A 6-month-old infant had pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA + VSD) accompanied by excess pulmonary artery flow via major aortopulmonary collateral artery, underwent aortopulmonary shunt with artificial graft under midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia. After the administration of protamine, arterial oxygen saturation gradually decreased. We suspected that hypotension and decrease in cardiac output induced by protamine caused the decrease in pulmonary blood flow via central shunt. It is suggested that pulmonary blood flow should be maintained by using an inotropic agent and a selective pulmonary arterial dilator such as prostaglandin E1 in a patient with PA + VSD after the institution of aorto-pulmonary shunt, because the patient with excess pulmonary flow has been reported to have high pulmonary resistance due to pulmonary abnormalities such as stenosis and thrombosis.


The generation of ultrasound by pulsed laser and the detection of these waves by interferometry, shortly called laser ultrasonics, presents many advantages for steel applications because it permits the transduction of ultrasonic waves at a significant distance. Nowadays, this technology is well established in the aeronautical field and is beginning to be used in metallurgy and in the steel industry. This paper describes the physical principles and the technological features of laser ultrasonics. Different examples of present and future applications in the steel industry are presented. They concern different fields, the most important are the monitoring of microstructure in real-time and at high temperature and the on-line measurement of thickness.


Mouthwash is a chemotherapeutic agent used as an effective home care system by the patient to enhance oral hygiene. Mouthwashes are widely used as adjuncts to oral hygiene and in the delivery of active agents to the teeth and gums. Mouthwashes are used for various reasons: To freshen breath, to help prevent or control tooth decay, to reduce plaque, to prevent or reduce gingivitis, to reduce the speed that calculus forms on the teeth, or to produce a combination of these effects. The present study was conducted to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial effect of three commercially available herbal mouthwashes on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in in vitro conditions. Hi-Ora mouthwash manufactured by Himalaya, Colgate fresh tea extract mouthwash, Pepsodent herbal mouthwash, and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash were procured from medical store. Hi-Ora and CHX showed statistically significant difference in antimicrobial action against all the three microorganisms. Further in vivo studies should be conducted in the same direction for understanding better effect of these mouthwashes in oral conditions.


Summary form only given. Amorphous carbon nitride (CNx) films were grown using single and dual ion beam deposition processes. The single ion beam process utilized methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) fed into a 20 cm, 13.56 MHz RF ion source. For the dual ion beam process, a 3 cm Kaufman ion source flowing nitrogen gas was utilized to reactively sputter a 99.999% carbon target and the 20 cm RF ion source flowing additional nitrogen was used to enhance the nitrogen concentration within the deposited film. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and elastic recoil spectroscopy (ERS) shows nitrogen at a maximum of 15 at.% and 39 at.% and hydrogen at an average of 35 at.% and 5 at.% for the single and dual ion beam arrangements respectively. Resulting films had a maximum nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratio of 0.25 and 0.80 respectively


In the awakening era of mobile health, wearables equipped with photoplethysmography (PPG) technology to monitor the heart rate (HR) and rhythm are on the rise. Smartwatches and wristbands enable HR monitoring for consumers at massive scale. Unfortunately, once consumers become patients, physicians are limited by insufficient evidence to support the clinical use of PPG based wearables. Accurate identification of heartbeats is the first step in the interpretation of PPG traces and should be validated.

 To assess the agreement between continuous PPG monitoring using a smartwatch and continuous ECG Holter monitoring in the identification of heartbeats and calculation of the HR.

 One hundred patients (≥18 years) without a pacemaker-dependent heart rhythm who were referred to a university hospital and a large tertiary hospital for elective 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring were asked to wear a continuous PPG monitoring smartwatch (i.e. Samsung GWA2 or Empatica E4) simultaneously with the 24-hour Holter monitor. All activities of daily life were allowed. The ECG trace and PPG waveform were synchronised and fragmented in one-minute fragments. The one-minute ECG fragments were labelled as AF, non-AF, or insufficient quality based on the routine clinical interpretation (i.e. software + physician overreading), and the average HR during each fragment was calculated by Holter algorithm. The PPG fragments were analysed by an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm (i.e. FibriCheck) that labelled fragments as sufficient or insufficient quality, identified the number of heartbeats and calculated the HR. The agreement between the HR on ECG and PPG in sufficient quality tracings was analysed with linear regression, Pearson's product-moment correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. A subanalysis was performed for AF rhythm and non-AF rhythms.

 A total of 72,725 simultaneous ECG and PPG one-minute fragments were recorded in 96 patients, after excluding 4 patients (due to 3 Holter and 1 smartwatch technical error) and 42,520 minutes (36.9%) of insufficient quality (ECG 1,454 (1.3%); PPG 25,704 (22.3%), ECG and PPG 15,362 (13.3%)). The correlation (r=0.935) between ECG and PPG HR was statistically significant (CI 0.934–0.936; P<0.001), with a mean difference between ECG and PPG of 0.8bpm. The lower and upper limit boundary (LLB and ULB; defined as ±1.96 SD) were −8.0bpm and 9.7bpm, respectively, i.e. 95% of PPG measurements identified the HR within 8bpm below or 10bpm above the ECG reference. The mean difference between ECG and PPG HR in the AF subgroup (n=10,255 (14.1%)) was 0.9bpm (LLB −8.4bpm; ULB 10.2bpm) and 0.8bpm in the non-AF subgroup (LLB −0.8bpm; ULB 9.6bpm).

 The AI algorithm analysing continuous out-of-hospital PPG tracings can annotate heartbeats and assess HR without a clinically significant bias compared to continuous ECG monitoring, both during AF and non-AF rhythms in a heterogenous patient population.

 Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Research Foundation-Flanders, Strategic Basic Research Fund Correlation plot & Bland-Altman plot


Toni Morrison is one of the most noticeable figures in the field of contemporary American Black literature. This paper emphatically discusses the artistic features in Toni Morrison's Beloved. The poetic and distinctive language is the major focus of this thesis. Through analysis of the artistic features, this thesis also exhibits Morrison's special creative ideology.


We have had not yet practical method to define development concepts in spite of its importance for cost effectiveness of system development. In this paper, we propose a systematic process to define development concepts focused on renewal and integration of enterprise information systems. This process practices development concept definition as problem solving based on trouble shooting manner. So software engineers utilize their experiences and technologies of system development for the process effectively.


High levels of self-regulation and attentional management are essential to skilled writing. Many students with disabilities struggle with the demands of expressing their ideas through writing. The act of high-quality composition requires close attention and management of the entire writing process: planning, composing, and revising. Many students with disabilities struggle to employ the needed self-regulation strategies that are required throughout the writing process. As a result, they generally possess poorer self-regulated writing strategies compared to skilled writers. This article will describe how digital tools can support various aspects of self-regulation within the writing process. When paired with explicit instruction, teachers can use the digital tools provided in this article to deliver effective, self-regulated writing instruction.


Object recognition in computer vision is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. The task is monotonous in the dynamic world where the amount of visual information is enormous. This paper addresses some of the techniques available for object recognition for computer vision and their features. The different advantages and drawbacks found for each technique are highlighted. It also discusses the requirements of object recognition algorithms and the challenges ahead to be faced by them.


ABSTRACT We examined the impact of anonymity and accountability on the linguistic complexity of teacher-evaluation questionnaires. Undergraduate students volunteered to participate in a study that assessed the evaluations of their instructors. Subjects were asked to complete two closed-ended and one open-ended questionnaire(s) evaluating their general psychology professor. Anonymity and accountability were manipulated in the questionnaire instructions. Consistent with previous findings, few significant anonymity differences occurred on the closed-ended questionnaires. There was, however, some evidence that increases in accountability and a reduction in anonymity were related to the increased linguistic complexity of responses on the open-ended questionnaire.


In this study we evaluated 38 TM patients (recruited from the
Thalassemia centre of Palermo), 14 male and 24 female. We
obtained the BMD of the lumbar spine (L1 L4), femoral neck
(DEXA; Lunar DPX plus), serum levels of PTH, osteocalcin, Ctelopeptide
and bone alkaline phosphatase.
Patients with TM presented low bone mass at lumbar spine (Z
score: L1-L4 -2.23 ± 1.25 SD), and femoral neck (Z-score -1.52 ±
1.14 SD): 50% of subjects were osteoporotic; 36% osteopenics
and 13.1% were normal. Were presented normal serum levels of
osteocalcin (19.1 ± 8 ng/ml), but hight level of bone alkaline phosphatase
(24.2 ± 9.1 g/L), and C-telopeptide (4528 ± 2821 pmol/L).
Patients with TM presented BMD reduction more marked at
lumbar spine than femur; increased C telopeptides and alkaline
phosphatase were observed, although osteocalcin was
normal. Patients with TM presented low bone mineral density
and high bone turnover. It's possible that subjects with increased
reabsorbtion, have a marked bone loss and a progressive
increased fracture risk.


The mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR) is an important effector of the PDK/Akt/ MTOR pathway, which is centrally involved in growth regulation, proliferation control, and cancer cell metabolism. Over-expressions of mTOR can be found in many malignancies, which make mTOR a potential target for cancer therapy. The mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and its analogues) in combination with traditional anti-tumor drugs have shown reasonable effect in cancer treatment both in pre-clinical experiments and in some stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ clinical trials. The studies provide a new aspect for the targeted treatment of tumors.

Key words:
mTOR signal pathway;  mTOR inhibitor;  Cancer therapy


Though the Methodist Church of Australasia merged with Presbyterians and Congregationalists in 1977 to form the Uniting Church, there remains a continuing legacy of Methodism in Australia. The Uniting Church itself remains a member of the World Methodist Council (as well as of the World Communion of Reformed Churches) and the influence of its Methodist DNA continues to be felt (even if, for some, it is something of a recessive gene). There also exist in Australia three other member churches of the World Methodist Council – the Chinese Methodist Church, the Church of the Nazarene and the Wesleyan Methodist Church – as well as numerous immigrant churches of Methodist heritage and a number of smaller Methodists groupings, such as the Bible Methodists, with no formal ecumenical engagement. This chapter describes the ongoing influence of the Methodist ethos in the Uniting Church, and provides a survey of the other member churches of the World Methodist Council and their contribution to the continuing Methodist presence in Australia.


This research analyzes the competitiveness between the MIPYMES of dairy products, located in the city of Esteli in 2014, to suggest strategies to improve the competitiveness of these enterprises. The hypothesis as independent variable is the commercialization and the dependent variable is the competitiveness. This research is applied and quantitative; the study universe is 12 MIPYMES of dairy products and 110 distributors of these microenterprises. The sampling is Simple random probability. Surveys and semi -structured interviews were applied to business owners and their agents. This research requires three theoretical pillars: Competitiveness, commercialization and factors influencing in the competitiveness.


Luminous flux (1m) and active electrical power consumption (W) of new SSL products coming to market are measured at test laboratories in order to determine the luminous efficacy (Im/W) and energy class of the products. Due to the fact that spectral responsivities of V(A)-filtered photometers differ from the defined CIE V(λ) curve, all photometers are typically calibrated using incandescent light with correlated colour temperature (CCT) of 2856 K. This causes unwanted spectral errors in the measurements of SSL products at test laboratories and also in the field due to the large differences in the spectra of calibration sources and the light being measured, and in many cases cannot be corrected for. The EMPIR (European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research) project 15SIB07 PhotoLED addresses the obsolescence of traditional incandescent standard lamp technology used in photometry and the need to support the introduction and uptake of solid-state lighting (SSL) products. It develops and validates the basis for a new photometric system based on white LEDs, by developing new LED-based calibration sources and measurement techniques supporting the specific properties of the new light sources and detector technology including illuminance measurement of the new LED-sources without optical V(A)-filters in the calibration of photometers and measurement facilities used for determining the energy efficiency of new SSL products coming to market. The project started in September 2016. We will report on main targets of the project, current status of the achieved research results and plans of project results in industrial uptake. Our presentation will as well include latest research results of CMI team within the project


An evaluation of two methods of sample preparation for human serum and two methods of calibration for inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy is made statistically for 10 elements. Digestion of 1 mL of serum in nitric-perchloric acids was found to be more reliable than a 10-fold dilution of the sample. With acid digestion, aqueous calibration standards are sufficient and standard addition is unnecessary. Only Ca, Na, Mg, P, and Sr can be determined reliably with the dilution approach. The relative standard deviations ranged between 0.7 and 6% for ICP-AES analysis with 0.75 mL sample injections.


ASPHYXIATION FOLLOWING THERMAL BURNS OF THE FACE Persons trapped in conflagrations may die as a result of damage to the respiratory tract without injury to the surface of the body.1 The problem of ...


SummaryThe immediate operative problems associated with the use of silastic rings during laparoscopic sterilization were assessed in 523 consecutive cases, performed over a period of 15 months at the Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading. Problems with haemorrhage occurred in 13 cases, but in all but 2 bleeding was controlled through the laparoscope.The incidence of subsequent menstrual disturbance (heavier loss or increased dysmenorrhoea) was high, 49 per cent of patients reporting this. This contrasts with an earlier report suggesting that menstrual disturbance is minimal after the use of silastic rings.


In this paper, using the notion of generalized metric (or D-metric) due to Dhage [3], we give new definition of M-fuzzy metric spaces and prove a common fixed point theorem for two mappings under the condition of weak compatible and R-weakly commuting mappings in complete M-fuzzy metric spaces.


1 The status of the air leak and blood effusion after the segmental pneumectomy was studied using the three bottle catheter suction drainage as the aspiration apparatus. Silicone rubber drain pipe (0.8cm in inside diameter, 1.5cm in outside diameter and 90 cmin length) was used and no closure by clotted blood was experienced by the time the drain pipe was drawn out, that is 72 hours after operation. It was in good condition to observe the air leak. 2. The air leak stops the quickest in 10 hours but mostly in 12 hours to 48 hours. Yet there are some that continues more than 60 hours. 3. The intermittent insufflation after the segmental pneumectomy was performed with the I. P. P. B. apparatus (Bentt), and the air leak, re-expansion, complication etc. were examined compared with that of the non-insufflation. 4. By this positive re-expansion of the lung after the segmental pneumectomy the air leak stops mostly in 6 hours to 24 hours. Furthermore it shows good re-expansion of the lung and no combined symptoms by insufflation can be found.


We first introduced the mechanism of gas exciting vibration caused by tip clearance and its research state home and abroad. Influencing factors and applying condition of coefficient factor β in Alford's force was discussed. The merit and defect of various research methods was analysed. Finally, we pointed out that enhanced study of the flow in the cascade and changes of stage coefficient caused by tip clearance is neccessary.


There are extensive alterations to cervical structure and function throughout pregnancy and labour. The cervical deep stromal layer is the target for many of these structural alterations. The underlying mechanisms of cervical change in pregnancy are unresolved, yet clinical interventions are in common usage. There are limitations with vaginal administration of current cervical ripening agents with varied absorption rates and unpredictable effects. A small study of potential direct clinical benefit is performed to assess the capability of a needle-free injection device to administer a solution to the human uterine cervix. The principle of cervical needleless injection is proven with a mean depth of penetration to 5.6mm. There could be major benefits in dose accuracy and speed of effect due to the direct nature of administration, but whether this is sufficient to be clinically advantageous is questionable. Key component of the cervical stroma, the fibroblast, possesses many of the properties required to facilitate the cervical changes seen throughout pregnancy. Little is known about the phenotypic alteration and functions of the commonest resident cervical cell, the fibroblast, during pregnancy and labour. Decidualisation of endometrial stromal cells has been extensively investigated occurs under the influence of progesterone, with the added requirement of cAMP levels in-vitro. The cervix, like the endometrium is exposed to this progesterone-rich environs during pregnancy, and like the endometrium undergoes significant structural re-arrangement during this period. The hypothesis that a decidual-like phenotypic variation in cervical stromal cells exists is tested. Cervical ripening in the last few weeks of pregnancy has also been likened to an inflammatory reaction with invasion of leukocytes, activation of proinflammatory cytokines and of connective tissue degrading matrix metalloproteinases. Prior studies have observed upregulation of collagen and proteoglycan degrading MMPs in the labouring cervix. However if leukocyte extravasation is a key component to cervical remodelling at term, then MMP-2, whose main substrate is collagen type IV i.e. basement membrane, would provide a mechanism to facilitate this. ProMMP-2 requires activation by MMP-14,


Since there is no an extensive accepted codes for water source heat pump in China,the overseas codes for water source heat pump was introduced in this paper.This is helpful for the manufacturer and designer to select the water source heat pump in practice.


A number of minimally invasive technologies exist for the treatment of prostate cancer (CaP), each with their associated morbidities. We sought to test the efficacy of low dose alternating electric current (LDAEC) to inhibit CaP growth in a preclinical setting and determine its effect on normal tissue.


Abstract Compositionally modulated multilayer coatings of Ni/Zn, Ni/Zn–Fe/Zn and Ni/Zn/Zn–Fe, for corrosion protection performance, were deposited on steel substrates using a dual bath technique. The coating protection performance was evaluated using Tafel extrapolation, anodic polarisation and salt fog corrosion tests. The performance of Ni/Zn–Fe/Zn and Ni/Zn/Zn–Fe multilayers was found to be better than that of Ni/Zn multilayer. Considering the corrosion mechanism, this can be attributed to an improvement in the corrosion resistance of the sacrificial layers by substitution of zinc within the Zn/Zn–Fe or Zn–Fe/Zn layers.


This article attempts to clarify the position, incontestably neglected, of alterity and writing in Gadamer's hermeneutics. His incessant dialogue with Hegel offered him the possibility ofinsisting on the predominance ofthe other over any logical and dialectical apprehension. Hence it is based on a subtle work of proximity and distance in regard to Hegel's phenomenology that Gadamer can really interrogate the question of alterity as fundamental in the action of interpretation. This problematisation makes possible areal and indirect conjrontation with Derrida, whose consequences transgress the simple opposition dialogue-writing to which the debate about the identity ofsense and its differance is oßen confined. In.fact, writing is actually the subject ofparticular attention in gadamerian hermeneutical experience.


In order to facilitate effectively the selecting of positive transgenic plants in the field,a proper selecting method under the field condition must be established.In this study,the selecting effects of the powdered and the liquid glufosinate were investigated under four covering treatments of tunnel,low tunnel,plastic sheet cover and non-covering.The results indicated that the liquid glufosinate killed the negative plants more thoroughly than the powdered glufosinate.Two types of glufosinate with 400 mg/L concentration and covering with plastic sheet were both the proper treatments.Powdered glufosinate with concentrations lower than 400 mg/L couldn't kill the negative plants completely.The spraying time could be arranged from five-leaf stage to the jointing stage.The selecting effects of the four covering treatments were as follows: tunnellow tunnelplastic sheet covernon-covering,however,tunnel could increase the plant height significantly.The selecting results were identical with the PCR detection.In a word,an appropriate method for selecting the positive transgenic wheat in the field was established through comparing two kinds of glufosinate under four treatments,which would lay the foundation for molecular improvement of wheat using the transgenic materials as parents.


This primary purpose of this research was to investigate whether QLM was effective in reducing the students' speaking anxiety at the second grade students of Islamic Boarding School of Aswaja Nusantara. This was a case study using Quasi Experimental design involving experiment group and control group. Population in this research was the second grade students of Islamic Boarding School of Aswaja Nusantara consisting of 20 students. Data collecting technique in this research used observation sheet, interview, questionnaire, tests, and documentation. Data analysis technique in this research used means and t-test computation. The result of this research showed that the t-test result of control class was 0.820 and the t-table was 1.83. It means that t-test was less that t-table (0.820 1.83). It can be concluded that there was significant difference for students who were taught by QLM. In short, the finding of this research showed that reducing students' speaking anxiety by using QLM was effective.


This paper presents techniques to shape the output impedance of three-phase voltage-source converters (VSC) used as inverters for grid integration of renewable energy and energy storage devices. The objective is to avoid harmonic resonance and other unintended interactions between the inverter and the grid impedance. For this purpose, the inverter is modeled by a positive-sequence and a negative-sequence output impedance. Shaping of the inverter output impedance is achieved through changes to various inverter control functions, including grid synchronization and current control. The trade-off between grid compatibility and inverter control performance is also discussed. Experimental results from a multi-converter system test-bed are presented to validate the analyses.


Stroke is one of the major causes of permanent adult disability. Stroke frequently affects motor control of the arm, leading to diffculties in doing activities of daily living. This research focuses on developing an upper limb rehabilitation robotic prototype through user-centered design to aid stroke survivors in rehabilitating their arm. To gather requirements from end users, stroke therapy sessions were observed and a survey of stroke therapists was conducted. End user requirements were evaluated to determine technical targets for the mechanical design of the prototype. Evaluation of the prototype was done with stroke therapists in a focus group and a preliminary biomechanical study. As user-centered design would require more iterations of design, testing and evaluation, this project reports a first step in developing an affordable, portable device, which could increase access to stroke rehabilitation for the arm.


Medicinal plants have been used since remote times infolk medicine and they are now a part of the people inheritage.Through North African countries, todays folk medicine has beenboosted as a consequence of hard economic conditions. Becauseof its geographical situation, climate and soil composition,Tlemcen's region offers a wide variety of plants and flowers.The frequent usage of medicinal plants in the Tlemcen'sregion by diabetics prompted us in development of theseplants. This induced us to set up traditional hypoglycaemicplants sample survey with a view to setting forth the benefitthey could bring about for patients affected by diabetes. Theresults gathered from 634 inquiry forms (435 women and199 men) were separated into two groups: diabetics usingmedicinal plants (62 %) and using industrial hypoglycaemicmedicines (38 %). Those results showed that phytotherapywas widely adopted by west Algerian society. The surveyundertaken allowed us to observe that more than 58 plantswere used in traditional care of diabetes of which the mostused were


Objective To design a novel artificial bone scaffold and investigate its release properties in simulated body fluid.Methods Cationic liposomal vancomycin (CLV) was prepared by a modified reverse phase evaporation method.Porous nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/konjac glucomannan (n-HA/CS/KGM) scaffolds were loaded with CLV to form a novel complex drug carrier (LLS).Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the microstructures of LLS.A type Ⅲ Chinese Pharmacopoeia dissolution apparatus was used in the drug release studies.The kinetics of CLV release from LLS and the effects of 6 different amounts of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and CLV in LLS were examined in vitro.Results Electron microscopy indicated that the liposomes were well preserved in the scaffolds,and that CLV rather than free vancomycin was released from the scaffolds.An initial burst effect was observed at the first hour.The whole process of CLV release could be well simulated on the basis of a modified Frutos' equation.The weight percentage of KGM or CLV greatly influenced the release behavior of the scaffolds.Before saturation of the CLV added,increase of KGM or decease of CLV significantly reduced release of the CLV (P < 0.05).Conclusion By adjusting the ratio of KGM/CLV,which significantly influenced the release rate of CLV,we successfully prepared customized scaffolds whose different release rates might satisfy diverse therapy requirements.

Key words:
Hydroxyapatites;  Chitosan;  Amorphophallus;  Liposomes;  Vancomycin


Abhijit Chatterjee Georgia Institute of Technology _______________________________________________________________________ Testing high-speed, high-resolution data converters for dynamic specifications needs high performance tester, the cost of which can be prohibitively high. In this research work, several test strategies were developed to reduce the overall production testing cost. A static linearity testing methodology aimed at reducing the test time of A/D converters was developed. It uses the architectural information of A/D converters, and measures specific codes instead of all the codes. As the use of high-performance test equipment during production testing incurs large cost, a test methodology was developed to test high-performance A/D converters using low-performance, thereby, low-cost test equipment. This involved post processing of measurement data. The effect of ground bounce on accuracy of specification measurement was analyzed, and a test strategy to estimate the A/D converter specifications more accurately in presence of ground bounce noise was developed. The proposed test strategies were simulated using behavioral modeling techniques in MATLAB and were implemented on commercially available A/D converter devices. The hardware experiments validated the proposed test strategies.


Abstract Phosphorus as an alloy element is quite common in powder metallurgy, the contents industrially used being markedly higher than those present in wrought steels. In this study, the influence of phosphorus addition through different P carriers was investigated. PM steels of the type Fe-0.7%C-x%P (x = 0.0 … 0.8%) were manufactured by pressing and sintering in H2. It showed that Fe3P is the best phosphorus carrier, resulting in fine and regular microstructure and in high impact energy data at 0.3 … 0.45%P while red P and also Fe2P showed a tendency to agglomeration, with resulting secondary porosity. At high P levels the mechanical properties tend to drop, for the tensile strength at P > 0.60%P while for the impact energy the threshold is 0.45%P. The dimensional behaviour of Fe-C-P can be related to PM aluminium alloys, expansion by transient liquid phase being followed by shrinkage by persistent liquid phase, at least at higher temperatures. In contrast to the dimensional behaviour, degassing and reduction is hardly affected by the phosphorus content.


Drone surveillance using high-definition RGB cameras or night vision cameras has been a game changer in the field of Defense surveillance. Yet, several shortcomings are encountered in most of the existing surveillance systems due to natural changes in the ambient light which makes the analysis of digital-color images complicated and inefficient. None of the approaches to allay the said problem (viz. equipping the system with sufficient training datasets to compensate for diminution in the illumination) can ensure the detection of trespasser in dark. An autonomous drone surveillance system enabled with a high-definition thermal imaging camera and appropriate image-processing software for simulation and information retrieval has catered to the said requirement, thereby paving way for high efficiency in trespasser and concealed weapon detection.


During the past decades,increased progress has been made for systematic and phylogenetic analysis of ferns and allied plants based upon morphology and molecular data leading towards a full understanding of the fern tree of life.However,fossil records of ferns in deep time provide unequivocal and indispensable evidence for exploring the diversity variation,evolutionary radiation and phylogeny of this plant group.The Lower Jurassic Hsiangchi Formation in western Hubei,China is well known for its abundant and diverse fossil ferns,including five families such as Marattiaceae,Osmundaceae,Matoniaceae,Dipteridaceae and Dicksoniaceae,as well as 25 species referred to 11 genera.Recent investigations on fossil ferns based on well preserved specimens of Hsiangchi Formation,have revealed detailed fertile structures of a diverse fossil ferns,including Marattia asiatica,Phlebopteris polypodioides,Dictyophyllum nilssonii,Coniopteris cf.bella and Coniopteris sp.In situ spore ultrastructures of Marattia asiatica,and Dictyophyllum nilssonii provide palaeobotanical evidence and positive support for the phylogeny and evolution of both fossil and living ferns.The ferns from the upper part of the Hsiangchi Formation are dominated by matoniaceous and dipteridaceous groups,and are associated with Marattiaceae,Osmundaceae and slender herbaceous Dicksoniaceae.This is a representative fern community recognized from the Southern Floristic Province in China during late Early Jurassic period,indicating a tropical to subtropical climate with warm and humid conditions,which is favorable for the peat accumulation.


This article considers the optimal inventory ordering, purchasing and holding policies of the profit-maximization problem, as against the well-known cost-minimization case, over a finite horizon of length H, under two special conditions. First, there is change in at least one of the inventory costs, that is, in the cost of ordering and/or purchasing/holding, at some point, Tc < H, during the planning horizon. Second, it is not necessary to satisfy the demand, at a rate of R units per year, for the entire horizon. Rather, the objective is to meet the demand for a period of length H1 ≤ H. In fact, if the retailer does not have the obligation to meet the entire demand, this article shows the conditions wherein it may be more profitable to meet only a portion or may be even none of the demand. Further, such a determination can be made up front, with H1 as a decision variable and the optimal policies of the cost-minimization models, by fulfilling the entire demand, will result in lower profits. Numerical examples are included to identify the demand fulfilment and the profit differences between the cost-minimization and profit-maximization optimal policies, under the different one-time cost changes.


The teleconnection between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and eastern China summer precipitation (ECSP) for the modern period has been emphasized in the past few decades. We test its stability during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA) based on the composite results of the median of six models under the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase3 (PMIP3) framework. During the MCA, ECSP generally increases in positive AMO phases relative to negative phases, similar to the modern teleconnection, while during the LIA, the precipitation tends to reduce over eastern China, especially in the Yangtze River basin. Decomposing the precipitation change on the basis of a diagnostic moisture budget manifests that the different AMO-related precipitation changes stem from distinct effects of circulation-induced moisture convergence during the two periods. Compared with negative AMO phases, positive AMO phases during the MCA show an anomalous lower-level cyclone and upper-level anticyclone over eastern China that facilitate the upward motion anomaly and precipitation excess. During the LIA, a barotropic anticyclone centers in Northeast China and weakens the high-level westerlies over eastern China; this favors descending and upper-level divergence anomalies and leads to precipitation decreases. The distinct convergence changes are determined by differing propagation paths of the AMO-induced teleconnection wave train during the two periods.


Coal power supply battery locomotive electrolyte is mainly concentrated sulfuric acid(base) and distilled water is made more complicated because of distilled water and the high cost of production,so most use tap water instead of distilled water and coal preparation electrolyte,thus seriously affecting mine the use of quality and battery life,impact on production.To solve this problems and contradictions,Hegang branch in 2006,bold use of demineralized water instead of distilled water power plant,after years of use received very good results.


The role of certain abiotic and biotic factors in determining the structure of a post-fire ascomycete community was studied by the laboratory simulation of soil conditions occurring during and following a prairie fire. Aerated steam treatment of prairie soil (35, 40, 55, 70, or 85 °C for 60 s) was used to simulate the elevated soil temperatures generated during a grassland fire. Further manipulations included: (1) addition of ashed remains of prairie grasses to steamed soil surfaces, (2) the incubation of steam-treated soil samples layered over untreated prairie soil, and (3) addition of ash to steamed soil underlain with a layer of untreated soil to create a simulated burn.Across all treatments, species diversity and total number of species were significantly higher in soils steamed at 35, 55, or 70 °C than soils steamed at 40 or 85 °C. The greatest number of species per sample for steaming alone occurred in samples treated at 55 °C. The addition of ash to steamed samples or layering with untreated prair...


With the advancement in technology, various new learning strategies have been developed according to the requirement and learning environments of the learners. The game-based learning strategy is an advanced learning strategy in which a learner is fully engaged in the learning process. This learning strategy completely replaces the traditional learning strategy. A lot of research studies have indicated the improvement in the learning process by game-based learning strategy. The purpose of the current study was to compare the students' learning outcomes with game-based and traditional learning strategies by descriptive and statistical way. A total of 26 articles published from 2012 to 2021 were selected by following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The literature review of previous studies indicated that game-based learning strategy proved to be a highly effective learning strategy in numerous disciplines under different learning environments. In the game-based learning strategy, the learners are highly engaged in the learning process.
Keywords: Game-based learning, traditional learning strategy, effective, engagement;


This paper presents a study about using colors in maps that present information related to the Covid-19 pandemic. A sample was collected from two different governmental websites of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An analysis framework was developed based on the sample and drew from a literature review about the use of colors and maps in data visualization. The analysis showed that one of the examples collected presents an inconsistent use of colors, which could prompt difficulties in visualizing the data; the other example uses color more consistently, potentially being more effective in communicating information. In addition, the study showed potential for continuity and expansion due to the relevance of information design applied to health information.


Green debt markets are rapidly growing while product design and standards are evolving. Many policymakers and investors view green debt as an important component in the policy mix to achieve the transition to a low carbon economy and ensure the pricing of climate risks. Our analysis contributes to the nascent literature on the environmental impact of green debt by documenting the CO2 emission intensity of corporate green debt issuers. We find lower emission intensities for green bond issuers relative to other firms, but no difference for green loan and sustainability-linked loan borrowers. Green bond, green loan, and sustainability-linked loan borrowers lower their emission intensity over time at a faster rate than other firms.


Lattice distortions near impurity atoms in α -Fe 1 − x Si x alloys ( x ≈ 0.05–0.06) are studied both experimentally using x-ray diffraction and theoretically by means of ab initio calculations. It is found that the distortions are more complex than experimental data suggest. The displacements of atoms near impurities are not determined by the concentration dependence of the average lattice constant nor by a difference in the ion radii. PACS numbers: 61.72.Bb, 61.72.Dd DOI: 10.1134/S106378340701012X DEFECTS AND IMPURITY CENTERS, DISLOCATIONS, AND PHYSICS OF STRENGTH


Indexing terms: Asynchronous circuits, Arbiters We present an asynchronous circuit for an arbiter cell that can be used to construct cascaded multi-way arbitration circuits. The circuit is completely speed-independent. It has a short response delay at the input request-grant handshake link due to both (a) the propagation of requests in parallel with starting arbitration, and (b) the concurrent resetting of request-grant handshakes in diierent cascades of a request-grant propagation chain. Arbitration circuits are commonplace in digital systems with a single resource allocated to diier-ent user processes. The typical examples are systems with shared busses, multi-port memories, packet routers to name but a few. An asynchronous arbiter is deened as a circuit that dynamically allocates a single shared resource to the user components in a system which is free from common clock. Each user, when requires the resource, issues an asynchronous request and waits until the arbiter produces a grant. The user then uses the resource and after nishing its action releases its request. This results in a subsequent release of the grant, after which the user can issue another request and so on. The arbiter, when it receives a number of active requests from diierent users, generates after some nite delay a grant to exactly one of them and leaves other requests pending until the granted user has released the request. The arbiter then releases the grant and, if there are pending requests, produces another active grant, again on a mutually exclusive basis. We consider a standard basic cell of a multi-way arbiter that arbitrates between two users. Multi-way arbitration is organised by building a cascade of such cells to form a tree or a linear structure. Each cell thus propagates the request in the direction from the lower level to the higher level of the structure, while the grants are generated in the opposite direction. Figure 1.(a) shows one such cell, a 2-way arbiter, with its three request-grant handshake links (R1,G1), (R2,G2) and (R,G), where (R1,G1) and (R2,G2) stand for the links with lower level cascades, generating competing requests at R1 and R2, and the (R,G) pair is the link with the higher level cascade. An example of a 4-way arbiter, shown in Figure 1.(b), illustrates the regular way in which a cascaded multi-way arbiter can be composed from the basic cells. Figure 1.(c) illustrates the handshaking protocol between the links. After a rst request by R1 is granted …


The invention containing a by gradually supplying the amino acid derivative with a water-containing electrolyte dye of sweat generated from the human body to the skin, replenish the water moisturizing function of the stratum corneum and express the effect of keeping the normal skin polymer, and the polymer It provides a cosmetic and fiber structure. Acid group-containing polymer is a sustained-release polymer for amino acid derivative characterized in that the ion and the amino acid derivative bonded. The amino acid derivative sustained release polymer cosmetic and fiber structure containing. Amino acid derivatives, sustained release polymer, cosmetic, textile structure, the reproduction process


Renewable hybrids play an essential part in assisting India with quickening the decarbonisation of power production and lowering power production expense in the medium term. PV and wind energy are complementary to each other, making the system to generate electricity almost throughout the year. In this paper, a grid-associated PV-wind energy system tied with a battery is analysed. PV, wind, grid and battery are the sources to be effectively scheduled for uninterrupted power and cost minimisation. Energy management controllers use optimisation strategies for effective utilisation of sources and cost minimisation. The methodologies are detailed as optimisation problems. Limiting the household energy cost is considered as objective, and the delivery ratio of power offered to the grid and utilised locally is treated as the optimisation variable. In this paper, an improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the formulated nonlinear optimisation problems. The time-of-use tariff is becoming popular in India; therefore, this article analyses the improved genetic algorithm based intelligent power and cost management system under time-of-use tariff. Using MATLAB, the proposed approach's performance is presented with the comparative analysis of conventional self-made for self-consumed and rest for sale mode and genetic algorithm-based energy management controller.


This study was undertaken to develop a bed-type cycling system of lower limbs for rehabilitation. This system consists of two modes of cycling: active and passive. Different velocity and loads are provided for improving the muscle function recovery and increasing the muscular strength. To analyze the muscle activity pattern, we measured muscular activity of lower limbs in the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and soleus (SOL), while cycling in the supine position, and based on the pedaling direction. A total of 18 young and 23 elderly, healthy subjects participated in this study. Muscle activity of MG muscles was significantly different in the two age groups. This study could provide the reference data to develop cycling exercises for lower limbs during rehabilitation of the elderly patients.


4D seismic is a dynamic monitoring technology for oil reservoir based on repeating 3D seismic survey.In the exploitation of oilfield,seismic amplitude anomalies caused by container layer attribute,frequency variation and the time delay of reflection lineups can all be used as 4D seismic monitoring parameters.Because there are usually many errors in stacked data,such as,imprecise dynamic correction in velocity,waveform distortion caused by normal moveout correction stretching,static correction residual,and waveform difference in CDP gathering,they influence the feature of 4D seismic anomaly from stacked seismic data,and cause indetermination and difference in explanation.To solve this problem,we tried to study the attribute of pre-stack seismic data,which is to interpret the response of injected steam in 4D seismic region qualitatively with instantaneous frequency and its gradient,frequency that attenuated 80%,peak frequency,maximum amplitude,and total energy.


The State Grid has proposed to construct a strong smart grid to solve the resource scarcity, environmental pollution and other social problems, which will certainly drive the development of green energy, such as wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy and biomass energy. The study will build a Green Power System Assessment Model (GPSAM) using multivariate statistical analysis to optimize the energy resources of a region and finally to provide reference for the construction of a new plant or the plant expansion to get the balance of environment benefit, economic benefit and social benefit.


Is it possible to "hack" an image of an international entity by driving international and domestic media? Here, we present an image/brand monitoring tool for a country, Qatar, which presents an overview of the contexts and references to media in which it is mentioned on social media. Tracking dozens of languages, this tool allows a global understanding of the perceptions and concerns Twitter users associate with Qatar, and which mainstream media may be driving these sentiments.


The current electrical and electronic products industry have features extremely dynamic and with constant search for improvement in their manufacturing processes, seeking greater efficiency and lower costs. In the manufacturing process of the main board on tablets, in the area of welding technology, there was a problem in the micro USB connector soldering process causing high defect rates. The purpose of this article was to conduct assessment and proposal for improvement in this process. The methods and techniques used were quality tools PDCA cycle, cause and effect diagram and 5W2H. Among these solutions, the choice was to implement pallets of durestone to maintain the alignment of the connector on the reflow soldering oven. The results show a reduction in failure rates from 12.40% to 0.09% in the production line, which avoided the institution generate a total of 24,800 defective boards on the total to be produced. The total cost savings from logistics repair of these boards was approximately 70.002,80. USD


Efficient use of energy in the construction sector is a pillar of the European Union's 2050 climate protection goals, yet legislation makes no explicit reference to urban morphology or building form, which are recognized as key to energy performance in buildings. Rapidly changing energy standards and new requirements for on-site energy production demand a vigorous scrutiny of established urban typologies that are largely the product of an older energy regime. The research explores a set of 312 building shapes with floor-to-area ratio (FAR) of 3 within a given plot to identify emerging trends, ranges, and correlations between geometric variables, visual comfort, and energy indicators. Cases are grouped and evaluated in relation to three main urban typologies to highlight unique features related to each typology. The paper also compares two groups of results related to passive and active solar potential, respectively, to identify formal traits that are specific to each of these two design strategies. Finally, the research ranks design options based on total energy use taking into account the energy need for artificial lighting as well as contributions from both passive energy savings and active energy production. Results show that energy demand across cases varies by a factor 2 for passive strategies and a factor 5 when active potential is considered based on shape alone. Best results are clearly positioned at the two extremes of the geometric and proportional range. On the one hand, low-rise compact bar and courtyard buildings that are perhaps most prevalent in our cities today may be effectively retrofitted to meet active energy targets. On the other hand, extremely tall and slim towers appear to be the only typology in the study with the potential to achieve zero-energy status by virtue of their form alone. The work sheds light on the formal implications of EU energy mandates and offers a glimpse of how buildings may adapt to the combined selective pressures of high on-site energy fraction and low energy use to shape our future cities.


A 70-year-old female patient suffered from right distal femoral fracture accompanied with both lower extremities arteriosclerosis obliterans, hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis was hospitalized. Amputation of superior segment of right thigh was operated, because the infection of right foot could not be controlled. After operation, the hematological and pulmonary infections occurred. According to the result of germiculture, linezolid 600 mg twice daily was administered by intravenous drip. Three days later, the levels of ALT and AST increased to 163 IU·L-1 and 541 IU·L-1 respectively, and she also developed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. When the dosage of linezolid was adjusted to 400 mg twice daily, the levels of hepatic transaminases returned to normal. After linezolid was discontinued, leucocyte and thrombocyte counts returned to normal.


In the experience of international exchanges between France and Mexico funded by the Ministry of Public Education and the French Ministry of Education, the arrival of French assistants to the Faculty of Languages has been an experience of reciprocal co-training, from the linguistic point of view and cultural. The mutual learning, not only of the language, but of the know-how and knowing-being inside the classroom, is perhaps the most enriching axis for future teachers of foreign language and that which poses the greatest conflicts. Interculturality being a fundamental axis in the teaching of languages, we have become interested in knowing which points are more contrasting, from the perspective of Mexican students, of the educational work of the French assistant professor in his teaching practice; the reception of foreign teachers shows the idiosyncrasies of the sending country but at the same time allows and in return, learning the culture of the host country.


Some adaptive beamformers struggle with high dynamic range scenarios, as notably demonstrated by the dark region artifact (DRA), which can appear when these beamformers are applied in the proximity of strong acoustic sources. The DRA is detrimental because it may mask important features that are weaker acoustically. In a previous study, we used our aperture domain model image reconstruction algorithm (ADMIRE) that was able to partially mitigate the DRA and had improved dynamic range compared to other common beamformers. Here, we introduce an iterative variant of ADMIRE (iADMIRE) that is more fully able to remove the DRA and preserve speckle texture, while also having increased dynamic range. We compared iAD-MIRE to traditional DAS, DMAS, GCF, and normal ADMIRE. iADMIRE demonstrated the highest dynamic range of 69.6 dB, an increase of 19.2 dB compared to DAS and 20.3 dB compared to ADMIRE, and fully restored speckle texture in regions near briaht targets up to 100 dB.


Abstract. Rainfed farms in south-eastern Australia often combine annual cropping and perennial pasture phases with grazing sheep enterprises. Such diversity serves in managing diseases, pests and plant nutrition while stabilising income in the face of wide, uncorrelated variations in international commodity prices and local weather over time. We use an actuarial accounting approach to capture the above contexts to render financial risk profiles in the form of distributions of decadal cash balances for a representative 1000-ha farm at Coolamon (34°50′ S, 147°12′ E) in New South Wales, Australia. For the soil and weather conditions at this location we pose the question of which approach is better when establishing the perennial pasture lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): sowing with the final crop of the cropping phase, or sowing alone following the final crop? It is less expensive to sow lucerne with the final crop, which can provide useful income from the sale of grain, but this practice can reduce pasture quantity and quality in poorer years. Although many years of field research have confirmed that sowing lucerne alone is the most reliable way to establish a pasture in this area, and years of extension messages to this effect have gone out to farmers, they often persist in sowing lucerne with their final cereal crops. For this region, counting all costs, we show that sowing lucerne alone can reduce farm financial risk (i.e. probability of negative decadal cash balances) at stocking rates >10 dry sheep equivalents (DSE)/ha, compared with the practice of sowing lucerne with a cover crop. Establishing lucerne alone allows the farmer the option to profitably run higher stocking rates for higher median decadal cash margins without additional financial risk. At low stocking rates (i.e. 5 DSE/ha), there appears to be no financial advantage of either establishment approach. We consider the level of equity, background farm debt and overhead costs to demonstrate how these also affect risk-profile positions of the two sowing options. For a farm that is deeply in debt, we cannot suggest either approach to establishing lucerne will lead to substantially better financial outcomes.


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The activities of ATPase isolated from 4 days old wheat roots grown on distilled water were found to be associated with the ratio of Ca : Mg ions added in different proportions to the incubation medium. This relationship was stated in the crude cell wall free homogenate (fraction I) as well as subcellular fraction II and fraction III under investigations. It is stated moreover that activity of ATPases extracted from wheat roots grown on deficient nutrient solution with different Ca : Mg ratio is dependend on exogenic ratio of these cations. These results support the concept that activity of plant ATPases depends not only .on mineral nutrition and concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions but also on the Ca : Mg ratio in soil or in nutrient solution and in separate subcellular fractions of plant cells.


Safety of food is part of nation-wide policy in the sphere of preservation and harmonious development of the nation. Representative department in the sphere of safety of products is departments of the public sanitary and epidemiologic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main responsibility for quality and safety of food lies on producers, processors and offtakers of food products.


Beam emission spectroscopy measures electron density from the Doppler-shifted light emission of a heating beam excited by beam-plasma particle collisions [1]. From the measured light intensity one can calculate the electron density after proper calibration. If sufficient light is available, this technique enables us the study of electron density fluctuations and their spatial distribution via two-dimensional detectors. Before the system design, detailed modelling was performed in order to calculate the expected photon flux at the BES port, which resulted at 1× 1010− 5× 1010 photons s . According to modelling results for the calculated photon flux and 1MHz bandwidth, the optimal detector type was the avalanche photo diode (APD). A trial BES measurement system was designed and built for validating the modelling and to prove the feasibility of the BES technique on KSTAR. The trial KSTAR BES system measured the light emission from the 80-90keV heating deuterium neutral beam. The diagnostic was placed inside a port already foreseen for this purpose in the machine design, 45 degrees away from the NBI port (see Fig. 1).


Football-tennis is both an individual and team sport, with single, double, triple, plus double and triple mixed events. It is a complex sport where all the muscular groups, the technical-tactical aspects and all the moving abilities are involved: speed (reaction, execution, movement, strength and strength); Force (Force-Speed, Force-Resistance); resistance (specific, anaerobic); flexibility and mobility; coordinating capacity. The technique of football-tennis game is represented by all acyclic actions, based on the perception of the space and time-specific to this sport, which has been acquired correctly and in a balanced manner, leading to maximum results in competitions. The technique in the football-tennis game is represented by the ensemble of specific moving skills (technical processes involved) taking place based on the superior nervous activities, the impact biomechanics and the physical possibilities of the football-tennis players for the purpose of solving situations that occur in both attack and defence in the best way possible and most accurately.


Array manifold interpolation method is a wideband focusing approach based on wavefield modeling,which does not require initial DOA estimates and can be applied to any array with a known arbitrary geometry.But it usually requires a big number of truncation points in the sampling matrix,especially in the uniform linear array,and the computation is increased greatly.To solve this problem,the paper proposed an optimal method using the character of Bessel function and reconstructed the sampling matrix.The new sampling matrix could spend less computation and time without losing the information of sources.At last the simulation results indicate that the proposed method can estimate the DOAs using the same truncation points to the number of array elements effectively and has a considerable performance with array manifold interpolation method.


In order to reduce traffic accidents at the entrance of tunnel on expressway real road experiment was carried out to rerearch the driver's visual features in highway tunnel entrance.The parameters of drivers' visual features were recorded during the driving then the test datas were analyzed by neural network and statistical method.Based on simulateed datas the models about variation of visual feature parameters were established.The result showed that the fixation time increased as well as the number of fixations and saccade amplitude decreased with the gradually winding down to the tunnel entrance.At the beginning of the tunnel fixation time decreased first,then increases as well as the number of fixations and saccade amplitude increased.With the constant closed to the tunnel entrance,fixation directions transit from the front to the right side,and the number of right fixations increased.


The authors analyzed detrital zircon grains from 10 metasedimentary rock samples of the Priest River complex and three other amphibolite-facies metamorphic sequences in north-central Idaho to test the previous assignment of these rocks to the Mesoproterozoic Belt–Purcell Supergroup. Zircon grains from two samples of the Prichard Formation (lower Belt) and one sample of Cambrian quartzite were also analyzed as controls with known depositional ages. U–Pb zircon analysis by laser ablation — inductively coupled plasma — mass spectrometry reveals that 6 of the 10 samples contain multiple age populations between 1900 and 1400 Ma and a scatter of older ages, similar to results reported from the Belt–Purcell Supergroup to the north and east. Results from the Priest River metamorphic complex confirm previous correlations with the Prichard Formation. Samples from the Golden and Elk City sequences have significant numbers of 1500–1380 Ma grains, which indicates that they do not predate the Belt. Rather, they are pro...


A critical issue for the 4H-SiC UMOSFET is a shielding of the gate oxide at the bottom of the trench gate from the high electric field during the blocking state. This study develops the UMOSFET structure with low specific on-resistance and low electric field in the gate oxide by the two-dimensional numerical device simulation. The gate oxide field is successfully decreased without the degradation of the on-resistance by the structure with the buried p-base region. Furthermore, two-zone Superjunction structure that applies the buried p-base region is also proposed for the 3300 V device.


The results in this paper were motivated by the following result due to R. Solovay. Theorem 1 (Solovay). Let M be a nonstandard model of Peano's first order axioms P and let I ⊂e M (i.e. ϕ ≠ ⊂ M and I is closed under < and successor). Then for each of the functions we can define J ⊆e I in ‹M, I› such that J is closed under that function. (∣x∣ denotes [log2(x)].) Proof. Just notice that the cuts defined by are successively closed under In view of Theorem 1, the following question was raised by R. Solovay: Can we define J ⊆ I in ‹M, I› such that J is closed under exponentiation? In Theorem 2 we show that the answer is "no". Theorem 3 is based on Theorem 2 and extends the technique to cuts which are models of subsystems of P. To prove both theorems we shall need an estimate due to R. Parikh (see [1], especially the proof of Theorem 2.2a). For the sake of completeness, and also to introduce some notation we shall sketch Parikh's estimate in the next section. At all times we shall give the easiest estimates which still work rather than the sharpest ones.


The study is devoted to one of actual problems of modern strabismological — the development of effective methods for evaluation of stereo vision. The purpose: to develop an effective method for evaluating stereopsis based on chromostereopsis (CS) in patients with strabismus. Patients and methods . We observed 135 children aged from 8 to 17 years, who were divided into three groups, equivalent age: 1) 45 children with ametropia; 2) 31 children with not paralytic strabismus; 3) 59 children — the control group without ophthalmopathology. At the first stage, we investigated the possibility of  using "ChromaDepth glasses" for qualitative assessment of stereo vision in three groups of children. We used three types of stimuli: a modified Kanisza shape; test images that create an illusory square shape; a color version of the Poggendorff shape. At the second stage, we investigated the possibility of using images with different spectral characteristics and prisms for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of stereovision based on CS in the same three groups of children. Results. The analysis of the results obtained at the first stage showed high sensitivity (90.6 % for the 1st stimulus, 90.5 % for the 2nd and 99 % for the 3rd) and specificity (96.5 % for the 1st stimulus, 93.3 % for the 2nd and 84.4 % for the 3rd) for all three stimuli used for qualitative evaluation of stereo vision. At the second stage, we obtained results demonstrating an increase in the severity of CS with an increase in the strength of prisms in control children and children with ametropia, as well as results indicating the effectiveness of the developed method for evaluating stereovision in children with a strabismus angle. Conclusion. The method of studying CS with the help of "ChromaDepth glasses" is a simple and effective method of qualitative assessment of stereovision. The developed method of qualitative and quantitative assessment of stereovision based on CS using stimuli with different spectral characteristics and prisms allows us to assess effectively the state of stereovision. It doesn't required additional separation of the visual fields even if there is a strabismus angle (using its prismatic compensation) and predict the possibility of occurrence and severity of undesirable chromatic illusions in patients when prescribing prismatic correction.


Objective To compare the value of combination for medical glue fixed patch and Prolene sutures with pure Prolene suture fixation patch in the Lichtenstein surgery.Methods A total of 235 patients with tension-free inguinal hernia repair (Lichtenstein) were enrolled in Xuzhou Central Hospital.The patients were randomly divided into two groups including 132 patients in the observation group.Surgery patch was fixed under the inguinal ligament by the Prolene suture fixation.The rest were fixed by medical glue.The control group includes 102 cases,which were applied with the Prolene sutures.The clinical data were analyzed in the two groups.Results The results were followed up for 6 to 30 months.No incision infection was observed in the two groups without any recurrence.The patients were reported with chronic pain in the observation group without local hematoma or seroma,or local foreign body sensation in the two cases.The control group had 5 cases of chronic pain and four cases of local hematoma or seroma,and 2 cases of foreign body sensation.Conclusions The Lichtenstein surgery with applications of fixed plain film adhesive medical glue would not increase recurrence after operation and foreign body sensation,and can also reduce chronic pain after surgery and local hematoma,which is effective,safe,and reliable.


The career path for teachers of business data processing has virtually been non-existent in the State of Oklahoma. Higher education institutions, however, have offered some coursework in data processing since 1958. Most of these courses were designed for scientific applications oriented toward the physicist and engineer.


Microstrip antenna is widely used in advanced wireless communication. In recent years microstrip antenna has attracted more attention. In wireless communication, it is an important device, for communication above 1 GHz. It is used in satellite communication, mobile communication and aircraft communication applications. Microstrip antenna's advantages include easy to fabricate, low profile, easy to feed, incorporate with array elements and other IC's. In this paper a MicroStrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is designed for resonating frequency of 4GHz. The antenna designed with glass epoxy (FR4). The U shape slot on patch is etched to improve value of Return loss S11 The S11 increased from −16 dB to −40dB. The increase in S11 is − 24 dB. Percentage increase in is 150%. The bandwidth of U slot antenna is 178MHz and gain of 4.4dB. MPA is simulated using CST software, with FR-4 substrate of relative permittivity Er is 4.4. The MPA is also simulated with U slot in patch and compared. Results describes that performance of others parameters comparable with increase in S11 value.


Objective: To study the alterations of immune functions in drug addicts through measurement of humoral and cellular immunity. Methods: IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 were determined by turbidimetric immunoassay, IgE were determined by ELISA in sera of 25 patients and 28 controls. T cell subsets were determined by immunofluorescence and T-helper cell subsets were determined by ELISPOT. Lymphocyte proliferation assay was also used to assess cellular immunity. Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups of IgA, IgM and IgE, except a higher level of IgG and a lower level of C3 in drug addicts. The percentages of CD3, CD4, Th1 and the ratio of CD4/ CD8 and Th1/Th2 in drug addicts were lower than those of controls, while the percentages of CD8, CD20 and Th2 were nearly the same between the two groups; and drugs inhibited lymphocyte proliferation.Conclusion: Drug abuse can impair the celluar immunity, but has little effects on the humoral immunity.


The Si(111)-7×7 reconstructed surface and fullerene (C60) molecules deposited on Si(111)-7×7 reconstructed surface were investigated by using a new technique called non-contact scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (NC-SNDM) under ultra-high vacuum conditions. A local atomic electric dipole moment distribution of Si atoms on Si(111)-7×7 reconstructed surface was resolved. This is the first successful demonstration of direct atomic dipole moment observation achieved in the field of capacitance measurement. Furthermore, both topography and induced electric dipole moment of individual C60 molecules as well as internal structure of the C60 molecule were successfully resolved with atomic-scale resolution. The NC-SNDM technique can yield the internal structure of the C60 molecule and the position where the charge transfer of the C60 molecules occurs on the Si(111)-7×7 reconstructed surface.


Coronary heart disease is the most frequent single cause of death among persons over 65 years of age and it seems to continue to be a significant threat to the health and wellbeing of the elderly population all over the world, yet the condition is largely preventable. The aims of this study to assess and determine the relations among elder's knowledge about risk factors, perception of risk, and adopted preventive behaviors of CHD. Design: Descriptive research design. Subjects: The study subjects comprised 150 elders free of coronary heart disease selected from six elderly homes in Alexandria, Egypt, four governmental and two private. Conclusion: Elders' knowledge about CHD risk factors and their perception of risk and adopted preventive behaviors were generally low among elders. Knowledge about CHD risk factors and risk perception affected positively commitment of elders to the preventive behaviors of CHD. Keywords: Coronary heart disease, older adults, risk factors, perception, prevention.


In modern management, the design of equity structure exerts an important influence on the operation and development of a company. A scientific and reasonable equity structure for companies in the early days will prevent and control their own risks in different stages, while the application of information management technology is also indispensable in the current big data environment. Therefore, this paper determined the weight by means of the 0-9 scoring method to evaluate the importance of equity and propose the idea of innovative design for the equity structure in multiple-holding start-ups. Eventually, a tool to optimize equity structure was designed to serve as information management technology for risk prevention and control in start-ups. It can effectively safeguard the rights and interests of all the shareholders based on various ranks, demonstrating the sincerity of the founding team to the greatest extent. By setting a rational proportion and making fine-tuning in accordance with the needs of all stakeholders, both the decision rights of the founding team and the trust of the external investors are guaranteed.


PRESSURE DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR OF CANDIDATE MATERIALS FOR A MORPHING WING By Christopher Griffin The research presented in this thesis evaluates different materials that are candidates to be used as a flexible skin on a morphing wing. A morphing wing has come to be known as any wing that changes shape. Although there has been a great amount of research involved in designing morphing mechanisms, the information for applicable wing skin material has been limited. A morphing wing skin needs to be flexible enough to deflect and morph to a new shape given a suitable amount of force, yet strong enough to resist the aerodynamic forces encountered during flight. It also must remain elastic throughout its use so there is no change in surface area which could produce unwanted air flow characteristics. A candidate material must also have excellent fatigue characteristics as well as provide environmental and chemical resistance, and withstand abrasion (e.g. rain) as conventional materials do. This research was conducted alongside a project that developed an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that utilizes wing morphing for control. The problems encountered during testing were the motivations for this study. A significant problem is the onset of material separation from the wing support structure, or ballooning, caused by the low pressure on the top surface of the wing. A bulge test facility was designed and constructed to investigate this effect and to help predict its onset. The fatigue characteristics are observed by cyclically pressurizing the material to see any change in center deflection. A sample of rubber materials, a plastic material, a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), polyurethane, and a woven material were evaluated. The rubber materials along with a combination of rubber and woven material were found to be the best candidates. They provided a healthy balance of flexibility and strength which is required by a flexible wing skin. A method for determining the onset of material deflection due to the surface pressure on a wing was also developed using the bulge test. Using this method one can approximately predict when and how much a material will deflect according to pressure coefficient, velocity, and altitude. Although abrasion, chemical, and environmental resistance is important it was not tested in this research. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my Grandfather, Douglas Griffin, an extremely talented engineer and wonderful role model.


In recent years some journalists have become aggressive and outspoken in challenging corporate policies that restrict a reporter's off‐duty political activities, particularly when they are unrelated to the reporter's primary job assignment. This dispute is beginning to spawn litigation that constitutes a direct assault on the journalistic canon of objectivity and the media's right to establish their own ethical benchmarks. This article explores the legal implications of conflict of interest codes and concludes that the public's interest in news media—unencumbered as to their standards of editorial integrity—should trump the individual free speech rights of journalists.


Petrol engine with strautified charge has compression ratio 12-14 and air/fuel ratio 3 and more without detonation. Charge strautification increases part-load efficiency by 10-15%. Automotive diesel without supercharging has 50% smaller specific output and o 15% higher efficiency that engine strautified charge.


The Robert LeMeur is an icebreaking supply vessel designed specifically to support oil field operations in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, This paper details the severe environment within which the ice vessel operates as well as the unusual operational profile. The design of the vessel is then traced identifying those areas which are of particular importance; namely, hull strength, selection of propulsion equipment, and selection of electrical and control equipment. The paper also discusses experience gained with the vessel in its first season of operation.


By means of literature data and logic analysis,and on the basis of interpreting livelihood sport,the authors expatiated on the relations between livelihood sport and making the citizens rich and the nation powerful,and worked out the following ways to livelihood sport construction: seek for new ideas for livelihood sport development by basing the guiding ideology on the view of scientific development;speed up livelihood sport construction in terms of material by basing the assurance on governmental and civil investment;boost the smooth development of livelihood sport by basing the opportunity on sports system construction;boost the grand development of livelihood sport by basing the key on the coordinated development of Chinese and western sports events;guide the healthy development of livelihood sport by basing the orientation on enriching citizen spiritual life


Background: The declaration of UN in 1948 and UUD 1945 article 28 clearly said
that health is a natural right on every singl


The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the optic nerve was measured from diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging using an intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) sequence. The subjects were seven normal volunteers and eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with a total of four optic nerves with acute neuritis and nine nerves with chronic neuritis. The mean ADC (4.18 ± 1.13 × 10−3 mm2/s, n = 9) in the optic nerves with chronic neuritis was significantly higher than that in normal volunteers (1.56 ± 0.675 × 10−3 mm2/s, n = 14) and that in the nerves with acute neuritis (0.94 ± 0.43 × 10−3 mm2/s n = 4) (P < 0.001). The ADC is useful in assessing MS foci in the optic nerves.


Operating cranes in a construction project should meet several requirements of capacity, safety and spatial constraints. Much research has been done about selecting cranes, simulating the work processes, training operators and optimizing working paths to improve the efficiency and reduce conflicts in real construction operations. However, most of the research focused on equipment working individually rather than coordinating multiple works, such as the case of two cranes working together to lift a heavy or large object. The complexity of coordinating equipment requires more detailed planning and better real-time control of the work. The present paper proposes a new approach using artificial intelligent agents to enhance communication between two cranes and resolve distributed problems in the construction industry. A framework is developed to simulate the working environment of two cranes on site. A simulation model is under development using a case study to investigate the feasibility of the proposed approach.


outcome ofneonates whounderwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMOgroup) andsimilarly critically ill newborns withalower Oxygenation Index whounderwent conventional treatment (comparison group), andtodetermine whether factors such astheunderlying diagnosis andthedistance transported fromoutlying areas affect outcome. Design: Multicentre prospective longitudinal comparative outcome study. Setting: AnECMOcentre providing services toall ofwestern Canada andfour tertiary care neonatal follow-up clinics. Subjects: Allneonates whoreceived treatment between February 1989andJanuary 1992attheWestern Canadian Regional ECMOCenter andwhowerealive at2years ofage; 38(95%) ofthe40surviving ECMO-treated subjects and26(87%) ofthe30surviving comparison subjects wereavailable forfollow-up. Interventions: ECMOorconventional therapy for respiratory failure. Outcome measures: Neurodevelopmental disability (one ormoreofcerebral palsy, visual orhearing loss, seizures, severe cognitive disability), andmental andperformance developmental indexes oftheBayley Scales ofInfant Development. Results: Six(16%) oftheECMO-treated children hadneurodevelopmental disabilities at2years ofage, as compared with1(4%)ofthecomparison subjects; thedifference wasnotstatistically significant. The meanmental developmental index (91.8 [standard deviation (SD)19.5] v.100.5 [SD25.4]) andthe meanperformance developmental index (87.2 [SD20.0] v.96.4[SD20.9]) didnotdiffer significantly between theECMOgroup andthecomparison group respectively. AmongtheECMO-treated subjects those whoseunderlying diagnosis wassepsis hadthelowest Bayley indexes, significantly lower than those whoseunderlying diagnosis wasmeconium aspiration syndrome. Thedistance transported did notaffect outcome. Conclusions: Neurodevelopmental disability anddelay occurred inbothgroups. Theunderlying diagnosis appears toaffect outcome, whereas distance transported doesnot. These findings support early transfer forECMOofcritically ill neonates withrespiratory failure whodonotrespond toconventional treatment. Larger multicentre studies involving long-term follow-up areneeded toconfirm these findings. Objectif: Determiner l'evolution neurologique desnouveau-nes quiontrecu uneoxygenation extracorporelle suroxygenateur 'amembrane (groupe OEOM)etcelle denouveau-nes enetat critique comparable dontl'indice d'oxygenation etait faible, etquiontrecu untraitement classique (groupe temoin), et determiner sidesfacteurs commelediagnostic sous-jacent etladistance dutransport enprovenance de regions peripheriques modifient les resultats. Conception :Etude comparative longitudinale prospective etmulticentrique desresultats.


Abstrak Background problem in this study is the low reading ability of children in the beginning. Researchers provide intervention using graphic media. The purpose of this study is to prove the effectiveness of graphic media can improve a child's ability to read the beginning of the X-type learning disabilities research is quantitative with the experimental method in the form of Single Subject Design (SSD), the multiple baseline design cross variables. Based on the results of research conducted, it can be concluded graphic media effectively to improve reading skills learning disabilities for children beginning to read X class II in SDN 17 Gadut Java. The results of this study if it can be taken into consideration for teachers to use graphic media in learning Indonesian, especially in beginning reading. Kata kunci: Anak berkesulitan belajar; Kemampuan membaca permulaan; Media grafis.


Traces the development of the architectural designs and styles of the factories, mills, warehouses, and other industrial buildings of Great Britain.


According to China's holiday system,citizens have three parts of traveling time:double rest days,golden weeks and holidays with salary. Because of the weak points of double rest days and holidays with salary, golden weeks is becoming main traveling penrod of Chinese tourists. All kinds of defects of golden weeks resulted from so many tourists traveling yearly at the twenty-one days. It is the very time to improve current tourism holiday system, and properly some traditional festivals as holidays, promote gradually the system of holidays with salary, meet traveling demands of Chinese people, and precipitate sustainable development of tourism in China.


This thesis describes the use of organoborate rearrangement reactions to generate quaternary carbon centres, with the ultimate goal of exploring new procedures for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral quaternary carbon centres.
Chapter One: this chapter contains a historical review of the use of organoboranes in organic synthesis, focusing mainly on the use of boronic esters in asymmetric organic synthesis.
Chapter Two: this chapter focuses on attempts at developing a catalytic method for the generation of quaternary stereocentres using migration reactions of boronic esters with n-butyllithium in the presence of chiral catalysts. This study showed that the reaction is stoichiometric in the absence of the Lewis acid. However, there were strong indications of catalytic turn over in some experiments.
Chapters Three and Four: these chapters focus on attempts at designing a chiral version of the DCME reaction using sulfur compounds. Chapter Three focuses on attempts at evaluating a heterocyclic system, specifically a dithiane, as a stereocontrol agent in its reaction with trialkylboranes. The study showed that using 2-methoxy-1,3-dithiane-oxide achieved formation of the double and triple migration product but in poor yield. Chapter Four contains a detailed investigation into the synthesis and evaluation of non-cyclic sulfur compounds such as sulfoxides, sulfoximines, sulfilimines and sulfones for generation of chiral tertiary alcohols. The study of the reaction of dichloromethyl phenyl sulfoxide with trialkylboranes showed a new type of aldol-like reaction. This reaction was utilised to synthesise a series of new compounds. Also, the study of the reaction of dichloromethyl-p-tolyl sulfone with trialkylboranes showed a new type of reaction by replacing the hydrogen with the alkyl group from the trialkylborane. Finally, the study of the reaction of N-methyl-S-(dichloromethyl)-S-phenylsulfoximine with trialkylboranes showed production of the desired triple migration product in moderate to very good yield.


Seven species assigned to the genus Cribrilina are illustrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and redescribed. At the present day, three species occur in the area studied: C. punctata (Hassall), C. cryptooecium Norman and C. annulata (Fabricius). The presence of Collarina balzaci (Audouin), which has previously been confused with Cribrilina punctata, is also reported. The following species of Cribrilina are known as Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils: C. punctata, C. cryptooecium, C. watersi Andersson, C. puncturata (Wood) and C. mucronata Canu & Lecointre. In addition, C. annulata and C. spitsbergensis Norman have been reported as fossils, but these occurrences could not be confirmed here by the examination of actual material. Lectotypes are selected for C. spitsbergensis, C. watersi, C. puncturata and C. mucronata. Type material of the American fossil C. marylandica, which has been synonymised with C. punctata, is illustrated.


The conditions for secondary emission of electrons and the occurrence of discharge have been analyzed in detail with a plane-parallel model. According to the traditional theory of a resonance discharge (referred to as "simple resonance theory"), the velocity deviation of secondary electrons has no effect on multipactor (MP) zones. In this work, the effect of such deviations from resonance value in two-sided multipactors has been investigated using a different approach. In a previous study [M. Mostajeran and M. Lamehi Rachti, J. Instrum. 5, P08003 (2010)], a stability equation was derived considering only the phase deviation from the resonant phase. Here, the approach used in that paper has been extended to include velocity deviations as well. It is shown that phase and velocity deviations, which may not be considered small, support MP zones. Theoretical calculations are then compared with numerical results.


This paper is devoted to present the Mathematics Grammar Library, a system for multilingual mathematical text processing. We explain the context in which it originated, its current design and functionality and the current development goals. We also present two prototype services and comment on possible future applications in the area of artificial mathematics assistants.


Abstract The complex geography of the Neotropical montane system is a natural laboratory for population divergence. Understanding which geographic barriers (lowland barriers, arid river valleys, and montane barriers above the tree line separate these regions of endemism) are instrumental in promoting and maintaining population divergence is an important step in preserving genetic diversity and endemism within the region. Here, I analyze patterns of genetic differentiation between 16 predefined regions of endemism for 43 co-distributed zoogeographic species complexes of Neotropical montane forest birds. The analysis shows that lowland barriers generate the highest levels of genetic differentiation, while barriers above the tree line in the Andes show the least. Within the Andes, arid river valleys promote population divergence to varying degrees. The Río Marañón shows the greatest effect, but the Río Apurímac and Río Quinimari are also associated with extensive genetic differentiation, while genetic divergence across other river valleys is generally weak. Most barriers are associated with a wide span of divergence times, supporting a protracted history of dispersal postdating barrier formation. If the goal is to maintain genetic diversity, preservation of populations within each region of endemism would help to ensure the continued survival of evolutionarily distinct lineages within species. Considering the alarming rate of deforestation in Neotropical montane regions, preservation of suitable tracts of montane forest is needed within each region of endemism, with special emphasis placed on endemism regions separated by lowland barriers and by deep intermontane river valleys.


The primary design goal of (r)evolutionary NG-PON1&2 was the provisioning of an ever increasing capacity to cope with video-dominated traffic and handle the explosion of mobile data traffic by means of offloading. Recently, however, questions on the future of "post NG-PON2" have surfaced whether to shift its research focus to business and operation related aspects and move access technology into a substantially different direction than continued capacity upgrades. In fact, recent studies indicate that ultimately the major factor limiting the performance of 4G mobile networks is latency rather than capacity of the backhaul. In this paper, we review recently proposed low-latency techniques for NG-PONs that require architectural modifications at the remote node or distribution fiber level and highlight advanced network coding and real-time polling based low-latency techniques that can be implemented in software, enable NG-PONs to carry higher traffic loads and thereby extend their lifetime, and maintain the passive nature of existent optical distribution networks. Furthermore, we elaborate on emerging trends and open challenges for future post NG-PON2 research. To better understand their true potential, we put them into a wider non-technical and historical perspective leading up to a sustainable Third Industrial Revolution (TIR) economy and its underlying Energy Internet.


In this paper, the steady boundary layer fluid flow with heat transfer over an exponentially shrinking sheet with thermal radiation, partial slip and suction is studied. The similarity transformation was applied to the governing partial differential equations to transform into a set of ordinary differential equations which are then solved numerically using bvp4c function in Matlab. It is reveal that dual solutions exist in our observations. A stability analysis is performed to determine which solution is linearly stable and physically realizable.


Thermoelectric properties have been investigated for single crystals of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$ for $0l~xl~0.1.$ We have found a large power factor (defined as $\mathrm{PF}{=S}^{2}/\ensuremath{\rho},$ S and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ being the Seebeck coefficient and resistivity, respectively), $28\ensuremath{-}36 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{W}/({\mathrm{K}}^{2} \mathrm{cm}),$ at room temperature in the metallic region with carrier density (n) of $(0.2\ensuremath{-}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}.$ The observed PF is comparable to that of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ with much lower $n (\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}).$ Such an unexpectedly large PF or S at the metallic carrier density is ascribed to the orbital degeneracy (threefold) of the Ti $3d\ensuremath{-}{t}_{2g}$ conduction band and the relatively large effective mass of conduction electrons as well as to the large energy-dependent scattering rate.


Ensuring the free movement of disabled people, including the use of vehicles, is a fundamental right. Therefore, efforts should be made to draw up standards regulating both organisational and technical aspects related to the construction and testing of wheelchairs. The main purpose of the paper is a review the literature related to wheelchair transport safety and the current standards for wheelchair crash testing Wheelchair users must securely and safely attach their wheelchair to the vehicle when travelling. The most common methods include securing with a four-belt system or using docking systems. Docking systems allow the disabled person to restrain the wheelchair themselves. Their main limitation is the lack of standardisation. Issues related to in-vehicle wheelchair design and testing are mainly described in international ISO standards and, in the US, in ANSI standards. Not all wheelchairs are crash tested. Before using wheelchairs, it should be checked if they can be mounted in a car. An important issue is education of wheelchair users and their carers on proper wheelchair securing. Even when wheelchairs are effectively secured, occupants in wheelchairs could be seriously and fatally injured because of improperly used and positioned belt restraints.

http://www.aaejournal.com/pdf-155001-81097?filename=The safety of wheelchair.pdf


As a conceptual design of product structure,continuum structural topology optimization can provide presumption for innovation of product.The nodal relative density is chosen as the design variable,and a novel model of continuum structural topology optimization based on element-free Galerkin method under multiple loading conditions is presented,in which the model proposed takes the weighted mean of structure compliance under every loading condition as the objective function.The essential boundary conditions are imposed by Lagrange multipliers.Its sensitivity algorithm is deduced.Integrating with SIMP interpolation model,the two examples of topology optimization under multi-load cases are solved successfully by programming.The optimal results of multi-load cases and single loading condition are investigated.The results obtained show that a multi-case result is not assembled simply by optimal ones under single loading.The uppermost advantage of using nodal density is that the displacement and density in influence domain have the same approximation scheme,and the continuity of density fields is improved.The checkerboard phenomenon occurred frequently in topology optimization can be effectively eliminated in the optimal model proposed.The results of example also validate the effectiveness of the model.


A method based on parabolic wave equations is used to predict path loss in a two dimensional urban setting where buildings sprawl over irregular terrain. A coordinate transformation is used to account for the irregular terrain features. The vertical walls of the buildings are assumed to be absorbing while the rooftops are taken to be flat and reflective. Ground and rooftops are allowed to have different constitutive parameters. Comparison is shown with various other methodologies to demonstrate the ability and accuracy of the present method to accommodate various situations.


PSYCHOLOGY FROM its beginning experimental psychology has perseveringly attempted, with an increasingly rigorous precision, to amass all the facts which might throw light on the psychological phenomenon involved in the process of perception. The wealth of material thus gathered, and still being added to by new observations, naturally stimulated endeavors to find for it a rational explanation which would be adequate. A detailed history of opinions, or a step-by-step analysis of these attempted explanations is beside the point here.1 A brief exposition, systematical rather than historical, will suffice to bring out certain essential aspects of the problem which are the principal issues in a still open discussion. Associationism, at least in its most recent manifestations, is in agreement with the psychology of form in accepting these postulates: