The study mainly sought to determine factors affecting college enrolment of Cor Jesu College for academic year 1992-1993 to academic year 2008-2009. Specifically, it wanted to establish growth and levels of enrolment of the school as well as its income and tuition elasticities. The study proposed two models to explain the variation of college enrolment. The first model showed per capita income, college-bound population, tuition, academic programs and major course offerings as predictors of first semester enrolment. Data from the Nursing Department and Weekend College were excluded because of tuition differential. The second model used the same set of predictors as found in the first model except tuition in order to accommodate data on enrolment, academic programs andmajor courses from Nursing and Weekend College. Using the mean, the average first-semester college enrolment was, 1,784 students and its average annual growth was a negative 1.3 percent. The computed tuition elasticity was negative 0.89 and typical income elasticity was a negative figure. Using multiple regression analysis, the study found that per capita income and college-bound population were significant predictors of the first model and only academic program was the significant predictor of the second model.


This chapter explores corporate success. It addresses the question: Are pharmaceutical firms less successful if they pursue strategies that are not supported by national institutions? Given that quantitative analyses do not support this idea, the chapter examines the strategy choices of entrepreneurs. Since institutional considerations are of limited importance to this end, on which grounds do entrepreneurs base their choice of a competitive strategy? Qualitative comparisons of interviews with managers reveal that technological opportunities to transform inventions or imitations into marketable products are of major concern when entrepreneurs choose their firms' strategy. The chapter concludes by illustrating the implications that result from these findings for institutional theories.


The article investigates the concept of "reasonable", which can be defined as the keystone of John Rawls' political liberalism, by explaining the opposite possible interpretations in order to obtain a more general clarification on the philosophical project of late Rawls. The first section, after a schematic presentation of Rawls' political liberalism, offers an analytical discussion of the notions of "reasonable" and "rational" at the domestic level. The second section makes explicit the fundamental ambiguity contained in the concept of "reasonable", using in a paradigmatic way the opposite readings proposed by Richard Rorty and Jurgen Habermas (respectively, a contextualist-pragmatist and a Kantiano- universalist reading). Finally, the third section examines the development of the concept of "reasonable" at the international level, showing how the ambiguity inherent in this concept leads to tensions not adequately resolved by Rawls. At the same time, while highlighting the tensions paradigmatically represented by the opposite readings of Rorty and Habermas, the article concludes that the late Rawls project cannot be reduced to any of these opposite readings, and deserves to be developed in its peculiarity, starting from a reformulation of the concept of "reasonable".


In this work, we report on the effects of doping SnO2 nanoparticles with Zn2+ ions. A series of ∼2–3 nm sized Sn1−xZnxO2 crystallite samples with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.18 were synthesized using a forced hydrolysis method. Increasing dopant concentration caused systematic changes in the crystallite size, oxidation state of Sn, visible emission, and band gap of SnO2 nanoparticles. X-ray Diffraction studies confirmed the SnO2 phase purity and the absence of any impurity phases. Magnetic measurements at room temperature showed a weak ferromagnetic behavior characterized by an open hysteresis loop. Their saturation magnetization Ms increases initially with increasing Zn concentrations; however for x > 0.06, Ms decreases. Samples with the highest Ms values (x = 0.06) were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, looking for traces of any magnetic elements in the samples. Concentrations of all transition metals (Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, and Ni) in these samples were below ppb level, suggesting that the observe...


The present invention relates to a three-dimensional plastic sheet and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, a semi-circular convex lens or a hemispherical convex lens is arranged on the surface of the plastic sheet to view a three-dimensional image. The present invention relates to a three-dimensional sheet configured to be able to three-dimensionally express only a specific portion of a three-dimensional plastic sheet. The above-described feature of the present invention is made of a transparent synthetic resin, and the convex lens layer 10 and the convex lens (11) formed by forming an array of semi-circular convex lenses 11 or hemispherical convex lenses 11-1 on the upper surface thereof. The transparent plate 30 formed of a transparent synthetic resin plate material having a thickness corresponding to the focal length of 11) is composed of one sheet; A transparent ink resin layer 20 is formed on an upper surface thereof, and a focal length printing layer 40 including a three-dimensional printing surface 42 and a non-stereoscopic printing surface 41 is formed on a bottom surface thereof. What can be achieved by the sheet.


In an attempt to examine whether centre's experience may influence IVF outcome in patients undergoing GnRH-antagonists COH protocols, we studied patients, with a favorable prognosis a priori, undergoing 557 consecutive IVF cycles during a 9 years period. Throughout the study period patients consumed a significantly lower number of go- nadotropin ampoules, achieved significantly lower peak estrogen level on the day of hCG administration and number of oocytes retrieved with no significant difference in pregnancy rates.


Compressive sampling (CS), also called compressed sensing, entails making observations of an unknown signal by projecting it onto random vectors. Recent theoretical results show that if the signal is sparse (or nearly sparse) in some basis, then with high probability such observations essentially encode the salient information in the signal. Further, the signal can be reconstructed from these "random projections," even when the number of observations is far less than the ambient signal dimension. The provable success of CS for signal reconstruction motivates the study of its potential in other applications. This paper investigates the utility of CS projection observations for signal classification (more specifically, m-ary hypothesis testing). Theoretical error bounds are derived and verified with several simulations.


Nanomachines are submicrometer-scale devices led by nanotechnology that can perform simple sensing, local actuation, limited data processing, storage, and communication tasks in the terahertz (THz) band, that is, from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {0.1~}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>- <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {10~ \text {T} \text {Hz} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Electromagnetic nanocommunication among nanomachines results in a nanonetwork which could breakthrough promising applications in multiple domains such as software-defined metamaterials, in-body communication, and on-chip communication. This study adopts a modulation scheme for nanomachine communication based on <italic>multilevel</italic> pulse position modulation (ML-PPM). The multilevel scheme uses several orthogonal codes and is combined with PPM to generate the final transmit signal consisting of several multilevels. In this paper, we propose a more advanced scheme called <italic>level trimming</italic> to further boost the data rates of the ML-PPM scheme. Employing level-trimming, we transmit a fewer number of levels than required in ML-PPM, which will result in an spectral efficiency gain at the nanoreceiver. The simulation results reveal that the link capacity of the proposed scheme can be increased more than twofold using the level-trimming approach while the error rate performance remains better than the conventional ML-PPM. For instance, ML-PPM with level trimming achieves a data rate of approximately 4.5 terabits per second (Tbps) when trimming the levels from seven to one compared to ML-PPM that achieves around <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {1~Tbps}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under the same network conditions. At the same time, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {2~dB}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> gain in BER performance is achieved with level trimming. Moreover, the computational complexity of nanotransceivers is reduced with the transmission of fewer levels. Furthermore, although level-trimming causes artificial errors, it improves the decoding performance by reducing the number of levels. We believe that the potential impact of this study will open doors for further investigations on various possible modulation formats for THz nanocommunication.


Objectives: 1) Compare long-term quality of life (QOL) outcomes in vestibular schwannoma (VS) patients managed conservatively, with microsurgery, or with stereotactic radiation; 2) Evaluate factors contributing to their QOL. Methods: The Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) survey was administered to 645 patients treated for VS at a tertiary care center over 24 years. Patients in each treatment group were sub-divided by years since diagnosis (0-5, 6-10, and >10). Composite QOL (cQOL) scores and sub-scores in hearing, balance, facial symptoms, pain, anxiety, and energy were compared by ANOVA at each time interval. Regression analysis correlated QOL with tumor size, speech recognition threshold, and reported symptoms. Results: Survey return rate was 49%. Mean follow-up was 7.6 years. The only significant difference in cQOL was at 1-5 years, where stereotactic radiation was best and conservative treatment was worst (P = .009). No significant differences in cQOL were detected at 6-10 or >10 years. Significant differences between sub-scores were found in hearing, balance, and facial symptoms. Overall tumor size was inversely proportional to QOL (R = .54; P < .001); this correlation decreased with time (1-5 R = .61, P < .001 / 6-10 R = .40, P < .001 / >10 R = .16, P = .02). Conclusions: 1) We found no significant difference in long-term QOL outcomes between treatment groups; however, patients treated by stereotactic radiation may experience better overall QOL up to 5 years post-treatment. 2) Tumor size at presentation is a good prognostic tool in VS patients but may be limited in predicting long-term QOL outcomes.


The final objective of the authors is to realize mobile robot navigation in walkway of outdoor environment. The path along the walkway which is measured correctly together with landmarks must be given in the framework in this paper. The robot identifies its position by means of odometry, DGPS and laser range finder (LRF) during the motion along the path. This work contributes to the map building of landmarks along the walkway. To make the map, RTK-GPS, odometry and LRF are used for the sensory devices and Kalman smoothing technique is also incorporated to interpolate trajectory of the scanning LRF equipment between the two point that RTK-GPS measurement took place. The scanning by LRF is performed to acquire the 3-D shape of objects along the walkway. The trajectory presumed properly and well organized shapes of the objects are reconstructed.


Purpose: Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an emerging imaging modality in which tomographic sections of the breast are generated from x‐ray projections taken over a limited range of angles. One drawback of DBT is resolution loss in the oblique projection images. The purpose of this work is to extend Swank's formulation of the transfer functions of x‐ray fluorescent screens to oblique x‐ray incidence. This analysis generates a platform for optimizing the design of detectors used in DBT. Method and Materials: We model a non‐structured turbid granular phosphor such as Gd2O2S:Tb which is commonly used in breast imaging and which can reasonably approximate other detector materials. From first principles, the optical transfer function (OTF), noise power spectra (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) are derived using the diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation. We use this analysis to investigate the effect of oblique x‐ray incidence on DQE. The DQE is calculated using the Nishikawa formulation, where the DQE is written as the product of the x‐ray quantum detection efficiency (QDE), the Swank information factor, and the Lubberts factor. Results: As expected, the modulation transfer function(MTF) is shown to decrease with increasing projection angle regardless of frequency. By contrast, the dependence of the DQE on projection angle is found to be frequency dependent. At low frequencies DQE increases with projection angle, but at high frequencies DQE decreases with projection angle. Furthermore, the x‐ray QDE yielding maximal DQE at high frequencies is found to be projection angle dependent, shifting to lower QDE values (thinner phosphors) at higher projection angles. Conclusion: This work develops analytical models of OTF, NPS, and DQE for a turbid granular phosphor irradiated at oblique incidence. The models have applications in the design of optimal DBT detectors.


PurposePursuit of meaning is at the heart of much of organizational life. It has implications for how different organizational stakeholders associate value to various organizational initiatives. Research on meaning has generally shown that effort increases meaning and favorable valuation of and willingness to pay for economic activities by organizational stakeholders. The authors build on and advance this research by offering theory and experimental evidence showing that effort, particularly at high levels, results in enhanced meaning and favorable valuation when effort does not threaten the focal stakeholders' resources through expectation disconfirmation.Design/methodology/approachThree experimental studies are designed and conducted in this research. In one study, the authors replicate prior research findings that establish labor generally increases meaning and favorable valuation. In the two subsequent studies, the authors test the proposed hypothesis in this research and check for robustness of the empirical analysis.FindingsThe authors find that any internalized threat to the focal stakeholder's resources coupled with a high exertion of effort decreases, rather than increases, meaning and favorable valuation of and willingness to pay for economic activities.Originality/valueThe theory and empirical evidence in this research advance the understanding of how organizational stakeholders may associate effort-induced meaning with various economic activities in counter-intuitive ways. The findings also highlight the importance of recognizing and shaping the expectations of organizational stakeholders in influencing willingness to pay in organizational settings.


Most large tsunamis are generated by earthquakes on offshore plate boundary megathrusts. The primary factors influencing tsunami excitation are the seismic moment, faulting geometry, and depth of the faulting. Efforts to provide rapid tsunami warning have emphasized seismic and geodetic methods for quickly determining the event size and faulting geometry. It remains difficult to evaluate the updip extent of rupture, which has significant impact on tsunami excitation. Teleseismic P waves can constrain this issue; slip under deep water generates strong pwP water reverberations that persist as ringing Pcoda after the direct P phases from the faulting have arrived. Event‐averaged Pcoda/P amplitude measures at large epicentral distances (>80°), tuned to the dominant periods of deep water pwP (~12–15 s), correlate well with independent models of whether slip extends to near the trench or not. Data at closer ranges (30° to 80°) reduce the time lag needed for inferring the updip extent of rupture to <15 min. Arrival of PP and PPP phases contaminates closer distance Pcoda measures, but this can be suppressed by azimuthal or distance binning of the measures. Narrowband spectral ratio measures and differential magnitude measures of Pcoda and direct P (mB) perform comparably to broader band root‐mean‐square (RMS) measures. Pcoda/P levels for large nonmegathrust events are also documented. Rapid measurement of Pcoda/P metrics after a large earthquake can supplement quick moment tensor determinations to enhance tsunami warnings; observation of large Pcoda levels indicates that shallow submarine rupture occurred and larger than typical tsunami (for given MW) can be expected.


The invention discloses the processing method of sweet potato whole powder comprising the steps of, (1) cleaning and removing impurities, selecting potato blocks and cleaning, (2) peeling, removing cuticular layer of the potato blocks, (3) slicing the potato into chips or French fries, (4) boiling and cooking, (5) squeezing the potato chips into pasty state, (6) drying the pasty potato in cylinder-shaped drier, finally disintegrating into 40-100 mesh and sacking.


This report has been drawn up as the result of fundamental studies on mass transfer in the centrifugal gas-liquid contactor in which liquid is spouted from the small holes drilled through a rotating cylinder wall, and where gas is sent cross-currently to the water jets in an annular space between the rotating cylinder and a stationary concentric outside cylinder.Many experiments on pure CO2 gas absorption by water jets spouting from rotating small holes were carried out at 20°C, and the effects of the following variables on the liquid mass transfer rate were studied: diameter of the rotor, diameter of the small hole, number of the small holes, width of the annular space, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, revolution of the rotor, time of contact, etc.In these experiments, the diameter of the small hole was 0.52.0mm, the average velocity of water, 55950cm/sec, and the travelling length of water (the distance between two cylinders), 15cm. Under these conditions, the water jet might present laminar flow. Therefore, assuming that the concentrations of gas and liquid were equilibrium on the interfacial surface, the mass transfer coefficient of the liquid film, kL, was defined by a well-known Eq. (10), derived theoretically from the unsteady-state diffusion theory. The contact area per unit volume of water jet, a [cm2/cm3], and the liquid film capacity coefficient, kLa [1/sec], was obtained experimentally.As the result, the following equations were derived:kLa=2a√DL/πθ=EML/θa=0.0875(DL/πθ)-1/2(d-1.2)(r1n/ω)β=36.5(d-1.2)(r1n/ω)βWhere β=0.72 for d≥1.0mm=3.93d0.74 for d<1.0mmThe gas absorption rate by water was observed to be large immediately after the liquid was spouted from the hole, as is obvious from above equations. Therefore, for the practical designing of this kind of contactor, it would be advisabe to prepare a multi-rotor-type contactor in order to make many jets of liquid as possible.


Most existing software reliability growth models (SRGMs) focused on the fault detection process, while the fault correction process was ignored by assuming that the detected faults can be removed immediately and perfectly. However, these assumptions are not realistic. The fault correction process is a critical part in software testing. In this paper, we studied the dependency of the fault detection and correction processes in view of the number of faults. The ratio of corrected fault number to detected fault number is used to describe the dependency of the two processes, which appears S-shaped. Therefore, we adopt the logistical function to represent the ratio function. Based on this function, both fault correction and detection processes are modeled. The proposed models are evaluated by a data set of software testing. The experimental results show that the new models fit the data set of fault detection and correction processes very well.


A method and an apparatus for printing images are provided. An apparatus and method of printing a personal image including at least one person, and individual information corresponding to the person or location information of a place in which the personal image was captured, on respective sides of a sheet of printing paper. The apparatus and method can print the image and individual information by providing an image file comprising a personal image including at least one person and face recognition information of the person to a printing apparatus, printing the personal image on a first side of the sheet of printing paper, and printing individual information corresponding to the face recognition information on a second side of the sheet of printing paper, the image of the person including at least a person.


Silicon carbide is a promising wide bandgap semiconductor for high-power, high-temperature and high frequency devices, owing to its high breakdown electric field strength, high thermal conductivity and ability to grow high quality SiO2 layers by thermal oxidation. Although the SiC power MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor) is preferred as a power switch, it has suffered from low channel mobility with only single digit field effect mobility achieved using standard oxidation process (1200◦C thermal oxidation). As such, this thesis is focussed on the development of 4H-SiC MOSFETs (both lateral and vertical MOSFETs) to improve the channel mobility and breakdown characteristics of these devices.

In this work, high temperature nitridation using N2O has been investigated on MOS capacitors and MOSFETs, both with gate oxides grown directly in N2O environment or in a O2 ambient followed by a N2O post-oxidation annealing process. Results have demonstrated that at high temperature (>1200◦C) there is a significant improvement in the interface trap density to as low as (1.5x10^11cm-2eV-1) and field effect channel mobility (19cm2/V.s) of 4H-SiC
MOSFET compare with a lower temperature (between 800 and 1200◦C) oxidation (1x10^12cm-2eV-1 and 4cm2/V.s). Nitridation temperatures of 1300◦C was found to be the most effective method for increasing the field effect channel mobility and reducing threshold voltage. The number of working devices per sample also increased after N2O nitridation at 1300◦C as observed for both lateral and vertical MOSFETs. Other post oxidation techniques have also been investigated such as phosphorous passivation using solid SiP2O7 planar diffusion source (PDS). The peak value of the field effect mobility for 4H-SiC MOSFET after phosphorus passivation is approximately 80cm2/V.s, which is four times more than the valued obtained using high temperature N2O annealing.

Different JTE structures have been designed and simulated including single-zone JTE, space modulated JTE (SMJTE) and the novel two-step mesa JTE structures. It was found that for the same doping concentration the SM two-zone JTE and SMJTE have higher breakdown voltage than the single zone JTE. With SMJTE, the device could achieve more than 90% of the ideal parallel plane voltage from simulations and 86% from the breakdown test of the fabricated devices.


There are many links between mathematics and magic: on the one hand, it is usual to see how mathematical principles apply in order to create magic tricks and, on the other hand, several specific techniques in magic give rise to mathematical models providing interesting properties in recreational mathematics. In this work we show this duality relating the famous Josephus problem and its variants with specific card shuffles used in some card tricks. In order to display the educational nature of this problem, we also suggest some teaching activities to develop in a classroom


We developed a new tactile display using acoustic radiation pressure. The display can produce a 1 mm diameter focal point and 2 gf total force. By steering the focal point using a linear phased array, the display creates various spatiotemporal patterns of pressure distribution on the skin precisely. We carried out experiments on "tactile apparent movement" with the tactile display and found that tactile apparent movement is evoked quite stably even if the successive stimuli are not vibration but indentation.


This work represents a contemporary empirical exploration of ballroom dancing performed in competition. The ethnographic enquiry focuses on the actors - those who dance, perform and compete, through an examination of the profile of contestants and their participatory patterns. It considers the competitive arena, context of the dance 'event', the infrastructure supporting the dance competition, and the concept of competitiveness embedded in the performance. As this work is concerned with what is danced by the participants in the forum of competition, the process of teaching and learning is examined and leads to a consideration of the ethnoaesthetics of the form. The work is founded on empirical data derived through an interactive relationship with amateur and professional dancers, adjudicators, and dance coaches. Fieldwork included formal and informal interviews, questionnaires, and observation of a sample of dance settings. This exploratory study concludes that competition dancers comprise a heterogeneous group of exponents, representing a broad social group of men and women, of widely disparate ages, and who demonstrate varying lengths of dance 'career' following three distinct pathways. The participants study and perform a choreographed, aesthetic dance form, which embodies a corpus of knowledge and carries a range of precise ideas and criteria. The contestants aspire to a skilful performance, which contributes to the perpetuation of the dance styles as aesthetic forms.


In a recent talk at Duke University on his work with the World Performance Project titled "Ambient Poetics," Joseph Roach proposed "kinesis as the new mimesis." Engendered by his experiences of the past few years investigating and producing global dance and theatre, Roach posited kinesis as the twenty-first century's equivalent of Aristotelian mimesis. Inspired by this discussion as both martial artists and dramaturgs, we propose to illustrate how dramaturgical training and martial arts study are deeply imbricated and create the potential for a new theatrical poetics. We therefore recognize that theatrical performance and martial arts share certain qualities with ritual and religious practice, chief among them the imbuement of actions with specific, extra-normal meanings that recondition reality and move the participants into the creation of a community.


This article considers different methodological approaches to research on anomie. The author analyses Durkheim's approach to social pathology and the application of P. Sztompka's concept of cultural trauma. Special attention is paid to R. Merton's theory of anomie and strain and D. Murphy and M. Ro-binson's concept of maximization. At the same time, the author takes into account the specific features of post-communist transformations, Polish and Russian experience of overcoming social unrest relating to the period of transition, and the modern contemporary problems faced by states today.


This article presents the influence of Delta-Winglet Tapes (DWT) placed in a uniform heat-fluxed tube on thermal and flow resistance characteristics. In the current experiment, the DWTs with inclination angle (β) of 45o are inserted into the tube with three winglet blockage ratios (b/D = 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) and three relative winglet-pitches (P/D = 1, 2 and 3). Air as the test fluid flows through the tube for Reynolds number of about 4,200–25,800. The experimental results reveal that the DWT can considerably enhance the heat transfer rate up to 4.06 times above the smooth tube whereas the friction factor is up to 31.63 times. The increase in b/D leads to higher heat transfer and friction loss while the increment in P/D provides the reversing trend. The thermal enhancement factor of the DWT is in the range of 1.16–1.51 where its maximum regarded as the optimum point is at b/D = 0.15 and P/D = 1. Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f ) correlations for the DWT are also determined.


This work intends to provide a brief summary of some of the Galactic science issues for the next generation of very high energy (VHE) instruments. The latter is here generically understood, as an instrument or set of instruments providing about one order of magnitude more sensitivity at its central energy (at about 1 TeV), but extending the observational window to have a real broadband capability (from a few tens of GeV up to tens of TeV); exceeding at low energies the current VHE threshold for observations set by MAGIC as well as the few‐tens‐of‐GeV sensitivity set by Fermi. Science topics regarding populations of emitters, pulsars and their nebula, binaries, supernova remnants, stars, and their associations, are discussed.


"College English" as a public basic course, it has been the major teaching content of colleges and universities. However, the state has invested a lot of manpower and material resources, the effect is not satisfactory. In order to change this situation, the majority of front-line teachers and scientific research workers are constantly carrying out college English teaching reform and strive to explore and actively adjust the college English teaching model. The Research Background To sum up, since the reform and opening up 30 years, we have experienced three changes in the teaching model: First, the teacher-based tradition, simple teaching mode. This model is probably from the reform and opening up to 2000 by college English teaching widely used, the teaching mode exists for a long time and the drawbacks are more, such as teaching concept narrow, obsolete, teaching methods monotonous and so on. From the perspective of English as a linguistic subject, it is not conducive to students to master the law of language. Second, teachers and students interacting, teaching and learning based on the collaborative teaching model. The use of this model is probably from 2001 to 2003, it has to enhance students' oral communication opportunities, improve the initiative of students to learn the advantages and so on. But there are still many problems. Such as teachers still control the right to speak, students learning enthusiasm is still not high. The third is to teachers as the leading student-centered multimedia teaching model. This model has been extended since 2004, with its modern educational technology features a good mobilization of the enthusiasm of teachers and students. However, English teaching is a process of development, the development of the current teaching model is still inadequate. In this case, the majority of scholars and front-line teachers put forward the timely reform strategies such as: l) how to play the individual characteristics of college English learning; 2) how to effectively carry out extracurricular learning; 3) and to strengthen the application of modern English education technology Mu class, micro class, etc.) and so on. But rarely mention the reform of teaching content. We have found that the reform of the teaching model has achieved some effect in the specific historical period, but the reform rarely mentions the teaching content and gradually exposes its malpractice over time. 2014 is a crucial year for our English education. First, the Ministry of Education for the implementation of the college entrance examination reform program will be implemented in 2017, then the Ministry of Education proposed from 2014 onwards, a number of local colleges and universities will gradually transition to modern vocational education. That is, on August 18, 2014, Xi Jinping presided over the fourth meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening the Reform of the Reform, which examined the "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Examination and Enrollment System Reform", and the proposal the society is widely heated. People in the reflection of the future high school students will accept what kind of English teaching at the same time, it is inevitable to think of the future of the university campus, the students how to learn English? A new 2017 International Conference on Advanced Education, Psychology and Sports Science (AEPSS 2017) Copyright © (2017) Francis Academic Press , UK 358 teaching reform is brewing. During the summer of 2015, I went to Shijiazhuang to study and listened to Professor Wang Haiqiu of Nanjing University on the development of the "College English Teaching Guide" interpretation, in the teaching objectives, he mentioned that "College English focus on the development of students in the general language skills, Should further enhance its academic English and professional English communication skills and cross-cultural communication skills. "It can be predicted that ESP teaching has become the inevitable trend of college English teaching reform in the new period. Our subject is generated in this context. Up to now, some domestic colleges and universities have planned or are carrying out the relevant ESP teaching reform and try, which also includes some private institutions. Some institutions have been successful transition. This gives us the transformation of public foreign language teaching has provided unlimited enlightenment. The Understanding of ESP The Difference between ESP and EGP. The definition is different. ESP refers to English for specific purposes, and EGP refers to general English or English for General Purpose. Course Objectives: Targeting and content selection for specialized English courses is determined by the learner's actual needs for English learning, and the goals and content of the Liberal English curriculum are set by the education authorities or educational institutions to improve the quality of students and cross-cultural communication skills. The purpose of teaching is different. Comprehensive English is purely language-based or for the purpose of examinations, and ESP teaching is to improve students in English language learning professional language services; Teaching content is different. Comprehensive English to highlight the general language, text selection tendencies novels and prose, the subject matter is the daily life, and ESP text and student professional background some relationship, but mainly around the professional language characteristics and academic skills; comprehensive English listening to the story And news, practice is the daily life of the conversation, and ESP is listening to the general topic of academic lectures, practicing the campus, classroom and academic discussion of the conversation and so on. ESP's Four Features and Five Variables. As early as 1988, Strevens proposed four distinguishing features of ESP teaching: "Requirements, curriculum settings must meet the specific needs of learners; content, and specific disciplines and professional-related; language, suitable for these specialties and professional grammar, vocabulary and discourse teaching; and ordinary English contrast. In 1998, Dudley-Evans amended the ESP definition, removed the fourth point, "contrasting with normal English," and added Strevens's two variable characteristics to five: "ESP may be related to a discipline or Disciplines should be set up; teaching may be used in different ways and learn English; perhaps for adult learners to design, they either in college or work in the company, but may also be middle school students; learning objects are usually senior learners; The learning object must have a basic language foundation, but it can also be a beginner. The Research Content This topic focuses on the following issues: The Necessity of Transformation. That is to study the problem why to transform. The members of the research group will analyze the current situation of EGP teaching in the context of economic globalization and internationalization of higher education, reveal the shortcomings of traditional EGP teaching, and show the necessity of transition from EGP to ESP. The Feasibility of Transformation. That is to research whether the transition can be done or not. Private colleges have the advantages of transformation. Will be mainly from the private colleges and universities of the system, the age of teachers and students to analyze the characteristics of


A high-resolution threshold photoelectron spectrum of molecular oxygen has been studied between 18 and 24 eV using the penetrating field technique and a synchrotron radiation source. Nine ionic states are observed, and three of them for the first time. Higher vibrational levels of the b 4Σg− state and the 2Φu state are also studied. Furthermore, the doublet structure of the 2Φu state is resolved for the first time. Two new states with quartet multiplicity are assigned to the 4Πg and the 4Πu states which dissociate to the limit, [O(3P)+O+(2D)], at 22.059 eV. Also we tentatively assign another newly observed band to the 2Πu state. The long vibrational progression of the 3 2Πu state is clearly observed in the region 22.3–23.8 eV with doublet splitting which increases with increasing of the vibrational quantum number.


For one-dimensional two-phase flow without phase change and without axially-temporally rapid change of pressure, the interrelationship between the drift-flux model and the two-fluid model is studied. It is derived on the basis of the fact that the vapor conservation equation is related to the momentum equation by the drift flux. Starting from the two-fluid model, we obtain the interfacial friction expressed in terms of drift-flux parameter. Also, by deriving the void propagation equation, the drift-flux is shown to have jnterrelationship with forces in the two-fluid model.


Introduction: Although decompensated heart failure (DHF) can complicate
catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), its incidence and risk
factors have not been defined. We sought to investigate the incidence
and risk factors for DHF in these patients. Methods: In total, 1004
consecutive patients who underwent initial ablation for AF (age, 68 ± 10
years old; females, 346 [34%]; and persistent AF, 513 [51%])
were enrolled. Δheart rate, which was defined as heart rate after
ablation minus heart rate before ablation, were calculated. DHF was
defined as heart failure requiring medical therapy during post-procedure
hospitalization, or re-hospitalization due to heart failure <
90 days after the procedure. DHF was classified into early
peri-procedual DHF, which occurring within 2 days after the procedure,
and late peri-procedual DHF, which occurring ≥ 3 days after the
procedure. Results: The incidence of DHF was 32/1004 (3%) patients.
Patients with DHF had a higher prevalence of a past history of
symptomatic heart failure (17/32 [53%] versus 154/972 [16%], P
< 0.01) and lower Δheart rate after the procedure than those
without (−16 ± 28 versus 2 ± 21 beats/min, P < 0.01). On
multivariate analysis, lower Δheart rate was a significant independent
predictor of early peri-procedual DHF, while early recurrence of AF was
a significant independent predictor of late peri-procedual DHF.
Conclusion: In patients with AF, lower Δheart rate was an independent
predictor of early peri-procedual DHF, and early recurrence of AF was an
independent predictor of late peri-procedual DHF.


Purpose: This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the Effect of Organ Connectivity in Corporate Governance, Effective Monitoring, and Earnings Management on Fraudulent Financial Reporting on non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with an observation period from 2010-2018.
Research methodology: The measurement of corporate governance organ connectivity used dummy variables. Effective monitoring used the proportion of independent commissioners to the number of boards. The Modified Jones model was used to Measure earnings management. The cheating prediction model used the combination of Beneish M-Score and Altman Z-Score.
Results: Corporate governance organs that have political connections and ineffective monitoring have no effect on fraudulent financial reporting, while earnings management has an effect on fraudulent financial reporting. The practice of earnings management carried out by companies is not caused by the company's motivation to carry out fraudulent financial reporting.
Limitation: The limitations of this study are due to the use of logistic regression by using a combined model of Beneish M-Score and Altman Z-Score still found type I and type II errors. The research variables can only explain the fraudulent financial reporting of 24.7% and is less precise in determining the category of companies that have political connections or not.
Contribution: This research provides an overview and understanding as a reference for stakeholders in the detection of fraudulent financial statements and for further research.
Keywords: Fraudulent financial reporting, Independent commissioner, Independent director, Audit committee, Ineffective monitoring, Earnings management


Theatre intercom system based on SIP has solved the defects of traditional theater scheduling, but it doesn't guarantee the quality of service (QoS). This paper introduced the key technology for SIP-based theatre intercom system, including the fundamentals of VOIP and signaling technology. We analysed the main factors influencing QoS, summarized correlative techniques improving QoS for theatre intercom system, including QoS relevant protocols and QoS guarantee technology on terminals. These technologies can be synthetically used, so as to improve the reliability of theatre intercom system.


This is a study of the dialect of Senneville-sur-Fecamp, a village in Upper Normandy in the region ofCaux. The aim is to provide a description and a comparison of this dialect with standard French. ...


Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis; therefore, an increase or decrease in levels or a disorder of platelet function can lead to symptoms such as easy bruising and excessive bleeding, particularly from mucocutaneous sites. Patients may also report symptoms associated with the underlying condition. Platelet disorders pose a particular challenge for primary care, due to the vast array of potential causes and clinical outcomes, ranging from little effect to life-threatening problems. Initial assessment in primary care should aim to identify those requiring urgent investigation or treatment, while also determining an underlying cause and potential complications.


In this work, we present the results of a component-level analysis with Monte Carlo simulations, which aid the interpretation of recent ALICE results of the azimutal correlation distribution of prompt D mesons with charged hadrons in pp and p–Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV. Parton-level contributions and fragmentation properties are evaluated. Charm and beauty contributions are compared in order to identify the observables that serve as sensitive probes of the production and hadronisation of heavy quarks.


Watches history. Price determination of a new watch. The vintage trend. First research question: the vintage factor and its effect on the watch value. Second research question: does the vintage factor have the same effect on different watch categories (luxury watches/mass watches)?


While terms and their relation to the practices they supposedly represent continue to be loosely defined in SLA, the theoretical debates and empirical comparisons surrounding them will have limited consequence. The purpose of this paper is to identify the range of differing linguistic behaviours included under POSITIVE and NEGATIVE EVIDENCE with a view to offering a greater clarification of the two terms from a learner's perspective. Unfortunately, evidence can be potentially enlightening just as it can be potentially misleading, and an attempt is made to identify both the former and the latter cases. If we can understand the evidences and situations that can lead to potential confusion we may be closer to offering students actual evidence that can lead them nearer to the truth.


The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is widely used to investigate the electrode kinetics. This method is recognized as a powerful method to discriminate between one reaction model and another one and also to evaluate the reaction rate of elementary steps. However, when the electrode kinetics is markedly distributed from one electrode site to another one, such as the pitting corrosion on passive metal surface or a flawed organic coating, the classical electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that accounts for the overall current is no longer applicable to evaluate local phenomena. The local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which is defined by the local potential and the local current density, is in this case more adequate for such systems. This paper will describe how to measure both of them and what kind of information these local electrochemical spectroscopy measurements can supply.


Purpose

– The main purpose of this research was to analyze the key issues related to quality of work life (QWL), which have become increasingly important to HRD scholars and practitioners. In addition, the significant differences between the academic professionals of public and private universities in Bangladesh in terms of QWL were also addressed.

Design/methodology/approach

– A total number of 202 academic professionals were selected as a sample based on stratified and random sampling techniques. Questionnaire survey method was used to gather primary data. Sirgy et al.'s survey instrument was adopted in this study. Discriminant analysis was utilized to differentiate QWL among academic professionals of the study sample and tested the hypotheses.

Findings

– The study findings show that the job design of an organization can have a significant effect on its organizational performance (OP) and hence the need to give proper attention to the quality of work life (QWL). Moreover, the two factors like "creativity of outside work" and "payment for work" were significantly differentiated between academic professionals of public and private universities in Bangladesh.

Research limitations/implications

– The main limitation of this paper is the relatively small sample size of only academic professionals in Bangladesh with regard to data concerning QWL, which limits the generalizability of the findings. However, the author feels that the outcomes of this research will be beneficial for policy makers and planners to formulate effective strategy of HRD in Bangladesh and other similar countries.

Originality/value

– The paper discusses the role of QWL in managing human resources which determines organizational success. To make the best use of human resources, organizational leaders need to give more attention to the human network (interpersonal relationship), the nature and content of jobs performed.


In aquaculture area of Nanliu River Delta in Hepu District of Beihai City,according to the distance from the sea,7 different underground water sampling points of artificial well were selected,and underground water was collected,chemical features were analyzed and studied.The results indicated that it was very serious of the impact of the sea water intrusion to ecological environment on vegetables base at Nanliu River,and should be attracted attention and prevent.Based on the effects of the natural and human factors,there were three features of the seawater intrusion at Nanliu River,first,at the lever direction,the more closer from the sea,the higher the chloride content was;the father away from the sea,the lower the chloride content;second,in vertical direction,the distribution of the groundwater showed a trend of the salt under the light;third,the groundwater had a significant seasonal changes.


David Mamet's Speed-the-Plow opened on Broadway in May of 1988 with a flourish of mass media attention and one million dollars in advanced ticket sales. This rare phenomenon for a straight play by an important American playwright is explained mostly by the fact that the rock star Madonna played the part of Karen. Almost every reviewer addressed the question of whether Madonna could or could not act and of why such a casting choice was made. lt tended to be a media event, attracting "the wrong kind of attention," and many reviews left little space for considering the implications of the play itself.


This paper introduces a new approach based on DFLL structure, which makes use of symmetrical spectrum for carrier acquisition. It is especially efficient in some execrable channels that introduce pilot damage for the recovery of carrier doesn′t rely on pilot as in the traditional method of carrier synchronization. And because of its insensitivity to modulation mode, it could be widely used in various kinds of digital communication systems, especially in the HDTV broadcasting system.


Multiple branched manganese oxide hydroxide (MnOOH) nanorods prepared by a hydrothermal process were extensively studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A model of the branch formation is proposed together with a study of the interface structure. The sword-like tip plays a crucial role for the nanorods to form different shapes. Importantly, the branching occurs at an angle of around either 57° or 123°. Specifically, a (111) twin plane can only be formed at the interface with a 123° angle. The interfaces formed with a 57° angle usually contain edge dislocations. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrates that the whole crystal has a uniform chemical composition. Interestingly, an epitaxial growth of Mn3O4 at the radial surface was also observed under electron beam irradiation; this is because of the rough purification of the products. The proposed mechanism is expected to shed light on the branched/dendrite nanostructure growth and to provide opportunities for further novel nanomateri...


Over the previous decade, energy usage has increased exponentially all over the world. The machine learning algorithms are used to classify the demand and requirement of off and evening peak load of southern regional load dispatch centre (SRLDC) data. In this paper, data are classified based on demand and requirement of both evening and off peak of day wise southern regional grid of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, and Pondicherry of different states are proposed. The machine learning algorithms like k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest, and logistic regression have been adopted to classify the model. To improve this model efficiency, an ensemble learning method is used to increase the accuracy. The performance measure of state-wise outcome is determined by classifying its demand and requirement needs over its state energy consumption and with different classification algorithms and it is improved by using a combined method of ensemble model with accuracy of 86%.


The article deals with the thermometer' s working theorem, structure making-up, application feature. The thermometer can apply to picking up heat and affording heat. The important ones in the article is the thermometer' s structure-making-up and the working course.


Introduction: according to the author of the article, the principle of freedom of contract, secured among fundamental principles of civil legislation of the Republic of Belarus, is not fully implemented in the current legislation. Purpose: to identify legal rules incoherent with the requirements of the principle of freedom of contract and to work out proposals for their correction. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on a set of universal, general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition. For the purposes of this research, the leading role is assigned to analytical, critical and systemic methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization. Results: the author proves that the principle of freedom of contract is not confined within the scope of law of obligation. Being a fundamental principle of civil legislation, it extends to its whole array, its manifestations being found in all branches of civil law. One should not limit the principle of freedom of contract to the freedom of entering into a contract only because freedom of contract manifests itself at all stages of contractual relations until termination thereof. So far as the principle of freedom of contract is a base for civil law regulation in relation to rules of contract law, including the regulation on freedom of contract, the author suggests distinguishing between restriction of freedom of contract as a principle and restriction of certain elements of freedom of contracting parties. Conclusion: freedom of contract, as any freedom, should obtain guarantees. That is why it is essential for its limits to be set under the law only providing private and public interests are balanced.


This effort addresses and uses a robust-trajectory-tracking control system for kinematically redundant location tracking of a mobile manipulator (mobman) in its task space in the presence of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. It consists of a serial manipulator with four degrees of freedom (DOF) fixed on three DOF mobile bases. A robust tracking control is achieved using the configuration of a non-singular terminal sliding mode (NSTSM) control for the entire non-linear model of a mobman. Because of the non-linear added term in the linear sliding surface, which reflects in the non-linear sliding mode known as terminal sliding mode (TSM), this control preparation satisfies systems states finite time convergence. Similarly, conventional terminal sliding mode control (CTSMC) entail singularity trouble, which is tackled by the control scheme. (Computer based) simulations are used to demonstrate the convenience, feasibility, and robustness of given techniques.


This chapter demonstrates that, although Woolf's own parents, Leslie and Julia Stephen, were famously agnostic, her wider family was rooted in the Evangelicalism of the Clapham Sect. The chapter presents a detailed history of the involvement of Woolf's family in the evolution of the Sect, starting with the influential theologies of her great-great-grandfather Rev Henry Venn, and continuing with the anti-slavery activities of her great-grandfather and grandfather, James and Sir James Stephen. Concentrating on her feminist-pacifist essay, Three Guineas, the chapter shows that although Woolf was critical of her ancestors for their religious, patriarchal and imperialist agendas, she also appropriated some of their values. The chapter then explores how conservative values – about women's roles in particular – persisted, even as later generations of Stephens parted with the faith. It concludes by considering the important role played by Woolf's Quaker aunt, Caroline Emelia Stephen, in the development of both her spirituality and her feminism.


The authors propose and demonstrate a simple technique for generating a transform-limited optical short pulse with variable repetition rates by using a sinusoidally driven InGaAsP electroabsorption modulator without any optical resonators. Using the pulse compression effect due to nonlinear attenuation characteristics of the modulator, a transform-limited optical pulse can be generated just with sinusoidal modulation. Theoretical calculations and experimental results show that the pulse shape is very close to the sech/sup 2/ shape, and the pulse width can be easily varied by varying the bias and modulation voltages. Transform-limited optical pulse generation with a minimum pulse width of 11 ps was achieved up to 20-GHz repetition rate. The time-bandwidth product was as small as 0.32. >


1. What logic should we think with? R. M. Sainsbury 2. Mental representation and mental presentation Gregory McCulloch 3. Self-knowledge, normativity and construction Julia Tanney 4. The normativity of meaning Alan Millar 5. Two theories of names Gabriel M. A. Segal 6. Relativism and classical logic Crispin Wright 7. Principles for possibilia Christopher Peacocke 8. What are these familiar words doing here? A. W. Moore 9. Particular thoughts and singular thought M. G. F. Martin 10. Conditional belief and the Ramsey Test Scott Sturgeon 11. Necessary existents Timothy Williamson 12. Ambiguity and belief S. G. Williams 13. Basic logical knowledge Bob Hale 14. Frege's target Charles Travis.


Cities have led high civilization for so long that one can scarcely imagine one without the other. Yet it is not easy to delimit their place in the creation of values and the organizing power to implement them that constitute a developing civilization. They can be described in innumerable ways, for as is true also of small towns and villages each city has a unique personality. The existing literature leans either to extreme particularity of detail or to an unconvincing generality. The two articles that follow are the first of a series in which common general questions will be brought to bear on the rise of different types of city in different societies and on the conditions under which they play particular creative and organizing roles. Since three recent books have attempted large-scale comparison along these lines our own series had best open with an attempt to review their contributions.


Exponential Smoothing, Moving Average, and Least Squares forecasting models were tested by simulating their operation on seven years of actual data for various sewing machine product groups. The relative accuracy of the forecasts varied according to the length of the period being forecasted and the characteristics of the data. Tests were also conducted on synthetic series designed to isolate the cyclical, trend and noise components. For the series tested, the Exponential Smoothing and Moving Average methods were about equal in overall performance for intermediate range forecasts next six months' demand. For the short range next month's demand, the Exponential Smoothing gave slightly better over-all results. The difference in relative performance between the Exponential Smoothing and Moving Average methods for intermediate versus short range forecasts appears to be due to a subcomponent identified as "caused noise."


Force measuring device, in particular weighing cell, with a fixed part (10) connected to one of the fixed part (10) and serving to receive the force to be measured load receiver (60) with respect to by the force to be measured to the fixed part (10) can be deflected a over a first link member with the load sensor (60) and extending over a spaced in the longitudinal direction of the first link member second connecting element about an axis perpendicular to its longitudinal direction (102) lever axis, and (140, 142) pivotally connected to the fixed part (10) associated lever (100) for transmitting the deflection of the load receiver (60) on a first of the connecting element and the second connecting element in its longitudinally spaced output area (130) of the lever (100) with a variable transmission ratio, characterized in that the lever (100 ) at least three (in its longitudinal direction 102) from each other beabs having tandete, each designed for fastening of the connecting elements mounting areas.


Grain products are generally infested by many insect pests (Haq et al., 2005). Losses in different stored food commodities due to insect pest infestations have been reported from 5-15% that decreases the viability, quality and commercial value of stored products (Padin et al., 2002; Thompson and Reddy, 2016). The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum is considered as one of the major insect pest of stored food commodities in warehouses, processing plants, stores and flour mills (Campbell et al., 2003). Beside the physical damage to stored grain products, the adults of T. castaneum excrete carcinogenic quinones which are liable for allergic reactions in human beings (Lu et al., 2010). The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium is also an important primary insect pest of stored cereals (Ahmedani et al., 2007). Synthetic insecticides (phosphine fumigant, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, malathian, etc. are being used for the control of stored grains insect pests. Use of these fumigants has become increasingly limited due to development of resistance in stored grain insect pests. Moreover, residual effects of these insecticides have also been recorded in food commodities (Arnaud et al., 2002; Cox, 2004). Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been found very effective control agents for the management of stored grain insect pests due to their target specific and eco-friendly nature (Roy et al., 2006; Patil et al., 2014; Saruhan et al., 2015; Storm et al., 2016). The use of naturally occurring EP fungi for the effective control of insect pests of stored grain products is of increasing interest these days (Cox et al., 2004; Lord, 2005; Kubilay, 2016). The EPFs have been investigated with success under both laboratory and field trials against numerous insect pest species of stored grains (Batta, 2004; Vassilakos et al., 2006; Sabbour and Abd El-Aziz, 2012). EPFs such as Paecilomyces farinosus, Verticillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have been potentially used for the control of S. oryzae, T. castaneum and other stored grain insect pests (Bello et al., 2001; Padin et al., 2001; Khashaveh et al., 2011; Shafighi et al., 2014; Kubilay et al., 2016). Similarly, the IMI389521 isolate of Beauveria bassiana isolate has been found effective against large grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Nboyine et al., 2015) and Ephestia kuehniella (Shakarami et al., 2016). So, present study was carried to check the toxic and growth inhibition potential of a B. bassiana formulation (Racer) against T. castaneum and T. granarium populations of Faisalabad and Bahawalpur districts. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 56(2),429-434; 2019 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/19.6746 http://www.pakjas.com.pk


Although there are enormous available bandwidths for license-free visible light communication (VLC), a relatively narrow modulation bandwidth of LED is still an obstacle for further application. The carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation is a high spectral efficiency modulation technology which has begun to draw more attention in recent years. However, to meet the illumination of indoor VLC, the nonlinear interference is quite serious because of multipath fading channels. Thus, the spectrum efficiency of VLC with CAP modulation is greatly limited by these nonlinear effects. In this paper, the nonlinear distortion of indoor VLC systems, which was introduced by the nonlinearity of analog device and multipath fading channel, has been analyzed. Therefore, the problem we are trying to solve is to study an adaptive digital equalizer at CAP modulation which can efficiently mitigate nonlinearity of indoor VLC. The simulation result shows that the adaptive digital decision-feedback equalizer is an effective solution that can mitigate inter-symbol interference and improve the receiver performance efficiently.


It is known that extreme characters of several inductive limits of compact groups exhibit multiplicativity in a certain sense. In the paper, we formulate such multiplicativity for inductive limit quantum groups and provide explicit examples of multiplicative characters in the case of quantum unitary groups. Furthermore, we show a Gaussian fluctuation limit theorem using this concept of multiplicativity.


The study aims to investigate the relationship between the presence of rhodolith beds and the effect on the shelf bottom boundary layer due to the action of surface wind waves. The study area is situated off-shore and north-west of Elba Island in the Western Mediterranean Sea, an area known to be characterized by rhodolith beds. A binomial logistic regression model is used in order to analyse the relationship between wind-wave energy at sea bottom, bathymetry and rhodolith bed occurrence. The results indicate a positive correlation between rhodolith bed occurrence and wave energy, while the relation with bathymetry is weaker in all the trials. The wave energy confidence interval associated to the rhodolith bed probability is also estimated, thereby informing on wind wave energy values required for the modelling of this particular benthic habitat in off-shore shelf areas.


Ultrastructural examination of three glucosamine-type Chlorella species (C. vulgaris var. vulgaris, C. kessleri, C. sorokiniana), forming a related group in phylogenetic trees inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences (FRIEDL 1995, Huss et al. 1999), revealed a similar cell ultrastructure but some differences in early and later stages of the cell wall development. All species mentioned above contain the monosaccharide glucosamine as the main constituent of the rigid cell wall (TAKEDA 1991, 1993a, 1993b). A thin electrondense layer is the first visible structure covering the young daughter protoplasts of C. vulgaris and C. sorokiniana, Layered microfibrils can be observed in cross-sections of adult cell walls. Remnants of the broken maternal cell walls (MCW) persist in a culture medium. In C. kessleri the initial electrondense layer was not found. The cell wall is hardly visible, no microfibrillar structure was detected. No MCW remnants were found in the medium. Negatively stained microfibrils of all the three species obtained by IN NaOH and 2M TFAA treatment are straight or slightly bent. The pyrenoid is transversed by two thylakoids. The rigid cell wall of C. luteoviridis is composed of glucose and mannose (TAKEDA 1991, 1993a, 1993b). However some ultrastructural features of C. luteoviridis resemble that of glucosamine-type chlorellas (the thin electrondense layer covering the young daughter protoplasts, microfibrillar structure of the adult cell wall visible on cross-sections, MCW remnants persisting in a medium). Microfibrils do not form a net, they are kinked and flexuous. C. luteoviridis differs from glucosamine-type species in the pyrenoid structure (the pyrenoid is bisected by four or two thylakoids). Thickness of microfibrils in all studied species is about 5 nm.


This paper sets up a dynamic microfounded partial equilibrium framework to study the decisions of firms related to fixed investment, capacity utilization and output inventory accumulation. Investment at the micro-level is lumpy due to non-convex capital adjustment costs induced by the costly adoption of embodied technology growth, and investment irreversibility; at the macro-level on the other hand investment is smoothed by aggregation. Some proc-cyclicality in inventory accumulation accumulation is induced through a combination of price stickiness, production-to-stock and stochastic concave demand. While the model under the ad hoc baseline parametrization fits much of the micro-evidence rather well, and has some some interesting qualitative implications for the impulse-response of investment to demand shocks, the poor fit at the macro-level underlines that improvements are still needed. Note to the Zeuthen-Committee: The main text is spread out over 22 pages, but with a more clumsy layout removing early page breaks and the free space around equations, figures and tables, it could easily fit on 20 pages. The long appendix mainly contains figures; the discussions of many of them has been relegated to the online appendix.


The invention relates to a waste powder processing device applied to dust removing mechanical equipment. A connection pipe is coaxially fixed at the left end of a stirring cylinder body, wherein a feeding pipe is fixedly arranged at the connection pipe; a discharging pipe is fixedly arranged at the stirring cylinder body; transmission shafts are rotatably mounted in the connection pipe and the stirring cylinder body; screw blades are fixedly arranged at the transmission shaft in the connection pipe; a plurality of gear connection plates are fixedly arranged at the transmission shaft in the stirring cylinder body; each gear connection plate comprises two connection plates; an angle of 180 degrees is defined by the connection plates of each gear connection plate; an angle of 90 degrees is defined by the two gear connection plates; stirring blades are fixedly arranged on each connection plate; an angle of 45 degrees is defined by the plane, in which the connection plate close to the left end side of the stirring cylinder body is positioned, and an axis of the transmission shaft; an angle of 45 degrees is also defined by the plane, in which the connection plate close to the right end side of the stirring cylinder body is positioned, and the axis of the transmission shaft. By virtue of the waste powder processing device, the waste ore powder is fully mixed with water; the production efficiency is improved.


The spectral of the rare earths have been photographed under controlled excitation so that either the spectra of the doubly or triply ionized elements are brought out with maximum intensity. A mild excitation is used in addition to give the first and second spectra for comparison. Some regularities are immediately apparent and vary very gradually through the rare-earth group. The general features of the spectra are discussed in this paper.


fetal thymus and are very rare in the adult thymus, Distinct subsets of gd T cells expressing different Vg whereas Vg2 and Vg5 rearrangements exhibit the oppoand Vd chains arise in ordered waves during thymic site pattern (Garman et al., 1986; Goldman et al., 1993). development. In the murine Jg1–Cg1 cluster, the Vg3 The rearrangement pattern is reflected by the appeargene segment is utilized earliest in fetal thymic develance of distinct sets of gd cells during ontogeny. Vg3 opment, in progenitors of dendritic epidermal T cells gd T cells appear at the earliest stages of thymocyte (DECs). The Vg2 gene segment predominates in the development, around day 13 of gestation (E13), and late fetal stages and beyond, in cells destined for the disappear from the thymus by E18 (Havran and Allison, secondary lymphoid organs. Using transgenic TCRg 1988). Evidence suggests that Vg4 cells are also only recombination substrates, we demonstrate that this present in the fetal thymus (Ito et al., 1989). Vg2 gd cells, restricted Vg gene usage is determined by developand probably Vg51 cells as well, exhibit the opposite mentally targeted gene rearrangement. We show that developmental pattern, as they first appear only late in sequences immediately upstream of the Vg2 and Vg3 fetal thymic development and come to represent a major genes direct the rearrangement pattern in adult thythymic gd cell population in the adult (Raulet et al., 1991). mocytes. Thus, the choice of Vg gene for recombinaCells expressing different Vg genes generally exhibit tion is coordinated with distinct differentiation prodistinct functional characteristics. The Vg3 subset grams in gd subsets. homes specifically toepidermal epithelial tissues, where


Verheggen and Baerveldt's (2007) recent paper critiques the concept of 'sharedness' in Social Representations Theory (SRT). However, these arguments against sharedness are themselves founded upon an implicit argument against the role of 'representation' in SRT. This constitutes what I call the phenomenological critique of SRT. From a discussion of Heidegger's phenomenology one can better understand Verheggen and Baerveldt's argument. By concentrating on anchoring and objectification, the notion of 'representation' can be conceived as both a 'conscious' and a 'non-conscious' account of meaning. A Heideggerian phenomenological approach can unify the conscious and non-conscious elements of SRT into a common framework. Such phenomenological appreciation of SRT can contribute to a theory of meaning for cultural psychology.


THE ISSCT Executive Committee has initiated a study to assist affiliates to deal with the increasing calls for sustainable production systems. Sustainability refers to the triple bottom line or the people, planet and profit philosophy. Most of the ISSCT's endeavours of recent history have been directed at improving the profit component of that philosophy in both field and factory. The people and planet have not enjoyed as much attention. The Executive Committee decided to appoint a Task Force to report on sustainability and this report provides the results of the study in the South African Sugar Industry. Field and factory activities, which identified the Industry's actions in respect of the stewardship of both people and the planet, were established after dialog with both the miller and grower fraternities in South Africa. Views on the successes and shortcomings are highlighted and research needs identified. In the context of the profit component, a report on the macro economics of issues such as total production, total revenue earned, grower's total income and total numbers of employees is given.


In this work, the reaction of derivatives of benzoic acid containing substituents in the aromatic ring (1a-o) with 2-chloro-4,6dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (4) in the presence of N-methylmorpholine (6) has been synthesized active triazine esters of carboxylic acids (3a-o). These compounds obtained in the presence of potassium butylate (7) in reaction with vinyl acetate (2) have formed vinyl esters of corresponding aromatic carboxylic acids (5a-o). The electronic effect of the substitutor in the aromatic ring affects on carrying out of the reaction and the nature of obtained products. The structure of the synthesized vinyl esters of aromatic carboxylic acids was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H_NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC/MS spectral analysis, and some of their physical constants were determined.


Chronic inflammation has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. Several studies have investigated the relationship between C‐reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation, and colorectal cancer and adenomas, resulting in inconsistent findings. The present study examined the relationship between circulating levels of high‐sensitivity CRP and colorectal adenomas. The study subjects comprised 646 cases of colorectal adenoma and 635 controls of normal total colonoscopy among men receiving a preretirement health examination at two hospitals of the Self Defense Forces. Statistical adjustment was made for cigarette smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, physical activity, and other potential confounders. The multivariate‐adjusted geometric means showed no measurable differences between adenoma cases and controls, but were higher among cases with larger adenomas (trend P = 0.03). Likewise, although the prevalence odds of colorectal adenomas did not differ according to CRP levels as categorized at the 30th, 60th, and 90th percentiles in the controls, higher levels of CRP were associated with a statistically significant increase in the prevalence odds of large adenomas (≥5 mm), but not of small adenomas (<5 mm). The multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios of large adenomas for the lowest to highest categories of CRP were 1.00 (referent), 1.81 (95% confidence interval 1.17–2.80), 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.03–2.52), and 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.28–3.84), respectively (trend P = 0.01). A positive association between CRP and prevalence odds of large adenomas was not modified by either smoking or overweight. These findings suggest that inflammation is linked to the growth of colorectal adenomas. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 709–711)


We are developing a new near-infrared high-resolution (Rmax= 100,000) and high-sensitive spectrograph WINERED, which is specifically customized for short NIR bands at 0.9-1.35 μm. WINERED employs the novelty in the optical system; a portable design with a near-infrared immersion grating and warm optics without any cold stops. The planned astrometric space mission JASMINE will provide the exact positions, distances, and proper motions of the Galactic bulge stars. The missing components, the radial velocity and chemical compositions, will be measured by WINERED with high accuracies (δV <10km/s). These combined data brought by JASMINE and WINERED will certainly reveal the nature of the Galactic bulge. We plan to complete this instrument with a single slit by the end of 2008 and hope to attach it to various 4-10 m telescopes as a PI-type instrument. In succession, we plan to develop a similar spectrograph but with a simultaneous multi-object spectroscopic capability for full-fledged bulge survey.


The present study was carried out in Mysuru, Hassan, Mandya and Tumakuru districts of Karnataka state during 2016-2017 to know the profile of agricultural extension functionaries and to identify the problems faced by the agricultural extension functionaries in using ICT tools. A sample of 80 Agricultural Officers (30 Nos) and Assistant Agricultural Officers (50 Nos) representing 43 Raitha Samparka Kendras of four sampled districts were interviewed with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule. The results revealed that majority of the extension functionaries were educated upto M.Sc. (Agri) degree (51.25%), had undergone training on ICT tools (60.00%) and were having medium level of e-readiness (51.25%).Majority of the agricultural extension functionaries had the problem of interrupted power supply, slow/ poor internet connection, poor maintenance of ICT tools, inadequate number of ICT tools (multimedia projectors, tablets with GPS, DVDs, digital cameras, etc.), lack of upgraded ICT tools/ equipment (hardware/software), high cost of ICT tools, technical and infrastructural problems, less number of Agri websites and portals, and problems of virus and junk mails. All the agricultural extension functionaries suggested for uninterrupted power supply for effective utilization of ICT tools, while a majority of agricultural extension functionaries suggested for allocation of sufficient funds for ICT infrastructure and procurement/ upgrading/ maintenance of ICT equipment and tools, provision of better internet connectivity etc., for effective utilization of ICT tools.


Mitigation of flood damages is one of the highest priorities for water resources man-agement in the Red River Basin, Vietnam. A comprehensive river basin plan was pro-posed in the 1960s according to which a cascade reservoir system should be built in the basin including the Hoa Binh reservoir that has been operated since 1990. Because of its multi-purpose character, conflicts and disputes in managing the reservoir have been ongoing since then, particularly in the flood season. Therefore, it is important and desirable to improve the current operational regulation of the Hoa Binh reservoir. This paper proposes to optimise the control strategies for the HoaBinh reservoir operation by applying a combination of simulation and optimisation models. The control strategies are set up in the MIKE 11 simulation model to guide the release of the reservoir system according to the current storage level, the hydro-meteorological con-ditions, and the time of the year. A heuristic global optimisation tool, the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) algorithm, is adopted for optimising the reservoir operation. This algorithm conducts an efficient and robust search of the parameters space. First, different decision parameter sets that define the control strategies are generated. For each trial parameter set the simulation model is used to evaluate the performance of the system with respect to different objectives. Then, the parameter set is modified toward optimality by using the optimisation


The purpose of this study is (1) to find out the influence of work life quality on employee engagement in PT. Wahyu Septyan Bengkulu. (2) to find out the influence of organizational culture on employee engagement in PT. Wahyu Septyan Bengkulu. (3) to find out the influence of work life quality and organizational culture on employee engagement in PT. Wahyu Septyan Bengkulu. Quality of work life is a commitment to work and organization, pride in work and in the organization, a willingness to support the benefits of work, organization, and satisfaction, both emotional and intellectual. Organizational culture is the socialization process of organizational members to develop perceptions, values, and beliefs about the organization. Employee engagement is an employee's appreciation of purpose and concentration of energy, which appears in the form of initiative, adaptability, effort, and persistence toward organizational goals.This type of research is a quantitative that emphasizing its analysis on numerical data (numbers) which are processed by statistical methods. The sample used in this study using nonprobability sampling technique with saturated sampling. Researchers used this sampling technique because the population was 60 people. Data collection techniques using observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis technique of this research is multiple linear regression, t test and f test.The results of this study, (1) the work life quality has a significant influence on employee engagement with a sig value of 0.003. This means that when the work life quality in the company is getting better, it will increase employee engagement. (2)Organizational culture has a significant influence on employee engagement with a sig value of 0.001. This means that when the organizational culture in the company is getting better, it will be able to increase employee engagement. (3) the calculated of F count is 4.037. Because the value of F count 4.037> F table 3.16, as the basis for decision making in the F test it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted or in other words the work life quality (X1) and organizational culture (X2) simultaneously affect employee engagement (Y).


23 We characterized carbapenem resistance mechanisms among 12 Klebsiella 24 pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) clinical isolates, and 25 evaluated their effects on the activity of 2and 3-drug combinations of colistin, 26 doripenem and ertapenem. All isolates were resistant to ertapenem and doripenem; 27 75% (9/12) were resistant to colistin. Isolates belonged to ST258 clonal group, and 28 harbored blaKPC-2, blaSHV-12, and blaTEM-1. By time-kills, doripenem (8 μg/ml) and 29 ertapenem (2 μg/ml) were inactive against 92% (11/12) and 100% (12/12) of isolates, 30 respectively. Colistin (2.5 μg/ml) exerted bactericidal effects (range: 0.39-2.5 log10) 31 against 78% (7/9) of colistin-resistant isolates. Colistin-ertapenem, colistin-doripenem 32 and colistin-doripenem-ertapenem exhibited synergy against 42% (5/12), 50% (6/12) 33 and 67% (8/12) of isolates, respectively. Expression of ompK35 and ompK36 porins 34 correlated with each other (R = 0.80). Levels of porin expression did not correlate with 35 colistin-doripenem or colistin–ertapenem synergy. However, synergy with colistin36 doripenem-ertapenem was more likely against isolates with high porin expression than 37 low expression (100% (8/8) vs 0% (0/4); p=0.002). Moreover, bactericidal activity (area 38 under the bacterial killing curve) against isolates with high porin expression was greater 39 for colistin-doripenem-ertapenem than colistin-doripenem or colistin-ertapenem 40 (p≤0.049). In conclusion, colistin-carbapenem combinations may provide optimal 41 activity against KPC-Kp, including colistin-resistant isolates. Screening for porin 42 expression may identify isolates that are most likely to respond to a triple combination of 43 colistin-doripenem-ertapenem. In the future, molecular characterization of KPC-Kp 44 isolates may be a practical tool for identifying effective combination regimens. 45 46 on July 0, 2017 by gest httpaac.asm .rg/ D ow nladed fom


The Covid-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on all our lives. It has also highlighted the critical and varied role(s) played by retailing in both the economy and wider society. The pandemic has undoubtedly been a disruptive agent to the existing business models of retailers, their established operational practices and how consumers behave and shop. Disruption has also been felt throughout the wider retail eco-system including actors in the supply chain and the real estate industry. Our existing understanding of the concepts of space and place in retail markets has been challenged, as the traditional 'rules of the game' for fixed store retailing have changed. The reactions of policy makers to the pandemic varied across the globe but typically involved the application of different and differentiated public health measures resulting in periodic lockdowns and other restrictions on trading. These actions have impacted upon different retail-sub sectors to differing degrees, depending on an often simplistic distinction between 'essential' and 'non-essential' retailing. The outcome for retail organisations has been significant shifts in established income streams and cost structures, whilst the resilience of existing supply chains has also been tested. However, the retail industry has proved to be agile and innovative in its response. At a macro level, existing structural changes such as the shift towards online retailing has accelerated and new opportunities arising from a greater focus on 'local' shopping and shorter supply chains have emerged. At a managerial level, new operating practices and service activities have been adopted as retailing has adjusted to changes in consumer behaviour, preferences and expectations. As we move towards the 'new' or 'next' normal which of these changes are temporary and which will be permanent is still unclear, although it is widely recognized that we are unlikely to return to the past. The call for papers for this special issue generated almost fifty submissions covering a wide range of topics and retail settings from around the world. Half of these were desk rejected and others were deemed more appropriate for consideration within a nonspecial issue of the Review. Typically, many of the rejected submissions appeared opportunistic (perhaps not surprising, given the disruptive nature of the pandemic) in that a Covid dimension was added to an existing piece of research. Consequently, the underlying rationale, the coherence of the narrative, and the contribution of the study was sometimes compromised. Following a standard review process, we have selected five papers for this special issue which we believe provide an interesting and informative view of how retailing has been impacted by the pandemic. Two core themes emerge from these papers, reflecting the disruptive nature of the Covid-19 'crisis'. First, changes to established consumer practices and underlying motivations and priorities – with a greater emphasis on the social and community related dimensions of shopping activity. Second, changes in consumer perceptions of retailer THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF RETAIL, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMER RESEARCH 2022, VOL. 32, NO. 2, 127–129 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2022.2052464


This paper presents a packet transmission delay modeling for networks using multiple truncated stop-and-wait (SAW) retransmission processes. The packet transmission delay includes the packet queueing delay (PQD) and the packet reordering delay (PRD). While the first type of delay is commonly known for any SAW procedure, the latter is only introduced when multiple SAW processes are considered for parallel communications. These processes work independently while sharing the same packet traffic. By modeling the queueing buffer as an M/G/∞ model, an analytical formula for the average PQD is provided. In addition, we model the PRD as a first-order Markov chain defined by a transition probability matrix, and derive the average PRD. Analytical formulae are provided considering the general case where error probabilities are different from a transmission to another, such as in automatic repeat request (ARQ) with packet combining, and for arbitrary values of the number of multi-SAW processes and maximum number of ARQ retransmissions.


Social media and technology companies such as Facebook should take more responsibility for children's mental health in the UK, the chief executive of NHS England has urged.

In his keynote speech to the NHS Confederation conference in Manchester on 13 June, Simon Stevens said that improving …


This research is supported by the Radiation Technology Program (M20703000015-07N0300-01510) under Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) and U-Eco city project (C007L7510001-08L015800110) under Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation technology Evaluation and Planning (KICTEP). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.


A central issue to emerge in gender discourse on political participation and politics, is the struggle for women's equality and one critical measure is the global representation of women in national parliaments. Notwithstanding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, varied forms of discrimination remain, including political. In 1979, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. In 1985 the U.N. adopted the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies, which highlights actions to achieve gender equality by the year 2000, including the full observance to the rights of women and the elimination of both de jure and de facto discrimination. Moreover, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) called on governments to take every measure to reduce the gender inequality in the political, public and private sectors by the year 2005, setting a target goal of 30 percent of key decision making positions to be occupied by women in these three sectors. The CPA resolution asserted that this percentage constituted a critical mass to influence attitudes and behaviours toward gender. Cynthia Barrow-Giles Political Party Financing and Women ́s Political Partipation in the Caribbean CHAPTER III


This paper focuses on analyzing the class and function of "Let's" in "Let's" structure from the standpoints of pragmatics and functional syntax to show that "Let's" can function in sentences only as an interpersonal constituent in the multiple theme.


In briefly explaining the main idea of Chinese Geomancy,the author discovered that the Chinese ancestors considered not only religion but also tourism and environment when they chose proper cities to build temples


• Understand the benefits of cementless fixation in total knee arthroplasty • Understand the implications of sex differences in knee morphology and kinematics, as they relate to knee arthroplasty.


DevOps could be a culture, movement or observe that emphasizes the collaboration and communication of each computer code developers and different information-technology(IT) rofessionals whereas automating the method of computer code delivery and infrastructure changes. It aims at establishing a culture and atmosphere wherever building,testing, and emotional computer code will happen speedily, frequently, and a lot of dependably. This paper speaks regarding technology of DevOps and challenges and probable solutions . Index Terms — DevOps, collaboration & code delivery.


One of the major challenges in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is link failure due to vehicle mobility. It is because that VANET is a dynamic mobile network in which network disconnection occurs very often. It causes repeated link breakages and increasing the packet loss rate. Therefore, most traditional broadcasting protocols cause fail in delivering packets. Prediction of the location of a moving vehicle in VANET became an interesting and challenging problem. This paper proposes a mobility prediction scheme to achieve a reliable broadcasting. The proposed scheme predicts the moving direction, whether on the same road, the relative speed, and inter-vehicle distance to select the reliable relay vehicle for safety message broadcasting.


Modern construction projects have been shifting to offsite prefabrication with hopes of enhancing performance and improving productivity. Off-site construction of structures such as heavy structural steel bridges involves the fabrication of a significant portion of the required construction components including bridge girders and assemblies in off-site fabrication facilities in a more controlled environment before delivering finished components to the construction site for erection. Unlike manufacturing, steel fabrication is labor intensive and less automated while undergoes frequent change orders and shop layout changes. These features make tracking the daily utilization of the workforce and thus labor cost and productivity difficult. To address this issue, a simplified discrete simulation approach (SDESA) is implemented to build an integrated data-driven system as an effective tool for modeling the operational details involved in the fabrication of bridge girders which supports estimating, scheduling and analyzing production.


(57) Abstract: The present invention relates to microbiological field, in particular microorganisms, especially early detection of gram-negative microorganisms, the identification relates to compositions and methods for distinguishing and measuring the number of bacteria. The compositions disclosed by the present invention, a mixture of proteins derived substance having a total nitrogen content of 9-20%, 2 relative to the content of inhibitors of Gram-positive microorganisms: 1-24: 1 in relation contains. The composition comprises a mixture of organic material and inorganic substances that promote differentiation of Gram-negative microorganisms, the content of the mixture on the mixture of proteins derived materials 0.5: 2: 1 relationship . Compositions of interest, and a coliform microorganism E.coli and another species, and detected by bluish green Koronii of these microorganisms on orange bottom of the medium, also distinctively possible to measure the number of bacteria ; Salmonella not typhi is by the red in the center portion of Koronii on rosy-like bottom of the medium; Salmonella typhi and Proteus are the transparency of Koronii; Citrobacter and Klebsiella are medium pink-orange bottom on Koronii purple the; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is caused orange with dark center portion Koronii, cause a greenish pigmentation after 24 hours and then by producing a greenish fluorescence under low ultraviolet light; detecting, also differentially It makes it possible to measure the number of bacteria in.


Energy absorption by driven chaotic systems, the theory of energy spreading and quantal Brownian motion are considered. In particular we discuss the theory of a classical particle that interacts with quantal chaotic degrees of freedom, and try to relate it to the problem of quantal particle that interacts with an effective harmonic bath.


The optimum performance of an off-grid power system depends on economic and environmental criteria, and it belongs to the field of non-linear combinatorial multiobjective optimization. In this paper, the economic objective refers to the minimization of the total net present cost, while the environmental objective refers to the minimization of the total CO 2 equivalent emissions during the life cycle of system's components, which can be wind turbines, photovoltaics, diesel generator and batteries. A binary evolutionary algorithm is proposed for the solution of the problem. The results show that in order to satisfy constraints related with system's initial cost and reliability performance, the energy supply has to be provided mainly by the diesel generator and secondarily by the wind turbines. The contribution of photovoltaics is negligible, but it can be improved significantly in the future through the evolution of their manufacturing procedure, which is expected to cause reduction in their cost and their total CO 2 emissions.


One of the outstanding problems in data assimilation has been and continues to be howbest to utilize satellite data while balancing the tradeoff between accuracy and computationalcost. A number of weather prediction centers have recently achieved remarkable success inimproving their forecast skill by changing the method by which satellite data are assimilatedinto the forecast model from the traditional approach of assimilating retrievals to the di-rect assimilation of radiances in a variational framework. The operational implementation ofsuch a substantial change in methodology involves a great number of technical details, e.g.,pertaining to quality control procedures, systematic error correction techniques, and tuningof the statistical parameters in the analysis algorithm. Although there are clear theoreticaladvantages to the direct radiance assimilation approach, it is not obvious at all to whatextent the improvements that have been obtained so far can be attributed to the change inmethodology, or to various technical aspects of the implementation. The issue is of interestbecause retrieval assimilation retains many practical and logistical advantages which maybecome even more significant in the near future when increasingly high-volume data sourcesbecome available.The central question we address here is: how much improvement can we expect from as-similating radiances rather than retrievals, all other things being equal? We compare the twoapproaches in a simplified one-dimensional theoretical framework, in which problems relatedto quality control and systematic error correction are conveniently absent. By assuming aperfect radiative transfer model and perfect knowledge of radiance and background errorcovariances, we are able to formulate a nonlinear local error analysis for each assimilationmethod. Direct radiance assimilation is optimal in this idealized context, while the tradi-tional method of assimilating retrievals is suboptimal because it ignores the cross-covariancesbetween background errors and retrieval errors. We show that interactive retrieval assimila-tion (where the same background used for assimilation is also used in the retrieval step) is* Corresponding author address: Data Assimilation Office, Code 910.3, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771.E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com