The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the use of personal protection and the prevention of physical risks in the work in height in the maintenance of the Maria Auxiliadora Educational Unit of the city of Riobamba, the study was of explanatory, quasi-experimental, field type , prospective and according to the time in which it extends is transversal, based on the epistemological, scientific and legal current; the technique of data collection through survey and observation guide was used, with a total population of 7 people working at height. The research was developed by identifying the knowledge and activities carried out by the personnel working at heights and a manual was prepared with the current safety regulations for work at height; through the application of instruments that were analyzed quantitatively - qualitatively to verify the hypothesis, and implement control forms of the applicability of the manual to demonstrate compliance with the required technical criteria.
With the use of the T student statistical method the general hypothesis is verified: The technical staff does not use personal protection and does not prevent physical risks in high-rise jobs in the maintenance of the Maria Auxiliadora educational unit in the city of Riobamba, with an acceptance highly significant
The personal protection equipment is of obligatory use and responsibility of each worker that protects the person from the risks that may arise in work activities, to prevent the occurrence of accidents and personal injuries, which requires previous training, where an effective participation between the personnel and the responsible security technician.
Finally, determining the importance of the use of adequate techniques and procedures for work at height; being vital for the development of jobs with security, minimizing substandard actions through the knowledge applied by the staff.


The property right system of all the 21 villages and towns hospitals in Hanjiang District of Yangzhou City was reformed in 1999.The system of combination administration of medical treatment and prevention was put into practice in the first three years of reformation.The system of separation administration of medical treatment and prevention has been carried out from 2002.This study compared the differences of these two patterns in order to provide theoretical basics for the reform and improvement of the prevention and health care system.The results of this study show that the system of separation administration of medical treatment and prevention put more attention on social benefits in prevention and health care,strengthening the service in public health and is highly affirmed by the whole society.


Having starred in many Brecht's plays,Visotsky had a deep understanding of the "verfremolungs-effekt".Under the influence of Brecht's dramatic theories,Visotsky's poems could,even in the "stagnation" period of Soviet time,mirror the life itself,and inspire people to reflect over and be critical of life as well.


Abstract : We computed the infrared vibrational modes and frequencies of a group of four primary amines, four secondary amines, and three tertiary amines. The computations make use of the Gaussian 86 Program Package with the 3-21G basis set and the Hartree-Fock option. The agreement between the computed values and the available experimental data seems reasonable. Keywords: Chlorosubstituted amines; Tertiary amines.


A 2-D AR (autoregressive), finite-support, half-plane, causal model for homogeneous random fields is developed and applied to the analysis and synthesis of homogeneous random textures. The conditions under which the finite, discontinuous-support, 2-D Levinson type algorithm can be applied to solve the 2-D normal equations are presented. In the texture analysis case, these conditions are met by first removing all periodic components and subsequently applying a 2-D preemphasis filter. These steps also help reduce the required model order. It is shown that the resulting model is very efficient in terms of both the number of parameters required to achieve a good reconstructed texture (which is usually indistinguishable from the original) and good correlation match.<<ETX>>


ABSTRACT The physical function (PF) and self-rated health (SRH) of older adults (50–80+ years), and the association with their socio-demographic characteristics was investigated in a Nigerian setting. Questionnaire-based SRH and PF scales were used to obtain information from 1480 respondents selected by age-stratified sampling. Although it varied by socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, economic status, occupation, housing, suburban/urban residence, loneliness) the overall prevalence of poor SRH and PF was 39.2% and 44.1%, respectively. All the socio-demographic factors were predictors of SRH and PF except gender which was not significantly associated with PF (P > .05; OR, 1.28; 95% CL, 0.78–2.10). SRH was significantly (P < .01) associated with the three domains of PF: function (OR = 20.25, 95% CL = 11.18–46.35); satisfaction with physical activity (OR = 3.37, 95% CL = 2.11–5.38); and mobility (OR = 30.00, 95% CL = 16.19–54.60). In conclusion, a welfare scheme guided by socio-demographic factors is required to improve SRH and PF of older adults in this Nigerian setting.


Summary The quantity of acetoacetic acid produced metabolically from pyruvate, caprylate, and caproate by rat liver homogenate systems is not affected by the state of biotin nutrition of the animals. However, biotin treatment of deficient animals increased by 10-100 fold the incorporation of C14 bicarbonate into the carboxyl group of acetoacetate metabolically formed from pyruvate, caproate, caprylate or isovalerate.


A series of novel schiff bases bearing acetylferrocenyl and 2amino-5-substituted -1,3,4-thiadiazole were synthesized and the structure of them were confirmed by IR, 1 H NMR and elementary analysis.The title compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against gram positive(Staphylococcus aureus),gram negative bacteria(Escherichia coli), fungi(Yeast) and bacteria(Actinomycete). The results of antibacterial activity test showed that all compounds possess potent antibacterial activity,especially the compound 3e. Introduction Schiff base has received much attention because of their potencial physiological activity and the prevention of fungal growth activity as anticancer, antitumor, antituberculosis agents,etc.At the same time, coordination compounds of schiff base have good inhibiting effect of O2 ,high catalytic activity and oxygen containing capability[1,2].Meanwhile,it is a series of useful schiff base derivatives containing ferrocenyl for proceeding cyclopalladated reaction[3~5] and addition reaction of C=N[6]. Medicinal chemists over the years have proceeded lots of researches. In hope of improving antitumor activities,for 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles derivatives are known to exhibits, anticancer[7,8] , antibacterial[9~11], antifungal[12,13], anticonvulsant, sedative-hypnotic and central nervous system (CNS) neurotoxicity activities[14], with being substituted different perssads at position 5 of it, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles ring was introduced into schiff base derivatives containing ferrocenyl .As a result,six novel compounds with 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles ring were synthesized and their antibacterial activities against gram positive,gram negative and fungi were reported. Chemisty The synthesis of schiff bases bearing acetylferrocenyl and 2amino-5-substituted -1,3,4-thiadiazole was accomplished as shown in Scheme 1. The synthesis of 2-amino-5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole2a~f was achieved by treating carboxylic acid1a~f directly with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride,the target compounds3a~f were obtained by condensation of acetylferrocenyl and compouns2a~f with toluene as solution under the protection of N2. Advanced Materials Research Online: 2011-11-22 ISSN: 1662-8985, Vols. 396-398, pp 1067-1070 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.396-398.1067 © 2012 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (Semanticscholar.org-10/03/20,20:03:37)


The paper clarifies the connection between Urbanik's and Miamee and Pourahmadi's concepts of duality for univariate weakly stationary random sequences. Some of Urbanik's results are proved in an alternative way and at the same time gen- eralized to the multivariate case.


This case presents syncope, neurally mediated, and mixed. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) presented as sensory and length-dependent, and the typical hyperventilatory response with a decline of end tidal CO2 just before the syncope was absent.


Passive optical network (PON) architectures have been proposed as a back haul for wireless networks, where the optical network units (ONUs) can now be interconnected with the antenna base stations. We focus on a ring PON approach with its inherent benefits and use simulation to analyze the effects of linear crosstalk in an un-amplified basic TDM optical ring. Our approach is based on simulation of the entire network using a combination of wavelength-domain and time-domain techniques. Typically PON networks are based on CWDM to maintain the cost of components low and in such case it is logical that any crosstalk will be negligible. However, the subpar performance of such components motivated our study into the crosstalk impact. We show that the tap ratio optimization which increases the number ONUs that can be served in the ring can also exacerbate the effects of linear interchannel crosstalk at the ONU's downstream signal receivers. The interchannel crosstalk originates from the upstream/LAN transmission and is due to non-ideal WDM couplers/splitters and optical switches that are needed for wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing and protection against node and link failures, respectively.


This article examines the tactical repertoires of two diaspora-based Chinese protest movements; the Chinese democracy movement and the Falun Gong, a religious community that has been banned in China since 1999. Data, which were collected and coded using quantitative narrative analysis (QNA) software, take the form of inventories of tactics used by each movement. In spite of general contextual similarity in political opportunity and context faced by both movements, the inventory data reveal that each movement had its own overarching "tactical disposition," which is understood as a relational pattern between challengers, publics, and authorities. Findings also suggest that the tactical dispositions of the movements initially formed in China and then migrated to diaspora, where they influenced further tactical decision making. The durability of tactical dispositions across such disparate political settings (e.g., China/North America) points to the role of within-group culture in shaping how movements respond...


To evaluate the agreement and disagreement between prenatal ultrasound and fetal autopsy findings in pregnancy terminations due to urogenital anomalies.


This is a general overview of the ways in which travel developed, changed, and came to be perceived and Japanese culture. The unique aspects of Japanese ways of thinking are analyzed by looking at subjects such as the origin of the word "tabi" (travel); the origin and history of travel in Japan; left and right-hand drive; changes in modes of transportation; and Japanese road manners -- in particular the problem of alcohol and mortality.


Background and Objectives: The prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) comorbid with Major Depressive Episodes (MDE) were explored in four areas of West Bank of Palestine in the aftermath of the second intifada. Methods: The sample consisted of 916 adult Palestinians representative of the general population. The interview was personal with the use of DSM IV criteria for PTSD and MDE (the SCID I modules). Results: The prevalence of chronic PTSD comorbid with lifetime MDE and chronic PTSD alone were found 18.7% and 26.5% respectively. Another 6.1% were diagnosed as suffering from lifetime MDE. Higher numbers of refugees were found to suffer from PTSD comorbid with MDE. The majority of respondents who reported previous suicidal behavior were comorbid cases of PTSD/MDE. The predictors differentiating between MDE alone and no diagnosis and between comorbid PTSD/MDE and no diagnosis were almost identical. Conclusions: This sample of adult Palestinians living under conditions of mass violence and continuous economic deprivation were found suffering from high rates of post PTSD and comorbid PTSD with MDE, a common finding among populations under serious traumatic exposure. Received: 6 November 2009 Revised: 4 August 2010 Accepted: 13 September 2010 20 MICHAEL G. MADIANOS, ADNAN LUFTI SARHAN AND EVMORFIA KOUKIA In the epidemiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) both clinical and general population surveys have shown that the majority of respondents who have been exposed in serious traumatic experiences and diagnosed as suffering from PTSD, meet the criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder1-5. Breslau et al.2, reported that 83% of the diagnosed individuals as suffering from PTSD met criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder. In the National Comorbidity Study4 88% of males and 79% of females respondents with chronic PTSD, had another psychiatric diagnosis. In the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, 85% of the males with PTSD and 80% of females were also found to meet the criteria for another DSM IV disorder for the past year6. One of the most frequent comorbid psychiatric disorder with lifetime PTSD, is the Major Depressive Episode (MDE)3-5, 7-11. PTSD and depressive symptoms occur frequently, following exposure to a traumatic event or events. In the studies by Breslau et al.2, Kessler et al.4 and Creamer et al.6 the most frequent psychiatric disorder comorbid with PTSD was found to be major depression. Additionally PTSD increases the risk of suicidal behavior12-14. The association between major depression including suicidality and PTSD could be explained by the possible triggering of onset of depression though the mechanism of trauma and vulnerability4,15. The preexistence of depressive symptomatology may also contribute to the incidence of PTSD after exposure to traumatic events16. In population under acute stress namely refugees, war veterans, victims of disasters (natural or manmade) or entire populations living in long lasting conflict zones, the rates of PTSD comorbid with MDE reported by several investigators, are higher than those recorded in general population surveys1, 17-22. For example Marshall et al.23 reported that 71% of Cambodian refugees, two decades after their resettlement in USA, met the criteria for MDE and 86% of those with major depression, met also criteria for PTSD. Palestine of West Bank of Jordan River and Gaza strip is the case of a country with high volume of a variety of sociopolitical adversities, duration of unresolved conflict and high volume of mass violence24,25. In adults, there were two studies on the prevalence of PTSD in a general population sample, both carried out in Gaza strip. In the first study focusing on gender specific trauma exposure and mental health symptoms among Palestinians living in Gaza strip conditions of military violence, 24% of males and 16% of females were diagnosed as suffering from PTSD by the use of PTSD module of CIDI schedule26. However the investigators did not provided data on comorbidity. In the second study on the prevalence of PTSD by the use also of CIDI, in countries facing mass violence (Algeria, Cambodia, Ethiopia and Gaza strip), the rates of PTSD found in the Gaza sample reached 28.4% the males reported more PTSD symptoms than females27. No data on comorbidity with major depression were also given. Finally, in the neighboring Lebanon, the effect of war events on the prevalence of major depression was examined by the application of D.I.S. schedule, and provided rates ranging from 16.3% to 41.9% with no reference to any comorbidity findings28. In a recent study by Elbedour et al.29, among Palestinian adolescents 12 to 18 years old, following the second intifada (uprising) of 2000-2007 in Gaza strip, 68.9% were classified as having developed PTSD and 40.0% reported moderate or severe levels of depression. PTSD was assessed by specific instrument with criteria-symptoms POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS COMORBID WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION... 21 matching with those of DSM IV of APA. It should be mentioned that during this period more than 30.000 Palestinians suffered from moderate or serious injuries. Finally Khamis30, in her study among injured Palestinian adolescents, reported that 76.5% of them had a DSM IV diagnosis of PTSD with chronic symptoms and comorbid with depression and anxiety. To our knowledge no systematic clinicoepidemiological study has ever been conducted in the adult general population of West Bank, to explore the dimensions of PTSD, MDE and the related comorbidity. The current study was carried out 1) to explore the dimensions of comorbidity of PTSD with MDE in a general population sample of Palestinians of West Bank at the end of second "intifada" 2) to investigate the prevalence of comorbidity of PTSD and MDE among those Palestinians were identified as refugees 3) to examine the suicidal behavior among each diagnostic category and 4) to delineate the possible differences in predictors of categorical diagnosis of PTSD, MDE and comorbid PTSD/MDE.


Vehicular platoon are a promising approach to new transportation systems, with innovative capabilities, such as vehicle sharing and adaptability to demand. This paper presents a multiagent solution to the platoon control problem with a linear configuration. In our case, a platoon is a vehicle train composed of a head vehicle and a variable number of followers. The head vehicle is human-driven or autonomous, whereas each follower vehicle controls its movement by interacting only with the preceding one. To this end, the platoon control system was designed as a reactive multiagent system where each follower vehicle is an agent. Each agent's behavior is specified by a physics inspired model, which allows to compute vehicle's speed and direction from a single perception: the distance to the preeding vehicle. Platoon stability emerges as a global result of individual interactions. Furthermore, adaptability to different kinds of vehicles is obtained by adjusting the model's physical parameters. Another important aspect is related to platoon's evolution, mainly by vehicle merging and splitting. To assert the transition from abstract to concrete, both simulations and experimentations have been implemented.


Reconstruction of the resectedmandiblefragmentsof rabbitsby NiTi implant leaded to bone restoration that occurred 4 times fasterthanunder naturalreparative processwithequal results. To minimize the effectof the implantonreparative processin the second casethe construction was fixedinpositionof the frontaldislocation, i.e.anteriorlyto the resectedbranchprojection. Long-termfunctional effect (62-65 months) in all casesjustifys the prospectsof medical devicefor clinical application.


The goal of the present article is to investigate the degree of convergence in public expenditures for a panel of 17 European Union member countries spanning the period 1990 to 2012. We apply the methodology of Phillips and Sul (2007) to various categories of public expenditures to assess the existence of convergence clubs. Overall, the results do not support the hypothesis that all countries converge to a single equilibrium state in various public expenditures.


The human locomotor system is a complex kinematic system whose elements remain in uninterrupted mutual subtle relations. Any changes in the position or function within the spinepelvis complex or in lower limbs trigger mutual reactions. Therefore, one should believe that the concept of tensegration and the integrity of myofascial tapes, assuming that the normal function of the musculoskeletal system depends on the correct deployment of tension between specific elements of the system, is currently the only concept that meets the needs of the comprehensive therapy of postural mistakes and defects.


In this paper, we propose an effective model for aspect-based sentiment analysis. First, we combined a sentiment dictionary and syntactic dependency rules to extract reliable word pairs (sentiment — aspect). Then, thanks to ontology, we grouped those aspects and determined the sentiment polarity of each. When we conducted experiments on real reviews, the system showed positive results.


The spectral collocation method for the high accuracy with the high order is developed. The problems of non-parallel boundary layer stability under a function of the pressure gradient are studied by the parabolic stability equation (PSE) and the local method. The key function of the non-parallelism under some conditions is shown by the comparison of the results from the classical stability problem of the parallel flow. The effect of the pressure gradient on critical Reynolds number is also displayed and the influence rule of the different pressure fields on the flow stability is exploited.


Six Sigma is the management strategy developed by Motorola to reduce defects in products. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) is a methodology for determining the values of the design parameters, which maximize the performance of some system without tightening the material, manufacturing or environmental tolerances. This paper presents the implementation of DFSS for redesign of the LE-7 engine. Uncertainties with design parameters and operational conditions are considered in evaluating thrust performance, thrust chamber life, turbo-pump cavitation, and combustion stability. Traditional deterministic optimization results and probabilistic optimization results are compared. It is found that robustness of rocket engine is not always consistent with the extension of thrust chamber life.


Spatial orientation and magnitude of quarks magnetic moments in nucleons are derived from geometric considerations. Magnetic moments for d and u quarks are estimated respectively at 11.5e 26 and 23e 26 J/T. From these findings, quark mass is found ≈ 1.22e 29 Kg (6.85 MeV) ≊ mN*α where mN is the nucleon mean rest mass and α the fine-structure constant.


Method for the controlled ink-jet spreading of polymeric material for insulation and/or protection of printed circuits, characterised in that it has at least the following steps: - carrying out at least a first bedding/bordering/border-line contour run of the circuit design, creating a line of outline/bordering design slightly raised from said printed board surface (1); - carrying out a subsequent filling/covering run of the outlined bordered design (2).


This paper provides a nontechnical introduction to queuing network concepts, a short introduction to results of research into analytical modeling methodology, and a set of simple but typical examples that illustrate the application of that methodology to problems of computer performance.


We wish to thank James Baron, Mary Douglas, Elisabeth Hansot, Meryl Louis, James March, Jeffrey Pfeffer, Edgar Schein, Art Stinchcombe, and Eugene Webb fortheir helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Organizational cultures, and in particular stories, carry a claim to uniqueness-that an institution is unlike any other. This paper argues that a culture's claim to uniqueness is, paradoxically, expressed through cultural manifestations, such as stories, that are not in fact unique. We present seven types of stories that make a tacit claim to uniqueness. We show that these seven stories occur, in virtually identical form, in a wide variety of organizations. We then suggest why these stories have proliferated while others have not.


The focal adhesion (FA) is the structural basis of the cell-extracellular matrix crosstalk and plays important roles in control of organ formation and function. Here we show that expression of FA protein vinculin is dramatically reduced in osteocytes in patients with aging-related osteoporosis. Deleting vinculin using the mouse 10-kb Dmp1-Cre transgenic mice causes a severe osteopenia in both young and aged mice by impairing osteoblast function without affecting bone resorption. Vinculin loss impairs the anabolic response of skeleton to mechanical loading in mice. At the molecular level, vinculin knockdown increases, while vinculin overexpression decreases, sclerostin expression in osteocytes without impacting expression of Mef2c, a major transcriptional regulator of the Sost gene, which encodes sclerostin. Vinculin interacts with Mef2c and vinculin loss enhances Mef2c nuclear translocation and binding to the Sost enhancer ECR5 to promote sclerostin production in osteocytes. Deleting Sost expression reverses the osteopenic phenotypes caused by vinculin loss in mice. We demonstrate that estrogen is a major regulator of vinculin expression in osteocytes and that more importantly vinculin loss mediates estrogen deficiency induction of bone loss in mice. Thus, we demonstrate a novel mechanism through which vinculin inhibits the Mef2c-driven sclerostin expression in osteocytes to promote bone formation.


This article reports on the association between manic-depressive illness and a polymorphic DNA marker in the pseudoautosomal region (Xp22.32; Yp11.3). The authors studied two markers in 49 biologically unrelated patients and 119 normal controls. Probe 362A (DXYS20) identified four alleles. Frequencies of the A4 allele were significantly higher in patients than in controls. 9 refs., 1 tab.


A high-yielding, thiophilic attack of thiolate ions onto phosphonodithioformates led to the formation of the novel phosphorylated dithioacetal disulfides. Their lithiated carbanions could be both alkylated, giving access to [tris(alkylthio)methyl]phosphonates via a [1,2]-Steven's type rearrangement of an intermediate sulfonium ylide D and used in Wittig-Horner reactions to give the ketene dithioacetal disulfides , which in turn could be cleaved by thiolate anions to a dithioesters. This second sequence represents a new synthesis of dithioesters starting from aldehydes with a one-carbon homologation


The dislocation mechanism of aluminum alloy strengthening is introduced mainly.The technical methods and means of aluminum alloy strengthening are discussed.Development trend of high-strength aluminum alloy is further researched.


This paper briefly introducts and reviews new diploma framework,the accreditation standard and assessment model for 14-19 common education,which are included in the report:Final Refort of the Working Group on 14-19 Reform:14-19 Curriculum and Qualifications Reform,which can be used as reference for the examination system reform of Chinese upper secondary education.


e16075Background: Although the triweekly S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX3) combination chemotherapy has yielded significant improvements in PFS, OS and RR, the high toxicities limit the use in elderly pat...


The near-equilibrium energy spectrum of the delayed neutrons from the fast neutron-induced fission of /sup 240/Pu has been measured over the energy range from 40 to 1500 keV. The spectrum is somewhat similar in shape to near-equilibrium spectra previously reported for other isotopes, and the peak structure is consistent with results from both fissionable isotopes and from various individual delayed neutron precursors.


Tritium (3H) is a radioactive element of ecological concern because of its release into aquatic ecosystems from nuclear power plants. However, the acute and chronic effects of tritiated water (HTO) on aquatic organisms are poorly documented, as are its effects on oxidative stress. In addition, the effects of HTO in combination with other contaminants remain largely unexamined. Herein, we document the effect of HTO on a primary aquatic producer (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) by measuring growth and oxidative stress using fluorimetric (H2DCF‐DA) determination of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. The maximum cell density of the alga (1.65 × 106 cells mL‐1) was reduced by 23% (1.27 × 106 cells mL‐1) at the highest exposure tested (59 MBq mL‐1 HTO), whereas cells exposed to 0.9 MBq mL‐1 showed a significantly enhanced maximum cell density of 1.90 × 106 cells mL‐1, an increase of 15%. With regard to oxidative stress, exposure to HTO (0.04, 0.16, and 2.8 MBq mL‐1) induced an early dose‐dependent peak in ROS production after 14–15 min of exposure, followed by a slow decrease in ROS which stabilized after 60 min. Moreover, this study showed that the presence of HTO may influence the impact of other conventional, nonradioactive contaminants, such as copper, a well known oxidizing trace metal for aquatic organisms. A significant synergic effect of copper and HTO on ROS production was observed. This synergic effect on oxidative stress was shown to be linked to an enhanced copper uptake rate measured in the presence of HTO (> 4 times). We conclude that HTO should be considered as a sensitizer when in a mixture with other contaminants, especially through interactions on the antioxidant system of algae. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.


Packaging design has the special style in Japan. It has the patterns of tradition and modem. This paper discusses their formation and factors of effect.


Abstract Both the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide and over 60% of people with T2DM develop cardiovascular disease. There are many data supporting the view that glycaemic control plays a role in reducing cardiovascular complications. The relationship between hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex with evidence suggesting that an acute increase of glycaemia, particularly after a meal, may have a direct detrimental effect on cardiovascular disease. Although control of fasting hyperglycaemia is necessary, it is usually insufficient to obtain optimal glycaemic control. A growing body of evidence suggests that reducing post meal plasma glucose excursions is as important, or perhaps more important for achieving HbA1c goals. New classes of therapies for managing post meal plasma glucose in people with diabetes (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) have shown significant benefits in reducing post meal plasma glucose excursions andlowering HbA1c. The individual properties of the various GLP‑1 receptor agonists might enable incretin-based treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to be tailored to the needs of each patient.


Abstract. When doing inventory for cryptic and rare species, it can be difficult to determine with great confidence that a sampled area has no occurrences of the target species. Boreal Felt lichen (Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue.) P.M.Jørg.) and Vole Ears lichen (Erioderma mollissimum (G.Sampaio) Du Rietz) are two rare species of cyanolichens that have several populations in North America, including Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Alaska. These lichens occur in small numbers and are difficult to spot with the untrained eye; therefore, they are likely to be overlooked in standard sampling protocols. In this paper, we develop and test a sampling method that enables us to determine with confidence that a sample site has zero occurrences of the species of interest within a defined area (i.e., an absence of detections indicates an absence of the target lichen species and is not a false absence). On 50 sites, we randomly assigned "decoy lichen" treatments (small pieces of felt that resemble boreal felt lichen) and three seekers with different survey experience and time limits carried out their respective searches for these decoys. This sampling method is very applicable to sessile, rare organisms, such as lichens and mosses. Using circular sample plots of 5m in radius, we determined that 20 minutes is the required search effort to detect at least one rare and cryptic lichen individuals within the plot. We also found that decoy density on a plot had a strong influence on decoy detectability, regardless of seeker experience. Detection reliability was greater for the two seekers with prior cryptic survey experience compared to the seeker with none. High confidence in the "true absence" rate is useful for comparative studies of optimal and non-optimal habitat, and the methods here are useful to estimate detection rates for other cryptic organisms.


A numerical solution for the Navier-Stokes equations in the unbounded region is considered for the interaction of an isolated vortex and shear flow. A Chebyshey collocation method in space and finite-difference method for temporal discretization are used. The results of the numerical experiments for the interaction are discussed. It is shown that shear flow can both increase and decrease the vortex dissipation rate.


Research concerning CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells (SCs) has attracted great attention. However, the CH3NH3PbI3 material's critical dispersion relationships, i.e. the refractive index and the extinction coefficient, n(λ) and k(λ), as functions of λ, have been little studied. Without this knowledge, it will be difficult to quantitively investigate the optical properties of the CH3NH3PbI3 SCs. We studied n(λ) and k(λ) of CH3NH3PbI3 with spectroscopic ellipsometry. The CH3NH3PbI3 film was fabricated by dual-source evaporation, and the surface roughness was investigated to facilitate SE modeling. With the acquired n(λ) and k(λ), we applied the finite difference time domain method to calculate the ultimate efficiency, η(d), without considering carrier recombination, of the planar CH3NH3PbI3 SC as a function of the film thickness, d, from 31.25 nm to 2 μm, and compared with those of GaAs, c-Si, and a-Si:H(10%H) SCs. It is demonstrated that, η(d) for CH3NH3PbI3 SC is a little smaller than, but very close to that for the GaAs SC, however, much larger than that for the c-Si SC, for all d calculated; and much larger than that for the a-Si:H(10%H) SC when d > 100 nm. Apart from an appropriate band gap near 1.5 eV, the larger k(λ) and smaller n(λ) of CH3NH3PbI3 explain why the CH3NH3PbI3 SC has high efficiency.


The aim of the article is to describe the nature of usability issues in a new virtual environment designed for collaboration through an information-based task. The virtual environment models a collaborative problem space of scheduling a two-day trip for students in a tourist office. Usability issues are analyzed within the framework of James Reason's where errors observed are interpreted as rule-based mistakes, i.e. the false application of rules from the physical world in the virtual reality. The issues observed qualitatively on video recordings reveal that these rule-based errors of usability in the 3D cave are related to the lack of feedback. Participants fail to seize an object because they do not "feel" that they reached it unless they have something similar to tactile feedback. Other mistakes in usability are related to typing in the 3D cave which is connected to previous findings about the immersion breaking nature of typing. Those findings implicate that the virtual reality cave as a user interface should induce applicable rules. It would be another solution to fit this interface to the rules of the real world by implementing new feedback channels replacing tactile and postural information.


In ancient story we are told that one oi our sex remaining in Troy wrought harm to the Greeks. In modern recital may it be said that women of American Troy have done them lasting good.-Emma Hart Willard, The Troy Press, Extra, Jan. 17, 1833In The Trojan Women, the Greek playwright Euripides focuses on the sufferings of a small group of women from the captured city of Troy as they await their departure into slavery. The play's denunciation of such brutality is symbolized in the character of Cassandra, who warns against the folly of far-flung aggression. In the end retribution comes when the god Poseidon shatters the returning Greek fleet. In the "modern recital" of the "women of Troy," as told by Emma Hart Willarcl, the scene shifts from the shores of Ilium to the banks of the Hudson River in upstate New York. There, in 1833, in the city by the same name, a small group of women led by Willard embarked on an ambitious campaign to establish, in Greece, a female seminary to train women teachers, making the women of the United States, not the ancients, the wellspring of western civilization. Women's rights arid American supremacy combine in Willard's Greek projects. Civilization will be recast simultaneously in America and the Old World to include women's influence.A leader in women's education and founder of the Troy Female Seminary (the first school to offer higher education for young women in the United States), Willard saw an opportunity to impart to the struggling Greeks, recently emancipated after four centuries of Turkish rule, some of the benefits in education that she had given to American women. Her Troy Seminary, founded in 1821, had introduced into the curriculum advanced courses in history, philosophy, morals, mathematics, and the natural sciences.' The question of female education in Greece also offered Willard a forum to enter into a much broader debate on the subject of women's rights, both at home and abroad. And like Cassandra, who foretells the consequences of male aggression against the helpless women of Troy, Willard warned against denying women their proper rights in society:[W]hen men in their legislative capacity, forget uur rights-when in extending for the education of male youth, they hestow not a thought on us-when in some cases . . . they make laws oppressive to us, it is not strange that some among us of impetuous spirits, madly seek to break the social order[.]She only had to point to the "ravings" of Mary Wollstonecraft and Frances Wright, who sought to eliminate distinctions of women's social role based on their gender. Wright was an advocate of "true equality" between the sexes; she promoted birth control, liberalized divorce laws, and legal rights for married women. Willard's goals were more moderate, but no less revolutionary.2Unlike Wright and other more "radical" feminists, Willard did not openly challenge the prevailing belief that most arenas of public life should be reserved for men. Nonetheless, she believed that the nation's future prosperity rested upon the character of its citizens-characters that would be formed by American mothers. In antebellum America, women could not participate in formal politics, nor could they pursue many professional or business careers. Married women had no property rights or a legal identity apart from their husbands. But a prevailing female ideal, under the guise of "republican motherhood," which encouraged women to exercise their maternal and domestic faculties, also recognized women's role in promoting public virtue. While it belonged to men to determine the republic's political institutions, it fell to women to provide-through education and domestic training-the foundation for giving those institutions permanence by training their sons in republican citizenship.3For Willard, women's uplift and the improved status of women marked the degree of "civilization" reached by society as a whole. When men fail to uphold women's rights, society crumbles. …


In this paper, a numerical scheme is utilized to solve three‐dimensional nonlinear system of Volterra‐Hammerstein integrals equations, which is based on the three‐dimensional block‐pulse functions (3D‐BPFs) and their operational matrices. Then the primary nonlinear system is transferred into a linear system of algebraic equations by applying the approximate expression and operational matrices, which can be easily solved through any numerical techniques. According to the convergence of 3D‐BPFs, the new convergence analysis and error estimation theorem of the research system is detailed investigated. Lastly illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique.


The aim of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of the evidence for long-term river flow changes in the UK. This paper necessarily focuses on climate-driven changes in flow, as opposed to capturing changes caused by human influences such as water management practices (e.g. abstraction, discharges, impoundments) or changes in land-use or land management. The paper reviews evidence for changes through the twentieth century, up to the present (2012). However, some consideration is also given to changes earlier than 1900. The focus of the work is on the UK, although a section briefly considers the wider European context. The paper begins with some background on the mechanisms through which climate change may influence river flows, and a description of the data and methods which are commonly used in assessments of hydrological change. The review of the evidence then considers changes in annual and seasonal runoff, high flows and indicators of flooding, low flows and indicators of drought, and river flow trends at the wider European scale. Attribution of observed trends is then discussed, focusing on consistency with observed climate changes, and addressing whether changes can be attributed to anthropogenic warming. Finally, an assessment of confidence in observed changes is made, and knowledge gaps are listed.


【Objective】 To study the MRI features and clinical significance of lumbar Scheuermann's disease.【Methods】 A retrospective analysis of 2 164 cases data of lumbar MRI based on the large field of view.【Results】 Lumbar Scheuermann's disease were found in 23 cases,mostly in 30 to 49 years old.23 patients underwent thoracic MRI scan in the course of the disease.23 cases were associated with different degrees pain of low back,multiple vertebral body wedging,multiple Schmorl's nodules,and some case with kyphosis.Schmorl's nodules were found mostly in T11~L4,MRI showing the intervertebral disk hernia into the defect of vertebral endplate,surrounding with hardened edges and different degrees of disc or endplate degeneration,and sagittal displaying the best.The images of the lumbar MRI scanning based on the large field of view(sagittal scan field with 40~43 cm) can display the disease predilection sites of lower thoracic and lumbar simultaneously,so the diagnosis rate of the disease improved,and the scanning is cost-effective.【Conclusion】 It is characteristic for lumbar Scheuermann's disease on MRI manifestation and it is of great significance to diagnose the disease with lumbar MRI scan based on the large field of view.


Most of the sewage generated in rural areas all over the country is not disposed or treated in an environmentally acceptable manner. On-site treatment systems, when used elsewhere, are mainly aerobic treatment systems, which are costly to construct and operate. An alternative approach in addressing this crisis is the adoption of low cost sanitation facilities, such as anaerobic treatment systems, which offers low construction, low energy, low cost and easy operation and maintenance as well as sustainable and reuse. A Pilot Plant model was developed to study and the application of the anaerobic biofilter process performance for treating municipal wastewater. The main objective and purpose of the research is to assess and investigate the feasibility and applicability of the anaerobic bio-filter process to treat low-strength domestic wastewater at different organic loading rates by using dual stage treatment. The raw wastewater is mainly domestic in origin but some small other sewages such as industrial waste may be added to the sewer network, so we consider the sewage used is low strength complex wastewater in this study. The model was directly connected to a pre-settled wastewater. The average influent BOD and COD concentrations ranged from 83 to 119, and 103 to 167 mg/l, respectively. Total Influent Suspended Solids varied from 60 to 116 mg/l. The average influent Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3) and Phosphor (PO4) concentrations ranged from 21 to 27.6, and 5.9 to 7.8 mg/l, respectively. The reactor constitutes of two anaerobic compartments (tanks) filled with fixed bed media plastic material of total volume equals 0.85 m 3 . The Pilot Plant was operated using constant flow of 5 m 3 /day and total hydraulic retention time equals 69 hrs. The research pilot plant operation was conducted to study the effects of different organic loading rates (2.53, 1.95, 1.60 and 1.35 kg cod /m 3 .d) for 16 weeks. The samples were taken simultaneously daily or weekly to collect a considerable data to help to achieve the research's objectives. The average removal efficiencies of CODt equal 50.49, 60.82, 72.71, and 75.85%, the average removal efficiencies of CODs equal 56, 61.91, 73.61 and 76.52%, the average BOD removal efficiencies equal 58.77, 65.16, 81.33 and 82.16%, the average TSS removal efficiencies equal 57.16, 61.55, 74.23 and 77.52%,


An interview survey of FP discount-rate loan is made in District Daxing,Beijing to see whether the government FP policy has been properly put into practice and achieved the best effect.It is found that based on the local conditions,the district has scientifically integrated and made full use of the loans with the help of media economic organizations and sectors,and then brought along the poor FP families to participate in the project,helping them to avoid risks,to make money steadily,to emerge from poverty,and hence realized the transformation from "transfusing blood" to "producing blood",and achieved win-win results among the government,the people and the economic organizations.


Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Psychology, University Of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University Of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea


Little knowledge of the diseases, parasites and pathogens presented by fish of the genus Epinephelus (Roumbedakis et al., 2013) is available. Parasites serves as keystones for understanding the history of biotas because of their critical value as phylogenetic, ecological and biogeographic indicators of their host groups (Hoberg and Klassen, 2002). The Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) is the largest species of the Epinephelinea, reaching 400kg and measuring more than 3m in length, found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, inhabiting estuarine and coastal areas (Bullock et al., 1992). Due the decadence of the Goliath grouper population in several regions in Brazil, the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture prohibited until the year 2023 the capture of this species in Brazilian jurisdictional waters (Sanches et al., 2015). Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the parasite isopods found in the Goliath grouper and thus contribute to the formation of a database related to the parasitology of the species. Two specimens of Goliath grouper, a male of total length 1.73m and a female of total length 1.0m were captured during research expedition (SISBIO 15080-2 and 31719-1), using line and hook (non-destructive sampling), in southern Atlantic Ocean, on the coast of Paraná (Brazil), between 25° and 27° south latitude. During this sampling and identification fishes were examined, observing the presence of three ectoparasites of the order Isopoda in the pectoral fin and in operculum of the Goliath grouper. After the procedures, the specimens were returned alive to the same capture site. The isopods were carefully removed with the aid of tweezers and was placed in test tube for preservation in 70% alcohol. To identify the species the ectoparasites were then sent to the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo. Stereomicroscope was used for determination of morphological characteristics of the parasites and these characters were used for the description of isopods (Williams Junior and Williams, 1978; Trilles 1994; Brusca, 1981). Based in the morphology of pereiopod 7 sub equal in length to 6, uropodal rami not serrate, uropod exopod about twice as long as endopod; endopod distal margin deeply indented; ropod exopod slightly longer than endopod and distal margin not deeply indented, two specimens collected from Goliath grouper male corresponds to the description of Nerocila acuminata (Schiödte and Meinert, 1881) and one collected from female was Nerocila armata (Dana, 1853) (Figure 1). The isopod specimens N. armata (MZUSP 34740) and N. acuminata (MZUSP 34816) were deposited in the Zoology Museum of the University of São Paulo, in São Paulo, SP. Species of the genera Nerocila have a trisinuate cephalon posterior margin, have coxae 5–7 as long as or longer than the respective pereonite, lobes on the posterior surface of the pleopod endopods 3–5 (Bruce 1987) and the external attaching clade (Brusca 1981). N. armata is very striking, among other characteristics by the 3 black longitudinal stripes standing out, especially in pleotelson of the general gray-yellow coloration of the body. The pereonites 1–4 posterolateral angles are not produced, acute and uropods are typical (Trilles 1994). N. acuminata is distinguished by the uropod endopod with both margins sinuate, forming an extended acute point (Brusca 1981). Regarding the hosts the species N. acuminata has been observed on as many as 40 species of fishes (families Engraulidae, Atherinidae, Serranidae, Mugilidae and Embiotocidae) (Espinosa-Pérez and Hendrickx, 2001). N. acuminata had already been reported parasitizing Goliath grouper on the US coast and in the Caribbean (Kensley and Schotte, 1989). However, there were no records of N. armata parasitizing Goliath grouper. To date, there are no previous records of parasitic isopod on Goliath groupers in southern Atlantic Ocean. This report is a useful tool to create parasitological First record of parasitic isopods Nerocila acuminata (Schiödte & Meinert, 1881) and Nerocila armata (Dana, 1853) (Artropoda, Cymothoidae) in Goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) in southern Atlantic Ocean


A salt-free functionalisation of phenols with either butadiene
or isoprene in the presence of palladium catalysts has been developed,
which gives octadienyl- or decadienylphenols selectively.


On the base of the research on natural and man-established vegetation communities in Wuqi county, the species diversity of those communities were analyzed. The results show that the communities at early and balanced stages of natural restoration had a higher diversity and evenness index, yet the peak value of abundance index appeared in the middle stage of the succession. The species diversity of bush communities was higher than grass communities while it decreased after a fixed number of year and the bush communities degraded to certain degree. Species diversity can be used to estimate the vegetation's functions in conserving soil and water indirectly, but when estimated, species abundance and evenness in spatial distribution should be taken into consideration.


This chapter pierces the existing scholarly silence around Hoyt Fuller's sexuality by exploring how sexual politics shaped both the life and afterlife of the editor. It maps the ways that silences around Fuller's sexuality have been (de)constructed across time and space. It identifies exactly who helped manufacture these silences, speculates about factors that led to their production, gestures to the contexts out of which they emerged, and illuminates rare moments when some of these silences were punctured. By mapping the production (and shattering) of silences, the chapter offers insight into the ways movement activists responded to Fuller's sexuality. His intimate life--as a man who had sex with other men (and women)--troubles conventional wisdom about the movement and Black nationalism, more broadly. The chapter argues that instead of being simplistic, dogmatic, or uniform in their thinking, movement participants thought about sexuality in complex, varied, and inconstant ways.


Abstract In this article, analytical solutions of couple stress fluid flow modeled with a power law fractional differential operator are discussed. Stokes' second problem for an incompressible couple stress fluid is studied for an horizontal plate of infinite length. The governing equations of the flow problem are expressed in terms of a partial differential operator and then converted into a non-dimensional model by using dimensional analysis. Then the integer order problem was formulated in terms of the non-integer order of three types of fractional derivatives and then solved with the help of the Laplace transform method. The obtained solutions are complex and expressed in terms of series. In order to check the memory index of the solutions obtained with three different fractional operators, we have plotted some graphs. It is found that the constant proportional operator provides us a better choice about the memory and maximum enhancement achieved in the comparison of Caputo and Caputo–Fabrizio. Furthermore, in order to check the accuracy of the present results, we have compared the obtained solutions with the existing literature and found a good agreement between them.


The article suggests a modeling method and shows relations of state of a polycrystalline body under severe plastic deformation in temperature range outside the sphere of phase transformations, where the body constitutes heterogeneous medium created by two interacting components - continual medium and grain boundaries structure imbedded into this medium. Evolution of grain boundaries, temperature and internal energy connected with changes of stress-strain state inside of and at grain boundaries are regarded from the point of view of regulations of thermodynamics of irreversible processes.


p1 l18: I think that in the abstract "weak" needs quantification. One would expect the aerosol to be second order anyway. Answer: The following sentence was added to the abstract: "On a daily basis, aerosol shows no correlation with cloud radiative properties (R = -0.01 + 0.03) whereas liquid water path shows a positive correlation (R = 0.56 + 0.02)". P1 l29: Most publications currently would suggest additional effects due to microphysical adjustments, not so much a compensation (e.g. Lohmann and Feichter, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006) Answer: In the original sentence we talk about both: "mutually compensating effects and adjustments". We don't think a change is necessary. p2 l6: I think we should in general aim to be more specific about what we mean by "meteorology". Answer: In order to be more specific, the sentence was modified to: "The influence of meteorological drivers and thermodynamic conditions (e.g., atmospheric stability and humidity) on aerosol-cloud interaction assessments is increasingly being brought into focus". P2 l19: It would be useful to discuss Bender et al. (J Climate 2015 doi 10.1175/JCLI-D-150095.1) Answer: Thanks for raising this. The main point of this paper is that for marine stratocumulus regimes, at a fixed cloud fraction, total albedo is controlled by temporal rather than spatial variability. This is a bit off topic and despite our efforts, we couldn't find a place to insert this idea without breaking the flow of the paper. P2 l27: It would be appropriate to cite Li et al. (Nature Geosci 2011, doi 10.1038/NGEO1313) here. Answer: We have modified our text to say: "The availability of such a large and comprehensive dataset provides an excellent opportunity to pursue a long-term study of the effects of aerosol and meteorology on the cloud radiative effect." Li et al. addressed aerosol effects on precipitation. We have concerns about the way aerosol (CN rather than CCN), thermodynamics and macroscopic variables were taken into account in Li et al., 2011's paper and therefore chose not to cite it in the manuscript. P2 l29: Again it would be good to specify what is meant by "meteorology" Answer: The sentence was modified to "14-years of ground-based measurements at the SGP were analyzed to investigate the effects of aerosol and meteorological drivers (such as capping inversion strength, surface-boundary layer coupling and turbulence) on clouds". p3 l13: abbreviate second as "s" Answer: Done. p3 l20: overcast at which scale (1 min≈ 600 m for 10 m/s wind speed?) Answer: In this context, overcast conditions are considered on the scale of hundreds of meters. The average wind speed is around 6 m/s (1 min ~ 360 m). This information is now included in the revised manuscript. P2 l8: "s" instead of "second" Answer: Done. p4 l31: this is only true on climatological (monthly-mean) time scales (e.g. Nam and Quaas, Geophys. Res. Lettt., doi:10.1002/grl.50945) Answer: Some studies point out the relationship between LTS and fc on climatological (monthlymean) time scales. However, Chen et al., Nature Geosc., 2014 point out the importance of LTS on cloud liquid water responses on a much shorter timeframe. In their work, instantaneous ECMWF reanalysis data are interpolated for each CloudSat cloud radar profile. This reference is now included in the newest version of the manuscript. p5 l2, l4: minute → min Answer: Done. p5 l12: the stricter criterion was second in the earlier sentence Answer: Thanks for noticing it. The order of the sentence has been inverted in the new version of the manuscript. p5 l18: This is an interesting result. Is the conclusion that clouds are independent of the turbulence and other boundary-layer properties, at least with regard to the LWP? Answer: We cannot affirm that clouds (or specifically LWP) are independent of these properties based only on the analysis of these histograms. Figure 1 only shows that the distributions of turbulence, Di, LTS and Ai do not depend significantly on the higher and lower end of the LWP distribution (30-50 g/m and 150 250 g/m). However, to address the influence of these boundary-layer properties on clouds would require a much more rigorous analysis that delves into the full meteorological context of these data. P5 l24: It would be useful to also list the other numbers: what is the fraction of data-points with f=1, what with f > 0.99? Answer: The fraction of data points with fc=1 (or fc > 0.99) is 79%, for LWP between 50 and 150 g/m and 75% for LWP between 30 and 250 g/m. This information is now included in the revised manuscript. P5 l27: To which extent are these two quantities independent at all? Is not actually one derived from the other one (Table 1)? Answer: These quantities are not derived from each other, but they are closely related. According to Xie and Liu, 2013 the relation shown in equation (4) holds if we consider surface albedo = 0 and neglect cloud absorption of radiation. As usually surface albedo << 1 and cloud absorption is small, equation (4) is a good approximation for rCRE. p8 l11: Why this choice? Why not choosing bins such that each contains the same amount of data? Answer: The statistical distribution of LWP is asymmetrical and would typically require geometrically increasing bin width. However the lack of noise at the higher end of the LWP distribution suggests that there is no need to change to a geometrical bin structure. The binning choice used in the original manuscript makes the plot fairly symmetrical, using easy-to-read intervals (0.02 and 5 g/m, for rCRE and LWP, respectively). rCRE varies from 0 to 1, leading to 50 bin intervals. LWP varies from 0 to 250 g/m (even though, only measurements with LWP > 30 g/m were considered), also leading to 50 bin intervals. As shown above, we see no significant change in results for a different LWP bin width. P8 l17: But Fig. 3e still shows considerable f changes that dominate rCRE variability at low LWP. Answer: True. This is associated with the small amount of clouds with lower fc that bring down the average fc as explained in the text. The following sentence is now included in the manuscript: " Figure 3e shows considerable fc changes that dominate rCRE variability at low LWP." We believe the explanation was already in the text: "Some rCRE differences could be related to the relatively small number of broken cloud events that: i) reduce rCRE due to the smaller fc associated with this cloud type; and, ii) introduce the possibility of three-dimensional radiative effects (e.g., Wen et al. 2007), and therefore deviations from the simple two-stream model approximations that form the basis of the rCRE analysis". P9 l1: Discussion perhaps on negative relation between τ and rCRE for lower LWP? Answer: We don't see a negative relation between rCRE and tc at low LWP. P9 l12: can one tease out the result more clearly e.g. by averaging over the LWP bins? Answer: Figure R5 shows w' averaged over LWP bins. For LWP < 100 g/m, w' decreases with increasing LWP. This is mostly driven by the larger number of broken cumuli that have lower fc, lower LWP and higher w'. As LWP increases, the number of broken cumuli in each LWP bin decreases, fc increases and w' decreases. As LWP reaches higher values, almost no brokencumuli are observed, the number of observations decreases (Fig. 1a) and therefore w' saturates and becomes noisier. Figure R5: w' averaged according to LWP bins. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean value of w'. P9 l12: "this result suggests" → "this result confirms" (as this important point was discussed and explained earlier) Answer: Done. p9 l17: again, only on monthly timescales Answer: As previously pointed out, the impact of LTS on cloud liquid water responses was verified at a much shorter timeframe (Chen et al., Nature Geosc., 2014). p9 l25: as before "These results indicate" → "These results confirm" Answer: Done. p9 l31: good idea! How many points remain? Maybe show a joint histogram? Answer: Figure R6 shows the joint histogram of cloud albedo and LWP for overcast conditions (fc = 1). This figure will be included in the Supplementary section. Figure R6: Joint histogram of cloud albedo and LWP for fully overcast conditions (fc = 1). P9 l32: interesting result. What could be the interpretation? Answer: This figure was removed in the new version of the manuscript. As previously pointed out by the referee and discussed here, rCRE increases with θ0. As high Di values are observed at times of the day when θ0 is high, due to its diurnal cycle, it is hard to attribute this this increase in rCRE solely to an increase in Di. This increase in rCRE could be due to changes in θ0. The same analysis was performed using only data obtained when cos(θ0) ≥ 0.6. This new analysis does not show significant changes of Ac with any of the analyzed variables. This discussion was modified in the new version of the manuscript. P10 l11: for LWP bins? Or all data? Answer: For this analysis all data with LWP between 50 and 150 g m were used. Cases that had less than 25 observations per day were excluded from the analysis. P10 l18: How can a conclusion about cloud-level aerosol conditions be drawn from these results? Answer: Under well-mixed (coupled) conditions surface-based measurements of aerosol would represent well cloud-level aerosol. In the old version of the manuscript Fig. 7 showed no significant difference between well-coupled and poorly-coupled conditions. Delle Monache et al., 2004 show that, at SGP, extensive and intensive aerosol properties measured at the surface and within the atmospheric boundary layer are well-correlated. Therefore we contend that at SGP surface-based measurements of aerosol properties are representative of the air within the atmospheric boundary-layer. In the new version of the manuscript this Figure and this excluded were removed, since only well-coupled conditions (low Di) remained when solar zenith angle was limited. However, as we consider Delle Monach


Superintendents and school boards mustwork together to improve schools and student academic performance. In an attempt to improve often dismal school system performance, several states passed laws over the past decade changing certification requirements for superintendents, effectively permitting anyone, however trained, to become superintendent of a school system. What happens when people outside the traditional educational establishment become leaders of schools? This case describes the actions of a nontraditional superintendent (a noneducator) hired by a district with a history of conflict between the superintendent and the school board. This case demonstrates the challenges surrounding the hiring of nontraditional superintendents, the politics of local school boards, and issues with changes in school governance structures.


Leakage power reduction has become a major factor in all modern electronic hand held and portable devices due to advancement in the scaling of all Complimentary metal oxide semiconductor devices and circuits. For the reduction of power leakage in the circuit we have used a technique to reduce leakage power at various gates. The approach used here is stack with pass transistor for reduction of leakage power in various gates in the circuit. A parallel combination of NMOS and PMOS transistor is used in parallel for enabling stacking of the transistor for leakage reduction in pull up and pull down network of the transistor. In pull up network NMOS transistor is inserted in parallel to PMOS sacked transistor to maintain Logic level 1. NMOS transistor gets connected to Vdd in pull up Network in sleep mode then pass transistor cut off which achieves a reduction of leakage of 44.63%, 44.63%, 87.02 and 87.44% at 25 Celsius as calculated in two input NAND gate. Also there is a reduction in the Average dynamic power as 15.24%, 15.28%, 35.20%, 31.20% respectively. Area, Delay and Power requirement is satisfied by choosing particular variant of NAND gate. Hence, a trade off is made among these parameters. This technique is also implemented in One bit Full Adder for Low Power leakage design of the circuit.


Fundamentals in Visual Aids for Aviation Approach and Landing E. S. CALVERT 22 (10), 271. 1957 Brings up to date the theory of visual landing aids previously described in the author's 1950 paper to the Society, and discusses various practical methods of increasing the safety of the approach and landing operation. Indicates the need for improvements of the guidance in the vertical plane, and in the beam spread of approach lights, and for the development of fittings to provide guidance for circling approaches. Mention is made of the success of the British type of flush runway light which has enabled landing mats to become practicable.


TCR down-modulation following binding to MHC/peptide complexes is considered to be instrumental for T cell activation because it allows serial triggering of receptors and the desensitization of stimulated cells. We studied CD3/TCR down-modulation and (cid:1) degradation in T cells from two ZAP-70-immunodeficient patients. We show that, at high occupancy of the TCR, down-modulation of the CD3/TCR is comparable whether T cells express or do not express ZAP-70. However, if TCR occupancy was low, we found that CD3/TCR was down-regulated to a lesser extent in ZAP-70-negative than in ZAP-70-positive T cells. We studied CD3/TCR down-modulation in P116 (a ZAP-70-negative Jurkat cell-derived clone) and in P116 transfected with genes encoding the wild-type or a kinase-dead form of ZAP-70. Down-modulation of the TCR at high occupancy did not require ZAP-70, whereas at low TCR occupancy down-modulation was markedly reduced in the absence of ZAP-70 and in cells expressing a dead kinase mutant of ZAP-70. Thus, the presence of ZAP-70 alone is not sufficient for down-modulation; the kinase activity of this molecule is also required. The degradation of (cid:1) induced by TCR triggering is also severely impaired in T cells from ZAP-70-deficient patients, P116 cells, and P116 cells expressing a kinase-dead form of ZAP-70. This defect in TCR-induced (cid:1) degradation is observed at low and high levels of TCR occupancy. Our results identify ZAP-70, a tyrosine kinase known to be crucial for T cell activation, as a key player in TCR down-modulation and (cid:1) was maintained as previously described P116 cells were transfected with the gene encoding the wild-type form of ZAP-70 or the kinase-dead form, bearing the D461/N mutation, subcloned into a pSR (cid:1) -puro vector, as previously described (30). Stable clones were obtained by culturing the cells in the presence of 10 (cid:7) g/ml puromycin and maintained as previously described (30). The Burkitt B cell line Raji was maintained as previously described (23). The Abs used in this work were as follows: mouse mAb 4G10 (anti-phosphotyrosine, IgG2a), mAb UCHT1 (anti-CD3 (cid:5) , IgG1), PE-conjugated mAb SK7 (anti-CD3 (cid:5) , IgG1; BD Biosciences, FITC-conjugated mAb Leu12 (anti-CD19; BD Biosciences), PE-conju- gated anti-TCR (cid:1)(cid:2) mAb (IgG2b; PE-conjugated F(ab (cid:2) ) 2 anti-mouse IgG (H and L chains; anti- (cid:6)


Editor's note: The Exemplar Award is presented to a person who has served or serves as an exemplar of our organization, representing the highest ideals of scholarship, teaching, and service to the entire profession.Id like to begin with a few words of thanks: To Geneva Smitherman, chair of the Exemplar Selection Committee, and the members of that committee; to Professors Rebecca Mlynarczyk and George Otte of the CUNY Graduate Center, who nominated me; and to the colleagues, too numerous to name today, who wrote letters of support on my behalf. Thank you so much.It is both daunting and humbling to stand here this morning as the 2016 Exemplar. Daunting because how can one sum up a life devoted to the teaching of writing in six minutes? Humbling because so many of you here today, and so many of those who have received this honor in the past, are my exemplars, colleagues from whom I have drawn insight and inspiration for the past forty-five years.Forty-five: a big number. It is the number of years I have taught full-time at the City University of New York, forty-five years working at a public institution that has provided me with the freedom to create courses on any topic that fascinated me and has filled those courses with students who range in age from eighteen to eighty, native-born New Yorkers or, more of- ten than not, people who have traveled to New York from just about every corner of the world, most the first in their families to dream of obtaining a college education.As some of you in the audience know, I decided to retire this year. The Exemplar Award, then, marks an end to my work at CUNY and has given me the opportunity to reflect on my years as a compositionist. It's given me a chance to think about what it means to be a teacher and to have been part of a generation of scholars who embraced writing as a way of learning and as a process deeply embedded in our own ways of coming to understand and shape our knowledge.What Id like to do now is describe what has supported me in doing this work for forty-five years.First, this organization. I attended my first CCCC Convention in 1976. I was then in my fourth year as a full-time instructor at Hostos Community College while also enrolled in a doctoral program at NYU. Having read every article in every issue of CCC as part of my literature review, I was curious about the authors. I wanted to see them up close and personal, to experience what the sessions were like, to discover if this was a place I might want to return to.The answers are obvious. At the age of twenty-nine, I walked into a world I have never left. What I found was a world in which debates about writing were central, where excitement reigned over what we didn't know and what we might learn, where I discovered colleagues who shared my values and where I entered into friendships that have lasted a lifetime. I found a professional home.As someone who saves things, a trait I am trying to undo at this point in my life, I still have the program from that first conference. I have often used it in graduate seminars to demonstrate in material terms how our field has grown. Here is a bit of data:The 1976 program totals 84 pages compared to the current 368.In 1976, there were 9 session blocks with an average of 16 sessions per block for a total of 144 sessions. Today, not counting SIG or workshops, we have 13 blocks with an average of 38 sessions per block for a total of 494 sessions-an increase of over 300 percent. And Thursday night was not the night for the Bedford party. …


9054 Background: Universal screening for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection prior to chemotherapy has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of HBV screening prior to chemotherapy given for non-hematopoietic solid tumors (ST).

METHODS
A decision-analytic model was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of a universal patient screening program conducted as per professional guidelines, versus no screening, in hypothetical patient cohorts beginning adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer or palliative chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Survival times were extrapolated using Markov models. Probabilities were derived from published studies and costs estimated from the perspective of the Australian health care system. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed, including with the application of an alternative HBV screening strategy.

RESULTS
Using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold of $50,000 Australian dollars per life year (LY) saved, universal HBV screening was not cost-effective for adjuvant patients (ICER $88,173/LY, 13% probability of being cost-effective), palliative patients ($1,343,482/LY, 0%) or pooled (all) ST patients ($149,771/LY, 1%). Sensitivity analyses found screening approached cost-effectiveness among adjuvant patients with the highest reported rates of undiagnosed chronic HBV (65%; $51,979/LY) or HBV reactivation with chemotherapy (41%; $48,799/LY). Cost-effectiveness was also significantly influenced by HBV population prevalence, but insensitive to the relative risk reduction with prophylaxis or prophylactic antiviral drug used. An alternative screening strategy employing HBSAg testing only produced the most economically favorable results, with ICER $30,075/LY (80% probability) for adjuvant patients and $51,115/LY (43%) for the pooled cohort.

CONCLUSIONS
Universal HBV screening conducted as per current guidelines is not cost-effective in patients with non-hematopoietic ST. Screening may be economically favorable in selected patient subpopulations and/or with simplification of the screening strategy.


The reaction of intermediates formed during hydrothermal biomass gasification (HBG) with each other or with hydrogen produced by the water-gas shift reaction has a significant influence on the process. To understand these reactions, the conversion of different C4 compounds (1-butanol, 1-butanal, cis-butendiol) was investigated in a batch reactor. These compounds carry different functional groups also found in intermediates of HBG. All compounds react to make products with aromatic ring systems, which shows that the intermediates can react with each other and aromatic rings are formed independently of the functional groups. The HBG intermediates can also react with hydrogen formed via the water-gas shift reaction (CO + H2O ⇔ CO2 + H2). This is shown by the reaction of deuterated glucose in H2O. The reaction of hydrogen originating from water leads to the formation of C–H bonds not present in the feedstock.


Dust production is one of the more curious phenomena observed in massive binary systems with interacting winds. The high temperatures, UV photon flux and violent shocks should destroy any dust grains that condense. However, in some extreme cases dust production yields of approximately 30% of the total mass loss rate of the stellar winds have been observed. In order to better understand this phenomenon a parameter space exploration was performed using a series of numerical models of dust producing carbon phase Wolf-Rayet (WCd) systems. These models incorporated a passive scalar dust model simulating dust growth, destruction and radiative cooling. We find that reasonable dust yields were produced by these simulations. Significant changes in the dust yield were caused by changing the mass loss rates of the stars, with a greater mass loss rate contributing to increased dust yields. Similarly, a close orbit between the stars also resulted in higher dust yields. Finally, a high velocity wind shear, which induces Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities and wind mixing, drastically increases the dust yields.


The small molecule biosynthetic potential of most filamentous fungi remains largely unexplored and represents an attractive source for new compound discovery. Genome sequencing of Calcarisporium arbuscula, a mushroom endophytic fungus, revealed 68 core genes that are involved in natural products biosynthesis. This is in sharp contrast to predominant production of the ATPase inhibitors aurovertin B (1) and D (2). Inactivation of a histone H3 deacetylase HdaA led to pleiotropic activation and overexpression of more than 75% of the biosynthetic genes. Sampling of the overproduced compounds led to isolation of ten compounds of which four contain new structures, including the cyclic peptides arbumycin (3) and arbumelin (4); the diterpenoid arbuscullic acid A (11); and a meroterpenoid arbuscullic acid B (12). Such epigenetic modification therefore provides a rapid and global approach to mine the chemical diversity of endophytic fungi.


Visual loss in relation with cancer has greatly increased in adult as in child. Not only because improvement of diagnostic techniques, but because survival rate has dramatically improved. Acute visual loss may be associated to direct or metastatic involvement of the eye or may be a consequence of cancer therapy including chemotherapy, radiation as newer modality like intra‐arterial injections. Considering the possible immunodysfunction in these patients infection as autoimmune disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute uni or bilateral visual loss. Clinical features and therapeutic options will be discussed through clinical cases.


On February the 5th 1716/7. at Eight at Night, an Aurora Borealis appeared, It occupied at least 1/6 or near I/5 of the Horizon; it was low, and shot out bright Rays, and, I believe, would have appeared very light, had it not been that the Moon shone at the same time, being about Five Days old, and that the Aurora disappear'd before the Moon set.


Where do you start if you are responsible for ensuring accessibility in a new transportation facility that will support the efficient movement of all people, regardless of age, ability or disability? You start with mandatory codes and standards and best practices. But what if you want to learn from other people and incorporate the best of universal design? To gain an international perspective, a good place to begin is the International Commission on Technology and Accessibility (ICTA). ICTA is a permanent commission of Rehabilitation International and has chapters in six regions of the world. Membership includes people with disabilities, service providers, experts in universal design, assistive technologies and web design. Presenters are all key members and recognized experts in universal design and accessibility. The principles of universal design are being widely embraced as a common sense approach to integrating design practices that accommodate everyone, including older people, children and people with or without disabilities. Universal design is a way to create products and environments that are more usable by everyone, regardless of age or ability. (Mace, 1985) Universal design has been defined as the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible without the need for adaptation or specialized design (Connell et al, 1996). Other terms have been used in the past such as accessible design, adaptable design, and barrier-free design, however these terms tend to refer to the needs of a specialized population, and these designs tend to segregate and stigmatize, (i.e.: handicapped entrance). The important characteristic of universal design solutions is that they do not segregate users and do not become less usable by persons who are not disabled. Designers and transportation engineers have begun to realize that transportation systems that accommodate and are inclusive of people with activity limitations and sensory disabilities are more cost effective, inclusive and sustainable. A universally designed transportation system works for everyone. Automatic doors at the entrances are easier to use for a person pulling their suitcases or someone moving boxes or furniture into a building. color contrasts between walls and floors and at stairways and entrances provide visual interest and also make wayfinding easier. There is now a worldwide movement toward universal design. An important aspect of universal design is universal egressibility, the ability of all people to get out of a facility in the event of an emergency. Travelers themselves, building managers and family members are increasingly concerned about the possibility of an emergency situation occurring while travelers are utilizing the various transportation modes, especially since the catastrophic elements of September 11th in New York. People with disabilities or activity limitations are searching for information on appropriate procedures that address their needs. These are only some of the reasons why people are looking for examples of best practices in the design and operation of transportation facilities.


Uterine horn injection method was conducted to explore the impact of nitric oxide(NO) on the embryonic implantation of mouse,meanwhile,the tissue section and light microscope were taken to observe the impacts of NO on the uterus of mouse,the morphological changes of endometrium and the uterine decidua.The results showed that in comparison with control,the number of implanted embryo declined in L-NAME(0.2 mg/mice) group,but no impact when added NO donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP) to L-NAME.During the process of embryonic implantation,the pregnant side of uterine had the obviously developed endometrium,the increased epithelial cells,the developed glandular organ,the loose mesenchymal and the augmented interstitial cells,which had significantly decidua transformation.The inhibited side of uterine had comparatively lower endometrial epithelial cells and the lower number of glandular organ,the pronouncedly degenerative endometrium in the later period of embryonic implantation and the compact matrix.Therefore,NO,as a endogenous smooth muscle relaxant and vasodilator,has a significant regulatory effect on the expression of MMP-9 mRNA in endometrium.The inhibition of nitric oxide synthase significantly will drop the gene expression of MMP-9 in endometrium in the process of implantation,and it will affect the endometrial development and embryonic implantation in further.


The deflagration mode of flame propagation in type Ia supernova (SN Ia) models requires a correct description of the interaction of the flame with turbulent motions. It is well-known that turbulent combustion proceeds in different regimes. For most parts of the deflagration in SNe Ia the flamelet regime applies. This has been modeled in previous multi-dimensional simulations. However, at late stages of the explosion, the flame will propagate in the so-called distributed regime. We investigate the effects of this regime on SN Ia models in a first and simplified approach and show that the trend of effects seems capable of curing some problems of current pure deflagration models.


With the development of the wireless network techniques, the number of cyber-attack increases significantly, which has seriously threat the security of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The traditional intrusion detection technology is a prevalent area of study for numerous years, but it may not have a good detection performance in a real-time way. Therefore, it is urgent to design a detection mechanism to detect the attacks timely. In this paper, we exploit a CDBN (Conditional Deep Belief Network)-based intrusion detection mechanism to recognize the attack features and perform the wireless network intrusion detection in real time. To avoid the impact of the imbalanced dataset and the data redundancy on the detection accuracy, a window-based instance selection algorithm "SamSelect" is adopted to undersample the majority class data samples, and a Stacked Contractive Auto-Encoder (SCAE) algorithm is proposed to reduce the dimension of the data samples. By doing so, our proposed mechanism can effectively detect the potential attack and achieve high accuracy. The experiment results show that CDBN can be effectively combined with "SamSelect" and SCAE, and the proposed mechanism has a high detection speed and accuracy, with the average detection time 1.14 ms and the detection accuracy 0.974.


In one flock, which was in good body condition, significant and positive relationships were found between the duration of labour and some measurements of lamb size. In the other flock, which was in poor body condition, there were no siginficant relationships. Excluding data from assisted ewes, no relationships were found between length of labour and time elapsing before the lamb obtained milk. Assisted ewes had larger lambs, and tended to show abnormal maternal behaviour and desert their lambs more frequently.


Banksia goodii (rare and endangered) and B. gardneri var. gardneri (widespread) are closely-related rhizomatous evergreen sub-shrubs of southwestern Australian scrub-heath and woodland. They have 17 and 177 known populations, respectively, mostly small remnants due to landscape fragmentation from agricultural activities. Bioclimatic profiles developed using BIOCLIM indicate that B. gardneri tolerates a wider range of climatic conditions than B. goodii, which has a very narrow predicted range. These results do not match what one would predict from their comparative biology. Specifically, their post-fire survival and resprouting vigour, rates of seedling growth and soil penetration, and susceptibility to seedling predators are similar. A field trial established along a steep climatic gradient of growing season length, showed that both species could extend their ranges beyond the distributions predicted by BIOCLIM, especially B. goodii. Seedlings of both species survived for at least 8 years at sites with two (but not three) months shorter and one month longer growing season than experienced by natural B. goodii populations. The rarity of B. goodii is a result of its recent origin, dispersal limitation, possibly habitat specialization (dense woodland), and the impacts of habitat degradation and fragmentation within its current range. Under these circumstances, it is highly improbable that any sort of bioclimatic modelling could predict its potential climatic envelope. A stage-based model of B. goodii shows that under natural conditions the species is stable because of extremely low natural adult mortality (indeed, undetected), but plant losses due to human interference cannot be compensated due to its low levels of sexual reproduction. Population growth of B. goodii, and its potential for recovery, depends on population size and survival of seedlings and juveniles. Reproductive output per adult increases with population size, with populations of < 8 plants being sterile. Conservation management should target these factors as well as prevent the destruction of existing adults through additional land clearing or other threatening processes. Thus, habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss are likely to have a greater influence than any predicted global climate change on species survival. Translocation experiments appear to have far more scope in predicting the outcomes of climate change than bioclimatic modelling. As a con- sequence of poor dispersal ability and low reproductive rates, as well as habitat fragmenta- tion, these banksias cannot migrate as the climate changes, but they already have a wide climatic tolerance and seem likely to withstand climate change in situ.


This paper examines how marginalised youth including unemployed young men and teenage mothers come to be represented through labels such as 'chav' and 'pramface'. It explores the deeply affective nature of these representations, how they leak out into everyday life and come adhere to particular bodies and spaces. A contribution of the paper is to move beyond the familiar terrain of textual deconstruction to further consider how lower working-class young men and teenage mothers manage social class stigma and might themselves speak back to these markers of abjection. In doing so they are seen as creative actors who may come to inhabit these seemingly negative articulations, dissimulate from them or resist them altogether. We conclude that while the stubborn markers of class disparagement cannot easily be displaced, paying attention to how they might be understood and re-evaluated within local youth circuits offers nuanced readings that may resonate more closely with working-class experience.


The aim of this paper is to highlight a q2-analogue of the generalized Gegenbauer polynomials orthogonal with respect to the form G(;;q 2 ). Integral representation and discrete measure of G(;;q 2 ) are given for some values of param- eters.


but tht aptur• of an •1•ctron by their nitro group will lead to th•qsn•raticin ol shorteliving rnctiv• radicals. Ths lattsr may oxidizswith 0 tciq•thsr with the formation of a p.roxid. radical •ithmrdirsctly or in ths hypoxic cmliv, react with critical (from a pointof view of cell survival) biomolecules, contributing to an increasein cytotoxicity by photosensibilization of neoplasti cells (Scheme


While much research has been done to examine the factors that directly or indirectly affect test item difficulty in second language (L2) assessment, little is known about what determines the item difficulty in L2 writing assessment. Indeed, most research has focused on the item difficulty in reading or listening tests, paying little attention to speaking or writing tests. In response to this lack of research, this study examined the factors affecting the writing item difficulty in Level 2 of the National English Ability Test (NEAT) using two methods: a) a teacher survey about writing item difficulty and b) a vocabulary analysis of students' written responses. The results indicated that none of the variables teachers considered to have an effect on item difficulty significantly correlated with students'writing scores. However, when the vocabulary used in students'written responses was examined, it was found that the ability to use the words at the level of 570 academic words and the most frequently-used 2,000 words was moderately correlated with students'writing scores. Pedagogical implications with regard to teaching and learning L2 writing are discussed in relation to these research findings (185 words).


In this paper, it is shown that there is a complement preserving isomorphism (preserving arbitrary union and arbitrary intersection) between the lattice ($\mathcal{FS}(X,E),\sqsubseteq$) of all fuzzy soft sets on X and the I-powerset lattice (IX × E,≤) of all fuzzy subsets of X × E. It therefore follows that fuzzy soft topologies are redundant and unnecessarily complicated in theoretical sense.


We propose a conditional random field-based method for supertagging, and apply it to the task of learning new lexical items for HPSG-based precision grammars of English and Japanese. Using a pseudo-likelihood approximation we are able to scale our model to hundreds of supertags and tens-of-thousands of training sentences. We show that it is possible to achieve start-of-the-art results for both languages using maximally language-independent lexical features. Further, we explore the performance of the models at the type- and token-level, demonstrating their superior performance when compared to a unigram-based baseline and a transformation-based learning approach.


An account is given of an investigation in which a variant of the capstan method was used to study the dependence of the frictional properties of wool fibres on the tension in the fibres when they slid at a very low speed over a rod of horn immersed in water (to which a wetting agent had been added). Some ofthe fibres had been given a mild shrinkproofing treatment with KMnO4 in saturated salt solution. The curves relating the tensions T 1 and T 0 in the two ends of a sliding fibre, with T 1 > T 0, were found to be accurately linear in the range from T 0=O up to T 1=05 gf. For with-scale sliding, they all passed very close to the origin, but nevertheless the coefficient of with-scale friction,μw(={1/π}ln{T 1/T 0}), was markedly dependent on the tension owing to the high sensitivity of the logarithm to 'zero error' in the range of T 1/T 0 appropriate to with-scale sliding. For against-scale sliding, the intercept was larger and more variable, so that μa also depended markedly on the tension. It is suggested...


Siting a landfill typically requires processing a significant amount of spatial data with respect to various siting rules, regulations, factors, and constraints. Manually performing such a spatial analysis with drawing tools is generally tedious. A modern geographical information system (GIS), although capable of manipulating spatial data to facilitate the analysis, lacks the ability to locate an optimal site when compactness and other factors are simultaneously considered. An appropriate siting model was therefore explored for use with a raster-based GIS. A mixed-integer programming model was developed to obtain a site with optimal compactness. A comparison was made between the model and two other previously proposed models in terms of their applicability and simplicity for raster-based data. The compactness model was further extended to include multiple siting factors with weights determined using map layer analysis functions provided by a GIS. This multifactor model was applied to analyze the effects of varied weights and factors on making a siting decision.


In this paper,the growth habit of Nb:KTP crystal and the influence factors such as the seed orientation,the mineralizer composition and the filling factor on Nb:KTP crystals grown by the hydrothermal method were studied.Based on the above-mentioned studies,the colorless and transparent Nb:KTP crystal with the size of 28.2×24.2×9.8mm3 was successfully grown by the hydrothermal method.


The subject of fractures of the superior maxilla must always be of interest to some of the profession. As a general rule, perhaps the injury comes first to the general surgeon, who may or may not call in a skilled dentist to assist him. In many instances, I am afraid a general practitioner is not as well informed in the treatment as he should be from a dental standpoint, and it is not to be wondered at when we consult our text-books or journals of surgery on the subject—the information being exceedingly meager and ancient. It may again be asked: Is the dental surgeon, unless doubly qualified, 1 capable of taking entire charge of such cases, especially as the injury is usually severe and may have complications, as shock, hemorrhage, meningitis and septicemia? The position of a dentist has recently been decided in at least one of the states by


: A hetero-tetranuclear complex of osmium( II ) and silver( I ) containing the terminal ligand 2-(phenylazo)pyridine (pap) and the bridging ligand 2,2  -biimidazolate (biim 2– ) has been synthesized. The complex is characterized by the analysis of physicochemical data. Electron spray ionization mass spectrum (ESIMS) of the complex has been reported which authenticates its formulation. The compound exhibits a strong MLCT band at 510 nm, the intensity of which is almost double than that observed for the corresponding monomeric building block. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the complex is reported. Multiple redox responses are observed at the negative of SCE which are assigned due to the reductions of coordinated pap ligands.


A good understanding of U-tube steam generator (SG) dynamic behavior, especially the shrink-and-swell effect at low-power conditions, is very important for the development of a digital feedwater control system for a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. There are two different but complementary approaches to studying SG dynamic behavior. The first approach is to analyze the system dynamic response by means of computer simulations of a set of mathematical models based on first principles. The other one is by extracting the information of system dynamic characteristics from real plant test data. In this study, U-tube SG dynamic behavior at low-power conditions is investigated by applying the optimum modeling identification technique to the data from the low-power steam generator test (LPSGT), which was performed on Maanshan power plant unit 2 for the advanced digital feedwater control system (ADFCS) development.


Standardized patients are now serving as an important vehicle in the education of ethics and physician-patient communication skills for American resident doctors.This observational study introduces the background,design and implement of the education of ethics and physician-patient communication skills,and describes the author's personal experiences as an a trained standardized patient in the ethics and communication training workshop for American residents.Some experiences are concluded on related issues including expected roles of teachers,teaching philosophy,SPs design,supportive environment building,and some primary assumptions on applying SPs to Chinese medical education.


Ekphrasis, the verbal description of a visual work, is a crucial site for understanding what Foucault calls the `infinite relation' between seeing and saying. This article sketches a selective history of the genre, from Homer through Derrida and Lyotard, oriented to the question of this gap, and focused on the structural necessity of the absence of the image. This reading shows that Derrida and some other recent French thinkers have been mischaracterized as linguistic reductionists.