Around the world, the COVID�19 pandemic has generated clinical challenges for health personnel in general, and particularly hospital personnel. In Mexico, the clinical psychologists who are part of the local hospital systems have adapted professional practices to provide mental health care in COVID�19 frontline hospitals. This text describes the actions, lessons, and challenges arising from treating patients, families, and health workers in six COVID�19 hospitals in Mexico. It highlights the main problems identified, strategies to address them, and the barriers encountered during this pandemic. Finally, this paper may be useful for planning clinical psychological activities within COVID�19 hospitals in locations where new waves of contagion appear.


4048 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Retrieval Number: B4943129219/2019©BEIESP DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.B4943.129219 Abstract: Fire fighters are commonly exposed to intense heat and fire. They suppressed fire by spraying water to avoid flame from spreading. They are enforced to use the Personal Protective Clothing (PPC) made of the flame-retardant material to protect themselves from the skin burn injury. Skin burn injury is the most common injury occurs among them. Yet, the exposure to extreme heat and moisture absorption into the clothing layers caused severe burn injury formation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of air gap combined with the moisture absorption in the fabrics using Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Bio heat Equation. From the simulation experiment it is discovered the air gap is a good insulator capable of preventing skin burn with a skin temperature of 48°C. However, the presence of moisture strongly affects skin temperature. It had elevated to 59.64°C forming a second-degree type burn injury. The presence of moisture had weakened thermal protection of the flame-retardant material and the air gap against the heat flux. It is found the moist material properties had enhanced heat transfer from the heat flux to the skin surface resulting severe skin burn despite they were encapsulated with the Personal Protective Clothing (PPC).


Air Traffic Control has an intrinsic collaborative nature that should be addressed and considered in the design of novel technologies. A field study aiming to discover controllers' collaborative actions within the control tower was carried out. The results of the study suggest that collaboration takes different forms, both explicit and implicit and that artefacts play an important role in supporting and mediating collaboration and communication. These elements represent a real challenge for the design of novel tools.


With the restoration of the Bourbons to the throne of France, there began one of the most intellectually fruitful periods in French history. The French suddenly had a greater freedom than had been enjoyed for some time, and as Lamartine tells us, "scarcely was the Empire overturned, when people began to think, to write, and to sing again in France. … All that had been hitherto silent now began to speak." In politics, all sides had powerful spokesmen. But the old regime, suddenly given a new lease on life, seldom before had been favored with such brilliant apologists as Chateaubriand, Bonald, Lamen-nais, and Joseph de Maistre, the prophète du passé. One thing should be made clear. That Maistre's political thought was superior to that of the others of this school, there can be little doubt. But that Maistre was the chief exponent of the reaction during the Restoration is a fact rather falsely assumed of at least open to exceeding doubt.


The article focuses on Esther Felton, general counsel at the insurance firm QBE. Topics include her role in the company's initial public offering, Felton's previous work experience, and her professional development in legal management. Information is provided on QBE's legal panel, which includes Mayer Brown, Norton Rose Fulbright, and Pinsent Masons.


Cryptocurrencies are the new emerging and important financial software systems. Digital forms of money are advanced monetary standards that depend on cryptographic monetary forms. Clients can't track down the entire information in one place and every other website shows some different stats which mislead the user to invest in the correct time and do some good investments. The investor is not getting the proper stats for a long period of time. In Cryptophyle we are fetching the data from multiple resources of cryptocurrency news and track some of the latest cryptocurrencies. Our website will give the In-depth information about the crypto world. Cryptophyle will keep you updated with the latest news and the latest data of the crypto world to make beneficial transactions and take more advantages from the app. It also provides past data which makes investors analyze the data and make success in their investments. The growth and ubiquity of exchanging in this new market are rapidly increasing due to the invention of digital kinds of money. Due to these resources' high degree of volatility, it is important to comprehend and forecast their price in a constantly shifting market.


The trade union movement in India is facing many challenges. The finances of the unions are generally in a bad shape. Multiplicity of unions and inter-union rivalry makes it difficult to take a constructive approach to problems and issues. Heterogeneity of membership renders the unions unstable, weak, fragmented, uncoordinated and amorphous. Besides this, majority of unions are managed by professional politicians and lawyers who have no experience of physical work and no commitment to the organization. These outside leaders may give precedence to their personal interests and prejudices than welfare of the workers. Development of internal leadership is also not encouraged by unscrupulous politicians in the garb of union leaders. Keeping in mind all these challenges various scholars and practitioners have suggested certain measures to strengthen trade union movement in India. Developing internal leadership, presenting a united labor front for bargaining, ensuring financial stability of unions, having paid full time union office bearers, extending the boundaries of trade unions to unorganized sector and ensuring strong central legislation for recognition of representative union are some of the measures that can change the face of trade unionism in India.


This paper firstly introduces the importance of WebGIS's structure.Based on the development of structure of WebGIS, we analyse the mode of terminal/workstation, two level C/S model, three or more level C/S model, and summarize their advantages and shortcomings. Finally, we introduce the structure of Agent-based and its advantages. We think that Agent-based structure is the trend for WebGIS.


We introduce a model for probabilistic systems with concurrency. The system is distributed over two local sites. Global trajectories of the system are composed of local trajectories glued along synchronizing points. Global trajectories are thus given as partial orders of events, and not as paths. As a consequence, time appears as a dynamic partial order, contrasting with the universal chain of integers we are used to. It is surprising to see how natural it is to adapt mathematical techniques for processes to this new conception of time. The probabilistic model has two features: first, it is Markov, in a sense convenient for concurrent systems; and second, the local components have maximal independence, beside their synchronization constraints. We construct such systems and characterize them by finitely many real parameters, that are the analogous to the transition matrix for discrete Markov chains. This construction appears as a generalization of the "synchronization of Markov chains" developed in an earlier collaboration.


We address the problem of persistent monitoring, where a finite set of mobile agents has to persistently visit a finite set of targets. Each of these targets has an internal state that evolves with linear stochastic dynamics. The agents can observe these states, and the observation quality is a function of the distance between the agent and a given target. The goal is then to minimize the mean squared estimation error of these target states. We approach the problem from an infinite horizon perspective, where we prove that, under some natural assumptions, the covariance matrix of each target converges to a limit cycle. The goal, therefore, becomes to minimize the steady-state uncertainty. Assuming that the trajectory is parameterized, we provide tools for computing the steady-state cost gradient. We show that, in 1-D (one dimensional) environments with bounded control and nonoverlapping targets, when an optimal control exists it can be represented using a finite number of parameters. We also propose an efficient parameterization of the agent trajectories for multidimensional settings using Fourier curves. Simulation results show the efficacy of the proposed technique in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D scenarios.


In the context of deregulation, the operation of modern electric power transmission systems needs to be more and more flexible. In particular, three aspects of steady state operating conditions should be addressed more carefully: loop flows, excessive short-circuit levels and post-contingency conditions. Indeed, unwanted loop flows can cause overloads and additional losses in neighbouring networks thus hampering commercial aspects of energy contracts. Simple additions of lines or transformers in tightly meshed networks can lead to excessive short-circuit levels. This situation is becoming more and more frequent in North American as well as in European networks. Rather than replacing a large number of circuit breakers, electric power utilities have resorted to other actions such as rearranging network configurations and opening ties, often at the cost of reducing reliability and operating flexibility. Finally, the maximum amount of power that can be transmitted by a given line at any moment is governed by the impact on neighbouring networks of the loss of that line. Generally, the negative impact is an overload or a voltage drop. This suggests one of the qualities to be expected of FACTS controllers, to be able to reduce the impact of contingencies. From the technical point of view, the interphase power controller (IPC) brings solutions to all three problems above. It should also facilitate the management of energy contracts.


Research already conducted in African countries indicates that the majority of patients still seek help from the traditional indigenous health care systems. This is an indication that, to achieve the goals of Health Care for All in the 21 st century, there is a need to acknowledge the role played by indigenous health practitioners as well as those practising complementary health care methods. The aim of the theme "African renaissance" is to focus on the renewal of African roots, which in health care is without doubt the indigenous health care methods. Although the government has already put in place mechanisms to accommodate this field of health practice, some critics still feel that the methods for diagnosis, treatment, medication as well as the training and certification are not scientific enough. It is therefore eminent that sustainable health care development that can benefit all the people of this country should harness a synergy between indigenous health care systems, scientific research and modern health care methods. This article attempts to address the historical evolution of health care methods in South Africa, its effect on the community as well as challenges facing the health professions.


This project uses a series of learning approaches for a transaction anomaly detection problem. The input data is a 19-feature dataset of transaction records with high binary class skewness (1% vs 99%). We apply Logistic Regression, AdaBoost and Boosting Trees and we use Lift and prediction accuracy metrics to evaluate our results. All approaches were based on the material covered in the course notes [5] of this class.


The present study contrasts the validity of a design based on the application of guided lessons plans, the teaching-learning process through' tutorials, and case analyses as means of intruction for students of secondary education. The objective of this study can be categorized as an application of Behavior Principles in the area of Educational Psychology and consists of an attempt to prove the following hypothesis: "If a group of secondary school students are submitted to a self instructional technique-with group dynamics following programmed guides, greater efficiency is obtained in concept learning than with the application of "traditional" 0 "conventional" methodology. Upon analysis of results it was established that at the begining there were no significant differences in the achievement of the experimental and control groups, where as, after the experimental educational treatment, such differences did exist. From the theorical point of view the article attempts to present a logical sequence for the scientific process. The particularity of the psychologist's activity in underlined in this process, in conclusion, the elaboration of a science within its own operations in conditioned by the historical dimension of the investigator.


The study projects about the seasonal effect of gold across various years in Indian Commodity Market. There are several factors affecting the prices of gold which is been highlighted in the report. Moreover, a statistical tool is been used i.e. Chow test, which after analyzing proves that there is seasonal effect on the gold prices in India. Gold in India is a need for any occasions, regardless of the price and it is analyzed to find the effect of the price increase. It is been highlighted in the project the different level of price rise in different year and what could be the further predictions. After analyzing the Indian Commodity Market, certain observations are given in accordance to the findings of the study. Thus, the seasons are a big influential factor in the commodities and financial markets. Index Terms: Gold Price, Chow Test, Investor, Financial Market, Indian Commodity Market


This paper studies the decoding capabilities of maximum distance profile (MDP) convolutional codes over the erasure channel and compares them with the decoding capabilities of MDS block codes over the same channel. The erasure channel involving large alphabets is an important practical channel model when studying packet transmissions over a network, e.g, the Internet.


The large variety of video data sources means variability not only in terms ofincluded content, but also in terms of quality. Therefore, quality assessment pro-vides an additional dimension. The paper describes a comprehensive evaluationexperiment on perceived video quality. Consequently, in summary, 19 200 000video frames will be processed. Given the scale of the experiment, it is setup on a computer cluster in order to accelerate the calculations significantly.This work on Quality of Experience (QoE) is synchronized with that conductedby the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG), in particular the Joint EffortsGroup (JEG) – Hybrid group project.


The method of connecting residual current reactor with cable in low voltage network was proposed in order to detect the network insulation. The corresponding circuit model was established,and the character was analyzed when single-phase leakage was occurred. A new theory that there is linearity between distribution capacitance and resonance capacitance was presented,and the experimental study was carried out. The results show that the method can detect the distribution capacity online,and it is simple as well as safe and reliable in operation which can be used in engineering.


The article substantiates the concept of "thesaurus outline" that was proposed during the development of the thesaurus theory. The authors characterize its nature, sequence and scripting language. It is compared to other concepts, in particular to the concepts of "world view" and "thesaurus maquette".


Technology costs have come down hugely, and wind is now knocking at the door of coal, nuclear, and even gas as the least-cost energy source in developed countries. The U.K. has experienced wind farms that have put in bids under the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO) at about US$0.03/kWh, and this is probably a benchmark for many projects in the United States. Yet in many of the World Bank's client countries, which have good and in some cases outstanding wind regimes, costs are much higher, installed capacity is low, and the prospects are gloomy. Sector Structure Electricity is a sector that is still emerging from dominance with most of its clients in state-owned monopoly utilities, where generation, transmission, and distribution are bundled together. Many electricity sectors are undergoing reform and restructuring, but progress is uneven. Some countries are further down the path of reform than others. There are few, if any, truly open electricity markets where a generator can set up shop to sell electricity. Often utilities resist moves to include renewables in their generation mix: immaturity of the technology, small size of the projects, and fears for system stability are the most frequently cited reasons. At best, generators may have the option to respond to set-piece requests for proposals to supply electricity either under engineer, procure, and construct (EPC) or build, own, and operate (BOO); build, own, operate, and transfer (BOOT); or build, operate, and transfer (BOT) arrangements that are published by electricity utility or government authorities. Quite often it is difficult to separate one from the other, given closeness of the policy and the regulatory and operational framework in many countries. Some of the bids have resulted in strong competition and quite low prices, but they: Do not represent a proper market since they are called at a time, frequency, site, and size of the utility's choosing Are not sustainable over the long term because BOO/BOOT/BOT arrangements are not compatible with the development of wholesale electricity markets.


1,2-Diaminobenzenes react with pentane-2,4-dione in ethanol in the presence of picric acid to give 1,5-benzodiazepinium picrates. In the single crystal, the benzodiazepinium molecules form layers with overlapped 7-membered rings in head-to-tail arrangement. Hydrogen bonds to the picrate connect the 1,5-benzodiazepinium molecules of two layers.


This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine (0, 0.125%) on performance, carcass composition, pork quality and hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity of crossbred finishing barrows. Three replicates often pigs were used for each treatment. The results showed that average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by betaine. Compared with the control group, pigs treated with betaine had a 8.17% (p<0.05) decrease in carcass fat percentage, and a 8.84% (p<0.05) reduction in 10th-rib backfat thickness, but dressing percentage, percentage lean, longissimus muscle area, and average backfat thickness were not affected. There were also no significant differences in muscle color score, marbling score, pork pH value and water loss rate between the control and betaine-treated groups. Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity was significantly increased by 13.97% (p<0.05) when pigs were offered 0.125% betaine.


Reproduction is a crucial trait in the life history of any organism, and vertebrates, whether aquatic or terres- trial, have evolved an extraordinary diversity of reproductive strategies and morphologies. Among tetrapods, the diver- sity of reproductive modes is exceptionally high in amphibians, who also show multiple trends towards terrestrialisation and internal fertilisation. Herein we give a brief overview of the diversity of amphibian reproductive morphology, with a special emphasis on the cloaca, for all three major lineages, i.e., anurans, urodeles and caecilians.


Psychotherapists have always emphasized that effective psychotherapy requires something more than the individual's cognitive explanations and his reports about external situations. "Intellectualizing" and "externalizing" are well known to be ineffective modes of behaving in psychotherapy. It has long been known in all orientations that patients who "intellectualize" or "externalize" tend to fail in therapy.


A series of novel 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-4-aryl-4H-benzo[b]pyran-3-carbonitriles was obtained from the reaction of 2-(1-arylethylidene)malononitrile and 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione in an ionic liquid at 90°C. This method had the advantages of operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions and an environmentally benign procedure.


Follicular fluid(FF) of mammalian Graafian follicles contains various kinds of proteins and proteinases that are believed to play important roles during follicular growth oocyte maturation and ovulation of mature oocytes. Previous studies of human FF(hFF) demonstrated the presence of many serine/threonine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases such as gelatinases, however, little is known about the caseinases. Present study was aimed to examine the presence and the property of caseinolytic enzyme in hFF. Using casein zymographic method, it was found that hFF, human adult serum and cord serum exhibited one intense 80 kDa and another weak 78 kDa bands having caseinolytic activity. When inhibitors were added to the zymographic substrate buffer, caseinolytic activity of both 80 kDa and 78 kDa proteins were inhibited by othylenediarnine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) or soybean trypsin inhibitor(SBTI), but not by E-64, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF) or 1,10-phenanthroline. Thus both enzymes appear to belong to a family of trypsin-like enzyme. Addition of EDTA to the zymographic substrate buffer almost abolished the caseinolytic activity of both enzymes. However, further addition of a divalent metal ion such as CaC , MgC , MnC or ZnC to the same buffer fully restored the enzyme activity at 5 mM concentration despite the presence of EDTA. Based upon these observations, 80 kDa and 78 kDa caseinolytic enzymes are present in human follicular fluid and they appear to be trypsin-like enzymes of which caseinolytic activity needs the presence of , aM , M or Z ././././.


As a pastoral theologian who is a woman, I come to two of the concerns of this paper by profession. The third I arrive at naturally. My first two concerns are theology and pastoral care-including the relationship between the two, and especially how this relationship affects actual pastoral care functioning. My third interest involves a particular dimension of this relationship between theology and pastoral care, i.e., the pastoral care which women experience with male pastors.


Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common, sustained tachyarrhythmia, associated with an increased risk of mortality and thromboembolic events. We performed this meta-analysis to compare the clinical efficacy of rate and rhythm control strategies in patients with AF in a meta-analysis framework. A comprehensive search of PubMed, OVID, Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted, using relevant keywords. Dichotomous data on mortality and other clinical events were extracted and pooled as risk ratios (RRs), with their 95% confidence-interval (CI), using RevMan software (version 5.3). Twelve studies (8451 patients) were pooled in the final analysis. The overall effect-estimate did not favor rate or rhythm control strategies in terms of all-cause mortality (RR= 1.13, 95% CI [0.88, 1.45]), stroke (RR= 0.97, 95% CI [0.79, 1.20]), thromboembolism (RR= 1.06, 95% CI [0.64, 1.76]), and major bleeding (RR= 1.10, 95% CI [0.90, 1.35]) rates. These findings were consistent in AF patients with concomitant heart failure (HF). The rate of rehospitalization was significantly higher (RR= 0.72, 95% CI [0.57, 0.92]) in the rhythm control group, compared to the rate control group. In younger patients (<65 years), rhythm control was superior to rate control in terms of lowering the risk of all-cause mortality (p=0.0003), HF (p=0.003) and major bleeding (p=0.02). In older AF patients and those with concomitant HF, both rate and rhythm control strategies have similar rates of mortality and major clinical outcomes; therefore, choosing an appropriate strategy should consider individual variations, such as patient preferences, comorbidities, and treatment cost.


Trousseau, 1 in 1856, noted that thrombosis of peripheral veins may be the first clinical indication of the presence of a malignant tumor in some part of the body. This observation has had such recent confirmation as the study of Woolling and Shick. 2 They reported 15 cases of carcinoma that had been unrecognized until after the patients sought medical aid because of symptoms referable to thrombophlebitis. The association of venous thrombosis and carcinoma of the pancreas was carefully investigated in autopsy material by Sproul, 3 who found thrombosis of one or more veins in 14 of 47 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas and in 9 of the 16 patients with carcinoma restricted to the body or tail—a very high incidence. Generations of medical students have been taught, on the basis of these and similar studies, that peripheral thrombophlebitis as a presenting complaint is suggestive of malignant disease in


An experimental study on forced convective heat transfer and flow thermophysical properties of a nanofluid consisting of three various concentrations of Al2O3 nanofluids (0.13, 0.25 and 0.64%) vol.% and deionized water which flows in a cooling coil made of copper pipe (heat exchanger) under laminar flow conditions are investigated. The Al2O3 nanoparticles of 90 nm diameter are used in this study. Working fluid flow rate of 0.5 L/min to have the fully laminar regime (1320.4<Re<1169.5). The results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient of Al2O3/deionized water nanofluid when concentration 0.64 vol.% is slightly higher than that of the deionized water alone at same conditions (inlet temperature and mass flow).


Permanent magnet generators have the advantages of simple structure, high reliability, high efficiency, and energy saving. It is suitable for agricultural transportation vehicles, but there are some troubles on voltage regulation. In order to realize the stable output of permanent magnet generator, a kind of voltage-stabilizing method to ensure the average output voltage stability is proposed: by controlling the degree of clipping. First, the voltage regulation principle of permanent magnet generator is analyzed, mathematical model of permanent magnet generators in synchronous rotation coordinate system is built, and on this basis, the voltage-stabilizing circuit is designed. Second, the voltage-stabilizing circuit model of permanent magnet generator is created, the simulation analysis of reference point voltage and the output voltage under different speed and load is carried out, and the average value of output voltage is calculated according to the simulation curve taking advantage of the calculus principle. Third, the voltage-stabilizing circuit is made and tested. By comparing the simulation results with the experimental results, it is proved that the voltage-stabilizing circuit is suitable for the working characteristics of permanent magnet generator, the selected parameters of component are reasonable, and the simulation results are accurate and reliable. The circuit has excellent voltage-stabilizing performance. It provides a convenient and reliable method for the design and development of voltage-stabilizing circuit and promote the application of permanent magnet generator on agricultural transport vehicles.


Demographic and health surveys identified the trends and determinants of fertility behavior among northeastern Brazilian adolescents in 1986 1991 and 1996. Discrete-time hazard models estimated the probability of a woman having a first birth during adolescence and evaluated individual and environmental factors influencing personal fertility choices. Data showed that the factor most strongly and consistently associated with the probability of giving birth during adolescence was the young womans level of educational attainment. Adolescents who had not attended school beyond the primary level had a higher average incidence of having a first birth by comparison with those who had attained a secondary education. Multivariate analysis revealed that religious affiliation and mass media exposure did not consistently influence adolescent fertility over time. This study suggests that the promotion of education may be the most effective strategy for delaying childbearing among adolescents in northeastern Brazil. In addition the impact of health and family planning programs on teenage fertility needs to be researched further.


The study of think tanks in Spain has been growing in the last few years with an equally increasing number of social and grassroots movements. This article offers content analysis results from a selection of eight Spanish think tanks in the digital press during a seven-year period, adding new conclusions to previous literature for the same period. Not only does this research explore the appearance on the media, but also the type of mentions and authorship of the articles and blogs included in the digital press, contributing to a deeper study of think tanks. The objective of this study is to analyse the limited presence of Spanish think tanks in media outlets and whether their appearance is ideologically motivated. The article built a constructed week sampling and followed a content analysis methodology to gather quantitative and qualitative elements from the selected sampling (n=1,101). The paper concludes that the presence of think tanks in the Spanish digital press is limited, causing not only a lack of knowledge of their existence but also raising questions about how they try to impact on the policymaking process.


The U.S. Department of Energy High Energy Physics Division provided $10,000 during 1997-1998, as partial support for the 1998 International Symposium on High Energy Spin Physics, which has been held every second September since 1974, and for its five associated Workshops that usually focus on some particular technical issue which is currently important to the field of High Energy Spin Physics. Similar funds were provided by Argonne Universities Association (AUA) during 1974-1978, by University of Michigan during 1979- 1994 and 1999-2004, and by DOE during 1995-1996. These Symposia and Workshops serve as a focus for the important, but technically difficult, field of High Energy Spin Physics, which requires state-of-the-art spin-polarized beams and spin-polarized targets. The Symposia and Workshops are guided by the standing International Committee for High Energy Spin Physics Symposia, which approves the content and location of the Symposia and Workshops. The Committee's Members are elected to 4-year terms; some of the more active and/or distinguished Members have served a number of terms. The Proceeding of each Symposium or Workshop is published, usually by a publisher near the meeting site.


It's not possible to predict with any degree of certainty future developments in hardware and software and what they might mean for language learning.

Keywords:

CALL;
computer mediated communication;
language learning technology


AIM
Can gene expression profiling be used to identify patients with T1-T2 melanoma at low risk for sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity?

PATIENTS & METHODS
Bioinformatics modeling determined a population in which a 31-gene expression profile test predicted <5% SLN positivity. Multicenter, prospectively-tested (n = 1421) and retrospective (n = 690) cohorts were used for validation and outcomes, respectively.

RESULTS
Patients 55-64 years and ≥65 years with a class 1A (low-risk) profile had SLN positivity rates of 4.9% and 1.6%. Class 2B (high-risk) patients had SLN positivity rates of 30.8% and 11.9%. Melanoma-specific survival was 99.3% for patients ≥55 years with class 1A, T1-T2 tumors and 55.0% for class 2B, SLN-positive, T1-T2 tumors.

CONCLUSION
The 31-gene expression profile test identifies patients who could potentially avoid SLN biopsy.


Summary form only received as follows: This paper has derived a new method for estimating the maximum ventricular elastance Emax by assuming that the following two assumptions are simultaneously established in a certain part of the ejection period: the ventricular elastance E(t) changes linearly with time and the dead volume V0 does not change. The method can estimate Emax in a single beat without any change in the cardiac load by measuring the ventricular pressure and either the ventricular volume or outflow. The method does not need to previously assign the approximation range of E(t) and does not include the recursive procedure to search for the peak time tmax that gives Emax. In an experiment in vivo, it could be ascertained that the method can derive the estimate of Emax. roughly close to the true value.


Educational transition where students move across school stages is of international interest (Jindal-Snape, 2010). In Iceland there is growing interest in the transition from the lower secondary stage of compulsory schools to upper secondary schools, not least because of long standing concerns about high dropout rates in the upper secondary sector. According to an OECD report, successful completion of upper secondary education within four years is 45% in Iceland while the OECD average is 68% (OECD, 2012). According to the same report 30% of the age group 25–34 have not completed upper secondary education while the OECD average is 19%. The article reports two studies of different groups of students at Verkmenntaskolinn a Akureyri (VMA) (Akureyri Comprehensive College). The first study was completed 2009 and aimed at students from the Department of General Studies (DGA) (A-group) who had enrolled into the school without the required attainment to be accepted into the school's regular programmes of academic or vocational study. Ten students were interviewed to seek an answer to why some students of the DGA dropped out while others continued. The interviews were analysed in light of self-efficacy and motivation for learning as key concepts, in consonance with a number of international research projects that have focused on the impact of various student attributes, such as selfefficacy, self-esteem and resilience on successful educational transition (Jindal-Snape, 2010). The target group of the second study, conducted 2011 (B-group), was students who had successfully completed their compulsory education, and aimed at finishing their chosen programmes of study in VMA within the time limit set out by the school's curriculum. Ten participants were chosen for the B-group and similar interviews were conducted with both groups. The main focus of the article is on the study of the B-group, and it is used to shed light from a different perspective on the same key issues as informed the analysis of the results from the A-group, and are believed to impact on student progress through upper secondary schooling. These are: self-efficacy and motivation for learning, educational transition, relationships with parents and peers and education for all students. The findings indicated, first, that the transition to the upper secondary school was challenging for both groups as indicated by Galton (2010) and Jindal-Snape (2010). It was obvious, however, that the participants of the B-group met these challenges with more determination, and seemed to have the benefit of a stronger sense of efficacy, more resilience, and stronger motivation for learning than the A-group. Secondly the findings revealed that more participants from the B-group than was anticipated, according to their compulsory school records, suffered from reading difficulties and even dyslexia, and had problems coping with the requirements of initial mathematics courses. Some had repeatedly failed the beginning course, and reported that this undermined their sense of efficacy and even their progress within their line of study. This is in line with the findings of two recent studies: of the teaching of mathematics (Kristin Bjarnadottir, 2011) and Icelandic (Svanhildur Sverrisdottir et al., 2011), and underscores the need for revision of teaching, learning and learning materials in both subjects. Thirdly the findings highlighted the importance of parental support and interest in their children's learning. Participants from the B-group reported more support from parents, than did their peers from the A-group, and some said that support and supervision from their parents had played a crucial role in keeping them on track. This indicates that schools should encourage parents to take an active role in their children's schooling as suggested by Elias et al. (2003) and Sigrun Aðalbjarnardottir and Kristjana Stella Blondal (2005). The fourth issue that came out of the findings is the importance of having good friends and successful peer relationships. Participants from the B-group voiced strongly how much they appreciated having good friends to whom they could turn for support when needed. This indicates that organised peer-support might be considered within upper secondary schools. Last but not least, the findings of both studies generally emphasise the importance of self-efficacy and motivation for learning in line with Adeyemo (2010), Bandura (1997), and Schunk and Miller, (2002). Both aspects are imperative for students' progress through the upper secondary school, and therefore need to be nurtured by all possible means, not least by offering learning opportunities that meet the needs of all students.


Fine tuning the energy levels of donor polymers is a critically important step toward achieving high power conversion efficiencies in polymer solar cells (PSCs). We systematically controlled the energy levels of donor polymers by introducing cyano (CN) and alkoxy (OR) groups into the 4,4′-didodecyl-2,2′-bithiophene (BT) unit in a step-by-step fashion, thereby varying the inductive and resonance effects. The three monomer units (BT, BTC, and BTCox) were polymerized with benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) as a counter unit to afford three polymers (PBDT-BT, PBDT-BTC, and PBDT-BTCox). The highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels decreased significantly upon the introduction of CN groups, and these levels increased slightly upon attachment of the OR groups, in good agreement with the measured open-circuit voltages of the three polymer devices. The strong inductive and resonance effects present in PBDT-BTCox narrowed the polymer band gap to 1.74 eV to afford a ...


Most semantic segmentation models based on deep convolutional neural network (CNN) typically require a large number of weight parameters, high hardware resources for storage and computation. Moreover, redesigning a compact network suffers from some training problems, such as under-fitting. A human segmentation algorithm is proposed based on compressed deep CNN to optimize the convolution layers and filters. PSPNet-50 is fine-tuned on the human segmentation dataset to obtain the human segmentation model with higher accuracy. Then the convolutional-layer level pruning and corresponding structure optimization are performed so that the parameters of the model are substantially reduced. Finally, the two-stage global filter-level pruning strategy is used. Compared with the method of layer by layer pruning and retraining, our strategy not only reduces parameters of the model and saves the time of retraining, but also keeps the high IoU (Intersection over Union) accuracy. In addition, by adding auxiliary losses in the network during training CNN, the supervised training of the network is improved, and IoU is further increased. Compared to the model before compression, the sufficient experiments show that the parameter number, computation cost, memory consumption, and parameter storage are decreased by 1/7.5, 5.6/6.6, 0.7/1, 6.5/7.5, respectively, while the segmentation speed is accelerated by 2.4 times, and IoU on test set reaches 93.2%.


After Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, the land owned by white farmers was soon started to be seized by the rural population. In 1997, a land reform was instituted, and nowadays most of the "white" farm land is redistributed and parcelled into many small-holder farms. However, due to continuous crop cultivation without adequate fertilization and limited soil conservation practices, crop yields abruptly declined, leading to reduced food security at national level. The objective of the present study was to identify which biophysical factors limited maize performance at village level along three farming settlement schemes, Le. communal areas, old resettlement areas and new resettlement areas, in North-East Zimbabwe. These settlement scheme types have been determined by the political and historical development of the country during 90 years of colonial and settler government. Communal areas were settled after the colony period (1889), old resettlements during 1980s and new resettlement areas after 2000. The three schemes have different characteristics in terms of farm size, crop and livestock production system. level of technology use, management. income level and soil type. The study focused on maize. the main staple crop in the region. in the cropping season 2006-7. and consisted of two main phases: (i) Land use characterization in cropping fields from the three villages and (ii) Detailed maize performance assessment through a soil and crop sampling and. questionnaires regarding crop management and input use. During the first phase, nine farmers were randomly selected in each village according to wealth status. Most of selected farmers owned more than two maize fields, and in total 48 plots were sampled. The 27 farmers were next interviewed to obtain detailed information regarding land use, farm household. soil characteristics. field management and maize performance. Data retrieved during this phase was evaluated by ANOVA, Spearman correlations and Multiple Regression Analysis. These analyses showed by vil/age and wealth classes the main factors influencing maize performance.


We propose HAMSI, a provably convergent incremental algorithm for solving large-scale partially separable optimization problems that frequently emerge in machine learning and inferential statistics. The algorithm is based on a local quadratic approximation and hence allows incorporating a second order curvature information to speed-up the convergence. Furthermore, HAMSI needs almost no tuning, and it is scalable as well as easily parallelizable. In large-scale simulation studies with the MovieLens datasets, we illustrate that the method is superior to a state-of-the-art distributed stochastic gradient descent method in terms of convergence behavior. This performance gain comes at the expense of using memory that scales only linearly with the total size of the optimization variables. We conclude that HAMSI may be considered as a viable alternative in many scenarios, where first order methods based on variants of stochastic gradient descent are applicable.


The capability of recognizing various social touch patterns is necessary for robots functioning for touch-based social interaction, which is effective in many robot applications. Literature has focused on the novelty of the recognition system or improvements in classification accuracy based on publicly available datasets. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework of implementing social touch recognition system for various robots, which consists of three complementary principles: 1) multi-modal tactile sensing, 2) a modular design, and 3) a social touch pattern classifier capable of learning temporal features. The approach is evaluated by an implemented Multi-modal-sensing Modular Tactile Interface prototype, while for the classifiers, three learning methods—HMM, LSTM, and 3D-CNN—have been tested. The trained classifiers, which can run online in robot's embedded system, predict 18 classes of social touch pattern. Results of the online validation test offer that all three methods are promising with the best accuracy of 88.86%. Especially, the stable performance of 3D-CNN indicates that learning 'spatiotemporal' features from tactile data would be more effective. Through this validation process, we have confirmed that our framework can be easily adopted and secures robust performance for social touch pattern recognition.


The destructive cycle of looting and collecting keeps archaeological artifacts, sites and human burials found on private land constantly at risk. They are at risk of being destroyed, disrespected, and having their provenience stripped from them, rendering them useless to archaeologists and therefore limiting the public's knowledge of our past. While federal law protects archaeological resources found on federal land or discovered during the course of federally funded projects located off federal land, states are left to create their own laws to protect archaeological resources found on state and private land. This paper set out to discover what types of protective measures states have developed, and what was found is disturbing: most states fail to protect archaeological resources on private land. They place in the hands of the individual resources that ought to be placed in the hands of the public. Raising public awareness of this issue is the first step to change how states view ownership of archaeological resources. This paper calls for greater awareness and demonstrates the need for change.


The 13th century was the golden age of French verse hagiography, and more than half of the 200 extant French saint's lives date from this period. Among the saints exalted are 13 female martyrs and hermits of early Christianity. In "The Lady as Saint", Brigitte Cazelles offers an English translation of these lives and provides commentary on the portrayal of female spirituality and perfection in the literary context of 12th-and 13th-century France. In her analysis, Cazelles poses two key questions. First, why this preference for heroines of a bygone era at the expense of more contemporary models of female spiritual perfection? Second, what did these early martyrs and hermits have in common with their 13th-century audience? Gazelles contends that the woman saint depicted in verse hagiography and the courtly lady depicted in secular literature share certain common characteristics: visibility, passivity and silence.


Late preterm babies are those born between 340/7 and 366/7 weeks of gestation, constituting the largest subgroup of preterm infants. Despite the relative morphofunctional maturity, these children remain at a high risk of damage to various organs and systems, and there is also a high mortality rate. One of the top places in the structure of morbidity in late preterm is occupied by respiratory disorders. Quite often there is transient tachypnea, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, pulmonary hypertension, and congenital pneumonia. Currently, there are various approaches to prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of respiratory disorders in late preterm children. Until now, the issue of the advisability of prenatal prevention of respiratory distress syndrome with corticosteroids after the 34th week of gestation has not been resolved. Non-invasive methods of respiratory support are more popular along with minimally invasive administration of surfactant preparations when indicated. The trend towards an annual increase in late preterm births determines the need to improve the methods of their nursing. The control over respiratory disorders and hypoxia is crucial in the prevention of adverse outcomes in late preterm children.


Changes in the Polish financial system were so rapid that some stages of financial development were skipped. At the beginning of the transformation process, banks' main balance sheet items were short-term loans and deposits. At the end of the 1990s, foreign investors started to rapidly increase their share of banking sector assets. And with the inflow of foreign capital came the transfer of technologies, know-how, and also business models from parent companies. These models were based on granting housing loans. As a consequence, it is households rather than enterprises that are now the most important customers for banks in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. In fact, the share of household loans (mainly mortgage loans) in banking sector assets in the CEE countries is the highest among all EU countries. Banks financed their activities through a growing deposit base, later supplemented by loans from parent companies. The future of the Polish banking sector will depend on the evolution of the global financial system. Banks will probably start to rely more on traditional sources of financing and their portfolio of liquid assets will be greater than before the outbreak of the global financial crisis. As for the asset side of the balance sheet, housing loans are likely to continue to occupy the dominant position. The overwhelming demand for housing (in Poland, as in other CEE countries, the vast majority of residential property is owned, rather than rented), coupled with very low average income relative to the price per square metre, make it impossible for banks to do without long-term financing. Covered bonds are a possible source of such financing. It would be desirable to design and implement instruments which could change the current structure of banking sector assets (lower the share of household loans). The existing structure is clearly not conducive to the economy's international competitiveness. The question remains, however, as to how banks might be induced to steer their credit flows away from households and towards manufacturers.Full publication: What Do New Forms of Finance Mean for EM Central Banks?


For various fuel-air mixtures and different compression ratios, the intake temperature was varied over the entire range of 200 F (366 k) down to - 100 F (200 k) when employing a single cylinder spark ignited research engine fuelled with natural gas. Performance data such as knock and ignition limits, the nature and extent of exhaust emission and chamber pressure cyclic variation were obtained. Means were then suggested for the interpretation of the above mentioned data in terms of engine operation on liquefied natural gas. The experimental work confirmed in general the attractive features of the use of natural gas as a fuel in a spark ignition engine operated under extremely cold intake temperature conditions and that emissions of pollutants were not significantly increased.(a) /TRRL/


Ectopic production of peptide hormones by lung tumors is an established phenomenon (Yesner 1978). This report pres ents data of analysis of such a tumor which produced immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), and bio-and immunoreactive large molecular forms of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT).


The study aims to overcome the distress of the gifted students by concretizing abstract mathematical terms and to remove the difficulties the students face when teaching addition and subtraction with whole numbers. In this study, it has been observed that gifted students have reached informal information about negative whole number operations when implementing the lesson plan about whole number operations via robots. The study group of the survey included two gifted sixth grade students who receive education at Şahinbey Science and Arts Centre in Gaziantep. This study designed as a qualitative study. In this study, the case study method was applied, in order to understand how the lesson plan designed with robots affects the data analysis process and prediction skills of the students. In this way, it was aimed to examine the development of students in detail. The lesson plan were specified according to the students. The lesson plan consisted of two parts. In the first part, we tried to implicate the students the location of zero in the number line and the existence of the negative numbers. In the second part, we made the students gain the mathematical logic of the addition and subtraction operations with whole numbers thanks to the activities and modellings by using robots. In conclusion that the gifted students were able to show the locations of the negative whole numbers in the number line thanks to the activities, and it was observed that the students were able to make meaning of the logic about operations with negative whole numbers. The movements of the robots were associated with the whole number of operations and the locations of the numbers. It was observed that the students were able to express negative numbers more easily thanks to the robots.


This issue of the journal had already been planned when CQ lost its own "first voice," David Thomasma. David died unexpectedly on April 25, 2002, after undergoing surgery. The Special Section herein titled "First Voices," with collected reminiscences of some early bioethics pioneers, had been David's idea from beginning to end. As such, we had decided to deviate from our usual practice of a collaborative editorial and to have David offer a solo voice from the perspective of someone who intimately participated in molding the discipline. This issue of CQ, which we dedicate to him, was his last project.


The surface treatment of bamboo timber was carried out by microwave plasma (MWP). The surface contact angle of samples was measured by using glycerin and UFR. Hence the influence on the surface performance of bamboo sample was evaluated. The results showed that the surface contact angle of samples became the decreasing trend as a whole with prolonging the MWP treat time and the distances shorting between the sample and resonance cavity. The surface contact angle of sample descend 49%~59% with MWP treating 30 s, when the distances between the sample and resonance cavity were 40 mm and measured at 15 s after dripping with glycerin. The surface contact angle of samples was lower measured with the glycerin than that of UFR, also at 15 s after dripping than that of 5 s after dripping whether it was glycerin or UFR. The grinding treatment had a little effect on the surface contact angle of samples after MWP treatment. The modification effect was better treated by MWP treating after grinding than that of treating by MWP directly.


The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Capuchin API launched by Sony Ericsson at Lund, Sweden in 2008. The Capuchin API bridges Adobe's Flash graphics and effects with JSR support from Java ME. We evaluated Capuchin API with regard to its suitability for a Mobile TV application. We tested this API in Ericsson's TV lab where we had access to live TV streams and online multimedia resources by implementing a Mobile TV client. This test application was named "Min TV", in English: "My TV". Using Capuchin in the Ericsson TV lab environment has shown that it has some benefits, but also has many drawbacks. The Flash developer can be used to create an animated user interface and Java developers can do complex programming. At this early stage Capuchin technology is not mature enough, nor is it suitable for Mobile TV client development. Only after Sony Ericsson adds features such as soft keys, easier debugging of Flash Lite standalone applications, test emulator support in the software development kit, and more data communication methods than string and number, only then it will be a suitable technology for Mobile TV applications. Ericsson's current Mobile TV application client was built using a framework called ECAF, which supports a graphics frontend and Java ME as backend. We compared ECAF and Min TV with respect to parameters such as: flexibility, performance, memory footprint, code size, and cost of skinning. (All these parameters are explained in detail in the methodology chapter.) As a possible future technology for Mobile TV, we evaluated a number of different presentation/graphics technologies including HECL, SVG Tiny, MIDP 3.0, .NET Compact Framework, etc. Moreover, we examed if a pure Flash Lite client application is a viable solution for Mobile TV. The comparison of different presentation technologies showed that Java ME is a comprehensive platform for mobile development offering all the necessary support from third party graphical user interface makers. .NET CF also looks like a good option for development with the scaled down capabilities for different programming languages supported using CLR.


A chemical used for dry cleaning, degreasing of industrial equipment, and production of fluorinated refrigerants poses unreasonable health risks to workers and consumers, the US Environmental Prote...


The paper outlines some aspects of network resilience built into British Rail's Private Telecommunications Network and some influences upon BR Telecoms Future Network Strategies. Four examples are cited where network resilience or availability are evident: voice network; data services (switching network and bearer network); radio network; and Lineside network.


During March-June 1993 in Bangladesh health workers followed 2166 pregnant women of 24-26 weeks gestation attending prenatal care clinics at the Azimpur Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Training Institute Sir Salimullah Medical College and Radda Barnens MCH Clinic all in Dhaka City to identify the risk factors of perinatal mortality. Home visits were conducted to follow up on home deliveries and to conduct the seventh day postpartum checkup. 103 women experienced a perinatal death for a perinatal mortality rate of 47.5/1000 live births. 70% of the perinatal deaths were stillbirths. 15.5% were newborn deaths within 24 hours of birth. The remaining deaths occurred between 2 and 7 days after birth. Pregnancy and delivery-related causes were responsible for 21% of perinatal deaths. Fetal/newborn-related causes comprised around 60% of perinatal deaths. The six leading risk factors for perinatal death were preeclampsia combined with fetal distress (relative risk [RR] = 31.98) antepartum hemorrhage (RR = 12.5) postmaturity (RR = 10.66) hypertension (RR = 10.13) prolonged labor (RR = 5.04) and severe edema (RR = 5). Women who had no more than two prenatal care visits were more likely to experience perinatal death than those who had more than two visits. Socioeconomic status had little effect on perinatal death. These findings suggest that prenatal care has the most influence on child survival since health workers can identify and treat the leading risk factors during prenatal visits. They also reveal that improved management of delivery would also improve child survival.


In recent years, dialogue journals have become a fixture in many English as a Second Language writing courses. Along with promoting written fluency, dialogue journals integrate reading and writing in the context of social interaction. With the advent and availability of on-line technology, students can send their journals to each other through E-mail, creating what we call audience journals. We have instituted yet another level of integration to promote active negotiation of meaning in written text: students not only send journal entries to an "E-partner," they must also make meaning by summarizing their E-partners' journal entries. The summary is sent to both E-partner and instructor. This continual interchange of ideas and monitoring of comprehension afford both reader and writer opportunities for expression and feedback. These audience/summary journals also serve to decentralize the role of the teacher, as students create and direct their own discourse communities.


Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymer nanofiber based ultrathin layer chromatographic (UTLC) plates fabricated by a facile electrospinning method have been used as the stationary phase for on-plate identification and monitoring of the migration behavior of twenty amino acids using green solvents like n-butanol, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate and their mixtures as the mobile phase. The PAN copolymer spun nanofibers exhibited physical and chemical robustness in the mobile phases used during the present study. Nanofiber sheets were produced using three different concentrations i.e. 8, 10 and 12 wt% of PAN at variable flow rates i.e. 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mL h−1 for each solution of PAN. The surface morphology and diameter of the electrospun PAN nanofibers were examined using scanning electron microscopy techniques. The effect of layer thickness on chromatographic performance of UTLC plates in the separation of amino acids was also investigated. The electrospun PAN UTLC plates prepared from electrospinning 10% (w/v) PAN solution in dimethylformamide using a 0.2 mL h−1 flow rate for about 1 h were found to be most efficient for imparting differential migration among the amino acids with the use of a mixture of n-butanol–ethylene glycol–ethyl acetate (5:3:2 by volume) as the mobile phase. The chromatographic performances of PAN derived UTLC plates and commercially available precoated silica HPTLC plates were compared in respect of their use in the analysis of amino acids. In addition, PAN derived UTLC plates were also compared with silica gel TLC plates and Dowex 50 ion exchange resin (Na+-form) for amino acid sensitivity. The PAN derived UTLC plates were found to be more useful at providing better sensitivity, rapidity and lower solvent requirement for development. The developed method was successfully applied for the identification of the lysine and methionine present in commercial drug samples.


The bcl‐2 gene was first shown to be dysregulated in the majority of follicular lymphomas in which a t(14;18) chromosomal translocation is present, but is also over‐expressed in the absence of gene rearrangements in most cases of B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL). The bcl‐2 oncoprotein is a regulator of apoptosis and the activity of this protein is opposed by bax, a homologous protein that accelerates the rate of cell death. B‐lymphocyte bcl‐2 and bax protein levels were found to be significantly altered in B‐CLL patients when compared to those of a normal control group. Increased bcl‐2/bax ratios were observed in both the treated and untreated patients when compared to those of normal controls. These alterations were particularly pronounced in those treated patients found to be clinically unresponsive to chemotherapy.


See also Toh CH, Dawney C. The biphasic waveform in plasma: identifying the sepsis – coagulation crossroad? J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 604– 05; ten Cate H. The biphasic waveform in plasma: identifying the sepsis – coagulation crossroad? J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1533–4; Samis JA, Stewart KA, Toh CH, Day A, Downey C, Nesheim ME. Temporal changes in factors associated with neutrophil elastase and coagulation in intensive care patients with a biphasic waveform and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1535–44.


Abstract Split plot designed field trials were conducted during 1988–1995 to study the long term effects of petrochemical industry wastewater on six crops and agricultural soils. It was observed that wastewater irrigation resulted in increased seed yield of all the crops selected, viz. wheat, triticale, chickpea, lentil and pigeonpea, except summer moong which showed a decrease in seed yield. Soil receiving the wastewater showed no significant changes in pH, total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, micro‐ and macro‐nutrients and SAR. Thus, it may be concluded that treated refinery wastewater met the irrigational quality requirements as its pysico‐chemical characteristics were within the permissible limits. The same could be said for the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil as well as in the grains making the latter safe for human consumption.


A simple expression for the magnetoresistance of the antiferromagnetic metals due to the electron-spin scattering by the s - d interaction is obtained using the molecular field approximation for the spin system. The expression includes the ferromagnetic case. It is shown that in the antiferromagnetic case the positive magnetoresistance appears below the transition point, in contrast to the negative-magnetoresistance in the case of the para or ferromagnetic case. In the ferromagnetic case the negative magnetoresistance shows a deep and finite valley at the transition point, which is consistant with the experiments of the ferromagnetic rare-earth metals such as Gd and Tb.


Review(s) of: God's Willing Workers: Women and Religion in Australia by Anne O'Brien, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2005, pp. 314. $49.95 paper.


How can strategies of governance in an online fan community be resisted by fans? By drawing on Henry Jenkins's application of de Certeau's concepts of strategy and tactics to fandom, I examine the regulation of normative behavior and show how fans can collectively devise tactics to delegitimize and reject strategies applied by the hierarchy, consequently becoming self-steering. To articulate these tensions that can arise within a fan community, I draw on a case study of normative fan identity within Murmurs, an online community for fans of left-leaning liberal American rock band R.E.M. I show how norms in the community are constructed through values of liberalism such as tolerance, equality, and goodwill. Focusing on how normative behavior in a community is not a given but is governed through strategies of power employed by the hierarchy, I explore how two strategies were successfully resisted by members on the basis that they subverted these values of liberalism. My argument demonstrates how the strategies worked to explicitly expose governmentality (Foucault's concept) within the community, with fans becoming aware that they were instrumental in a process of self-governance, collectively devising tactics, and steering themselves to reject the strategies. This has broad implications for understanding and predicting the power dynamics of other online fan communities, and in particular for formulating responses to implementation of strategies of surveillance and governance.


The cause of Legg-Calve Perthes disease, 97 years after its original description remains undefined. In the present study we examined factors, which were correlated with a favourable or negative impact on the outcome of surgical treatment.From a total of 98 children, treated during the period 1994–2006, we studied 20 cases (classified as Catterall III and IV), treated surgically. The average age was 7.4 years (4–13 years). We studied in comparison the most common procedures performed: these were the varus femoral osteotomy (12) and the lateral shelf acetabuloplasty (7). The subtrochanteric osteotomy yielded superior radiological results Stuhlberg I–II (I:6, II:6), than the lateral shelf procedure Stuhlberg II–IV (II:3, III:3, IV:1). The clinical results were similar between the two groups according to the Barrett scale, excellent or good.Regarding the subtrochanteric osteotomy the most important factor was the precise varisation of the femoral neck and secondly the timing of surgical treatment early during...


The paper gives an overview of Indian textile industry and its polluting processes. It outlines findings ofa study carried out at various cotton, manmade, knits woven, woollen, yarn dyeing and decentralised textile processing clusters in India. Load of pollutants discharged by textile processing units in these clusters has been worked out based on production, water consumption and water discharge. It was observed that the processing units in the cluster studied, discharge thousands of tonnes of pollutants especially in the form of BOD, COD and TDS. Process controls and standardisation were tried and introduced. A new process of effluent treatment and reuse of spent liquor In reactive dyeing process was introduced. Combination of these resulted in substantial reduction of pollutants from textile processing operations.


The question of creating an optimal microclimate for maximum realization of the genetically inherent potential in plants is far from being resolved. This is due to the multi-factor nature of the biotechnical system of greenhouses, the dependence on the number of controlled components of the microclimate and the consistency of their work: light, temperature, etc. Based on this task, we conducted initial research and developed additional lighting algorithms for greenhouse systems. Based on the work of previous years and existing scientific research, the most optimal method for optimizing artificial lighting and linking its intensity to the microclimatic parameters of the system has been determined.


Asymptotic separation index is a parameter that measures how easily a Borel graph can be approximated by its subgraphs with finite components. In contrast to the more classical notion of hyperfiniteness, asymptotic separation index is well-suited for combinatorial applications in the Borel setting. The main result of this paper is a Borel version of the Lov\'asz Local Lemma -- a powerful general-purpose tool in probabilistic combinatorics -- under a finite asymptotic separation index assumption. As a consequence, we show that locally checkable labeling problems that are solvable by efficient randomized distributed algorithms admit Borel solutions on bounded degree Borel graphs with finite asymptotic separation index. From this we derive a number of corollaries, for example a Borel version of Brooks's theorem for graphs with finite asymptotic separation index.


This paper introduces the reduction of oil consumption in KP mill analyzing energy balance. Enargy sources of pulp and paper mills in Japan are 66.3% of purchased energy and 33.7% of supplied energy by own mill, where the black liquor percentage is 96.4%. In case of kraft pulp and paper mills energy sources are 15.8% of purchased energy and 84.2% of black liquor.Analyzing energy balance, we could operate the KP mill using black liquor only, if we save the energy by 6.6%.Case studies of save the energy which we are trying now, shows as follows ;(1) Making higher black liquor consistency.(2) Much more usage of cheaper electric power during the night time.(3) Aiming higher boiler efficiency.(4) Saving steam and electricity of process stages.(5) Aiming high efficiency of power generation.


ABSTRACT Recent developments have raised new concerns regarding the prospects of democracy in Latin America, particularly in what are often defined, although not unanimously, as cases of competitive authoritarianism, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. In light of their significance and diffusion on a global level, understanding how these regimes emerge is important, especially when they replace democratic or imperfectly democratic regimes such as in the cases examined in this study. What explains the emergence of competitive authoritarian regimes (CARs), particularly when the starting point is democratic or imperfectly democratic? What are the region's democratic prospects after the emergence of various CARs in the last two decades? Through the comparative analysis of competitive authoritarian attempts in Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, I argue that the same passages and challenges required to transform a democratic regime into a CAR makes incumbents' features and strategies particularly important, especially the ability to weather potentially lethal institutional crises and limit the legitimacy costs associated with competitive authoritarian manipulations. Incumbents have proved more successful in these challenges and hence in their competitive authoritarian attempts when combining charisma and the elaboration of a democratic discourse including the diffusion of new democratic values.


Bayesian network (BN) method using in error separation is the hot issue of the current research. BN is a powerful tool for uncertainty reasoning and knowledge representation. When we use it combining with the statistical method, it shows a lot the advantage of data processing. This paper considers the many factors in measuring dynamic errors and of the complicated relationship, and brings the small sample BN into the measuring dynamic error separation. In view of the measurement error, we build the basic dependent relationships among variables and the basic construction among nodes and so on. Finally, we use simulation for experiment and analysis through the study of small sample BN.


Patchouli plant is one of main agricultural commodities in Indonesia with an area of 64.67 ha. The solid waste produced from the distillation industry is around 98% of total feedstock. The aim of this research is to disclose the characteristics of solid waste biomass from patchouli essential oil industry harvested from Lhokseumawe, Indonesia. The properties of patchouli biomass before and after distillation was analyzed by using a number of techniques including proximate, bomb calorimeter, TGA-DTG, DSC and lignocellulosic analyses. Five kilograms of biomass was collected after patchouli harvesting then sorted into four categories i.e. leaves, branches and trunk. and mixture of all. Another set of biomass residue was collected after distillation process and grouped similar to those collected before distillation. All samples were then dried, ground and sieved to 50 mesh size. The analysis results showed that the highest heating value was observed from the sample of patchouli leaves collected before distillation process with a value of 15.65 MJ/kg where its volatile matter content was 81.26%. Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic suggested that 27% in pre-distilled branches. Mixture of all parts was found to contain 35% cellulose that was the highest. Lignin content with 42% value was found in after distilled trunk.


letters to the editor the Halting Problem, as well as general program synthesis. I am also accused of ignoring " the entire field of statistical relational learning. " The excellent book Introduction to Statistical Relational Learning, compiled by my former student Lise Getoor and the late Ben Taskar (MIT Press, 2007), has 13 chapters on SRL languages and systems. My article referred to 10 of them. My comment that IBAL was the first probabilistic programming language (PPL) was in no way intended as a slight to Sato's PRISM and Poole's ICL, contributions for which I have the highest respect. My article placed these approaches, along with BLOG, within the tradition of languages for defining probability distributions over logical worlds, as did Sato and Poole. For example, the PRISM website (http://rjida.meijo-u.ac.jp/prism/) says, " The program defines a probability distribution over the set of possible Herbrand interpretations. " My article clearly distinguished this approach from the PPL tradition based on distributions over execution traces of an arbitrary programming language, due to Koller, McAllester, and Pfeffer. Perhaps this is just a matter of terminology, although it seems worthwhile to point out that execution traces need have no relational structure at all. At the time of writing, the extensive bibliography at http://probabilistic-programming.org/research/ does not include the early papers by Sato and Poole, but a broader notion of PPL might well include them. Give Me 'Naked' Braces I was appalled by A. Frank Ackerman's letter to the editor " Ban 'Naked' Braces! " (Oct. 2015), which recommended programmers adopt a policy of always following the closing brace of each code block (presumably, in Algol-like languages like C and Java) with a comment intended to make it clear exactly which code block the closing brace belongs to. However, review article " Unifying Logic and Probability " (July 2015) provided an excellent summary of a number of attempts to unify these two representations, it also gave an incomplete picture of the state of the art. The entire field of statistical relational learning (SRL), which was never mentioned in the article, is devoted to learning logical probabilistic models. Although the article said little is known about com-putationally feasible algorithms for learning the structure of these models , SRL researchers have developed a wide variety of them. Likewise, contrary to the article's statement that generic inference for logical probabi-listic models remains too slow, many efficient algorithms for this purpose …


The absorption of cyanocobalamin from the gastrointestinal tract requires the mediation of the gastric intrinsic factor (1). Although recent studies suggest that the cobamide coenzymes may be the naturally occurring form of vitamin B12 (2), these coenzymes also require intrinsic factor for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (3, 4). The demonstration by Wilson and Strauss (5) that everted sacs of guinea pig intestine in vitro take up cyanocobalamin in the presence of human gastric juice, has provided a tool for studying the action of human intrinsic factor in vitro. We have utilized this system to study the absorption of cyanocobalamin from the gastrointestinal tract, in conjunction with studies of cyanocobalamin transport into normal and malignant cells (6). Previous studies with perfused isolated rat intestinal loops in vivo have indicated that the absorption of cyanocobalamin is not affected by metabolic poisons (7). The difficulties associated with studies with metabolic inhibitors in vivo have prompted us to repeat these studies in the isolated sac system. Herbert (8) has demonstrated that calcium ions are required for the uptake of hog intrinsic factor by rat intestine segments at 40 C in vitro, and that most of this radioactivity could be removed by subsequent rinsing with ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA). This calcium dependence of intrinsic factor has been observed in vivo in the rat (7, 9) and in man (10). Although calcium-binding materials interfere with the in-


In this paper the Moody's databases, of corporate issuers of long term bonds and structured products, are used to estimate asset and factor correlations across a group of sectors, world regions and products. The estimation is performed with the dynamic one factor model for default risk proposed in Koopman, Lucas and Daniels (2005). The results show signiflcant difierences in the estimated asset correlations across groups. These flndings are in line with some of the objectives of the Basel 2 accord, along the lines of accounting as much as possible for the heterogeneity of the issuers, in credit portfolio analysis.


Objective
To investigate the status of medical students and analyze their relevance to the current medical practice environment, and try to find out the possible factors that affect the medical students' willingness to seek medical treatment.

Methods
The questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the cognition of medical students' willingness and medical practice environment in the clinical practice of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The regression analysis model was used to analyze the correlation data.

Results
The medical students' willingness to engage in medical treatment and their cognition of medical practice environment, such as doctor-patient relationship, doctor' s income and pay ratio and the attribution of doctor-patient contradiction, were closely related. There was no significant correlation between the degree of trust of the patient in the eyes of the medical students, the attitude of the patient to the doctor, the cognition of the wounded medical practitioner and the personal safety of the doctor, the view of the media related medical report, and so on.

Conclusions
Medical students' cognition of medical practice environment is closely related to their willingness to engage in medical care.To strengthen medical students' humanistic education, improve the medical students' professional identity, and guide the correct understanding of current medical practice environment, may help reduce the negative emotions among medical students, firm medical students' willing to engage in medical care, and reduce the loss of medical talent.

Key words:
Medical students; Willingness to engage in medical care; Medical practice environment; Doctor-patient relationship; Medical humanities


This study was conducted as a qualitative case study that explored how gifted 3rd‐grade elementary school children who had learned the primary concepts of division and fraction, when they studied contents about decimal, formed the transformed primary concept and transformed schema of decimal by the learning of accurate primary concepts and connecting the concepts. That is, this study investigated how the subjects attained relational understanding of decimal based on the primary concepts of division and fraction, and how they formed a transformed primary concept based on the primary concept of decimal and carried out vertical mathematizing. According to the findings of this study, transformed primary concepts formed through the learning of accurate primary concepts, and schemas and transformed schemas built through the connection of the concepts played as crucial factors for the children's relational understanding of decimal and their vertical mathematizing.


The effect of a Bacillus commercial probiotic on intestinal microflora of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was investigated by Biolog-ECO and nutrition agar at the late farming stage, comparing the shrimps farmed in ponds utilized bacillus commercial probiotic with the control ones farmed in tanks utilized nothing. Gram-negative bacteria were the dominant culturable bacteria of shrimp intestinal microflora of two ponds. In the pond used the probiotic,the total counts of culturable bacteria were lower than that in control pond,while the Shannon index, Simpson index,McIntosh index and the function of carbon utilization of shrimp intestinal microflora increased significantly( P 0.05). The results indicate that Bacillus commerial probiotic can improve the function of carbon utilization of shrimp intestinal microflora.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a magnetic carrier dispersion efficiently isolating a nucleic acid from a biospecimen, a whole blood specimen or a gel carrier after electrophoresis and to provide a method for the automated isolation of the nucleic acids. SOLUTION: A nucleic acid binding magnetic carrier dispersion (L) containing an activation agent (A) having a cyclic quaternary ammonium group (a) containing a nitrogen atom constituting the quaternary ammonium group as the constituent atom of the ring and bonded to the surface of iron oxide fine particles (P) through a covalent bond (c), and obtained by dispersing a nucleic acid binding magnetic carrier (C) composed of the iron oxide fine particles (P) covered with the activation agent (A) in an aqueous dispersion medium (S). The nucleic acid isolation method contains a step to mix the nucleic acid binding magnetic carrier dispersion (L) with a specimen containing nucleic acids and recover the complex of the nucleic acid and the nucleic acid binding magnetic carrier (C) by magnetic force. COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT


The system supervises the equipment of Central Oxygen Supply in Hospital with network-bus technology. The instrument can not only acquire data, process, display, control independently but can also send data to master supervising computer for uniform management. The system structure, the hardware design of the circuit modules, the network protocol are presented in detail.


We investigated the fruit set and quality of yellow passion fruit subjected to hand and natural pollination by carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) in the Philippines. We also recorded the foraging behavior of the bees. A quadrat measuring 6 m x 7 m was marked in a yellow passion fruit plantation for the investigation. Two groups of 20 flowers that had been either hand pollinated or visited by the bees were followed to determine fruit set and quality. The hand pollinated flowers had significantly greater fruit set (15/20 versus 7/20), fruit weight, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, peel weight, number of seeds, and juice yield. Flowers that were self-pollinated by hand produced no fruit. Bee flower visit times and patterns were also investigated. The carpenter bees started visiting the passion fruit flowers from 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM, with peak visitation at 1:00 PM. The greatest mean duration of flower visits was observed at 11:00 AM (304 s), which coincided with the observed peak hour of flower opening. We observed random distances in the flight patterns of the carpenter bees, which was independent of flower distances (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; µ=3.34 < σ2=7.91 vs. µ=2.40 > σ2=1.20). We conclude that passion fruit farmers can utilize supplemental hand pollination to increase yield when the main pollinators such as Xylocopa spp. are not available in sufficient numbers.


Thirty age – matched healthy adult male New Zealand white rabbits (2.0 ± 0.5kg BW) were randomly divided into six groups (four treatment and two control groups). The treatment groups were given intraperitoneal injection of either 0.5ml or 1.0ml of water extract of 'abeere' seed or the alcoholic extract (w/v) respectively and examined for 14 days. The effect of the seed extracts on the heamatological parameters, selected enzymes, liver function and body weights of the affected rabbits were analyzed. There was a shift in the leucocyte population towards lymphocytes in the rabbits treated with extracts of 'abeere' seed and a reduction in neutrophylls. An enhancement in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase in rabbits exposed to 0.5ml of water extract of 'abeere' was observed. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the histology of major organs and weights of test and control rabbits. Keywords: Hunteria umbellata, seeds, Toxicity studies, Rabbit


The purpose of this draft is to document how the Locator/ID Separation
Protocol (LISP) Control Plane can be used to offer a unified (offering
L2 AND L3) Overlay solution that matches the framework and
requirements of Network Virtualization over L3 (NVO3). This
information is provided as input to the NVO3 analysis of the
suitability of existing IETF protocols to the NVO3 requirements.


The central theme of this paper is territoriality. Essentially, I am concerned with the part that territo--riality plays in determining spatial behaviour. Part One introduces the subject and demonstrates the need for geo graphers to examine territoriality more thoroughly. The newly developed field of behavioural geography is assessed, the importance of scale being a fundamental consideration. Part Two deals with definiti~n of territoriality in animal and human populations. The problems encountered in defin~ ition and delineation of human territories are discussed. Part 1hree poses two important questions. 1. What function does territoriality serve? 2. Is territory innate or a cul tural acquisition? Although the answers to these questions are subject to further research, the importance of these considerations is demonstrated. Part Four considers dom inance and leadership. The spatial implicat5-ons of these concepts are developed. Part Five centres about territo rial encroachment and the subsequent reaction. Essentlally


Apriori algorithm is widely used to determine the pattern of relationship between products that are often bought in a store or supermarket. The a priori algorithm would be appropriate to be applied if there is some connection item you want analyzed. One thing that can be applied is in the field of promotion and marketing strategy determination.
The aim in this research there are three, namely: (1) want to know the implementation of Data Mining on the sales transaction database of items of goods for the household. (2) wanted to know the implementation of Apriori Algorithm in determining high frequency items are set to predict the inventory in the future.
The object of this research is the application of a priori algorithm. Data of this research is in the form of sales receipts obtained from Surakarta Sweet Son store in April and May, and in July and August 2015. The data was collected using interviews and documentation. Data analysis using RapidMiner program Studio 6.4.
The conclusion of this study are: (1) Data Mining can be implemented by using a data base selling household goods, as you may find the tendency of pattern combinations of item sets that can be used as valuable information in the decision to prepare a stock of goods what is necessary then. (2) Application of Apriori algorithm in data mining techniques can be more efficient and be able to accelerate the process of forming a pattern tendency combination of items set household results is to support and supreme confidence on the items set glass - plate.


Economics is a discipline remarkably distant from its publics. This is particularly striking when compared to science, which has been strenuously brought into public view for decades. The academic work done around science engagement provides a starting point for our questions here. Who is the imagined public for economics? How are they to know about economics? What is the economics that is made when it is made public? By looking at museums, books, newspapers, movies and documentaries, and through an in-depth look at blogs, we describe a public that is presumed ignorant but interested, a knowledge that is communicated from the top down, and an economics that is technical, secretive and macro-focused.


In this note we present several recent results for the production of multijet final states in p¯ collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV. These measurements, which include the crosssection for dijet and three-jet production and the ratio of three-jet to two-jet cross sections, were taken with the DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. In hadron-hadron collisions, production rates of collimated sprays of hadrons, called jets, are sensitive to both the dynamics of the fundamental interaction and to the partonic structure of the initial-state hadrons. The latter is usually parameterized in parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the hadrons. Thus measurements of jet production properties can be used to test the predictions of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as well as to constrain the PDFs. Because jet production has the largest cross-section of any high pT process at a hadron collider, the study of jet production provides the highest energy reach for the experiment and a unique sensitivity to new physics. Several jet measurements are now well established at the Tevatron, including the measurement of the inclusive jet cross section and of the angular and invariant mass dependencies of dijet events [3, 5, 7]. These measurements provide important tests of perturbative QCD (pQCD) and are input to PDF calculations. Measurements of multi-jet production take advantage of the fact that these processes have the same PDF sensitivity as dijet production, but are sensitive to processes to third order in the strong coupling constant αs. Fundamental to the understanding of order α 3 processes is the three-jet cross-section, which we present as a function of the invariant mass of the three-jet system. Studies dedicated to the dynamics of the interaction are preferably based on observables which are insensitive to the PDFs. Such observables can be constructed as ratios of cross sections for which the PDF sensitivity cancels. In this note we report a measurement of R3/2, the ratio of the inclusive three-jet to the inclusive 2-jet cross-sections. In this note we present several recent results for the production of multijet final states in p¯ p collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV. These measurements, which include the cross-section for dijet and three-jet production and the ratio of three-jet to two-jet cross sections, where taken with the DO experiment [1] at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The data analyzed were recorded using a single jet triggers at a variety of thresholds, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.7 fb 1. The event selection, jet reconstruction, jet energy and momentum correction in this measurement follow closely those used in our recent measurements of inclusive jet and dijet distributions [3, 5, 7]. The primary tool for jet detection is the finely segmented uranium-liquid argon calorimeter that has almost complete solid angle coverage 1.7 ◦ < θ < 178.3 ◦ [1]. Jets are defined by the Run II midpoint cone jet algorithm [2] with a cone radius (for most jet studies) of Rcone = p (�y) 2 + (�φ) 2 = 0.7 in rapidity y and azimuthal angle φ. Rapidity is related to the polar scattering angle θ with respect to the beam axis by y = 0.5ln[(1 + β cosθ)/(1 β cosθ)] with β = |~ p|/E. The jets in an event are ordered in descending transverse momentum pT with respect to the beam axis. For all jet studies, a jet energy scale (JES) correction is applied to jet four momentum as the measured four momentum of a jet is not the same as that of a jet entering the calorimeter due to the response of the calorimeter; energy showering in and out of the cone; and additional energy from detector noise, event pile-up and multiple p¯ p interactions. The JES correction is determined using the pT imbalance in γ+ jet and dijet events. The additional energy from pile-up and multiple interaction is determined from a minimum bias sample. The JES corrections are of the order of 50% for a jet energy of 50 GeV and 20% for a jet energy of 400 GeV. However, for the 0.7 pb 1 data sample used for the measurements presented in this talk, collected with the DO detector during 2004–2005 in Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider, the uncertainty on the JES is very small, less than 2% over jet pT's from 60 to 300 GeV. For the sake of brevity, the reader is directed to reference [3] for a discussion of the inclusive jet cross section measurement, and reference [4] for the details on the extraction of the strong coupling constant from the inclusive jet cross section.


We prove that for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sufficiently large, all perfect 3-hash linear codes in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {F}_{3}^{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> must have dimension at most <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\left ({\frac {1}{4}-\epsilon }\right)n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for some absolute constant <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon > 0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.


Oral ingestion of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to chronic alcoholic adult male mice at dose levels of 4 and 8 mg/g body weight for seven consecutive days caused a significant increase in lipid fractions, lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and its metabolizing enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were significantly decreased in the arterial tissue. These observations suggested that ingestion of MSG to chronic alcoholic animals had no beneficial effect and thereby, could act as an additional factor for the initiation of atherosclerosis.


Diffuse losses of phosphorus (P) from arable land are often related to soil P and P amendments. We follow the in situ dynamics of plant‐available [ammonium lactate/acetic acid (P‐AL)] and easily soluble (0.01 m CaCl2) P during 1 year after fertilizer application at five sites in long‐term fertility field experiments in Sweden with three different soil P levels and amendment rates and two different crop rotation systems. Clear differences between soils and P treatments were found. These can to a large extent be explained by the amount of applied of P and soil sorption capacity. The 'bell curve' indicating the development of plant‐available P can be described successfully using Gaussian modelling. Strong correlation between plant‐available and easily soluble P as determined by the above‐mentioned methods shows that the existing agronomic soil test P can be a good indicator even for easily soluble P, especially if other soil properties such as soil sorption capacity are taken into account. From the management standpoint, small increases in both plant‐available and easily soluble P as in the P replacement treatment indicate that such a management strategy may reduce environmental risks as a result of P amendments. Increases in P amendments above the agronomic optimum increased plant‐available P for a considerable time after P amendment (2–4 months) to indicate high environmental risk.


Solar Physics
Solar flares are bright flashes and associated eruptions of plasma from the Sun that are thought to be powered by violent rearrangement of the magnetic fields near sunspots. Fleishman et al. observed a bright solar flare with a microwave interferometer, allowing them to map the magnetic field in the solar corona and monitor how it changed during the flare. They found a large drop in the local field strength over 2 minutes, releasing enough magnetic energy to power the entire solar flare. Determining the origin of this energy will help to predict how strong future solar flares may be and their potential space weather impacts on Earth.

Science , this issue p. [278][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax6874


The authors discusses the changes that are taking place in Argentina as well as in all of Latin America today -- privatization, deregulation, and the modernization of the economy, changes which will serve to strengthen the governments and provide a better quality of life for all of them. He gives an insight into the factors which helped bring about these changes, the support they are receiving, the problems which persist, and the measures that still must be taken so that these positive changes remain in place. He offers some useful information that will perhaps contribute to their understanding of the vast area which he refers to as Latin America, and more specifically, gives a thumbnail sketch of what is happening today in the Republic of Argentina. For many years now, Latin American leaders have travelled to other parts of the world and spoken about the plans and expectations for the region`s future. When these well-intentioned projects and plans never materialized, partners and supporters in the United States and other countries were frustrated and disappointed by the failure to make things work. The author`s intention here today is to describe things as they are, not as they might be, to tell about what is already happening in the sphere of business and growth of the economies in Latin America.