When a microscopic particle like an electron negotiates. a given region of space where its potential energy exceeds its kinetic counterpart (i.e., a potential barrier) classically it is expected to turn back the moment its velocity tends to be imaginary. Out an account of its customary wave nature, it is known to possess a finite probability of escape even across such o barrier when Lho latter 'a width happens to be around the de Uroulte wave length of the electron. such a phenomenon has come to be known as Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling. Conventionaliy, it has been studied by two distinct approaches namely; Lime-independent end Lime-dependent. In the former approach in order that the oletron energy must remain the same before and after the process (an thought to be required by the principle of energy conservation) the time-independent Schredinger wave equations are written and lved in the throe regions of space as generated by the barrier and the corresponding wave functions are matched at the appropriate beLindarics to evaluate the electron tunnelling probability. The electron tunnelling current density is next obtained by substituting the barrier wave function in the expression for the current density operator and is found to be given by the product of the incident current density and the tunnelling probability. As it is required by the principle


This paper describes an Obstacle Avoidance System for an AUV. The specific requirements of the underwater world, the computational capacity and the sensors of the vehicle as well as its manoeuvrability were considered by the choice and the development of the strategies used. Such requirements include the sea current information, the consideration of moving objects, the evasion in 3D and the constrained view of sonar. The system consists of a hierarchical two-level architecture. In the upper level is the course planning, which generates a route for the vehicle to follow. In the lower level, a reactive control system is installed, which guides the vehicle by a sudden emergence of obstacles or deactivated course-planning module.


The effect of bilateral oophorectomy upon serum lipids was studied in 25 women, whose average age was 48 years. One month after castration the triglyceride level was significantly (p<0.01) higher than before the operation. Six months later the triglyceride level had fallen slightly and the difference from the preoperative level was no longer significant. Castration did not have any significant effect on serum cholesterol and phospholipids during the seven‐month follow‐up period. The effect of peroral estradiol valerate was studied in the same way in 25 women, whose average age was 49 years. Estradiol valerate therapy (2 mg per day) was started one month after castration. After 6 months of treatment the serum phospholipids had increased slightly (p<0.05), but there was no significant effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels.


The present work was conducted in the equipe population of the jockey club of Pelotas, RS, with the objective of determining the presence and titer of serum antibody for the type 1, 2 and 3 reovirus and the influenza virus A/equi-1 and Alequi-2. All the serum samples were examined by the hemaglutination inhibition test (micromethod). The serotype 3 reovirus showed the highest prevalence (P 2  + 0.84) can be explained by the increase of age (Y = 9.43 + 5.42X, P


In the federal budget presented to the House of Commons on March 19, 2007, Finance Minister Jim Flaherty proposed to effectively eliminate the ability to deduct interest on borrowings relating to investments in foreign affiliates. In response to widespread criticism, on May 14, 2007, Minister Flaherty announced a substantially revised and more narrowly focused interest denial rule. The revised proposal, referred to as the anti-tax-haven initiative (ATHI), has as its primary objective the prevention of double-dipping - the generation of two (or more) interest expense deductions in respect of one investment. The authors of this article examine the mechanics of the ATHI, including its practical limitations, and explore issues concerning the future integration of the ATHI with the foreign affiliate regime and other provisions of the Income Tax Act.


Background Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common autosomal recessive ataxia disorder, is caused by a dynamic GAA repeat expansion mutation within intron 1 of FXN gene, resulting in down-regulation of frataxin expression. Studies of cell and mouse models have revealed a role for the mismatch repair (MMR) MutS-heterodimer complexes and the PMS2 component of the MutLα complex in the dynamics of intergenerational and somatic GAA repeat expansions: MSH2, MSH3 and MSH6 promote GAA repeat expansions, while PMS2 inhibits GAA repeat expansions. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine the potential role of the other component of the MutLα complex, MLH1, in GAA repeat instability in FRDA, we have analyzed intergenerational and somatic GAA repeat expansions from FXN transgenic mice that have been crossed with Mlh1 deficient mice. We find that loss of Mlh1 activity reduces both intergenerational and somatic GAA repeat expansions. However, we also find that loss of either Mlh1 or Pms2 reduces FXN transcription, suggesting different mechanisms of action for Mlh1 and Pms2 on GAA repeat expansion dynamics and regulation of FXN transcription. Conclusions/Significance Both MutLα components, PMS2 and MLH1, have now been shown to modify the molecular phenotype of FRDA. We propose that upregulation of MLH1 or PMS2 could be potential FRDA therapeutic approaches to increase FXN transcription.


There is adequate evidence that changes in blood volume, unaccompanied by alterations in plasma osmotic pressure, will lead to compensating variations in urine flow (Metcalf, 1944; Welt & Orloff, 1951; Strauss, Davis, Rosenbaum & Rossmeisl, 1951; Henry & Gauer, 1951; Zuidema, Reeves, Clark, Henry & Gauer, unpublished). It has been suggested that such changes in urine flow may be provoked by alterations in the 'fulness of the blood stream' (Peters, 1935). Receptors sensitive to variations in circulating blood volume have been postulated, and evidence that such receptors lie in the thoracic viscera, and specifically in the cardiac atria, has been provided (Gauer, Henry, Sieker & Wendt, 1954; Henry, Gauer & Sieker, 1956; Henry, Gauer & Reeves, 1956). These authors described experiments in dogs in which negative pressure breathing, designed to increase the thoracic blood volume selectively, was associated with a diuresis; positive pressure breathing was associated with antidiuresis. Distension of the left atrium alone by expansion of an indwelling balloon also resulted in a pronounced diuresis. The response to negative pressure breathing was abolished or reduced by section of, or coldblocking, the vagus nerves (Henry, Gauer, Sieker, Wendt, Reeves & Lee, 1953). There is little evidence (Gruber, 1933) that vagus nerves could serve as the efferent pathways of the diuretic mechanism, but blocking of afferent fibres could explain the interference with the reflex. Since the receptors sensitive to volume variations were believed to be in the atria, a search was made in the vagus nerves for afferent fibres from receptors affected by atrial distension. Such fibres have been described in the cat


Background Plant acclimation is a highly complex process, which cannot be fully understood by analysis at any one specific level (i.e. subcellular, cellular or whole plant scale). Various soft-computing techniques, such as neural networks or fuzzy logic, were designed to analyze complex multivariate data sets and might be used to model large such multiscale data sets in plant biology. Methodology and Principal Findings In this study we assessed the effectiveness of applying neuro-fuzzy logic to modeling the effects of light intensities and sucrose content/concentration in the in vitro culture of kiwifruit on plant acclimation, by modeling multivariate data from 14 parameters at different biological scales of organization. The model provides insights through application of 14 sets of straightforward rules and indicates that plants with lower stomatal aperture areas and higher photoinhibition and photoprotective status score best for acclimation. The model suggests the best condition for obtaining higher quality acclimatized plantlets is the combination of 2.3% sucrose and photonflux of 122–130 µmol m−2 s−1. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that artificial intelligence models are not only successful in identifying complex non-linear interactions among variables, by integrating large-scale data sets from different levels of biological organization in a holistic plant systems-biology approach, but can also be used successfully for inferring new results without further experimental work.


The reliability of the grid connected photovoltaic system is primarily and strongly depends on the reliability of the electrical protection systems, failure of which may lead to fire. So a fire detection system is the crucial component in a grid connected PV system. So its reliability is directed related to the overall reliability of the PV system. A literature review of reliability data of fire detection system was made resulting to rough estimates of some failure frequencies. No theoretical or technical articles on the structure of reliability models of these installations were found. In this paper the classifications of failure severity were made from the system point of view by counting failures of components when possible. Since there are no established fault tree structures available for fire detection system in photovoltaics, these component failure frequencies are intended to be used in the first round of iteration in the fault trees suggested here. The analysis leads to the necessity of the estimation of reliability of fire detection system for the assessment of the reliability of the grid connected photovoltaic power system.


British Library microfilm of the original handwritten Tai-Ahom manuscript using a computer font developed at the Australian National University. Column 2 is a graphemic transcription into Standard Thai of column 1 following a graph-to-graph correspondence mapped out in consonant and vowel charts in the introductory pages. Because Tai-Ahom, like other older "Shan" writing systems, was never fully developed, the task of reading it today is really an exhausting exercise in reconstruction. [Anthony Diller ("Tai Languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts?" in Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures in Honor of William J. Gedney on his 77th Birthday, ed. C.J. Compton and J.F. Hartmann, pp. 5-43. Monograph Series: Occasional Paper No. 16. De Kalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992) says that the present-day Assamese-speaking Ahom deodhai or priest-officiants can only "conjure up" a reading from the buranji, which "for them it is to remain recondite and beyond analysis".] That is, there are no written diacritics to indicate tones, as in Standard Thai, and a single Ahom consonant can represent both proto-Tai voiceless and voiced distinctions made in the Thai, Lanna, and Lao writing systems. In order to decode written Tai-Ahom into a form that can be read, i.e., pronounced by a speaker of Thai, her intended audience, Wichasin provides, in column 3, a phonemic representation using the Thai system of writing. In column 4, she takes the final step of translating the text into more comprehensible modern Thai. For those Tai-Ahom words that have no simple Thai cognates, she provides a glossary at the end of each volume. Ahom written history covered a span of some 400-600 years; it effectively ended with the dying off of the last speakers two centuries ago and has remained fossilized in the pages of their chronicles. The Ahom worldview that is accessible through the chronicles and through anthropological fieldwork, such as that of B.J. Terweil [The Tai of Assam and Ancient Tai Ritual, 2 vols. (Gaya: Centre for South East Asian Studies, 1980-81)], is critical to the efforts to reconstruct and understand the earlier, pre-Buddhist Tai — their ethos and language in particular. The study of the Ahom chronicles may well shed much new light on the language and culture of other isolated Tai groups, such as the Tai Dam of Vietnam, another non-Buddhist society whose history is also little understood.


Promotion L-M method is an important means to estimate the reliability of CNC lathes.The method of using two named confidence limits to estimate was put forward.Fitting results of the sub-systems of the CNC machine tools was estimated.Scattered level of confidence limits facing reliability matrix of sub-systems can be clearly seen.


This paper is an attempt to survey some unethical practices in the Nigerian construction industry. To carry out this study, a twentyitem questionnaire tagged "Engineering Ethics Scale" EES was designed. The questionnaires were administered to 200 prospective civil and structural engineering students at the University of Benin, Nigeria. Their response pattern was analyzed, and the unethical practices that ranked highest in descending order were 1. Contractors obtain vital information on a contract by paying agreed sums of money to officials of the awarding organizations. 2. A contractor must include a "kickback" in his tender or else he will not win the contract. 3. Contract officers engineers, quantity surveyors, etc. have a vested interest on the jobs they are advising on. 4. Subcontracting to multiple vendors is a common practice that leads to the abandonment of projects in Nigeria. 5. Winning a contract depends on how well in advance a bidder negotiates for the "kickbacks." These findings clearly indicate that unethical practices are prevalent in Nigeria's construction industry. This result signifies the urgent need for an intervention program to be carried out through seminars and workshops. A course on construction management ethics should be introduced and emphasized in the undergraduate training program so that scientists and engineers will go into the construction industry with a new, positive outlook on the maintenance of engineering ethics. This will enable the country to experience the technological growth desired in our construction industry. This study will evolve affirmative action and policies in the field of engineering practice.


Summary.  P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), lung resistance‐related protein (LRP) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP) expression, and blast cell intracellular daunorubicin accumulation (IDA) were evaluated in 95 previously untreated cases of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) using flow cytometry. Forty‐five out of 95 (47%) patients were P‐gp positive (+), 12/66 (18%) were LRP+ and 11/66 (17%) were MRP+. Eighteen out of 66 (28%) patients showed a simultaneous multidrug resistance (MDR)‐related protein expression higher than controls for more than one protein, while 24/66 (36%) cases did not overexpress any protein. Twenty‐one out of 24 (87%) cases overexpressing at least one MDR‐related protein had a defect in accumulating daunorubicin into their blast cells, while only 4/24 (16%) cases who did not overexpress any protein had similar features. The complete remission rates were similar in MDR‐positive and ‐negative (–) patients but relapses within 6 months were more frequent in P‐gp+ cases, and therefore the disease‐free survival duration was shorter in P‐gp+ than in P‐gp– patients (P = 0·01). The number of MRP+ and/or LRP+ cases was too small to be able to draw any conclusion on their role in affecting or predicting therapy outcome. In conclusion, P‐gp overexpression associated with a defect in daunorubicin accumulation is a frequent feature in adult ALL at onset and seems to be related to poorer therapy outcome and, consequently, a shorter disease‐free survival. LRP and MRP overexpression seems to be a rare event and no conclusion can be drawn on its prognostic role.


We discuss the experimental verification of relations derived earlier
 (1) between observable plasma etch rate, selectivity and anisotropy
 and reactor parameters for a variety of etch gases. Since the
 hetergeneous etch reaction is a superposition of neutral and ionic
 components, it can be shown that such etch chemistry exhibits
 enhancement and is made anisotropic by the energy transport of ions to
 the etch surface only when the process is ion dominated. The ion
 energy transport is controlled by the plasma sheath electric
 field-electrode area/gas pressure-collision cross section ratio,
 E.A./pQ, similarly controlling chemical anisotropy for ion dominated
 etch reactions. Under such circumstances, we show that many etch gases
 can yield identical ion transport, etch rate and anisotropy for a
 given rf current, gas pressure, ion-neutral collision cross section
 & electrode area, Irf/pQA.


Homogeneous superconductors have reversible magnetic properties. We distinguish two types of superconductors, type I and type II. The type I superconductor (most pure superconducting elements are of this type) has a particularly simple magnetic behavior.1 In a macroscopic specimen, the flux density is zero for fields less than the critical field, Hc, that marks the limit of the superconducting state. Above this field the specimen has all the properties of a normal metal including the property that the flux density is essentially equal to the applied field. So, in summary, the type I superconductor is either completely superconducting or completely normal. (This statement is strictly true only for a long thin specimen in a field that is parallel to the axis of the specimen. In other geometries one finds a gross mixture of superconducting and normal regions called the intermediate state that is created by the field concentrations associated with specimen shape.) In recent years it has been appreciated that ...


Strategic-level systems (SLS) are information systems at the strategic level of an organization designed to address unstructured decision-making. Using the technology acceptance model, the current research examines the antecedents of SLS usage in decision-making among one hundred seventy-seven entrepreneurs, and members of the National Association of Women Entrepreneurs in Malaysia or Entrepreneur Development Unit of the Malaysian Prime Minister's Department. The relationships between SLS usage, perceived system efficacy and usability were investigated, as well as the influence of computing experience, computing training, and computing support on perceptions. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed.


2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) is a highly valuable biobased rigid diol resembling aromatic monomers in polyester synthesis. In this work, BHMF is enzymatically polymerized with various diacid ethyl esters by Candida antarctica lipase b (CALB) via a two-stage, three-step method. A series of novel biobased furan polyesters are successfully produced, with number average molecular weights (  ) of around 2000 g/mol. 1H-NMR and MALDI-ToF MS analysis indicate that etherification side reactions occur during the enzymatic polymerization, which lead to the formation of low molecular weight products. Moreover, the chemical structures, microstructures and end groups, and crystalline and thermal properties of the synthetic BHMF-based polyesters are extensively investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the number of the methylene units in the dicarboxylic segments on the physical properties of the obtained furan polyesters are discussed. This chapter was published in: Biomacromolecules 2014, 15, (7), 2482-2493.


The aims of this research is provides an overview of the Implementation of Village Fund Allocation (ADD) in Jugo village, Kesamben sub-district, Blitar district. Describing the Accountability of Village Fund Allocation Management (ADD) in 2019 in Jugo village, Kesamben sub-district, Blitar Regency. This research uses qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Qualitative descriptive research is to describe the respondent's opinion based on the research question, then analyzed with the words behind the respondent's behavior, reduced, triangulated, concluded, and verified. The results showed that the implementation of the Village Fund Allocation policy in Jugo Village, Kesamben Sub-District, Blitar Regency has been running according to the RKP but it has not run optimally according to Permendagri No. 113 & 114 of 2014. Based on Permendagri No. 113 & 114 of 2014, in general the management of the Village Fund Allocation is accountable and transparent at the stages of planning, implementation, administration, reporting, accountability and supervision. Supported by the community who participates active in deliberations to supervise village development.


The essay mainly explores the effective ads translation methods and strategies from the perspective of the theory—Skopos.Based on analyzing the essence and distinctiveness of ads translation,some practical principles have been presented as well.


Chronic rhinosinusitis including nasal polyps is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa that, despite differing hypotheses of its cause, remains poorly understood. Primary symptoms are nasal blockage, loss of smell, rhinorrhea, and facial pain or pressure. Pharmacological and surgical treatments are the therapeutic options for chronic rhinosinusitis. Topical and oral steroids are considered the first line treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Endoscopic sinus surgery is recommended when medical treatment fails. Other potential treatments are long-term antibiotics, nasal irrigation, and antihistamines (in allergic conditions).


Ethnic tourism is increasingly recognized and studied for its economic, social and cultural importance. This research employs multiple methods including interviews, surveys, informal discussions, and observations to examine the representation of multi-ethnic cultures in a wellknown ethnic theme park – Yunnan Ethnic Folk Villages (YEFV) in Yunnan, China. It is revealed that cultural representations do not exist in isolation but are intertwined in a broad social, political and economic context in which cultural images are continuously produced and consumed. Historical, political and cultural discourses influence how minority people are represented in the attraction. It is argued that effective ethnic involvement in managing cultural display and tourist attractions is essential for the sustainable development of ethnic tourism.


Information behavior (IB) research in LIS and Health Information Seeking Behavior (HISB) in Health Medicine are two subject areas of research that have matured in the past few decades. This research aimed to compare these two research areas using a bibliometric approach. To conduct this study two distinct datasets were created using the Scopus database: a) bibliographic records of IB in the LIS domain, and b) bibliographic records of the HISB domain. The bibliometric analysis was performed according to the following criteria: published papers, citations, journal articles, author keywords, unique words in the title, words preceding "information" in the title, words preceding "study" in the title, and author keywords along with index keywords. As a result, the major differences in the two IB research areas were evident in terms of definitions, main focus, and general demographic groups. These varying types of differences suggest that researchers of the two areas should have flexibility when examining issues related to IB by considering the context and the unique distinction between the two fields.


Within the past 20 years Thailand has shown remarkable success in accelerating socioeconomic growth while also dramatically reducing marital fertility and the population growth rate. These changes must inevitably affect the smallest unit of society and its smallest members children either positively or negatively. This study utilizes data drawn from a project entitled "The Effects of Family Size on the Status of Maternal and Child Health in Thailand" for the purpose of investigating how socioeconomic and demographic changes have affected the health and development of young Northern and Southern Thai children. Project personnel interviewed 2583 currently married women aged 15-44 in 3612 households with health examinations being conducted (including stool tests hematocrit exam and weight and height measurements) amongst 439 Northern and 579 Southern children under 5 years of age in the sample households. Data analysis for this paper revealed that socio-economic factors are not statistically significant for the health status of children. The health and development of children may become worse as parents struggle for a better socioeconomic status and since their preoccupation are work and work related activities. This has definite adverse repercussions when parental time is also not adequately directed towards providing adequate health care and a health physical environment for their children though the parents are rich or poor. (authors)


Rutting, Top-Down cracking and bottom-up cracking are considered as major damage phenomena in pavement structure. In this study, the Drucker-Prager (D-P) criterion is adopted to analyze the pavement structure on Ji-Qing highway. Three dimensional finite element model with double rounds uniform load is established. The concept of asphalt pavement potential damage index (APPDI) is put forward in the light of the stress composition forms. The results show that: Firstly, the main failure mode of this mode is rutting in the early stage under the high temperature. Secondly, combined with the Mohr circle and the location in the pavement structure, APPDI can accurately judge the damage form of asphalt pavement, which provides a theoretical basis for the interpretation of pavement failure mechanism and optimization of pavement design.


This paper proposes a novel analytical model for performance evaluation of cloud computations using G/G/m/m+K queue. The cloud computing infrastructure allows to execute the computations on virtual machines, which can be deployed, turned off or migrated between the physical servers. The performance evaluation of such systems is complicated, since the job arrival process as well as service time may have different distributions. The approximation approach allows us to make previously presented in literature models more general by assumption of general input flows and allowing analytical approach to transient analysis.


Facing the share of the working conditions were ambiguous, full of change and uncertainty, a job seeker must be ready and try to be creative with their own career paths. Career readiness needs to be built from a student, rather than starting after graduating a degree, so when graduation was ready to enter the workforce. This paper describes a study of the problem of career readiness of 642 graduates with 839 career counseling theme data sources that have been collected. Problem readiness careers were identified, namely: (1) the need for information and the exploration of the work and the world of work, (2) the belief / confidence to entered into a world of work, (3) the decision-making career, (4) interest and career orientation, ( 5) assessment and self-development, and (6) external support. Themes career counseling were collected 10 November 2013 until August 30, 2015. The counselee is a graduate of the various departments of several universities. Also found, counseling themes recurring pattern of intervals counseling event. This shows the problem of careers from time to time, of the different waves of graduates, relatively the same. This data is expected to be used as a basis for the development of the characteristics of college graduates. Psychological transformation scholar one of which is the development of a mature career readiness. Graduate / freshgraduate that have a good qualification and ready to work, will be able to produce work of high quality work as well.
Keywords: theme career counseling, career readiness problematic, graduate / undergraduate


This research was carried out at the Faculty of Science of the Education, humanities, and Technologies, of the biology, Chemistry, and Laboratory Major, The scientific method was applied for the learning of Biochemistry for the students of the fourth year of the biology, Chemistry, and Laboratory Major, in the period September 2013- October 2014. This work was based theoretically and served as a support to the problem of the research. Therefore, we start from the observation and the research to develop the theoretical supports of the fundamental objective that was to determine how the Scientific Method facilities the learning of Biochemistry. The techniques and instruments used in the research were the questionnaire surveys, which were applied to seniors, which allowed us to conclude that teachers still continue with the use of traditional methodologies in the teaching- learning process of Biochemistry, reason why as an alternative proposal it was designed the Teaching Guide" Aprendamos Bioquimica" which allowed us to improve the learning, in this way it was possible to reduce the traditionalist paradigm. The research design is quasi-experimental because we elaborated the subject of Biochemistry. The use of a scientific method it made possible to link the theory acquired in the classroom and bring it into practice though the implementation of each of the laboratories of Biochemistry of my Teaching Guide " Aprendamos Bioquimica"


Analyzing systematically on the current situation of information sources construction in universties and colleges,this paper gives an explicit discussion about the issues concerned about it and looks into the future development of it.


BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate how undergraduate students and junior paediatric doctors performed against an examination of knowledge set by non-academic consultants at a "must –know " level for starting in paediatrics. We named this the Minimum Accepeted Competency (MAC) examination.MethodsExamination (comprised of 30 MCQ questions) was delivered to undergraduates also to new junior paediatric doctors. Results of this examination ascertained if participants had reached a clinician determined MAC, were compared with official university examination results and compared students to junior doctor performance.ResultsTotal of 478 participants. Mean MAC score was 45.9% for students and 64.2% for doctors (significantly higher [p < 0.01]). A significantly reduced number of students passed the MAC compared with their official university examinations 68% V 97%). A Spearman's rank co-efficient showed a moderate but statistically significant positive correlation between students results in their official university examinations and their score in the MAC examination.ConclusionThis work demonstrates a disparity between student and junior doctor levels of knowledge with consultant expectations from an exam based on what front-line paediatricians determined to as "must-know" standards. This study demonstrates the importance of involvement of end-users and future supervisors in undergraduate teaching.


At the Meimai-Lab, many students of the University of Hyogo (UH) engage in volunteer activities for revitalizing the Meimai Housing Complex (or Meimai for short) community. Located in Meimai in the suburbs of Kobe, it is one of the first so-called "new towns" established in the 1960s. It is now among the oldest surviving "new towns" with a rapidly aging population. Student volunteers participate in various weekly activities and special events like Christmas festivals, etc. under the supervision of Prof. Katoh and Prof. Wada. When the elderly participants show their appreciation, students feel a sense of indescribable accomplishment. We did not have a good relationship with the residents in the beginning-they often asked us what we are doing in Meimai. In time, we got to know each other better and they tell us that they are glad to sit and talk with young students. Most of the elderly residents are retired professionals who live alone with no one to talk to. I think student volunteers have a potentially significant role to play in Meimai community revitalization.


We used the Student Friendship Perception Survey (SFPS) (Hamre-Nietupski, Hendrickson, Nietupski, & Shokoohi-Yekta, 1993; Hendrickson, Shokoohi-Yekta, Hamre-Nietupski, & Gable, 1996) to examine the opinions of 656 American and 289 Iranian high school students (13-18 years old, M = 15.0 and 15.5, respectively) in inclusive settings regarding friendships with peers with severe disabilities. Student opinions related to (a) general friendship issues; (b) school settings/placement; (c) who should facilitate friendships; (d) teacher and school responsibilities; (e) parent involvement; (f) willingness to invest in friendships; (g) reasons for friendships; and (h) difficulties bring friends were analyzed. Iranian students favor more inclusive school environments and oversight by school personnel. Both American and Iranian students feel responsible for initiating friendship acts, and both view knowing how to interact as a main challenge. Cultural factors and implications for practice and research are discussed. In the United States the Individuals with Distion, and almost three decades ago The Special abilities Education Act of 1997 (IDEA, 1999), Education Organization (SEO) was established currendy the Individuals with Disabilities and gradually inclusive education introduced. Education Improvement Act (IDEIA, 2004), In recent years specialized personnel have con mandates that students with disabilities be ducted training to ensure students with disabil served in settings with students without disities benefit from inclusive education (Joibari, abilities to the maximum extent possible. In 2003). To date inclusive education, especially in Iran the school system is under the jurisdicIranian high schools, is in its infancy. In the tion of the Ministry of Education and Traincurrent investigation, we query high school stu ing. Public education is available throughout dents without disabilities attending inclusive Iran and the majority of Iranian students schools (i.e., schools that to some extent serve complete secondary school (Melchiorre, 2004). individuals with disabilities in general educa For the most part, public education (i.e., 1st tion) regarding friendships with students with grade through university levels) is free, howsevere disabilities. Our objective is to identify ever acceptance to postsecondary school resimilarities and differences in the views of Amer quires passing entrance exams. The Bureau ican and iranian adolescents on the value of of Education for Exceptional Children and such friendships and on strategies to enhance Students exists within the Ministry of Educafriendship formation. Assumptions of the centrality and the signif icance of friendships to the well-being and life The authors wish to express sincere appreciatrajectories of all students regardless of dis tion toJeong-il-Cho for assistance with the literature ability status are well established in the litera search and to S. Kavoosi for her assistance with data ture (e g ; parkhurst, Hymel, & Wil collection. Correspondence concerning this arliams lg90; s " Schmidt> Newcomb, & tide should be addressed to Mohsen Shokoohi_ , , . Tr " Yekta and/or jo M. Hendrickson, The Department Bukowskt, 2001; Bterman, K., 2004; Buysse, of Teaching and Learning, N259 Lindquist Center, Goldman, & Skinner, 2002, Hartup, 1992, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. Email: jo1996; Overton & Rausch, 2002; Rutter, 1989). firstname.lastname@example.com Research indicates that friendships reported


It's a study about environmental questions, introduced in a holistic context concerning Environmental Education. It searches to alert about damaging consequences accumulated over men developing process, considered as progress, in relation to natural environment. In face of such devastation caused by the current development model, proposes an analysis about the current discussion about preservation, where searches a reflection about the paradigm change from sustainable development to sustainable engagement, considering developing as an antithesis of to engage. In this way, this study intents to propose a rescue of traditional ecological knowledge, used by traditional communities during their appropriation of natural resources, purposing to form subsidy to the development of efficient experiences to the Environment Education.


This paper summarizes the results of the NH-3A high-speed compound helicopter rotor loads flight-test program supported by NASC and USAAVLABS. The aircraft was instrumented to measure: blade aerodynamic pressures on the main rotor blade; blade response in the flatwise, edgewise, and torsion directions; hub forces using a blade root response measurement method; and airframe response. Rotor advance ratio, lift, and propulsion were varied to determine their effects on rotor loads and vibration. Data were acquired at airspeeds as high as 185 knots to provide data required for high-speed compound design. Results are shown of a correlation study comparing test data with analytic data obtained from a Sikorsky blade dynamic analysis, coupled with a variable inflow program originally developed by Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory and modified by United Aircraft Corporation Research Laboratories (UACRL). Hub forces were successfully measured using the blade root response method. Vibratory in-plane rotor hub forces are much higher than the vertical forces and increase with increase in airspeed, whereas the vertical forces are insensitive to airspeed. Increasing rotor lift or advance ratio increases vibratory hub forces and blade bending moments, whereas a lesser effect is seen due to variation in rotor propulsion.


According to the analysis of airdrop torpedo's operation mode and trajectory, torpedo's searching area, water entry point dispersion and submarine dispersion which have great effects on detection probability of airdrop torpedo are analyzed in detail, and mathematical descriptions of the three factors are provided. Considering the relative relationship of them, and the differences between the accurate information source and the fuzzy information source, two analytical models of airdrop torpedo's detection probability are constructed based on error synthesis and total probability respectively. The experimental results show that the calculation results of the analytical method agree well with the simulation results of the simulation method.


disruptive movement is underway with the Internet being used for social means. The creative destruction of the tech boom gave us a legacy of physical infrastructure largely meant for transactions and email communication to build upon. But a funny thing happened on the way to the forum, people connected and used the Internet as a social tool. As a critical mass of mature users gathered in simple ways and co-created social infrastructure, complex patterns emerged.


In this article we design an experimental setup to detect disturbances in voice recordings, such as additive noise, clipping, infrasound and random muting. The datasets are generated by introducing degradations into clean recordings. We test five different classification algorithms in both single- and multi-label settings: kernel substitution based support vector machine, convolutional neural network, long short-term memory (LSTM), and a hidden Markov model using either Gaussian mixture models or generative models in its state distribution. The LSTM achieved good results in both tests, most notably in the multi-label case where the average balanced accuracy was 82.7% on one dataset.


The task of One-Class Classification (OCC) is to characterise a single class that is well described by the training data and distinguish it from all others; this is in contrast to the more common approach of binary classification or multi-class classification, in which all classes are well described by the training data. One-class support vector machine algorithms such as OCSVM and SVDD have been shown to be successful in many applications. From our review of the literature, it has emerged that the Gaussian kernel consistently works well in practical applications. Other researchers have shown that OSCVM and SVDD are equivalent under the transformation implied by the Gaussian kernel. A major source of confusion for OCSVM is in how it separates the target data from the origin where the outliers are supposed to lie. In this paper, we review the OCSVM algorithm and we alleviate this source of confusion by proposing a geometric motivation for the OCSVM principle based on separating the target data from the rest of the space, when a Gaussian kernel is used.


Engineering and geodetic monitoring of the state of the geodynamic polygon is necessary to ensure geodynamic safety and subsoil protection when creating an observation system at the hydrocarbon raw material deposit. Therefore, it is necessary to use engineering and geodetic methods in the organization of monitoring of the Territory. At the same time, it is necessary to identify especially carefully the presence and analysis of dynamics of deformation processes causing geodynamic changes in the territory. The investigated site of the hydrocarbon raw material deposit "Achikulakskoe" belongs to the category of sites of increased geodynamic risk. This group includes long-term hydrocarbon deposits.
The necessity of monitoring observations at the Achikulak field will ensure stability in the technology of hydrocarbon raw materials production, creation of conditions for preservation of operating wells.
The relevance of monitoring actions indicates that the operation of hydrocarbon wells has a powerful man-made effect on the environment, which leads to the disruption of the stress-strain state of the subsoil of the deposit. All this leads to disruption of the stressed-deformed state of the subsoil massif of the deposit.
In order to monitor the state of land boundaries on the site of the deposit "Achikulakskoe" (Stavropol Krai), geodynamic measurements were carried out to determine the level of deformation of the Earth 's surface.
The obtained operational information on the manifestations of earth surface movements and deformations and the identification of hazardous geological processes is necessary for the organization of the field operation.


Energy signature analysis of power appliance is the core of nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) where the detailed data of the appliances used in houses are obtained by analyzing changes in the voltage and current. This paper focuses on developing an automatic power load event detection and appliance classification based on machine learning. In power load event detection, the paper presents a new transient detection algorithm. By turn-on and turn-off transient waveforms analysis, it can accurately detect the edge point when a device is switched on or switched off. The proposed load classification technique can identify different power appliances with improved recognition accuracy and computational speed. The load classification method is composed of two processes including frequency feature analysis and support vector machine. The experimental results indicated that the incorporation of the new edge detection and turn-on and turn-off transient signature analysis into NILM revealed more information than traditional NILM methods. The load classification method has achieved more than ninety percent recognition rate.


Preface. Programme committee and sponsors. Keynote papers. Modelling technology. Computational geometry and its application. Reverse engineering. Application of CAD technology. Theory and methodology of CAPM. One-of-a-kind production. Production management techniques. Theory and methodology of CIM. CIM systems. Modelling and simulation in CAM. Techniques and methods for computer application. Concurrent engineering. Neural network applications. AI applications. Computer application techniques. Robotics. Manufacturing system. Manufacturing technology. Index of contributors. Keyword index.


Introduction: Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is a inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder, prominently involving the brainstem and in particular the pons, characterized by perivascular pathologic reaction lymphocyte infiltration, leading to dysarthria, ataxia, diplopia, altered sensation and paraesthesias of the face, dizziness, nystagmus, spastic paraparesis as well different psychological symptoms. The radiological distribution is focused in the pons and adjacent rhombencephalic structures such as the cerebellar peduncles, cerebellum, medulla and the midbrain [1]. Diagnosis of CLIPPERS is challenging, and requires careful exclusion of alternative diagnoses. Pathogenesis of CLIPPERS remains poorly understood, and the nosological position of CLIPPERS has still to be established. Case presentation: A 44-year-old Croatian man presented in our emergency room with aggressive behavior, disorganization, emotional liablity and psychotic delusions. He had been having neurological symptoms like dysarthria, ataxia, poor balance, sensory loss in the extremities, a tingling sensation in the affected limbs/hemiparesis, dizziness and instability. He had been diagnosed with state after inflammation of the brain and peripheral nerves and ataxia and was recieving neurological treatment for approximately one year. On MRI, which was done one year ago, there was evidence of hyperintensity in the central part of the pons, spreading into the middle peduncules, with reduced volume of pons, cerebellum, cerebellar peduncules and left olive. According to psychological symptoms, he was treated with antipsychotic agents, but on very low doses, such as haloperidol 2mg, klozapin 25mg as a result he developed Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS). He was hospitalized in psychiatric and neurological departments three times in several months, before he was diagnosed with CLIPPERS syndrome, after excluding infections, malignant and autoimmune paraneoplastic processes. Conclusion: CLIPPERS syndrome affecting the brain, in general, presents with neurological symptoms, but also psychological symptoms, which can not be excluded or isolated. Without neurological diagnosis, psycholocigal symptoms can misslead the provider which can lead to a misdiagnosis. In our case, psychological symptoms that were presented in CLIPPERS syndrome manifested as disorganization, aggression, emotional lability and delusions. The symptoms were very well managed with low doses of olanzapine, carbamazepine and aripiprazol.


systems areas high as 28.5 and 26.3,respectively.The elution acidity in the study can be down to one tenth and one four-teenth of that in HEH(EHP)system.


Echo state networks (ESNs) are a kind of special recurrent neural networks, which have super performance on time series predictions. However, ESNs with over large reservoirs may lead to the output collinearity problem. In this paper, a regularized ESN with an improved log penalty is proposed to solve this problem. First, an improved log penalty is introduced to the quadratic loss function. Second, the coordinate descent algorithm is employed to optimize the loss function for a sparse solution. Finally, the proposed model is tested using two benchmark data sets. The experimental results show that our method improves the ability of ESNs to deal with the output collinearity problems.


: This paper presents a multiscale hybrid ensemble – variational (EnVar) data assimilation strategy with an hourly rapid update aiming to improve analysis of convection via radar observations and of convective environment via conventional observations. In this multiscale hybrid EnVar strategy, the ensemble members are updated by assimilating conventional data using an EnKF to provide the hybrid EnVar with fl ow-dependent background error covariance (BEC). A two-step approach is employed in the hybrid EnVar to achieve improved multiscale analysis by assimilating radar data and conventional data, respectively, in two successive steps. This two-step procedure enables the applications of different BEC tuning factors and different hybrid weights for radar and conventional observations. In addition, this study also examines the impacts of the fl ow-dependent BEC generated with and without radar data assimilation in EnKF on the performance of hybrid EnVar analysis and ensuing convective forecasting. The multiscale hybrid EnVar strategy was fi rst evaluated through a comparison with 3DVar and EnKF using a convective rainfall case. Quantitative veri fi cations for both precipitation and environmental variables demonstrated that the hybrid EnVar system with an optimal multiscale con fi gu-ration outperformed both the 3DVar and EnKF. The multiscale hybrid EnVar strategy was then evaluated through a series of sensitivity experiments. It was shown that the two-step assimilation strategy outperformed the one-step for both the precipitation and environmental variables, and the ensemble BEC generated without radar data assimilation led to improved hybrid EnVar analysis over that with radar data assimilation by better representing uncertainties in convective environment and reducing spurious spatial and multivariate correlations.


concentrations ( 218 Po, 214 Pb and 214 Po). The mean value of activity concentrations of 218 Po, 214 Pb and 214 Po were determined to be 75 ± 8, 49 ± 7 and 28 ± 5 Bq m -3 , respectively. With a dosimetric model calculation ICRP 66, the total deposition fractions and total effective doses have been evaluated considering the obtained experimental data in the present work [1]. At a total deposition fraction of about 21 ± 4 % the total effective doses to the lung were determined to be 6, 3.3 and 5.3 x 10 -7 mSvy -1 for 218 Po, 214 Pb and 214 Po, respectively. The effect of static magnetic field on the biophysical properties of distilled water is investigated in this work. Magnetic field was applied in a direction perpendicular to distilled water drops coming from a burette (drop by drop), using a variable gap magnet, producing a magnetic field of strength varying from 0.2 up to 5 kG. Variations in the rate of flow of water, electric conductivity and dielectric constant were observed. Increasing the strength of magnetic field decreases the rate of flow, increasing both the electric conductivity and the dielectric constant of water.


Nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects were compared on an 8-choice reaction-time (RT) task. Removing a midline that divided the stimulus display in halves slowed RTs of retarded subjects to stimuli adjacent to the line. In the absence of this line, retarded subjects were also much more dependent upon the position of the preceding stimulus and response.


The schist engraved plaques of the third millennium have been the subject of some recent studies. Two papers are in print, one about the "CTT plaques", and another about the representations of the "Goddess with Sun eyes". This one presents the arguments about the anthropomorphic meaning of the plaques, discussing the explicit and the implicit in the key motifs. All of them concerning a Goddess, sometimes in the later days presented with eyes with a solar shape.
The plaques presented here have never been published before in a scientific way and now they have been drawn directly from the originals by a team that studies the ancient peasant societies of central and southern Portugal and their relationships with the West of the Iberian Peninsula.


(57) Abstract: consists of the oligonucleotide and the solid substrate, a hybridization apparatus in which the solid substrate has a carrying surface and hybridized surface with a neutral or negative electrostatic field. Hybridization surface, as shown in FIG has access to bind the oligonucleotide to the solid substrate. Oligonucleotide probes are coupled at a distance of less than 100 angstroms to the solid substrate. Furthermore, a method of causing a single base change in the DNA or the RNA target sequence using the hybridization system is also provided.


Covid-19 is undoubtedly this century's deadliest disease. As the preventive measures for this lethal condition involve minimization of human-to-human contact, physical classes were suspended, and globally the education system continued its function online, the same occurred in medical education. During the pandemic, Learning Management Systems were adopted by various medical institutes and Edmodo was used by most of them due to its cost-effectiveness, versatility, flexible features, user-friendly interface, and self-paced learning. The use of this virtual tool has been welcomed internationally and for developing countries like Pakistan, its use can prove a big aid to medical education in these times of crisis. Among different types of learning management systems, Edmodo has positive feedback from not only students and teachers but it is supportive to administrators as well. Besides helping teachers in sharing lecture materials, and assignments, interacting with students, and conducting quizzes, the scope of its platform can extend to promote critical thinking and conduct flipped classrooms as well. Relevant keywords from 2019-2022 studies were used to retrieve data from "PubMed" and "Google Scholar". It can be concluded that the use of a Learning Management System especially Edmodo for medical education continuation was a need of the hour in the Covid-19 crisis and they are a big aid for teachers.

Keywords: Edmodo; Medical Education; Learning Management System.


Excessive carbon emissions are causing the problems of global warming and the greenhouse effect, which urgently need to be controlled worldwide. It is crucial to reduce the carbon emissions of the construction industry as it is one of the main sources. Carbon is generated at all phases of the building life cycle, including in material production, building design, and building operation and maintenance. Notably, building design has various extents of influence on carbon emissions at each phase, for which a low carbon method urgently needs to be explored. This paper aims to summarize the current status of building design through literature review considering standard systems, carbon emission calculations, and building design optimization. The challenges of building design are as follows: lack of (1) a comprehensive standard system considering different factors, (2) lack of a carbon emission calculation method for the design phase, and a (3) no real-time optimization model aiming at carbon reduction. The path of "standard−calculation−prediction−optimization" (SCPO) for future building design is proposed to address these challenges. It takes standard system as the framework, the carbon calculation method as the foundation, the prediction model as the theory, and the low carbon building as the objective. This paper can provide theoretical guidance for low carbon building design.


The pyrolysis of dibenzotriptycerle (DBT) at 350-600°C was studied by IR spectrurn, X-ray diffraction, UV spectrum, mass spectrum measurements, and polarized light microscopy. Experimental results suggested that threedimensional triptycene structure, due to carbon atoms having sp3 hybrid orbitals, was decomposed at 450°C, resulting in the formation of planar molecules. Subsequerit stacking of the planar molecules in a fused state occurred above 450°C and the development of mesophase was observed above 480°C. Consequently, a graphitizingcarbon (d002=3.37A and Lc (002)=500A after 2800°C-treatment) was obtained from this three dimensional starting material, DBT.On the other hand, the black by-product (BP) which was obtained during the synthesis of DBT was converted into a non-graphitizing carbon (d002=3.43A, Lc (002) =80A after 2800°C-treatment). BP seemed to consist of giant molecules in which the aromatic rings were linked by biphenyl-type bollds.


Preliminary pages with Introduction by Lee Hock Guan and Leo Suryadinata 1. Language, Nation and Development in the Philippines by Andrew Gonzalez 2. Go Back to Class: The Medium of Instruction Debate in the Philippines by T Ruanni F Tupas 3. National Language and Nation-Building: The Case of Bahasa Indonesia by Lucy Ruth Montolalu and Leo Suryadinata 4. Diverse Voices: Indonesian Literature and Nation-Building by Melani Budianta 5. The Multilingual State in Search of the Nation: The Language Policy and Discourse in Singapore's Nation-Building by Eugene Tan Kheng Boon 6. Ethnic Politics, National Development and Language Policy in Malaysia by Lee Hock Guan 7. The Politics of Language Policy in Myanmar: Imagining Togetherness, Practising Difference? by Kyaw Yin Hlaing 8. The Positions of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand by Theraphan Luangthongkum 9. Vietnamese Language and Media Policy in the Service of Deterritorialized Nation-Building by Ashley Carruthers.


Background. The incidence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders increases with age, resulting in a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypoxia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The aim – to establish the features of carbohydrate metabolism in hypoxia in the elderly with impaired carbohydrate tolerance.
Materials and methods. 20 elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance and 23 elderly people with preserved glucose tolerance were examined. Determined the concentration of glucose and insulin in the blood when breathing air with an oxygen content of 12%.
Results. With hypoxia in people with impaired glucose tolerance, the decrease in saturation is more significant than in people with preserved glucose tolerance. Shifts in glucose concentration in hypoxia in people with impaired glucose tolerance are greater, but the ratio of Δ glucose concentration/ΔSpO2 is higher than in people with preserved glucose tolerance. Shifts in the concentration of insulin in the blood during hypoxia did not differ in people with different glucose tolerance, but the ratio of Δinsulin concentration /ΔSpO2 in people with impaired glucose tolerance is less. In people with impaired glucose tolerance, a relationship was found between glucose levels after 120 minutes of glucose tolerance test and SpO2 shifts in hypoxia, as well as a relationship between HOMA index and SpO2 shifts in hypoxia.
Conclusions. Elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance have reduced resistance to hypoxia and increased utilization of glucose in hypoxia, due to smaller changes in insulin concentrations. At the same time at them disturbance of a carbohydrate metabolism depends on resistance to a hypoxia.


THE GENETICIST argues from the viewpoint that inherent factors are the most important in determining personality, but nevertheless he still supplements from environmental knowledge. Chromosomes carrv gene factors which determine human characteristics, but they can onlv be seen after the individual cell has been killed and is dividing. All species have a characteristic set of chromosomes which tell us about evolution and how exactly evolution takes place. Up until 1956 men were thought to have 48 chromosomes but in that vear a new technique became available. A small samplc of blood was taken, the white cells separated, placed in a cultural medium to grow at blood heat. and treated with vitamins. After a period of 48 hours has elapsed they may be seen in the middle of a cell division. It was discovered that man possesses only 46 chromosomes. It is then possible to draw up a karyotype for an individual whereby cells are paired off and numbered from one to 22, where 22 is the smallest pair. For the moment we ignore the sex chromosomes X and Y. Now some individuals do not have the full complement of chromosomes. For example, in 1959 it was discovered that people suffering from Down's syndrome (mongols) had 47 chromosomes. On producing a karyotype it was found that they possessed an extra small chromosome, not 22 the smallest, but the next smallest, pair number 21. Mongols occur at a ratio of about 1 in 500 babies born. but the incidence is higher from older mothers than younger mothers. There occurs special physical deformity coupled with mental subnormality. but generally mongols have been found to be happy and are only seldom institutionalised. It is a quite clear association between the additional 21 chromosome and the mongoloid characteristics probably occuring due to a mistake in cell division. The normal pattern is for the two 21's to divide, but sometimes a mistake occurs and both go in the same section. The cell short of a 21 chromosome dies, the usual effect, while the presence of the extra 21 distorts the pattern of development although the cell does continue to live. There are two other known abnormalities, one associated with an extra number 15, another with an extra number 18, but children with these deformities usually die before reaching six months of age. It would appear that there are several other abnormalities so severe that the child does not even ~sn~rvive at the pre-natal stage and it has been suggested that more than 20 per cent of pre-natal deaths associated with chromosome abnormalities. Greater interest has been shown in the abnormalities of the sex chromosomes;


The present invention is a cosmetic composition comprising at acceptable salt acetylated derivatives, or cosmetic chemical resveratrol or derivatives thereof of the hydroxy derivative as an active ingredient; Cosmetics containing the cosmetic composition; A pharmaceutical composition for skin whitening comprising an acetylated derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of resveratrol or its hydroxy derivative as an active ingredient; The external preparation for skin comprising a skin-lightening for the pharmaceutical composition; And skin relates to novel resveratrol derivative compound having a whitening effect.


The aerospace industry is facing new challenges to meet burgeoning customer demand. An unprecedented number of orders for commercial aircraft has placed great urgency on aerospace manufacturers to make gains in production efficiency. Wing assembly is one such area where cycle times are in the order of hundreds of hours and commissioning cells can take several years which has led to a significant order backlog. In light of these challenges, new techniques are required to bring about greater agility to respond to market changes. Aerospace manufacturers must seize the opportunity to innovate and readdress approaches to ensure their prosperity. Recent research advocates Reconfigurable Assembly Systems (RAS) as a viable solution. A RAS is designed at the outset to change in structure to modify production capacity and functionality to meet new requirements. Yet, adding reconfigurability further increases design complexity. Despite the increased complexity, few formal methodologies exist to support RAS design for aerostructures.

A novel RAS design methodology is presented to address the design complexity and the specific needs of Airbus. The methodology is a systems design approach consisting of reconfigurability principles, Axiomatic Design and Design Structure Matrices. Customer needs and existing knowledge are used to systematically specify scalable and customisable functionalities from the outset. These requirements and constraints are then translated into physical system designs modelled using CATIA, a 3D modelling software suite.

The design methodology is applied in two case studies for wing assembly to produce full-scale factory designs. The designs are compared with current Airbus baselines in production ramp-up scenarios. The RAS demonstrate capability to change in structure for rapid increase in capacity at comparable cost to fixed systems. Greater capacity and shortened ramp-up time evidently reduces backlog compared to current systems. The first case study focused on technical development of a RAS and found potential ramp-up reduction of 88% and 10% less Capital Expenditure (CapEx) over 10 years. The second case study for a current wing scenario found reductions of 50% to ramp-up and 41% less tooling CapEx compared to a pulse line for a 12-year production cycle. The designs and scenarios were validated in formal Airbus design reviews. The case studies present the first instances of production-scale RAS for aerostructures. The RAS designs are made possible by designing from the outset using a novel design methodology which sets a precedent for the future of aerostructure assembly and opens up new possibilities for future research.


Cattle in North Sulawesi has a comparative advantage to develop.The problem of low productivity of cattle caused by the provision of forage does not comply with the recommended requirements. Based on these ideas it is necessary to an assessment of the use of land under coconut for forage. Rationale, agriculture in North Sulawesi is dominated by coconut plantation which is the brand image of this area. Cattle development can be implemented with the integrated model under a coconut tree that has not been used optimally. The biggest challenge in the development of cattle in North Sulawesi in general is a matter of the feed. One of the factors that determine the productivity of cattle is ensuring availability of quality forage. Grass quality is introduced to dwarft grass which can produce as much as 288 tons/year, equivalent to 22.5AU/year. Conclusion, cattle development can be done with system of coconut-cattle integration. Land under coconut trees in North Sulawesi can be utilized for the development of cattle forage that can provide greater benefits for farmers. The advice can be given that the necessary interventions to introducing forage quality by utilizing land under coconut.


In the last decade there has been considerable activity in the new area of applying robotic technology within the operating theatre. In the most general terms surgeons are considering advanced positioning and manipulation devices because they offer increases in alignment and positional accuracy, spatial coordination, stability and repeatability. This technology gives opportunities to consider more minimally invasive surgical techniques and may reduce the complication rates of current procedures. However, attempting to develop these advanced tools reinforces the centrality of the surgeon. The surgeon's skills of decision making based on past knowledge and real-time sensory feedback, coupled with the dexterity of the surgeon's hands, are essential for surgery within the complex and variable environment that is our body. This paper considers a number of current research projects, identifying the stance taken in terms of safety. In particular, the issues of intrinsically safe designs, and the role of passive and active mechanisms. It then focuses on the particularly difficult and futuristic task of using computer controlled redundant endoscopes to reach locations in the body in a minimally invasive manner. >


We examined the hypercarbic ventilatory responses (HVR) of 143 infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 34 normal control infants. Sixty‐five of the atrisk infants had experienced apparent life‐threatening events (ALTE), and 78 were siblings of SIDS victims. Twenty‐three (35%) of the ALTE infants experienced subsequent apnea; one died of SIDS. Seven (9%) of the SIDS siblings experienced subsequent apnea; two ultimately died of SIDS. In the HVR studies, we measured tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE), frequency of breathing (f), and end‐tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) at rest and while breathing 2% and 4% CO2. Mean HVR values for the ALTE, sibling, and control groups were all similar. The mean HVR values for those at‐risk infants who experienced subsequent apnea were not different from those who did not experience subsequent apnea. However, those infants experiencing subsequent apnea had higher mean VT/kg values (P < 0.01) and lower mean PETCO2 values (P < 0.001) than those who did not. The SIDS siblings had significantly lower resting VT/kg values than either the near‐miss infants or normal controls (P < 0.01).


We study collision probabilities concerning the simple balls-and-bins problem developed by Wendl (2003). In this article we give the factorial moment of the number of collisions. Moreover, we obtain a Poisson approximation for the number of collisions using the Chen-Stein method.


BERLJAK J. 1999. In vitro plant regeneration from pepper {Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Soroksari') seedling explants. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 39 (3): (289) (292). In vitro plant regeneration from pepper {Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Soroksari') explants were investigated. Shoot-tip, cotyledon and hypocotyl explants excised from 2 weeks old seedlings were cultured on MURASHIGE & SKOOG medium supplemented with B5 or L2 vitamins, and different content of growth regulators: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzyladenine, indole-3acetic acid, and zeatin. Abundant callus have been developed on explants cultured on initial media with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The best response of regenerative ability showed calli induced on cotyledon explants after transfer on MS-B5 medium supplemented with benzyladenine and gibberellic acid. Direct shoot regeneration have been obtained only from basal part of shoot-tip explants cultured on media with benzyladenine or zeatin alone, and with benzyladenine and indole3-acetic acid. Regenerated shoots, rooted on MS-B5 medium with indole-3-acetic acid, were successfully transferred in the glasshouse conditions. Plants regenerated from callus cultures grown ex vitro showed differences in their morphological and physiological traits.


Knowledge cooperation activities have gained recent popularity as a means for established firms to improve their knowledge creation and knowledge sharing performance. However, little is known about the link between knowledge cooperation relations, as no previous studies have examined the link in detail. The purpose of this study is to define and develop an understanding of the ways in which knowledge cooperation networks impact knowledge cooperation and sharing. The research model in this article is panel data from the National Bureau of Economic Research, USA (NBER) database on 27292 samples and 104 countries from1976 to 2006. According to the data, we found that a number of knowledge cooperation network relations were positively related to knowledge creation and knowledge sharing.

 Key words: Cooperation relations, knowledge creation, knowledge sharing.


We studied 30 children undergoing circumcision randomly allocated to receive either thiopentone 4 mg.kg−1, propofol 2.5 mg.kg−1 or midazolam 0.5 mg.kg−1 (n = 10) IV over 30 seconds at induction of anaesthesia. Blood pressure and pulse rate during the first 15 minutes of induction were recorded by a Finapres 2300e and a Cardiocap CM-104, and changes from preinduction baseline compared between the three induction agents and the two recording instruments. Postoperatively, blood levels of the induction agents were measured and recovery from anaesthesia was assessed by clinical criteria, mood and sedation scores and psychomotor performance. The Cardiocap data revealed no statistically significant haemodynamic differences between the three induction agents. Finapres data demonstrated that propofol caused a greater decrease in mean arterial pressure when compared to thiopentone at one minute (P=0.01) and the MAP remained significantly lower than midazolam at five minutes (P=0.02), illustrating an advantage of continuous over intermittent non-invasive blood pressure monitoring. The midazolam group took longer to identify themselves compared to both the propofol (P=0.005) and the thiopentone groups (P=0.02), but there was no difference in the groups in time to eye-opening. Psychomotor performance on awakening was significantly worse in the midazolam group compared to the propofol (P < 0.03) and thiopentone groups (P < 0.02). Most children had recovered to 80% of their best, practised, unmedicated, preoperative performance four hours after awakening, irrespective of the induction agent administered. Drug blood levels correlated weakly with both methods of psychomotor assessment (r ≥ 0.6). Of the three induction agents, thiopentone caused the least haemodynamic perturbation on induction, and anaesthesia induced with midazolam caused the greatest psychomotor impairment on awakening. Within one hour patients in all drug groups were equally awake, co-operative and co-ordinated.


In this contribution a simple digital archaeological archive is presented. The contents come from the archive of the late Gerrit Beex, first provincial archaeologist of Brabant. Brabant, a southern province of the Netherlands, was the first Dutch province to be honoured with a provincial archaeologist in the sixties of the previous century. The development of this digital archive is an experiment to see a. whether it is worthwhile the effort to digitize such an archive, of which most factual information is already absorbed into the official data repositories, and b. whether there is still interest is such an archive once it is accessible through the Internet, which is the final goal of this project.


Almost all recent deep reinforcement learning algorithms use four consecutive frames as the state space to retain the dynamic information. If the training state data constitute an image, the state space is used as the input of the neural network for training. As an AI-assisted decision-making technology, a dynamic influence map can describe dynamic information. In this paper, we propose the use of a frame image superimposed with an influence map as the state space to express dynamic information. Herein, we optimize Ape-x as a distributed reinforcement learning algorithm. Sparse reward is an issue that must be solved in refined intelligent decision making. The use of an influence map is proposed to generate the intrinsic reward when there is no external reward. The experiments conducted in this study prove that the combination of a dynamic influence map and deep reinforcement learning is effective. Compared with the traditional method that uses four consecutive frames to represent dynamic information, the score of the proposed method is increased by 11–13%, the training speed is increased by 59%, the video memory consumption is reduced by 30%, and the memory consumption is reduced by 50%. The proposed method is compared with the Ape-x algorithm without an influence map, DQN, N-Step DQN, QR-DQN, Dueling DQN, and C51. The experimental results show that the final score of the proposed method is higher than that of the compared baseline methods. In addition, the influence map is used to generate an intrinsic reward to effectively resolve the sparse reward problem.


In the Brain-Computer Interfaces where Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are used, fast and accurate analysis of data is one of the important steps. For this aim, various machine learning methods are being developed. In this study, we compared the performance of the Quantum Powered Support Vector Machine (QSVM) with classical machine learning algorithms for classifying EEG data. Analyzes were performed in the quantum simulation environment and due to the inadequacies in the quantum environment, the number of samples in the data set was reduced by using Principal Component Analysis. The maximum performance of QSVM was found to be 99.47% in the experiments. When all the results in the analyzes are examined, it is seen that the QSVM has achieved good performance. By removing the limitations of quantum computers and making changes in the hyperparameters of quantum-based algorithms, the use of quantum-based machine learning methods in the classification of EEG data can provide better results in terms of accuracy and runtime.


However small the town may be where such specialists are found, there are always mortuaries where autopsies are made. At the mortuary the physician may secure such a specimen, as authorized by state law, without any objection on the part of the undertaker. There is no damage done to the face during the removal of such a specimen, and the external carotid arteries are preserved for embalming purposes.


Most off-the-shelf embedded control systems lack proper mechanisms to handle computational overload conditions. Therefore, delays may accumulate and produce overruns, potentially harming the stability and performance of the controlled system. In this paper, we explore a controller implementation in which overrun events are tolerated and tackled with a proper countermeasure, which can be easily plugged into existing controller implementations and in particular commercial off-the-shelf control systems. When an overrun occurs, the control period of the next job is reinitialized and its control parameters are adjusted to counteract the additional delay of the previous job. The main strength of this approach resides in a straightforward applicability and in a high flexibility in deployment. It does neither require a stochastic model of the timing evolution of the system, nor rely on prediction of future delays. We provide an exact tool to determine the system stability, which requires only the knowledge of the worst case response time. The final controlled system exhibits a good trade-off between simplicity and performance, both during nominal and overload conditions.


This contribution proposes a novel synchronization approach for cyclic prefix (CP) based systems such as OFDM and CP-based single carrier systems. Short-time FFT is applied to the received signal, which results the its 2-D spectrum. By detecting the flat region on the 2-D spectrum in time direction, the instants where inter-symbol interference (ISI) is absent are determined for symbol timing and carrier synchronization. Simulations results on its performance in AWGN and multipath fading environment as well as its robustness against duration of channel impulse response (CIR) and frequency offset are presented.


Different causes for ferroelectric properties in hafnium oxide were discussed during the last decade including various dopants, stress, electrode materials, and surface energy from different grain sizes. Recently, the focus shifted to the impact of oxygen vacancies on the phase formation process. In this progress report, the recent understanding of the influence of oxygen supplied during deposition on the structural phase formation process is reviewed and supplemented with new data for mixed HfxZr1-xOy films. Even though polar and non-polar HfxZr1-xOy thin films are well characterized, little is known about the impact of oxygen exposure during the deposition process. Here, a combination of structural and electrical characterization is applied to investigate the influence of the oxygen and zirconium content on the crystallization process during ALD deposition in comparison to other deposition techniques. Different polarization properties are assessed which correlate to the determined phase of the film. Optimized oxygen pulse times can enable the crystallization of HfxZr1-xOy in a polar orthorhombic phase rather than a non-polar monoclinic and tetragonal phase.


An electrochemical deposition process was used to deposit SrSO_4 coatings onto the anode surface of SS304 stainless steel,from the Sr-EDTA chelating aqueous solution.The growth behavior of SrSO_4 crystal during electrodeposition process was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Oriented crystal growth of SrSO_4 occurred along(210) crystal plane,however,the crystal growth along(002) crystal plane is inhibited.The crystal growth behavior of SrSO_4 during the electrodeposition process is mainly controlled by supersaturation.


In this paper, we argue that the network neutrality debate hinges on issues that go beyond whether a carrier is unfairly discriminating in their treatment of packets across their network. We consider four issues central to this bigger discussion concerning network neutrality. First, we discuss the implications of oversubscription on the access networks. Next, we describe the lack of service level agreements for end-users and the coincident inability for users to monitor the quality of the network. Lastly, we consider the evolving architecture of the access networks and what the current design, dominated by asymmetric uplink and downlink characteristics means for future services on the Internet.


Photograph of a man walking in the snow and carrying an umbrella to protect his uncovered head from snow flurries. He is in front of the Texas Ranger equestrian statue on the grounds of the Texas state capitol building. Light snow covers the sidewalk and ground, indicating this snowfall as the first.


Financial debt continues to rise, especially among college students, indicating a need for behavioral research to develop more effective money-management interventions. This study examined social psychological variables relevant to money management decision making among college students. Attitude, affect, perceived ability, and past experience were found to influence money-management behavior (i.e., maintaining a budget). We also examined an attitude model of money management and found 9 variables (e.g., normative influence, perceived barrier, perceived control) that determined attitudes toward maintaining a budget. The relevance of our findings to debt prevention is discussed.


The quantum Fourier transform (QFT);Similarities and differences of coherent optical FFT to the QFT. Grover's search algorithm implemented with a coherent optical correlator. Quantum algorithms requiring bit entanglement -Shor's algorithm for large number factorisation. Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) pixels placed in a binary superposition state. Addressed with an "interaction free" measurement. Allows exponential increase in processing power. Quantum search algorithm for a decryption problem based on superposition state of coherent wavefront.


Massive changes occurring in the environment are giving effects to the business environment too,which causes cultural changes along with significant increase to the cost of living. More severe competition in the business should be faced by the companies with better ways of conducting the operations in order that competitive advantageous. One way to boost profi usually done by companies is to increase the sales, the idea of which lies on the traditional volume-related concept. The concept leads companies to accept products orders from customers without first investigating which will bring profit and which will not. This activity based costing system is able to calculate more accurately and precisely the cost that will go to the customers. The approach exercises the activities and costs consumed by each customer in calculating which will be preserved and which will be ended. The result is more efficient operation cost that enhances the profit. Key words: Business profit, customers profitability, Traditional costing system,  Activity based costing system


We study the average global distribution of the external magnetic field at Mars, and its variability with the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field as well as with the ambient crustal magnetic field strength. Our approach involves excluding the intrinsic planetary field from the total magnetic field by applying a crustal field model previously derived using low altitude measurements. The distribution of the average external field that remains is statistically analyzed using nearly 8 years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations and several global, time‐dependent magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Overall consistent results have been obtained from the data and model, which are complementary to each other and cross validate the findings. It is found that the external field is significantly enhanced from the upstream across the bow shock (BS) and further intensifies closer to the planet in the topside ionosphere. It peaks at ∼170 km altitude near the subsolar point, significantly decreasing with increasing solar zenith angle. There is a strong day‐night asymmetry in the external field, with a typical dayside intensity of ∼15–50 nT and a nightside intensity of ∼5–15 nT. Under high solar wind dynamic pressures and IMFs, the external field may be enhanced by a factor of ∼2 everywhere below the BS, on both the dayside and nightside. In addition, our model results suggest that strong crustal fields, which effectively withstand the penetration of the solar wind, reduce the external field at low altitudes.


Intangible cultural heritages in Inner Mongolia are opulent and widespread.Now,the development of the intangible-cultural-heritage-tourism has the following characteristics: festival activities have flourished;traditional performance and art have penetrated into tourism with more tour themes being proposed;traditional handicraft techniques have been re-explored with more tour products being provided;various cultural exhibitions have been organized in a systematical way.Nonetheless,in the tourism development there still exist problems such as insufficient attention,less exploration of cultural connotation,monotonous promotion and propaganda,constrains on investment,shortage of specialists,over-commercialization,etc.Consequently,policies concerning preservation of indigenous culture,strengthen of governmental guidance,development with moderate pace,and attention to training,should be implemented so that the development of the intangible-cultural-heritage-tourism could be guaranteed in Inner Mongolia.


This paper takes the major future marker jiang (將) in Old Chinese as the object of study. In addition to serving as a deictic to locate a situation posterior to the time reference, jiang can also express various modal notions such as prediction, intention, probability, or necessity. There is wide divergence of opinion among the scholars as to the questions of whether jiang is essentially a marker of future time with modal connotations or a modal auxiliary verb with future implication, and from what lexical source jiang derives its future-marking function. This paper reviews these opinions by way of thoroughly examining and analyzing the meanings and usages of jiang in Old Chinese texts. The conclusion is that the probable lexical source of jiang is a directional verb meaning GO, from which jiang evolves directly into a future marker, bypassing the modal stage. The modal meanings implied by jiang are overtones of the idea of futurity and induced by context and pragmatic strategy. The question of how these modal meanings are induced is also discussed in this paper.


In the past few years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been increasingly gaining impact in the real world with with various applications such as healthcare, condition monitoring, control networks, etc. Anomaly detection in WSNs is an important aspect of data analysis in order to identify data items which does not conform to an expected pattern or other items in a dataset. This paper describes a anomaly detection method using support vector data description (SVDD) kernelized by Mahalanobis distance with adjusted discriminant threshold. The efficiency of this method is studied over a real data set. Numerical result demonstrates that the proposed approach achieved a high-level of detection accuracy and a low percentage of false alarm rate owing to wise choices of discriminant threshold.


Implementations of algorithms based on shared memory are widely used in the area of high performance computing. The concept of computation clusters, however, does not imply the availability of a globally shared memory across nodes in that cluster. Therefore, several concepts for an emulation of a globally shared memory, called software distributed shared memory (SDSM), exist. With the introduction of the InfiniBand interconnect technology, interprocess communication methods like direct access to other nodes' memory become available. This paper presents an approach to simplify and optimize an existing SDSM implementation by taking advantage of InfiniBand specific communication patterns.


. In this paper, we present a smart grid monitoring system connected with electric vehicle charging system using anti-islanding method. The monitoring system was implemented in Local Area Monitor Module and it communicates with end modules wirelessly using Zigbee protocols. The charging of electric vehicles can be remotely controlled by the presented monitoring system more efficiently and more conveniently. It is shown by some experiments that the presented smart grid monitoring system provide useful information with electric power to electric vehicles while detecting anti-islanding in the smart grid.


This paper aims to reflect on the ways North Korea may take as a consequence of the international forces new configuration. In this sense, some characteristics of the country will be brought. At first, the State ideology will be studied. In the second part, the relationship between North Korea and China, Europe and the United States is analysed. At last, it is concluded that the regime is seeking to renew itself.


The utility model relates to the field of hanging baskets, in particular to an elevator guide rail installation and maintenance hanging basket with a single hanging point. The elevator guide rail installation and maintenance hanging basket with the single hanging point is formed by connecting a bottom support, a middle platform and a ceiling, and the bottom support comprises inverted triangular guide frames arranged on the two sides, an upper cross beam, a lower cross beam and a pull rod, wherein the upper cross beam and the lower cross beam are connected to the inverted triangular guide frames, and the pull rod is connected with the upper cross beam and the lower cross beam. The middle platform is formed by splicing a bottom plate, four handrails and four vertical pipes, is mounted on the inverted triangular guide frames, and is further provided with a hoister and a safe lock. The ceiling is mounted on the vertical pipes of the middle platform, and a travel switch is arranged on the ceiling. The elevator guide rail installation and maintenance hanging basket with the single hanging point is reasonable in structural design, the safety factors and the working efficiency of installation and maintenance of an elevator guide rail are improved, and safety of constructors is guaranteed.


The purpose of this paper is to discuss some relationships between innovation, industrial structure and economic growth. The basic argument of the paper is that what we might call 'high-technology' models of growth misrepresent the nature of the growth process in advanced economies, especially in smaller economies. It is often argued, in the Kuznets-Schumpeter tradition, that economic growth depends on the creation of new industries, involving major new technologies, and that the latter are in some sense clustered together. At the present time these are often held to be a group of allegedly 'knowledge intensive' high-technology industries, such as ITC, biotechnology and so on. However from a conceptual point of view, in a multi-sectoral economy, the growth rate is a weighted average of the growth of the sectors which comprise the economy (where the weights are shares in output). An empirical examination of the sectoral structure of growth for Europe suggests that growth has a widely-distributed sectoral basis, and that many of the significant sectors are in what are often referred to as 'low-tech' industries. These sectors are typically also large, and thus contribute strongly to overall growth. How does this square with the idea that growth depends on innovation? The paper uses Community Innovation Survey data to show that innovation also is a sectorally-distributed process. How, then, does this pervasive innovation in 'low tech' sectors relate to the creation and use of knowledge? Here the paper uses material from empirical studies of industry-level knowledge bases in the Norwegian economy to suggest that the knowledge bases of apparently low and medium technology industries such as food processing, chemicals, oil and gas, publishing and so on, are in fact deep, complex, science-based and above all systemic (in the sense of involving complex and sustained institutional interactions). The policy point of this is that policy-makers ought to be aware of the industrial structures and the associated technological knowledge bases on which growth actually rests, and that this requires a deeper understanding ot the specificity of innovation systems. 1 A previous version of this paper was presented to the conference on Innovation systems: Growth Engines for the 21 Century., Sydney, November 19-2


This paper tests for the existence of structurally different compensating payments in the union and nonunion sectors of the economy. Significant differences may stem from the different mechanisms by which such payments are determined: markets are the primary mechanism in the nonunion sector, while Political processes play a major role in the union sector. The empirical results provide tentative support for the structural differences hypothesis; They also reveal an absence of positive and significant compensating payments in nonunion labor markets.


To compare the effects of breast-conserving surgery and modified radical mastectomy on early breast cancer is the objective of the study. 30 early breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery and 30 cases undergoing modified radical mastectomy from January 2019 to February 2020 were selected. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Their operation conditions, postoperative pain score, immune function indices, incidence rate of postoperative complications, postoperative incision healing time, length of stay, excellent/good rate of breast appearance and quality of life score were compared. The rate of positive resection margin and operation time had no statistically significant differences between the two groups (p>0.05). In breast-conserving group, the intraoperative blood loss was smaller (p<0.05) and the postoperative incision healing time and length of stay were shorter than those in radical mastectomy group (p<0.05). The pain scores at 1-3 d after operation significantly declined in breast-conserving group compared with those in radical mastectomy group (p<0.05). After operation, the levels of cluster of differentiation 3+ and cluster of differentiation 4/cluster of differentiation 8 significantly declined in both groups compared with those before operation, while they were higher in breast-conserving group than those in radical mastectomy group (p<0.05). The incidence rate of postoperative complications in breast-conserving group was lower than that in radical mastectomy group (3.33 % vs. 20.00 %) (p<0.05) and the excellent/good rate of breast appearance in breast-conserving group was higher than that in radical mastectomy group (96.67 % vs. 76.67 %) (p<0.05). After operation, breast-conserving group had a higher quality of life score than that of radical mastectomy group (p<0.05). Both breast-conserving surgery and modified radical mastectomy can remove tumor lesions in patients with early breast cancer. However, breast-conserving surgery is superior in decreasing intraoperative blood loss, facilitating postoperative rehabilitation, relieving postoperative pain, protecting immune function and reducing postoperative complications, thereby improving quality of life of patients.


This longitudinal study of 125 families investigated whether negative child outcomes related to fathers' frightening (FR) behaviours with infants would be mitigated if fathers were also sensitive. Results indicated that children whose fathers were frightening and insensitive with them during infancy showed the highest emotional under‐regulation at 24 months and highest teacher ratings of attention problems at age 7, whereas those whose fathers were frightening and sensitive did not differ from children whose fathers were sensitive but not frightening. Sensitive caregiving mitigated the negative impact of FR behaviours on child outcomes for fathers, but not mothers. Perhaps fathers who can be sensitive but also engage in stimulating, albeit frightening, interactions with their infants may actually be scaffolding their ability to regulate their affect in intensely emotional situations. FR behaviours by mothers may be more problematic for child outcomes since these behaviours conflict with the primary caregiver's role of providing comfort.


Abstract Agriculture is the backbone of Kenya's economy, supporting up to 80% of the rural livelihoods. Kenya's export horticulture is currently the leading Agriculture subsector in Kenya has evolved from small-holder farming to agro-industrial large-scale export farming dominated by multinational companies. It is regarded as an agro-industrial food system based on the economies of scale producing for mass markets outside of the production area. Much of the food consumed from this food system has undergone multiple transformations and been subject to a host of formal and informal insitutions (rules, regulations, standards, norms and values). An Anthropological study of export horticulture in Northwest Mount Kenya was carried out utilizing qualitative data collection methods in Northwest Mount Kenya region. Data was coded and analysed thematically based on grounded theory approach. The study described the institutional settings of export horticulture from an emic perspective as changing and defining the operations of the food system access and management of common pool resources, namely water and land. With the agro-industrial food system competing for these scarce resources in a semi-arid zone, there is potential for conflict and also reduced production and overall benefits to the different actors in the study area.