SIR-Calver et al. [1] reported that a dosing interval of 12 hours is as effective as an interval of 8 hours for patients receiving amoxicillin/clavulanate. We have several concerns about the appropriateness of this study. The inclusion criteria for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were based only on an increase in the quantity and/or purulence of sputum, and no attempt was made to determine the severity of the exacerbation. To make it possible to detect differences in efficacy between treatments, it is mandatory that patients satisfy entry criteria including disease of sufficient severity, e.g., increased dyspnea, fever, leukocytosis, or bronchiectasis; a history of frequent exacerbation; or coexistent cardiopulmonary diseases [2, 3]. Nowadays, the nonspecific inflammatory response in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is considered most prominent in the pathogenesis, and the role of infection seems to be limited in many cases. The question regarding the use of antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis has still not been fully answered, but more than half of the placebo treatments may be successful [3]. Therefore, it would have been useful if Calver et al. [1] had included a placebo group in the study design. The fact that only 22% of the patients were evaluable for bacteriologic efficacy underscores the need for more detailed information on the reasons for acute exacerbations of bronchitis [4]. Calver et al. [1] made no attempt to detect viral or atypical pathogens as causes of infection. Furthermore, data on concomitant treatments and measures to improve patients' conditions are lacking in their study. As mentioned by the authors, bacterial killing by /-lactam antimicrobials is related to the duration of time that the plasma concentration of the /-lactam antimicrobial remains above the MIC for the organism. In light of this fact, we doubt whether it makes sense to increase the dose, and hence the peak plasma concentration, and to reduce the dosing frequency. The question as to why the amount of clavulanic acid per dose is not increased remains unanswered. As recently stated by Wilson et al. [2], the continued performance of studies of chronic bronchitis, largely for the purpose of new product registration and licensing, is unlikely to be valuable in assessing the role of antibiotics in the management of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.


Japan is a representative state where the volunteer fire brigade consisting of private citizens is well developed although it has an advanced fire fighting system established by local governments. Japan realized the limitation of response by governmental fire fighting system when large-scale natural disasters such as earthquake or typhoon and has developed and promoted several policies to activate the volunteer fire brigade. This study analyzes the policies of the volunteer fire brigade in Japan in detail and suggests policies which can be introduced to activate the volunteer fire brigade in Korea.


Defining Quality A typical Phase III clinical trial enrolls, on average, 400 patients – each having 100 or more Case Report Forms (CRFs), which in turn contain approximately 15 data fields each. In short, this represents at least 600,000 opportunities to make an error! The objective of data quality is to ensure that the database of clinical information, from which statisticians reach critical decisions, accurately reflects investigators' observations, measurements and laboratory test results.


A method of forming an element (4, 51) made of resin, in which an electrical contact element (5, 6, 50) is inserted, said method comprising the steps of: Engaging the electrical contact element (5, 6, 50) with an insulating member (7, 8, 9, 9a); Disposing the insulating member (7, 8, 9, 9a) in a mold (10a, 10b, 52a, 52b) for shaping the member (4, 51) made of resin in such a manner that the insulating element (7, 8, 9, 9a), the mold (10a, 10b, 52a, 52b) contacts and a mounting position of the electrical contact element (5, 6, 50) relative (to the mold 10a, 10b, 52a, 52b) by the insulating member (7, 8, 9, 9a is set); and Pouring a molten resin into which the electrical contact element (5, 6, 50) and said insulating member (7, 8, 9, 9a) enclosing mold (10a, 10b, 52a, 52b) to the element (4, 51) made of resin form, in which the insulating element (7, ...


The theory of social democracy is the core of Dewey's thoughts of society and politics.There are three kinds of definitions of democracy.Dewey emphasize that social democracy means a kind of life style essentially.Freedom and equality are the two principium of social democracy.The access to the social democracy relies upon the continual struggle and the restructure of the society.Education is the best method to persevere and develop the social democracy.


Idling stop device, which is installed in a vehicle and automatically stops an engine of the vehicle and anlasst, wherein the idle stop device comprises: a microcomputer having an idling stop function for automatically stopping the engine when a predetermined stop condition is satisfied, and for automatically starting the engine when a predetermined starting condition is satisfied during the engine stop; a detection unit which detects that the supply voltage of the microcomputer obtained by the lowering of the vehicle battery voltage is lower than the minimum operating voltage of the microcomputer; a storage device, a voltage drop stores information independent of a status of the microcomputer, if the supply voltage is lower than the minimum operating voltage; and a current control unit which, when the engine is started, interrupting the supply of current to some electrical loads, to which the battery discharges current, if the voltage drop information is stored in the storage unit.


This paper presents a first-order analysis of the control cost associated with a novel concept of operation for future air traffic. The concept of operation divides the airspace into autonomous flows and actively controlled flows. The paper models the effects of autonomy ratio and traffic volume on controller task load. A Monte Carlo simulator framework is used that allocates directly controlled routes and autonomous self-deconflicting four-dimensional trajectory flows in the airspace. Several stochastic models of aircraft scheduling, navigation precision, and conflict detection and resolution are interconnected in the simulation. Results show that autonomy can provide a buffer, preventing rapidly increasing task load with high traffic volumes. The projected increase in traffic volume still maintains feasible averages, but it poses a risk due to the rapidly growing variance that signals unpredictability. A Poisson process model is proposed for task load.


In this study, PCL (Polycaprolactone) scaffold with triple pore was fabricated using non-solvent induced phase separation. First of all, PCL grains and PEO powder were dissolved in THF (Tetrahydrofuran). The slurry was mixed using hot plate for 24 hours at 40 ℃. Subsequently, PCL/PEO slurry was injected into the stainless steel barrel. Afterwards, to swap THF (solvent) with ethyl alcohol (non-solvent), the slurry was plotted at bed, which was filled with ethyl alcohol. Thereafter, the PCL/PEO structure was soaked in ethyl alcohol bed for 12 hours. After taking out the PCL/PEO structure from ethyl alcohol, to leaching out PEO particles, PCL/PEO structure was soaked in the D.I. water (Deionized water) for 12 hours. The obtained scaffold was dehydrated for 24 hours and stored in a vacuum desiccator. Consequently, hierarchical scaffold having interconnected pores was acquired using the bio-plotting. To assess the characteristics of fabricated scaffolds, morphological analysis and in-vitro cell-culturing were performed.


A c -.Ay = Df -Two models based on the Kozeny-Carmen gc = equation have been developed to analyze the fluid flow through a new class of braided rope seals under M = development for advanced hypersonic engines. A Mw = hybrid seal geometry consisting of a braided sleeve Nc = and a substantial amount of longitudinal fibers with Ns = high packing density was selected for development Po = based on its low leakage rates. The models _ = developed allow prediction of the gas leakage rate Rg = as a function of fiber diameter, fiber packing T = density, gas properties, and pressure drop across the seal. The first model treats the seal as a t,tlt2 = homogeneous fiber bed. The second model divides u = the seal into two homogeneous fiber beds identified Yo = as the core and the sheath of the seal. Flow resistances of each of the main seal elements are combined to find a total flow resistance using the _ = 0 = electrical resistance analog. Comparisons are made between measured leakage rates collected for Pf = seal structures covering a wide range of braid _ = architectures and model predictions. It has been P = found that within the experimental range, the second model provides a satisfactory prediction of the flow for many of the cases examined. Areas where future model refinements are required have been identified. NOMENCLATURE Cross sectional area of seal Yarn cross-sectional area Fiber diameter Gravitational constant Mass flow rate of gas Molecular weight of gas Number of core yarns Number of sheath yarns Pressure downstream of seal Pressure upstream of seal Universal gas constant Absolute temperature Seal dimensions (see Figure 4) Superficial gas velocity Half the clearance between the seal and its housing Porosity Shape factor, defined in Equation (4) Braid angle Fiber density Gas viscosity Gas density Subscripts: c Core e Edge sl Seal s Sheath 1,2...7 Flow paths (see Figure 4)


Abstract We located the endangered rock vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, at 3 of 59 sites in mixed mesophytic forests in the southern Appalachians. Rock voles were always found within mixed mesophytic habitats characterized by yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis, rather than mixed mesophytic habitats dominated by other tree species. We compared the tree communities, microhabitat features, and small mammals found within three groups of habitats: sites where M. chrotorrhinus was found, yellow birch habitats where M. chrotorrhinus was not found, and other mixed mesophytic habitats where M. chrotorrhinus was not found. Sites occupied by M. chrotorrhinus had greater amounts of large, rocky substrate, greater incidence of moss, and a more northwest aspect than yellow birch and other mixed mesophytic sites without M. chrotorrhinus. Moreover, sites with rock voles had larger trees and were significantly older than sites without M. chrotorrhinus. Red-backed voles, Clethrionomys gapperi, are readily sampled by live-trap methods and were significantly more abundant at sites with M. chrotorrhinus, and may thus be a promising indicator species. Our results suggest that mixed mesophytic forests, especially older stands dominated by yellow birch and rocky substrate, should be managed with care to preserve M. chrotorrhinus habitat.


Coming from Azerbaijan to America as a Fulbright Scholar, I packed as many assumptions as I did suitcases. After conducting my research, I realized that everything I learned while visiting the United States should be shared with my students, to prevent them from some culture shock and to prepare them to be globally-minded, thinking of mediated messages about foreign countries in a critical manner. This chapter is a result of this endeavor, a sort of auto-ethnographical tour through the America that I saw through my positionality as an Azerbaijani woman.


In order to improve the management of rangeland resource and achieve digitization and information management of rangeland in Liaoning Province,the rangeland geographic information database of the whole Liaoning Province has been established by taking the digital map of 1∶1 000 000,1∶250 000and 1∶50 000scale of Liaoning Province as basement combining with field surveyed GPS data and rangeland attribute data.Through integrated application of geographic information,database and network information technology combined with B/S and C/S structure,Liaoning rangeland resource management system has been constructed which comprised resource,attribute,engineering,disaster,monitoring,knowledge, documents,statements and other information.This system will provide network information interaction platform with systematic,efficient,convenient and intuitive characteristics for rangeland management in Liaoning Province.


The paper presents an analysis of indoor temperature and relative humidity measurements in dwelling's bathroom. Obtained data are compared with those defined in technical standards and applied for assessment of building component from building physics point of view. These parameters are used for boundary condition at the evaluation level of building components and their values have significant influence on hygrothermal assessment. The example of building's component demonstrates analysis magnitude of differences between the calculation results applying standardized boundaries condition and monitored data based on in-situ measurements. Temperature and humidity measurements are applied for prediction of hygrothermal behavior of building's component by HAM algorithm. Finally, results from analysis presents the penetration depth of moisture increasing at surface caused by moisture peaks in internal environment of bathroom.


Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation was performed for 1 ns for a peptide:DNA complex formed by Hin recombinase 52mer peptide and a 13 base-pair synthetic hixL half-site. The Ewald summation method was employed to treat the electrostatic interaction without the cutoff. Comparison with the results of the conventional cutoff method revealed that proper treatment of the electrostatic interaction was required to produce a stable trajectory. The trajectory thus obtained was used to analyze the interaction between the peptide and the DNA. Both N- and C-terminal regions reside within two regions of the minor groove. The N-terminus-DNA interaction was fairly stable in the current simulation, but the C-terminus-DNA interaction was only marginally stable. These simulation results were consistent with reported experimental data that the N-terminal residues were required for the DNA recognition, while the C-terminal ones were supportive but not necessary.


INTRODUCTION: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury places the knee at risk for early osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. While ACL reconstruction (ACLR) improves knee joint stability, the procedure does not eliminate OA risk associated with ACL injury. ACL transection (ACLT) mimics many, although not all, aspects of a traumatically ACL-injured knee, and is often used to induce OA in animal models. In large animal models, which are crucial for studying disease-modifying interventions, data regarding the length of time between ACLT and OA development are unclear. While advanced OA is marked by a decrease in articular cartilage (AC) thickness, a focal increase in AC thickness is thought to be one of the earliest detectable indications of OA [2-4]. These studies suggest that the breakdown of proteoglycan, a structural molecule, attracts water into AC [3]. The ability to detect these early changes in AC morphometry may allow researchers to investigate early-stage OA. Our group recently validated a quantitative MRI (qMRI) approach for evaluating AC thickness both ex vivo and in vivo [5-7]. The validation of qMRI in a large animal model may further the understanding of disease progression in these animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to apply an MR-based segmentation technique to evaluate porcine stifle joints treated with ACLT or ACLR. Our specific aim was to determine whether 15 weeks of healing would be sufficient for our qMRI method to detect changes in the AC thickness of the ACLTand ACLR-treated knees, when compared to contralateral control limbs. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in AC thickness between the surgical and control limbs 15 weeks after surgery.


Stabilizing selection on genome size in a population of Festuca pallens under conditions of intensive intraspecific competition. New Phytologist 187 : 1195–1204. the currently is at this stage. Clever experiments to be designed to test the hypo-thesis of pressure waves vs the allocation of assimilated molecules feeding soil respiration. We also emphasize that a physiological and biogeochemical basis is to the time that passes between photosynthesis and respiration – the 'speed of link' – so that we understand the degree of coupling between aboveground and belowground processes as well as their response to environmental stress.


Blondet et al. [2005] carried out a cyclic test on an adobe wall to reproduce its seismic response and damage pattern under in-plane loads. The displacement was applied at the wall top and at low increments to simulate a static analysis. In this work, the forcedisplacement curve obtained from the experimental test (see section 3.5) is used for calibrating preliminary numerical models of adobe walls.


Elizabeth D. Hay has been selected as the 1988 recipient of the highest award of The American Society for Cell Biology-the E. B. Wilson Medal. She received the award and delivered an address on her work at the joint meeting of the ASCB with the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in February 1989. Betty Hay is a colorful, individualistic woman who has contributed to contemporary biology both as a creative laboratory scientist and a tireless leader in three different disciplines: cell biology, anatomy, and developmental biology. Betty came from Florida and graduated with honors from Smith College, where she began to work on amphibian limb regeneration with Professor S. Meryl Rose. After receiving the M.D. from Johns Hopkins she served as a medical intern at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. She continued her laboratory research as a medical student and then as a faculty member, first at Johns Hopkins, briefly at Cornell, and since 1960 at Harvard Medical School. Betty was drawn to research by an interest in the complex cellular and biochemical events that take place during the regeneration of an amphibian limb. This system presented an experimental microcosm of many of the processes involving mesenchymal and epithelial cells that also occur during normal embryonic development. This interplay between the mesenchyme and epithelia has been the focus of Betty's research. She and her students clarified the cellular origin of blastema cells and osteoclasts in the regenerating limb, the production of extracellular matrix by embryonic epithelial cells, and the inductive influence of the extracellular matrix on the differentiation of epithelial cells. In the early 1960s Betty and Don Fischman, then a medical student at Cornell, provided strong evidence that during limb regeneration mononuclear leukocytes are the precursors of the bone-eating cells called osteoclasts. They showed that these ceils fused together to form multinucleated cells. Others went on to show that a lack of these precursors is responsible for the fatal congenital disease called osteopetrosis that is now treated by transplantation of these precursor cells. Later in the 1960s Betty, Jean-Paul Revel, and other colleagues provided the first evidence that epithelial cells can produce and secrete components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen. This was really a startling revelation since the very strong conventional wisdom had it that the extracellular matrix was made only by mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Consequently, the very thought that epithelia make collagen was heresy of major proportions. The evidence for this new concept came from several directions. From electron microscopic studies on the developing cornea they correctly identified the epithelium as the cell of origin of the underlying extracellular matrix. This work was included in a monumental monograph "Fine Structure of the Developing Avian Cornea S a book that launched the avian cornea as an object of serious experimental investigation. Confirmation that epithelia produce matrix came from experiments with isolated epithelia and neural tubes in tissue culture. During the 1970s Betty and her colleagues produced a series of papers showing that molecules of the extracellular matrix, including several types of collagen, influence the differentiation of epithelial cells. This is the flip side of their previous work on extracellular matrix production by the epithelium. They found that the matrix itself stimulates production of more matrix by isolated corneal epithelium. Currently she is analyzing the effects of extracellular matrix on the transformation of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells. Together with related studies in other laboratories, her work on the inductive effects of extracellular matrix on various tissues started one of the major trends in cell biology that continues to this day. Betty has generally run a small research group so that she could maintain hands-on personal involvement in the research. From my student and faculty days at Harvard Medical School, my strongest memories of Betty in action in the lab are of her working side by side with a student or postdoctoral fellow at the tissue culture hood. It may be significant that both of the previous Wilson Awardees whom I have seen at work-Hugh Huxley and Joe Gall-are also hands-on bench scientists to this day. Students may find this a refreshing revelation in this day of large research groups. Beyond keeping busy in the lab, Betty also fostered a marvelous sense of community in her group. The daily lunches were livened up by such things as Betty cooking up her latest collection of wild mushrooms or challenging her young colleagues to a spirited game of cards. This outstanding research productivity is all the more remarkable when taken together with Betty's tireless contributions to the scientific community. She has served as the president of three major societies: The American Society for Cell Biology, the Society for Developmental Biology, and the American Association of Anatomists. She has been Editorin-Chief of the journal Developmental Biology, served on the Councils of three Institutes at the National Institutes of Health, and contributed to a long list of committees and boards. For the past 14 years she has chaired her department at Harvard Medical School. A generation of medical students at Harvard Medical School remembers her as a stimulating teacher. She has also trained a number of influential research scientists, including several former officers of this society. Betty Hay is a true triple threat: an innovative investigator, an effective administrator and citizen in the scientific community, and a successful educator. Dr. Hay is with the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School These remarks were made by Dr. Thomas D. Pollard, Past President of the ASCB, upon presentation of the medal.


Consider the problem of building a minimum-weight spanning tree for a given graph $G$. In this paper, we study the cost of distributed MST construction where each edge has a latency and a capacity, along with the weight. Edge latencies capture the delay on the links of the communication network, while capacity captures their throughput (in this case the rate at which messages can be sent). Depending on how the edge latencies relate to the edge weights, we provide several tight bounds on the time required to construct an MST. When there is no correlation between the latencies and the weights, we show that (unlike the sub-linear time algorithms in the standard \textsf{CONGEST} model, on small diameter graphs), the best time complexity that can be achieved is $\tilde{\Theta}(D+n/c)$, where edges have capacity $c$ and $D$ refers to the latency diameter of the graph. However, if we restrict all edges to have equal latency $\ell$ and capacity $c$, we give an algorithm that constructs an MST in $\tilde{O}(D + \sqrt{n\ell/c})$ time. Next, we consider the case where latencies are exactly equal to the weights. Here we show that, perhaps surprisingly, the bottleneck parameter in determining the running time of an algorithm is the total weight $W$ of the constructed MST by showing a tight bound of $\tilde{\Theta}(D + \sqrt{W/c})$. In each case, we provide matching lower bounds.


ABSTRACT The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in sub-clinically mastitic (SCM) animals, and in wild and migratory birds which may act as reservoir disseminating such pathogen. Farm hygiene, management and milking procedures were listed through a questionnaire. Thirty lactating cows and 15 lactating buffaloes from five small-scale dairy farms were randomly selected and screened for subclinical mastitis (SCM) using California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). In addition, 80 teat skin swabs, 5 drinking water samples and 38 wild and migratory bird faecal matter were also collected. All samples were processed for E. coli isolation by culturing on Levine's Eosin Methylene Blue (L-EMB) agar, followed by purification and biochemical identification. Positive samples were subjected to molecular identification and serotyping. In addition, the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing E. coli have been reported by antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Escherichia coli were isolated from 7.7%, 50% and 50% of the positive CMT cows' quarters, cows' composite and buffaloes' composite milk samples, respectively. In addition, 14% of cows' teats, 20% of water samples, 70% of faecal matter from wild bird, and 33.3% of faecal matter from migratory waterfowls were carrying E. coli. Serotyping, antibiotic-resistant pattern and phylogenetic analysis have pointed the bearable implication of milking hygiene and wild birds in disseminating E. coli strains causing intramammary infections.


Abstract Stressing the function of Renaissance tragedy as "an arena of ideological turbulence in which orthodox political, social and religious assumptions of the culture are reproduced, questioned or even contradicted" (Callaghan), this article examines to what extent "strong, central female figures" (Rose) exist in Elizabethan and Jacobean tragedy and why, even if they are endowed with political power, they often fail to adopt a non-ambivalent subject position. Especially in The Duchess of Malfi, which has been read "as a masculine wish fulfillment" (Jardine) while others have called its eponymous protagonist the "first fully tragic woman in Renaissance drama" (Whigham), ambivalent and mutually revoking structures abound. Not only is a 'female prince' an oxymoron personified, but in a curious double bind, female power, female economies and anti-patriarchal positions are initially foregrounded, only then to be annihilated all themore spectacularly. Ultimately, however, Webster's tragedy demonstrates on the level of its content as well as of its form that a 'pure' patriarchal system is haunted and finally deconstructed by precisely those elements it has vigorously struggled to exorcise and to expel. This leads to the question in how far the "self-contradictions" and "inadequacies" many critics claim to have detected in the play are less due to Webster than to the very 'nature' or economy of patriarchal discourses (tragedy included) and power structures.


effectively critique this approach would require much more engagement with poststructural thinking, which may deepen the theoretical depth of this book and support Roberts' justification for using hegemonic masculinity and inclusive masculinity theory. Roberts might have found it useful, for instance, to engage with Chris Brickell's (2005) work, which effectively aligns masculinity/ masculinities theory with poststructuralism and gender performativity, or Berggren's (2014) work on 'sticky' masculinity. As such, the claims against poststructuralism in this book were not wellevidenced, and engaging with it could have been useful for Roberts, especially considering the extensive work Roberts does to unpack this notion of 'masculinity.' Overall, Young Working-Class Men in Transition was a delight to read, and to gain insight into what many would regard as the ordinary, everyday lives of young working-class men in Britain. It is necessary to explore and examine such ordinariness, something that is often ignored in scholars' attempts to capture the exceptions and, as Roberts contends, vital for development of policy to support these men. A timely addition to the study of men and masculinities, this book is essential reading for its tying together of strong sociological methodology, application of social theory, and nuanced and sensitive exploration of young, working-class men.


Reference GHG emissions scenarios are critical for estimates of the costs of stabilization and for climate policy recommendations. But recently, existing reference scenarios, notably the SRES, have been the target of criticisms that question their relevance in the light of current emissions trends, dispute the suitability, for developing countries, of the modeling methodologies used and suggest they convey too optimistic views on spontaneous energy decoupling of emerging countries economies. This article focuses on an illustrative example on India. It proposes an alternative reference scenario built with a modeling framework representing as realistically as possible the processes driving energy intensity and carbon intensity changes, in particular accounting for the interactions between energy systems and economic constraints and capturing the sub-optimalities of the energy sector. The mechanisms leading to moderate energy decoupling in this alternative scenario are analysed. From a methodological point of view, our results call for the improvement of the realism of modeling tools for scenarios elaboration. From a mitigation point of view, it appears that the challenge for climate policies to lift the barriers to the diffusion of energy efficiency improvement in India is considerable, but we identify a potential for synergies between development policies and climate policies.


Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP)4 blongs to a family of fatty acid-binding proteins,which is mainly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages.The expression of FABP4 can be regulated by insulin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR)-γagonist.It could modulate inflammatory responses and was thought to be important in mediating intracellular fatty acid trafficking and energy metabolism.It was observed that FABP4 could increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and predict glycemic level.At the same time,FABP4 was significantly associated with occurrence and development of the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Key words:
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein ;  Inflammatory responses ;  Energy metabolism ;  Type 2 diabetes mellitus


Tools for monitoring diabetes such as glucose testing devices, continuous glucose monitoring and telemedicine in particular, those for treating the disease such as insulin pens and pumps, or the "artificial pancreas", are constantly improving thanks to technological advances, which also concern preventative treatments. However, these new techniques are particularly costly. They also require considerable investment from the multidisciplinary nursing team in terms of therapeutic patient education.


Effects of androgens on the activity of androgen-metabolizing enzymes have been investigated in the murine submaxillary gland. 5α-reductase activity is androgen-dependent, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is androgen-resistant. The level and androgen-responsiveness of 5α-reductase in the murine submaxillary gland are not imprinted during the neonatal period by testicular androgens. Circulating androgen may have a cumulative effect on androgen response of 5α-reductase.


The use of the internet has grown extremely over the last two decades, resulting in the proliferation of massive volumes of data on the internet. Since there is so much data available online, researchers are interested in the Question Answering era, in which users ask questions and obtain correct answers. A classic NLP programme is answering questions although work on some Indian regional languages, such as Tamil, Punjabi, Hindi, Malayalam, and Bengali, is ongoing; there is little work available for Question Answering (QA) Systems in Marathi. The construction of a text corpus, question generation, and question classification for a Marathi question answering method were the key topics of this paper.


The purpose of this work is to study the aerodynamic performance of a tandem C4 base-profile compressor blade using numerical tools. In this paper, the flow along the tandem blade is studied for various relative blade positions. In all the studied cases, the front blade is fixed and the position of the rear blade is varied as a function of the axial and tangential displacements. A computer code was developed in "Visual Basic" using linear strength vortex-panel method to predict the aerodynamic performance of the tandem blade.


Abstract Many models in the framework of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project have undertaken simulations of the mid-Holocene (6 kyr ago) climate change. Analysis of the results have mainly focused on the North African summer monsoon that was enhanced 6 kyr ago, in all models, in response to the prescribed enhanced summer insolation. The magnitude of the simulated increase in total rainfall is very different, however, among the models, and so is the prescribed mean hot desert albedo, which varies from 19% to 38%. The appropriate prescription of hot desert's brightness, in the simulation of present-day climate, is known to be a key parameter since the work of Charney, which has been confirmed by many subsequent studies. There is yet no consensus, however, on the albedo climatological values to be used by climate modelers. Here, it is questioned whether changes in the prescription of hot desert albedo may also affect the simulated intensity of climate change. Using the Laboratoire de Meteorolo...


The accurate classification of radar jamming signal is a core step of anti-jamming. Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) based methods have shown their powerfulness in signal processing. In this paper, a deep fusion method based on CNN is proposed to classify jamming signal acting on pulse compression radar. The proposed method consists of three subnetworks (i.e., 1D-CNN, 2D-CNN, and fusion network). 1D-CNN is used to extract deep features of original radar jamming signal. Meanwhile, in order to extract the time-frequency features, short time Fourier transform (STFT) is applied to jamming signal to obtain time-frequency spectrograms. Then, 2D-CNN is used to extract deep time-frequency features, which are useful for further features fusion processing. Fusion network is used to deeply fuse the extracted features of the aforementioned CNNs and softmax is used to finish the task of radar jamming signal classification. In addition, in order to alleviate the problem of overfitting and improve the generalization ability of proposed model, soft label smoothing is proposed. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method provides competitive results in term of classification accuracy.


In this study, development of a novel system for combined water heating, dehumidification, and space cooling is discussed. The system absorbs water vapor from an air stream into an absorbent. The latent heat of absorption, released into the absorbent, is transferred into the process water that cools the absorbent. The solution is regenerated in the desorber, where it is heated by a heating fluid. The water vapor generated in the desorber is condensed and its heat of phase change is also transferred to the process water. The condensed water is then used in an evaporative cooling process to cool the dehumidified air exiting the absorber. Essentially, this open-absorption cycle collects space sensible heat and transfers it to hot water. Another novel feature of the cycle is recovery of the heat energy from the solution exiting the desorber by heat exchange with process water rather than with the solution exiting the absorber. This approach has enabled heating the process water from an inlet temperature of 15°C to 57°C (conforming to the required DOE building hot water standard) and compact fabrication of the absorber, solution heat exchanger, and desorber in plate and frame configuration. The system under development currently has a water heating capacity of 1.5 kW and a thermal coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.45.© 2015 ASME


Starch is one of the most important processed products from agriculture. Two main outlets can be identified; starch is either enzymatically processed for the production of sweeteners and as raw material for fermentation or channelled to various applications as dry starch. Native or chemically modified starches are utilized in food as well as non-food applications, where the specific physicochemical properties are main determinants for their respective use. Starch consists of two different molecules, amylose and amylopectin. To be able to take the full benefit of the unique properties of either component it is of interest to divide the production of amylose and amylopectin into separate plant genotypes. In the presented work, potatoes producing either amylopectin or high-amylose starch were achieved using genetic modification. For potato transformation a highly efficient protocol was developed for a herbicide selection gene instead of the commonly used nptII antibiotic selection gene. In order to achieve respective starch qualities, the expression of genes important for amylopectin or amylose synthesis was silenced. Antisense technology as well as the expression of dsRNA was investigated where the expression of dsRNA was determined to be at least ten-fold more efficient for gene silencing. An added benefit of dsRNA expression was that a higher fraction of silenced transgenic lines compared to the use antisense were associated with single copy T-DNA integrations. One amylopectin potato line was furthermore characterized regarding genetic and chemical composition. The T-DNA was found integrated as an inverted repeat with the inverted repeat region extending into potato chromosomal DNA. This transgenic locus was found to be more consistent with integration into a double-stranded chromosomal break than insertion by a mechanism nicking one strand of the locus. The high-amylose trait generally resulted in a higher tuber fresh weight yield, much elevated sugar levels and a decreased starch content. Amylose levels were obtained where very limited amounts of material recognizable as amylopectin could be found. The production of amylopectin and amylose was divided into separate genotypes but additional factors are needed to be able to produce amylose at levels comparable to starch contents of cultivated potatoes.


The labour movement in Canada is losing ground, both in terms of membership and political/economic influence. 2 The media, government, and business would have us believe that unions are part of a bygone era — useful in the past, but no longer necessary in an age of enlightened managers, global competition, and new forms of work. They insist that workers do not want or need unions any longer. This is wrong. Growing evidence shows that workers, in particular women, racialized groups and youth, want and need unions. Many of these workers work long hours, but remain trapped in poverty. Increasing job insecurity, combined with greater management power, leaves workers vulnerable to arbitrary and unfair treatment at work. Women are forced to make impossible choices between raising their children and working to put food on the table and a roof over their heads. 3 The wage gap for nonunionized women and racialized groups has increased despite, in the case of new immigrants, higher levels of education. 4 Is it any surprise that these groups want unions? Study after study shows that women, immigrants, racialized groups, and youth are more likely to want and to join unions than are white males. Data from my survey of union organizers in Ontario show that for every one percent increase in the number of women in a workplace being organized, there was a one percent greater chance of a union winning that organizing drive. 5 Similar results were evident in British Columbia. If so many workers


9r ≤ ha + hb + hc (1) which follows from summing three variants of the area formula , to obtain aha = 2 r = (a + b + c) ha r + hb r + hc r = (a + b + c) (1a + 1b + 1c ) . By the arithmetic-harmonic mean inequality, this is at least 9, and so (1) follows. Note that there is equality if, and only if, , which is a = b = c when is equilateral. ABC A natural question is whether we can find an upper bound for in (1). In this Note we show that it is possible to do so. ha + hb + hc


Vibroseis technology is one kind of important techniques for seismic exploration, and scanning technique is a vital part of vibroseis. The main factor on affecting the resolution and Signal to Noise ratio of vibroseis is the shape of scanning signal's autocorrelation. Therefore, it is the best way to enhance the effect of seismic exploration through improving performances. In this paper, according to the characteristics of vibroseis and the effect of scanning signals it was researched how to generate the ternary pseudo-random code. The ternary pseudo-random scanning signals based on pseudo-random codes are given, and scanning signals of the ternary pseudo-random are simulated and analyzed. The relationships of an autocorrelation function and the order of primitive polynomials and the carrier frequency are gotten by simulated results. Furthermore, it provides corresponding theoretical basis and the scanning signals which is suitable to seismic exploration for improving vibroseis' performance. Thus it has a good researching value and applied prospect.


Prior research suggests that task conflict is often constructive, while relationship conflict is destructive. The two conflict types are intercorrelated in ongoing groups, however, which creates a prescriptive dilemma. We propose that trust moderates this relationship by affecting conflict interpretation processes. Data from 79 top management teams supports our hypothesis.


Rockburst is a kind of dynamic rock failure process that is easily induced by the excavation of a high-stress rock mass. However, from an energy perspective, the existing indexes for rockburst tendency have a limitation in that they do not consider the energy release speed. In this study, energy release effectiveness was proposed based on the local energy release rate while considering the influence of the energy release speed. The index can evaluate the stability of surrounding rock during the excavation of high-stress rock. The index can be obtained by recording the strain energy density of every element in the model during excavation and identifying the maximum strain energy density (Eimax), the minimum strain energy density (Eimin), the maximum time (timax), and the minimum time (timin) to calculate energy release speed and energy release effectiveness. A case study of the excavation of an experimental tunnel, namely, the URL of AECL, was adopted to validate the index. The results indicated that the proposed index can clearly identify the location and strength of the impact tendency area, and it can be effectively applied to the stability analysis during the excavation of deep tunnels.


The notion of a geopolitical system known as the South Atlantic is severely tested when it comes to science and technology (S&T), especially given the enormous disparities between (and sometimes within) countries of the region. The essay attempts to characterise the S&T policy pursuits of these countries by dividing them into the most advanced (Brazil and South Africa) versus the poorer remainder, and identifying the most powerful drivers for S&T investment for each group. The practical needs of social and economic development for the latter group are self‐evident. Rather more subtle are the multifaceted initiatives of the two more developed countries, with drivers ranging from prestige and national security to economic competitiveness and growth. The increasing complexity of policy making in Brazil and South Africa is driving analysis of their behaviour more towards the model of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. A major restraint on better research is the parlous state of data on research and development in all of the countries of the region; finding a remedy for that weakness would not only benefit policy researchers but also the policy makers themselves, who lack adequate feedback mechanisms for their investment paths in S&T.


During an 18-year period, we have treated a total of 50 patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Of these, 24 were potentially operable. However, difficulty has been experienced in achieving satisfactory drainage of bile without the complication of cholangitis, especially when blind portoenterostomy has been employed.


Based on the 3D steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent model of k-e two equations, the aerodynamics properties of electric multiple units(EMU) CRH-2, running at 200 km·h-1 in strong wind, were numerically simulated by finite volume method(FVM). The constitutions of aerodynamic force and the influence of yaw angle on flow structure were analyzed, and the composings of aerodynamic force were studied. It is found that flow structure is very complex. Vortices emerge at both the leeward and tail of train on the condition of side wind. The vortices, which are formed and detached in the surface of train, change according to the variation of yaw angle. The constitutions and magnitudes of aerodynamic forces are different for whole train, first car, second car and third car. The variations of pressure field, side force and lift force along the fore-and-aft of train are uniform and complex. Analysis result indicates that the pressure has big influence on side force and lift force. The drag force is primary made of viscous forces for the streamlined design of train. On the condition of side wind, the security of first car decreases because the side force and overturn moment of first car are larger. 5 tabs, 12 figs, 16 refs.


In this paper, a vertical power-assisted crane system is proposed. The purpose of this research is to develop a crane system which reduces the operator's burden by power-assisted functions and facilitates the intuitive operation of a heavy object by direct manual manipulation. First, the structure of this system is described, and an analytical optimal controller is designed to stabilize the system under the model uncertainty and to optimize response. Second, "the limit-cycle problem" when an object contacts the ground is pointed out, and the condition for the attenuation of the limit-cycle is discussed. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed controller is demonstrated by an actual power-assisted crane system


Inventory models of dealership markets imply that intermediaries reduce their exposure to inventory risk by offering prices different from fundamental values. Therefore, inventory levels should affect asset prices and thus returns. We explore the cross-sectional relation between US corporate bond inventories and returns. Our findings provide strong support for the asset pricing implication of inventory models, that is, the risk-adjusted return of a high-minus-low inventory-sorted portfolio is 21 basis points per week. Furthermore, we examine several drivers of the inventory risk premium; for example, we emphasize the importance of inventory risk sharing in pricing bonds.


ABSTRACT This paper engages in a discussion about a select few of the crucial questions raised by Jon Elster's paper on Enthusiasm and Anger in History. It focusses on enthusiasm and engages in particular with Elster's questions and arguments about whether enthusiasm is an emotion or not. In doing so, I am led to ask some general questions about current theories of emotions in the discipline of psychology and their relationship to common sense psychological notions of emotional types. I argue that we need common sense psychological notions in historical explanations, as shown by Elster's examples, and suggest ways of handling a possible mismatch between common sense psychology and more theoretical approaches in psychology that develop somewhat different classifications of emotions and emotional types. The problem of whether enthusiasm really is an emotion can in this way be dissolved, and we are free to explain the historical events employing the common-sense notions as Elster indeed does.


Part 1 Physical and biological variables of the natural environment: Introduction to the conservation of natural resources lithosphere-geology atmosphere-climate changing states of water/hydrologic cycle biosphere-biogeography. Part 2 Natural resources management: introduction to natural resources management forest management agricultural management rangeland management wildlife management energy management mineral resources waste management. Part 3 People - land ethics - global sustainability.


Teratomas are composed of tissues derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are developed from the
totipotential cells of primitive knot which is a remnant of the primitive streak in the coccygeal region. With the incidence of 1/35000–1/40000 live
birth, sacrococcygeal teratoma is considered as the most common germ cell tumor in the neonatal period and infancy. Sacrococcygeal teratoma
shows female preponderance with male to female ratio 1:4 .
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study clinical presentation and management of sacrocoocygeal teratoma in paediatric age group.
CASE REPORT: A seven year old child presented to our tertiary care hospital with a swelling of size 20 x 10 cm in sacrococcygeal region Which
was initially smaller in size about 6 X 3cm and have gradually progressed to the present size swelling was soft to rm in consistency, patient was
subject to MRI pelvis which was suggestive of solid cystic swelling in sacrococcygeal region of size 20 X 15 cm with maintained fat planes with
rectum and adjacent organs. Patients was subjected to surgery in which the teratoma was removed of size 20 x 15 cm along with coccygectomy was
done intraoperatively there was no involvement of rectum or other organs or pelvic walls. Child recovered well post operatively and the
histopathological report conrmed the diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratomawith solid cytic compoments.


The RFID technology has been frequently voiced in the media with the expectations to improve healthcare quality. Despite with its salient features in identification and tracking, the adoption remains slow in the healthcare sector. Much of the literature attributes the slow adoption to technological factors (e.g., read accuracy) and costs, as well as the potential influence of privacy infringement on healthcare customers. To realize how healthcare users will respond to the RFID technology, this investigation conducts a pretest-posttest experiment to understand how customers trade-off non-quantifiable factors of healthcare service quality that may exhibit only subtle differences in an RFID-enabled environment. The finding revealed that perceived privacy concern was significantly heightened in RFID-enabled scenarios, which experimentally confirms the existence of the privacy concen. Another finding revealed that no significant difference existed between an information-privacy-invading scenario and a location-privacy-invading scenario, indicating the equal risk of both types of privacy infringements. Other factors were found to have significant relations to perceived privacy concern, including the level of RFID knowledge, age, and educational background. Based on these findings, some practical suggestions are offered to alleviate the customers' risky perceptions towards a convenient but threatening RFID healthcare environment.


Foreword 1. Introduction Michael Aung-Thwin and Kenneth R. Hall 2. John K. Whitmore's Contribution to Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Studies Victor Lieberman 3. A New/Old Look at 'Classical' and 'Post-Classical' Southeast Asia/Burma Michael Aung-Thwin 4. Sojourning Communities, Ports-of-Trade, and Commercial Networking in Southeast Asia's Eastern Regions, c. 1000-1400 Kenneth R. Hall 5. Chinese-style Firearms in Southeast Asia: Focusing on Archeological Evidence Sun Laichen 6. To Catch a Tiger: The Suppression of the Yang Yinglong Miao Uprising (1587-1600) as a Case Study in Ming Military and Borderlands History Kenneth M. Swope 7. Maritime Subversions and Socio-Political Formations in Vietnamese History: A Look from the Marginal Center (mien Trung) Charles Wheeler 8. "1620," A Cautionary Tale Michael Vickery 9. The Imported Book Trade and Confucian Learning in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam Li Tana 10. Literacy in Early Seventeenth-Century Northern Vietnam Keith W. Taylor 11. The Limping Monk and the Deaf King: Peasant Politics, Subaltern Agency, and the Postcolonial Predicament in Colonial Burma Maitrii Aung-Thwin 12. The Myths of the Tet Offensive Edwin E. Moise


As part of the Inquiry into the Quality of General Practice in England, The King's Fund commissioned a research report to examine the management of acute illness.1 The report divides acute illness into four groups: acute minor or selflimiting illness; acute major illness that may be self-limiting or require treatment; acute exacerbation of existing major illness; and acute presentation of a new chronic illness.

The focus of the report is on the quality of care provided by GPs, and addresses issues related to all practice staff, telephone consultations, and out-of-hours care. The methodology included literature reviews, discussion with healthcare professionals and users, and review by experts, then culminated in a draft template of quality measures.

Managing acute illness is bread and butter for GPs who manage the majority of acutely ill patients presenting to the NHS. Of the.280 million consultations that occur in general practice in England each year, up to two-thirds are for acute problems. The majority of these problems are managed in primary care but a small proportion requires management in secondary care, ending up as emergency admissions to hospital.

This is where the NHS other health care systems are under pressure as emergency admissions are expensive, cause distress for patients and their …


This paper describes the design of the IBM fabricated basic neural unit (BNU) which can be used as a building block for a general-purpose reconfigurable artificial neural network (GRANNet). As a first step, a fully reconfigurable 2-BNU VLSI circuit is designed, implemented and tested. The hardware and software requirements of this implementation are presented. This paper also examines the issue of topological reconfigurability.<<ETX>>


The hypoglossal-facial nerve interpositional nerve graft is a strategy for the treatment of facial paralysis. 1,2 However, the mechanisms of double/dual innervation 2 and end-to-side neurorrhaphy 1 and the neural supercharge concept 2 remain unclear. To investigate these mechanisms, large animal models are necessary. Miniature swine are used as an experimental or preclinical model for facial surgery, including mandibular reconstruction, 3 distraction osteogenesis, 4 and face transplantation, 5 because the anatomical structure and size of miniature swine are similar to those in humans 6,7 and because it is a suitable model for surgical training and the teaching of novel transplantation methods. 6 We reported the surgical anatomy of the miniature swine face, including the buccal branch and the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, in our previous study. 7 Miniature


Improved DTTV reception in a crowded spectrum can be attained by automatically shifting the front-end filter and by automatically steering the pattern of the receive antenna. This paper shows how 3rd order intermodulation distortion (IM/sub 3/) and other interference due to strong adjacent channels can be minimized and the signal to noise ratio maximized for optimally robust reception.


A study is made of nuclear size corrections to the energy levels of single-electron atoms for the ground state of hydrogen like atoms. We consider Fermi charge distribution to the nucleus and calculate atomic energy level shift due to the finite size of the nucleus in the context of perturbation theory. The exact relativistic correction based upon the available analytical calculations is compared to the result of first-order relativistic perturbation theory and the non-relativistic approximation. We find small discrepancies between our perturbative results and those obtained from exact relativistic calculation even for large nuclear charge number Z.


For public investors, the return becomes the appeal for investors to purchase and sell the stocks in the capital market. Fundamentally, in their analysis, they must consider macroeconomic factors, i.e., foreign exchange, interest, and inflation rates. This study investigates and analyzes these factors as the determinant of stock return. The return intended is owned by the Indonesian capital market-listed banks selected as Kompas 100 Index constituents. Eight years are used as time observation, i.e., from 2015 to 2022. Based on this period, 11 banks exist as the samples. Then, this study utilizes the regression model to analyze the data associated with hypothesis testing. After examining the hypotheses, this study concludes a negative relationship between the exchange rate of IDR/USD on banking stock return: The more weakened the IDR/USD, the lower the stock return. Similarly, this negative sign also happens in the relationship between interest rate and stock return. Conversely, inflation positively affects this return.


Job satisfaction is important factor for nurses because nurses are the back bone of hospital. It can be defined by Cambridge English dictionary as 'the feeling of pleasure and achievement that you experience in your job when you know that your work gives you this feeling'. Job satisfaction is very much related to good productivity and performance. As the responsibility of nurses is increased now a days because the major tertiary care hospital of KPK become Medical Teaching Institution (MTI) means they got autonomy. According to Medical Teaching Institution reforms bill (2015), Medical Teaching Institution means a Medical College, Dental College, or other health related teaching institutions and their affiliated teaching hospitals in the public sector or directly under the control of Government, which provides healthcare services, medical education and training, and medical research. Due to this it is needed to know the job satisfaction of nurses working in Ayub teaching Hospital. A very little work has been done on job satisfaction among nurses but no work is done on Medical Teaching Institution (MTI), previously.


Grain yield and starch yield are influenced by the amount of assimilates accumulates in the grain during grain filling. The realisation of this genetically de- termined trait is greatly affected by environmental factors, principally the amount of water that can be taken up from the soil. Four maize non-related inbred lines and their hybrids were examined in diallel experiments for two years (2006-2007) in Martonvasar, Hungary in order to clarify the effect of water-supply on the genetically de- termined characteristics of grain filling. Our results showed that while different water supply levels have a pronounced effect on the grain filling performance of in- bred lines and their hybrids with higher seed weight, the inbred lines and hybrids with lower seed weight are less dependable on it. The general combining ability values of the grain filling rate and thousand-seed weight proved that two lines transmit favourable grain filling and thus suitable to be used as parent lines in breeding pro- grammes.


To evaluate the performance of different contrast functions used in Independent Component Analysis (ICA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data at low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), present in fMRI paradigms such as resting‐state acquisitions.


As a key radio access technique in 5G systems, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is aimed at offering high spectral efficiency to support massive connectivity for current and future applications. As for the network deployment, Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) are by default the 5G use cases. Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) techniques have been integrated in 5G technology for interference mitigation among network tiers via network coordination. This work presents the study of user pairing effects, which are the result of NOMA implementation, on the 5G NOMA systems embedded with our proposed actual traffic based load-aware DPS CoMP. Simulation results show that the NOMA system embedded with our proposed DPS CoMP offers system throughput enhancement over the conventional NOMA systems especially in the load imbalanced situations and the suitable user pairing can further improve fairness and throughput performance especially for the cell edge users.


Book reviewed in this article:

The Powers of Literacy: A Genre Approach to Teaching Writing. Bill Cope and Mary Kalantzis (Eds.)

Critical Literacy: Politics, Praxis and the Postmodern. Colin Lankshear and Peter McLaren (Eds.)

A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures.


Achievement of quality in software design, while never easy, is made more difficult by the inherent complexity of hard real-time (HRT) design. Furthermore, timing requirements in HRT are by nature functional requirements, since system correctness depends on their fulfillment. Whereas the correctness dependence of the time imposes considering timing requirements from the early stages of the production process, complexity enforces a lifecycle model which fits in with requirements change and splits complexity by means of an incremental and iterative structure. Taking these aims as a starting point, this paper introduces SCTL/MUS-T methodology as supporting HRT design in a formalized and incremental way.


We have investigated the magnetism and superconductivity of the electron-doped Eu2-xCexCuO4+α-δ in a wide range area of doping Ce4+ at 0.09 ≤ x ≤ 0.20 by means of magnetic susceptibility measurement at low temperatures down to 2 K. Superconductivity was observed in the concentration of Ce4+ at 0.12 ≤ x ≤ 0.20 with the range of the reduction of oxygen content 0.0255 ≤ δ ≤ 0.093 with a maximum transition temperature of 12 K. Furthermore, from the data temperature dependence of the dc magnetic-susceptibility, it can be analyzed the Curie constant, atomic magnetic moment and effective magnetic moment in each sample. Those three values have similar values with increasing Ce4+ concentration for a sample that doesn't show superconductivity.


Energy consideration in production planning is becoming more important due to concerns over the climate change. However, the uncertainty of energy availability hinders the optimisation of production. The proposed concept uses an iterative approach of adjusting production scheduling in respect to the available energy using a multi-criteria optimisation that not only includes factory utilisation but also the likelihood of the predicted energy availability.


There is a high occurrence of depressive symptoms in patients with somatic health problems. About one-third of individuals with somatic health problems have anxiety disorders and/or depression. Comorbid anxiety disorder and depression are found to be more strongly associated with somatic health problems than pure anxiety disorder and pure depression. Objective - To examine the relationship between anxiety disorders and depression and various somatic health problems in the general population. Design - Cross-sectional study with survey methods and clinical examinations. Setting - The Health Study of Nord-Trøndelag, Norway (the HUNT study). Participants - 60 t 869 individuals aged 20-89 years. Main outcome measures - Anxiety disorder, depression and their comorbidity are categorized based on scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. All somatic health variables are self-reported, while blood pressure, height and weight are measured. Multivariate nominal logistic regression analyses are used to investigate the relationship between somatic variables and the anxiety/depression categories. Results - Most somatic health variables show a stronger association with comorbid anxiety disorder/depression than with anxiety disorder or depression alone. About one-third of individuals reporting somatic health problems also have anxiety disorder and/or depression. Conclusion - Somatic health problems carry a high risk of both anxiety disorder and depression. Active identification and treatment of these co-occurring mental disorders are of practical importance.


The Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC) was originally design-ed to measure the statistical dependence of distribution-based Hilbert spaces embedding in statistical inference. In recent years, due to the validity and efficiency of this standard, it has been witnessed that this criterion can tackle a large number of learning problems owing to its effectiveness and high efficiency[1]. Unlike traditional binary classifications or multi-class single label problems, one goal of multi-label problems may be related to multiple labels. The rich relationship between labels makes the analysis of multilabel problems more complex. To solve the problem of how to make use of the relationship between features and labels, a multi-label feature selection algorithm based on HSIC is presented. This method uses Lasso (the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) to solve a non-convex HSIC problem, and converts it to solve a lasso optimization problem, which can effectively calculate the global optimal solution. Finally, experiments show that our algorithm can improve the performance of multi-label classification.


Since the 1980s, scenario planning has increasingly been used in business and military settings to integrate an appreciation of uncertainty about the future into planning processes. There is a growing precedent to use it in ecological management decision making. Although well suited for the purpose, the technique has not been adequately applied to wildlife management. This article presents a case study of a wildlife management dilemma at the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming, as an example of a situation in which stakeholder disputes make management changes difficult to enact. Building from that example, this article lays out a theoretical justification for the use of narrative scenarios as a tool for engaging diverse stakeholders in disputes over social–ecological system management. The storylines created in the process serve as malleable and negotiable objects, helping to build common understanding of longer-term system dynamics, uncertainties, and management goals among stakeholders.


Published solubility data for 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid dissolved in several organic solvents of varying polarity and hydrogen-bonding character are used to calculate the Abraham model solute descriptors. Calculated descriptor values suggest that 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid engages in intramolecular hydrogen formation between the two phenolic hydrogens and the proton acceptor sites (the lone electron pairs) on the neighboring quinone oxygen atom. Our study further shows that existing group contribution and machine learning methods provide rather poor estimates of the experimental-based solute descriptors of 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid, in part because the estimation methods to not account for the likely intramolecular hydrogen-bonds. The predictive aspect of the Abraham model is illustrated by predicting the solubility of 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid in 28 additional organic mono-solvents for which experimental data does not exist.


Research on Physical and mechanical characteristics of the titled particle board from the empty Palm Bunches with Additive Variation and types of Adhesives has been carried out with the purpose of knowing and evaluating the influence of the addition of the additive levels against the Board and in accordance with the standards of JIS A5908-2003.
The weakness of the particle board in General is the magnitude of the value development of thick, therefore in this study used ingredients of additives to reduce the absorption of water. The standards used in this research is a Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) with 5908-2003 Board with dimensions of 25 cm x 25 cm x 1 cm, temperature of continuous 1500C, pressure 16 Mpa with a time of 30 minutes.
In this study uses two types of adhesives namely adhesives and glues rubber wood likuida urea formaldehyde. The results of testing the physical and mechanical properties of the best on likuida rubber wood adhesive contained on form 4 sample KR 0,591 gr/cm3, KA 6,472%, DSA 57,319%, PT 5,714% MOE 1204,00 kg/cm2, MOR 19,31 kg/cm2, IB 0,244 kg/cm2, KPS 36,08 kg.
The results of testing the physical and mechanical properties of the best on the urea formaldehyde adhesive is present on the sampled 2 either be KR 0.564 gr/cm3, KA% 9,669, DSA 92,220%, PT 10,656% MOE 888,64 kg/cm2, MOR 14,87 kg/cm2, IB is damaged, the KPS 22.05 kg. The particle board using rubber wood likuida adhesive suitable for exterior and interior use because it has been tested in physical standards.
Keywords: Empty Oil Palm Bunches, Particle Board, Paraffin Wax, Ceramics, Rubber Wood Likuida and Urea Formaldehyde


Objective To investigate the effect of the pointed psychological nursing on elderly tumor patients.Methods The patients were randomly divided into two groups: treated group and controlled group.The treated group patients were given the pointed psychological nursing.The controlled group patients only received traditional nursing.With the SAS、SDS and LSIA,investigation and statistical analysis on the results of the two groups were carried out.Results The SAS scores、SDS scores of treated group were lower than that of the controlled group(P0.05).The LSIA scores of treated group was higher than controlled group on the discharge day(P0.05).Conclusion Pointed psychological nursing has positive effect on elderly tumor patients.


The invention provides an immunostimulant and anti-virus composition used for animals, so as to better play the effects of inhibiting the in vivo and in vitro virus propagation, protecte the cells from being infected and improve the survival rate of the infected animals of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide. The immunostimulant and anti-virus composition for animals contains 1 to 9 portions by weight of effective ingredient astragalus polysaccharide and 1 to 9 portions by weight of indigowoad root polysaccharide. The invention consists of 4 to 30 portions by weight of effective ingredients and 70 to 96 portions by weight of carriers. The carrier is at least one of anhydrous glucose, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride. The carrier is the water for injection. Any one immunostimulant and anti-virus composition for animals can be applied in prevention and treatment of virus infectious diseases and low immunity of livestock, poultry and pets. The invention mainly extracts the polysaccharide ingredients from the traditional Chinese medicines of astragalus and indigowoad root, the two polysaccharides are mixed for usage, so the effect is better than any individual; the invention is the first time that the invention can not only be used as the immunostimulant, but can also used as the anti-virus drug.


Many follow‐up guidelines for patients with high‐risk melanoma include expensive imaging studies, serum biomarkers and regular visits to the dermatologist, with little attention to cost‐effectiveness.


Knowledge of where air owing across a body transitions from laminar ow to turbulent ow can provide numerous bene ts to air vehicle design, thermal protection system design, and air vehicle inight control. We propose a novel measurement system that leverages the hypersonic body-surface heating pro le to locate the boundary layer transition region. Ultrasonic sensing as the measurement strategy to detect localized changes in aeroshell temperature is suggested. For a localization system using ultrasonic transducers, the sensors would be located on the inside surface of the aeroshell away from the harsh external conditions. Consequently, the phenomenon that is being measured is not disturbed and the sensor is not exposed to deleterious environments. We hypothesize that incorporating state estimation to locate the transition region will require fewer sensors than otherwise possible. The proposed method involves a forward conduction solution and an inverse procedure based on the extended Kalman lter. Development of the proposed measurement method based on ultrasound and the extended Kalman lter is accomplished using simple, controlled experiments involving concentrated high heat ux sources on a large at metal plate. In this work, the proposed heating source localization method is detailed, results are presented from forward conduction solution development and at plate experimentation with a high heat ux point source, and extended Kalman lter convergence behavior is compared for heating source locations inside and outside a four-element ultrasonic transducer sensor array. The inverse procedure is able to converge to the correct heating source location if the heating source is located inside the sensor array but is unable to converge to the correct location if the heating source is located outside of the array. A key nding is the need to design a sensor array with numerous propagation paths and with paths near the heating source location.


Progress is reported in four areas: process research and development, engineering research, engineering systems, technical support, and HTGR fuel reprocessing. (DLC)


Growing concerns amongst the competitors for maintaining the privacy of their customer's information has increased in recent years. Multiple parties desire to collaborate to conduct data mining without breaching privacy of each contributing party. Organizations, both public and private, publish sensitive micro data for research and/or trend analysis. The main confront for developing a secured framework is a consideration for privacy as well as efficiency and complications amongst the collaborating parties for generating standardization. The paper surveys various techniques applied for Privacy Preserving Collaborative Data Mining and summarizes the demerits of the same.


A large earthquake, magnitude 7.5, occurred at the western end of the Ryukyu Trench on March 12, 1966. The focal process of this earthquake is discussed in detail here on the basis of the moving lithosphere model. Its focal process and the features of the lithosphere in the Taiwan region are explained by means of a simple picture.The seismic parameters of this earthquake, which were obtained by analyzing two distinct phases in the initial P-wave group and by analyzing G waves, are as follows. Dip angle and dip direction of the fault plane are 82° and 215°, and the type of this fault is unilateral. The earthquake moment is 1.6×1027 dyne-cm; the average dislocation is 2.1×102cm; stress and strain drop are 6.6×10 bars and 1.8×10-4; strain energy is 1.4×1023 ergs; fault length in the strike direction is 2.7×10km; fault width is 2.8×10km; and rupture velocity is 1.9km·sec-1.


In 1999~2000, a great progress has been made in gas precursory observation technique and the observation mode at stations has been developed into continuous digital observation from the previous manual sampling. However, there are still a lot of problems to be solved in the application of gas-water separation technique, which is a key part to realized digital automatic observation. In order to solve those problems, the authors have carried out research and experiment on gas-water separation, which have been installed in hot self-flowing well and cold self-flowing well.


Numbers of large hydropower engineering is underground type.These underground powerhouse system are complex.Occupational hazard is serious on construction.By testing the electric welding fume,manganese oxide,CO2,CO,Ozone,nitrogen oxides,noise and ultraviolet radiation,the reason of occupational hazard exceeding the standard was analyzed.The analysis result would be good to bring forward the preventive and controlling measures.


Although it has been recently demonstrated that the laser-assisted (LA) crystallization process leads to the formation of perovskite absorber films of superior photovoltaic performance compared to conventional thermal annealing (TA), the physical origin behind this important discovery is missing. In this study, CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films have been synthesized by means of LA and TA crystallization on the surface of two hole transport layers (HTLs) namely poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA). A systematic study of the effect of laser irradiation conditions on the crystalline quality and morphology of the perovskite films was performed via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and absorption spectroscopy. Meanwhile, time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy under inert atmosphere conditions was used to evaluate the carrier transport dynamics. It is found that for the PEDOT:PSS/CH3NH3PbI3 structures, the LA process resulted in...


In this study,NF 001,an apetalous line in Brassica napus L.for B.carinata,were used to construct F1、F2 and BC1 populations respectively with normal petalous accessions of Brassica napus L.Mode of inheriatance for NF 001 with apetalous flowers was studied.Based on the observation of PDgr(petalous degree) segregation.It was hypothesized that the apetalous trait of NF 001 was controlled by four pairs of recessive genes with additive effect,but no cytoplasm effect.If dominat gene was showed by "R",recessive gene was showed by "r".The genotype of NF 001 was r1r1r2r2r3r3r4r4,The genotype of intermediate plant was R1r1r2r2r3r3r4r4 or r1r1R2r2r3r3r4r4 or r1r1r2r2R3r3r4r4 or r1r1r2r2r3r3R4r4,namely,the plants showed intermediate types and petalons respectively with one pair dominat gene and two pairs dominant genes.There may exist one pair,two,three,four pairs dominant,nomozygosis genes in those normal petalous rapes,but petalous lines with one pair dominant homozygosis genes was rather few.


The University of Michigan's Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation and Oracle Corporation, with the cooperation of the Original Equipment Supplier Association undertook a research study relating to the automotive supply chain. Results and conclusions of the study are as follows: To survive and prosper in the coming decade, all automotive suppliers, especially system integrators and large Tier 1 suppliers, must overcome several major challenges. These challenges are to - (1) organize their resources to support global manufacturers and system integrators; (2) deliver innovation, quality, and value to their customers with increased speed; and (3) operate profitably in the face of continuous competitive cost-reduction pressures. Suppliers can successfully meet these challenges only if they integrate their internal business processes and collaborate with both their customers and suppliers.


In the course research the problems of the common political history of Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania were comprehended, first of all, the influence of the Slavic world on the process of formation of the Lithuanian state, mutual influences of historical and cultural nature. The article focuses on the cultural interethnic contacts of Lithuanians and Ukrainians. Linguistic interethnic contacts, Lithuanian-Ukrainian interactions in family and marriage traditions of Ukrainians are revealed. Within the frameworks of the study the language situation was described. It can be argued that the Rus influence was stronger here, because the so-called "Rus language" was used both in everyday life and in official records. But it posed difficulties in its linguistic interpretation, many variants for its nomination were suggested which was described in detail in the article. Numerous Lithuanians in modern Ukrainian lexicon representing various fields undoubtedly testifies to the importance of Lithuanian-Ukrainian contacts in the Middle Ages and the historical contribution of Lithuanians to the formation of the Ukrainian ethnic group. The reciprocity of Ukrainian-Lithuanian contacts is evidenced by numerous Ukrainian borrowings in the modern Lithuanian language, most of which undeniably entered the vocabulary during the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A striking example of Lithuanian-Ukrainian interaction presents such a sphere of spiritual life as marital relations. After all, in the Ukrainian lands beginning from the XVI to the first half of the XIX century Lithuanian Statutes were in force (before the introduction of new Russian legislation), to which the norms of Russkaya Pravda regulating marital and family relations in the Kyiv state were transferred. Thus, Ukrainians got their own marriage and family traditions. The institution of marriage in the Lithuanian Statutes is considered quite extensively, but to a greater extent they regulated relations between the more affluent sections of the society at that time. Meanwhile, certain norms were universal: a clear definition of marriage age, defining the rights and responsibilities of parents and relatives in creating a new family, the obligations of the groom, determining the position of women and their children, and others.


AANA Journal/October 2004/Vol. 72, No. 5 373 DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in these abstracts are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Departments of the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Public Health Service; the Department of Defense; or the US Government. A1 The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome amongst anesthesia providers Brigid A. Reinhard, RN, BSN; Tatyana Tenenboym, RN, BSN Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is defined as a complex of symptoms resulting from compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include pain, numbness and tingling on the anterior surface of the index, middle or radial half of the ring finger. Anesthesia providers of both genders are at risk to sustain work related musculoskeletal disorders due to job related repetitive tasks. The mechanical strains that nurse anesthetists perform, such as rigid laryngoscopy with repetitive left wrist deviations, place anesthesia providers at a fivefold increase risk of CTS. The purpose of this study is to correlate demographic data and associated work and social factors with the incidence of symptomatology consistent with CTS. Methods: After obtaining IRB approval, a questionnaire was developed and administered to approximately 250 practicing anesthetists in the greater Detroit metropolitan area. The tool contained questions that elicited data regarding demographic information and technical hand/motor skills used in a typical day (both at work and socially). It questioned whether or not symptoms typical of CTS were present. Results: The results of the study are based upon 155 respondents. Using the Spearman rank order test, a positive correlation was found between pain while providing anesthesia and pain during the workday; numbness and loss of sensation, weakness in the hand State of the Science Oral and Poster Sessions: Part 1


The process of low temperature synthesis of graphene-like nanocomposites films on the porous silicon nanocrystallites (nc-PS) is considered. It was shown that the low temperature synthesis of graphene-like nanocomposites on nc-PS is due to the excess surface energy of porous-Si nanocrystallites and, in this case, nanoscale effects that occur on local parts of the atomically rough nc-PS surface play a specific role. In the report features of the specific role of the atomically rough nc-PS forces and the influence these forces on the energy of low-temperature synthesis of graphene-like nanocomposites on the surface of porous silicon nanocrystallites are considered.


PurposeThe purpose of this article is to identify design guidelines for online resources based on the subjective assessment criteria used by individuals to assess and process information resources. This method of creating design guidelines targeted at precise user groups has the potential to aid designers and developers to create more user-centred information resources.Design/methodology/approachThe authors gathered data using a prospective longitudinal study investigating the information behaviour of expectant and new mothers. Women were asked to report on their information-seeking activities in a series of semi-structured interviews covering pregnancy and early motherhood.FindingsThis research identified 15 assessment criteria that were utilised by women to assess and process information resources. The most popular resource criteria amongst participants were credibility and convenience, while completeness and relevance were the most popular information content criteria. The authors found that assessment criteria were not considered in isolation, with criteria such as formatting and search engine ranking impacting on participants' perception of other criteria.Practical implicationsThis research demonstrates the potential of linking a user groups subjective assessment criterion to design guidelines. The authors propose that these guidelines could be used to help design an online information resource. They could also be used to assess if an existing online resource met the needs of a user group. The methodology used in this study could be leveraged to create design guidelines for user groups.Originality/valueThis research uses subjective assessment criteria as a means of understanding how expectant new mothers process information resources. People use subjective judgements when processing information resources, and this should be incorporated into the design of information resources. Analysing longitudinal data allowed the authors to build a rich picture of how participants evaluated and compared different information resources.


PURPOSE
To compare smoking cessation rates among patients with underlying diseases treated with the same anti-smoking program and to analyze the relationship between disease entity and cessation rate, retrospectively.

SUBJECT
Between June and December 2006, 98 patients were treated at the Nicotine Addiction Clinic in Nagoya Medical Center. Of these, 97 who had been covered by a social insurance were enrolled in this study.

RESULTS
Underlying diseases were psychological in 18 (20%), cancer in 9 (9%). cerebrovascular in 13 (13%), and respiratory in 9 (9%). The overall smoking cessation rate at one month was 61%. Cessation rates for each underlying disease were 100% in hypertension, 100% in ischemic heart diseases, 100% in diabetes mellitus, 89% in cancer, 85% in cerebrovascular diseases, 44% in respiratory diseases, 28% in psychological disorders, and 17% in HIV infection.

CONCLUSIONS
The most prevalent type underlying disease was psychological disorders. Smoking cessation rates were high in ischemic heart diseases, cancer, and hypertension, but low in psychological disorders and HIV infection.


Objective:To investigate the effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic of volatile oil extracted from Tibetan herb Myricaria germanica and offer pharmacological and experimental basis for its safe and effective use in clinic.Method:The pharmacodynamic effects were observed in five experimental models of inflammation and pain:mouse auricular edema induced by xylem;mouse capillary permeability hyperthyroidism induced by acetic acid;granulation tissue hyperplasia;body distortion induced by acetic acid and hot board methods were applied in mice analgesic experiment.Result:The drug with the high, middle,and low dose could obviously inhibit the ear swelling induced by xylene in mice,the capillary permeability hyperthyroidism induced by acetic acid in mice and cotton balls in mice induced granulation tissue hyperplasia;inhibited the times of mouse wriggle and lengthen the reaction latent period of mouse hot board.Conclusion:These results suggested that volatile oil of Myricaria germanica has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.


Mr. Upson has shown us very clearly what has been accomplished in practice under the city manager plan in Dayton. There are, however, some considerations in connection with the theory of the city manager plan which are worthy of attention, and I am glad that Professor Hatton touched upon the theory side in his remarks. I am an enthusiastic advocate of the city manager plan and we have several cities in Texas operating under that form and others now considering its adoption, largely as a result of the support given to the plan by our bureau of municipal research and reference. At the same time, I am not without some very grave misgivings as to how the plan will work out in practice because of the all important question of the kind of men who will be chosen for these places. Of course it is apparent that the men chosen must be chosen for their expert qualifications and not for political reasons. That is axiomatic. But it is to my mind almost equally important that the proper kind of qualifications be insisted upon. It is not enough that the city manager be a first class business man or manager in the ordinary sense. If he is no more than that I confess I do not look forward to much advance in municipal ideals and accomplishments under this new plan.


The invention discloses a thread machining unit for a valve body upper cover machining line. The thread machining unit for the valve body upper cover machining line comprises a thread machining plate; linear bearing bases and a motor fixing plate perpendicular to the thread machining plate are installed on the thread machining plate; and the linear bearing bases are installed on the outer sides of the motor fixing plate. The thread machining unit further comprises a rotary shaft, the two ends of the rotary shaft penetrate through the two linear bearing bases; a three-jaw chuck is fixed to one end of the rotary shaft through a guide shaft support, and a tapped thread is installed on the three-jaw chuck; the other end of the rotary shaft penetrates through the motor fixing plate and provided with a driven wheel; a rotary motor is installed in the position, above the linear bearing bases, of the outer side surface of the motor fixing plate; a rotary shaft of the rotary motor penetrates through the motor fixing plate and provided with a driving wheel; and the driving wheel and the driven wheel are connected through a belt. By means of the mode, the thread machining unit for the valve body upper cover machining line can quickly machine a valve body upper cover, and thus the working efficiency is greatly improved.


When the curtain rises Captain Edward Fairfax Vere, former commander of His Majesty's Ship Indomitable, now on old man, is reflecting on life as experience has shown it to him—a confusion of good and evil, and the good never perfect. Trying to guide others, Vere was lost himself. Yet he has been blessed, been saved. By whom? He recalls an event in the summer of 1797, during the French wars, and after the Mutiny at the Nore. The stage begins to lighten and his thought takes visible shape in


Clonostachys rosea (Link: Fries) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert, and Gams (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) has been reported as a mycoparasite of fungi and nematodes and as saprobe in soils, but this fungus has not been reported previously to be entomopathogenic. Many species of cicadellid leafhoppers cause economic damage to crops as vectors of plant pathogens. In the present work, we report the Wrst record of C. rosea as an entomopathogenic fungus of two leafhoppers pest, Oncometopia tucumana and Sonesimia grossa (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in Argentina and evaluate the pathogenicity of C. rosea against them. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


The effect of coupling agent on bonding properties of modified polysulfide sealant based on liquid polysulfide polymer was studied.The results revealed that the treating of light calcium carbonate with WD-50 or chelant titanate coupling agebt or direct adding of aforesaid coupling agents to the sealant can increase the peeling strength and the cohesive failure rate of the sealant,the using above- mentioned coupling agebts as the adhesion promoter can increase the cohesive failure rate,and when the surface treating of light calcium carbonate with WD-50,the direct adding WD-50 to the sealant and the using WD-50 together with chelant titanate coupling agent as the adhesion promoter are all together used,the sealant can exhibit a remarkable positive effect on bonding properties of the modified polysulfide sealant.


OBJECTIVE To develop a HPLC-MS method for the determination of zolmitriptan in plasma and evaluate the bioequivalence of domestic and imported zolmitriptan tablets.METHODS Samples were pre-treated by solid extraction and analyzed by a Nucleodur C_ 18 column. The mobile phase consisted of CH_ 3 CN-CHCOOH(0.05%) = 10∶90, and the internal standard was sumatriptan. A single oral dose of 5 mg domestic and imported zolmitriptan was administered to 18 healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. Zolmitriptan concentration in plasma was determined by the developed LC-MS method, and the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were studied. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.25~40 μg·L~ -1 (r=0.999 5), the solid extraction recoveries of zolmitriptan and sumatriptan respectively were between 86.7%~96.4%(n=5)and 79.7%~81.4%(n=15), the method recovery was in the range of 102.2%~106.0% (n=5) , inter-day and intra-day RSDs were 2.3%~3.4%(n=5) and 3.4%~5.4%(n=5),respectively. The AUC_ 0~t of the two tablets were(59.6±24.4) and (56.6±31.2) μg·h·L~ -1 ,AUC_ 0~∞ were (62.3±25.9) and (60.2±24.0) μg·h·L~ -1 ,ρ_ max were(12.4±4.2) and(12.7±4.4) μg·L~ -1 ,t_ max were (1.9±0.5) and (2.1±0.4) h, the relative bioavailability of domestic to imported tablet was (107.1±25.7)%. CONCLUSION Statistice analysis shows no significant differences between the two preparations, and bioequivalence is observed. The established HPLC-MS method is accuracy and sensible for zolmitriptan determination.