The use of a technique in the process of teaching writing as a complex skill has a crucial role. This research, the integration of the two techniques; brain-writing and small group discussion was applied in teaching writing descriptive text. The objectives of the research were to find out (1) a significant difference of students' writing ability before and after being taught by using the integration the two techniques, (2) the aspect of writing which is affected the most by using the integration of the two techniques, (3) the students' perception towards the implementation of the integration of the two techniques. In the context of methodology, the samples involved were 24 students in SMP Insan Mandiri Bandar Lampung. The data were collected by using pre and post-test of writing and perception questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using paired-sample t-test. The results showed the students' writing achievement increased from 66.08 to 79.14. The p value is lower than 0.05, meaning that there is a significant difference of students' writing ability between pretest and posttest. As for writing aspects, the most affected one was content. The students' perception about the implementation of technique showed a positive result. Thus, the integration of the two techniques is effective to help students to generate and elaborate the ideas into a good descriptive text.


Objective: To investigate the value of intracranial pressure monitoring in postoperative patients with acute brain injury.Methods: A total of 39 patients with acute brain injury treated by craniotomy were performed by dynamic intracranial pressure monitoring,the treatment methods were adjusted according to the changes of ICP.Results: There were 7 patients(5 dead) with the highest raised ICP,21 patients(3 dead) with the moderate raised ICP,7 patients with the mild raised ICP and 4 patients with nomal ICP.Among these patients,2 patients with continuous increased ICP were diagnosed as delayed intracranial hemotomas by CT.The average time of use of mannitol was 7 days and there were 8 patients with electrolyte disturbance.Conclusion: The continuous ICP monitoring in postoperative patients with acute brain injury is valuable in timely detection of delayed intracranial hematoma and direct guidance of the dehydrating agent application,which provide references for early diagnosis,timely treatment and prognostic evaluation of acute brain injury.


Lake is one of the most type important wetland, remote sensing technology applied on wetland had become a research hot-spot of wetlands. Automatic or semi-automatic extraction using computer wetland information extraction can improve the efficiency in the human, material, etc. From remote sensing images extract wetland information is important for Wetland research and putting forward Utilization. In this paper, Yellow River source region for the test area, we used different methods to extract lake information from ETM + images acquired different results.


Among many movies that have been released, some generate high profit while the others do not. This paper studies the relationship between movie factors and its revenue and build prediction models. Besides analysis on aggregate data, we also divide data into groups using different methods and compare accuracy across these techniques as well as explore whether clustering techniques could help improve accuracy. Specifically, two major steps were employed. Initially, linear regression, polynomial regression and support vector regression (SVR) were applied on the entire movie data to predict the movie revenue. Then, clustering techniques, such as by genre, using Expectation Maximization (EM) and using K-means were applied to divide data into groups before regression analyses are executed. To compare accuracy among different techniques, R-square and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used as a performance indicator. Our study shows that generally linear regression without clustering offers the model with the highest R-square, while linear regression with EM clustering yields the lowest RMSE.


Tunability of ferroelectric complex oxides is achieved by applied bias voltage. Many applications require usage of relatively low voltage which is achievable by using a ferroelectric thin-film. Recently developed dielectric metamaterials were implemented in bulk and in thick films. Metamaterials are resonant structures. The frequency range of 0.1–1.5 THz is of special interest for such applications as non-destructive evaluation of materials and detection of chemical and biological hazards. This paper numerically investigates the possibility of a resonant effect in a thin-film ferroelectric metamaterial and the effects of increased dielectric constant and thickness on the thin-film's resonance frequency.


According to the Department of Health's statistical data demonstration, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC) in 1997 cause of people death at ninth grade in Taiwan. But in 2007 place has fallen to 11, Thus it can be seen Taiwan is treating pharyngeal cancer's technical aspect to have the remarkable progress. The nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis position is the nose pharyngeal cavity (nasopharynx), Located at pharynx and larynx's upper extreme and nasal cavity rear area region, Belongs to region of the respiratory. Because the nose pharyngeal cavity position is in the head to compare the deep place, therefore, once has time pathological change usually realized with difficulty, must and so on inspect with the aid of the nasopharyngeal endoscope. The main pathogenic factor is divided three kinds roughly,first is the racial inheritance factor, we discovered that the Chinese southerners have pharyngeal cancer's probability to be higher than 25 times compared to the Caucasus person,the HLA genotype are A2/B64, A33/B58 suffer from rate are also higher than compared to the average man 2 to 3 times, second is the diet factor, pointed out in Hong Kong's research, often the edible souse class food's person, will have pharyngeal cancer's probability also to rise, finally will be the virus infection, the early findings had proven that pharyngeal cancer's patient, in its tumor tissue slice will discover the massive EB virus. According to the Department of Health's statistical data demonstration, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC) in 1997 cause of people death at ninth grade in Taiwan. But in 2007 place has fallen to 11, Thus it can be seen Taiwan is treating pharyngeal cancer's technical aspect to have the remarkable progress. The nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis position is the nose pharyngeal cavity (nasopharynx), Located at pharynx and larynx's upper extreme and nasal cavity rear area region, Belongs to region of the respiratory. Because the nose pharyngeal cavity position is in the head to compare the deep place, therefore, once has time pathological change usually realized with difficulty, must and so on inspect with the aid of the nasopharyngeal endoscope. The main pathogenic factor is divided three kinds roughly,first is the racial inheritance factor, we discovered that the Chinese southerners have pharyngeal cancer's probability to be higher than 25 times compared to the Caucasus person,the HLA genotype are A2/B64, A33/B58 suffer from rate are also higher than compared to the average man 2 to 3 times, second is the diet factor, pointed out in Hong Kong's research, often the edible souse class food's person, will have pharyngeal cancer's probability also to rise, finally will be the virus infection, the early findings had proven that pharyngeal cancer's patient, in its tumor tissue slice will discover the massive EB virus.In the radiotherapy aspect, the technology which uses in view of pharyngeal cancer and treats (Brachytherapy) recently recently received by intensity regulation radiotherapy (IMRT) primarily. This research attempts to compare these two kind of technologies to pharyngeal cancer patient's curative effect, by obtains sole and the powerful conclusion In the radiotherapy aspect, the technology which uses in view of pharyngeal cancer and treats (Brachytherapy) recently recently received by intensity regulation radiotherapy (IMRT) primarily. This research attempts to compare these two kind of technologies to pharyngeal cancer patient's curative effect, by obtains sole and the powerful conclusion.


The post-colonial African literature today faces challenges of a unique historical process: integrating processes such as globalization, which extends boundaries and discusses the identity, and the construction of a national identity. In this context, power relations settle in and through the very space that is occupied, in which we live and by which we establish our identity, or not. This paper aims to highlight the power relations that face the characters of O vendedor de passados by Jose Eduardo Agualusa in their quest for establishing its own space, a territory, in the concept developed by Haesbaert.


One of the major goals of advanced tokamak research is to develop plasma configurations with good confinement and improved stability at high {beta}. In DIII-D, various high performance configurations with H- and VH-mode edges have been produced. These include discharges with poloidal cross sections in the forms of dee and crecent shapes, single- and double-null divertors, and with various central magnetic shear profiles and current profile peakedness. All these discharges exhibit confinement in the outer plasma region which leads to a large edge pressure gradient and a large edge bootstrap current driven by this steep pressure gradient. These edge conditions often drive an instability near the edge region which can severely degrade the discharge performance. An understanding of this edge instability is essential to sustain an enhance discharge performance.


The  major  technologies  in  rabi  sorghum  are  classified  as  1.  Crop  Improvement  2.  Crop
Management  and  3.  Markets  and  prices.  The  choice  of  any  combination  depends  on  the
resource  endowments  of  farmers,  access  and  availability  of  quality  inputs  at  the  right  time  and
place  and  the  market  forces.  The  ex‐ante
 analysis  of  technologies  considering  different
interventions,  likely  rate  of  adoption  and  costs  and  benefits  of  different  technologies  is  done.


Children acquire language even in the presence of extensive damage to classical left‐hemisphere language areas. Moreover, following acute brain lesions, children recover lost language functions much better than adults (Vargha‐Khadem et al ., 1994).

One reason for the superior recovery in children is a greater capability for functional reorganization, the most striking example being the shifting of language from the damaged to the intact hemisphere. Transhemispheric reorganization is an intriguing mechanism because it seems to allow the reinstatement of language by the recruitment of a homologous neural circuitry in the unaffected hemisphere.

Considerable reorganization, including transhemispheric shifting of language in response to brain lesions, can also occur in adults (Weiller et al ., 1995). The degree of recovery in adults is highly variable. One reason may be that humans differ in the extent of hemispheric specialization and, as a consequence, in their capability to transhemispherically compensate for unilateral disturbances (Knecht et al ., 2002). While in adults transhemispheric compensation seems to be rare, in children it is more common.

In this issue of Brain , Liegeois and her colleagues report on the neural reorganization of the language system …


This paper shows a sharp contrast between theoretical predictions of merger negotiations when takeover markup and runup are measured in dollar vs rate terms. It argues that the empirical tests by an influential study cannot reject the hypothesis of a costly feedback loop as the authors claim. Using markup and runup in standardized dollar terms, it provides evidence that is consistent with both hypotheses of rational deal anticipation and a costly feedback loop. This exercise demonstrates the importance and necessity of differentiating regressions with variables in dollar terms and in rate terms to avoid drawing inaccurate or even false conclusions.


A preferred embodiment of the present inventions, the invention relates to an efficient storage of encrypted data in the persistent storage or transfer to another data processing component. A downstream decrypter is used to exert its function in the data path between a data generating unit and a storage server. The decrypter retrieves an encryption key, and any other necessary additional information that is necessary for decrypting received data. After the decryption of the data is the Decrypter able to conduct direct operations on plaintext and execute storage efficiency features to the decrypted data. The Decrypter encrypts the data again before the data the Decrypter for persistent storage left to maintain the security of the encrypted data.


[Purpose] Sport has become a popular platform for corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns. Growing numbers of athletes, teams, and organizations are engaging in CSR campaigns to promote awareness and behaviors to support CSR campaigns addressing pressing social issues (e.g., disease prevention, health promotion, etc.). However, much of the previous work has focused on whether such initiatives benefit the organization, but not the community. The present paper provides theoretical explanations on the psychological mechanism that can demonstrate how consumers respond to CSR campaigns initiated by a sport organization. [Method] In particular, existing literatures in moral psychology and CSR have been reviewed to identify an explanatory mechanism that promote prosocial behavior among sport consumers. [Results] The present paper posits that moral emotion is a central processing mechanism explaining the link between CSR and socially responsible behaviors in consumers. The paper also provides a theoretical account to explain how moral emotions are evoked in the CSR context and how they can prompt prosocial behaviors. [Conclusion] This paper adds to the literature by answering the call for the need to understand underlying mechanisms linking CSR with positive social outcomes (cf. Aguinis & Glavas, 2012).


Objective To investigate the mechanism ,diagnosis and treatment of the combination compression of dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve. Methods Anatomical study was done on 20 sides of upper extremities of adult cadavers. C 5 nerve root and its branch was dissected. The origin and track of dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve and their relationship to the surroundings were observed. Clinically, 16 cases of the compression of dorsal scapular nerve combined with long thoracic nerve were treated and followed up. Results Dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve originating from the same trunk accounted for 70%. In this instances they penetrated the tendon fibrous tissue of the middle scalene muscular origin where C 5 nerve root located. 6 cases were treated by local block, 2 of which got unsatisfactory result, so neurolysis was carried out. 12 cases were treated by operation. All patients were followed up from 4 months to 8 years. The symptoms of 8 cases disappeared completely. 3 cases were unsatisfactory and one worse. Conclusions Dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve originated from the same nerve trunk, and entered the tendon fibrous tissue of middle scalene muscular origin where C 5 nerve root located, which was the anatomical basis they were entrapped at the same time. The surgical treatment outcome was superior to that of non operation.


The control and monitoring of plasma properties during the dry etch process remains important in Si-based technology. The authors will discuss how plasma emissivity and etch uniformity are related by carefully controlling the plasma conditions. Spatially resolved optical imaging experiments were performed in a parallel plate reactor known as the Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) RF Reference Cell. With 4 inch diameter Al electrodes and a 1 inch spacing separating them, the Reference Cell was designed and constructed as a standardized etching system, the results of which are intended to be used to compare theoretical models. In this work, the authors examine the plasma uniformity simultaneously to etching single 3 inch silicon wafers with a simple test pattern in a 30 sccm CF{sub 4}/15 sccm Ar plasma for several discharge conditions. With real-time process uniformity control as the goal, by monitoring the SR-OES during the etch process, the relationship between plasma emissivity and etch uniformity can be determined.


High dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is recommended in young (<65 years) patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) without a complete response (CR) after first line chemotherapy or in patients with chemosensitive DLBCL at relapse. According to Italian Society of Haematology guidelines and others, this approach, as first line treatment should be considered in young patients with an intermediate/high or high-risk according to the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (aa-IPI) only in approved study protocols.1,2 So far, in the pre-rituximab era, no clear benefits were shown in such patients, and conflicting results were generated in randomized studies, with similar survival rates in patients receiving either first-line HDC and ASCT, or standard chemotherapy without rituximab.3-7


This article proposes the concept of cultural pluralism, as an answer to the reality of cultural diversity and as a more comprehensive alternative to diversity awareness linked to multiculturalism. Cultural pluralism implies an expression of political and social will to set a broad standard for rights beyond ethnicity, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, etc. To give an in-depth exploration to this idea, such examples as the partition of India in 1947 and the Canadian Multiculturalism Act are analyzed. Immigration and Feminism are also addressed from the perspective of multicultural debate.


The invention relates to an anti-foaming method in foam drill, belonging to the oil drilling field. In the method solid phase, partial air phase and partial liquid phase can be separated by first-order cyclone separator. Not-separated foam enters into second-order anti-foaming centrifugal machine to separate air phase and liquid phase fully. The method can eliminate foam effectively in foam drilling process so that drilling matrix liquid can be used repeatedly. It is provided with convenient method, small cubage of anti-foaming device, light weight, few assistant equipment, low failure rate, decreased drilling cost and decreased circumstance pollution so on.


Application of computational fluid dynamics to the optimization of aeroshell shapes usually entails high computational cost. Many converged solutions are required to generate gradients and optimize a shape with respect to very few design variables. The benefits of high-fidelity aerodynamic analysis can be reaped early in the design cycle with less computational cost if the traditional direct optimization problem is transformed to an indirect optimization, using optimal control theory. The indirect gradient formulation decouples the effects on the objective function of the design variables and the flow solution. Meaning, all derivatives used to compute the gradient can be generated from a single converged flow solution. Involved in the computation of the gradient is the solution of an adjoint system of PDEs. An incremental approach is developed for the implementation of an adjoint equation solver. The phased approach begins using inexact and computationally costly finite difference derivative calculations. Results are presented for a transonic airfoil and a supersonic wedge to demonstrate that the finite difference gradient is reasonably accurate, providing a meaningful validation as exact numerical derivatives are substituted later in the development cycle. Finally, a roadmap is presented for future implementation of indirect optimization capability for the Euler/Navier-Stokes CFD code, NASCART-GT. Nomenclature AD = automatic differentiation α = vector of design variables C d = drag coefficient CFD = computational fluid dynamics C l = lift coefficient E = energy state γ = ratio of specific heats GMRES = generalized minimal residual J = cost function M = computational mesh vector m = number of input variables MDO = multidisciplinary optimization N = number of design variables n = number of output variables υ = vector of adjoint variables NASCART-GT = Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation via Cartesian Grid Techniques p = pressure PDEs = partial differential equations q = vector of flow state variables R = vector of discretized residuals ρ = density state T = wetted surface triangulation vector u x , u y = Cartesian velocity components x, y = Cartesian coordinates


The state-of-the-art of turbulent flow computation is surveyed. The formulations were generalized to increase the range of their applicability, and the excitement of current debate on equation models was brought into the review. Some new ideas on the modeling of the pressure-strain term in the Reynolds stress equations are also suggested.


Today, one of the most important key for hydrocarbon production in the oil & gas industry is economic justification. In the later state of the well's production, the aging wells may introduce many problems such as scale, sand and liquid load-up. These impede the hydrocarbon production, preventing all the reserve to be fully produced. In order to fight this impedance, the use of small size coiled tubing is a promising practice, although has its own limit. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the limit of well services applications of small size Coiled Tubing (1" and 1.25") in various oil & gas well scenarios. The evaluation utilizes the computer modeling which is used to determine the hydraulic and mechanic operating conditions. Our study found the viability of 1" CT in the low inclination well scenarios with the lower pumping rate requirement, while 1.25" CT can be used in all of well services applications and scenarios.


The report describes the results of studies aimed at improving the building downwash algorithm, which is currently used in the Danish OML atmospheric dispersion model. These studies will have to be followed by additional work before a revised model can be brought into general operation. The report contains a brief review of methods for treatment of building effects as they are found in the scientific literature. It also describes and examines the current procedure for treatment of building downwash in the OML model. Finally, the principles of a new, proposed algorithm is outlined. The studies reported were carried out as part of a project supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency; they constitute the first phase in the development of a new building downwash procedure for the OML model.


An integration of solution-focused brief therapy and experiental family therapy activities and other non-verbal methods is proposed. While originating from different traditions holding quite different assumptions, it is suggested that experiental activities are compatible for use within a solution-focused approach. Furthermore, experiental family activities may address some of the limitations of solution-focused brief treatment. Several types of experiental exercises and other non-verbal methods are offered through clinical examples, as illustrations of the potential integration of these approaches.


Effect of seasonal variation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on diversity of species population was assessed in the Tafilalet date palm groves. Root colonization level, mean spore density and species diversity were measured during the wet and dry seasons. The root colonization level was strongly influenced by edaphic factors and plant phenological events; whereas, the spore population was dependent on water availability. Fifteen arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species from genera Glomus, Acaulospora and Scutellospora were detected in Tafilalet date palm groves. Among them, 60% of the species population was represented by the genus Glomus. The natural root colonization and the diversity of AMF species associated with date palm suggest the applicability of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the management of date palm nurseries and grove establishment.


In order to investigate the behavior of 2D silica glass subjected to mechanical loading, we develop an algorithm for the realization of 2D newtork glasses consisting of corner‐sharing SiO3 triangles that build rings of different shapes and sizes. Our algorithm extends the network ring by ring in circular manner around the existing configuration. A random engine generates the size of each new ring driven by experimentally evaluated ring statistics that depend on the current number of neighboring rings taken from real 2D silica layers. The method produces continuous random network models with ring size distribution observed in real 2D silica layers and provides the basis for the mechanical investigation of network glasses.


Terahertz communication takes another step forward with the first demonstration of multi Gbit/s data transmission at 625 GHz. Dr Lothar Moeller from Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent, tells us about this advance.


Excessive fiscal spending is commonly cited as a root of the current European debt crisis. This article suggests, like others, that the rise of competitiveness imbalances contributing to national imbalances in total borrowing is a better explanation for systemic differences toward Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries' exposure to market speculation. We identify one driver of this divergence: a country's capacity to limit sheltered sector wage growth, relative to wage growth in the manufacturing sector. Corporatist institutions that linked sectoral wage developments together in the surplus countries provided those with a comparative wage advantage vis-à-vis EMU's debtor nations, which helps explain why the EMU core has emerged relatively unscathed from market speculation during the crisis despite the poor fiscal performance of some of the core countries during EMU's early years. Using a panel regression analysis, we demonstrate that rising differentials between public and manufacturing sector wage growth, and wage-governance institutions that weakly coordinate exposed and sheltered sectors, are significantly correlated with export decline. We also find that weak-governance institutions are significantly associated with more prominent export decline inside as opposed to outside a monetary union.


A collaborative approach to decision making is essential if more sustainable natural resource management is to be achieved. This will require obtaining and improving the use of high quality information. The need for participatory or collaborative approaches to meet environmental challenges is especially important in communities where human and financial resources are limited. By focusing on improving information use within a collaborative approach people can broaden the scope of their actions and solve problems previously beyond their capacity. Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) is one such approach. It is designed to improve links between research management and policy to support the introduction of constructive change. Effective collaborative management or co-management requires those participating in solving environmental problems to develop solutions cooperatively instead of acting purely in their own interests. Participating in decision making encourages stakeholders to become involved in outcomes and in seeing them implemented. Since good decision making depends on the availability of sound supporting information carefully managed participation is just as important for gathering information and developing the systems for managing it as it is for the decision making itself. However effective participation in information management is not always easy to arrange especially for environmental issues which are often characterised by conflicting social perspectives. Managing the constructive involvement of stakeholders is a skill that requires as much emphasis as developing technical problem solving abilities and designing information technology. The Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is designed to support such an ongoing process of constructive community dialogue and to provide practical support for making decisions about resource management. This framework has been developed in New Zealand to help communities — in the widest sense of the term (for example land managers scientists and policy makers) — share their experiences and observations to develop the knowledge needed for sound resource management decision making. (excerpt)


In 'The undesirability of length marks in EFL phonemic transcription' (1975) J. Windsor Lewis advanced a number of arguments to demonstrate why the colon was undesirable as a notational device for use in EFL phonemic transcriptions. I will try to review the case systematically and draw attention to certain facts before an ANTI-COLON attitude becomes more widespread and irremediably fixed. To introduce some method into the treatment and to separate the issues clearly from one another, I will consider the question from five different aspects and in this order: (1) phonological, (2) phonetic, (3) typographical, (4) pedagogic, and (5) practical.


The alterations brought by the law 11.340 issued on August 7, 2006, it is known as law Maria da Penha, to brazilian legal system. It is analyzed gender violence along the history and verified the law effectiveness that protects the familiar home violence against brazilian woman. It is used the deductive approach method and theorical research technique, trace the impact that law 11.340 had on violence against woman during a decade. It has as key focus the protections rule to social adhesion analysis, its actual execution not only the people who must obey to normative precept but also the public agent that apply them. It was published cuming to create mechmism to avoid the familiar home violence against woman, the law 11.340 was edited just after Brazil condemnation by American State Organization due to omission and negligence related
to the domestic violence.


[Purpose] To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis in breast cancer patients with brain metastasis. [Methods] Sixty-eight cases with brain metastasis from breast cancer were eligible for this analysis, prognostic factor was analyzed by univariate and multivariate survival analysis.[Results] The breast cancer patients with brain metastasis were mostly premenopausal women, pathologic type was mainly infiltrative ductal carcinoma. First symptom was mostly intracranial hypertension syndrome. Most of the patients presented with multiple intracranial lesions and extracranial metastasis. The median survival was 8.82 months, and the 1, 2, 3-year overall survival was 39%, 8%, 8%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that KPS, hepatic metastasis, chemotherapy and brain radiotherapy were significantly factors those impacted on patient's prognosis. Cox multivariate analysis showed that radiotherapy and KPS were independent prognostic factors.[Conclusion] Brain radiotherapy and KPS are independent prognostic factors. The function of chemotherapy after brain radiotherapy needs further study.


The authors propose a solution to the problem of increasing dimensional accuracy in turning on CNC equipment by replacing the original geometric model of the workpiece in the model taking into account elastic deformation force occurring in the technological system under the action of cutting forces.


In addition to CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, natural and induced CD8+ Tregs have been described. Here we report our progress in generating human CD8+ Tregs ex-vivo. Naïve CD8+ cells were activated with anti-CD3/28 beads with IL-2 ± TGF-β for 1 to 9 days. As with CD4+ cells, TGF-β markedly enhanced expression of Foxp3. TGF-β also enhanced CD122, CD103, and PD-1, but decreased granzymes, HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 expression. Sustained Foxp3 expression and suppressive function was IL-2 dependent. Secondarily stimulated CD8+ cells proliferated weakly, and suppressed activation, proliferation and cytokine production by CD4+ cells in vitro. In vivo functional activity was assessed in NOD SCID IL-2R cγ chain-/- mice injected with allogeneic human PBMC. While human CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs doubled survival from GVHD, CD8 Regs, remarkably, quadrupled survival. Only previously activated CD8+ cells had suppressive activity and protection was unrelated to Foxp3 expression. Adding retinoic acid or rapamycin to TGF-β did not improve survival. By contrast, these activated CD8+ cells rapidly expressed TNFR2 and PDL-1 within one day, and at all time points studied only cells expressing these markers had suppressive activity. Suppressive activity in vivo was IL-10 dependent and partially TGF-β dependent. Thus, in agreement with functional CD8regs described in lupus, diabetes and multiple sclerosis, protective CD8 regs can be induced ex-vivo, and the therapeutic potential of TNFR2, PDL-1+ cells should be carefully explored.


The utility model relates to a dewatering and drying machine for edible mushrooms, which comprises a vacuum obtainer, a hot-water circulating and heat-supplying device and a plurality of drying box bodies. The utility model is characterized in that the vacuum obtainer is connected with the inner cavities of a plurality of drying boxes through air-bleeding pipes; that in the drying box bodies, racks for placing edible-mushroom trays are placed. The utility model employs a vacuum obtainer to bleed air from the drying box bodies, a circulating hot-water system to supply heat to the drying box bodies. In stead of dropping the temperature of the dried object up to 5-10 cent degree lower than the eutectic temperature as with the way of vacuum freezing and drying, the utility model always maintains the dewatering temperature at a middle low temperature, so as to save obviously the energy consumption for drying.


We present the first statistical analysis of complexity changes affecting the magnetic structure of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), with the aim of answering the questions: How frequently do ICMEs undergo magnetic complexity changes during propagation? What are the causes of such changes? Do the in situ properties of ICMEs differ depending on whether they exhibit complexity changes? We consider multispacecraft observations of 31 ICMEs by MESSENGER, Venus Express, ACE, and STEREO between 2008 and 2014 while radially aligned. By analyzing their magnetic properties at the inner and outer spacecraft, we identify complexity changes that manifest as fundamental alterations or significant reorientations of the ICME. Plasma and suprathermal electron data at 1 au, and simulations of the solar wind enable us to reconstruct the propagation scenario for each event, and to identify critical factors controlling their evolution. Results show that ∼65% of ICMEs change their complexity between Mercury and 1 au and that interaction with multiple large-scale solar wind structures is the driver of these changes. Furthermore, 71% of ICMEs observed at large radial (>0.4 au) but small longitudinal (<15°) separations exhibit complexity changes, indicating that propagation over large distances strongly affects ICMEs. Results also suggest that ICMEs may be magnetically coherent over angular scales of at least 15°, supporting earlier theoretical and observational estimates. This work presents statistical evidence that magnetic complexity changes are consequences of ICME interactions with large-scale solar wind structures, rather than intrinsic to ICME evolution, and that such changes are only partly identifiable from in situ measurements at 1 au.


The far right has always taken an interest in the Middle Ages. For the French revolutionary far right, which shares an ideological matrix influenced by Julius Evola, fascination with the Middle Ages revolves around the image of the Holy Germanic Roman Empire as a political model for Europe opposed to the modern nation-state. The romantic image of the medieval knight also offers a watered-down way to celebrate and legitimize violence without having to allude to a taboo National Socialism. This obsession with the Middle Ages contrasts with the reality that these revolutionary far-right movements were rather pro-Arab during the Cold War decades. This shift reveals the transformation of their thinking and the new dominance of the Identitarian notion of ethnic withdrawal, with the knight as the symbol of a pure racial warrior defending his society against Muslim invasion.


Spin glasses are a fascinating but highly complex magnetic state of matter, traditionally investigated in materials with a random distribution of exchange interactions. Intricately linked to spin frustration and disorder, spin glasses exhibit no long-range order and exude aging phenomena, distinguishing them from quantum spin liquids. Here we report a new type of non-collinear spin glass state, a so-called spin-Q glass, surprisingly observable in crystalline metallic neodymium. Using spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy combined with ab initio calculations and atomistic spin-dynamics simulations, we visualize the variations in atomic-scale non-collinear order and its response to magnetic field and temperature. We quantify the aging phenomena relating the glassy behaviour to the crystalline symmetry and the energy landscape. This not only resolves the long-standing debate of the magnetism of neodymium, but also suggests that glassiness may arise in other magnetic solids lacking extrinsic disorder, providing new platforms for brain-inspired hardware and topological quantum excitations.


The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between supervisors' coach, learning motivation and job motivation. Survey questionnaires were used to collect data from employees at Malaysian Federal Government Central Agencies, Putrajaya. The SmartPLS was utilised to evaluate the quality of survey questionnaire data and hence test the research hypotheses. The outcomes of SmartPLS path model analysis display that effect of supervisors' coach on job motivation has indirectly been affected by learning motivation. This outcome explains that the ability of supervisors to appropriately implement coaching in executing daily job operations had strongly invoked employees' learning motivation. As a result, this motivation could lead to a higher job motivation. Further, this outcome may be used as a useful guideline to assist practitioners in upgrading their understanding of the complexity of learning motivation concept and draw strategic action plans to strengthen managerial coaching in maintaining and enhancing the organisational strategies and objectives in an era of globalisation and knowledge based economy.


Background Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a prototype phenomenon for investigating complex visual hallucination. Our research focuses on resting state neural networks features of CBS patients with a comparison of patients with equally matched visual loss and healthy subjects in order to investigate the mechanism behind complex visual hallucinations. Material and Methods Four CBS patients CBS(+), three patients with visual loss but no visual hallucinations CBS(-) and 15 healthy individuals (HS) undergo resting state fMRI recordings and their resting state data is analyzed for Default Mode Network (DMN) changes through dual regression analysis. Cognitive functions of the participants were also evaluated through Mini Mental State Examination and University of Miami - Parkinson's Disease Hallucination Questionnaire (um-PDHQ) Results Although we found no difference in Default Mode Networks between CBS(-) and CBS(+), and between the CBS(-) and HC groups, we detected decreased connectivity in CBS(+) compared to the HC group especially in visual heteromodal association centers (bilateral lateral occipital gyrus, bilateral lingual gyrus, occipital pole, right medial temporal cortex, right temporo-occipital cortex) when left angular gyrus was selected as ROI. Similarly, we detected decreased connectivity in CBS(+) compared to HC in right medial frontal gyrus, right posterior cingulate gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, and right angular gyrus when selected right superior frontal gyrus as ROI. In contrast, increased connectivity was detected in CBS +compared to HC, in bilateral occipital poles, bilateral occipital fusiform gyrus, bilateral intracalcarine cortex, right lingual gyrus and precuneus regions when left medial temporal gyrus was selected as ROI. Conclusion Our findings suggest a combined mechanism in CBS related to increased internal created images caused by decreased visual external input causing visual hallucinations as well as impaired frontotemporal resource tracking system that together impair cognitive processing.


Patients' walking disabilities were first diagnosed with the trained eye of an informed examiner. Motion deviations were observed and the cause extrapolated from a knowledge of normal muscle function. This approach still meets the needs of some disabilities, but is inadequate for many others. Today, technical advances allow the quantification of motion analysis to three-dimensional accuracy and have expanded the dimensions of ground reactions forces to power calculations. Dynamic EMG similarly delineates the timing and intensity of the muscles to define abnormalities in control. Most recently, advanced mechanics and computer graphics have provided a means of qualifying and displaying the muscle forces involved in gait. Model design, however, begins with the analysis of normal function. Can these models be transferred directly to the disabled? The designers must accept the challenge to confirm that the differences attributed to pathology accurately reflect the patient's mixture of reduced passive joint mobility, weakness and/or spasticity. The practice of considering the joints individually must be extended to include the reactions within the whole limb. Communication is critical. As engineering sophistication in gait analysis progresses, there must be a concerted effort to present the developments in terms that the practicing clinicians will understand. The engineer's language is numbers, signs, and formulae. Clinicians analyze their patients and plan their treatment according to specific motions and muscles. For optimum transfer of the engineering accomplishments to patient care, the language of the clinician must be the communication path. Amidst the technical accomplishments is the need to preserve the quality of observational gait analysis. This technique remains the first step in the treatment of patients' gait abnormalities. If the physician fails to identify a problem, the therapeutic need will be missed. Physical therapists use their observational skills for treatment planning and evaluation. Orthotists and prosthetists depend on observation to evaluate the functional success of their devices. The concluding principle is that the purpose of gait analysis is to improve the patient's ability to walk. The analytical technique selected should be in balance with the level of need and objectivity.


Background: Research into serious games has produced confusing and sometimes conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of using games in education. This confusion can make designing an effective serious game challenging if one wishes to follow the recommendations found in the literature. When we examine these recommendations in light of theoretical models of cognitive and social development along with Universal Design for Learning principles, many of these apparent contradictions can be resolved. Aim: In reviewing the literature we identified social learning and motivation factors that when considered in designing serious games can improve their effectiveness. Using these factors, we provide a concise set of guidelines for developing serious games. Conclusion: The research-informed guidelines presented here can be utilized by all game designers wishing to maximize serious game effectiveness.


The invention relates to a device for guiding and supporting the cable for operating a front derailleur for bicycles, in which the adapted to various conditions through cable guide parts are affixed in different versions with the connecting arm, whereby any negative influences due to flexibilities, which express in losses on actuating the actuating rope. The cable clamping screw to clamp the traction cable is space-saving manner in an opening in the cable guide part, a direct transmission of the operating force is possible on the connecting arm with only small friction losses.


Pinning effect on current-induced magnetic transverse domain wall dynamics in nanostrip is studied for its potential application to new magnetic memory devices. In this study, we carry out a series of calculations by solving generalized Landau-Lifshitz equation involving a current spin transfer torque in one and two dimensional models. The critical current for the transverse wall depinning in nanostrip depends on the size of artificial rectangular defects on the edges of nanostrip. We show that there is intrinsic pinning potential for a defect such that the transverse wall oscillates damply around the pinning site with an intrinsic frequency if the applied current is below critical value. The amplification of the transverse wall oscillation for both displacement and maximum value of m 3 is significant by applying AC current and current pulses with appropriate frequency. We show that for given pinning potential, the oscillation amplitude as a function of the frequency of the AC current behaves like a Gaussian distribution in our numerical study, which is helpful to reduce strength of current to drive the transverse wall motion.


Introduction This section is originally entitled "Interaction, assembly and processing". However, the editors — respectively, a molecular biologist and a chemical biologist — originally had no idea what that title might mean. We therefore decided to come up with an interpretation we could at least understand and then applied our admittedly proteincentric bias to the enterprise. The title for this issue therefore should have been "Ways to use chemicals and proteins to study and manipulate interactions of proteins with other things". Although that title wasn't catchy, it did provide a framework that enabled us to solicit articles from authors whom we thought were doing interesting work.


Basic principles of Electrophotonic – Gas Discharge Visualization (EPI/GDV) technique – method of analysis of stimulated by electromagnetic field glow of liquids are discussed in the paper. Examples of experimental studies of different samples of water, blood reaction to allergens, low concentrations of different salts are presented. High selectivity and sensitivity of the EPI/GDV approach is proven by publications of different authors. EPI/GDV parameters depend on the chemical composition of a liquid, but most interesting is their dependence from structural properties of water and the possibility of data transfer through water. Measured parameters are defined by the emission activity of surface layer of liquid, which depends on surface-active valency. It is clear that this property is defined by the structure of the near-surface clusters, so the EPI/GDV method may serve as one of the informational methods of study the structural-informational properties of liquids. Developed approach allowed to distinguish the changes of electrophotonic parameters of water under the remote influence of the human consciousness – directed human attention. Introduction Currently considerable attention is being focused on the study of the structural properties of water and the possibility of data transfer through water. A lot of controversial information we may find concerning memory of water (Johansson, 2009; Montagnier, 2009, 2011). According to the viewpoint that has shaped, the phenomena observed during the experiments are determined by the processes of clusters and clathrates formation, mainly at the atoms of admixtures (Del Giudice, Vitiello, 2006). The task of introducing these notions into the scope of contemporary scientific thinking requires, first of all, a set of probative and reproducible experimental facts. Water is a complex subject of study, and its properties depend on a great number of factors; this requires that several independent techniques should be used in parallel, and that new informative methods for study of water properties should be developed and introduced into practice (Voeikov, Del Giudice, 2009). The high degree of informativeness of the Dynamic Electrophotonic Imaging (EPI) analysis based on Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) method (Korotkov, 2002) applied for studying liquid-phase subjects was first demonstrated during the study of the glow of microbiological cultures (Gudakova et al, 1990), blood of healthy people and cancer patients (Korotkov et al, 1998), reaction of blood to allergens (Sviridov et al, 2003), homeopathic remedies of 30С potency (Bell et al, 2003), and very small concentrations of various salts (Korotkov, Korotkin, 2001). The differences between the glow parameters of the NaCl, KCl, NaNO3 and KNO3, solutions and distilled water were observed until the 2 -15 dilution; however, the dynamic trends of the 2 -15 dilution and distilled water still had different directions. Great interest has been roused by the studies directed at detecting the differences between the glow of natural and synthetic essential oils with identical chemical composition (Korotkov et al, 2004, Vainshelboim et al, 2004). The oils were analyzed in order to detect possible differences between oils that were obtained by means of natural and synthetic processes, between oils of organic and regular origin; between oils obtained in different climatic conditions


It is a young and emerging concept, first referred to in publication in 2014 by Rebecca Lave and colleagues (Lave et al., 2014). The fundamental basis of CPG is that geography is a subject that offers an opportunity to study human-environment interactions in a truly integrative way, and that such integration is fundamental. No discipline other than geography offers a training that can extend from environmental applications of the mass conservation laws derived from fundamental physics through to the emotions surrounding the way in which we relate to the environments we experience. Geographers have shown repeatedly that there is a class of problems (e.g. desertification, soil erosion, river restoration, deforestation, climate change, sea-level rise, environmental pollution) of which our understanding is incomplete without the integration of the different perspectives that come from the social sciences and the natural sciences. Geographers, then, have a contribution to make through integrative work addressing humanenvironment interactions.


Electrophoretic variants have been described for a number of structural proteins and enzymes, and the most common explanation is a mutation of a structural gene resulting in an amino acid substitution [1-3]. It has been suggested that many more examples of protein variants exist which have not been detected because they involve substitutions which do not result in a change in charge of the molecule. The fibrous proteins of different keratinizing tissues within a given species have been shown to vary in electrophoretic behavior and amino acid composition [4], but no variant of a fibrous protein has been demonstrated. Since an abnormally functioning variant protein has been demonstrated in a number of inherited diseases [5], it is of interest to look for such a change in epidermal tissue, where structural protein alterations have not been clearly defined as the basis for the many disorders of keratinization. This report describes a variant pattern for the a1 polypeptides of human hair. Furthermore, demonstration of the same variant polypeptide in human nail plate suggests that both tissues have at least some identical structural genes.


Ground beetles are one of the largest groups in Coleoptera with variety of life styles. The aim of this study is to examine the diversity of head and pronotum shape of ground beetles, and the relationship with body size and phylogenetic relationships using geometric morphometrics. In addition, shape correlation between head and pronotum was examined by partial least square analysis. 300 species of family Carabidae were used in this study (280 for head, 290 for pronotum), covering 15 subspecies. Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis was applied to head and pronotum independently to extract comparable shape information. Independent contrasts were used for comparison of shape and phylogeny to take into account the phylogenetic relationships. The main shape change associated with PC1 and PC2 (PC1=37.1%, 43.1% and PC2=21.6%, 33.9% for head and pronotum respectively) was in the slender-stout direction for both head and pronotum, and there was a significant correlation between head and pronotum shape change (P<0.0001). Confidence ellipses covering each subfamily showed large overlaps in the shape space constructed by the first two PCs, for both head and pronotum. However, Cicindelinae and Scaritinae were isolated from others due to their discriminative body form and other characteristic shape changes were observed in many clades. Shape variation due to evolutionary allometry, which is the relationship of shape and body size, was significant (P<0.0001 for head, P=0.0137 for pronotum) but small (2.8% for head, 1.3% for pronotum). Significant shape correlation was found associated with head and pronotum either getting slender or getting stout. Furthermore, significant phylogenetic signal was found from mapping the phylogeny onto the shape space and performing permutation test. These results indicate that phylogenetic relationships are considerably influencing the shape variation of ground beetles. Moreover, contribution of diet, flying ability and other behavioral factors should be considered to explain the underlying evolutionary processes of this shape variation. This study was supported by the Institutional Program for Young Researcher Oversea Visits from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.


D. Ricardo is one of the founders of classical economy. The most significant discoveries of the outstanding scientist in the field of capital can be called the definition of capital and free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment. Given that capital is primarily an economic category, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation.


Gasification is a thermochemical pathways used to convert carbonaceous feedstock into syngas (CO and H2) in deprived oxygen environment. The process can accommodate conventional feedstock such as coal as well as discarded waste including plastics, rubber, and even MSW due to the high reactor temperature of 1000 to 1600oC. Pyrolysis is another conversion pathway yet it is more selective to the carbonaceous feedstock as it proceeds at relatively lower process temperature (350 to 550oC). Discarded tires can be subjected to pyrolysis, however the yield involves the formation of intermediates radicals that remaining in additional to unconverted char that require further distillation and upgrading. Also due to continuous Random Fission/Radical Recombination, β-Scission/Radical Addition, Depropagation/Propagation, Hydrogen Abstraction devlatilization and recombination, pyrolysis fails to follow equilibrium and is very complex to predict and thereby model. Gasification, however, due to their higher temperature and shorter residence time is more opted to follow quasi-equilibrium and predictive. In this work tire crumbs are subjected to two levels of gasification modelling, i.e. equilibrium zero dimension and high fidelity multidimensional computational reactive flow. The objective is to investigate the effect of the oxidizer amount on the conversion of tire granules and syngas composition in compute process metrics. The simulation is carried out in a small 20kw cylindrical gasifier of 19in height by 10.75in diameter. Initially the chemical composition of several tire samples are measured following Standard ASTM procedures for proximate, ultimate and heating value. The measured data are used to define the tire properties and carry out equilibrium based gasification subjected to different equivalence ratio. This followed with reactive flow analysis to gain more details of the species distribution and reaction kinetics as twelve reactions including combustion, reduction, and methanation additional gas and water shift reactions are considered with their appropriate kinematics. The result shows that both models are reasonably predictive averaging 68% gasification efficiency, the devolatilization is less sensitive than the char conversion to the equivalence ration as complete devolatilization is always achieved. In view of the plausibly attained efficiency, it is suggested that tire gasification system is economically viable.


Abstract Background There is paucity of information on the adverse effects of alcohol – chloroquine interaction on hematological parameters. To investigate the effects of concurrent administration of chloroquine and ethanol on hematologic parameters of adult Wistar rats and the ameliorative role of vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on any adverse effects. Methods Some 30 adult Wistar rats weighing 120–200 g were assigned to six major groups of five rats each according to their weights. The control group A was fed with normal rat chow and water. The experimental groups B–F were administered with drugs for a period of 7 days as follows: B (chloroquine only); C (ethanol only); D (chloroquine+ethanol); E (chloroquine+ethanol+vitamin B12); and F (chloroquine+ethanol+vitamin B12+folic acid). Blood samples were collected from each animal by cardiac puncture to determine red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume (MCV), and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH). Liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed to test for liver function. Results Group D indicated lower PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, and greater WBC compared with control. Group E indicated greater (p<0.05) PCV, Hb, and RBC compared with Group D. Greater (p<0.05) MCV and MCH, and lower WBC and RBC were observed in Group F compared with Group D. Furthermore, Group D rats indicated greater (p<0.05) mean AST and ALT compared with Groups A, E, and F. Conclusions Concurrent administration of chloroquine and alcohol indicated adverse effects on hematologic parameters of Wistar rats. The administration of vitamin B12 and folic acid appeared to ameliorate these adverse effects.


Objective
To analyze the spatial distribution patterns of rodent community and the risk factors of disease transmission in natural foci of Xiji County, Ningxia, in order to provide a scientific basis for disease control and prevention.

Methods
Rodents were captured at different habitats in different latitudes which were selected with a stratified sampling method in 2012 - 2013. Capture rate of different rodent species and spatial distribution patterns of the animal community were analyzed. Antigen and antibody of hantavirus were detected in lung tissue and blood of the rodents with immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Serum F1 antibody of Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) was detected with indirect hemagglutination test and Y. pestis from liver and spleen tissue was cultured in vitro.

Results
Fourteen species of rodents were captured, belonging to 2 orders, 7 families and 9 genera. Among them, ground squirrels and wood mouse were dominant species, accounted for 49.56% (112/226) and 34.51% (78/226) of the community, respectively. Infections of hantavirus and Y. pestis were not found in the rodent's community.

Conclusion
With the improvement of ecological environment in Xiji County, the spatial distribution patterns of rodent community is changing; the risk of zoonotic plague is reduced, but the risk of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is being.

Key words:
Rodentia; Plague; Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome


We have used scanning tunneling spectroscopy to spatially map the energy-resolved local density of states of individual C60 molecules on the Ag(100) surface. Spectral maps were obtained for molecular states derived from the C60 HOMO, LUMO, and LUMO+1 orbitals, revealing new details of the spatially inhomogeneous C60 local electronic structure. Spatial inhomogeneities are explained using ab initio pseudopotential density functional calculations. These calculations emphasize the need for explicitly including the C60-Ag interaction and STM tip trajectory to understand the observed C60 local electronic structure.


Title 17 U.S.C. 101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person's official duties. LCDR Ferguson is a military service member. This work was prepared as part of her official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the U.S. Government. The forensic nurse who responds to incidents of violence, such as sexual assault, domestic violence, gang violence, human trafficking, homicide, and suicide frequently devotes long hours providing professional health care and forensic nursing expertise to a variety of patient populations. In attempting to both improve the patient care process and mitigate occurrences of violence in the community, one of the problems forensic nurses encounter is that there are a limited number of opportunities to share expertise with violence prevention and response (VIPR) programs in local communities or on national stage. In addition, for nongraduate forensic nurses within healthcare and/or public health programs, there is little opportunity to develop population based research using cohorts subjected to violence, develop or implement VIPR programs, or test valid and reliable tools that evaluate the outcomes in those programs. While a number of current advocacy and behavioral health programs exist to address violence prevention and intervention across the United States, evidence supports healthcare programs responding to violence still remain inadequately developed and often do not include the


It is not clear what kinds of content—information and interactive mechanisms—businesses should put into their online sites. The content of existing online businesses is driven by metaphors of the Web as either "online catalog" or "electronic paper." Such content clearly underutilizes the interactive capabilities of online technologies. In this paper, it is argued that successful businesses have evolved "offline" practices that can beneficially be translated online. The paper shows how such practices can be uncovered by observing business representational activity and coding these observations in terms of the movement of information across media, enabling the systematic exploration of the space of potential interactive mechanisms. Specifically, a method for analyzing business representational activity is introduced. The method is demonstrated on a successful small business that at first might not appear to benefit from online content beyond that provided by the catalog metaphor. However, the analysis reveals several interactive mechanisms, including a product expert that personalizes a combination of products based on customer-specified problems and a mechanism that automatically calculates product consumption rates, sending customers e-mail reminders to repurchase near the end of a product's life span.


An investigation on MEMS has developed with high speed in the last years,and foundation of MEMS is microfabrication technology In accordance with imperfection of LIGA,A new UV-LIGA is presented in the paper We have manufactured the equipment for lithography of UV-LIGA The design pionts,solved key unit techniques in research,the results of experimentation are reviewed


Two tests of the conserved vector current (CVC) theory are proposed on the basis that weak magnetism effects are second forbidden vector contributions to allowed GamowTeller transitions and their magnitude depends on whether or not the CVC theory is correct. Comparisons are made of the beta - alpha angular correlations in the Li8 and B8 decays and of the spectial shapes of the B12 and N12 decays. Pseudoscalar interactions are also taken into account.


The STRIP system is an intuitionistic theorem prover, based on a duplication free logical system for intuitionistic propositional logic (IPL), in which the structural sharing management leads to efficient implementations of proof-search in an imperative language. For a given formula or sequent, STRIP builds a proof if it is provable or a counter-model if not.


The use of computers plays an important role in just about any student's education. Using screen reader software, blind students can perform most of the same operations sighted students do using co...


Abstract Hong Kong is embarking on curricular and pedagogic reforms which replace modernist, Tylerian approaches to the curriculum with recommendations that echo many features of complexity theory. The nature of complexity theory-based curricula are outlined, and these are used to interrogate three seminal curriculum reform documents in Hong Kong. The article suggests that they embody a paradigm shift in curriculum thinking. However, given that complexity theory is not without its problems for curricula, a case is made for an eclectic approach to curriculum planning, and it is this that is taking place in Hong Kong's reformist agenda.


The fabrication of metal matrix composite (MMCp) by vortex process is the general method due to the advantage of its convenience. However in the case of fine particles the surface property of the particle appears dominantly, especially in nano-size particles the agglomeration occurs and the fabrication of MMCp is reduced to be difficult. It is analyzed that the strength of the MMCp is dominated by the ascent of the dislocation density. Further, as the dispersion strengthening mechanism can be anticipated, dispersions of more fine particles into the matrix are required. In this study, the influences on various primary factors for solving an agglomeration problem are examined using SiC particles of 0.3 μm (the minimum diameter in the market) into 6061 Al alloy by the vortex method. From this study, the following results are obtained, (1) It is found that MMCp with no agglomeration can be fabricated by conducting the following procedure; pre-treatment, disagglomeration of powder, Ca addition and stirring in the semi-solid range. (2) It is deduced that the main factors of forming the agglomeration in the matrix of MMCp are the yield of SiO2 on the surface of SiC and the reduction of the void ratio of SiC powder.


ABSTRACT A simple discrete-time two-dimensional dynamical system is constructed and analyzed numerically, with modelling motivations drawn from the zombie virus of popular horror fiction, and with suggestions for further exercises or extensions suitable for an introductory undergraduate course. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


A study was made of the uranium and thorium distribution with respect to the mineralogical components of the lithological type which constitute the diorite massif appearing in the Valle d'Aosta and bounded in the northeastern part by the Valle de Cogne. The results showed that the radioactivity is not distributed uniformlly, but is bound to the accessory minerals outite and titunite. The average specific activity was 0.591 for the ortite and 0.0559 for the titanite. (J.S.R.)


This paper adopts a social psychological perspective to the study of social organization analyzed in terms of the skills of organizing. The arguments are intended to be general but discussion is grounded in research on womens' centers in Britain. Drawing on Hosking's work on small groups, leadership, and organization, and Brown's doctoral research on womens' centers, we focus on interlocking cognitive and social orders and the manner of their achievement. "Order" is found to be negotiated more or less successfully, the degree of success achieved depending on skilled performance in four main areas. These are outlined and illustrated. In the case of the womens' organization, a core value was found to be that of "distributed" leadership; they are argued to be successful to the degree that this is achieved.


This paper investigates the potential of tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), with emphasis on short-gate TFETs, by simulation for low-power digital applications having a supply voltage lower than 0.5 V. A transient study shows that the tunneling current has a negligible contribution in charging and discharging the gate capacitance of TFETs. In spite of a higher resistance region in the short-gate TFET, the gate (dis)charging speed still meets low-voltage application requirements. A circuit analysis is performed on short-gate TFETs with different materials, such as Si, Ge and heterostructures in terms of voltage overshoot, delay, static power, energy consumption and energy delay product (EDP). These results are compared to MOSFET and full-gate TFET performance. It is concluded that short-gate heterostructure TFETs (Ge–source for nTFET, In0.6Ga0.4As–source for pTFET) are promising candidates to extend the supply voltage to lower than 0.5 V because they combine the advantage of a low Miller capacitance, due to the short-gate structures, and strong drive current in TFETs, due to the narrow bandgap material in the source. At a supply voltage of 0.4 V and for an EOT and channel length of 0.6 nm and 40 nm, respectively, a three-stage inverter chain based on short-gate heterostructure TFETs saves 40% energy consumption per cycle at the same delay and shows 60%–75% improvement of EDP at the same static power, compared to its full-gate counterpart. When compared to the MOSFET, better EDP can be achieved in the heterostructure TFET especially at low static power consumption.


Empowerment is an active process of enabling women to realize their full identity and power in all spheres of life. Entrepreneurship is the dynamic process of creating incremental wealth. The process of empowerment among women can be institutionalized through Self Help Groups (SHG). The SHGs are characterized by a focused attention on providing employment opportunities by imparting training in order to generate both income as well as employment. Today the SHGs are the largest Micro– Finance (MF) programme in the world. In spite of the speedy increase in the number of self-help groups, the full potential of utilizing self-help groups remains unexploited due to some problems faced by the members of self help groups. The results of the study reported that production problems were found to be the most serious problem perceived by the members of three self help groups with the average percentage mean score of 62.5. It was followed by the family and marketing problems with the average percentage mean score of 58.88 and 50.55 respectively. There is need to overcome these hurdles by providing appropriate facilities like provision of good quality raw material, access to latest information, facilitation of loan, strong networking with other groups etc. for smooth functioning of self help groups.


A new approach to the study of the migration rate was attempted for dioctylphthalate as plasticizer from solid PVC into liquid methanol. Two different experiments were carried out: first, a classical one by measuring the increase in the plasticizer concentration in solution; second, a new one by measuring the plasticizer concentration inside the solid PVC itself, for different times and for different depths in that solid. Equations of diffusion in unsteady state were found to correlate well with experiments in both cases. Stirring of the solution measured by Reynold's number was found to be important. Measurements were carried out inside the solid PVC, and the profile of the concentration of dioctylphthalate inside the PVC disc was determined at different times. The diffusion coefficient was calculated inside the PVC disc, and it was found to vary with the DOP concentration.


Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I have tasted of desire,

I hold with those who favour fire.

Robert Frost (1875-1963), American poet


A pot randomized complete block design experiment was carried-out to evaluate the impact of calcium sulphate or potassium silicate or moringa dry-leaf powder either alone or combined as double or triple treatments along with oxamyl or the three items + oxamyl 24% L as tetra application in comparison with oxamyl at the recommended dose against Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plant cv. 9065 FI under greenhouse conditions (25±3°C). All tested treatments improved plant growth criteria and reduced nematode parameters as well. Moringa dry leaf powder singly surpassed other tested single treatments  in the increment values of total plant length, number of leaves and branches per plant; total plant fresh weight and shoot dry weight, and also accomplished the highest percentage reduction of nematode parameters with the maximum values of final nematode population, number of galls and egg mass/plant, respectively. Among the dual treatments, moringa dry leaf powder plus calcium sulphate at their half doses overwhelmed other double treatments in the percentage increase values of such plant growth  characters of tomato and achieved the highest reduction values of final nematode population, number of galls and egg masses. Likewise, the same trend was evident as the two compounds of moringa dry leaf powder plus calcium sulphate mixed with oxamyl at 1∕3 each. Moreover, a similar trend was also strongly observed in the case of applying oxamyl to that tested three components as 1∕4 each which gave the high synergistic action by showing the highest recorded values of plant growth criteria and also recorded a high synergistic action in diminishing nematode criteria as well as the highest percentage increase value of total phenol (23.70%). The C/N ratio of the tetra treatment gave the least value of this item (16.03:1), while oxamyl had 19.67:1 vs. 22.88:1 for nematode alone, respectively.

 Key words: Tomato plant, Meloidogyne incognita, oxamyl, moringa, total phenol, calcium sulphate, potassium silicate, integrated control.


Despite a history of exploration dating back to the classical era and its leading role as a pathway for trade and cultural exchange for the great civilizations of those times, the Indian Ocean has consistently been subject to less attention in the modem era in terms of oceanographic enquiry. The cornerstone of the Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Research (SIBER) initiative has been to promote more frequent and persistent research activities that encompass the entire Indian Ocean basin and to facilitate international cooperation to realize these objectives. This volume's chapters are derived from the plenary talks given by the attendees of the first SIBER conference and are a blend of current knowledge reviews and new results. Thus this collection of papers represents an interdisciplinary contribution to the Indian Ocean literature by the leading members of the Indian Ocean research community.


Anxiety has become ubiquitous in modern life, across countries. Cultural theories suggest that high uncertainty avoidance (UA) increases anxiety, while long-term orientation (LTO) decreases it. We question whether a high UA culture in a region attracts research and development (R&D) projects regarding anxiety management, compared to LTO. Furthermore, do these opposite dimensions moderate each other in attracting a pharmaceutical firm's response? This article explores this link between the UA culture and the moderation effect of LTO. Using data on clinical trials related to anxiety management projects in 67 countries, we record 10,585 observations, capturing 4% of the global population of clinical trials on the subject. We find that the uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) shows a negative correlation with the intensity of the anxiety management project, while LTO has no significant correlation. The interaction between the two shows positive correlation. The results are found to be significant after controlling for confounding variables and robustness checks. This study makes three contributions. First, it highlights the link between culture and anxiety management projects through the clinical trial movement. Second, it contributes to cultural theory, suggesting that the UAI defines problems and LTO defines innovative solutions. It also highlights the differences and links between the UAI and LTO at the conceptual level. Thirdly, it offers general policy and practical implications.


Small cell prostate cancer (SCPC) is a rare pathology, with aggressive behaviour and a high tendency to metastasize. We present a case report of a 62-year-old male who underwent prostatectomy due to a rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) value and a positive biopsy for prostate cancer. Pathology results revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland, Gleason score of 4+5=9, with extensive areas of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. Despite aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy, hormone deprivation treatment and radiotherapy, the patient developed a castration-resistant prostate cancer with oligometastatic disease, diagnosed by choline positron emission tomography - computerized tomography (PET-CT).
 We discuss the clinical aspects correlated with this unusual subgroup of prostate cancer, adding a literature review to talk over potential prophylactic treatments in order to prevent central nervous system lesions, or potential discontinuation of hormone deprivation treatment if poor response is achieved.


This chapter, centring law and emotions scholarship, examines the story of the Supreme Court of Canada's engagement in two very challenging cases, delivered 20 years apart, addressing medical assistance in dying. This chapter looks carefuly at where law and emotion was, or should have been, engaged and what that means for the law school classroom. I argue that by paying attention to affect in legal education we will graduate people more attuned to their responsibilities as humane professionals. There is extraordinary power, privilege and responsibility that rests on the shoulders of students completing legal education in Canada today. Drawing inspiration from the law and emotions scholarship, legal educators can offer more opportunities for students to deepen what it means to "think like a lawyer" and do law better as a result.


The article gives an analysis and a systematization of modern methods of the estimation of an enterprise's activities results. Problems and consequences of their introduction are defined. Reasonability of their application on the base of studying experience of foreign enterprises is grounded.


CNT/Fe/Al2O3 mixed powders were synthesized from Fe/Al2O3 nanopowders using thermal CVD for the homogeneous dispersion of carbon nanotubes CNTs. CNTs consisted of MWNT, and the diameter was approximately 20-30 nm. After sintering, CNTs were homogenously located throughout Al2O3 grain boundary and were buckled. A femto-second laser installed with special optical systems was used for micromachining of the nanocomposites. The relationship between material ablation rate and energy fluence was theoretically investigated and compared with experimental results from cross-sectional SEM analysis. The nanocomposites which have higher content of CNT show a fairly good machining result due to its higher thermal conductivity and smaller grain size as well as lower light transmittance.


Extracted from text ... Book Reviews
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SAJS VOL 42, NO. 3, AUGUST 2004 Gastrointestinal and Liver Tumors. Ed. by W. Scheppach,
R.S. Bresalier and G.N.J. Tytgat. Pp. 334. 220 figs.
Hardcover. US$ Berlin: Springer, 2004. ISBN 3-540-43462-3.
Any book whose editors cheerfully admit that 'reading a book
is still more delightful . . . than . . . manoeuvring through PC
menus' evokes the sympathies of this crypto-Luddite reviewer.
Digestive tract cancer accounts for more than one-third of all
cancer deaths, and Springer has produced a comprehensive
overview of these conditions. The book also functions as a
valuable quick reference, with highlighted ..


OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of treating patients with atrophic rhinitis by the reconstruction of inferior turbinate using tissue engineered bone.METHODS Thirteen patients with atrophic rhinitis were collected,and randomly divided into two groups:experiment group(7 patients)treated with tissue engineered bone procedure and control group(6 patients)treated with conservative rehabilitation procedure.Patients in 2 groups were evaluated by main outcome measures including three-dimensional CT reconstruction images. symptoms and signs of patients with atrophic rhinitis scores(SSPAR).RESULTS Totally 13 patients were successfully followed up for at least 12 months.At 3rd,6th,12th postoperative month,average inferior turbinate increasing width(AITIW)and average inferior turbinate increasing highness(AITIH)in experiment group according to CT images were((?)±s,cm):0.11±0.03,0.2±0.02;0.24±0.04,0.37±0.02;0.26±0.03,0.40±0.05,respectively.AITIW and AITIH in control group were((?)+s,cm):0.02±0.01,0.02±0.01;0.02±0.01,0.03±0.02;0.02±0.02,0.04±0.03,respectively.AITIW and AITIH in experiment group were obviously higher than those in control group(P<0.01).According to SSPAR scores,marked effective rate and improved rate in experiment and control group at 12th postoperative month were 85.7%,100% and 16.7%,66.7% respectively.CONCLUSION The reconstruction of inferior turbinate with tissue-engineered bone is a new promising way to treat the patients with atrophic rhinitis.


To study the process of structure formation of the cement composition, the method of infrared spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis and electron microscopy were used. With the help of mechanical mixing it is difficult to provide the binder with the right amount of water. This task is performed by a complex additive, improving the wettability of cement particles. By reducing the content of calcium hydroxide, the possibility of the formation and existence of polybasic calcium hydroaluminates decreases. This circumstance prevents the formation of calcium hydrosulfonate (GSAC) in the later periods of hardening. On electron micrographs of cement stone samples with the addition of the obtained complex additive KDj-3, the pores are filled with both gypsum and calcium hydrosulfonic aluminum. The compaction and hardening of the structure of portland cement compositions in the initial stages of hardening is a consequence of the fact that both gypsum and calcium hydrosulfonic aluminate, with the addition of a complex additive, crystallize with an increase in volume.


Representationalists hold that perceptual experience is a conscious representational state with content, something which is accurate or inaccurate in certain conditions. The most common version of Representationalism takes perceptual content to be singular in the object-place and otherwise consisting of attribution of properties (Singularism/Attributionism). Schellenberg has recently developed a version on which perceptual content is singular even in the property-place in containing a de re mode of presentation of a property-instance (Particularism). In this paper, I show that Particularism faces a version of the problem of the Unity of Perceptual Content. Namely, its supporters haven't told us how objects can be bound together with property-instances into a content such that it represents them and has accuracy-conditions. Furthermore, I argue that Particularists face an in-principle obstacle in solving it. In contrast, Attributionists can solve the problem and that establishes their view as the only game in town.


The ''Marshall–Huse–Elser'' variational wave functions describe ordered planar (possibly noncollinear) ground states of s=1/2 Heisenberg spin‐exchange Hamiltonians. We show how to generalize these wave functions to allow nonuniform states, arising from interactions which may be random and/or frustrated. In the Szi basis, the amplitude is exp[1/2H({Szi})] where the pseudo‐Hamiltonian is given by H=−∑i2iθiSzi −(1/2)!∑ijKijSziSzj −(1/3!)∑ijkiLijkSzi SzjSzk. Here the classical ground‐state directions {θi} (=0 or π in the Neel state) are found by minimizing an effective classical energy F=∑ij[Aij cos(θi−θj) +Bij cos2(θi−θj)], where (Aij,Jij) are functions of nearby Jij's. Next, Kij and Lijk are taken to be functions of the values {Jij} and the angles {θi−θj}. The functions for Aij, Bij, Kij, and Lijk depend parametrically on a small set of variational parameters. Thus the dimension of parameter space does not grow with system size. We estimate the parameter values analytically, using the spin‐wave approximat...


Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of metabolic syndrome(MS)among adults aged≥ 20 years.Methods Totally 807 subjects were analyzed in this study.MS was diagnosed according to definition by Chinese Medical Association in 2004.Logistic regression were used to identify risk factors of MS.Results(1)The incidence of MS was 24.0%(194/807)which increased with aging,especially in adults over 40 years old.The peak time of incidence in female was earlier than in male.(2)The incidences of MS-associated metabolic diseases were 25.4% in diabetes/impaired glucose regulation(IGR),23.9% in hypertension,30.1% in dyslipidoses,35.1% in over weight/obesity.The incidences of hypertension and over weight /obesity were higher in male than in female.(3)The MS representations were over weight/obesity+hyperglycemia+dyslipidosis(32.5%),over weight/obesity+hypertension+dyslipidosis(27.8%),over weight/obesity(89.7%).(4)The incidence of insulin resistance(IR)was 54.1% in MS,69.1% in diabetes,50.0% in impaired glucose regulation,41.5% in hypertension,48.6% in dyslipidemia,43.8% in over weight or obesity.(5)Family history of diabetes,smoking,leisure activity,income,taking more salt,age,sex were risk factors of MS.Conclusions The incidence of MS is increased with aging.Over weight and obesity are the most common components in MS.IR is common in MS and its components.MS is associated with bad life-styles.


PURPOSE: A siliconization method for industrial textile is provided to achieve an economic efficiency and improved adhesive force between silicon layer and textile for use of airbag while performing siliconization to the textile for use of airbag which is at a raw state. CONSTITUTION: A siliconization method comprises the steps of dewinding a textile(1) from a dewinder(2), passing the textile(1) through a kiss roller(3), permitting the textile(1) to be wet with an organosiloxane containing aqueous solution(4), hardening the textile(1) through a heat passage, and winding the textile. The method is characterized in that the textile(1) weaved from a power loom and which is at a raw state is coated with the organosiloxane containing aqueous solution(4). Such a siliconized textile is weaved of a synthetic fiber and used for airbags, especially.


An ionic exclusion-enrichment phenomenon has been found at the ends of a nano-channel when electric-driven fluid passes through a micro-/nano-hybrid channel [1-3]. In our experiments, the hybrid channels are fabricated with two poly-dimethysiloxane (PDMS) monoliths microchannels (100um X20um X 9mm) and a nanoporous polycarbonate nuclear track-etched (PCTE) membrane (with 50nm pores). The flows are driven under different electrical potential and the test liquids with different PH values are used. The ion depletion in the source channel is observed by the MicroPIV system. In addition, the numerical simulations about ionic exclusion-enrichment in the hybrid channel are carried out. Some results are as followed:


The implementing of healthy habits in everyday life is still topical, as evidenced by the statistical data of the Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyse the healthy lifestyle habits of the 1st year students from Pedagogy and Sports programmes of LiepU and RSU, Liepaja branch, analysing correlations between the healthy lifestyle habits and the self-assessment of perceived stress in academic years of 2019/ 2020 and 2020/ 2021, during the first and second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. The number of respondents for the survey on Healthy lifestyle habits is N=121, of which 8 students are from RSU, Liepaja branch, but the Perceived stress self-assessment survey was completed by N = 81, of which 8 are from RSU, Liepaja branch. Valid data were obtained from both surveys to determine interrelationships (N=57). Number of respondents for the survey conducted before COVID-19 (2018 /2019) is N=123, of which 16 are students of RSU, Liepaja branch. For statistical data processing, SPSS 23 tool was employed, as well as Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests. The survey results show that in general students should improve their healthy lifestyle habits in all priority healthy lifestyle components – physical activity, eating habits, and stress management. Perceived stress level is low for 23.5% of students, moderate for 71.6%, and only 4.9% of students have a high level of perceived stress. There are statistically significant differences between the genders – women have a higher level of perceived stress. In this study, the data show weak-negative and weak correlations between the perceived stress and some healthy lifestyle parameters, which show the respondents' attitudes towards the chosen specialty, stress management options and involvement in annual preventive medical examinations. The limiting factors of this study are the small number of respondents, as well as the fact that two different groups were used for comparing the data, thus the comparative results of this study can only serve as the source of information. While the indicators of students' healthy lifestyle habits and perceived stress level are informative, the observed tendencies are similar with the results of related research studies conducted in Latvia and elsewhere in the world, and it shows that for forming healthy lifestyle habits students need a friendly and supportive environment. Therefore, as it is stated in the draft of Latvian Sports Policy Guidelines for 2021-2027, there is a need for a state funding to provide opportunities at least for the 1st and 2nd year students to get involved in various physical activity programs without a fee.


1 Introduction It is not uncommon to encounter the assertion that the dynamical evolution of the large-scale bulk velocity v of a collisionless gas is not described by the hydrodynamic (HD) equations. A favorite " reason " is the statement that pressure cannot be defined in the absence of collisions. Then in some quarters it is believed that the large-scale bulk dynamics of a swirling magnetized ionized gas must be described in terms of the electric current density j and the electric field E rather than B and v, thereby rejecting magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). This point of view arises from the conviction that j is the cause of B, and, therefore, the more fundamental field variable. As a matter of fact, HD is based on the concepts of conservation of particles, momentum and energy, so HD cannot be avoided whether there are interparticle collisions (which conserve particles, momentum and energy) or not. So the basic HD equations cannot be avoided. The dynamics of a swirling magnetized plasma follows from the equations of Newton, Maxwell, Lorentz, etc., from which one discovers that the dynamical theory cannot be formulated in terms of j and E in tractable form. The dynamical equations become nonlinear global integro-differential equations, of little use in a time varying system. Unfortunately the response often is to maintain the supremacy of j and E and turn away from Newton and Maxwell to seemingly plausible, but largely false, concepts. The standard textbooks of HD and MHD are generally correct in their derivation of the dynamical equations from Newton, Maxwell, and Lorentz, but they do not address the popular misunderstandings and the rejection of HD and MHD. In fact, the basic equations of HD and MHD are simply derived and cannot be avoided in the large-scale bulk dynamics of a collisionless gas, with or without a magnetic field. The purpose of this article is to show that Newton, Maxwell, and Lorentz constrain the theory to HD and MHD and exclude the aforementioned misconceptions.


B.M. Munshi and D.S. Bassan defined and developed the concept of super continuity in [5]. The concept has been investigated further by I. L. Reilly and M. K. Vamanamurthy in [6] where super continuity is characterized in terms of the semi-regularization topology. Super continuity is related to the concepts of .delta.-continuity and strong .theta.-continuity developed by T. Noiri in [7]. The purpose of this note is to derive relationships between super continuity and other strong continuity conditions and to develop additional properties of super continuous functions. Super continuity implies continuity, but the converse implication is false [5]. Super continuity is strictly between strong .theta.-continuity and .delta.-continuity and strictly between complete continuity and .delta.-continuity. The symbols X and Y will denote topological spaces with no separation axioms assumed unless explicity stated. The closure and interior of a subset U of a space X will be denoted by Cl(U) and Int(U) respectively and U is said to be regular open (resp. regular closed) if U=Int[Cl(U) (resp. U=Cl(Int(U)]. If necessary, a subscript will be added to denote the space in which the closure or interior is taken.


Abstract When Manco Inca was asked by Francisco Pizarro to supply information about the Andean popidation for the purposes of granting encomiendas, he mobilized a network embedded in the towns of the provinces. The network consisted of at least two levels of officials called llactacamayos, chosen from among the most talented local people. This hierarchy of officials is not the same as the decimal hierarchy, which was staffed by local elites and charged with labor recruitment. The llactacamayos, under administrative care of an Inca noble called the tucuyrico by some authors, performed other tasks more directly involved with the administration of Inca interests in the provinces. Records of some of the early Pizarro encomienda grants have survived, so Manco's mobilization can be studied from the information about population they contain. Juan de Betanzos also wrote about the llactacamayo hierarchy in his Suma y Narración de los Incas, between 1551 and 1557, in the portion of this manuscript unknown to scholars until its publication in 1987. Scattered references in early colonial documents confirm the existence of a dual administrative organization in the Inca provinces, even though the officials of the second hierarchy were not incorporated into Spanish administration, as the decimal hierarchy was. An ethnohistorical case for dual administrative organization in the Inca provinces is presented here.


INTRODUCTION Deposition of cocatalyst, which is typically in the form of nanoparticles of metals or metal oxides, on the surface of semiconductor photocatalyst is one of the useful strategies to enhance the photocatalytic activity 1) . Photodeposition method is widely applied for the deposition of cocatalyst. This method is based on photochemical reaction. Exited electrons and holes are generated in a semiconductor photocatalyst by irradiation of light, which has larger energy than the band gap of the semiconductor, and reduce or oxidize metal precursors. As the result, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles are loaded on the semiconductor surface. In recent study, multi-component cocatalysts, which consisted of more than two metal species, have been reported to show more efficient promotional effect for photocatalytic water splitting than single-component one 2) . However, in most cases, such light-induced method has been applied to single-component cocatalysts, while there have been few reports on nanoparticles which consist more than two metal species. Our group has developed a new lightinduced method (simultaneous photodeposition, SPD) to prepare multicomponent nanoparticles, aiming to improve the activity for photocatalytic water splitting. We have reported that composites containing Rh and Cr with different electronic states and morphological characters can be introduced simultaneously on various semiconductors by light irradiation 2) . In this study, we applied a SPD method to photochemically prepare multi-component nanoparticles on the SrTiO3 surface 3) . We chose Cr as the paired metal, and combined various transition metals and Cr to create photocatalytic H2 evolution promoters. EXPERIMENTAL SrTiO3 powder was dispersed in 10 vol.% methanol aqueous solution containing various amounts of K2CrO4 and a transition metal precursor. A SPD method was carried out in a top-irradiation type reaction cell connected to a closed gas circulation system. The solution was completely degassed and irradiated for 5 h (Xe lamp, λ ≥ 300 nm). Water splitting reactions were conducted under same condition but in pure water.