Background
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterised by excessive anxiety and worry. Worry is seen as a key-defining feature of GAD. Several cognitive-behavioural models of working with worry in GAD exist. More recently, there have been efforts to adapt emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for GAD. This study focused on task analysis, observing therapist and client processes (using qualitative observations as well as observer-used measures) in the clinically developed, two-chair dialogue for worry (an intervention inspired by a similar EFT task of working with self-criticism in depression).

Method
A task analysis methodological approach was applied to 34 worry dialogues from eight clients. The worry dialogues were qualitatively analysed, focusing on therapist and client processes in the task and also using observer-based measures such as Classification of Affective-Meaning States, Client Emotion Arousal Scale and Client Emotion Productivity Scale.

Results
A tentative model of worry transformation using the two-chair dialogue for worry is presented. The model consists of marker identification, enactment of the worry, deepening the toll of the worry, articulation of the need towards the worry and the worry softening or the client's standing up to the worry. The results also focus on the progression in the dialogues across the series of dialogues.

Implications
The model has an immediate practical application as it can inform therapists' actions when working with worry processes in GAD clients. Implications for future research are also discussed.


This paper deals with the ways in which young Israeli lesbians use their bodies in order to detach themselves from both straight women and the older generation of lesbians. They make use of bodily cultural codes borrowed from the mainstream youth culture, yet modified in articulation with the lesbian subculture. The manipulation of codes brings forward the complexity of their age/gender/sexual identity as dictated by the postmodern era. The study is based on in-depth interviews with lesbians who live in an urban environment. Results indicate that young lesbians use two complementary codes. On the one hand they apply bodily codes in accordance with youth culture. Simultaneously, they assign different meanings to items culturally associated with traditional heterosexual women's sexuality. They claim the older generation to neglect physical attractiveness, out of feminist ideology; they insist that nowadays a woman can be both sexy and lesbian. Thus, mingling with heterosexual youngsters is made possible while claiming their sex-appeal is not meant to attract men.


This research investigated education for sustainability (EfS) at an independent primary school in Perth, Australia. A longitudinal case study involving analysis of data from a 20-year period was conducted to determine the effectiveness of EfS. Historical information about EfS from 1990 to 2005 was examined, with the main focus on the study being on the impact of the Australian Sustainable Schools Initiative (AuSSI) between 2005 and 2009.


Social media and technology have drastically transformed the social and information networks around us. They have impacted how we communicate with others, search for information, and even how we express our personal opinions. Further, in this era of big data, not only are the online services collecting vast variety of user data, but we, as users, are also readily divulging significant amounts of information. Together, massive datasets obtained from diverse sources such as organizations and user generated content give us the opportunity to explore and understand complex behavior of both individuals and communities. This proposal aims at designing generalizable and scalable data-driven frameworks to gain a deeper understanding of the users, explain their actions and preferences, and infer personal traits. The proposed models will enable us to move beyond asking the conventional questions of who and what, and reveal answers about how and why. Given the varying digital persona of users motivated by their personal preferences and social attributes, we characterize users in two distinct domains: online health and peace studies. The models are designed to solve various real-world challenges to maximize their broader impact.


This article is devoted to establish a novel analytical solution scheme for
 the fractional diffusion equations. Caputo's formulation followed by the
 variation of parameters method has been employed to obtain the analytical
 solutions. Following the derived analytical scheme, solution of the
 fractional diffusion equation for several initial functions has been
 obtained. Graphs are plotted to see the physical behavior of obtained
 solutions.


The electrolytic dissolution of zirconium in HCl-methanol was studied as a function of potential, solution composition, and temperature. The dissolution is characterized by two regions. At high potentials the zirconium is electropolished and complete dissolution is achieved. At low potentials the current is an exponential function of the potential (Tafel behavior). In this region a small amount of finely divided alpha -zirconium which is insoluble in HCl-methanol separates from the bulk metal. The energy of activation for the corrosion reaction (0.0 volt) is 16.5 kcal/mole; in the electropolishing region (1.0 volt) the activation energy is 7.7 kcal/mole. A broad solvent capability for metallic reactor fuels is offered by the HCl-methanol medium since, in addition to zirconium, stainless steel is also dissolved electrolytically while uranium and aluminum dissolve chemically. Other process implications are discussed. (auth)


Personal observations are offered regarding the current condition of undergraduate teaching in institutions of higher education and theplace of undergraduate teaching in the value commitments of institutions. Several steps that institutions can take to enhance the status of quality undergraduate teaching are reviewed and some probable reactions to such efforts to effect change are identified. The author concludes that the changing environment in which higher education will find itself for the foreseeable future can be used to facilitate planned internal change.


As an increasing number of Internet hosts are wireless, handheld devices with small memory and strict CPU-latency constraints, the performance of cryptography methods has become critical for high transaction throughput. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is emerging as an attractive public-key system for constrained environments, because of the small key sizes and computational efficiency, while preserving the same security level as the standard methods. The memory performance of ECC algorithms was scarcely investigated. We have developed a set of kernel benchmarks to examine performance of standard and corresponding elliptic curve public-key methods. In this paper, we characterize the operations and their memory impact on performance in Diffie-Hellman key exchange, digital signature algorithm, ElGamal, and RSA publickey cryptosystem, as well as elliptic curve DiffieHellman key exchange, elliptic curve digital signature algorithm and elliptic curve El-Gamal algorithm. We modeled a typical mobile device based on the Intel XScale architecture, which utilizes an ARM processor core and studied the benchmark set on that target. Different possible variations for the memory hierarchy of such basic architecture were considered. We compared our benchmarks with MiBench/Security, another widely accepted benchmark set, in order to provide a reference for our evaluation.


Management of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off southern Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) Subdivision 3Ps) entails allocated quotas and restrictions on fishing during la...


Objective To investigate the clinical effect and complications of RF pedicle screw system fixation with TFC inside and outside bone graft in treating lumbar spondylolisthesis.Methods 120 cases of patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis were selected.80 cases of them were randomly chosen as observation group,who were given the treatment of RF pedicle screw system fixation with TFC interverebral fusion and 40 cases were randomly chosen as control group,who were received posterior approach iliac crest graft for lunbar interbody fusion.The effect of two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate and excellent rate of observation group were significantly higher than the control group(P 0.05).All of the observation group had good bone fusion and no case of lumbar spondylolisthesis-emphasis or relapse occurred.There was only one case(1.25%) which found with fixation loosening.Compared with control group,the observation group had lower rate of complications(P 0.01).Conclusion The treatment of RF pedicle screw system fixation with TFC interverebral fusion has a better clinical effect in treating lumbar spondylolisthesis,which can stabilize the ipsilateral lumbar after rest and reduce aggravation or relapse.


AIM To develop an HPLC-ESI-MS assay for the determination of clindamycin in human plasma.METHODS After being deproteinated by methanol,plasma samples were separated by HPLC-MS on a reversed-phase C_(18) column with a mobile phase of 40 mmol·L~(-1) ammonium acetate buffer solution(pH 4.1)-methanol(30∶70,V/V),in which the target ions(m/z) were at 425.2 for clindamycin and 407.3 for the internal standard.RESULTS A good linearity was obtained from 0.01 mg·L~(-1)~10.07 mg·L~(-1) of clindamycin with r=0.9999.The RSD of within-day and between-day variation of the method were both less than 10%.The recoveries of four concentration 0.01007,0.1007,1.007,10.07 mg·L~(-1) were 87.0%~92.4%.The randomized crossover trial was performed in 20 healthy volunteers using the test capsules and reference capsules individually at a single 300 mg dose.Then blood samplings from the subjects were conducted for HPLC-MS analysis and the relative bioavalability of the test capsules was(100.3±10.5)%.CONCLUSION The assay was proved to be rapid,sensitive,accurate and convenient.It can be used to study pharmacokinetics of clindamycin.


An experimental study of the fluctuating pressure field of a high-aspect-ratio swept transport-type wing model in transonic buffeting flow is examined. A high degree of similarity between the buffet-related features of the wing flowfield and 2-D transonic flowfields is indicated. At several spanwise stations, unsteady lift produced by the pressure fluctuations is evaluated and found to increase in intensity as local flow separation develops. Results show that although the wing does vibrate, the measured lift fluctuations are driving, and not driven by wing vibrations. The influence of tunnel-flow unsteadiness on the data is considered.


The sacred works of Sergei Rachmaninoff have long been acknowledged as presenting one of the pinnacles of the "new direction" of Russian sacred music of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Rachmaninoff was among the composers who have most profoundly and brilliantly realized in their musical oeuvres the very spirit of church service singing. At the same time, in the "Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom" and the "All-Night Vigil" by Rachmaninoff reflection is also found of separate elements of the traditions of church reading, as well as certain regularities common both for church singing and reading, which up to the present day has not formed a subject of scholarly research. At the same time, the melodicism of the poglastisas [the intoning] of chant-like singing possesses not only a certain pitch set and laws of rhythmic intonations common to singing, but also a lucid modal nature, similar to the church mode of the Znamenny chant. The article demonstrates elements and techniques in Rachmaninoff's "Liturgy" and "All-Night Vigil" common to both church singing and reading. The diatonicity, the preservation of the most delicate differentiation between the words, the conformity between the liturgical and the melodic elements, the predominance of the text over the music and, correspondingly, the subservience of the musical rhythm to the rhythm of words, the absence of significant extension of the syllables, the unhurried quality of the motion of musical time, the usage of natural vocal registers (without tension of tessitura), all of which are characteristic to these examples, are revealed. Unified means of emphasis of the key semantic units through the rising of the tessitura and the enhancement of the dynamics are highlighted through the intermittence and prolongation of the emphasized word, as well as through syllabic chant. Keywords: Sergei Rachmaninoff, sacred music, church reading, Liturgy.


In this paper, we showed an example of acid-directed hydrothermal synthesis of three Cd-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) under similar conditions, namely, [Cd(TIDB)(AA)0.5(NO3)]n (1), [Cd3(TIDB)2(AA)2(H2O)2(HCOO)2]n (2), and {[Cd4(TIDB)(AA)4(H2O)5](C2H5OH)2(H2O)2}n (3) (TIDB =...


In the study of the resolvent of a scalar elliptic operator, say, on a manifold without boundary there is a well‐known Agmon‐Agranovich‐Vishik condition of ellipticity with parameter which guarantees the existence of a ray of minimal growth of the resolvent. The paper is devoted to the investigation of the same problem in the case of systems which are elliptic in the sense of Douglis‐Nirenberg. We look for algebraic conditions on the symbol providing the existence of the resolvent set containing a ray on the complex plane. We approach the problem using the Newton polyhedron method. The idea of the method is to study simultaneously all the quasihomogeneous parts of the system obtained by assigning to the spectral parameter various weights, defined by the corresponding Newton polygon. On this way several equivalent necessary and sufficient conditions on the symbol of the system guaranteeing the existence and sharp estimates for the resolvent are found. One of the equivalent conditions can be formulated in the following form: all the upper left minors of the symbol satisfy ellipticity conditions. This subclass of systems elliptic in the sense of Douglis‐Nirenberg was introduced by A. KOZHEVNIKOV [K2].


Magneto-optical(MO) storage is an attractive technology for next generation storage.In order to increase the capacity of storage in a single disk,one of the approaches is applying the multi-valued recording and multi-wavelength readout technique,i.e.,so called 3-dimensional(3-D) MO storage.Lasers of different wavelengths are used to read or write data on different recording layers.The difference in the temperature profiles of this kind of MO disk caused by different lasers is expected to be large enough for improving the signal to noise ratio(SNR).In this study,optical matrix method and finite element method were applied to analyze the thermal and magneto-optical responses for a 3-D MO disk.The results show that the MO disk with GaP as interlayers has a potential in improving the thermal and optical performance at two blue wavelengths compared with the MO disk with SiN interlayers.


After completing this article, readers should be able to:

1. Describe theories of the factors that affect umbilical cord length and twisting.

2. Describe the most common umbilical cord abnormality.

3. Delineate structural abnormalities found in the umbilical cord.

4. Describe the effects of meconium on the umbilical cord.

The umbilical cord, lifeline of the fetus, is very much undervalued and certainly not being studied sufficiently frequently. The obstetrician and the neonatologist should be familiar with some of its abnormalities, especially when caring for sick neonates. Moreover, some of the observations made at delivery obviously cannot be retrieved in future and may have medicolegal consequences. Therefore, at least the length of the cord should be measured at birth and the number of vessels ascertained. To aid in this task, this article highlights the most important features with which obstetricians, neonatologists, and pathologists should be familiar.

The normal human umbilical cord measures approximately 55 cm at term; it grows steadily during gestation (Fig. 1) in concert with the fetal crown-rump length.

 Figure 1.
Growth of umbilical cord compared with the crown-rump length of the fetus.

Umbilical cord length varies widely among neonates and in animals, and numerous publications provide measurements for individual species. (1) Often, the length has been correlated with the length of the fetus, but numerous significant exceptions have been noted when attempts were made to identify underlying mechanisms. (2) Despite the many publications that address cord development, it still is not understood fully what regulates length of the umbilical cord. I believe that it is primarily the amount of fetal movement, with much of the excessive lengths of some cords already acquired early in gestation when there still is sufficient space for easy movement. My reasons for this assumption are the following: 1) The cords of fetuses that have severely diminished motions (eg, osteogenesis …


In this article, we consider the existence of ground state positive solutions for nonlinear Schrodinger equations of the fractional (p,q)-Laplacian with Rabinowitz potentials defined in \(R^n\),  $$ ( -\Delta ) _p^{s_1}u+( -\Delta )_q^{s_2}u+V( \epsilon x) ( | u|^{p-2}u+| u| ^{q-2}u) =\lambda f( u) +\sigma | u| ^{q_{s_2}^{\ast }-2}u. $$ We prove existence by confining different ranges of the parameter \(\lambda\) under the subcritical or critical nonlinearities caused by \(\sigma=0\) or 1, respectively. In particular, a delicate calculation for the critical growth is provided so as to avoid the failure of a global Palais-Smale condition for the energy functional.
For more information see https://ejde.math.txstate.edu/Volumes/2021/100/abstr.html


: Galactals and 2-azido-2-deoxy-galactopyranosides equipped with a set of selectively removable hydroxy protecting groups are synthesized on the basis of lipase-catalyzed regioselective deacylation and acylation reactions.


Almost simultaneously with the publication of our previous paper with this title (Breed and Conn, 1919) our attention was called to the publication of an article by Merrill and Wade (1919). discussing the identical subject from a somewhat different viewpoint. The facts as given in the two papers supplement ach other, and both papers point out the fact that students of the group face a puzzling problem in regard to the proper name for the group. This arises because the general use of Streptothrix Corda, 1839 renders the term Streptothrix Cohn, 1875 invalid. This would make Actinomyces Harz, 1877 the valid name for the genus in question were it not for the fact that some hold that the use of Actinomyce by Meyen in .1828 invalidates Actinomyces Harz. In this case it appears that Discomyces Rivolta, 1878 becomes the correct name for the genus, although some argue that this name is also invalid. Merrill and Wade have frankly accepted the principle of priority as final, and contend that Discomyces Rivolta is the only correct term to use, while we have quoted the International Botanical Code (Chap. III, Sect. 2, Art. 20 and Sect. 6, Art. 50) to show that under these rules it is necessary to regard general usage rather than priority in this case, and have suggested the adoption of Actinomyces Harz as a genus conservandum. After our paper was written, the Society of American Bacteriologists accepted this suggestion and have included Actinomyces Harz in their list of approved genera. Since the publication of our paper, our attention has been called to the fact that the difference in spelling and derivation


As COVID-19 cases spread rapidly globally, the effects of the pandemic have been highly paid attention to. Among the numerous effects that the pandemic has left to the world, including economic recession, there have been arguments that COVID-19 has widened income inequality. Specifically, the policies implemented to combat the coronavirus have been pointed out as the cause. This paper will investigate the impact of Zero-COVID policy on income inequality that exists within and among different regions in China through the examination of different papers. This paper will be useful in the prediction of the effect of pandemic on income inequality in the future and will be helpful in evaluating the relevant policies implemented to prevent the spread. In conclusion, the implementation of the Zero-COVID policy has resulted in income disparities both within and among different regions, with the severity of impact depending on the intensity of the policies effect on different regions.


Objective To investigate the relationship between B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP)levels and extent of ischemia in patients with unstable angina pectoris and normal left ventricular function,and the response to percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods One hundred and three patients with unstable angina pectoris and normal left ventricular function(identified by echocardiography)underwent PCI were divided into three groups according to the results of coronary angiography:one vessel pathological change group(n=23),two vessels group(n=43),and three vessels group(n=37).The BNP levels were detected at baseline,3 days and 90 days after PCI.Results There were significant differences in the BNP levels before PCI among the three groups(P0.05);3d after PCI the BNP levels were significantly increased,as compared with those before PCI P0.05),however,30d after PCI the BNP levels were significantly decreased,as compared with those before PCI(P0.05).Conclusion The increase of BNP levels is closely related with vessel number of pathological change in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD),which can be used as an important index in CHD.


Obesity is a growing concern in the medical profession, particularly due to the co-morbidities that are related to obesity. Various methods have been trialled to manage obesity with varying effects, but can we ever say that one which is better than the other? This article looks at various lifestyle, pharmacological and surgical aspects of the management of obesity and discusses the diverse theories as to why the maintenance of weight loss can be difficult.


The present invention provides a micro-electromechanical systems device having a first and second components, the first component comprises a sensor element having a connector assembly comprising a second comb drive. Comb drive having a rotor plate and stator plate, and the connector plate is arranged relative to the stator the rotor displacement plate, providing a variable capacitance according to the displacement of the rotor plate.


The aim of the research is to study the possibility of use of quercetin and bisalkofen antioxidants for storage of dried mare's milk at room temperature for 12 months. The product had been analyzed quarterly. Chemiluminescence analysis and total milk lipid oxidation had been applied for lipid peroxidation (LPO) evaluation. Sublimation-dried mare's milk storage is accompanied with LPO process activation which causes spoiling of milk when stored for more than three months. Use of quercetin (vitamin P) or bisalkofen (a dimer of ionol) as additives when drying mare's milk inhibits LPO process rate. Bisalkofen antioxidant taken for comparison with quercetin inhibited LPO more efficiently in storage of milk. The results of the experiment allow to conclude that using quercetin and bisalkofen enables to extend sublimation-dried mare's milk shelf life to 6 and 12 months respectively.


Depression and mood-congruent autobiographical memory. This study was designed to examine the mood congruency hypothesis on the recall of autobiographical memories in clinically depressed subjects. Several methodological modifications were introduced respect to previous studies. The results showed that the depressed patients presented increased recall of negative memories compared with control nondepressed individuals. These findings are discussed in relation to Bower's (1981) semantic network model.


unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract. In this paper we study the class of FI-cotorsion modules and we introduce there dimensions of modules and rings. An R-module M is called FI-cotorsion if Ext1 R(F,M)= 0 for any FI-flat R-module F . Also, we investigate some properties of FI-cotorsion modules and FI-cotorsion envelopes and we give a characterization of IF-ring. Then, we study the FI-flat and the FI-cotorsion envelope and we show when they existed. Furthermore, we present the notation of FI-cotorsion dimension of modules and rings.


Island is the subaerial portion of the northern extremity of arcuate structural high, the Izu-Ogasawara island arc. It is composed of thirteen rhyolitic monogenetic volcanoes, one or two andesite and a basalt volcano (Isshiki, 1987). Each volcanic activity consist of pyroclastic flow or surge deposits, pyroclastic cones and a lava dome, and the latest eruption occurred in 886 A.D. Isshiki (1987) reported that Lithology of the volcano changed from hypersthene-cummingtonite-hornblende rhyolite through cummingtonite rhyolite to biotite rhyolite with some exceptions, as time elapsed. Olivine basalt of high-alumina basalt clan magma was erupted at 3ka during the activity of biotite rhyolite in the Northern part of the island. Rhyolite lavas often carry mafic inclusions which are thought to be products of mixing and/or mingling with basaltic magmas (Koyaguchi, 1986). Xenoliths of gabbroic rocks are widely recognized in Quaternary mafic (basalt to basaltic andesite) volcanoes, in the northern part of Izu-Ogasawara arc (e.g. Oshima volcano, Miyakejima volcano). Such kind of rocks provides us important information for the structure and compositions of the underlying crust and mantle. Gabbroic rocks are also identified from silicic volcano. In this study, we will report the newly observed gabbroic xenoliths from Niijima Volcano. Gabbroic xenoliths were collected from 2 localities, 8 samples from Wakago pyroclastic surge deposits (host rock is olivine basalt; bulk SiO 2 wt% = 49.5-51.0) and 2 samples collected from Attiyama lava dome (host lava is biotite magmas in Niijima volcano could be formed by partial melting of amphibolite crust.


Vanishing bone disease (Gorham disease) is an uncommon bone pathology that is characterized by a continuous replacement of bone with the abundance of endothelial cells. It is usually nonfamilial, but maybe familial and occurs periodically in children and young adults. The lesion is usually nonexpansile and monocentric, rarely polyostotic, but locally aggressive. Though asymptomatic cases have been reported, clinical symptoms include pain, functional disability and swelling of the involved area. Pathologic fracture of the involved bone has also been noted in some patients. Surgical treatment, as well as radiotherapy, forms the main basis of treatment modality.


Phytoplankton size classes (hereafter, PSCs) were derived from satellite ocean color data using a present phytoplankton abundance-based optical algorithm in the northern Bering and southern Chukchi Seas to characterize the spatial and seasonal variations of the different PSC and investigate the contributions of small phytoplankton to the total phytoplankton biomass. The comparison results showed that the phytoplankton abundance-based method approach could reasonably classify the three PSCs (pico-, nano-, and micro phytoplankton). The satellite maps of the dominant PSCs were derived using long-term satellite ocean color data. The general spatial distribution showed that the large (micro-) phytoplankton were dominant in the coastal waters and the west side of the Bering strait, while the small size (nano- or pico-) phytoplankton were dominant in the open ocean waters. Nano- and microphytoplankton were dominant in May and October in most of the study area, while pico-phytoplankton were dominant in the summer months in the open ocean waters. The annual variation in small phytoplankton dominance had a strong positive relationship with the annual mean sea surface temperature (SST), which is consistent with the increasing dominance of small phytoplankton biomass as water temperature increases. Microphytoplankton have an apparent increasing trend in the southeastern Chukchi Sea but slightly decreasing trends in Chirikov and St. Lawrence Island Polynya (SLIP). In contrast, there were increasing trends in picophytoplankton in Chirikov and SLIP, which seems to be related to increasing annual SST. It is crucial to monitor changes in dominant groups of phytoplankton community in the Bering and Chukchi Seas as important biological hotspots responding to the recent changes in environmental conditions.


A recently built experimental set-up was employed for the estimation of the SLE of following binary systems: R744 + R744A, R744 + R32, R744A + R32, R744 + R125, R744A + R125, R744 + R134a, R744A + R134a, R744 + R143a, R744A + R143a, R744 + R152a, R744A + R152a, R744 + R23, and R744A + R23. The measurements were performed down to temperatures of about 115 K. The triple points of the pure fluids contained in the mixture were measured to check the reliability of the apparatus, revealing a generally good consistency with the literature. The results obtained for the mixtures were interpreted by means of the Schroder equation. In addition, because a constant cooling rate was not guaranteed by our experimental method, the results of the temperature data acquisitions were corrected using the Rossini method.


The modified ring test was used to determine the mode I fracture toughness of bedrock cores from the DOE Oak Ridge Reservation in east Tennessee. Low porosity sandstones, limestones, and dolostones from the lower part of the Paleozoic section in Copper Creek and Whiteoak Mountain thrust sheets were sampled. In general, the average mode I fracture toughness decreases from sandstone, dolostone, and limestone. The fracture toughness of the limestones varies between rock units, which is related to different sedimentologic characteristics. Quality of results was evaluated by testing cores of Berea Sandstone and Indiana Limestone, which produced results similar to published results.


Abstract The results of mortality investigations among industrial insured lives with weekly premiums in the Norwegian life insurance company Fram for the period 1931/40 and for the period 1940/46 have earlier been published in this journal.l It is now possible to render the main results of the continued investigation for the post-war years 1946/50.


The title borate (III) undergoes Pd-catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura cross-coupling with aryl and heteroaryl chlorides leading to N-benzylisoindolin-1-ones under mild reaction conditions.


The cytochemical bioassay, using glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in the distal convoluted tubule of a guinea pig as an index, is specific and the most sensitive method of evaluating the biological activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Using this method, biological activities of the amino‐ or carboxylterminal PTH fragments and analogues, human (h) PTH‐(3–34), [Tyr34]hPTH‐(7–34)amide(NH2), [Tyr34]hPTH‐(13–34)NH2, hPTH‐(39–84), hPTH‐(51–84), hPTH‐(69–84), were tested over a concentration range of 10−16 to 10−13 M. In addition, the combined effect of these hormones with human or bovine PTH‐(1–84) and the effect of dibutyryl ((Bu)2) cAMP were also evaluated.


The composition and density of surface hydroxyl and carbonate groups on calcite and dolomite after contact at 25 °C with solutions of different pH (3 to 12) and carbonate concentration (10-4 ≤ ∑CO2 ≤ 0.1 M) were monitored by means of diffuse reflectance infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Both for calcite and dolomite, broad high-intensity absorbance bands at about 3400 and 1600 cm-1 were observed at pH below 6 and carbonate concentration below 10-3 M. These bands are assigned to hydroxyl groups present at the mineral surfaces. At higher pH and ∑CO2, the intensity of these bands significantly decreases. On the contrary the intensity of the broad double band at about 1400 cm-1 due to carbonate species (surface and bulk) for both minerals was found to increase significantly with increasing solution pH and carbonate concentration, being the lowest at pH ≤ 5 and ∑CO2 ≤ 10-3 M. These observations correlate well with the surface speciation for calcite or dolomite/aqueous solution interface predicted based on surface...


The methodology for determining the Medicare allowance for physician services changed effective January 1, 1992. Prior to the new year, the allowance for most physician services was determined by the reasonable charge system; now, however, the Medicare allowance for most physician services is determined by the resource based relative value scale (RBRVS) fee schedule system. The RBRVS fee schedule is being phased in over a five-year transition period.


The thinking mode by adopting symbols is one of the traditional Chines e thinking modes. Taking its shape in IChing, this thinking mode depends o n sym bols of matter in the course of thinking, takes imagination as a medium, to dedu c e an abstract conclusion by forced analogy. In essence, characteristic of obscur ity and mutually complementing with the whole thinking mode, the thinking mode by symbo ls is a kind of logic to deduce a conclusion by forced analogy. Correlated to, b ut diff erent from abstract thinking, thinking in images, thinking by insights, thinking by symbols exerts an indispensable function in the realms of traditional Chines e philosophy, literature, art and so on. Thinking mode by symbols is the extreme ly valuable part of the cultural spirit of IChing learning in modern think ing modes.


In this paper, design and development of algorithm for automatic gain control (AGC) as an attenuator have been proposed. Automatic Gain Controller, as the name suggests is a gain controller device, which adjusts or control the gain to a desired or a suitable level to provide a stable output. This (AGC) technique not only enhances but also descend the attenuation as per the requirement of the device. Digital step attenuator as an AGC (TOAT - 51020+) has been tested for attenuation. This step attenuator provides the amount of attenuation according to the 3- bit TTL logic signals. The LSB of this TTL level offers the minimum amount of attenuation while the MSB offers the maximum amount of attenuation. For keeping the desired signal in a particular band of interest, in this paper, an algorithm has been proposed, according to which whenever a signal level crosses or falls below a threshold level, there will be one bit attenuation provided so that there will be rise or fall in the attenuation to keep the signal in a desired band of channel output counts, where channel output counts are the signal information range. Here, 1 bit step attenuation is of 5 dB. In this paper, RF attenuators are used. RF attenuators are a universal building block within the RF design domain. As the name implies RF attenuators reduce the level of the signal. An attenuator may be used to provide an accurate impedance match as in many attenuator it is required to provide a well- defined impedance. The attenuators may be used in a various areas, where signal levels need to be controlled and to be maintained (2).


An idea is presented where multitapers are extracted from a known cross-spectrum and applied for estimation of the coherence function. An important property of the extracted windows are the time-delay between left and right tapers. Therefore, time-delayed Thomson multitapers are also proposed as an approximation. Simulations are performed using different linear filters as well as disturbing white noise and comparisons are made with the results of the usual Thomson and Welch methods. An example of estimation of EEG coherence is also shown.


The aim of this study is to determine factors that lead to job satisfaction and its impact to resignation. This study consists of two submodels. The first submodel investigate the influence of compensation, job security, career path , organizational communication, and company policy on job satisfaction. While the second submodel investigate the effect of job satisfaction of the employee's resignation. The first submodel found that compensation and job security variables have no significant effect on job satisfaction, while career paths, organizational communication, and company policies have a significant impact on job satisfaction. The results of submodel 2 states that job satisfaction have a significant effect on the employee's resignation. Relationships are both negative, which means if the job satisfactions are high, the resignation will be lower. And vice versa.


In order to explore the Zhenjing oilfield Chang 9 reservoir development methods and evaluate horizontal wells to develop Chang 9 well productivity,HH42P1 is deployed,when Zhenjing field Chang 8 reservoir carried out horizontal wells and obtained a certain success.According to HH37P1 and HH37P2 drilling experience,Zhenjing oilfield conducted studies on optimum drilling technologies,including reducing the body structure of the well,using 81 2″dill bit in the second spud,using 6″ dill bit for horizontal section,optimization PDC bit,drilling parameters and strengthening the management of site construction personnel and equipment.By using these techniques,HH42P1 drilling speed improved by more than 50%;drilling cycle was reduced by more than 20%.Objective layer borehole diameter enlargement rate was controlled within 10%;the casing was saved by more than 70 t and drilling costs was reduced by more than 20%.This well provided technical experience for Zhenjing oilfield horizontal well optimum drilling.


A current change in the federal emission law is being considered, the effect of which would be to include in an appendix the emission limits for ten substances. The recently suggested limits proposed by medical experts have led to a major controversy since the concentrations are already exceeded in many areas. In a report by the ministries of work, health and social services for the province of North Rhine-Westphalia authoritative comment on emission limits is requested "which would exclude the possibility of damage to health". Certain views are proposed as to which values or definitions should be the subject of comment by those making judgment. (1) the maximum harmless efficiency level (quasi nil risk). (2A) highest harmless dose (without evidence or proven presumption of pathological effect). (2b) threshold dose (without evidence or proven presumption of the firm admissible probability of the pathogenic effect). Because of the difficulty of obtaining data and the interpretation of reports in establishing the areas and conditions of harmless efficiency levels, harmless doses and threshold values for a population, controversial attitudes by different scientists are understandable, e.g. The uncertainties surrounding the issue of dosage-effect are due in some measure to the lack of scientifically established data. With the numerous uncertainties of the present time, having continuously changing levels of knowledge, it appears doubtful from the scientist's viewpoint to establish legal maximum tolerable concentrations of air pollutants in the form of highly unstable emission limits. It is nevertheless a joint political technical, economic and medical exercise to consider carefully the expected pollutant quality and frequency in association with a realizable preventive level of damaging emissions and to harmonize the proposals to the optimum degree both for the individual citizen and for the community. (TRRL)


Pd is highly active for the decomposition of methanol, but it becomes active for methanol steam reforming when alloying with Zn [1, 2]. A close connection between the catalytic property and the d-band structure was pointed out, and it is confirmed that PdCd, showing very similar d-band structure with PdZn, exhibits comparable catalytic property with PdZn [2, 3]. The change in the d-band structure, namely, leads to the change in the catalytic property. This change in the d-band structure was also clearly demonstrated by electronic structure calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) [4]. However, a different origin of the change in the catalytic property was proposed for the isostructural intermetallic compound NiZn, and it was concluded that the desegregation of the NiZn surface by Zn oxidation is essential [5]. Needless to say, understanding the mechanism of the change in the catalytic property is important, thus, we are carrying out plane-wave DFT calculations to investigate the effect of oxidation on the electronic structure of PdZn. In this presentation, we will discuss the optimal structure of oxygen-adsorbed PdZn(111). surface.


Finding network motifs in biological networks is a computationally intensive task as it involves traversing through a large network to enumerate all possible sub graphs of a given size, and then determining their statistical uniqueness by sampling sub graphs from a large number (more than 1,000) of random graph pools. There have been parallelization efforts in the past to mitigate the computational intensity for finding network motifs. However, they are either more for the frequent sub graphs in networks rather than network motifs, or require complex manipulations on message passing or designs. Additionally, most of the parallel algorithms are unavailable as tools for use. In this paper, we introduce a project of 'complete network motif parallelization.' This project aims to improve performance of serial algorithms for finding sub graphs in PPI networks - ESU algorithm and McKay's canonical labeling algorithm - by parallel zing them using iterative Hadoop MapReduce on Google Cloud, and then determining their uniqueness through explicit or direct random graph generation. In this paper, we describe the parallelization of ESU and McKay's canonical algorithms and present the experimental results with a significant improvement in performance, up to 37 times speedup. We are continuing to parallelize network motif significance as a next step, and expecting the completion of the project in near future.


How do people talk about math? What point are we making when we contrast math with other topics? In studies of school performance, attitudes, and stereotypical beliefs, math is most frequently compared to language abilities and occasionally artistic qualities. Most studies about these topics administer assessments and closed-form surveys to make sense of how math ability or beliefs are different from similar constructs in other educational domains. In an analysis of Google search terms using Google Trends, "math" occurs in search queries far more frequently than "language" or "art" and —unlike searches about the other topics—the prevalence of "math"-related searches shifts in conjunction with the academic year. This project's goals are to (1) sample from diverse naturalistic text-based datasets to expose how math is referred to in non-experimental settings and (2) identify similarities and differences between math and the domains most frequently used as contrasts. We perform computational analyses on text derived from naturalistic sources written across a variety of different registers, from a journalistic source (NY Times) and a social media website (Twitter) to referential sources containing basic definitions (Merriam-Webster) and more informal descriptions (Urban Dictionary). We see that, across data sources, queries related to "math" refer more frequently to education-related themes and incorporate more disparaging terminology compared to content related to "language" or "art." This project is a first step in demonstrating that this methodology can aid in exploring more realistic discourse surrounding math and domains of comparison. This can inform and empower future researchers and practitioners interested in changing the discussion around math.


Thermoplastic vulcanizates are increasingly accepted as preferred alternatives to conventional rubber for flexible or elastic components in automotive and other applications. TPVs are phase separated polymer blends consisting of a thermoplastic and an elastomeric phase. The elastomeric phase is crosslinked and finely dispersed in the continuous thermoplastic phase. Important factors for the use of TPVs are their mechanical properties which are defined by their morphology. TPV components are often produced by injection molding. During injection molding high shear rates and large cooling gradients are present and lead to different orientation and dispersion phenomena along the flow path and across the thickness of the part. For these reasons, an injection molded TPV component shows a heterogeneous microstructure after production, which results in strongly anisotropic material properties. The phenomon of anisotropy is known in practical experience, however, the cause and relating influencing factors have not...


Multispectral (MSI) and hyperspectral (HSI) imaging spectrometers have become essential tools for various applications from agricultural to defense. It is imperative to assess the performance of multi-spectral performance in relevant environmental locations. However, these techniques can be time consuming, expensive, and often a difficult process to assess the spectral properties in the relevant environments and terrains. Therefore, an alternate test methodology will be explored, such as, the utilization of laboratory analysis for predictive means. The method will not replace the need for actual testing, but can reduce the need for such testing. The methodology will utilize a fully spectrally characterized environment and terrain, which will be compared to laboratory measurements across the full spectrum. The correlated results will be described and the effectiveness of the methodology will be assessed.


The current study extends earlier observations that body dissatisfaction is positively associated with body weight for eating disorder patients and for nonpatient college women. An adjustment to the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) Body Dissatisfaction score (i.e., the "Body Illusion Index" or "Bll") is proposed to statistically eliminate the effects of relative body weight on Body Dissatisfaction scores and to systematically increase Body Dissatisfaction scores at lower relative weights. The adjustment results in a mean adjusted body dissatisfaction score for the anorexia nervosa patients more closely resembling that for bulimia ner-vosa patients and differing significantly from normal weight college women. The "Body Illusion Index" addresses the different meanings and clinical significance that body dissatisfaction implies for individuals at different weights. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The results of reservation of strained state in PbSe layers grown on KCl, BaF2, NaCl, CaF2 substrates during several years and revealing of the peculiarities of two-stage growth of layers, the creation of supercritical structures, the study of the broadening of elastic deformation at layers doping with impurities of varying valence show that it is reasonable to regulate in detail the strains (deformations) in nanolayers. For definite groups of layers with the thicknesses in the range of <100 nm and 100-200 nm, as well as at not high – 1 nm/s and high ≥10 nm/s rates of growth there appear the new means to control the deformations in PbSe nanolayers.


To study the healing processes on symmetric interfaces in PET-PET, polystyrene(PS)-PS, and PPO-PPO systems, the films of crystallizable (PET) and noncrystallizable amorphous polymers [PS, poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO)] were brought into contact in an overlapping mode at temperatures below and above the bulk glass transition temperature T g . The completeness of healing of interfacial boundaries was estimated in terms of the shear strength σ of self-adhesive joints as measured at room temperature. Upon contacts of PPO with PPO and PS with PS, the resultant σ values appear to be at least one order of magnitude higher than the corresponding σ values for PET-PET contacts at the healing temperature (or the contact temperature), which is equidistant from the glass transition temperature T g . The reasons for the low molecular mobility in an amorphous PET, which makes impossible a complete healing of the PET-PET interface, are analyzed.


The non-concentric prolamellar bodies of proplastids isolated from etiolated bean leaves were investigated by electron microscopy. The arrangement of tubules in a number of prolamellar bodies or in parts of them follows the crystal lattice of wurtzite. This is shown by a comparative study of ultrathin sections of the prolamellar bodies and models of the (0001), (11̄02̄), (11̄00), and (11̄01) plane and of planes slightly inclined to them of the wurtzite lattice, standing at right angles to the table (112̄0). The combination of wurtzite and zincblende lattice layers is possible and probably realised.


The evolution of cloud computing and a drastic increase in image size are making the outsourcing of image storage and processing an attractive business model. Although this outsourcing has many advantages, ensuring data confidentiality in the cloud is one of the main concerns. There are state-of-the-art encryption schemes for ensuring confidentiality in the cloud. However, such schemes do not allow cloud datacenters to perform operations over encrypted images. In this paper, we address this concern by proposing 2DCrypt, a modified Paillier cryptosystem-based image scaling and cropping scheme for multi-user settings that allows cloud datacenters to scale and crop an image in the encrypted domain. To anticipate a high storage overhead resulted from the naive per-pixel encryption, we propose a space-efficient tiling scheme that allows tile-level image scaling and cropping operations. Basically, instead of encrypting each pixel individually, we are able to encrypt a tile of pixels. 2DCrypt is such that multiple users can view or process the images without sharing any encryption keys-a requirement desirable for practical deployments in real organizations. Our analysis and results show that 2DCrypt is INDistinguishable under Chosen Plaintext Attack secure and incurs an acceptable overhead. When scaling a 512×512 image by a factor of two, 2DCrypt requires an image user to download approximately 5.3 times more data than the un-encrypted scaling and need to work approximately 2.3 s more for obtaining the scaled image in a plaintext.


On the coastal zone of Sao Paulo State, both the Baixada Santista metropolitan region and tourist areas developed near the beaches are transforming the original rainforest landscape. Extensive urban patterns are constantly repeated throughout the region, with plain and dry land parceled out. When land prices increases, these urban areas are transformed by the construction of buildings. As part of this urban expansion process, sloppy and marshy land is also parceled out, however this only happens when its value is worth the investment.


In the 1990s the first important transfer of Western social sciences as knowledge system appeared. In the course of prosperity and development, China's social sciences should attach importance to and have responses to it in order to adjust its basic point and have Chinese characteristics. On the one hand, academic fruits that can push China forward should be valued, and on the other hand, China should participate in the global production and become a big and strong country of social sciences.


One way of addressing the affective qualities of cinema in the digital age is by pointing out the diffused embodiment of actors' bodies that morph and modulate with digital codes into malleable bodies, resonating with the contemporary logic of the optimization and transformability of the body through plastic surgery and other body modifications that have become an important dimension of contemporary normative physicality. Both Steven Shaviro and Steen Christiansen have convincingly argued how digital morphing and modulations of the actor's body both express and allow the audience to experience the affective intensities of the "forces and intensities we are subjected to" and to understand how normative "biopower feels."1


The yields of photoneutrons were measured for various maximum y-bremsstrahlung energies lying between the threshold of the ( y, n) reactions up to Em ax = 27 mev. The photoneutron cross section was determined by the "photon difference method" as a function of the photon energy from the yield curves for ten elements (copper, zinc, cadmium, iodine, tantalum, gold, thallium, bismuth, thorium and uranium).


the G20, its achievements and its prospects rounds off the book. Five Commonwealth countries are in the G20, a quarter of the membership. Britain and Canada, both in the G8, hosted early summits; Australia is the host in 2014; India and South Africa should soon get their turn to be host and feed in a BRICS perspective. However, the G20 summit matters to more than those with seats at the table. All Commonwealth countries need to keep up with it and learn how to influence it. Multilateral economic institutions are in trouble at present. Reform of the International Monetary Fund is being held up by the United States; The World Trade Organisation's recent agreement, a long awaited success, has been blocked by India; the UN's work on climate change advances at a snail's pace. Though the G20 is an informal body and its membership is not inclusive, it has been able to stem the financial crisis and the ensuing global recession. It is developing effective techniques of cooperation, which should have longterm benefit. It is therefore important to understand in detail how it works. Peter Hajnal's book will either give you this information or tell you where you can find it.


This paper deals with an alternative multi-functional structures by using grid-stiffened composite structure with excellent bending stiffness and lightweight characteristics which is capable of easy embedding of electrical/electronic circuitry into structure. The enhancement of thermal conduction capability is made by the application of pitch-based carbon fiber. The lightweight radiation spot shielding technique is also proposed for multi-functional structures without conventional housing and the effectiveness of selective radiation shielding is validated through the proton irradiation test.


To the Editor: Iron deficiency (ID) and ID anemia (IDA) are common health problems worldwide. The World Health Organization (2011) estimated that 34% of the global population (>2 billion) is affected by anemia and that the most common type was ID (50% of total anemia), which primarily affects women of reproductive age. Although intravenous (IV) iron has been used to treat ID and IDA for more than six decades, its use in primary care settings has been infrequent compared with its use in tertiary centers due to the historical concern of anaphylaxis, among others. The newer (non-dextran) IV formulations, which allow complete or near-complete replacement in a single sitting of 15 to 30 min, have an improved safety profile, and better tolerability, efficacy, and effectiveness compared with oral iron therapy. They are suited for administration in the primary care or community practices in a proper setting. Although oral iron remains the first-line therapy for iron replacement in most guidelines, its common side effects of gastric upset and constipation, and the need to take it regularly for months to replenish iron stores, often result in nonadherence. Intramuscular iron injection is no longer favorable because of pain, skin discoloration and requirement of multiple injections.


The structure of the deflagration burning front in type Ia supernovae is considered. The parameters of the flame are obtained: its normal velocity and thickness. The results are in good agreement with the previous works of different authors. The problem of pulsation instability of the flame, subject to plane perturbations, is studied. First, with the artificial system with switched-off hydrodynamics the possibility of secondary reactions to stabilize the front is shown. Second, with account of hydrodynamics, realistic EOS and thermal conduction we can obtain pulsations when Zeldovich number was artificially increased. The critical Zeldovich numbers are presented. These results show the stability of the flame in type Ia supernovae against pulsations because its effective Zeldovich number is small.


Background Although acknowledged to be an ethical imperative for providers, disclosure following patient safety incidents remains the exception. The appropriate response to a patient safety incident and the disclosure of medical errors are neither easy nor obvious. An inadequate response to patient harm or an inappropriate disclosure may frustrate practitioners, dent their professional reputation, and alienate patients. Methods The authors have presented a descriptive study on the comprehensive process for responding to patient safety incidents, including the disclosure of medical errors adopted at a large, urban tertiary care centre in the United States. Results In the first two years post-implementation, the "seven pillars" process has led to more than 2,000 incident reports annually, prompted more than 100 investigations with root cause analysis, translated into close to 200 system improvements and served as the foundation of almost 106 disclosure conversations and 20 full disclosures of inappropriate or unreasonable care causing harm to patients. Conclusions Adopting a policy of transparency represents a major shift in organisational focus and may take several years to implement. In our experience, the ability to rapidly learn from, respond to, and modify practices based on investigation to improve the safety and quality of patient care is grounded in transparency.


In this study, GO/ZnO/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by a hydrothermal method in one step. The microstructure and surface morphology of the material were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. The chemical interactions between the available oxygen functional groups of reduced graphene oxide and the inorganic parts (Ag and ZnO) were analyzed by XPS and FTIR. The synergistic antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites against Streptococcus mutans was investigated. It was confirmed that GO/ZnO/Ag could inhibit the growth of S. mutans. The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of GO/ZnO/Ag on the surface structure of S. mutans were 62.5 and 125 µg/ml, respectively. The material was added to a dental dentin binder, and the modified dentin binder specimens with GO/ZnO/Ag had a significant antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans. The results showed that a low dose of GO/ZnO/Ag did not affect the shear bond strength of the dentin binder (P > 0.05), while a high dose of GO/ZnO/Ag decreased the shear bond strength of the dentin binder (P < 0.05). With an increase in GO/ZnO/Ag, the contact angle of the modified dentin binder specimens decreased and the hydrophilicity increased. The nanocomposites can not only be used as antibacterial agents but also have potential applications in biomedical fields.


The Cu 2+ , Sn 2+ and S 2deposition onto indium doped tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate from aqueous solutions was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry technique. Deposition was carried out in a standard three-electrode cell consisting tin chloride, copper sulfate, and sodium thiosulfate. The deposition process was investigated at +25 °C. The anodic and cathodic scans were recorded within the potential range which from 1000 to -1000 mV. The scan rate and multiple cycling were carried out to examine the behavior of electroactive species at the electrode surface. The thin films were characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD) technique for structural studies. The peaks in the pattern indicate the formation of orthorhombic phase of Cu4SnS4.


The Brazilian tensile test is an acceptable method for determining the tensile strength of brittle materials such as rock and concrete between low and intermediate strain rate. The dynamic characterization of granite as a brittle material is fundamental to understand the material behavior in the case of heavy earthquakes and dynamic events. The implementation of material constitutive law is of capital importance for the numerical simulation of the dynamic processes as those caused by earthquakes. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsky bar systems, which includes both a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) systems.In this study, we determined incident strain waveforms which satisfy the stress uniformity within the three kinds of granite samples for dynamic Brazilian test by combining Spilt Hopkinson Pressure bar (SHPB) test by the numerical method using LS-DYNA. The numerical simulation served the stress distribution in the granite specimen under different impact velocities. The pulse shaping technique using a thin copper disk reproduced the determined incident pulses and applied to impact the granite samples. The result shows that the high-frequency vibrations were reduced by increasing the rising time and decay time of applied pressure and stress uniformity around 475μs elapsed time, stress ratio varied around 3 time. Triangular waveform with Applied pressure of 100MPa and rising time is 220μs as showed in figure (Case 2) is acceptable to achieve the stress uniformity of the sample model in a dynamic Brazilian test using SHPB system.


In this paper, an approach to the automatic detection of vehicles at long range using sequences of thermal infrared images is presented. The vehicles in the sequences can be either moving or stationary. The sensor can also be mounted on a moving platform. The targetarea in the images is very small, typically less than 10 pixels on target. The proposed method consists of two independent parts. The rst part seeks for possible targets in individual images and then merges the results for a subsequence of images. The decision for this part of the algorithm is based on temporal and spatial consistency of the targets through the considered image subsequence. The second part of the algorithm speciically focuses on nding moving objects in the scene. Clearly, as the sensor may itself be moving too, the eeect of this motion on the images has to be eliminated rst. This was done using a model based registration technique. The algorithm proposed in this paper was implemented and tested on a set of 7 image sequences obtained from diierent sensors under diverse operational circumstances. The images in these sequences are mostly highly cluttered and noisy. Results show the two parts of the algorithm to be quite complementary. For some sequences, the rst part yields good results (high ratio of detection probability to false alarm rate) while, for other sequences, the second part gives the best results.


As software systems increase in size and complexity,the three-tier client / server structure provides a good framework for the integration of enterprise resource planning which is the best choice for the establishment of enterprise-class management information system.Combining with hospital information management system(HIS),this paper explains the three-tier model structure and introduces the distributing components technology applications based on the applications of the three-tier model,in the meantime,expounds the realization of applications by applying with J2EE.


Such policies have not been implemented in nursing. The current trend in nursing is working 12hour shifts (Beyea, 2004; Dickson & Witkoski, 2010). Working long hours and overtime can lead to fatigue, which leads to patient care errors (Bae, 2012). Fatigue leads to decreased alertness, slowed reaction time, impaired communication, reduced motivation, lower productivity, lapses of attention to detail, compromised problem solving, increased risk of injury, and loss of empathy (Aker & Biddle, 2011; Campbell, et al., 2011; Hughes & Rogers, 2004; Garrett, 2008; The Joint Commission, 2011).


Cathode plates are required to have better conductivity and mechanical property.Through controlling of chemical composition,enhancing of furnace refining for aluminum pad and on-line purification,adding of Al-Ti5-B1 grain refined rod material,the cathode plate after being cold rolled by produced casting rolling billet can meet the requirement of application.


Based on the the literatures about the analysis of tea saponins at home and abroad after 1907,the tea saponins that had been reported and identified were summed up,and the quantitative analysis methods of tea saponins were introduced,such as the gravimetric method,the colorimetric method,the fluorimetry,the thin-layer chromatograghic method,the potassium bromate method,the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and so on.And the application of the high performance liquid chromatography in analysis of tea saponins was mainly introduced.


We determine the density of curves having squarefree discriminant in some families of curves that arise from Vinberg representations, showing that the global density is the product of the local densities. We do so using the framework of Thorne and Laga's PhD theses and Bhargava's orbit-counting techniques. This paper generalises a previous result by Bhargava, Shankar and Wang. As an application, we give an asymptotic for the number of reducible orbits of our representations.


This study investigates the characteristics of competitive strategies, digital competencies, and management performance as digital drivers in the semiconductor industry. We constructed a conceptual research model and proposed five research hypotheses based on previous studies and analyzed the fit of the research model using IBM SPSS AMOS software. In total, 131 companies specializing in semiconductor materials, components, equipment, and fabless design comprised the sample for analysis. To improve the fit of the research model, several unnecessary paths and measurement items were removed, the final research model was selected, and the five hypotheses were tested. The results indicate that digital drivers positively affect digital competencies, which, in turn, positively affect efficiency-centered and novelty-centered business models. Regarding the relationship between these business models and management performance, only the novelty-centered business model positively affects non-financial performance. These findings could help formulate digital transformation strategies related to products/services, processes, and business models at the firm level, as well as establish policies such as regulation and support programs at the government level.


This chapter opens with a discussion on Johann Buttikofer's desire to have a menagerie of live animals. Including the animals he had brought down alive from the Du Queah River, Buttikofer now possessed a Callithrix Monkey that he had brought from Grand Cape Mount. Some of the other animals Buttikofer possessed included a Pardine Genet, two western Tree Hyraxes, and a young Gaboon Viper. Buttikofer, who was suffering from a toothache, seriously considered to return to Monrovia as quickly as possible in order to be treated by the French missionary, Father Stoll, or possibly to return to Europe. The chapter concludes with a brief sketch of some remarkable individuals Buttikofer met in Hill Town. Keywords:Du Queah River; Grand Cape Mount; Hill Town; Johann Buttikofer's


The reaction mechanism of the post-haze in apple juice concentrate and the influencing factors and controlling methods concerned are summarized.


The paper considers the state of the securities market of the Primorski region. The efficiency of regional market of securities is analyzed by discerning four large functional groups of its players: emitters, investors, professional participants and supervising bodies. The emphasis is made on the place and role of credit institutions. The authors suggest a complex of actions toward further development of the market at the regional level and of the ties between financial and real sectors of the economy.


AIM: To study the value of nested PCR,ELISA and indirect immunofluoscence (IIF) in diagnosing B19 infection. METHODS: ELISA and nested PCR were used to detect B19 IgM and DNA in the sera of 129 patients with hematonosis and connective tissue diseases and B19 antigen and DNA in the bone marrow samples of 50 patients with hematonosis were examined by IIF and nested PCR. RESULTS : Of the 129 children with hematonosis and connective tissue diseases, 41 patients were sera B19 DNA positive and 28 were IgM positive, with a positive rate of 31.8% (41/129)and 21.7% (28/129) respectively. The infection rate of the case group is 33.3%(43/129). Of the 50 healthy children in the control group, 2 were sera B19 DNA positive and none was IgM positive and the infection rate of the control group was 2%(1/50). The positive rates of B19 DNA and antigen in the bone marrow samples of the 50 patients with hematonosis were 34% (17/50) and 16%(8/50). Compared with nested PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, crude agreement, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ELISA were 63.4%, 97.7%, 86.8% , 92.8% and 85.1%, respectively, while those of IIF were 47.0%, 100%, 82.0%, 100% and 78.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of ELISA and IIF for B19 infection is lower than that of nested PCR. Both B19 DNA and IgM or antigen should be detected in diagnosing B19 infection.


In this paper, we experimentally investigated the extreme frequency shift in high-power Raman fiber laser (RFL). The RFL was developed by using a pair of fiber Bragg gratings with fixed and matched central wavelength (1120 nm) combined with a piece of 31-m-long polarization maintaining (PM) passive fiber adopted as Raman gain medium. The pump source was a homemade high-power, linearly polarized (LP) wavelength-tunable master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) source with ${\sim}25~\text{nm}$ tunable working range (1055–1080 nm). High-power and high-efficiency RFL with extreme frequency shift between the pump and Stokes light was explored. It is found that frequency shift located within 10.6 THz and 15.2 THz can ensure efficient Raman lasing, where the conversion efficiency is more than 95% of the maximal value, 71.3%. In addition, a maximum output power of 147.1 W was obtained with an optical efficiency of 71.3%, which is the highest power ever reported in LP RFLs to the best of our knowledge.


Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common cause of vertigo disease, and its treatment consists of several body movements to reposition the otolith. Due to the small scale of the otolith, it is impossible to observe it clinically and therefore the treatment process is empirical. The paper proposes an improved dynamic model of the movement of a single otolith in a single semicircular canal (SCC), which aims at simulating the movement behavior of the otolith. With simulation results of the otolith's movements, we take two parameterized indices of the BPPV treatment maneuvers to assess their determinants, i.e., the rotational angular velocity and the pause time between operations. The former formulates the behavior of the otolith's moving in the SCC, the latter is confirmed by simulation as an important index for a successful maneuver, which could provide guidance for clinical treatment and improve treatment efficiency.


Monoamine oxidases (MAO) have been shown to play a major role in cardiac injury following ischemia/reperfusion or pressure overload. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in both conditions, yet there is no definitive proof that MAO activity directly jeopardizes mitochondrial function. We stimulated MAO activity with dopamine (DA) in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, monitoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by Mitotracker Red and mitochondrial function with TMRM. DA administration induced a significant increase in mitochondrial ROS production (+50%, p<0.05) and MAO inhibitor pargyline completely prevented it (p<0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was unchanged in the same experimental conditions (100±0 in ctrl vs 106±4.5 % in DA‐treated cells). However, when cells were co‐incubated with DA and ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin, membrane potential dropped by 50%. Pargyline offset this change suggesting that MAO activation induces mitochondrial dysfunction causing mitochondria to hydrolyze ATP. Furthermore, inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (a DA catabolic enzyme downstream of MAO) in the presence of DA, also determined a 50% loss in membrane potential (p<0.05) and pargyline completely prevented this (p<0.005). Here we show that ROS and aldehyde intermediates deriving from MAO activity can directly target mitochondria leading to organelle dysfunction and eventually cell death.


Forest certification has become an important governance mechanism of improving forest management. The present situation of forest certification in Canada is introduced in this paper, and the measures for promoting forest certification in Canada are analyzed. By referring to the experience of Canada, several recommendations are put forward for promotion of forest certification in China.


The purpose of this study is not only to compare between 'Opened Landscape' and 'Filtered Landscape' image and preference but also to suggests a guide line of planting design for progressive realization. For this, the image structures of photo-sketch simulation for parallax landscape have been investigated by Semantic Differential scale(S.D. scale) and the Factor analysis. The results could be summarized as follows. The results of S.D. scale values for landscape through parallax were greater than non-parallax landscape. The scenes through parallax were better preferred to direct view. Thus the results of photo-sketch simulation test support the expected hypothesis that the visual environment of complexity and variety is closely correlated with the parallax effect and monotonous or non-parallax environment, and parallax effect on close view more bigger than the distant view. Factors covering the spatial image of parallax landscape were found to be seven and Total values were 60.35 %. The most important factors determining the parallax effect were Factors I 'depth of space' and VI 'expectation of space and interest'. An outstanding view must be handled properly to be preserved or accentuated. In this sense, the parallax spatial beauty with tree could be improved through the visual aspects of plan arrangements and the progressive realization appeared to be one effective design technique for landscape planning and design.


Introduction Since its inception, one main goal of ASEAN has been to bring nations together. As a collective group the nations that make up ASEAN, originally Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, later joined by Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) and Vietnam represent a stronger force within the world community. The concept of bringing together many countries within the region is similar to other collective groups of countries in the world such as the European Union. These groups of nations have each recognized that there is strength in numbers; that as individual nations they are already strong, but in a collective group they can more easily work together to increase the presence of their region on the world stage. When countries work together, they can achieve more not only as a group, but this achievement will positively influence each of the nations individually as well. ASEAN has been a success so far because it is an association which helps bring countries together, giving them a sense of unity. It has also been successful in helping represent these countries and the region of Southeast Asia to the rest of the world, simply through its existence and the power and influence that comes from representing the member countries as a group that is an organization, rather than many individual countries that just happen to neighbor each other. However, until a plan was proposed to create the ASEAN Economic Community, the member countries had primarily existed as separate economies which individually traded with other nations.


In fact,real sea states should be descripted by three-dimensional waves.By now,tow-dimen-sional waves are usually uesd in predictions of motions in real seas.It is not accurate.In this paper,influnces of wave spreading on the motions of ship were studied in frequency domain,time domain and by model test.The agreement found in the resullts of three methods is good.The resluts show that the effects of wave direc-tionality of 3D waves are very important to take into account in prediction of motions in real seas.


In this work we consider two problems for video surveillance applications: (a) abnormal behavior detection and (b) behavior matching across cameras. We propose busy-idle rates, meaningful and easy to compute features of foreground objects, to characterize the behavior profile of a given pixel. We use these features to model the typical behavior that is observed in training sequences. Using a small number of samples for each pixel we generate behavior clusters, wherein pixels with similar behavior profiles fall into the same cluster. We then generate probabilistic models corresponding to behavior clusters, and use these models to perform abnormal behavior detection. We next show geometry independence properties of busy-idle rates. Simply stated, a set of objects observed by multiple cameras, under certain conditions, generate similar busy-idle statistics in each camera, and this holds true regardless of the camera orientation with respect to the scene and regardless of the zoom levels. We demonstrate this result via real world camera networks. Based on the premise of geometry independence, we use busy-idle rates and bring a novel approach to behavior matching problems, where the segments of image frame that exhibit similar behavior profiles are matched across cameras. This novel approach deviates from geometry based methods, and greatly simplifies the behavior matching problem.


The goal of mobile IP based architecture is to minimize handoff latency, signaling overhead and tunneling cost. Many of the researches claim that hierarchical arrangement of anchor agents offer a suitable value for these parameters to mobile users. Simultaneously, for the world wide acceptance of the architecture, it must offer service guarantee to end users. Quality of service (QoS) provisioning is difficult but a task of high importance in communication network. Furthermore, channel characteristics of wireless media and mobile behavior of users make QoS enhancement more complicated in IP based mobile network. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) has gained its popularity as a signaling protocol in IP based network for offering guaranteed service to end users. Although RSVP is primarily designed as a receiver initiated protocol for wired network, it is extended to wireless environment by making few minor changes and adding new message types and reservation models. In this paper, a framework is proposed by extending RSVP to give preferential treatment to a certain type of traffic in a three-layer IPv6 based mobile network to satisfy end users.


This essay reviews the relationship between childbearing and contraceptive use and assesses the direct role of family planning programs. In an attempt to establish the relationship between childbearing and contraceptive use simple correlational studies were conducted in a number of countries. Through these studies it was found out that there is a statistically significant relationship between fertility as measured by the total fertility rate and contraceptive prevalence. Moreover findings from case studies ratings of the characteristics of the program to arrive at a judgement of program strength simple correlational and multivariate studies across locations or regions within a country multivariate studies that integrate data on individuals and areas and studies that use pool information across areas observed over time were all used to evaluate family planning programs. Most of these studies observed that family planning programs reduce fertility which accounted for 20% to 50% of the fertility decline detected. Programs also affect child and maternal health by reducing fertility and allowing women to adopt a more favorable pattern of birth timing and spacing. Finally this paper cited several factors affecting the success of a family planning program.


This paper aims to investigate how the cognitive value perceptions and affective attitudes of Millennial consumers are related to behavioral intent in the context of collaborative consumption and how such relationships may be moderated.,Two scenario-based online studies were conducted with young consumers concerning several collaborative consumption services.,Using structural equation modeling, the authors found that specific dimensions of value perceptions (utilitarian, hedonic and symbolic) have differing effects on young consumers' attitude and empathy toward collaborative consumption services. The analysis shows no moderating effects for perceived consumer effectiveness (Study 1 and Study 2) but a significant moderating effect for consumer innovativeness (Study 2).,This research identifies important factors for the attitudinal and behavioral outcome of young consumers, an important consumer group for the emerging trend of collaborative consumption. Also, the role of empathy and two personal traits offer insights.,Substantively, the findings guide marketers in the sharing economy in elevating their strategic tactics and effective approaches to reach this important consumer group.,Given the paucity of research on consumer groups in this context, the current research breaks new ground by investigating value perceptions and empathy as drivers of positive reactions and moderating factors within the collaborative economy.


The Problem The high-profile business and political failures characteristic of the global crisis call into question the role of leaders and leadership in these events. The capability of senior leaders to predict, prevent, manage, and overcome crises and uncertainty is critical for organizational success in both the private and public sectors. Little is known about the capabilities and competencies required of public leaders to effectively manage in turbulent times. A greater understanding of these issues has important implications for Human resource development (HRD) in terms of training needs analysis, intervention design, delivery, and evaluation for public sector leaders. Taken together, there is a gap in our understanding of public sector leadership capability during times of crises and uncertainty. The Solution Using a 360-degree assessment approach, this article explores perceptions of leadership among senior public sector managers in Ireland during uncertainty and economic turbulence. The study analyzes qualitative comments and presents findings from 1,200 surveys regarding senior leadership strengths and development needs in 2010, when Ireland was in the height of economic and fiscal uncertainty. The findings indicate that five competencies (communication, character and integrity, personal energy and passion, delivering results, and engaging the organization in developing strategy) account for 75% of all comments relating to senior public sector leadership strengths. Ten competencies account for 77% of all comments relating to senior leaders' development needs (communication, resources to cope with demands, delivering results, decision protocols, character and integrity, making changes happen, engaging the organization in developing strategy, ensuring accountability, strategic vision, and building teams). The Stakeholders This article will be of particular relevance to HRD academicians and practitioners, especially those interested in public sector leadership.


Site characterization and the subsequent determination of soil strengthparameters constitute a significant part of slope stability assessment.Geotechnical engineering is always governed by great un ...


ABSTRACT In proposing an ontology of motion capture, this paper identifies three modalities – capture, hold, release – to conceptualise the peculiar affordances of motion capture technology in its relationship to a performer's movement. Motion capture is unique among contemporary moving image media in its capacity to re-perform a performer's recorded movement a potentially limitless number of times, for example, as applied to innumerable different CG characters. Unlike live-action film or even rotoscoping (motion capture's closest equivalent), the movement extracted from the captured performance lives on, but only by way of the inimagable (non-visible) domain of motion data. Motion data 'holds' movement itself in inimagable form, and 'releases' it in the domain of the digital moving image. This tri-fold conception relates an important dimension of (Heideggerian) Being to the idea of movement as fundamental to an ontology or 'being' of motion capture. At the same time, the proposed ontology challenges the 'illusion of life' metaphor as the accepted definition of (motion capture) animation. The Oscar's Special Rules for the Animated Feature Film Award asserts that 'by itself' motion capture does not qualify as an animation method. The notion that a technology could do or be anything 'by itself' affords a conceptual leap towards Heideggerian thinking on the nature of Being as embodied in temporality, in which past, present and future are unified. In its capacity to operate outside the domain of the digital moving image, the concept of 'movement itself' not only articulates an ontology of motion capture: motion capture itself can be understood to be brought into being by movement, thus also challenging the notion that capture technology has a parasitic relationship to a performer's originary performance.


The Spanish System for Identifying Agricultural Lots (SIGPAC) provides the grounds for the
concession of subsidies according to surface space used by the Common Agricultural Policy when
making its grants to the sector. The author sets the number of applications for this aid at some
900,000 at present and the monies handed over using SIGPAC´s data bases as the main reference
when doing so at around 5,000 million Euros.
The author sees SIGPAC as very much the star turn in the gamut of novel technological devices that
the Spanish Administration has employed of late.
The benefi ts of such technology are seen however not to be limited to this sector but to take in a
whole range of activities be these professional, administrative, academic or simply leisure based
for by accessing websites such as FEGA or MARM the entire offer of the National Territory as a
whole can not only be explained but seen and this easily and for free.
The paper in itself offers the reader the groundings of SIGPAC from its setting up, workings and on
going perfecting. The text itself and supporting data offers a summarized explanation of the
supporting under pinning of the system, its organizing structuring and daily workings.


Abstract This paper examines how one particular class of educational leader – international school Heads – relate to managerialism. Representing a novel site of new theorisation, the independence enjoyed by these leaders allows a 'purer' view of managerialism as experienced 'in here' (inside the subject), not just as a reaction to what is 'out there' (i.e. to policy). Through analysis of twenty-five face-to-face interviews, they were found to have relationships to managerialism that are not compliant or transgressive, educational or managerial, but hybridic. Some Heads relate to managerialism pragmatically; they reluctantly 'do' managerialism but avoid, segment and/or moderate managerial influences on their identities. Other Heads proactively use managerialism to discipline their staff and organisations; they draw power from managerial discourses; and they claim its values as their own. Seen through the lens of hybridity, educational identifications remain important, indeed they remain paramount, but for some subjects, they have been conjoined with complimentary managerial ones.


In presenting financial statements, it is necessary to apply conservation accounting. Because to apply management flexibility in presenting financial statements. In writing this paper, the author raises a handful of discussions regarding the effect of leverage, liquidity and capital intensity on accounting conservation in an industry engaged in the tobacco sector. The method used in this research is a quantitative research method with secondary data obtained from the financial statements of the company PT Gudang Garam, Tbk in the 2018-2020 period. Techniques taken in collecting company data are documentation techniques and secondary data. In this study, the sample used was purposive sampling method, the aim was to obtain a representative sample based on predetermined criteria. The results obtained in this study indicate that liquidity does not have a significant effect on accounting conservatism. In a study that was conducted using only 3 periods, the authors hope that future research can carry out research in a wider period and with a larger company reach.


A search for the term "public confidence" in the database of the European Court of Human Rights' judgments reveals that the ECtHR speaks time after time on the judiciary's need for public confidence in order to function properly. In this chapter, I explain that this view reflects a new understanding – first detected in the US Supreme Court – of the source of judicial legitimacy. Rather than adhering to the traditional understanding of judicial legitimacy in terms of expertise, the ECtHR understands its source of legitimacy in terms of enduring public support. This explanation of the ECtHR's understanding of its legitimacy exposes a new function of the European Consensus doctrine. Beyond functioning as a tool of decision-making and as a tool to enhance the acceptability of the ECtHR's judgments, the EuC also functions as a mechanism that helps to monitor and maintain the ECtHR's public confidence. As long as there is a European consensus on the legal positions adopted in most ECtHR judgements, public resistance to the Strasburg Court would be minimal. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the tension between maintaining the ECtHR's public confidence and its mission to further and promote the cause of human rights.


An upper bound on the lifetime of a massive, neutral, weakly interacting lepton, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{H}$, is derived from standard big-bang cosmology. Saturation of the bound and reasonable assumptions about the weak interaction of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{H}$ then yield a prediction of approximately 10 MeV for its mass.


In this paper, using S-parameter matrix methods, novel structures for frequency selective surface are introduced and analyzed to obtain their spectrum at the frequency of 35 GHz and 94 GHz respectively. The results show that the novel structures have the advantage of simple structure and small dimension with wide bandwith.


Method establishment needs for recent shortening the flight path, fuel reduction, reduction of the flight delay time, increase of the route capacity like as relieve congested airspace and solving future demand. However, As the existing conventional navigation systems is impossible to be resolved. Hereupon, SBAS has been developed with using the GNSS. ICAO has recommended that SBAS need to be operated with aircraft operation from 2025, korea is also developing KASS in accordance with the recommendation. In this paper, before the 2022 KASS will be completed, KASS can be expected using for flight test and inspection as analyzing KASS flight test and relative specifications.


SAMSUDDIN SIREGAR. The Difference of Teaching Method Effect and Movement
Ability to The Basic Technique Skill of Playing Volleyball. Thesis. Surakarta. Post
Graduate Program of UNS, July 2008.
The aims of this research are (1) to know the difference between the effect of
reciprocal teaching method and self check to the basic technique skill of students
volleyball playing; (2) to know the difference between high and low movement ability
to the basic technique skill of students volleyball playing; and also (3) to know the
interaction between teaching method and movement ability in influencing the result of
the study of basic technique skill in playing volleyball.
Based on the aims of the research above, this research used experimental
method with 2x2 factorial designs. The population of this research is all the male
students of 2007,VIII class of MTSN (Madrasah Tsanawitah Negeri) 2 Medan for 56
students. As the sample is 40 students. The research variables covered 3 (three)
variables, namely: Independent variable (Reciprocal Teaching Method and Self Check
Teaching Method), Atrribute (High Movement Ability and Low Movement Ability)
and Dependent variable (Volleyball Basic Technique Skill). In collecting the data,
Barrow Motor Ability Test (Johnson and Nelson, 1986) is used to measure the
movement ability and in analyzing the data, AAHPER Volleyball Skill Test Manual
(Strand and Wilson, 1993: 136-141) which consists of passing test and down serves
test is used to measure the volleyball basic technique skill. ANAVA 2x2 variants
analysis with the significance level α = 0,05 is used to analyze the data .
The conclusions of this research are: (1) There is significance difference
between reciprocal teaching method and self check teaching method to the volleyball
basic technique skill where the reciprocal teaching method has high result compared to
self check method because F count = 8,41 > F table = 4,11. (2) There is significance
difference between high movement ability and low movement ability to the basic
technique skill of playing volleyball where the students with high movement ability
have high result compared to the result of low movement ability because F count = 6,78
> F table = 4,11. (3) There is interaction between teaching method and movement
ability to the basic technique skill of playing volleyball. This is Shown by Fcount =
13,90 > F table = 4,11.
Based on the average results (x) of each group, shows that students who have
high movement ability will more suitable if reciprocal method study is given to them,
and students who have low movement will more suitable if self check is given to them.


Much cognitive-developmental research is narrowly based on children's errors on a few tasks and thus leads to distorted views of children's capabilities.


In this paper, we prove the asymptotic stability of solitons to nonlinear Schr\"odiger equations with subcritical nonlinearity. Since dispersive methods mostly fail for subcritical nonlinearities, we develop a time-dependent commutator method which dates back to the work of S. Cuccagna, V. Georgiev, N. Visciglia \cite{CGV}. It is the first time that asymptotic stability for non-integrable subcritical nonlinear schrodinger equations is proved.


The analysis of urgent problems of land relations transformation and of forming agricultural land market in Ukraine is carried out in the article. The general characteristic of main reform stages is given. The reasons of lasting action of the moratorium on agricultural land sale-purchase being the chief obstacle for complete market development are defined. Supporters' and opponents' arguments about moratorium canceling, population estimation of advantages and threats of land circulation are described. The results of the research project "Farmers' land expectation" made by the authors are given. The project purpose was studying population rational expectations concerning the directions of further land reform development and its results. The research was conducted on the local level in rural surrounding, which is characterized by high competition level among agrarian business subjects at agricultural land lease market. Landowners' and other interested group people' opinions concerning lease cost, potential sale price, inclination towards land sale, possibilities of farmers' common farming on their own land, leaseholders' participation in social and economic development of rural areas are examined. High level of farmers' uncertainty about land market indicators because of knowledge lack and low level of land reform information support is established.


This study examines the current state of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) research in Ghana. The evidence is based on a review of 47 published academic papers retrieved from three key online databases (EBSCOhost, Emerald Insights and Business Source Complete) and content analysis procedures drawn from the extant literature. The analysis demonstrates that the concept of CSR in Ghana is under-theorised. Researchers have focused more on empirical dimensions of CSR, following mostly quantitative methods of research. In addition, majority of the studies were skewed towards large multinational or internationally connected companies, especially those in the mining, banking and telecommunications sectors.  This study contributes significantly to research in CSR literature. The study is the first attempt to map the research terrain of the body of knowledge on CSR in Ghana. It provides insights into research studies that have been conducted on CSR in Ghana, the areas that have not been explored, and avenues that exist for further research considerations. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR communication, CSR research, CSR theory, content analysis, Ghana. DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-5-07