The use of renewable waste for bioenergy production is in discussion because of the concurrence to the food or animal feed. The treatment of organic waste is necessary in order to keep clean the environment. The combination of those proposals, the waste utilization and the production of renewable energy can be combined with several techniques. In Vietnam the energy demand will increase rapidly in the next years, because a lot of people do not have access to electricity. The development of power sources is limited mainly to large central power plants using hydropower and traditional fossil fuels. So in the country there exists a considerable potential for sustainable energy sources like biomass and residues. The biogas potential is large due to the high livestock population. There are more than 30 million animals in farms, mostly pigs, cattle, and water buffalo. There is a high potential for biogas utilization. Biogas production is economic in small and in big plants, so household biogas digesters are one opportunity for production of renewable energy in small villages or cities with a high livestock population. The advantage of anaerobic treatment of organic waste is the work in closed loops. The treatment of organic waste and the utilization of digested sludge from wastewater treatment plants are samples for the circulation of materials after use. The remaining materials can be used in the natural circulation process, because the nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon, and also trace elements remain in the digested matter. In biogas plants a huge variety of substrates can be used. The adaption of biogas technology to the special conditions of the substrates, the increase of the prices for energy, the aim to replace fossil energies with renewable energies will be forced in the next years .


Most of the time, a patient chooses a doctor or hospital based on their reputation. Patients have two main anticipations of medical individuals and organizations: first, that they'll treat them with utmost skill and knowledge, and second, that they won't hurt them through inattention, recklessness, or recklessness. Even if a doctor can't save a persons life, he still has a duty to do what's best for the person who put their trust in him by going to the doctor. Because of this, a doctor has to do the right research or ask the patient for a report. Also, he doesn't do any major therapy, surgery, or invasive study on a patient without getting their permission first, unless it's an emergency. If a physician or healthcare facility doesn't do this, they could be charged with negligence. Tort law says that a civil wrong (right in rem) is a violation of a duty that leads to a court stepping in and awarding damages. This is different from a signed contract (right in personam). So, being able to get medical care from professionals is a basic human right. Knowingly giving permission, paying a fee, and getting surgery, treatment, etc. gives the relationship the look of a contract, but important parts of tort are still there.


A theoretical investigation has been made to understand the mechanism of the formation of both bright and dark envelope soltions associated with dust-ion-acoustic waves (DIAWs) propagating in an unmagnetized three component dusty plasma medium having inertial warm positive ions and negative dust grains, and inertialess non-thermal Cairns' distributed electrons. A nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) is derived by employing reductive perturbation method. The effects of plasma parameters, viz., $\gamma_2$ (the ratio of the positive ion temperature to electron temperature times the charge state of ion) and $\nu$ (the ratio of the charge state of negative dust grain to positive ion) on the modulational instability of DIAW which is governed by NLSE, are extensively studied. It is found that increasing the value of the ion (electron) temperature reduces (enhances) the critical wave number ($k_c$). The results of our present theoretical work may be used to interpret the nonlinear electrostatic structures which can exist in many astrophysical environments and laboratory plasmas.


This purpose to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and to determine the role of profitability in strengthening the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on firm value. This research was conducted on consumer goods industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2019 period. The number of samples was 75 in 3 years of observation, with the method of collecting samples using the nonprobability sampling method with purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used Moderate Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of this research stated that CSR has an effect on firm value and profitability is not able to moderate the effect of CSR on firm value.
Keywords : Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Firm Value (Tobin's Q); Profitability (ROA).


Piper kadsura will have a great development prospect and very huge potential market,as a special herbal medicine resource.Surveys had been performed among 26 nature distribution areas in 5provinces of Fujian,Guangdong,Jiangxi,Zhejiang and Sichuan.The correlaton analysises of Piper kadsura's average yield and the growth and climatic indicators,and the growth indicators and the climatic indicators were performed.The result shows that Piperkadsura's average yield has a correlation of 0.6946 with the primary stem diameter grade,0.6108 of correlation with the primary stem length,and 0.5335 of correlation with the primary lateral branch amount.The primary stem diameter grade has the highest correlation with the average yield,so it's the most important index to yield among the 3gowth indicators.The primary stem diameter grade,the primary stem length and the the primary lateral branch amount all have higher correlation with the mean annual temperature then other climatic factors,with correlations of 0.4068,0.4863 and 0.3234.The mean annual temperature is the most important indicator to both growth indexes and average yield of the climatic factor.


The presence of peptide hydrolases in cereal grains has been known for many years (5) but the detailed properties of only a few highly purified enzymes of this type from cereals are known (1, 6, 8). We have reported recently the presence in germinated barley (2) and in wheat embryo (7) of at least four esterases which hydrolyze a-naphthyl acetate. One of these (ANA'-ase IV) from germinated barley, and present also in wheat embryo, has been purified extensively, examined for peptide hydrolase activity, and found to possess broad dipeptidase activity. Methods for the assay of esterase activity using ANA as substrate, and the chromatography of barley proteins on carboxymethyl cellulose are described (2) as are the procedures for gel filtration through Sephadex G-100, protein measurement (1), and the assay of endopeptidase activity with hemoglobin substrate (3). A unit ofANA-ase is defined as that amount of enzyme which hydrolyzes 1 mumole ofANA per minute under the assay conditions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Trophy) was germinated in the dark and 150 g of the lyophilized whole seedling were extracted as described previously (1). The dialyzed extract was chromatographed on a 2.5X 40-cm column of CMC by means of a sodium acetate buffer gradient (0.0050.5 M) at pH 5.5 and filtered once through a 2.5X 40-cm column of Sephadex G-100. The eluate was concentrated by ultrafiltration through No. 8 Visking dialysis tubing to 49 ml containing 36,800 units of ANA-ase and 235 mg of protein. The enzyme was purified further by electrofocusing on the LKB 8100 column (LKB Instruments, Inc.) described by Haglund (4) with a 1% ampholyte solution of isoelectric range pH 4 to 6 and the 49 ml of sample. A potential of 500 v was applied to the column for 48 hr with the anode at the bottom of the column. Fractions of approximately 1 ml were collected from the developed column by displacement with water at a pumping rate of 0.6 ml/min. The effluent was not monitored for protein at 280 nm with a flow cell because this decreased the resolution of the isoelectric protein bands. The peak for the ANA-ase activity (Fig. 1) corresponded to an isoelectric point of 5.90, measured at 4 C. Fractions 71 to 74 inclusive (Fig. 1) were pooled. This solution, 4.6 ml containing 11,600 units of ANA-ase IV, was dialyzed for 20 hr on a revolving wheel (1 rpm) at 4 C against two 175-ml portions of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), containing 0.1 M


Experiments were conducted at the University of Georgia's Southeastern Branch Experiment Station, Midville, GA, to determine the influence of tillage practices and the use of RoundUp Ultra on the efficacy of precision-placed soil insecticides for the control of Southern corn billbug (SCB) and Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) in field corn. A split-block design with four replications and one untreated check per replication was used. Conservation tillage and strip-tillage blocks were prepared prior to planting in a field that had been previously planted with wheat. Corn seed was planted on 9 Apr 2002. Conservation tillage plots were planted using a two-row Monesem pneumatic planter. Strip-tillage plots were prepared with a KMC stripper/subsoiler implement followed by the same Monesem pneumatic planter utilized in the conservation tillage plots. Counter was applied at planting using two methods: placement of the insecticide along the entire row in a 25 cm wide band (banded), or precision placement of the insecticide directly on top of the seed using a pre-measured amount of insecticide and a PVC tube. All insecticide rates are specified as kg product/ha based on 1 m wide rows. When plants were in the 8-10 leaf stage, pre-selected plots were sprayed with RoundUp Ultra every 30 days at


The Geologic Map of Trinidad, compiled by H. G. Kugler and published in 1961, is currently out of print. While it is the most widely available geologic map, it is confined to onshore Trinidad. This map remains an important reference source, but there have been significant increases in our knowledge of Trinidad and Tobago geology since its publication. In particular, there has been: (1) considerable geophysical work, on land and offshore, including 20,000 km (12,400 mi) of seismic lines; (2) approximately 1,000 exploration and development wells drilled, including wells in the previously unexplored north and east coasts of Trinidad; and (3) significant advances in our understanding of the tectonic evolution of the area, which has resulted largely from the development of the plate tectonic theory. The following items, which take into account many of these new data End_Page 515------------------------------ and concepts, have been compiled. (1) A geologic tectonic map of the entire territory of Trinidad and Tobago, at a scale of 1:200,000. Apart from the surface geology of the land areas, this map shows the major faults and their displacements and locations, total depths and status of exploration wells, and the positions of major petroleum fields. (2) Five accompanying geologic sections at the same scale. (3) A new stratigraphic correlation chart. These new compilations attempt to fill the gap in the published literature on the petroleum geology of Trinidad and Tobago. End_of_Article - Last_Page 516------------


ed Schema EXTENSION Figure 5: The concept of the abstraction mechanism The abstraction algorithm is e cient, and its total running time has been proved to be O((nc1 nc2) + (na1 na2)); where nc1; nc2 are the total number of construction edges in schema 1 and schema 2, respectively, and na1; na2 are the total number of alternation edges in schema 1 and schema 2, respectively. Consequently, the algorithm can be e ectively used even for large schemas. The presented algorithm has a number of useful applications. One of them is that, ideally, one has to write software for functionality common to both schema 1 and 2 only once for the classes in the abstracted schema. Then, the software is reused in schema 1 and 2 by applying the extension transformation in a behavior maintaining manner. Indeed, it has been shown that the extension relations have the important property that code which has been written for a given schema needs only minor changes when the schema is extended (see the subsequent section 3.2.4. These changes can be even further reduced if the software is written in an adaptive style using propagation patterns [LSLX94, LHSLX92]. It will be the goal of this thesis to show, what exactly the necessary changes are and how they should be applied. Another useful application of the abstraction algorithm is to provide a way to succinctly describe schemas. Both extended schemas can be speci ed in terms of the abstracted schema 22 by simply giving for each one the extension operations necessary to produce the extended schema. In addition to the above two cases, many other areas bene t from the abstraction mechanism: Software reuse and refactoring: Given a schema for a nished application and a schema for a second, planned application, the designer can try to reuse as much of the old schema as possible by adding on to the abstracted schema. Redundancy recognition: A primary goal of good schema organization is to recognize redundancy and to reduce as much of it as desired. The abstraction algorithm automatically discovers redundancy in groups of classes by nding a maximal subgroup common to them. Design of very large applications: Often several existing schemas have to be integrated into a single large schema. In database terminology, this is called schema integration and is, in general, still an unsolved problem. One can imagine several scenarios when schema integration is asked for: (i) creating a centralized system from several existing systems, (ii) moving from a distributed system to a centralized system, or (iii) merging several views into one global schema. In all these cases the abstraction algorithm can give support in deciding which pieces to use for the integration. Software reengineering: The reengineering of several applications can be facilitated considerably by extracting and analyzing the class structures common to the given applications. In addition to the information on how to extract the common class structure, the algorithm can give suggestions on how to parameterize it. 3.2.4 Maintaining Behavioral Consistency in C++/CLOS This section considers the problem of maintaining behavioral consistency while a schema extension transformation is performed on the schema [BH93]. There are three reasons why the schema extension transformation is interesting in this context. First, it has the desirable property that the transformed schema's consistency with respect to the old object base either is maintained or can be easily restored. For object-oriented databases, this means that the database does not need to be repopulated, or that the repopulation can be easily accomplished. In either case, no information from the old database is lost. Second, the extension transformations re ect a signi cant set of transformations that commonly occur in practice. Third, as discussed in section 3.2.2, they can be decomposed into a sequence of primitive transformations. The strategy we employ to solve the behavioral consistency problem relies heavily on the third property. The approach is to divide a given extension into a sequence of primitives and then solve the problem for each of the primitives in turn. An e cient algorithm for dividing an extension transformation into its primitives is given in [LHX94]. A corresponding algorithm for the object-equivalent transformations is in [Ber91]. Once the sequence of primitive transformations is determined, the code is updated incrementally in steps that parallel the primitive transformations. 23 For each primitive transformation, a set of rules is given to update the application code so that behavioral consistency as well as the behavior itself is maintained. Of course, if the behavior is wished to be extended, rather than simply maintained, it would be necessary to hand-code some of this behavior extension since its semantics is not entirely captured by the schema extension. Even so, a maintenance tool based on the primitive transformations could be used to do most of the work and generate hints for code that should be modi ed by hand. Behavioral consistency is investigated for two very di erent language models: strongly typed and untyped languages, using C++ and CLOS as examples. As one might expect, the problem is much more di cult for the strongly typed model since one has to deal with \the baggage" of type annotations. When comparing the update operations necessary in the two language models, the di erences are quite noticeable. While in the untyped language model only few updates to method implementations are necessary, the programmer working in the typed language model is faced with numerous problems. For the untyped language model, a schema extension can always be propagated to the method implementations such that the behavior of the program is preserved. However, for the typed language model a behavior preserving update mechanism can only be outlined, and is far from being satisfactory. The major reason for this is that the type system poses severe restrictions on how updates can be performed. Without semantic information on what the update's intentions are, it is not always possible to change the typing speci cations in a reasonable way. The above comparison underlines the popularity of untyped languages for prototyping purposes. Their ability to exibly adapt themselves to di erent class structures gives them a major advantage over typed languages in environments where structural changes occur frequently. For typed languages, the propagation pattern approach [LSLX94, LHSLX92] achieves the same exibility by decoupling the programs from the class structure. Consequently, any change in the class structure a ects the propagation pattern only marginally. Propagation patterns are also e ective in untyped languages, albeit to a somewhat smaller degree. 4 Proposed Research This section describes what remains to be done for my Ph.D. thesis. There are two parts to this. The rst part studies the impact of the schema extension transformations on propagation patterns which are supposed to be much more resilient to changes in the data structure. The approach for this part is similar to the one that was already successful for the C++/CLOS transformations. The other part presents a novel approach of software maintenance and evolution by designing a so-called evolutionary metaobject protocol which is capable of evolving applications in a re ective and self-maintaining manner. 24 4.1 Maintaining Behavioral Consistency for Propagation Patterns As discussed in the related work section on change avoidance, there are two approaches to cope with software evolution. One is to x inconsistencies in a system after they occur due to a schema update. The other is to build software in such a way that inconsistencies don't arise in the rst place and thus no or only little xes need be applied. This second approach has been followed by the adaptive software technology [LSLX94, LZHL94] and its implementation with propagation patterns. As we have seen in the previous section 3.2.4, a major part of the behavioral consistency problem arises from the way in which program behavior is speci ed: the programming language itself. All programming languages, including the object-oriented languages, force the programmer to \hardcode" a lot of redundant information about the data structure into the program. For example, consider the functionality of printing out an address list of all employees in a company that is divided into a number of divisions, each of which is further divided into a number of groups, and each of the groups contains some employees. For the task of printing the address list, it is irrelevant how exactly the company is subdivided. Nevertheless, in any programming language, the programmer needs to iterate through all the subdivisions to get to the employees, thereby hardcoding the subdivision structure into the program. Consequently, any change in the subdivision structure of the schema will necessitate a change in the address list program. In contrast, propagation patterns specify a program by using only a subset of the data structure, speci ed through a graph structure traversal mechanism. The subset is annotated with code from a regular object-oriented programming language (e.g. Smalltalk or C++). For the above address list example, a possible propagation pattern would be: OPERATION void print_address_list() FROM Company TO Employee WRAPPER PREFIX Company { cout << Address List << endl; cout << "============" << endl; } SUFFIX Employee { cout << this->name << endl; } This speci cation makes only minimal assumptions about the data structure so that unnecessary details can be ignored. This is the basic reason why propagation patterns are robust and adaptive to an essential set of schema updates. It seems now like a natural continuation of my previous research on typed and untyped languages, to investigate how propagation patterns react to schema extensions and to actually substantiate the claim tha


This article analyses how the original text of Raizes do Brasil, published in 1936, was modified in the second and third editions, dated 1948 and 1956, respectively. The changes made by Sergio Buarque de Holanda fall into three broad categories: an inversion of the positive view of the Iberian legacy's role in Brazilian development; the replacement of personalism by democracy as a political solution to the challenges posed by the emerging urban order; and the reformulation of the diagnosis on the well succeeded transposition of what he call the "European culture" to Brazil. Thus, the book's narrative was drawn away from a pragmatic resignation to cordiality and came, albeit skeptically, closer to a promise of civility. The article concludes that, considered by the criterion of the defense of democracy, Raizes do Brasil can only be said to be a classic after such movement.


I am pleased to welcome Professor Carter to the (unfortunately thin) ranks of skeptics about the entire project of defending the propriety of accommodations of religion.' There are, of course, some skeptics whose concerns arise from a quite general strict separationist view of the Constitution. But Professor Carter joins a different group, those with essentially theological rather than constitutional concerns about accommodations of religion. In this brief Response, I will elaborate somewhat on what I take to be the theological case against accommodation.2 We can begin by distinguishing between two kinds of concerns. The first is that accommodations are bad for religions, the second, that they operate in a domain that religion ought to understand as irrelevant to itself. The concern that accommodations are bad for religion rests largely on historical experience that demonstrates (to those who have this concern) that the State is not religion's friend,3 even when it superficially appears to be.4 I believe that the historical argument underlies much of the


Fatigue tests were conducted on injection-molded short glass and carbon fiber reinforced thermo-plastic composites under alternating plane bending stresses. The effects of the matrix, fiber-matrix adhesion and fiber orientation on fatigue strength characteristics were investigated in comparisons with nylon 6 (N 6), polyethersulfone (PES) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites on the basis of the fractographic examinations. The short fiber reinforcement is found to be anisotropic in fatigue strength characteristics. It is indicated that in general, short fiber reinforcements seem to be more effective in improving the fatigue strength for the lower strength matrices, N 6 and PES, but not always for the higher strength matrix, PEEK.


Studying explicit exacdt solutions of nonlinear evolution equations is a vastly open research field. In this paper, we show that the results of Paper \ actually can be obtained by the method of elementary calculus analytics, and this method is also available for some other nonlinear evolution equations investigated in Paper \.


This paper provides a descriptive review of the impacts of the global financial crisis on the Indian economy. While examining the growth in the gross domestic product (GDP), fiscal deficit, exports, imports, Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation, and the foreign exchange rates (FX), we find that the GDP has been severely impacted during the crisis period, especially during 2008-09. While the fiscal deficit continuously increased during 2008-09 and 2009-10, the exports and imports declined considerably. The WPI inflation followed a downward trend, and the rupee depreciated by approximately 20 percent during 2008. During 2008-09, the agricultural and industrial growth significantly declined, but the service sector sustained itself. The findings also reveal that the policy initiatives by the Indian government and those by the Reserve Bank of India safeguarded the Indian economy to a large extent.


In this paper taking the manual hole digging pile foundation work in Yun San Expressway as example the advantages of this kind of pile are introduced as well as its construction technology and technical treatment measures. Furthermore related safety measures needing attention in construction are proposed.


tibody production after extracorporeal removal ( 13). These authors have suggested that aggressive postpheresis immunosuppressive therapy may selectively target these activated pathogenic clones, thus producing a prolonged suppression of the autoantibody. Although the importance of this "rebound" phenomenon has not been definitively demonstrated in humans, the available data are convincing enough to have stimulated an international study to determine the usefulness of postpheresis immunosuppression in cases of resistant lupus. Regardless of the results of this ambitious study, its design is of value, since it underscores the importance of adding concomittant immunosuppressive therapy to any plasma exchange schedule designed to control an aggressive autoimmune disease. In conclusion, a rational approach to prescribing plasma exchange can be considered as follows. If the substance to be removed is measurable by reliable quantitative means (such as with a specific autoantibody), then the treatment schedule should be designed to achieve a substantial lowering of that substance, using the kinetic considerations outlined above and taking into account the substance's rate of increase in the postpheresis period. If treatments are performed without identification of the offending agent, then the physician remains dependent on empiric treatment schedules, derived from the literature. As long as unsuccessful outcomes continue to occur empiricism in treatment is inherently unsatisfactory. This editorial is intended as an introduction to the rational prescription of therapeutic plasma exchange.


Provided are a pet-use absorbent product in which, in a folded state, a fastener is not exposed, and packaging for the same. In the pet-use absorbent product (10), which includes an absorption panel (11) and a fastener (12) for releasably hooking and holding the absorption panel, the absorption panel contains an absorption region (21) where an absorption body (33) is positioned, a first non-absorption region (22) that extends from the absorption region until a first edge (13), and a second non-absorption region (23) that extends from the absorption region until a second edge (14). The fastener is arranged on the outer surface of the first non-absorption region and, when the absorption panel is folded in a folded state such that at least the inner surface of the first non-absorption region and the inner surface of the second non-absorption region face each other, releasably hooks and holds to the outer surface of the absorption panel, excluding the first non-absorption region, so as to maintain the folded state.


China's Administrative Litigation Law is under amendment.The main part of the amendment is to enlarge the scope of our administrative litigation.China's present Administrative Litigation Law stipulates the specific standard for administrative acts capable of rising administrative litigation,therefore administrative acts is a legal concept as well as a doctrinal one.Intension and extension of administrative acts should be stipulated in the Administrative Litigation Law in order to obtain the objective of enlarging the scope of administrative litigation and to avoid any possible misunderstanding of the concept of administrative acts in practical use.


History of the Later Han Dynasty excels in the adoption of antithetic parallelism with regards to quantity,variety and artistic achievement.By utilizing statistical analysis,comparative study,illustration and evaluation,this paper tries to make clear the unique artistic features of the antithetical parallelism,a very important rhetorical device successfully used in this great works.Thus significant influences of Chinese rhythmical prose writings(骈文) on history works can be exhibited and artistic contributions of this elegant language style can be better appreciated.


PURPOSE
The advent of 3D breast imaging systems such as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has great promise for improving the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. With these new technologies comes an essential need for testing methods to assess the resultant image quality. Although randomized clinical trials are the gold-standard for assessing image quality, phantom-based studies can provide a simpler and less burdensome approach. In this work, a complete framework is presented for task-based evaluation of microcalcification (MCs) detection performance for DBT imaging systems.

METHODS
The framework consists of three parts. The first part is a realistic anthropomorphic physical breast phantom created through inkjet printing, with parchment paper and iodine-doped ink. The second is a method for inserting realistic MCs fabricated from calcium hydroxyapatite. The reproducibility and stability of the phantom materials were investigated through multiple samples of parchment and ink over six months. The final part is an analysis using a four alternative forced choice (4AFC) reader study. To demonstrate the framework, a task-based 4AFC study was conducted using a clinical system to compare performance from DBT, synthetic mammography (SM), and full field digital mammography (FFDM). Nine human observers read images containing MC clusters imaged with all three modalities and tried to correctly locate the MCs. The proportion correct (PC) was measured as the number of correctly detected clusters out of all trials.

RESULTS
Overall, readers scored the highest with FFDM, (PC = 0.95 ± 0.03) then DBT (0.85 ± 0.04), and finally SM (0.44 ± 0.06). For the parchment and ink samples, the linear attenuation properties were very stable over six months. In addition, little difference was found between the various parchment and ink samples, indicating good reproducibility.

CONCLUSIONS
This framework presents a promising methodology for evaluating diagnostic task performance of clinical breast DBT systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Smoking, drinking, and drug use among schoolchildren is on the decline, says a new report from the NHS Information Centre.

The annual survey of 7700 school pupils aged 11 to 15 in England found an overall downward trend in the age group, even though use among the 15 year olds has risen.

The percentage of 11 to 15 year olds who had ever taken drugs stood at 22% in 2009, down …


Campus culture,as the unique spiritual and cultural environment of colleges,infiltrates into teaching,scientific research,management,living and other campus activities.It has profound connotation and important effect on colleges.Aiming at the problems in campus culture construction,it is necessary to promote the innovation in it.And the innovation will advance social cultural development,college reformation,and students cultivation.It is also needed for fulfilling "the important thought of Three Represents" in colleges.Research on innovation in campus culture construction relates to conception,spirit culture,system culture and modality.


Abstract. In a previous article, we described the deviation between the real and the measured object surface that occurs when a translucent object is scanned by an active triangulation system. This error depends on the angle between the measurement direction and the object's surface normal, the surface reflection behavior, which can be described by a bidirectional reflectance distribution function, and the light penetration behavior. In general, the error is small if the surface is perpendicular to the measurement direction; it increases if the surface is tilted and decreases again for flat angles. This error curve is additionally affected by the surface roughness. The angle dependence is more distinct for smooth surfaces. In order to predict and compensate for the error, it is necessary to understand the error-forming process. Therefore, Monte Carlo simulations of several measurements were performed. As the computational cost is very high for three-dimensional simulations, most of the simulations were performed in two-dimensional space. We present the results of these simulations and discuss how the measurement error depends on the surface roughness, the measurement direction, and the scattering behavior of the material.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can be severe in pediatric patients. Risk factors for severe disease include age less than 6 months, prematurity, preexisting heart or lung disease or malformations, gastroesophageal reflux, and immunodeficiency. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of family history of allergy on the clinical course of RSV infection in ambulatory and hospitalized infants. In a retrospective study, 172 patients younger than 12 months of age (99 inpatients and 73 outpatients) were enrolled. Information was obtained from hospital charts and from questionnaires sent to pediatricians.


Strategies for in-liquid micro-organism detection are crucial in clinical and pharmaceutical industries. While Raman spectroscopy is a promising label-free technique for micro-organism detection, reaching detection limits similar to those obtained using culture-based methods, while keeping a high accuracy, remains challenging due to weak bacterial Raman signals. Taking advantage of the unique electromagnetic properties of metamaterials, we demonstrate bacterial identification in liquid using an array of Fano-resonant metamolecules that act as an enhanced Raman scattering (FERS) platform. The metamaterial is designed to exhibit a Fano resonance close to the protein amide group fingerprint regions. Under the off-resonance condition, Raman signatures of Escherichia coli were recorded at several locations on the metamaterial. We observe that the intensity of the amide characteristic peaks increases during the bacteria exponential phase while it decreases at their stationary phase. This study provides a new set of opportunities for developing


We develop a formal computational model to analyze how diferenes in influence structures and interests shape organizational decision-making involving information aggregation. Our model reproduces s...


Spatially indirect transitions have been observed in a resonant-tunneling light-emitting diode that featured one shallow barrier. This causes wave-function extension across the shallow barrier leading to spatially indirect optical transitions between the electron subband in the well and the hole subband in the hole accumulation layer. In contrast to the previously observed redshift of indirect transitions in strongly coupled quantum wells, the indirect nature of these transitions causes a strong blueshift with bias. This is in agreement with the self-consistent modeling of the band structure.


The data management method of a multi-bit flash memory device of a plurality of memory cells connected to the word line is programmed with the plurality of pages according to the invention, (a) page in which the reconstructed according to the error detection coding method one a step for programming the plurality of memory cells; And (b) above, of the plurality of memory cells comprising the step of determining the validity of a page in the one using the said error-detecting code for the read out of the error is generated, the plurality of memory cells in the step of the program, cells for each error-detecting code of the program is set to the plurality of pages to store only one-bit data. In the event of a power failure occurs during the program through this page can be configured to provide an accurate determination of the validity of data pages that were program. And it is possible to minimize the impact on the different pages of data already stored in the memory cells that were program.


The present report describes an application of the method (growth-strain method) previously proposed for analysis of uniform-strength shape with the finite-element method to the problems of steady-state vibration, especially free vibration with a normal-mode shape and response to a harmonic excitation. A difference in the implementation of the method for these vibration problems from the method for static problems is to analyze growth-measure (strength-parameter) distribution on the deformation with normal mode or amplitude of a response. Numerical experiments are made on simple beam structures. In the Case of normal-mode vibration, monotonous convergence is constantly observed. On the harmonic response problem, while the natural frequencies do not vary monotonously, the maximum value of the strength parameter, the mass and deflection at the excita-tion point converge monotonously.


A 20-year-old man with antecedent upper respiratory tract infection was found to be in complete heart block. A transvenous pacemaker was successfully inserted. Subsequent viral studies and serum enzyme determinations supported the diagnosis of a Coxsackie B myocarditis. Six weeks after the onset of the illness, cardiac catheterization was performed, which revealed no hemodynamic abnormalities.


Objective To determine age- and sex-specific population trends in fatal and non-fatal first coronary heart disease (CHD) events in Western Australia from 1996 to 2007. Design Longitudinal retrospective population study. Setting State-wide population. Patients All residents aged 35–84 years during 1996–2007 who died or were hospitalised with a principal diagnosis of acute CHD. Data sources Person-linked file of mortality and morbidity records. Main outcome measures Age-standardised (35–84 years) and age-specific (35–54, 55–69, 70–84 years) rates by gender for a first CHD event were calculated with a 10-year lead-in period to define first events. Results From 1996 to 2007 there were 36 631 first CHD events, including 8518 (23%) fatal cases in those aged 35–84 years. Overall, age-adjusted rates for fatal first CHD declined 5.3%/year in men (95% CI −6.1% to −4.6%) and 6.5%/year in women (95% CI −7.5% to −5.5%). However, age-specific fatal first CHD rates were neutral in both men aged 35–54 years (0.1%/year; 95% CI −1.8% to 2.1%) and women of the same age, (−1.6%/year; 95% CI −5.6% to 2.5%). Age-specific trends in non-fatal CHD rates reflected the same trends in fatal CHD events in men and women, with rates reportedly increasing in women aged 35–54 years (2.5%/year (95% CI 1.1% to 3.9%). Conclusion The age-specific decline in fatal and non-fatal first CHD rates in older men and women was not observed in those aged 35–54 years. These novel findings provide evidence for a levelling in the CHD incidence rates in younger adults and puts renewed importance on primary prevention in this group.


The embodiment of the utility model provides an automatic switching mechanism and an automatic change-over switch. The automatic switching mechanism comprises an angle electromagnet driver, a connecting rod, a moving contact and a plurality of static contacts, wherein the moving contact is in connection with the angle electromagnet driver through the connecting rod; the angle electromagnet driver is configured to allow the moving contact to connect to one of the plurality of static contacts at each corresponding position.


We study the equations obtained from linearizing the compressible Navier–Stokes equations around a steady-state profile with a heavier fluid lying above a lighter fluid along a planar interface, i.e., a Rayleigh–Taylor instability. We consider the equations with or without surface tension, with the viscosity allowed to depend on the density, in both periodic and nonperiodic settings. In the presence of viscosity there is no natural variational framework for constructing growing mode solutions to the linearized problem. We develop a general method of studying a family of modified variational problems in order to produce maximal growing modes. Using these growing modes, we construct smooth (when restricted to each fluid domain) solutions to the linear equations that grow exponentially in time in Sobolev spaces. We then prove an estimate for arbitrary solutions to the linearized equations in terms of the fastest possible growth rate for the growing modes. In the periodic setting, we show that sufficiently sm...


Limited research has shown that people with dementia (PwD) from lower socio‐economic backgrounds can face difficulties in accessing the right care at the right time. This study examined whether socio‐economic status (SES) and rural versus urban living location are associated with the time between diagnosis and care home admission in PwD living in Wales, UK.


ABSTRACT Background: Malocclusion is an oral health problem which occupies in the third place after dental caries and periodontal disease. Data showed that the prevalence of malocclusion in Indonesian teenager was still at a hight rate that reached 90% on 1983 and 89% on 2006. Mouth breathing is a habit that can be the most common causes in the facial structure abnormalities and teeth occlusion. Malocclusion interpreted as occlusion that deviates from normal and cause disruption in the chewing, swallowing, and talking function. Purpose: To determine the correlation between bad habit of mouth breathing to the severity of malocclusion using Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR). Method: This research uses an observational analytic with cross sectional approach. Samples are adolescents 13-18 years in SMPN 4 Banjarbaru and in SMAN 4 Banjarbaru were selected by random sampling method, 60 people consisting of 30 people in the group who do not breathe through the mouth and 30 people in the group to breathe through the mouth. Results: The results showed that severe malocclusion was more common in the group with mouth breathing was 24 people, while in the group without mouth breathing was 9 people. Statistical analysis with Lambda test obtained significance value of 0.0222 (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the bad habit of mouth breathing to the severity of malocclusion. Keywords: Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record, malocclusion, mouth breathing


Made in the last quarter of the-year, the maximum being reached in November. Another coloured chart deals with the cases of scarlet fever, measles, and whooping-cough, under treatment. In the case of the two former diseases, there has been a considerable diminution on the rate for 1880; but, with regard to whooping-cough, the case has been different. At the beginning of the year, the disease was not prevalent, but month by month the cases became more numerous, and reached their maximum in October; altogether, 400 deaths were attributed to it in Manchester and Salford during 1881. "At the present time,"the report adds, " not asingle bed in any hospital in this district is set apart for the isolation and treatment of this disease." The volume of " abstracts" consists of two tables with appendices. The tables deal with the medical and surgical cases respectively, and show the number of patients suffering from each disease. They serve also as indexes to the abstracts of cases given in the appendices. It will thus be seen that the plan of the volume is the same as that adopted in the Reports of University College Hospital, recently noticed in our columns. The interest and usefulness of these abstracts it would be difficult to exaggerate, and if the yearly publication of such a volume as this now before us is persevered in, a mass of material will very soon be accumulated, which no future writer on the diseases of childhood can afford to neglect. The paragraphs dealing with scarlet fever may be taken as proof of this statement; the relation of scarlet fever to rheumatism is a little understood subject, of. great importance in its bearing on the etiology of chorea especially; and we find here a case of well marked scarlet fever where, on the fifth day, the wrists became swollen and tender, and where a " well-marked systolic mitral brzrit" subsequently developed; again, in two fatal cases, tracheotomy was performed, in one case for very definite laryngitis. We may here remark that, so far as we have been able to make out, all the cases in which tracheotomy was performed ended fatally.We would suggest that it would be well in future reports to tabulate fully all the cases of tracheotomy. One very interesting case of hepatic abscess, in a boy aged fourteen, who had never been out of England, would seem to deserve a fuller report, perhaps in the columns of -one of the medical periodicals. Indeed, there are many other cases which catch our eye in turning over these. pages which suggest the same remark. This seems to us to be one of the possible disadvantages attending the publication of volumes such as this one. The history of the cases are given, necessarily, in as compressed a form as possible, and butt a small audience can be hoped for; but we must confess to a fear that much valuable material, that might otherwise have obtained the wide circulation afforded by a periodical, may be buried for years, and so practically lost to. the busy practitioner. A full table of all the cases of chorea in the hospital is an useful addition to the abstracts, and we hope that other hospitals will furnish us with similar tables. From it we learn, that a little over a third of the cases occurred in boys; that a history of rheumatism, even to a slight extent, was obtained in only one-sixth of the cases; that a cardiac murmur (systolic, at apex, except in one case, where it was presystolic) was heard, in just, half the cases; and that death resulted in one case from a very acute attack of tubercular meningitis. The abstracts, in the surgical appendix, of the cases of pyinmia, strike us as the most interesting part of that report, and illustrate the share of acute periostitis in the etiology of pymmia. Altogether, this volume reflects great credit ,upon all those engaged invits preparation.


The present invention relates to the technical field of hydropower engineering, particularly to a multi-shore tower intake hole disposed jointly processing tower foundation structure. Multi-shore tower intake hole joint arrangement tower base structure of this invention is disclosed, comprising a high elevation inlet proximate the outer inlet arranged continuously low elevation, the elevation of high water inlet comprises a high tower tower inlet side elevation local spatial slope excavation, backfilling concrete tower located shallow vertical upper portion pore consolidation grouting, concrete cast in the partial backfilling excavated space, further comprising a tower located at the lower level of the deep pore solid filling the junction portion, partially excavated space extending from the inlet to the tower top surface elevation of the water inlet high tower top surface lower elevation, deep horizontal consolidation grouting pore portion is greater than the pore aperture using embedded drawn to the guide tube backfilling concrete leading edge side of the groove. Taki security and stability of this structure, small construction difficulty, short construction period, low investment project.


Background: MK-8507 is a novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor being developed for treatment of HIV-1 infection. MK-8507 has high antiviral potency in vitro and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that support once-weekly dosing. Setting: A phase 1, open-label, proof-of-concept study was conducted in treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection to assess monotherapy antiviral activity. Methods: In 3 sequential panels, participants aged 18–60 years with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥10,000 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell count >200/mm3 received a single oral dose of 40, 80, or 600 mg MK-8507 in the fasted state. Participants were assessed for HIV-1 RNA for at least 7 days, PKs for 14 days, and safety and tolerability for 21 days postdose. Results: A total of 18 participants were enrolled (6 per panel). The mean 7-day postdose HIV-1 RNA reduction ranged from ∼1.2 to ∼1.5 log10 copies/mL across the doses assessed. One patient had a viral rebound associated with emergence of an F227C reverse transcriptase variant (per chain-termination method sequencing) 14 days postdose; this variant was found in a second participant by ultra-deep sequencing as an emerging minority variant. MK-8507 PKs were generally dose-proportional and similar to observations in participants without HIV-1 infection in prior studies; mean MK-8507 half life was 56–69 hours in this study. MK-8507 was generally well tolerated at all doses. Conclusions: The robust antiviral activity, PK, and tolerability of MK-8507 support its continued development as part of a complete once weekly oral regimen for HIV-1 treatment; combination therapy could mitigate the emergence of resistance-associated variants.


Between 2010 and 2017, the New Zealand Government undertook a range of subtle yet disturbing tactics to create a legislative environment that enabled deep sea oil exploration. This included forms of public endorsement, policy documents and legislative change that prioritised further oil development in the country to create a certain common-sense around increased fossil fuel extraction. In response, a range of communities and autonomous Oil Free groups have emerged to contest both the legislative changes and this underlying common-sense. We draw on this example to respond to calls within geography and political science literature to situate analysis of contemporary politics in empirical contexts. We use Rancière's thought combined with the frames of politicisation, depoliticisation and repoliticisation to explore the entangled nature of government and oil industry actions, and community climate change activism. We argue that while there were clearly attempts by government and the oil industry to close down spaces of dissent and limit debate around fossil fuel development to technocratic questions of health and safety, the effects of attempts at closure are paradoxical. Such attempts at closure are always incomplete and at times, mobilise people to contestatory action. We show how activists have strategically drawn on certain discourses to exert claims of, and for, equality in public debates around the pressing issue of climate change.


This study proposes a model of online shopping behavior that examines the influence of collectivism and polychronic time orientation on customers' online social interaction in the context of social media and its influence on psychological reactions to this interaction (i.e., trust perception, browsing experience),which in turn influences behavioral intention to use online shopping. The model is empirically tested and results are compared across French and Chinese cultures. Results of multigroup structural equation modelling using a sample of more than 1,000 website visitors in both cultures support the hypotheses and show several non-invariant and invariant paths between the groups. Specifically, the influences of collectivism and polychronic time orientation on Internet users' social interaction are stronger for Chinese respondents than for French respondents. Moreover, the influence of social interaction on trust perception, and of trust perception on intention to use online shopping, are stronger for Chinese respondents than for French respondents. However, the influence of social interaction on browsing experience is similar between the two groups. Finally, the influence of trust perception on intention to use online shopping is found to be not significant for the French sample but significant for the Chinese sample. Implications for cross-cultural studies and managers are discussed.


The finite element (FE) software ABAQUS was used to establish a 3D FE model and perform a pseudo-static analysis of steel–concrete composite beams. With the validated model, the influences of several key parameters, including shear connection degree, force ratio, and transverse reinforcement ratio, on seismic behavior were investigated and discussed. In addition, the working performance of studs was analyzed. The FE analysis results show that the steel girder is the main energy dissipation component of the composite beam, and the energy dissipation of the steel girder is more than 80% of the total energy. The next is longitudinal reinforcement, followed by a concrete slab, the minimum proportion is the studs. Results show that the energy dissipation ratio of studs is less than 1% under the condition of the parameters. However, an increase in shear connection is beneficial to improve the energy dissipation of steel girders and rebars. Shear connection, force ratio, and steel girder width–thickness ratio are the major factors that influence bearing capacity and seismic behavior. Transverse reinforcement, section form, and stud diameter are the secondary factors. Finally, a seismic design for composite beams was established.


Sugar and its products are the most important additional part of our diet (taste) especially in rural areas. The increase, sugar amount in body causes several diseases such as diabetes. To, the taste addicted person, it is very difficult to replace tasty products particularly sweets but some medicinal plant parts are used as alternate of sugar; Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is one of them. It is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to family Asteraceae , contains stevioside, natural sweetener. This plant is cultivated in some parts of India and is a rich source of crude protein i.e 16% in leaves and 6% in stem with low fat content. This plant can be a very good source of health and income.


Approximately 10-15 % of usage synthetic textile dyes are released to waste streams meanwhile the effluent release from wastewater treatment plant contribute 20 %. Adsorption being a physical process, inexpensive and less time consuming, is widely accepted to eliminate dyes from wastewater. An experiment was carried out to observe the adsorption of Brilliant Green and Procion Red dye. The experiment is to identify the most effective adsorbent to remove the colour of Brilliant Green and Procion Red. Both dyes were mixed with the agricultural wastes, spent tea leaves, jackfruit peels, rambutan peels, and mangosteen peels. The percentage of removal and adsorption capacity of the dyes were examined. Rambutan peels were the most effective adsorbent to remove Brilliant Green which is 96.42 % with 9.64 mg/g adsorption capacity, whereas for Procion Red, jackfruit peels were recorded as the highest percentage of removal, 61.2 % with 6.12 mg/g adsorption capacity in 24 hours. Based on FESEM and FTIR results, the effectiveness of adsorbents was affected by the structure of the adsorbent, presence of pores and functional groups. Functional group of carbonyl and carboxyl helps in the adsorption process and will form bonds with the dyes and thus remove them from the solution.


In the presence of a catalytic amount of trityl salt, allylstannanes and stannylated enolates smoothly react with 2-(2-ethylthioalkylidene)-1,3-dithiolane, synthetic equivalent of α,β-unsaturated ester, to afford the corresponding adducts in good yields, respectively.


To reach the ambitious German aims in energy and climate politics within ten years, it will be necessary to focus on renewable resources. Great potential is seen in short rotation coppices (SRC), which are based on fast growing wood to use it for energetic and material applications. So far, the installation of these coppices was not very successful, because farmers had have to enter unknown territory and got no overview of economic risks. A lot of scientific institutions acquired knowledge, so they are able to give basics to farmers.


There is an ever-increasing trend in the utilization of Information and Communiation Technologes (ICTs) around the globe. However, the diffusion of innovations is not even in developing nations, requiring the implementation of Information and Communiation Technologies for Development (ICT4D) policies to promote the reach of ICTs. In the field of family planning and reproductive health, ICTs, ranging from radio devices, television sets, wireless communication, mobile devices and computers play a significant enabling role in ensuring that reproductive health reaches many. In Kenya, there are several initiatives that this paper highlights as far as reproductive health is concerned. With the right policies, best practices as elucidated from past projects, and funding, ICTs have the capacity to increase access to reproductive health.


Facing the complex electromagnetic environment, the fast and precise recognition of the type of jamming singals plays an indispensable role for rader to achieve effective electonic counter-counermeasures (ECCM). The implementation of pull-off jamming can be considered as a gradually separation of the true and false targets in the tracking gate of the radar. Thus the pull-off jamming signals can be recognized through a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network based on automatic features extraction and sequence dependency learning. This paper considers the signal sequences in the tracking gate as the input of the exploited LSTM model. Owing to the dependencies between signal at each frames, our method is capable of recognizing pull-off jamming at the early stage of jamming. Experimental results show that the proposed method can recognize the pull-off jamming quickly and accurately and has excellent generalization performance. Therefore, ECCM for radar against the pull-off jamming became more effective.


Due to environmental concerns, the use of alternative fuel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully understand the impacts of diesel on pollutant formation. The aim of this work is to increase the engine performance with reduced emissions using diesel blends from different feed stocks and to compare that with the diesel. In the Indian context linseed can play an important role in the production of alternative fuel using diesel. The climatic and soil conditions of India are convenient for the production of linseed crop. The blend is prepared from diesel, linseed oil and Leishman's solution by stirring process. The performance study of a diesel engine with these diesel blends were carried out at different compression ratios and loads. The combustion performance parameters like Mechanical, Volumetric, Brake thermal efficiencies and Specific Fuel Consumption are all noted. By applying Grey Relation Analysis, the best running condition for the engine within the chosen range are decided. The sample containing 95% diesel with 3%linseed oil and 2% solution gives better performance at a compression ratio of 18 during high load conditions.


In the event symmetric approach to quantum gravity it is assumed that the fundamental laws of physics must be invariant under exchange of any two space-time events. The fact that this symmetry if obviously not observed is attributed to the possibility of a spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism in which the residual symmetry is diffeomorphism invariance on a continuum. The approach has a discrete nature while dimensionality, continuity of space-time and causality are abandoned as fundamental principles. Consequently space-time is a dynamical object which may undergo changes of topology or dimension. A number of different types of Event Symmetric model are described. The most interesting models are event symmetric superstring models based on discrete string supergroups.


Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are a major economic problem in numerous crops, including pepper, melon, and potato. Larvae of the American hoverfly, Eupeodes americanus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae), are common aphidophagous natural enemies in agrosystems in North America. The objective of the present study was to characterize the development cycle of E. americanus in order to evaluate its potential as a biocontrol agent. The development cycle, survival rate, and adult longevity of E. americanus were determined and compared with those of the commercial aphid midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) under laboratory conditions, using the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), as prey. The complete preimaginal development time, pupal development time, egg hatching rate, sex ratio, and survival rate were not different between E. americanus and the commercial A. aphidimyza. The larval developmental time was longer in the syrphid species, increasing the predation window. Finally, the adult longevity of the syrphid was drastically longer than that of A. aphidimyza. These results demonstrate a potential for E. americanus as a new aphidophagous biocontrol agent.


This is the publisher's version of a work published in The Forestry Chronicle 87:2 (2011) The version on the publisher's website can be viewed at http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/abs/10.5558/tfc2011-013


Automated driving reduces the burden on the driver, however also makes it difficult for the driver to understand the current situation and predict the future movement of the vehicle. When the acceleration due to automated driving occurs without future prediction, the driver's anxiety and discomfort are increased compared to the case in manual driving. To facilitate the prediction of the future behavior of the vehicle by the driver, this paper aims to design and evaluate a haptic interface that actuates the vehicle seat. Our system displays to the driver the movement of the vehicle a few seconds in the future, which allows the driver to make predictions and preparations. Using a driving simulator, we compared the conditions where the movement of the car was displayed in advance for the length of different time. The subjective evaluation of the driver showed that the predictability of the behavior of the vehicle were significantly increased compared to the case without display. The experiment also showed that comfortable feeling significantly decreased if the preceding display is too early.


Introduction Many studies have suggested that the vitamin D receptor polymorphism BsmI might be associated with the risk of osteoporosis development in post-menopausal women. However, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to derive a more precise evaluation of the relationship. Material and methods Published literature from PubMed, EMBASE and the CNKI database was searched. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of any association. Results Ten case-control studies were included with a total of 1,403 osteoporosis cases and 2,144 healthy controls. In the overall analysis, no significant association was found between BsmI polymorphism and osteoporosis risk (BB vs. bb: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.39–1.48; BB vs. Bb: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.71–1.15; dominant model: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.74–1.93; recessive model: OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.53–1.30). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the results showed similar result that BsmI polymorphism m had no association with osteoporosis. Conclusions Results from the current meta-analysis suggest that vitamin D receptor BsmI polymorphism may not be a risk factor for osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


The present paper used the Lorenz curve to evaluate the heterogeneity of reservoirs and obtained permeability distributions of different heterogeneous reservoirs with a mean value of uniform formation conductivity by calculating the Lorenz curve inversely.A typical geological model for reservoirs with bottom water was established,and the flooding law of heterogeneous reservoirs with bottom water was studied by means of numerical simulation.The results indicated that when the variation coefficient(Vk) was lower than 0.2,the reservoir could be regarded as a homogeneous one,where bottom water was moving along high permeable zones and the permeability profile,flooding profile and liquid-producing profile were consistent with each other.There existed a modified logistic function between the breakthrough recovery and variation coefficient.The curve of variations between water cut and oil recovery in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system was in an S-like form and there was a function equation between water cut and the produced degree of recoverable reserves.When Vk0.3,the flooding mode was a linear breakthrough with flooding in the whole horizontal plane;when 0.3≤Vk 0.7,the flooding mode became to a punctiform breakthrough with flooding in the whole horizontal plane;and when Vk≥0.7,the flooding mode turned to punctiform breakthrough with flooding in the local horizontal plane.


Human abnormal activity detection for automatic surveillance systems is to detect abnormal objects and human behaviours in videos. In this paper, we propose to explicitly address different kinds of abnormal events by developing a two-stream fusion approach that integrates both geometry and image texture information. To be concrete, we firstly propose to utilize an object detector to divide the abnormal events into two catalogues: abnormal human behaviors and abnormal objects. For the detection of abnormal human behaviours, we exploit a spatial-temporal graph convolutional network (ST-GCN) which considers both spatial and temporal domains to capture the geometrical features from human pose graphs. The extracted geometric feature embeddings are further adapted with a clustering step to cluster the temporal graphs and output normality scores. For the detection of abnormal objects, the obtained from the object detector are reused to assist with generating normality scores of possible anomalies. Finally, a late fusion is performed to integrate normality scores from both screams for final decision. The experimental results on the datasets of UCSD PED2 and ShanghaiTech Campus demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach and the improved performance compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.


Eighteen strains were isolated from waste water and mug contaminate d by the methamidophos in Hunan pesticides factory.One strain,namely HP-1,show ed good biodegradation capacity against the methamidophos according to the scree ning result.The clony of this strain is red and round,regular trim and swell i n the middle,and its diameter is about(0.64~2.60)mm.It is G-,single cell wi th short-rod or curve rod shape,and its size is about(0.40~0.70) μm×(1.2~2.0) μm.The strain is reproduced by asymmetry budding and with polar or sub-polar flagella,and its photo-intracytoplasmic membranes was lamellar type.The strain was preliminarily identified as Rhodope sudomonas plaustris according to above mentioned characterization.Seven days af ter inoculation,the strain can degrade the amount of methamidophos about 65.20 %and 49.60%at concentration of 500 mg/L and 1 000 mg/L,respectively.This bio degradation performance was improved under extra-added carbon resource.The str ain can also degrade dimthoate,chlorpyrifos,triazophos and phoxim.Its culture accelerated budding of radish seeds,shorten the time of budding,increased the activity of growth.


The physical layer (PHY) security technology based on radio frequency (RF) fingerprint can effectively solve the secure access problem of wireless devices. The hardware impairments of the devices can be used to generate the unique RF fingerprint to identify different wireless devices. Fingerprint extraction as a key step in the process of identification faces the challenges of ensuring the identification accuracy with reduced sample dimension and low testing and training time. To address the above problems, we propose a lightweight RF fingerprint extraction scheme to extract the physical layer attributes and effectively reduce the data dimension and time consumption. Based on the proposed RF fingerprint, the Bayesian classifier is used to identify the wireless devices. Furthermore, a joint judgment strategy is proposed to improve the identification accuracy by using multiple segments of one signal frame. The experimental result shows that, compared to the existing RF fingerprint identification schemes, the proposed RF fingerprint identification scheme obtains the best identification accuracy with lower time and data consumption.


Objective To investigate the influence of hedysaryum polysaccharide(HPS)in the kidney function and expressions of Glut-1mRNA and protein in kidney tissue of db/db mice with diabetic nephropathy(DN)and to elucidate its possible action mechanism.Methods 10db/m mice were taken as normal control group(n=10); 50fueling animal model db/db mice with DN were randomly divided into model group,enalapril group and the low, middle and high doses of HPS groups(n=10).The mice in noral control group and model group were given physioloical saline by gavege;and the mice in the other groups were respectively given 10mg·kg-1·d-1 enalapril, 100,200and 400mg·kg-1·d-1 HPS by gavage;lasted 8weeks.Picric acid method was used to determine the serum creatinine(SCr)level of the mice,enzyme coupling rate method was used to determine the blood urea nitrogen(BUN)level,ELISA method was used to determine the urinary microalbumin(UMALB)level,RT-PCR method was performed to detect the expression of Glut-1mRNA,and Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of Glut-1protein.Results Compared with model group,the levels of SCr,BUN, UMALB,the mRNA and protein of Glut-1 expressions were decreased,especially in 400mg·kg-1·d-1 HPS and enalapril groups(P0.01).The HE and Masson staining results showed that less inflammatory cells infiltration in glomerular of the mice were found,capillary lumens were unobstructed,and the collagen deposition was not obvious in 400mg·kg-1·d-1 group.Conclusion HPS could improve the kidney function of the db/db mice and inhibit the Glut-1mRNA and protein expressions obviously,which indicates that HPS could delay the development of DN by inhibiting the Glut-1expression in the glomerular mesangial cell membrane.


[Objective] To explore the characteristics and laws of an influenza pandemic and provide scientific supports for influenzas prevention. [Methods] The results of monitoring influenza from 2007 to 2009 in Xuhui District Central Hospital were analyzed.The influenza like illness(ILI) incidence and influenza virus isolation from 2007 to 2009 were monitored and analyzed. [Results] ILI monitoring results showed that in 2007,1656 cases were ILI,the percentage being 1.20%,in 2008,1606 cases were ILI,the percentage being 1.12%,in 2009,5486 cases were ILI,the percentage being 3.10%,significantly higher than those found in 2007 and 2008.Influenza virus monitoring results showed that among 330 samples collected in 2007,there were 45 influenza positive,with the separating ratio 13.6%.The main influenza type was A(H3N2)(68.9%).Among 229 samples collected in 2008,there were 30 influenza positive,with the separating ratio 13.1%.The main influenza type was B type.Among 713 samples collected in 2009,there were 250 influenza positive,with the separating ratio 35.1%.The main influenza type was the influenza A H1N1(70.8%) and A(H3N2)(20.4%).In August 2009 the main influenza type was seasonal-A(H3N2) influenza virus(58.7%),the influenza A H1N1(34.7%) viruses,but in December the influenza A H1N1 viruses became the main influenza type(91.4%). [Conclusion] In summer and winter,there is the peak of the epidemic of influenza in the nearby areas of the sentinel hospital.A(H3N2) was the main influenza virus subtype in 2007 and B type the main influenza virus subtype in 2008.The seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and the influenza A H1N1 influenza pandemic occurred from August to October in 2009,and the influenza A H1N1 virus became the main influenza virus subtype from November to December in 2009.


This work is focused on the thermodynamic optimization of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs), coupled with absorption or adsorption cooling units, for combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) generation from biomass combustion. Results were obtained by modelling with the main aim of providing optimization guidelines for the operating conditions of these types of systems, specifically the subcritical or transcritical ORC, when integrated in a CCHP system to supply typical heating and cooling demands in the tertiary sector. The thermodynamic approach was complemented, to avoid its possible limitations, by the technological constraints of the expander, the heat exchangers and the pump of the ORC. The working fluids considered are: n-pentane, n-heptane, octamethyltrisiloxane, toluene and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane. In addition, the energy and environmental performance of the different optimal CCHP plants was investigated. The optimal plant from the energy and environmental point of view is the one integrated by a toluene recuperative ORC, although it is limited to a development with a turbine type expander. Also, the trigeneration plant could be developed in an energy and environmental efficient way with an n-pentane recuperative ORC and a volumetric type expander.


In perfonning DNA testing on sexual assault evidence, it's common to encounter mixtures with just two or three contributors, one of whom is the victim. However, the trend in forensic science has been to expand testing to cases and samples where mixtures of more than three individuals are common (e.g., property crime, "touch" DNA samples, and clothing and gun swabs.) In some laboratories in the Bureau, these types of samples are submitted more frequently than sexual assault evidence. Unfortunately, a criminalist's ability to manually solve for mixture contributors ' DNA profiles is inversely correlated to the number of contributor. Software tools are needed.


An extension of evolution strategies to multi-parent recombination involving a variable number % of parents to create an o spring individual is proposed. The extension is experimentally evaluated on a number of test functions, including unimodal and multimodal functions of high dimensionality. Multi-parent diagonal crossover, uniform scanning crossover, and a multi-parent version of intermediary recombination are considered in the experiments. Algorithm performance is observed to strongly depend on the particular combination of recombination operator and objective function. In some cases, a signi cant increase of performance is observed even for multimodal objective functions as the number of parents increases, but there might also be no signi cant impact of recombination at all. Furthermore, the algorithm might also exhibit a divergent behavior in case of a unimodal optimization problem when the recombination operator is chosen inappropriately. This report is available at http://www.wi.leidenuniv.nl/ gusz/esmultip.ps.gz y firstname.lastname@example.com z firstname.lastname@example.com


Organic farming has received very limited public support in Spain in the past. This was used for promotion and supporting partly a semi-public control.
The Andalusian Organic Action Plan (OAP) formulated in 2001 was the first broader policy supporting Organic farming in Spain. After this initiative the Spanish Central Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (MAPA) has also presented a National Organic Action Plan in 2003, before the approval of the EU Organic Food and Farming Action Plan by the European Council in 2004. In the last years several regions in Spain have announced or approved OAP´s, currently in progress in different regions.
This paper is presenting and analysing all this Regional and national Organic Action Plans and other organic support policies, stakeholders participation, conflicts and synergies with National and EU Action Plans and evaluation indicators, contributing to the ORGAP project. Finally the paper is discussing the potential use of some evaluation tools (ORGAPET) proposed by the ORGAP.


RITICAL response to "black" literature tends to overemphasize the adjective and to neglect the claims of the noun it modifies. In doing so, critics can seem unintentionally patronizing, as if black prowess with pen or typewriter somehow confounded expectation. The ethnic like the regional writer often requires rescue from labels that imply diminished importance, for just as the critic effectively qualifies all praise of a writer labeled "Southern," so does the qualifier "black" or "Afro-American" tend subtly to disparage. William Faulkner, for example, had once to free himself from the regionalist tag; Toni Morrison, whose work resembles Faulkner's in interesting ways, deserves emancipation from her own literary ghetto. To be sure, Morrison's 1977 novel Song of Solomon concerns the black experience in America over four generations, and in what follows I mean to consider this novel's exploration of black themes. But I wish to introduce and provide a context for these subjects with a consideration of Morrison's accomplishment within a larger tradition. One can argue-without qualifying one's admiration for Morrison's talent and originality-that her themes of history, identity, and freedom deserve consideration as something more than the self-absorbed, even solipsistic expression of black desire. They deserve consideration as part of a dialogue or intertextual engagement with certain literary precursors, among the most important of whom are Faulkner and Joyce. My task is not source-hunting, and only marginally does it concern influence. I seek a pair of presences in the work of a novelist whose Afro-American sensibility strikes me as overdetermined. Morrison imagines freedom, for example, in images of flight, images "grounded," she asserts, in the myth of the


We show theoretically that by use of a new coupling geometry the second-harmonic light generated at the surface of a thin metal film can be enhanced dramatically through a coupling of the fundamental field to a long-range surface-plasmon mode. The resulting reflected harmonic intensity is predicted to be more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than that obtainable in the standard Kretschmann or Otto geometry.


According to the working principle of leg hydraulic system of a trailer concrete pump, the simulation model of leg hydraulic system is established based on AMESim, and the dynamic characteristics of leg hydraulic system is analyzed. The research result indicates that with the gravity center moves to a leg, the pressure in the corresponding cylinder will increase, and the velocity of the rod will decrease. The greater the gravity center offsets, the greater the influence of the dynamic characteristics. In order to reduce the damage to the leg cylinder, the gravity center and the geometry center should be coincident as much as possible when using a trailer concrete pump.


The role museums play in shaping the public's understanding of the past has recently become a matter of considerable interest for historians and others. In Canada and Australia, portraits of their country's history created by national museums have ignited considerable controversy. The Canadian Museum of Civlization's Canada Hall was the subject of a review by four historians, chosen to examine the Hall's portrayal of political history, while the National Museum of Australia faced a highly politicised public review of all of its exhibits soon after the museum opened. By analysing and interpreting the findings of these reviews, the authors raise questions about the ability of museums to respond to historical controversy, shifting historiographies and changing understandings of what is important in the past.


The micro-environments of Co and Fe in perovskite, (Sr,Ca)(Fe,Co)O3-δ, were characterized especially by emission and transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy (EMS and TMS). It is found directly from the peak intensity ratio of the octahedral and tetrahedral species that Co III ions in the oxides prefer the tetrahedral sites to the octahedral sites, whereas Fe III ions prefer the octahedral sites, and that the environment of Co was more affected than that of Fe after releasing the absorbed CO2. It is considered that the CO2 is rapidly accommodated in the lattice by oxygen transfer between octahedral and tetrahedral sites due to zigzag structures.


Coherent multipolarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) change detection exploiting data collected from N multiple polarimetric channels is addressed in this letter. The problem is formulated as a binary hypothesis testing problem, and a special block-diagonal structure for the polarimetric covariance matrix is forced to design a detector based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) criterion. It is shown that the structured decision rule ensures the constant false alarm rate property with respect to the unknown disturbance covariance. Results on both simulated and real high-resolution SAR data show the effectiveness of the considered decision rule and its superiority against the traditional unstructured GLRT in some scenarios of practical interest.


The objective of this review was to analyze the studies in the literature, concerning the procedures to increase bone volume in order implant and to evaluate (A) the results of different surgical approaches for the reconstruction of alveolar bone deficits and (B) the percentages of survival/success of implants placed in homes rebuilt with different techniques. The present revision is based on original articles including both randomized clinical trials both clinical studies that include more than 10 patients treated and followed for a minimum period of 12 months. We analyzed the success rates of the various techniques, success rates and/or survival of implants placed in areas with increased bone volume.


The invention concerns a switching device (24) for a high voltage power system and an arrangement comprising such a switching device. The switching device comprises a first semiconductor switching element (26) capable of being turned off and having a first gate (G1) and a first and a second current conduction terminal (CCT1, CCT2) and a second switching element (26) capable of being turned on andcomprising an electron tube with a second gate (G2) and a first and second electrode (E1, E2). The switching elements (26, 28) are series-connected with the first electrode (E1) connected to the second current conduction terminal (CCT2) with the first current conduction terminal (CCT1) and the second electrode (E2) providing connections to the power system and the switching elements being jointlyoperable for breaking or making a current path between the second electrode (E2) and the first current conduction terminal (CCT1).


PURPOSE: To ensure high sensitivity measurement by bringing a fluid sample into contact with an antigenic substance and a monoclonal antibody and forming a complex of the monoclonal antibody and antigenic substance in order to inhibit formation of a complex between antibody and the antigenic substance. CONSTITUTION: A suspension of an antibody fixed onto an agarose particle is mixed with a specimen (serum) and the antibody labeled with soluble 125 I and the mixture is incubated for a specified time. Upon elapsing the incubation time, the agarose particles are cleaned away by adding a buffer and centrifugal separation is performed. Subsequently, the cleaning liquid is removed through suction to produce a pellet of an agarose particle for which the bonded 125 I- labeled antibodies are counted. COPYRIGHT: (C)1990,JPO


In energy communities with high penetration of renewables, electricity supply can become scarce during certain periods. In such cases, the objective of a resource allocation algorithm can be to minimize the disutility of the worst-off user of the community. This paper presents the problem of finding an optimal max-min fair allocation of available energy. A mixed-integer linear formulation is used to tackle the problem, so that the worst-off user's disutility is minimized. The allocation results are compared to the standard approach that optimizes the system's Social Welfare. The users' disutility function models for electricity consuming devices, are based on their time-under-unsatisfied-demand, which is a measurable and comparable metric and does not rely on the user's self reported valuation for energy consumption.


Eight third-grade teachers and their 111 students participated in this 12-week study that was conducted within regular classroom settings. Sixteen of the students demonstrated significant reading problems and qualified for special education or were identified by the school district as dyslexic. This study addressed the differential effects of fluency and comprehension instruction on fluency and comprehension outcomes in two groups of students: those with significant reading problems and those who are low- to average-achieving students. Eight classrooms of third graders and their teachers were assigned to one of two interventions : partner reading, designed to enhance fluency, or collaborative strategic reading, designed to enhance comprehension. Results indicated no statistically significant main effects or group-by-time interaction effects; however, over time (pre- to posttest), there were statistically significant effects for rate of reading and correct words read per minute (but not accuracy or comprehension) for both partner reading and collaborative strategic reading for both low- to average-achieving students and students with reading disabilities.


Hybrid maps of the nuclei of radio galaxies and quasars show a variety of morphologies. Among compact sources, two structures are common: an asymmetric, "core-jet" morphology (eg, 3C 273), and an "equal double" morphology with two separated, similar components (eg, CTD 93). The nuclei of extended, double radio galaxies generally have a core-jet morphology with the jet directed toward one of the outer components.


The ocean stores large amount of carbon (60 times larger than that of the atmosphere) and various chemical tracers, and the deep ocean circulation significantly affects the carbon and biogeochemical cycles in the climate system. Actually, the deep ocean circulation, especially the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), is believed to have an important role in the changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration from glacial to interglacial periods. Paleo proxy data such as d13C and 231Pa/230Th ratio suggest that the AMOC became shallower and reduced by up to 30 % during the LGM compared with the present climate, and it is widely believed that the AMOC during the LGM is weaker than that at the present climate. However, a couple of studies using another paleo proxy data, Nd isotope ratio, imply that the AMOC during the LGM may be almost the same or even slightly stronger than the present one. This means that there is discrepancy among paleo proxy data themselves or their interpretation. Distribution of these proxy tracers is controlled by not only ocean circulation but biological and chemical processes, and careful interpretation on changes in these proxy tracers is necessary. Explicit simulation of these proxy data with ocean biogeochemical model is very helpful for interpretation of proxy data because they can quantitatively evaluate which processes are important for controlling the distribution of paleo proxy. Such simulations are also useful for validating climate model simulations directly with paleo proxy data. In this talk, recent attempts for simulation of paleo proxy with biogeochemical model are introduced.


This paper sketches out some methodological coordinates for investigating the formal category of narrative voice in a broader discursive context. It seeks to reformulate the classic model of narrative communication in order to redress the imbalance of current narratological scholarship, which focuses on theorizing the role of real readers without due attention to real authors. I have developed this approach to investigate and explain a specific problem: how to account for the increased prominence of omniscient narration in literary fiction over the last two decades. Does contemporary omniscience differ from the classic omniscience of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century fiction, and if so, what does that difference say about the cultural status of the novel in current public discourse? 1 I'll begin by illustrating this problem through a brief discussion of narrative voice in William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 Vanity Fair and Martin Amis' 1995 The Information. At one point in Thackeray's novel, the narrator pauses to address readers as follows: If, a few pages back, the present writer claimed the privilege of peeping into Miss Amelia Sedley's bedroom, and understanding with the omniscience of the novelist all the gentle pains and passions which were tossing upon that in


A second order non-linear dieren tial equation obtained from Mori's integro-dieren tial equation is shown to transform to another form which provides algebraic decay to a time correlation function. Involved parameters in algebraic formula are related to exact properties of the corresponding correlation function. The model has been used to study a sol-gel system which is known, experimentally, to exhibit a power law decay to stress auto-correlation function. The expression obtained for the viscosity shows a logarithmic divergence at some critical value of the parameter. Some features of the model have also been tested using available information about Lennard-Jones uids.


Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are still a considerable burden for modern society. Despite the availability of approx. fifty different drugs, the treatment of MDD is far from ideal, nor is the full understanding of the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs (ADs) administered repeatedly (which is necessary to achieve clinical efficacy). There have been several hypotheses explaining the etiopathogenesis of depression. Most of these are based on the mechanisms of action of known ADs, the first of which were discovered by serendipity in the 1950s (imipramine and iproniazid). Later, the mechanism of their acute action (e.g. non-selective inhibition of re-uptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, and inhibition of monoamine oxidase, respectively) has been elucidated, and most of the newly synthesized compounds mimic some or all of their features: being either more selective towards one of the biogenic amines, having an affinity towards various neurotransmitter receptors such as N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors for glutamate, or being more selective and reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1). Knowing these mechanisms does not help in achieving a satisfactory clinical outcome, in fact, we still do not understand the etiopathology of MDD and other mood disorders. Most of the numerous behavioral, biochemical, and molecular preclinical studies focus on various kinds of stress since it is regarded as the main factor contributing to mood disorders. Stress is defined as a condition that seriously perturbs the psychological and physiological balance of an individual. Traumatic stress, however, does not affect everyone in the same manner—some susceptible individuals (not only humans but also animals) adapt poorly to stressors and express inappropriate responses that can become persistent states of stress themselves. Resilient individuals can perceive adversity and develop adaptive psychological and physiological responses. The underlying mechanisms of these responses are not fully understood, although they are known to depend on a combination of genetic and non-genetic factors that interact in complex ways. Similarly, lack of response to ADs treatment is very often encountered, despite continuous improvements in treatment recommendations and alternatives to convention pharmacotherapy, including psychotherapy and deep brain stimulation as well as augmenting agents (e.g., atypical antipsychotic drugs or lithium). We still do not know what is the mechanism of such diversity of responses, therefore finding biomarkers useful in the identification of patient subpopulations—potential treatment responders vs. nonresponders, not to mention biomarkers useful to distinguish bipolar from MDD patients—is of utmost importance. The idea that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) might be a good indicator of processes underlying psychiatric illnesses is present in the scientific literature for some time (2). The first miRNA was discovered in 1993 (3) while studying the development of C. elegans. Since then, many families of these small oligonucleotides have been identified. miRNAs molecules, widely expressed in eukaryotes, are small (17–24 nucleotides), non-coding RNA transcripts that play important role in the post-transcriptional regulation Editorial Commentary


List of Contributors.PART 1: APPLICATION AND PERSPECTIVES.1. Transgenic Modification of Production Traits in Farm Animals.2. Genetically Modified Plants.3. Fermented Food Production using Genetically Modified Yeast and Filamentous Fungi.4. Production of Food Additives using Filamentous Fungi.5. Perspectives of Genetic Engineering of Bacteria used in Food Fermentations.PART II: LEGISLATION IN EUROPE.6. The Legal Situation for Genetically Engineered Food in Europe.PART III: METHODS OF DETECTION.7. Detection of Genetic Modifications: Some Basic Considerations.8. DNA-based Methods for Detection of Genetic Modifications.9. Genetic Engineering of Fishes and Methods for Detection.10. Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Crops.11. Methods to Detect the Application of Genetic Engineering in Composed and Processed Foods.12. Mutations in Lactococcus lactis, and their Detection.13. Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Microorganisms used in Food Fermentation Processes.Index.


Abstract The Allandale quartz tube strainmeter, sited near Melbourne, Victoria, is now operational. The situation and construction of the installation are discussed and initial long-period data are presented. From the Fourier amplitude spectrum of the data the principal earth tide components are identified. It is thought that thermoelastic and barometric effects are the major contributors to the noise in the signal and work is now proceeding on methods of eliminating these effects.


It sounds as though you and your girlfriend each have thoughtful concerns about your use of condoms. It's nice that she wants to consider your pleasure in the experience, but also equally valid that you're not interested in becoming a father at this time. It's also worth mentioning that pleasure doesn't have to come at the expense of not using a condom. It's not clear how much you both have talked about this, but it may be a good opportunity to continue the conversation. Practicing safer sex takes the cooperation of both partners for it to be successful, so being on the same page about how each partner will contribute and what each of your concerns are is key. By being open and honest about your feelings in a non-judgmental setting, you may find that you're able to open the lines of communication to much more in your relationship!


In this study, a novel algorithm based on three-dimensional scaled Fourier transform (TDSFT) is proposed for parameter estimation of a quadratic frequency modulated (QFM) signal. To solve the problem of signal-to-noise ratio loss caused by constant delay, a variable-delay instantaneous autocorrelation function is first proposed. After that, two steps TDSFT and addition operation are performed to achieve three-dimensional decoupling and coherent integration of signal energy. The analysis shows that the proposed algorithm can be efficiently implemented by a fast Fourier transform without any searching procedure. Moreover, it can deal with multi-component QFM signals with satisfactory suppression of cross terms. Comparisons with three other popular methods, chirp rate-quadratic chirp rate distribution, generalized scaled Fourier transform and generalized decoupling technique demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has superior anti-noise performance due to the coherent integration of all signal energies. Extensive numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the TDSFT-based algorithm.


From 7th of January,2012,tiered electricity pricing system was enacted nationwide in China as a new policy attempt.On the basis of analyzing current situation and existing problmes of China's tiered electricity pricing system,the paper does research on experiences from countries like the U.S,Japan and South Korea,and proposes countermeasures to improve China's tiered electricity pricing system.