemical contrast that is needed in realizing ALE. With the help of thermodynamic assessment of viable reaction pathways, an alternative approach that combines both plasma and thermal ALE concepts is proposed: the physical effect from energetic ions results in not only chemical conversion but also directionality, while the chemical effect dictates the selective removal of the converted material. This hybrid plasma-thermal ALE approach allows for a simultaneous control of selectivity and anisotropy and a wider ALE window. This approach is tested on a number of model systems and could be extended to more complex materials systems that are needed in future integrated circuits.


This paper studies mean square exponential stability of linear stochastic neutral-type time-delay systems with multiple point delays by using an augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) approach. To build a suitable augmented LKF, a method is proposed to find an augmented state vector whose elements are linearly independent. With the help of the linearly independent augmented state vector, the constructed LKF and properties of the stochastic integral, sufficient delay-dependent stability conditions expressed by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are established to guarantee the mean square exponential stability of the system. Differently from previous results where the difference operator associated with the system needs to satisfy a condition in terms of matrix norms, in the current paper the difference operator only needs to satisfy a less restrictive condition in terms of matrix spectral radius.


Malignant melanoma continues to present a significant public health problem as its incidence is rising faster than that of any other cancer in the US. At current rates, 1 in 74 Americans will develop melanoma during his or her lifetime.


Biaxial nematics are usually regarded as characterized by a symmetric, traceless tensor having three different eigenvalues. It is argued that this definition is too restrictive and that a natural extension would embrace any system that breaks all three rotational symmetries while preserving translational invariance. That is, biaxial nematics need not have orthorhombic symmetry, but may be triclinic, hexagonal, cubic, or even isotropic. A non-linear hydrodynamic theory is presented which emphasizes the fundamental similarities between the different biaxial nematics and clarifies the changes in the static and dynamic behavior as the discrete symmetries vary. The Goldstone modes of any biaxial nematics are identified as two pairs of orbital waves with a complex, and one orbital diffusion with a purely imaginary, dispersion relation. If the longitudinal and transverse variables decouple, it is the longitudinal rotation angle that diffuses.


In this work, we have demonstrated a hybrid silicon/polymer ring resonator electro-optic (EO) modulator with a temperature-independent modulation. The waveguide consisted of an ultrathin silicon core with an EO polymer cladding. Using ultrathin silicon is advantageous, as it allows a reduction in the side-wall scattering loss and also offers excellent light distribution to enable athermal operation. With a radius of 60 μm, the ring exhibited a 9.7 dB extinction depth and a Q value of 1.25 × 104. After poling of the EO polymer, the ring resonator functioned well as an EO modulator and operated in a stable manner between 25 and 55 °C.


This Youth Issues Paper examines a topic that is not well represented in the published literature but is clearly relevant to the well-being of young people. The first chapter distinguishes between "mainstream" and "socially marginalized" out-of-school youth providing a conceptual view for this varied population. The second chapter examines the link between schooling and safer sexual behavior underscoring the fact that school benefits children beyond literacy and knowledge. The third chapter presents programs that work with out-of-school youth using a framework that identifies key goals and possible actions that programs can take. Following are four case studies showing how different projects have worked with both mainstream and marginalized out-of-school youth. The last chapter summarizes the key points of the paper. (excerpt)


Purpose: To determine the incidence of clinical keratoconus (KCN) in an Iranian population. Methods: This prospective surveillance study was conducted in Yazd province in central Iran (population 990,818). During 1 year (July 2008 to June 2009), all new patients with KCN were registered and referred. Diagnosis was based on the topographic pattern, and indices were measured and eye examination was done by anterior segment subspecialists. Results: Of the 564 eligible patients referred, 28 did not attend their topography session (95% response rate). Topographic figures showed suspect or definite patterns of KCN in 47.8% of participants (256/536 subjects). Based on topographic images and clinical examination, KCN was confirmed in 221 patients, and in addition, 26 patients were categorized as having suspected KCN and 9 had non-KCN corneal diseases; therefore, the annual incidence rate of KCN was estimated as 22.3 (95% confidence interval, 19.5–25.4) and 24.9 (95% confidence interval, 21.9–28.2) per 100,000 population, excluding and including suspected KCN cases, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of KCN in our context is apparent and comparable with rates in other studies on Asian ethnic populations. This is much higher than the incidence in European Caucasians and warrants further genetic and environmental studies.


An improving efficient algorithm for generation of the semi-state equations in full symbolic, partly symbolic or numeric form is presented. This algorithm has been implemented in a program – called SSEMG – Semi-State Equation Matrix Generation. The program allows the formulation of the semi-state matrices in full symbolic, partly symbolic or numeric form. Using the semi-state equations in which the parameters associated to the nonlinear elements are considered as symbols, we obtain an improving of the accuracy in the numerical calculations. The semi-state equations can be integrated by a Matlab routine. Using the semi-state equations in operational form (for the linear and/or piecewise-linear nonlinear analog circuits) the transfer functions in full symbolic, partly symbolic or numeric form are generated. An illustrative example is given to prove that SSEMG program is a very useful tool for symbolic analysis and design of linear and/or nonlinear timeinvariant analog circuits.


sNN = 5.02 TeV. The pseudo-rapidity density (dN/dη) and elliptic flow (v2) of light-quark particles from AMPT reasonably agrees with the measurements by ALICE. We predicted the directed flow of light and heavy quarks in p+Pb collisions. The v1 of both light and heavy-quark mesons show a non-trivial pT dependence in pand Pb-going directions. When integrated over the transverse momentum range 0 < pT <5 GeV/c, the magnitude of heavy quark directed flow (v1) is found to be 15 times larger than the light quark species in the Pb-going direction while the same in the p-going direction are comparable. The light and heavy quarks v1 may offer the possibility to probe the initial matter density as well as the collective dynamics in p+Pb collisions.


The exposure of the high external magnetic field has disadvantageous influence on the electric energy meters. In the article, the typical damage of the braking magnets as the effect of external high magnetic field exposition is presented. The evaluation methods of the magnetic flux asymmetry and the calculation of the meter error have been included in a general discussion. The authors paid their attention on the statistical classification methods. As the results of discussion, based on the studies on numerous objects exposed to the high magnetic field, the classes of the breakdown have been determined. The defect identification and its assignment in the probability groups allows to evaluate the actual state of the energy meter and explain the last history of interaction with the strong magnetic field.


CoMo based catalysts can be widely used in petrochemical, coal based chemical and fertilizer industries Recently, many excellent CoMo based commercial catalysts have been exploited out by means of preparationprocess innovation, active components and/or additives adjustments and new type of support introduction In this paper, the features of CoMo based sulfurtolerant CO shift catalyst are characterized by using of MicroReactor, TemperatureProgrammed Reduction (TPR), TemperatureProgrammed Sulfurization (TPS) and insitu IR techniques It is found that there are two kinds of active sites on the CuMn/Al2O3 catalysts, one is Cu or Mn, and the other one is formed via their interaction The catalytic activity is contributed to both of the two kinds of the active sites


Due to the wide variety of products produced in a drug manufacturing plant, pharmaceutical industry wastewater is a wastewater that is not amenable to conventional biological treatment. In this study, this wastewater was chemically pretreated using Fenton's reagent, since the initial values of the biokinetic coefficients before Fenton indicated that this wastewater could not be biologically treated. A factorial experimental procedure was designed in order to examine the influence of Fenton's pretreatment on biological oxidation. Although the Fenton oxidation process was not very effective, the overall efficiency mounted up to almost 80% in some cases. The optimum experimental conditions for the oxidation of pharmaceutical wastewater were found to be the following: FeSO4·7H2O concentration 2 g·L, H2O2 concentration 2 mL·L. It was proved that after the Fenton process, the substrate was rendered significantly more biodegradable since the maximum specific uptake rate Kmax was increased from 1,76 to 3,14 gCOD·gVSS·d, whereas the inhibitory coefficient Ks was decreased from 3752 to 732 mg·L. Conclusively, Fenton oxidation could be a feasible method for the pretreatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.


The thermodynamic characteristics of a non-spherical interface are considered. Two definitions of surface tension and their relationship are analysed. It is shown that the classical Gibbs definition has a clearer physical meaning. The hydrostatic approach to the determination of the surface tension and to the first and second bending moments of an interface is applied. Within the framework of this approach the generalized Laplace equation is obtained and the strict definition is applied to the surface of tension.


This paper seeks to show that Adam Smith constructed a new language of taste in his moral philosophy, wherein the term "taste" describes how a commercial society unexpectedly emerged out of the agreement of aesthetic judgments. Smith described how aesthetic judgments by people of various tastes and interests could still achieve agreement through the evaluation of the means for achieving the end, rather than the utility of the end itself, and how they could do so impartially through the imagined sympathy from the impartial spectator. Against Marxist critic John Guillory, this paper emphasizes that taste in Smith's philosophy is a powerful sentiment which extends to the vast majority of common people, an intrinsic sentiment indispensable to the motivation of vanity and ambition—complex passions that go beyond the reach of utility calculation in stimulating the demand for fi ner products and in driving people to the pursuit of wealth. Taste is also an instrumental factor in establishing the order of commercial society, and the freedom and independence of the masses by distributing wealth among the poor, productive sector of society. This paper concludes that, in these arguments, aesthetics was the basis for Smith's political economy.


To search for the relationship between IFN-γ/IL-4 and IgE and its effect on pathogenesis of asthma. We observe the changes of IgE, IL-4 and IFN-γ in serum and pulmonary tissue homogenate of asthmatic guinea pigs by means of chemolumi nescence,radio immunoassay, enzyme linked immunoabsordent assay(ELISA). Significant elevation of IL-4 and IgE in serum and pulmonary tissue with asthmatic model group as compared with that controls was observed respectively (P0.01). In contrast,the levels of IFN-y were obviously lower in serum and pulmonary tissue in than in control groups (P 0. 05). According to the analysis of relationship:There were a significant correlation between IL-4, IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 and IgE including a negative correlation between IFN-γ/IL-4 and IgE (in serum P0.05,in lung tissue P0.01). The result indicates that the disorder of IFN-γ/IL-4 and increasing level of IgE may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.


Objectives To investigate the expressions and clinical significance of survivin and cyclinD1 in gastric carcinogensis. Method The expressions of survivin and cyclinD1 were detected by immunohistochemical SP method in 12 cases of chronic superficial gastritis, 32 cases of intestinal metaplasia, 32 cases of dysplasia and 50 cases of gastric carcinoma. Results The positive rates of survivin and cyclinD1 were 0 and 8.3% in chronic superficial gastritis, 21.9% and 15.6% in intestinal metaplasia, 37.5% and 34.4% in dysplasia, and 54.0% and 48.0% in gastric carcinoma, respectively. The expressed levels of survivin and cyclinD1 in intestinal metaplasia were significantly lower than those in gastric carcinoma(P 0.05), and no significant differences were found between intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, and between dysplasia and gastric carcinoma(P 0.05). Significant difference was found between the expression of survivin and histological differentiation of gastric carcinoma(P 0.05), and between cyclinD1 gene expression and histological differentiation,vascular invasion,and lymphatic metastasis(P 0.05). The expressed level of survivin was positively correlated with that of cyclinD1. Conclusion The expressions of survivin and cyclinD1 may play important roles in the oncogenesis and progression of gastric carcinoma and may be useful in early diagnosis, malignancy determination and prognosis in gastric cancer.


The effects of MER-29 were studied to determine whether this drug will lower the blood lipids as well as the severity of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis of ten-week-old cockerels on a regimen of plain mash or on an atherogenic diet consisting of 2 per cent cholesterol plus 5 per cent cottonseed oil added to plain mash. After ten weeks of treatment with 12.5 mg. or 25.0 mg. per Kg. of MER-29, it was observed that the drug had no significant influence on the blood cholesterol or phospholipid levels. It was interesting to note that cockerels treated with 25.0 mg. of MER-29 per Kg. body weight, whether on plain mash or on an atherogenic diet, demonstrated an increase of aortic-atherosclerosis. The drug did not seem to lower the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis of the group fed an atherogenic diet. It appears that MER-29 causes aortic atherosclerosis of cockerels fed plain mash primarily by blocking the conversion of 24-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, thus increasing the amount of 24-dehydrocholesterol which was found in the aortae, as compared with little or none in the aortae of cockerels on plain mash.


This paper shows how to prove the two Theorems, which are related to the terms β1(n) and β2(n) respectively Theorem: N(0,5,5n+1)= β1(n)+N (5,5,5n+1) and Theorem: N(1,5,5n+1)= β2(n)+ N(2,5,5n+2).


A procedure to supply test data for a number of undergraduate programming exercises in the PL/1 language and check the validity of the programs is described. The procedure provides diagnostic information to the student and performs all necessary output, as well as maintaining complete records of student performance on magnetic disc storage. The procedure differs from many previous grading routines in being called as a precompiled library subroutine, and is the first known grading procedure for PL/1. The initial set of class problems and specimen output listings are appended.


Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Xiangju capsules on chronic sinusitis and nasnal polyps following endoscopic sinus surgery.Methods 120 cases with typeⅡchronic sinusitis and nas- nal polyps were included here as treating group(TG)in this study and given a therapy combined with Xiangju capsules orally taken and routine assistant procedures,another 120 cases with the same lesions were taken as controlling group(CG),only given the routine procedures to them.then,the therapeutic effect and change of symptom and sign and the period of epithelialization in the operative area and the rate of reoccur- ring after operative therapy were observed and compared between them.Results The effective rates were 94.2% and 79.2% respectively in TG and CG.There were significant differences in the effective rates for the two groups(P0.01),and There were significant differences in the headache、the congest and hypertro- phy of nosepiece,the congest and tumefactian of nose mucosal and the secretion of nasal cavity.Furthermore, the same was seen for the period of epithelialization in operative area and reoccurring rate among them,also very significant differences present(P0.01).Conclusion Xiangju capsules is very effective on nose mu- cosal recovery in the operative area following ESS,with better nasal function recovery and reduced recurring rate.


The present study was undertaken with the objectives of evolving biscuits containing bajra to find out their acceptability and nutritive value. Biscuits were prepared by using whole wheat flour, bajra flour, sugar, ghee by substituting whole wheat flour with bajra flour. The different samples prepared were Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D and Type E in the ratios of (whole wheat flour:bajra flour) 100, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 100 respectively. The developed biscuits were sensory evaluated using nine point hedonic scale. Results showed that biscuit Type E was highly acceptable as scored (8.4±0.09) whereas biscuit Type B was least acceptable as scored (7.5±0.03). Highest energy, fat and iron were observed in Type E (1010 Kcal), (55 g) and (8 mg) respectively. Likewise fat, protein, carbohydrate, fibre and calcium were observed in Type B (68.3 g), (11.9 g), (118.5 g), (1.7 g) and (52.5 g) respectively. Biscuit (Type E) was most acceptable and analysed for proximate and mineral content along with standard biscuit (Type A). Result shows that biscuit prepared with bajra flour (Type E) was found to be high in carbohydrate (56.4 g), fat (23.2±0.1 g) and iron (9.4±0.2 mg) than standard biscuit (Type A). Thus replacement of traditional food like whole wheat flour with bajra flour for preparing biscuits is feasible and beneficial too and also were very well accepted.


A method for the verification of embedded software correctness is presented. A formal model for an actual commercial microprocessor is established. This is done by modeling the instruction set and processor architecture. Embedded software takes the form of the assembly program code to be run on the processor. Specifications are given as CTL temporal logic formulae. The method has been implemented in the SMV model checker and is illustrated by a practical embedded system application: a mouse controller. The inconsistency of the specification and the implementation as an assembly language program as it has been published in the applications book of the manufacturer has been uncovered.


The quest for the optimal navigation strategy in a complex environment is at the heart of microswimmer applications like cargo carriage or drug targeting to cancer cells. Here, we formulate a variational Fermat's principle for microswimmers determining the optimal path towards a given target regarding travelling time, energy dissipation or fuel consumption. For piecewise constant forces (or flow fields), the principle leads to Snell's law, showing that the optimal path is piecewise linear, as for light rays, but with a generalized refraction law. For complex environments, like general 1D, shear or vortex fields, we obtain exact analytical expressions for the optimal path, showing, for example, that microswimmers sometimes have to temporarily navigate away from their target to reach it fastest. Our results apply to idealized microswimmers which can instantaneously steer, are fast enough so that translational noise is unimportant and might be useful, e.g., to benchmark algorithmic schemes for optimal navigation.


email@example.com ( Hosny Hosny Elsayed Arafa)

 Permanent Pacemakers have a growing use in the pediatric population due to congenital and surgically acquired rhythm disturbances but they present unique problems and implications. Their implantation, follow up, the diversity and complexity of pediatric patients and congenital heart disease make device management a highly individualized art in pediatric pacing. Certain challenges are posed in adult-like somatic growth and active lifestyle susceptibility to infection and generally anticipated long survival.

 The current study aims to present our institute's experience in pediatric and adolescent pacemaker implantation and long term outcome.

 The study included 100 patients who have cardiac devices (permanent pacemaker)that were implanted in AinShams University and visit our patient clinic for regular programming during the period from July 2018 to December 2019. All patients were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, ECG recording then Echocardiography and device programming.

 The study included 100 patients,49 females and 51 males with a mean age of 13.12 ± 5.04. Patients weighted from 8 to 85 kg, measured from 40 to 185 cm in height. According to the mode of pacing, 67 were in the VVIR group while 33 in the DDDR group. According to the indication of pacing, two cases were due to sinus node dysfunction,52 due to congenital complete heart block and 46 due to postoperative CHB. 59 patients underwent cardiac surgery. 53 were admitted to CCU by syncope or presyncope. As Regards the complications,2 cases had superficial infection after 2 weeks relived by antibiotic, 2 patients suffered from pocket hematoma after 2 weeks, 10 cases of lead fracture from 1 to 8 years after implantation due to external trauma, 3 cases of lead dislodgment from 1 to 6 months postprocedure,1 case developed LV dysfunction and upgraded to CRT,1 case had psychological trauma and 3 cases had insulation breaks. The device with the longest longevity duration is Medtronic and Tendril leads had the most common complications.

 Implantation of a pacemaker in children is generally safe. It could be justified to implant the pacemaker to improve the hemodynamic situation in individual patients or to consider biventricular pacing in LV dysfunctiont


Domestic violence against women is a serious public health issue. Every year approximately ten million people face violence at the hands of a current or former intimate partner, with 85% of incidences being perpetrated against women. 72% of all murder-suicides involve an intimate partner, and 94% of the time, the victim is a woman. This study examined the association between sex ratio (the number of men to the number of women in a county) and rates of domestic violence committed against women in New York State. Two conflicting theoretical predictions have been proposed: 1) when there are more males in a region, heterosexual males may use intimate partner violence as a means to control their mate or 2) when there are more males in a region, heterosexual females have greater bargaining power and males engage in behaviors that are more desirable to women. Data was collected from the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services and included female victims of intimate partner violence reported in 2017 by county. The study analyzed the rate of incidents reported per 10,000 men in a given county compared to the sex ratio. Preliminary results show that as sex ratio increases (there is a greater number of men than women in a county), the rate of domestic violence against women declines. This student presentation is available at ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/under_conf_2019/16


MIL-STD-85485 describes low-pass cables suppressing conducted and radiated RFI by dielectromagnetic absorption: the basic specification of such cables is indeed an attenuation of 100 dB/m or more, in the frequency range 1 GHz-18 GHz. There is a need to update this standard, issued in 1981: indeed there are current requests for "stopband frequencies" over 18 GHz, and/or requests for pass-band frequencies, higher than 10 MHz. The article describes the concept and implementation of such performance, which cannot be related anymore exclusively to magnetic absorptions, as concomitant to the physics of ferri and/or ferromagnetic materials.


Jeelani S, John Baliah ABSTRACT: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The research in the field of Oncology is a never ending journey. Emerging among the existing management modalities in Oncology is an enticing advance – Dendrimers as part of Nanotechnology. Simulating the concept of Trojan horse strategy are the nano molecules, Dendrimers which possess a design that provide a tailored sanctuary containing voids that provide a refuge from the outside environment wherein the anti cancer drug molecules can be physically trapped and target the cancerous cells specifically sparing the adjacent normal cells thus serving as an ideal technology in defending the disaster cancer.


As the debate over the New Sociology of Education develops, four issues stand out with increasing clarity as worthy of attention. These are (i) the nature of the epistemological foundations of the New Sociology of Education, (ii) the adequacy of phenomenology as a basis for structural analysis, (iii) the stratification of knowledge and the power of elites in determining the curriculum, (iv) the nature of the political action implied by the New Sociology of Education. Each of these issues is a matter of some substance from a theoretical point of view and a matter of some importance to those whose practice is guided by the resulting analysis. Each was present in the early formulations of the New Sociology of Education, each has produced propositions which have been modified by subsequent debate and reflection. Collectively, the response to these issues forms the core of the emerging paradigm.


Verlinde has suggested that the gravity has an entropic origin, and a gravitational system could be regarded as a thermodynamical system. It is well-known that the equipartition law of energy is invalid at very low temperature. Therefore, entropic force should be modified while the temperature of the holographic screen is very low. It is shown that the modified entropic force is proportional to the square of the acceleration, while the temperature of the holographic screen is much lower than the Debye temperature TD. The modified entropic force returns to the Newton's law of gravitation while the temperature of the holographic screen is much higher than the Debye temperature. The modified entropic force is connected with modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). The constant a0 involved in MOND is linear in the Debye frequency ωD, which can be regarded as the largest frequency of the bits in screen. We find that there do have a strong connection between MOND and cosmology in the framework of Verlinde's entropic force, if the holographic screen is taken to be bound of the Universe. The Debye frequency is linear in the Hubble constant H0.


Benzyl phenyl ether (PhOCH2Ph, BPE), a model for related structural features in lignin and low-rank coal, has been immobilized in MCM-41 hexagonal mesoporous silicas having pore diameters of 2.7, 2.2, and 1.7 nm. Pyrolysis studies conducted at 275 °C have revealed that the free-radical reaction pathways previously observed on nonporous Cabosil silica remain operative in the MCM-41 silicas. The BPE pyrolysis rate is slightly slower (ca. 2- fold) in these nanoporous solids than on Cabosil, which is correlated with a corresponding decrease in the rate of radical formation by homolysis of the weak O−C bond. Two rearrangement pathways dominate the chemistry and account for ca. 67 mol % of the products at all pore sizes studied, which is markedly increased compared with the corresponding Cabosil case (ca. 50 mol %). The first pathway is recombination of the incipient benzyl and phenoxyl radicals to form surface-immobilized benzylphenol isomers, 1. The second pathway involves an O−C phenyl shift in surface-attac...


This article analyzed and summarized the reasons of instrument failures of QC8500,the co-zntinuous flow-injection analyzer produced by LACHAT company. Based on the experiences of daily usage,precautions for QC8500's daily operation are outlined,in order to offer references to the operator when they deal with the similar malfunction.


The present invention provides a method, a stepping motor moves the optical pickup in the full step mode or half step mode of the stepping motor in the deceleration or acceleration methods using micro-step mode of the stepping motor is controlled by the said method for minimizing vibration of a lens of the optical pickup head. The method comprising: setting initial step length of the stepping motor, the pickup head to the initial step in a long set of micro-step stepper motor applications to move the optical mode, and applies to the stepping motor in a full step after the initial step half step mode or long mode optical pickup to a desired acceleration rate. Furthermore, the method comprising: after the step of setting the stepping circuit, applied to the stepping motor a full step or half step mode optical pickup mode to a desired speed reduction, and the steps after the set of application of a micro-step stepper motor to move the optical pickup mode.


Liaoning coastal economic belt-building is not only driving domestic demand and promoting the region's economic development of the entire north-eastern including Liaoning Province,but also providing many jobs.However,in Liaoning coastal economic belt,there are certain problems about the employment of college graduates.We analyzed the situation of employment supply and demand of college graduates of the Liaoning coastal economic belt and put forward the problem of regional employment contradiction and suggest countermeasures.


Java is becoming a viable choice for numerical algorithms due to the software engineering benefits of object-oriented programming. Because these programs still use large arrays that do not fit in the cache, they continue to suffer from poor memory performance. To hide memory latency, we describe a new unified compile-time analysis for software prefetching arrays and linked structures in Java. Our previous work uses data-flow analysis to discover linked data structure accesses, and here we present a more general version that also identifies loop induction variables used in array accesses. Our algorithm schedules prefetches for all array references that contain induction variables. We evaluate our technique using a simulator of an out-of-order superscalar processor running a set of array-based Java programs. Across all our programs, prefetching reduces execution time by a geometric mean of 23%, and the largest improvement is 58%. We also evaluate prefetching on a PowerPC processor, and we show that prefetching reduces execution time by a geometric mean of 17%. Traditional software prefetching algorithms for C and Fortran use locality analysis and sophisticated loop transformations. Because our analysis is much simpler and quicker, it is suitable for including in a just-in-time compiler. We further show that the additional loop transformations and careful scheduling of prefetches used in previous work are not always necessary for modern architectures and Java programs.


Introduction: Unfair distribution of healthcare services is one of the most important issues all over the world. The present study aimed to determine the distribution pattern of available hospital beds and the accessibility pattern to hospitals in Shiraz. Methods: This was an analytical study. At first, spatial distribution pattern of available hospital beds was determined using Moran's Index (Moran's I). Then, the accessibility pattern to hospitals was determined using Euclidean distance and network travel distance metrics. Allof the analyses were conducted using Arc GIS (10.3) software. Results: The results revealed that available hospital beds had a random and unbalanced distribution pattern in Shiraz based on Moran's I (Moran's I=-0.05). Besides, according the achieved standard service areas for the existing hospitals, calculated by using Network analysis tools, 65.47% of Shiraz population was underserved in terms of accessibility. Furthermore, assessment of accessibility patterns resulted from both types of applied distances, indicating that in most cases hospitals were located in the central parts of the city. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, distribution of hospitals in Shiraz was unfair. Therefore, policymakers are suggested to plan in order to increase the number of Shiraz hospitals. They are also recommended that they should give priority to establishing new hospitals in areas without standard accessibility over areas with standard accessibility based on the results of the present study. Keywords: Accessibility, Available bed, Hospital, Moran's index, Network analysis, Spatial pattern


An alternative approach, the minimum variance method, is applied to calculate results of international comparisons. Time-dependent estimates of the output of the transfer standard are calculated for each participant, based on the noise properties of the standard. By abandoning the single reference value concept, the method avoids self-correlation and treats the participants equally.


The role of convection in introducing aerosols and promoting the formation of new particles to the upper tro- posphere has been examined using a cloud-resolving model coupled with an interactive explicit aerosol module. A base- line simulation suggests good agreement in the upper tropo- sphere between modeled and observed results including con- centrations of aerosols in different size ranges, mole fractions of key chemical species, and concentrations of ice particles. In addition, a set of 34 sensitivity simulations has been car- ried out to investigate the sensitivity of modeled results to the treatment of various aerosol physical and chemical processes in the model. The size distribution of aerosols is proved to be an important factor in determining the aerosols' fate within the convective cloud. Nucleation mode aerosols (here de- fined by 0 d 5.84 nm) are quickly transferred to the larger modes as they grow through coagulation of aerosols and con- densation of H2SO4. Accumulation mode aerosols (here de- fined by d 31.0 nm) are almost completely removed by nu- cleation (activation of cloud droplets) and impact scaveng- ing. However, a substantial part (up to 10% of the boundary layer concentration) of the Aitken mode aerosol population (here defined by 5.84 nm d 31.0 nm) reaches the top of the cloud and the free troposphere. These particles may con- tinually survive in the upper troposphere, or over time form ice crystals, both that could impact on the atmospheric ra- diative budget. The sensitivity simulations performed indi- cate that critical processes in the model causing a substantial change in the upper tropospheric number concentration of Aitken mode aerosols are coagulation of aerosols, condensa- tion of H2SO4, nucleation scavenging, nucleation of aerosols and the transfer of aerosol mass and number between dif- ferent aerosol bins. In particular, for aerosols in the Aitken mode to grow to CCN size, coagulation of aerosols appears to be more important than condensation of H2SO4. Less im- portant processes are dry deposition, impact scavenging and the initial vertical distribution and concentration of aerosols. It is interesting to note that in order to sustain a vigorous storm cloud, the supply of CCN must be continuous over a considerably long time period of the simulation. Hence, the treatment of the growth of particles is in general much more important than the initial aerosol concentration itself.


In this study, we investigated the possibility that GLUT 4 protein concentration and mitochondrial enzyme activity is coregulated by muscle contractile activity. In the first experiment, male rats were trained by treadmill running or swimming for 3 wks and training effects in upper-and hind-limb muscle were investigated. Treadmill training program induced increases of 30% in citrate synthase activity, 51% in hexokinase activity, and 35% in GLUT 4 protein concentration in hind-limb soleus muscles without causing training effects in upperlimb epitrochlearis muscles. On the other hand, swimming training program induced increases of 67% in citrate synthase activity, 139% in hexokinase activity, and 89% in GLUT 4 protein concentration in epitrochlearis muscle without causing training effects in soleus muscles. These results suggest that muscle contractile activity which raises mitochondrial enzyme activity increases GLUT 4 protein concentration in skeletal muscle. In a second set of experiment, we investigated relationship between muscle GLUT 4 protein concentration and mitochondrial enzyme activity by use of the various type of rat muscles (soleus, plantaris, red gastrocnemius, white gastrocnemius, epitrochlearis and heart), which possese different contractile activity level. Significant correlation was observed between GLUT 4 protein concentration and citrate synthase activity among different muscles (r=0.936). They suggest that muscle GLUT 4 protein concentration and mitochondrial enzyme activity level may be coregulated according to muscle contractile activity level. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 1994, 43 ; 269-276) key words ; endurance training, muscle type, mitochondrial enzyme activity, GLUT 4 protein concentration