This report is produced each month by the APHA Surveillance Intelligence Unit and the six Species Expert Groups (livestock and wildlife). The international horizon-scanning summaries are produced by the Defra/APHA International Disease Monitoring (IDM) team, notifiable disease reports by the APHA Veterinary Exotic and Notifiable Disease Unit (VENDU), and threat analysis by the cross-agency Veterinary Risk Group (VRG). The report is drawn from scanning surveillance information, data and reports produced by the APHA veterinary investigation centres and non-APHA partner postmortem examination providers contributing to the Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis (VIDA) database and complying with standardised diagnostic and laboratory testing criteria. Other livestock and wildlife scanning surveillance reports may also be found at www.gov.uk/government/collections/animal-disease-surveillance-reports Highlights from the scanning surveillance network Cattle Rupture of the cranial mesenteric/ coeliac artery in dairy cows Since 2003, deaths caused by rupture of the cranial mesenteric/ coeliac artery have been identified by postmortem examinations of dairy cows in the UK scanning surveillance network and in Ireland, with a similar increasing trend also seen in North America and the Netherlands. The cows have all been HolsteinFriesians, in multiple herds and there has not been a high within-herd prevalence. The cause behind the development of aneurysms leading to rupture is unclear. Given the association with Holstein-Friesians, a hereditary factor has been suspected. Tests have ruled out copper deficiency, which has been associated with aneurysm formation in some species. Bovine Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, which are inherited conditions with defective metabolism of connective tissue, were also considered. A recent investigation was undertaken into the sudden deaths of seven cows in a dairy herd of 120, the losses occurring over the past four years. The seventh death was had been examined postmortem by private practitioners with similar findings. An eighth cow died a few days later; however, this animal had severe multifocal hepatic abscessation and thromboembolic lung pathology. The affected herd had comprised solely Holstein cows until about four years ago; since then cross breeding had resulted in half the herd being Holstein/Norwegian reds, and all the affected animals were of this breeding. Further investigation was undertaken with the farm's private practitioner. Several possible risk factors were identified that may have caused the high within-herd prevalence and should be addressed: • The breed of cows (ie, Holstein/ Norwegian red): unfortunately the records were not sufficiently detailed to be able to determine if specific cow/bull combinations were those that had been affected. • The condition of the cows: the cow examined postmortem with arterial rupture was in fat condition, weighing 818 kg, while other cows in the herd, notably the crossbreds, had the highest body condition scores. • The diet: a nutritionist advised on the diet formulation, but it was suspected that it was suited to Holstein production rather than the Holstein crossbreds, and that this was the cause of the high body condition score. • Cow fitness: all the deaths occurred during the housed winter months when cows exercise least.


Dapaglifozin on diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus and chronic heart failure
 Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains a challenging problem due to its high mortality rate. Another novelty in HF therapy is dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) which decreased the rates of cardiac death and worsening of HF in the DAPA-HF trial, when added in other guideline recommended therapy.

 A prospective cohort study of 30 symptomatic HF patients with EF < 35% (aged 65 ±10 years) (20 males and 10 females) was conducted. Diabetic (2TDM) patients of NYHA status II–III, previously treated with ARNI, β-blocker, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) were included. Dapagliflozin 10 mg was added as an adjunct therapy for 2TDM but also as a novel therapy of HF in diabetic patients. Clinical examination and complete echocardiographic evaluation were performed at baseline and 30 days after the addition of SGLT2i to their treatment. 2D echocardiography and Doppler measurements were used for the evaluation of left ventricular function, and more specifically, peak early (E-wave) and late (A-wave) transmitral filling velocities and their ratio E/A, deceleration time of E velocity (DTE). To classify diastolic dysfunction according to the ASE/EACVI guidelines published in 2016, transmitral E and A waves velocities, septal and lateral E' tissue velocities, indexed left atrium volume and peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation were collected.

 After 30 days of therapy with dapagliflozin, blood pressure was reduced significantly and the echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function were improved. More specifically, after 6.1±3.6 months of treatment E/A ratio decreased from 1.7 ±1.5 to 1.01±0.70 (P <0.05), the E/Ea ratio decreased from 13.5± 6.3 vs. 10.2± 5.2 (P <0.05), tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity decreased from 3.0±0.4 to 2.4± 0.5m/s (P =0.03) and left atrial volume decreased from 53 ±29.3 to 40.3±11.5ml/m2 (P <0.05). Subsequently, both left-ventricular diastolic function and filling pressure improved significantly (P <0.05,).

 Our data support the evidence that SGLT2i ameliorate both the conventional echocardiographic indexes of diastolic function and this effect is noted quite promptly. The ratio of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity seems to correlate well with LV filling pressures, and may be use das a prognostic tool in patients with HFrEF. We have to emphasize that the diastolic function improvement was observed 30 days after the initiation of dapagliflozin treatment, and thus it may be considered an early marker of improvement and adequacy of treatment apart from BNP.

 in this study classical diastolic echocardiographic parameters were improved promptly after initiation of dapagliflozin therapy. The ratio of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity at the early filling phase of diastole (E/SRE) may be considered a reliable index of HF therapy responders.


Organizations are interested in workforce diversity for a variety of reasons. One way to foster employee diversity is through the use of targeted recruitment practices. While this topic has received attention in the literature, most of the work has examined the effectiveness of recruiting people whose minority status is apparent. Thus, the goal of this research is to explore the effectiveness of recruitment strategies targeted toward individuals whose minority status is not immediately obvious, namely lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. Two specific recruitment strategies were used: providing information about domestic partner benefits and providing information about community partnerships. The results of this study suggest that the targeted recruitment strategies were equally effective in eliciting higher levels of perceived P–O fit and organizational attraction among a sample of LGBT adults. These findings suggest that organizations can effectively use targeted recruiting to influence LGBT people's perceptions of organizations. Future research can help identify whether targeted recruitment has a negative impact on straight people's perceptions of organizations that use recruitment strategies targeted toward members of the LGBT community.


Abstract A comparison of natural polyisoprene latex with that of synthetic polyisoprene latex included latex properties, raw latex films, compound stability and processing, prevulcanization, vulcan...


With the improvement of standard of living,Chinese people are no longer satisfied with eating is to eat.The improvement of life quality is not limited to the material dimension,and also catering products need to be created and transformed based on diet culture.Catering industry should change from resource-based structure to culture-creative structure,developing Chinese food products finely and aesthetically.


The Bogoliubov transformation in quantum field theory is used [1] to refine neutrino oscillation transition formulae by a deformation parameter, appearing in a noncommutative spectral model for neutrinos. We consider Hopf algebras in mixing from a more mathematical perspective, justified by the motivic nature of quantum field theory. Experimental constraints on mixing angles are considered.


Compounds of formula (I), asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, urinary incontinence, vanilloid such as inflammatory or nerve damage pain and diseases sensory nerve function such as migraine and psoriasis involving receptor are useful in treating diseases mediated. [Of 224]


The current work of quantitative investigation of descriptive type - correlacional, of transverse court, with methodological boarding of the behavior organizacional of Robins, was realized by the intention of determining the relation that exists in the philosophy of the institution and as this one it influences the quality of the process that the nurses offer in the service of hospitalization . Of a sample of 72 nurses, the results were that if relation exists between the philosophy organizacional with the quality of the process in infirmary, that of a total of 12 nurses who know the philosophy of the organization, 11 are major of 40 years, which relation does not exist between the time of work with the philosophy organizacional, that of a total of 42 nurses who realize a quality of suitable attention, 22 of them are major of 40 years, and which not always the years of experience determine a good quality of attention in infirmary, concluding that the knowledge on the philosophy organizacional of the Hospital Belen of Trujillo, if it influences the quality of the process of attention infirmary.


Tetra-amelia is a very rare genetic disorder, characterized by the complete absence of all extremities. Patients often have to be hospitalized because of pulmonary infection and associated abnormalities. In this patient group, venous access is possible by the insertion of either a peripheral intracath at the scalp/neck or a central venous catheter (CVC) at the internal jugular vein. Following central venous catheterization, many complications such as vessel and nerve injury, pneumothorax, hemothorax, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, arrhythmia, sepsis, and infection at the insertion site have been reported in the English literature. Chylothorax, a rare complication following central venous catheterization, can be decreased by preferring insertion of the CVC to the right internal jugular vein and using a flexible CVC of an appropriate length and gauge. Herein, insertion of CVC in a case with tetra-amelia and diagnosis and treatment of CVC-related chylothorax were summarized.


ABSTRACT The present study examined COVID-19-related stressors associated with depressive symptom in the older population and whether a caregiving role made a difference in the results. Data from the COVID-19 Supplement to the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) were used to compare two groups of older adults: 248 older caregivers and 1,437 older adults without a caregiving role. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that a lack of time for self-care and healthcare delay were significant stressors in both groups. Missing social events and staying home were associated with depressive symptom only in the non-caregiver group.


This imaging device achieves improved video responsiveness and prevents color shift from occurring even if multiple types of illumination light are sequentially switched and a rolling shutter imaging element performs imaging in an area sequential mode. This imaging device is provided with a light source capable of emitting multiple types of illumination light, an imaging unit having an imaging element driven according to rolling shutter method, a light source control unit, a frame image control unit, and an image generation unit. The frame image control unit controls the light source control unit and the imaging unit such that output is produced with one period comprising a frame group made up of second exposure frames (Exp2, Exp4) arranged before and after a first exposure frame (Exp3). An imaging signal generation unit generates illumination-specific imaging signals using the ratio of the period which extends from the exposure start timing of each horizontal pixel line to the illumination light switching timing and the period which extends from the illumination light switching timing to the exposure end timing in the first exposure frames and the second exposures frames.


Improving indoor environment quality and making urban centres in tropical regions more sustainable has become a challenge for which computational models for the prediction of thermal sensation for naturally ventilated buildings (NVBs) have major role to play. This work performed analysis on thermal sensation for non-residential NVBs located in Brazilian tropical warm-humid climate and tested the effectiveness of suggested adaptive behaviours to mitigate warm thermal sensation. The research method utilized transient computational fluid dynamics models coupled with a dynamic model for human thermophysiology to predict thermal sensation. The calculated results were validated with comparison with benchmark values from questionnaires and from field measurements. The calculated results for dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) seven-point scale showed higher agreement with the thermal sensation vote than with the predicted mean vote. The test for the suggested adaptive behaviours considered reducing clothing insulation values from 0.18 to 0.32 clo (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 0.9), increasing the air speed in 0.9 m/s (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 0.9), and applying both suggestions together (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 1.3) for five scenarios with operative temperatures spanning 34.5–24.0 °C. Results quantified the tested adaptive behaviours' efficiency showing applicability to improve thermal sensation from slightly-warm to neutral.


Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). Differentiation of IBDV strains is crucial for effective vaccination programs and epidemiological investigations. In this study, a combination of clinical, histopathological examinations, immunohistochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used to differentiate different IBDV strains. Sixty three weeks old chickens were divided randomly into five equal groups. Chickens of four groups were inoculated orally with different strains of IBDV. Chickens of the fifth group were kept as a control. Three chickens per group were euthanized at 3, 7, 14, 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). Euthanized chickens subjected to autopsy and tissue samples were collected in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for histopathology, immunohistochimestry and immunoflrourescence. The results revealed that clinical examination and histopathology cannot be used alone for differentiation of IBDV strains, while immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques are reliable tools for differentiation of IBDV strains.


Purpose:Ward Monitoring System based on Power Line Communication.Methods:A Ward Monitoring System based on PLC is introduced in this paper.We mainly talk about the hardware design and software design of the system.The system adopt principal and subordinate structure,transmit data on low-voltage power line.Result:The system can communicate correctly in testing,and the max communication distance is 300 m.Conclusion:The system has many functions such as priority setting,records storage,etc.Nurses can monitor the patients' life sign parameters through the system..


Automata on infinite words were introduced by J.R. Buchi (1962) in order to give a decision procedure for S1S, the monadic second-order theory of one successor. D.E. Muller (1963) suggested deterministic omega -automata as a means of describing the behavior of nonstabilising circuits. R. McNaughton (1966) proved that classes of languages accepted by nondeterministic Buchi automata and by deterministic Muller automata are the same. His construction and its proof are quite complicated, and the blow-up of the construction is double exponential. The author presents a determinisation construction that is simpler and yields a single exponent upper bound for the general case. This construction is essentially optimal. It can also be used to obtain an improved complementation construction for Buchi automata that is also optimal. Both constructions can be used to improve the complexity of decision procedures that use automata-theoretic techniques.<<ETX>>


This article through to the field of computer widely used in a variety of graphic image techniques on the analysis explanation,At the same time,detailed Introduction of graphics image technology and application of knowledge.


Langerhans cells (LCs) are tissue-specific immature dendritic cells located in the epidermis of skin.LCs sense,capture,process and present external stimuli and initiate subsequent immune responses.Previous researches mainly focused on the function of LCs to promote immune response,showing that LCs have potent ability to induce immune reaction by mediating T cell immune responses.However,recent studies have indicated that LCs can also induce immune tolerance,which might be related to the elimination of specific T cells,generation of regulatory T cells,production of co-stimulatory molecules,etc.Thus,LCs are not only a sentry of immune responses,but also a maintainer of skin environment homeostasis.

Key words:
Langerhans cells;  Immunity;  Immune tolerance;  Skin


Since their development, the set of accounts described in the SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA) have been intended to complement the accounts of the SEEA Central Framework (SEEA CF) to provide a more complete picture of the environment and the connections to the economy and society. This intent is reflected in part in the definition of environmental assets which describes the complementary perspectives where environmental assets can be viewed either in terms of individual assets (timber, fish, water, soil, etc) or in terms of ecosystems.


ABSTRACT Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) grafted multiwall carbon nanotubes (g-MWCNTs) were synthesized while using purified MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs). Functionalization of MWCNTs was confirmed by FTIR, TGA, and XRD measurement. Comparative study of ammonia sensing performance of p-MWCNTs, carboxylated MWCNTs (a-MWCNTs), amine-functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) and g-MWCNTs were performed. Among all g-MWCNTs showed a large variation in resistance over an entire concentration range of ammonia vapors. The calculated limit of detection for g-MWCNTs was found to be 0.236 ppm. Sensor response of g-MWCNTs reaches full saturation at 150 ppm ammonia. The f-MWCNTs and g-MWCNTs showed a highly reversible response to ammonia vapors at 250 ppm at 25°C.


In general, a turbulent flame is observed in most practical combustors. As for the premixed combustion, by controlling the equivalence ratio of fuel and air, it is possible to suppress the emission of harmful substances such as NOx. However, the turbulent combustion process is very complex. Since there is unsteady flame and flow field interaction, it is very difficult to understand the combustion phenomena. To handle such a complex situation, the numerical cost may be too large. Then, by experiments, it is important to investigate turbulent combustion phenomena by laser diagnostics. In this study, we conducted a PIV/OH-PLIF simultaneous measurement of turbulent premixed flames. To focus on the effect of swirl flow on flame structure and stability, we used a cyclone-jet combustor. The extinction limit as well as CO and NOx emissions was experimentally obtained. By changing the flow condition of cyclone nozzles, we discussed the flow field with turbulence and local flame extinction.


In this Supplementary Material we give a more detailed description of the cylindrical regression models and outline the MCMC procedures to fit them. R-code for the MCMC sampler and the analysis of the teacher data can be found here: https://github.com/joliencremers/ CylindricalComparisonCircumplex. Note that the dimensions of the objects (design matrices, mean vectors, etc.) are those that were used in the analysis of the teacher data where we have 1 circular component, 1 linear component and estimate an intercept and regression coefficient for the covariate self-efficacy. Note that for the regression of the linear component in the CL-PN and CL-GPN models we also have the sine and cosine of the circular component in the regression equation, this makes the vector with regression coefficients, γ, four-dimensional.


Abstract : The program met the goal producing ultrahigh precision spectroscopy exploiting a new XUV source that I will realize in the framework of an ERC staring grant. The high harmonics generation was placed directly inside the intra-cavity multi-kilowatt beam of a femtosecond laser that operates at multi-megahertz repetition rates. While the ERC project has targeting the proof-of-principle demonstration of high power intra-laser HHG, with this proposal, we want to enable new directions in XUV frequency comb spectroscopy. In the first year, we will focus on understanding the optimum stability parameters of a thin disk laser in intracavity operation. We will experimentally investigate noise properties and target the demonstration of stable IR driving frequency comb at unprecedented high intracavity power levels.


. The aim of this study was to identify existing gender roles in greenhouse vegetable production in the Antalya Province of Turkey. For this purpose, we conducted face-to-face interviews with the owners of 50 vegetable-producing greenhouses to understand the dominant household structures, activity profiles, information sources, training needs, access to resources, control over resources, and intrahousehold income stream. Activity profiles reflected the hours per day men and women spent on specific greenhouse production and household tasks. We observed access to and control of production resources as well as intrahousehold income streams for the two genders. Compared with men, women had higher illiteracy rates and lower levels of education. They also had overall heavier workloads despite having similar workloads in the greenhouse (productive activities), the difference resulting from household (reproductive activities) which were carried out mainly by women. Women received most agricultural information from neighbors, while men obtained most information from chemical salespeople. Notably, men received some information from the agricultural extension service, but women did not. Women also had less access to and control over productive resources. Furthermore, the intrahousehold income streams in the selected households benefited men more than women. In this study, we compared differences among three independent demographic variables: the age of producers, the level of education of the producers, and years of experience farming against women's ability to prepare the family budget, spend money without asking her spouse, purchase of agricultural inputs, and select which vegetables to produce. Statistically significant links were found between women's age and ability to manage the family budget, education


Abstract Negative-tone photosensitive poly(imide-amic acid) (PIA) copolymers were synthesized from a chemical imidization process using poly(amic acid) that was prepared from a polycondensation reaction of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), and di[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-5-aminoisophthalate (Di-HEMA-AP) with photoreactive acrylate groups. The imidization ratio was controlled by the reaction time, and the synthesized PIA copolymers were investigated using spectroscopic methods. The photolithographic behaviors of the formulations composed of PAA and PIA copolymers, Michler's Ketone (MK), and crosslinker were evaluated using a 2.38 wt. % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution. The solubility decreased with increasing imidization ratio in an alkaline base solution because of the reducing content of carboxylic acid groups in the polymer main chain. The formulations from PIA copolymers gave clear patterns without distortion by UV light i-line irradiation and followed 2.38 wt. % TMAH solution development.


A novel Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) method is presented to investigate the interface between a solid surface and a surrounding liquid. The introduced measurement system allows to observe and quantify adsorption at the solid–liquid interface and the formation of the electrochemical double layer (EDL). BaCl2 as a bicomponent electrolyte and a Si3N4 membrane surface are chosen as a model system to prove the capabilities of the setup. The results of these RBS measurements are combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to validate the findings for the solid–liquid interface under study. Complementary results and discrepancies regarding the formation of the EDL are discussed.


One of the factors that certify Delacroix's eminence as the pivotal figure in the history of nineteenth century French painting is in essence technical: he liberated, once and forever it would seem, the free movement of paint on the surface of the canvas from the tight control of the academic brush which denied painterly texture a role in the vocabulary of art. It is characteristic of Delacroix that this act of liberation was neither an arbitrary overflow of romantic exuberance nor a revolutionary device completely lacking in precedent, theoretical and practical. Moreover, he was eloquently articulate on the subject, so that his aims and theoretical sources are abundantly clear.


This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Recommended Citation Ochia, Krys Chukwuma, "Commercial Activities and the Geography of Movement in a West African Urban Market: A Study of Market-Stall Traders in Onitsha with Implications for Transport Policy" (1989). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1397.


proportionally to the growth of fungus irrespective of the composition of media tested. After 30 to 45 days, numbers of nematodes propagated varied with the kind of media. The nematodes propagated themselves most rapidly at 25•Ž, while they did not at 5 to 15•Ž and died at 35•Ž. Since propagation of C. genitalicola was poor on the full-grown mycelium the nematodes seemed to feed on the growing edges of fungal hyphae. Both nematode propagation and fungal growth were depressed by the repeated subculture


Introduction Agency Theory Alienation Authority Bureaucracy Business Strategy Complexity Science Contested Exchange Theory Control Cooperativism Corporate Governance Decision Making Discourse in Organizations Environmental Uncertainty Environment-Organization Interaction Flexibility Globalization Industrial Democracy Institutional Theory Labor Process Theory Life Cycle Models Materiality Organization Structure and Design Organizational Change Organizational Culture Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management Organizational Space Postmodern Turn and Organization Studies Power and Politics Scientific Management Stakeholder Theory Storytelling and Narrative Research Structuration Theory Systems Theory Technology and Organization Structure Transaction Cost Economics


The paper describes polarization phenomena occurring in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with liquid crystals and presents latest experimental results of the influence of temperature, external electric field and hydrostatic pressure on their polarization properties. Also depolarization effects in photonic liquid crystal fiber induced by an external electric field are brought forward.


Six years after the so-called 'refugee crisis' in 2015, the European Union remains divided on questions of migration and asylum policy. The issue also remains high on the agendas of the USA and Russia, two other key destination countries with immigration from Latin America and the Post-Soviet space. This article presents results from a comparative study of news coverage in 17 countries, focusing on 10 EU member states in Western and Central Eastern Europe (CEE), the USA and Russia. The intensity of coverage was remarkably different, with Hungary's and Germany's media standing out while Russian media displayed relatively low levels of coverage. Individual migrants and refugees were most visible in the two outlets from the USA. Media in CEE countries tended towards a more critical approach than media in Western Europe. However, differences between most countries' pairs of analyzed media outlets indicate a more pluralistic debate than frequently assumed.


China's Yunnan province, 1.8 times the size of the UK, is home to a glorious mix of people, with 'minorities' making up more than a quarter of its 45 million inhabitants. One of the largest and most prosperous of these is the Bai, many of whom work the fertile shores of the vast blue Erhai Lake in the west of the …


TWIST1 is a transcription factor that affects cell behavior during development and cell differentiation. Yet, it is better known for its roles in neoplasia through regulation of cell plasticity. The pathological contributions of TWIST1 in tumor initiation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance have been the focus of much research. To-date, the only way to quantitatively measure the abundance of TWIST is by immunoblots. Yet, no bioassay exists that can detect TWIST1 activity. Thus, we present here a TWIST1 cell-based assay that allows measuring the amount of active TWIST1 non-invasively in living cells. The bioassay was characterized against previously described TWIST1 "inhibitors", as well as by epigenetic modulators of TWIST1 gene expression. Moreover, we tested multiple cell lines, showing that the level of TWIST1 mRNA resembles that of the bioassay. We show that prostate cancer cells (PC3) undergoing EMT, migrate out of 3D-spheroids and have increased TWIST1 activity. This fast and reliable system to detect active TWIST1 in different biological conditions allows a detailed analysis of this factor, as well as it can be used for drug discovery, since TWIST1 is a potential target for cancer chemotherapeutics.


Quantum mechanics allows an information carrier to traverse through multiple trajectories of communication channels simultaneously, this leads us to quantum trajectories where alternative causal orders of communication channels being traversed are in a superposition, so that the relative orders of communication channels become indefinite. It has been shown that entanglement distribution process over quantum trajectory with an EPR pair being prepared by a sender enables quantum teleportation process to be heralded as a noiseless communication process with probability, the heralded result of which is unachievable in classical trajectory with a definite causal order of communication channels. In this work, we investigate the potential advantage of quantum trajectory on the generation of link-level entanglement, the basic element of quantum networks. To this aim, the performance of entanglement distribution process over multiple quantum trajectories where an EPR pair is prepared by a communication provider is analyzed. Besides, the application of entanglement purification protocol on quantum trajectory is first analyzed to reduce the effect of noise on link-level entanglement. The analysis shows that the link-level entanglement generated over quantum trajectory is more robust to long-distance quantum communication, with respect to classical trajectory, which paves the way for designing effective quantum networks.


Banks Play A Very Important Role In The Financial System In Mobilizing Financial Resources And Adding Value To Those Resources Through Their Various Activities. Risks Are Inherent In All Business Activities, More Particularly In Banking Business As It Is Concerned With Money, The Demand And Supply And Factors Influencing Them. The Indian Banking System, Which Was Earlier Working In A Highly Regulated Environment, Has Lately Witness Tremendous Deregulation. Rbi Has Given Greater Functional Freedom And Autonomy To Banks To Evolve Their Own Policies And Procedures For Effective Management Of Their Activities As Also The Risks Associated With Their Functioning. This Paper Aims At Highlighting The Various Risks Associated Banks In India Emphasizing On The Credit Risk Management. It Also Strives To Focus On The Cause For The Rise Of Npa's In The Banks And Attempts To Develop An Innovative Technique To Manage Risks In Indian Banks.


Details are given of the S/P follicle ratios of a number of British breeds of sheep. These are discussed in relation to the figures of different authors for other breeds. Figures are given for the incidence of fibre shedding and follicle abnormalities, and evidence is presented which suggests that, at any rate in British breeds, follicles are formed after birth and it is suggested that the number formed may be roughly constant in all breeds. There is an appendix describing statistical treatment of the question of follicle competition.


Electronic structures of the giant magnetoresi investigated using photoemission spectroscopy ~PES! 3p→3d absorption edges exhibit negligible reson indicating the monovalent valence state of the Cu predominantly of the Cr 3 d and the nearly filled character is distributed over the whole valence ba better agreement with the LSDA 1U calculation th calculation, suggesting the importance of the larg PHYSICAL REVIEW


In audio communications over a lossy packet network, packet loss concealment techniques are needed to mitigate a user's frustration when perceiving the deterioration of the quality of the decoded signal. Multiple description coding (MDC) is a useful solution to this problem. In this paper, we describe an MDC method to conceal packet losses for wideband audio streaming based on the sample splitting method in the time domain and encoding by an MPEG-1 audio layer III (MP3) encoder. Experiments were conducted to compare the proposed method with several conventional methods, results confirming that our proposed method performs the playback of the decoded signal with sufficient quality for a range of bit rates from 160 to 320 kbps, even with a transmitted packet loss rate of 10%.


Powerful coherent terahertz radiation from short photo-injector electron bunches is required for many applications including mastering terahertz and x-ray frequency ranges. If the effective length of the electron bunch is shorter than the wavelength of the radiated wave, then the coherent spontaneous emission process does not need a special electron bunching and starts immediately. However, the initial coherence of radiation is rapidly broken due to increase in the bunch phase size, in particular, because of the strong Coulomb repulsion of particles inside a dense bunch. Stabilization of the bunch lengths or even compression of dense electron bunches in terahertz electron sources may be provided by various methods described briefly in this work.


The broad objective of this DOE sponsored work on photoinduced electron transfer (ET) within covalently modified DNA was to learn about the rates of Et among various DNA bases and commonly used organic electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) molecules. This hypothesis driven, multidisciplinary project combined skills in modified nucleic acid synthesis and in continuous and time-resolved optical spectroscopies. Covalently modified DNA chemistry as investigated in this program had two specific long term goals. The first was to use experimental and theoretical insights into the mechanisms of electron transfer (ET) reactions to design supramolecular assemblies of redox-active chromophores that function as efficient vectorial ET engines. The second was to construct oligonucleotide probes for real-time monitoring of intracellular processes involving DNA and RNA such as m-RNA expression and translocation. This research project laid the groundwork for studying ET reactions within DNA duplexes by examining the photophysics of uridine nucleosides which are covalently labeled at the 5-position with 1-pyrenyl chromophores.


The way to test the malfunction of transmission lines system of the radar antennas fast and harmlessly by infrared thermal imaging technology are introduced.The necessity?possibility?difficulties of the means,results of the experiments and the direction of improvement are expatiated.


Scaling equations are used to derive formulae of quadratures involving polynomials and scaling/wavelet functions with compact supports; in particular, those discovered by Daubechies. It turns out that with a few parameters, which are theoretically exact, these quadratures can be evaluated with algebraic formulae instead of numerical approximations. Those parameters can be obtained with high precision by solving well-conditioned linear systems of equations which involve matrices already seen in the literature of wavelets for other purposes.


The research aimed to analyze in articles published in Congress, Seminars and Magazines about Public Policies of Leisure in Brazil from 1988 to 2009, the possible contributions that these productions brought to the consolidation of Leisure as a social law. We analyzed 83 articles, in wich we identified the concepts of social law, citizenship, social participation and leisure, to enable them to provide support for a rigorous analysis of the conception of man, world and society that are grounded in the theoretical field of leisure. We believe that studies of leisure are part of a larger context of intellectual production in Brazil and around the world, expressing social conflicts, influencing and being influenced by knowledge dissemination in a season. Considering the concepts of state, especially from the perspectives neoliberal and marxist, we identified important issues that relate these concepts to the design of state that they reinforce. We note the existence of a fault on the problematization of the concepts of citizenship and social law, treated as terms and almost selfexplanatory without reference theory. Social participation is often confused with accountability of civil society, which weakens the state and gives power to the market. As for leisure, the discussion is decontextualized, which is not conducive to their connection with a project of social emancipation. Together, these articles do not offer an alternative to the neoliberal model of society and, therefore, does not reach the leisure legitimacy as a social law, restricting themselves to legality.


A lawyer represents a client in one of the highest-profile capital cases in our nation's history. In this essay, he opens his soul to the public, sharing his very personal story and the agonizing life-lessons he learned. So, where to begin this confessional . . . . As good a place as any, I suppose, would be my matter-of-fact journal entry for April 19, 1995:1 "Car bomb destroyed Murrah Federal bldg in OKC murdering many. Lyn was safe at the State Capitol. She was sent home as part of a large scale evacuation. Ordered pizza for dinner."2 My wife Lyn was then clerking for Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals Judge Charles Chapel, whose chambers in the State Capitol building were only a few miles from the site of the Murrah Building mass murder. She learned of the bombing shortly before she and all other state employees were sent home in fear that there might be another attack, this one aimed at the state government. This abundance of caution would prove to be as unnecessary as it was understandable. Seventy-five minutes after the explosion, Timothy James McVeigh—armed with a loaded Glock 9-millimeter pistol and a buck knife—would politely permit Oklahoma Highway Patrolman Charles Hanger to arrest him for driving without a license plate near Perry, Oklahoma, 78 miles from the Murrah Building rubble. Rather than kill Hanger and continue heading north, McVeigh told Hanger that he was armed, and peacefully surrendered both weapons. When federal authorities eventually connected McVeigh to the bombing, Hanger was hailed as a national (if somewhat accidental) hero. If, as the * Randall Coyne is the Frank Elkouri and Edna Asper Elkouri Professor of Law, at the University of Oklahoma College of Law. He teaches criminal law, criminal procedure, capital punishment, constitutional law, and legal aspects of terrorism. Professor Coyne clerked for Judge Oscar H. Davis, of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and the Washington, D.C. firm of Skadden, Arps. Along with Professor Lyn Entzeroth, he is the co-author of Capital Punishment and the Judicial Process (Carolina Academic Press) (3d. ed. 2006), the first law school casebook devoted exclusively to the death penalty. 1 For years I had been in the habit of recording mundane and insignificant events in a Week-ata-Glance Appointment book. Far from a diary, this journal was more of an organizational tool than a window to my soul. During the McVeigh trial, I kept a different type of journal, far more cathartic and revelatory. 2 Randall Coyne, McVeigh Trial Journal, Apr. 19, 1995 (on file with author). The Cooley Journal of Ethics and Responsibility


Objective To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of generic adefovir dipivoxil(ADV) for the treatment of Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B.Methods This four-year random,double-blind,controlled study included 240 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection,120 received ADV monotherapy.Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) normalization,HBV DNA loss and safety were evaluated every 6 months.Results ALT normalization rate was significantly higher in the ADV group than that in the control group.After 1 year ADV treatment the ALT normalization rate was 76.8% and sustained at 58% for the following 3 years.Complete virological response(HBV DNA 500 IU/L) was observed in 48.3%,38.3%,44.2% and 43.3% of the cases during the four years of ADV treatment respectively.The safety profiles showed no significant difference between the ADV and control group,except that only 4 patients had slightly increased(less than 0.5 fold higher than baseline level) creatinine.Conclusion Generic ADV showed the good anti-HBV efficacy and safety during the four years treatment.


The Makalu-Barun National Park (MBNP) and its Buffer Zone (BZ) of eqastern Nepal shares is borders with Sagarmatha National Park on the west and with the Qomolongma Natural Preserve of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China on the North. The Park is rich in cultural diversity with many ethnic groups. Most of the households are economically poor and depend on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry and diverse natural resources for livelihoods. Slash and burn cultivation on steep slopes, poaching, hunting, over grazing, high dependency on natural resources, poverty and food deficits are the main threats to biodiversity in MBNP and BZ area. The MBNP was established in 1991 while its BZ was declared in 1998. the basic underlying approach of protection and management of the Park and its BZ is biodiversity conservation through people participation, without relying on military force.

This paper highlights the implementation of the biodiversity conservation and management approaches through people participation in the MBNP and its BZ, and also explores notable achievements and effectiveness of partnership of the Government of Nepal, the Mountain Institute (TMI) – an INGO and the local communities to sustain conservation efforts as well as to improve local livelihoods.

 Key words: Biodiversity; National Park; Buffer Zone; participation; culture; linkages

 Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.37-44


Abstract Three isoflavonoid phytoalexins produced by the fungus or CuSO4-treated leaflets of Nissolia fruticosa have been identified as (+)-6aS; 1 la S-3.7-dihydroxy-9-methoxypterocarpan (nissicarpin). (+)-6 aS ; 1 la S-7-hydroxy-3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan (fruticarp in) and (+)-6a.S; 11 aS-3,7-dihydroxy-2,9-dimethoxypterocarpan (nissolicarpin).


The argumentative process in the analysed corpus starts from contradictory answers to common questions. The confrontation is based on the divergence of points of view, on the rejection and the attack of the other's arguments. The conclusion will be drawn by the ultimate recipients of the message. The audience has a horizon of expectations and a certain cultural experience, to which the personal experience of each viewer is added. Consequently, the argument in the televised message will receive a plurality of readings. The goal of each participant, through the used argumentative strategies, is to make the public support his/her thesis.


Abstract Heat transfer analysis has been carried out in the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer formed near the wavy rough plate moving in x-direction. Due to the presence of metallic nanoparticle in the fluid and enhanced surface area of the plate as a consequence of surface texture, an increase in heat transfer rates is expected. However, the calculation of these enhanced rates of heat transfer is not straightforward because the convection phenomena become more complicated due to the motion of nanoparticle in the base fluid and also the waviness of the plate surface. The contribution of nanoparticle toward convective heat transfer is manifold which requires a suitable model in order to capture the correct physics. Famous Tiwari and Das model has been utilised in the current study. Percent increase in the rate of heat transfer is calculated for the nanoparticle of different metals, such as MWCNT, SWCNT, Al2O3, TiO2 and Ag. Appreciable increase in the rate of heat transfer is observed, which is 24% at the most for Al2O3 nanoparticle. The effect of applied magnetic field on the velocity profile, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number has also been presented through graphs. The concentration of the nanoparticle has been limited up to 10%.


Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare disease that leads to early skin cancer. New insights may lead to better prevention and survival for patients, as well as point to ways that UV-resistant gene functions could be used for skin cancer prevention and treatment.


The aim of the present work was to evaluate the ability of the native yeast Rhodosporidium fluviale to control Botrytis cinerea on apple fruit and to study the possible mechanisms of action with the goal of improving the control of gray mold. For this, the influence of application time of the yeast was studied simulating preventive and curative effects. Also, the effect of nonviable cells of the yeast in the biocontrol was assessed. According to the results obtained, the following mechanisms of action of R. fluviale could be proposed: 1‐ competition for space, 2‐ direct interaction between antagonist and pathogen, 3‐ induction of β‐1,3‐glucanase in apple tissue, 4‐ Probable production of glucanase in the apple wounds and 5‐ antifungal action of cellular components, probably chitin, present in the wall of yeast cells that could be the explanation for the activity of nonviable cells.


Globally, hypertension is one of the leading causes of death. It can potentially lead to heart disease and stroke, among others, that could result to premature death. In Ghana, hypertension is considered as a disease that contributes to an increase in outpatients' attendance. To assess the trend differentials of hypertension-induced deaths in Ghana, Chi-square test for equal proportions and Marascuilo procedure for pairwise comparison were performed using surveillance data on reported number of deaths from 2012 to 2016 across the then ten regions. The results show that incidence of hypertension-induced mortality was significantly different for almost all the regions and over the years. The incidence of hypertension-induced mortality has significantly reduced from 2012 to 2016. However, Volta Region recorded the highest incidence of mortality cases (p-value less of 0.0001) than the other regions during the period under review, while the Upper East Region recorded continuous increase in incidence of mortality cases with the highest in 2016. The Eastern Region, Central Region, and Greater Accra Region recorded significantly (p-value less of 0.0001) higher incidence of hypertension-induced mortality than the Ashanti Region, Brong Ahafo Region, Northern Region, Western Region and Upper West Region. The Upper West Region and Western Region had the lowest incidence of mortality. The decline in trend of hypertension-induced mortality could be attributed to some healthcare interventions put in place during the period. One of these interventions was the introduction of health insurance in 2003, a development which has been shown to affect the health seeking behaviors of the people. It is, therefore, important to investigate factors affecting these spatial and temporal dynamics in order to determine appropriate ways to actively control the hypertension-induced deaths in the country. Public education on health should be intensified so as to totally curb hypertension and its attendant risks.


Despite potent antiretroviral therapy (ART), an HIV-1 reservoir persists that represents a major barrier to a cure. Understanding the mechanisms by which the HIV-1 reservoir is established and maintained is critical for the discovery of effective treatments to significantly reduce or eliminate the viral reservoir. In addition to cis infection, in which HIV-1 directly infects target CD4+ T cells, cell-to-cell transmission, or trans infection, can also occur. HIV-1 trans infection is significantly more efficient than cis infection, mostly due to the occurrence of multiple infections per cell during transfer. Additionally, trans infection is efficient even in the presence of ART and/or neutralizing antibodies. Cell-to-cell transmission is mediated by CD4+ T cells and professional antigen presenting cells (APC). Here we focus on APC, i.e., myeloid dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, that bind, internalize, and transfer HIV-1 to target CD4+ T cells via various proposed mechanisms. We assess the potential impact of trans infection on the establishment and maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoir including its role in disease progression. We consider the natural interactions between APC and CD4+ T cells in vivo that HIV-1 may hijack, allowing for the highly efficient trans infection of CD4+ T cells, maintaining the viral reservoirs in tissue despite undetectable plasma viral loads in peripheral blood. We propose that these modes of viral pathogenesis need to be addressed in potential cure strategies to ensure eradication of the viral reservoir.


The various effects that can occur when the primary electron energy, E/sub p/, is varied in a reflection-energy-loss experiment are considered. For E/sub p/> or =100 eV, the dominant effect is an increase of the electron mean free path with increasing E/sub p/. By performing energy-loss measurements with 100 eV< or =E/sub p/< or =2000 eV, it is possible to unambiguously separate bulk and surface features in loss spectra. That technique has been applied to the MgO (100) surface, and both Mg intraionic and O-to-Mg interionic transitions have been studied. The former transitions are found to agree well with the excited-state spectra of free Mg/sup 2 +/ ions, while the latter agree more closely with itinerant-electron calculations of MgO. Intrinsic surface-state transitions are seen in both Mg/sup 2 +/ and O-to-Mg spectra. The Mg core-level surface-state spectra can be explained by Stark splitting of the surface Mg/sup 2 +/ levels in the intense electric fields at the crystal surface. The surface-state structure seen in O-to-Mg loss spectra agrees with discrete variational X..cap alpha.. calculations of the MgO (100) surface and disagrees with linear combination of atomic orbitals calculations of the same surface. A low-energy-loss peak, possibly associated with surface defects,more » is seen on some surfaces; the exact nature of the surface defects involved is not yet clear.« less


Simple Summary Patients with lung cancer have high rates of brain metastasis (BM). Despite available therapies, patient prognosis is poor. Studies have shown genetic alterations associated with the metastatic spread of lung cancer cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing BM are still unclear. In this review, we comprehensively describe the major steps of metastatic spread of lung cancer to the brain, addressing the influence of the tumor microenvironment and the molecular determinants of progression. Furthermore, we highlight the advances in the molecular diagnostics of BM by liquid biopsies and discuss novel treatment strategies. Abstract Lung cancer is one of the most frequent tumors that metastasize to the brain. Brain metastasis (BM) is common in advanced cases, being the major cause of patient morbidity and mortality. BMs are thought to arise via the seeding of circulating tumor cells into the brain microvasculature. In brain tissue, the interaction with immune cells promotes a microenvironment favorable to the growth of cancer cells. Despite multimodal treatments and advances in systemic therapies, lung cancer patients still have poor prognoses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the molecular drivers of BM and clinically applicable biomarkers in order to improve disease outcomes and patient survival. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of the metastatic spread of lung cancer to the brain and how the metastatic spread is influenced by the brain microenvironment, and to elucidate the molecular determinants of brain metastasis regarding the role of genomic and transcriptomic changes, including coding and non-coding RNAs. We also present an overview of the current therapeutics and novel treatment strategies for patients diagnosed with BM from NSCLC.


We studied integration contour deformations in the chiral random matrix theory of Stephanov [1] with the goal of alleviating the finite-density sign problem. We considered simple ansätze for the deformed integration contours, and optimized their parameters. We find that optimization of a single parameter manages to considerably improve on the severity of the sign problem. We show numerical evidence that the improvement achieved is exponential in the degrees of freedom of the system, i.e., the size of the random matrix. We also compare the optimization method with contour deformations coming from the holomorphic flow equations.


Preface and Acknowledgments The Emancipation Proclamation Introduction 1 Representing the Appeal 2 A Collective Portrait of the Civil War 3 Legacies of Emancipation Notes Index


Knowledge can be created in an active dialogue among those who seek to understand and apply concepts. Most of Web-based learning systems provide a discussion forum to create knowledge. However, discussion forum posts are separated from the context of the learning activities. Students must manually rebuild the context of their questions before posting. Students also commented that they had problems interpreting the answers to the questions posted. This paper proposes an online e-book annotation interface that enables students to post a question directly and receive timely adaptive mentoring in the place and context where question encountered in reading e-book, and to use anchors to access discussions in a forum. And, a mentor recommender, based on the preference and knowledge level of the students, is provided to recommend appropriate capable peers to answer the issued questions. The experiment results showed that the discussions were increased significantly, and about 80% of students indicated that they benefited greatly by adaptive peer help.


2,2'‐Dithiodianiline (DTDA), a conducting polymer having a disulfide bond in it, has been proposed as a new class of high energy storage material. DTDA has one S‒S bond interconnected between two moieties of anilines. DTDA was electrochemically polymerized to form an electroactive thin film. The structure of the poly(DTDA) was similar to that of polyaniline, in addition the S‒S bond is preserved after electropolymerization of DTDA. The electropolymerized poly(DTDA) had enhanced redox processes due to an intramolecular electrocatalytic effect of aniline/anilinium and thiol/thiolate redox couples. The poly(DTDA) has some advantages because of its high theoretical energy density, faster kinetics, and higher electrical conductivity than an organosulfur cathode when used in lithium batteries. The discharge test of Li/poly(DTDA) cell showed a flat curve with a charge capacity of 270 Ah/kg‐cathode and an energy density of 675 Wh/kg‐cathode.


Flat-fields are an essential component in creating scientific quality images of uniform sensitivity. For filter imaging, a single flat-field or a combination of a low spatial frequency and a pixel-to-pixel flat suffices. However for slitless spectroscopy data, a flat-field must effectively be provided at each wavelength of the spectral sensitivity, since each pixel can receive any wavelength. The flat-fielding of the ACS WFC and HRC for the G800L grism is described. For slitless spectroscopy data the flat-field can be described as a cube with the spatial dimensions those of the detector and the 3rd dimension that of wavelength. Two options are available for forming the ACS flat-field cube: to use the ground-based flatfields taken with a monochromator or to use the in-orbit filter flats. On account of the vignetting problems affecting the ground-based flats, in-orbit flats have been used. The contruction of this flat-field is described. The efficacy of this flat-field cube has been investigated from observations of a spectrophotometric standard at different positions in the field. By requiring the extracted spectra from different positions over the field to match in flux, a smooth function was derived and applied to the flat-field cube. The single sensitivity curve for the whole detector area is then determined from the mean spectrum at the different positions. Good results are reported with rms deviations in the shape of extracted spectra <2% across the WFC field and about 1% in the HRC, except at the blue and red edges of the wavelength range. These flat-fields and sensitivity curves are supplied for routine spectral extraction of ACS slitless spectral data as part of the aXe package.


New and renewable energy sources are being explored and utilized due to the rise of environmental concerns and progressive extinction of traditional fossil energy sources. Wind power generation is one of such sources and is extensively integrated in the existing power systems. Development of better wind-thermal coordination algorithm is necessary to determine the optimal proportion of wind and thermal generator capacity that can be integrated into the system. In this paper, four versions of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques are proposed for solving wind-thermal coordination problem. A pseudo code based algorithm is suggested to deal with the equality constraints of the problem for accelerating the optimization process. The simulation results show that the proposed PSO methods are capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in wind-thermal coordination problems.


E-money has grown dramatically in a number of countries of late, often driven by non-bank providers of e-money, particularly telecommunications companies. Many countries have regulated the issuance of e-money, but in times of trouble there is usually a discrepancy in the treatment of bank and non-bank issuers. When a bank experiences financial distress, legislation normally grants an authority resolution powers to ensure an orderly winding up while limiting systemic disruption and losses to deposit holders. These resolution powers do not usually extend to non-bank e-money providers, notwithstanding the potential disruption the collapse of a large provider could now cause in some countries. This paper proposes three approaches, legislative and non-legislative, to granting resolution powers in respect of e-money providers to limit losses and preserve systemic stability.


A brief history of the <underline>goto</underline> controversy (retention or deletion of the <underline>goto</underline> statement) is presented. After considering some of the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem, a summary of arguments both for and against the <underline>goto</underline> is given.


Different clinics and hospitals have their own information systems to maintain patient data. This hinders the exchange of data among systems (and organizations). Hence there is a need to provide standards for data exchange. In digitized form, the individual patient's medical record can be stored, retrieved, and shared over a network through enhancement in information technology. Thus, electronic health records (EHRs) should be standardized, incorporating semantic interoperability. A subsequent step requires that healthcare professionals and patients get involved in using the EHRs, with the help of technological developments. This study aims to provide different approaches in understanding some current and challenging concepts in health informatics. Successful handling of these challenges will lead to improved quality in healthcare by reducing medical errors, decreasing costs, and enhancing patient care. The study is focused on the following goals: (1) understanding the role of EHRs; (2) understanding the need for standardization to improve quality; (3) establishing interoperability in maintaining EHRs; (4) examining a framework for standardization and interoperability (the openEHR architecture; (5) identifying the role of archetypes for knowledge-based systems; and (6) understanding the difficulties in querying HER data.


1,2,3,4 Department of E&TC, AGTI's Dr. DACOE Karad, Maharashtra, India. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------AbstractThe aim of the project is to recognize the number plate of vehicle which passes through system and capture image by camera automatically by using raspberry pi. When number plate is recognized at that time gate will be opened and when number plate is not recognized gate will remain closed. In this system, open CV and OCR(optical character recognition)platform are used. To capture vehicle number plate on gate we have to use ultrasonic sensor which will be helpful for the calculating the distance between camera and vehicle.


Background:These experiments were designed to study the effect of 0.1 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane on the hypoxic ventilatory response as measured by two common methods of hypoxic testing: when normocapnic hypoxia was induced abruptly and when it was induced gradually. We hypothesized that any disparity in results would be due to an isoflurane effect that was manifested differently in the two tests. Methods:After 20 min for uptake and equilibration of 0.1 minimum alveolar concentration end-tidal isoflurane or carrier gas in hyperoxia, isocapnic hypoxia was induced either abruptly over 60-80 s ("step" test) or gradually over 10 min ("ramp" test), followed by 20 min of isocapnic hypoxia at 45 mmHg end-tidal oxygen. Control of the hypoxic and isocapnic stimuli was accomplished accurately by a computer-controlled dynamic end-tidal forcing system. Eight subjects performed each test in the presence and absence of isoflurane. Results:For both step tests and ramp tests, 0.1 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane had no effect on minute ventilation during the defined periods of hypoxia. With isoflurane, Δ &OV0312;E45, the acute change in ventilation from hyperoxia to hypoxia, was 97 ± 20% (mean ± SEM) of the control response for step tests and 100 ± 25% of the control response for ramp tests. The step tests produced significantly larger acute hypoxic responses than did the ramp tests, but by the end of 20 min of hypoxia, ventilation was similar for both tests. Conclusions:Neither method of hypoxic testing demonstrated the level of isoflurane effect reported by others. A comparison of the two methods of hypoxic testing suggests that ramp tests, as commonly performed, do not allow adequate time for full expression of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response. Step tests also better separated the opposing hypoxic effects of carotid body stimulation and central ventilatory depression.


The purpose of this research is to determine: 1) Efforts to create a harmonious family among the TNI families in the Infantry Battalion 642/Kapuas Komisariat Rifle Company A Nanga Pinoh. 2) Efforts to realize religious observance among TNI families in the 642nd Infantry Battalion/Kapuas Commissariat of A Nanga Pinoh Rifle Company. 3) Efforts to create psychological peace among the TNI families in the 642nd Infantry Battalion/Kapuas Commissariat of A Nanga Pinoh Rifle Company. 4) Efforts to realize the economy among the TNI families in the Infantry Battalion 642/Kapuas Commissariat of A Nanga Pinoh Rifle Company. This study uses a qualitative writing method in the form of field writing and an empirical approach. The data source in this study used primary data in the form of interviews with husband and wife couples in the Infantry Battalion 642/Kapuas Komisariat Rifle Company A Nanga Pinoh. Interviews, documentation, and observation are some of the data collection approaches used. Technical analysis of the data the author began to perform data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. Then the technique of checking the validity of the data by using source triangulation. The results of this study indicate that: 1) The efforts made by the TNI family in realizing a harmonious family are always keeping promises to their partners, trying to always prioritize honesty with their partners, trying to be open to each other and trying to always be committed to their partners. 2) The efforts made by the TNI family in realizing religious observance are performing the five daily prayers, fasting and paying zakat. 3) The efforts made by the TNI family in realizing psychological peace are conducting positive family dialogues in daily life, avoiding violence in the family and maintaining family communication. 4) The efforts made by the TNI family in realizing the family economy are being able to manage family finances, have a simple lifestyle, have a side business and invest.


Before I discuss Adler's contribution to nurturing the Creativity in people, I wish to briefly discuss the difference between Confucian and Socratic approaches to understanding. Alfred Adler utilized the Socratic methods in his approach to counseling. I am in no way passing judgment on the different approaches, only to describe them, with the understanding that these are cultural tendencies. Asian cultures tend to be more collectivist whereas Western more individualistic. Confucius emphasized 'effort in learning, behavioural reform, acquisition of essential knowledge and respectful learning.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate vascular function, including arterial resistance and endothelial function, by high‐resolution sonography in an Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l‐NAME)‐induced mouse model of preeclampsia‐like symptoms.


of this book. There are typos, including the risible "viscous slave-hunting dogs" (172). More serious affronts to linguistic sensibilities include "less" substituted for "fewer" (162) and "like" for "as" (193), and jargon that intrudes into a series devoted to jargon-free scholarship, for example, "its omission (or 'diluation' to be more precise) (59)," or "the salvific agency of Tom" (62). Run-on sentences beginning with 'and' or 'or' are numerous, and the text is peppered with semicolons to splice these sentences together. Throughout, sic appears as sic! (evoking a startle reflex in this reader), and is at least once invoked incorrectly (212) when it flags "manoeuvre," an acceptable variant spelling of the more common "maneuver." Surely, we will all fail as our own editors. For this reason, competent and dedicated copyeditors must hold our feet to the fire. To that failing on the part of the press can be added the creation of a cover that suffuses Uncle Tom and the old plantation in pastel shades of pink and green against magenta boards, a presentation that gives Frick's scholarly work the appearance of a high school textbook. Warts and all, however, it would be hard to overstate the importance of Uncle Tom's Cabin, in all its forms, to the history of theatre and culture in the United States. We can appreciate that importance because John Frick's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" on the American Stage and Screen reveals the social contexts of performances that have, among other things, transformed Stowe's nineteenth-century noble Christian martyr into a twentieth-century race traitor. Frick's diligent attention to the contents of playtexts, variety shows, and screenplays of Uncle Tom's Cabin allows us to follow the tension between slavery and attempts to whitewash it as "that peculiar institution" (65), and to feel the treachery of transforming Stowe's morally corrupt slaveholders into "kindly, considerate" Southerners (215). Yet, even as Uncle Tom's Cabin has reflected our national discussions of race, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" on the American Stage and Screen makes clear that it is forever "a part of our national heritage and common culture" (228).


Targeting peripherally expressed kappa opioid receptors (KOR) is a promising approach to treat inflammatory pain that would be devoid of CNS related adverse effects. KOR are known to couple to Gi‐protein‐mediated signaling pathways involved in the suppression of neuronal firing and nociception. In this study, we sought to determine the involvement of Gi protein coupled inward rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in peripheral KOR‐mediated antinociceptive behavior in rats. Rats were injected intraplantarly (i.pl., 50ul) with PGE2 (0.3ug) with or without the KOR agonist, U50488 (0.1ug) and paw withdrawal latencies (PWL) to a thermal stimulus were determined over a 20 min period. Treatment with U50488 completely reduced the thermal allodynia produced by PGE2. Consistent with activation of Gi proteins by KOR, we found that the reduction of PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia by U50488 was lost completely 24h after i.pl. injection of pertussis toxin. To determine if GIRK channels mediated the antinociceptive response to KOR, we measured the effect of U50488 on PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia 15 minutes after i.pl. injection of either vehicle or tertiapin Q (TPNQ), an inhibitor that blocks channels containing GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits. Administration of TPNQ had no effect on either baseline PWL or PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia, however, U50488‐mediated reduction of PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia was lost after TPNQ administration. We next tested if direct activation of GIRK channels by i.pl. injection of the GIRK activator, ML297, could produce antinociceptive effects. ML297 (33ug) produced a robust analgesic effect (+5 sec above baseline) compared to vehicle treated animals as well as prevented PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia. To further corroborate the importance of GIRK channels in peripheral KOR mediated antinociception, we tested effects of siRNA‐mediated knockdown of GIRK2 channel subunits following local administration of GIRK2 Accell‐siRNA (Dharmacon) into the hindpaw. After two daily i.pl. injections of GIRK2 siRNA, neither baseline PWL nor PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia were altered, however, U50488‐mediated reduction in PGE2‐evoked thermal allodynia was lost. We verified knockdown of the GIRK2 subunit in hindpaws by RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Compared to the contralateral (CONTRA) hindpaw, GIRK2 mRNA was decreased significantly in the ipsilateral (IPSI) hindpaw. Further, there was no difference between IPSI and CONTRA hindpaws in the immunofluorescence for PGP9.5, a marker used to identify neuronal processes, or DAPI, a cell nuclei marker. By contrast, GIRK2 immunofluorescence was significantly decreased in IPSI hindpaws compared to CONTRA hindpaws suggesting that the expression of GIRK2 was indeed reduced. Together these results suggest that peripherally mediated antinociception in response to activation of KOR is due, in large part, to activation of GIRK channels.


The results of 15,389 cytological examinations for carcinoma of the cervix uteri have been analyzed for the purpose of deciding how frequently such tests should be repeated. Approximately 65% of the examinations were repetitions on the same women, since the group represented a small, relatively constant segment of the population closely watched over a period of years. In four cases there was a conflict of findings, but with that exception the authors found only a single patient who, having had initially normal smears, exhibited cytological abnormalities at subsequent examinations. The data showed that periodic cytological examination yields diminishing returns and that new cases generally represent the introduction of new members into the group. The evidence led to the conclusion that lengthening the interval between cytological examinations to two years will not appreciably increase the risk to the patient if pelvic examinations are done at the same time.


Machine learning has proven to be a powerful technique during the past decades. Artificial neural network (ANN), as one of the most popular machine learning algorithms, has been widely applied to various areas. However, their applications for catalysis were not well-studied until recent decades. In this review, we aim to summarize the applications of ANNs for catalysis research reported in the literature. We show how this powerful technique helps people address the highly complicated problems and accelerate the progress of the catalysis community. From the perspectives of both experiment and theory, this review shows how ANNs can be effectively applied for catalysis prediction, the design of new catalysts, and the understanding of catalytic structures.


Midtone spread (MTS) and chromaticness difference (∆Ch) are synonymous, but differ in metric and test method. Midtone spread measures the departure of C, M, and Y midtone balance in terms of TVI. Chromaticness difference is the colorimetric difference between a printed CMY triplet and its colorimetric aim with approximately the same lightness. Either midtone spread or chromaticness difference can be used to specify tolerance, but do not yield the same outcome. As the printing standards community contemplating the conversion between midtone spread and chromaticness difference, this research is aimed at determining ∆Ch that is equivalent of 5 MTS using a real printing database as opposed to a previous study using a simulated database. Using ∆Ch to communicate visual difference in pictorial images and controlling ∆Ch or TVI during color printing, by varying solid ink density, are also studied.


In the green modular design method that oriented remanufacturing engineering, the equipment remanufacturing is taken as the design purpose, the modular design method as the basis, the green design and the modern mathematic method as the auxiliary means. In the beginning of remanufacturing, that is, before the birth of the entity life, the environmental attributes of the equipment and the reuse of the parts in the full life cycle are fully taken into account, and the green degree reflecting the environmental characteristics and the module degrees reflecting the functionality and usability features are evaluated and tested. The proposed design method can meet environmental attributes of the equipment and remanufacturing requirements at the same time, and it is satisfied with the fundamental purpose of remanufacturing.


The fiscal policy in India during 1980-81 to 2011-12 has been studied in the present chapter. An attempt has been made to study fiscal deficit, steady state debt income ratio and decade wise decomposition of accumulation of debt in this chapter. To study how fiscal policy affects macroeconomic variables like price, output, foreign exchange reserve, primary deficit, growth of the economy, impact on savings and investment decision of the economy, the Mundell Fleming model, Inter temporal budget constraint method and Domar model are used for this purpose.


The invention discloses a multimedia automobile data recorder with Web and image processing functions, which belongs to the technical field of on-board equipment. The multimedia automobile data recorder can record automobile information anytime and anywhere, realize real-time observation of automobile states by a third party, carry out remote processing of recorded information and accomplish basic multimedia functions. The multimedia automobile data recorder can realize local and remote synchronous monitoring of automobile information and provides precious clues and evidences and first-hand on-site states of an automobile to staff during investigation and evidence collection after the automobile is in an abnormal condition; measures for dealing with abnormal conditions are taken in advance, so safety of the automobile is greatly improved; loss of evidences caused by missing or damage of the automobile data recorder in violation of laws or accidents can be prevented; and thus, the multimedia automobile data recorder has a great application value.


Facing with abstract symbols and names of the machinery in the PC, it is likely to cause operational errors for the operator to use the upper control software to realize the machinery control because of too many and miscellaneous stage machineries in the stage machinery control areas. It can effectively overcome this shortcoming by introducing the Virtual Reality Technology to the Stage Control System. This paper uses OpenGL for graphics development in the VB6.0 platform, and uses 3DMAX modeling software to build three-dimensional model of the stage and export models into STL format file, then reads and reproduces in the program to achieve real-time dynamic of the virtual stage machinery by connecting the control system database.


In our ever expanding network-centric, service- oriented environments, human-agent collaboration is becoming increasingly more important to the success of future automated decision support models. Effective information retrieval, information analysis, information management and presentation will rely on stronger collaboration between the user (human) and their automated decision assistants (agents). This paper explores the utility of concept maps as an effective medium for improving human-agent collaboration within the scope of a naturalistic decision making (NDM) model; specifically the agent-based R-CAST system derived from Klein's recognition-primed decisions (RPD) model.


Formulation of the problem. Socionomy professions become more and more important in modern society. Therefore, it is necessary to define psychological characteristics and factors supporting or retarding professional formation of specialists in such professions in order to facilitate their effective professional and personal development. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The work peculiarities and requirements for specialists in socionomy professions have undergone significant changes in the last few decades because of globalization and IT penetration (Dubchak, 2016). At the same time, there is a significant contradiction in the training of specialists for this type professions: on the one hand, social-economic changes taking place in society lead to augmented requirements as for such specialists, their work and responsibilities and their own professional and personal development, and on the other hand, the training of such specialists remains mainly purely formal, and their further professional development is most often spontaneous (Kalaur, 2016; Walker, et. al., 2010). Moreover, if there are relatively many researches on the stages of professional selection and, especially, professional training in socionomy professions, researches on further stages of professional formation are absent nearly at all (Berezan, 2018; Korniyaka, 2018). Formulating the purpose of article. The article purpose is to present the research results describing the psychological characteristics of the factors supporting or retarding professional formation of specialists in socionomy professions. The presentation of the main material. The study, involving 918 professionals in socionomy specialities, has determined that values of the factors favourable for their professional development increase gradually from one stage of professional formation to another, and values of the negative factors do not change, or even decrease significantly. The article confirms that signs of professional burnout and deformation are negative factors for professional formation of professionals in socionomy specialities. Communicative and organizational abilities, as well as health and positive relationships with colleagues and superiors have been identified as positive factors. All factors of professional orientation and competence of professionals in socionomy specialities are


Finding frequent patterns from databases has been the most time consuming process of the association rule mining. Till date, a large number of algorithms have been proposed in the area of frequent pattern generation. However, all of these algorithms produce output only at the completion and are not amenable to the real-time need. The need for real-time frequent pattern mining for online tasks and real-time decision-making is increasingly being felt. In this paper, we describe BDFS(b), an algorithm to perform real-time frequent pattern mining using limited computer memory. Empirical evaluations show that our algorithm can make a fair estimation of the probable frequent patterns and reaches some of the longest frequent patterns much faster than the existing algorithms.


Focusing on the fact that social security has become one of the important factor influencing an enterprise' development, the author makes some analysis and exploration on such concerned matters such as how to cope with the new system and adjust its position and what actions to be taken by the enterprise.


Purpose of review To evaluate and summarize recent research investigating psychological, social and environmental risk factors for development of psychopathology in childhood, while controlling for biological (genetic) influences by using a matched sibling, twin or adoptee design. Recent findings Nineteen studies were included, of which eleven were longitudinal and eight were cohort studies. Included studies used adequate designs and statistical methods, controlled for unmeasured confounders and, in many cases, for other measured risk factors. None of the studies used the framework for environmental factors presented in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The outcome variable psychopathology was rarely assessed using a diagnostic standard. The findings were sorted in five themes based on included exposures: 'Social support, social rejection and perceived identity,' 'Early symptoms of psychopathology,' 'Antibiotic exposure,' 'Factors in the family' and 'Nature versus nurture'. Summary Using twin/sibling/adoptee designs, a number of unique predictors of psychopathology were found, even when controlling for familial confounders and other specified risk factors. Future studies of psychopathology development should benefit from longitudinal, genetically sensitive designs and from use of diagnostic standards for psychopathology outcome, and should also incorporate ICF for classification of risk factors.


The Plutella xylostella L. occur three generations per year in the spring rape field of Mishan area without diapauses. The adult can first be seen in the last ten-day period of May in the field. The amounts of larvae reach the first peak in the first ten-day period of July. They take their thirty-three days in scope of moderate temperature to complete one generation. The development period of each stages and environmental temperature are negative relation. The amounts of adults decrease as temperature increasing.


OBJECTIVE: To prepare nifedipine sustained-release tablets and to study its in vitro release activity. METHODS: Polymethl methacrylate/polyethl acrylate (PMMA/PEA) was used as sustained-release material and orthogonal experiment used as test method to optimize prescription. The absorbency was determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometer in 237nm wave. RESULTS: Screening optimal prescription: sodium carboxyme- thyl starch 50% PMMA/PEA 40%, polyvinylpyrrolidone 50%. CONCLUSION: The sustained-release tablet thus prepared is proper in technique and good in release effect.


Following a study of the exocrine pancreas based on duodenal intubation in 32 cases of hemochromatosis (22 untreated and 10 treated), the principal findings are as follows: normal absence of noteworth


Biological activities and water-stable aggregates in two forest types of temperate forest of Central-Southern of Chile with antropic disturbed: The increasing demand of timber- yielding and not timber-yielding products, from natural forests has increased the rate of degradation. This process makes necessary the understanding of the variables responsible for its regulation. We quantified and compared a number of biological and physical parameters in rhizospheric soil (Andisol) under two forest types (secondary and mature forest). The biological variables evaluated were the fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA), microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ergosterol and the activity of two enzymes involved in the carbon cycle (C) (β- glucosidase and managanese peroxidase), one involved in the nitrogen cycle (N) (urease) and one involved in the phosphorus cycle (P) (acid phosphatase). Additionally we quantified the percentage of water stable aggregates. The entire set of parameters exhibited greater values in secondary forest than those of the mature one. Our results suggest that the greater soil moisture, litter and organic matter accumulation in the secondary forest are responsible for the greater biological activity documented in this system. (Keywords: forest ecosystems, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities, water stable aggregates)


From 11S, new threats were integrated into the political agenda. The goal of inclusion is to make available to the defense all the resources of the state, in order to counter the threat. However, the present work aims to demonstrate that the Securitization presents problems in practice; for example, it will not counteract the threat, but it causes additional problems. This is basically due to the Securitization facilitates and legitimizes the use of legal and illegal coercive measures that encourage infringement to international instruments such as the International Law, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. On the other hand, the constructivist nature of "security" generates ad hoc concepts; and any threat can be included on the agenda of national security; and issues that can be addressed politically are militarized. For this analysis it was necessary to use statistical and descriptive data (such as policies implemented) to prove the hypothesis posed.


The main article investigate the standartisation problems of modern Ukrainian terminology. The industry terms are evolving and new units to denote special concepts are introducing. While currently working with professional terminology, the issue of terminological dictionaries is motivated by lack of funding and fragmentary interest in research of this type. Therefore, today Ukraine needs to emphasize the relevance of studying industry terminological terms.
The role of the English language as the main one for borrowing the term units of a number of branches of modern science and technology is determined. It is noted that today the process of attracting foreign-language special units is sometimes unmanageable, and this fact raises
some concerns among experts. After all, in the times of the formation of a multicultural space and the dominance of the English language as the main one in the scientific sphere, the preservation of linguistic identity becomes time. A certain balance must be maintained for each terminological system.
The example of terminological systems of economics and radiology issues that need to be addressed as a matter of priority have been identified; a sign of modern Ukrainian terminology is the observance of classical principles of term formation. When creating special units, the suffixal method of word formation is used mainly with a combination of the basis of a specific / borrowed word and the actual Ukrainian affix.
Another feature of modern domestic terminology is the incomplete normalization of individual terminological systems. This situation can be explained by several factors. Thus, there are terminological systems that serve the branches of science, which are now developing rapidly and continuously (for example, the terminology of information technology), as a result of which the number of new terms is significant.
Naturally, the rationing and standardization of terms is somewhat delayed compared to the oral use of special units by specialists. However, there are terminology systems that have been operating for a long time, but include terms that need improvement or replacement (eg, radiology terminology, radiation safety, dosimetry). The reason for such incomplete standardization of certain terminological systems is primarily in the non-linguistic sphere, as the above branches of science developed most actively during the stay of Ukraine in the USSR. Hence, we have such a state of affairs that the terms of the vast majority of industries were regulated exclusively in Russian. The article also describes the leading lexicographical publications that meet the regulatory requirements for works: Dictionary of Ukrainian biological terminology, ed. Grodzinsky D.M., Symonenko L.O. and Economic Dictionary (compilers Zavadsky J.S., Osovska T.V., Yushkevich O.O.).


A poly( valine) modified electrode was prepared by cyclic voltammetry.The modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytical effect on the oxidation of kojic acid.The voltammetric behavior and electrochemical analysis method of kojic acid were studied on the modified electrode.The effect of pH value on the response of kojic acid was studied in acetate buffer solutions( ABS).The results show that the oxidation peak potential of kojic acid shift negatively with increasing of pH value and a well-defined oxidation wave was obtained in ABS of pH = 5.4.The oxidation peak currents of kojic acid increased linearly with its concentration in the range of 7.00 × 10- 6~ 6.50 × 10- 4mol/L.The linear regression equation is i pa( A) = 0.048c + 3.89 × 10- 6,correlation coefficient is 0.998 3,the detection limit( S/N = 3) is 8.50 × 10- 7mol/L.The poly( valine) modified electrode showed good sensitivity,selectivity,and stability.It can be applied to the analysis of kojic acid in food.


The paper presents data on the features of the non-contact conversion of large direct currents. It substantiates the need for the development of non-contact monitoring tools. The general principles of the construction of geoinformational non-contact ferromagnetic converters of large direct currents and the basic requirements for them are considered. It also presents the results of the development of one of the variants of the proposed universal multi-profile contactless magnetomodulating converters of large direct currents with an extended range. The converters can be widely used in the control and management systems of renewable energy sources, laser systems, as well as in industry, agriculture, and water management. Their difference is an extended controlled range with small dimensions and weight and increased accuracy and sensitivity. The converters have simple and technologically advanced designs with low material consumption and cost. They can contactless control large both direct and alternating currents. The work provides elements of a theory, a static characteristic, and basic technical data and parameters of one of the developed converters. Moreover, the developed converters can be widely used in any geographical point of Uzbekistan, even in mountainous and desert areas in GIS - technology, and, in particular, in digital coatings and database visualization. They can be used in hydraulic engineering, industry, agriculture, and water management, as well as for checking electricity meters at the place of their installation.


Successful treatment of unilateral renal vein thrombosis with heparin following venous catheterization and insertion of a polyethylene catheter. Nephron. 12: 74, 1973. 47. Stark, H.: Renal vein thrombosis in infancy: recovery without nephrectomy. Am. J. Dis. Child. 108: 430, 1964. 48. Takeuchi, A., and Benirschke, K.: Renal vein thrombosis of the newborn and its relation to maternal diabetes. Biol. Neonat. 3: 257, 1961. 49. Tank, E. S., Bessette, P. L., and Heidelberger, K. P.: The definition and diagnosis of antenatal renal vein thrombosis. J. Urol. 111: 242, 1974. 50. Thompson, I. M., Schneider, R., and Lababidi, Z.: Thrombectomy for neonatal renal vein thrombosis. J. Urol. 113: 396, 1975. 51. Touloukian, R. J.: Idiopathic vena caval thrombosis with renal infarction in the newborn infant: survival following nephrectomy. Surgery 65: 978, 1969.


Recently, the public and the scholars have been getting more and more interested in studies of regional history, especially the history of those regions in modern and contemporary periods. There are several reasons. First, the advent of local self-governments and their administration have been helpful to that rising of interests. Heads of the autonomous local governmental offices who were elected in those regions are generally either very much interested or well-versed in the historical and cultural traditions of the regions they are located in. Second, the historical studies of regions in the early days mostly dealt with the history of social movements, but after the Socialist states collapsed and democracy has fostered in Korea, scholars' interest shifted from examining the history of 'movements' to examining the history of the 'society'. Third, the first generation of scholars who majored in modern and contemporary historical studies have been hired at local universities since the early 1990s, and armed with their own interests in the local regions' history, they are leading the historical studies of local regions. Fourth, those scholars started to raise questions regarding the general beliefs that in some cases were not really based upon hard evidence or logical explanation. To them, historical studies of local regions are very important in either validating or negating a specific belief that dominated the public's perception on several issues. And fifth, group studies dealing with interdisciplinary themes and funded by the Korea Research Foundation are in many cases concentrating upon regional historical issues. Regarding the definition of 'Regional history', which term, either 'regional history' or 'local history', to be accepted was the main topic in related discussions. But considering the nature of the definition issue and types of studies that have been presented so far, the term should not be determined based upon geographical terms such as 'region', 'local area', or 'central', but rather be determined by the relationship between historical studies of regions and the general Korean history. For types of historical studies of regions, there can be 'local history in itself', or 'regional history as case studies', or 'regional history as key historical area studies'. The objective of the first type should be raising the level of understanding of the history of a particular local region. The objective of the second type should be elevating the level of accuracy and verification in many areas of Korean historical studies. The objective of the third type should be deepening our knowledge regarding historical places which served as important stages in the history of the Korean economy or for the movements launched by the Korean people. The primary target of interest in these studies may be the local regions, but those regions have all been involved in important historical events, so results of those studies should contribute to enriching the sheer volume of Korean historical studies. For the past 10 years, studies of regional history in the modern and temporary periods showed huge developments. And the results were announced through special columns in academic journals, books and doctoral dissertations. Each of them differs in individual objectives and methodologies, but they are all continuing under the aforementioned objectives and hopes, and are related to at least one of the three types of studies examined right above. Active studies of the history of local regions should let the public understand and know the history and identity of those regions, and enormously contribute to the development in Korean historical studies.


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Subhedral to euhedral epidote occurs with compositional and sector zoning in a metamorphic sole at the bottom of a Neotethyan ophiolitic mélange. The epidote is characterised by low Fe2O3 (5–8%) , high Al2O3 (26-30 %), and minor TiO2 (0.05-0.18 wt%), MnO (0.01-0.1 wt%) and MgO (0-0.12 wt%) contents. Petrographical and mineralogical characteristics and various aluminium-inhornblende geobarometry estimates suggest that the amphibole associated with epidote was possibly crystallized from a wet tholeiitic/alkaline magma between ~3.5-7 kb pressure conditions.