Supercooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed Martin A. Nowak with Roger Highfield Free Press, 2011Through mathematical modeling and game theory, Martin Nowak of Harvard University highlights the crucial role of cooperation in human evolution. The problem of cooperation between two individuals (or groups) is illustrated in the Prisoner's Dilemma, wherein the best possible outcome for individuals would be to act in the name of self-interest, which, simultaneously, is the strategy of the other side. Collectively, however, cooperation would result in the best payoff. To the layman, then, self-interest mediated competition would appear to be the dominant mechanism in the struggle for survival and reproduction in a world of competing interests. From this purely abstract view, it would appear that augmenting the reproductive fitness of a competitor, while at the same time lowering one's own fitness through cooperation does not make sense. But it is now recognized that cooperation between individuals that comprise a breeding population or "gene pool" will enhance the survival of that community's genes, whether in the struggle to survive in the face of an adverse environment or in competition against rival groups for control over the same vital resources. Nowak points out a number of natural examples and mathematical models of cooperative interaction between would-be competitors. While mutation and natural selection remain the principle components of evolution, Nowak proposes "natural cooperation" as a "third principle" component. Although Nowak frames cooperation within a mathematical context, mercifully, the book is not heavy in mathematics.Nowak suggests that cooperation underlies the evolution of biological systems of wide-ranging complexity. At one end of the scale is the "primordial pizza," a random clustering on a hard surface (in contrast to the liquid substrate of the "primordial soup") of complex molecules, precursor substances of life, derived from simple chemicals. Sprinkled about the "pizza" are micro-environments shaped by interactions depending on molecules residing within that space. A form of chemical cooperation is envisioned as facilitating the replication of selected complementary molecules, thereby outcompeting molecules that do not replicate. Such self-replicating, selfcatalyzing molecules are envisioned as precursors to RNA. More extensive cooperation between replicating molecules and those that increase chemical reactions is presumed to give rise to further complex, long-chained molecules, including DNA. Around the "scaffolding" of interacting replicating molecules arose unicellular then multicellular organisms. Thus, in Nowak's view, cooperation is older than life itself.Cooperation is observed in complex systems, between cells within tissues and between organ systems within organism. Cooperation within a population, of either cells or organisms, may lead to "greater diversity by new specializations ... and new divisions of labor," and, in turn, greater network (or social) complexity. However, there is no guarantee that such a population will retain its stability over time. Non-cooperators, or "defectors," which spurn cooperation in favor of self-interest, will emerge (e.g. cancer cells). As defectors increasingly dominate a population, the network built upon cooperation collapses. Following the collapse however, a new social structure based on cooperation could re-emerge, and the cycle of growth and decline begins anew. Although the cycle is viewed primarily in the context of living organisms, this thinking could be applied to abstract systems in which cooperation and self-interest exists-economics and global warming appear several times in the book in this context. With the modern technology available to humans to solve problems related to fitness and survival, Nowak holds out hope that humanity will be able to extend periods of cooperation and shorten the period of defection or at least lessen its impact. …


In this paper we present the spectrum sensing performance for detecting the IEEE 802.11n WiFi terminals for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) based Cognitive Radio (CR) systems. The 802.11n WiFi system lies in the 5GHz un-licensed frequency band and is subjected to interferences from the UWB transmissions. The UWB based CR terminals perform secondary communications by opportunistically utilizing the available spectrum when no legacy users such as the 802.11n WiFi systems are present in the environment. Therefore, the CR nodes need to sense the spectrum to detect the presence of any legacy users in the surroundings. Here, we study the commonly known spectrum sensing technique, the energy based method, on experimentally obtained signal data for the IEEE 802.11n WiFi system, and analyze the detection performances for detecting the legacy user. We present the time-frequency measurements obtained from the experimental data, and also compute the probabilities of missed detection and false alarm for detecting the legacy user by performing post analysis on the experimental data. The results can then be used to determine the detection threshold based on the required detection criteria.


In the present context, ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 crystal phase stability has been examined at shocked conditions and observed that the title crystal undergoes the reversible crystallographic phase transitions with respect to the number of shock pulses and the observed phase transition sequence is Pnam-Pnam-distorted Pnam- Pnam-Pnam for 0,1,2,3, and 4 shocks, respectively and the observed phase transition sequence is evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy (UV-DRS). Based on the observed analytical experimental results, it is authenticated the occurrence of the reversible phase transition which is caused by the molecular distortions accompanied by the rotational disorder of ammonium and sulfate groups of ions because of the impact of shock waves. This report is the first of its kind regarding the switchable phase transition inclusive of static temperature experiments observed for title crystal.


The design of an adequate computational model for true distributed objects is a non-trivial task, mainly if we want a clear distinction between mechanisms and policies and even more if we want policies to be easily replaced or customised. We propose to build an integral object-oriented system structured as an objectoriented operating system based in an object-oriented abstract machine and reflection as the glue that allows interaction between them.


The objective of this paper is to identify main challenges of local education policy in the face of changes resulting from demographic problems. The discussion analyses the influence that the factual and forecasted demographic changes has on the number of students and education institutions. Especially in the field of financing education, in which the growth of expenses has been recorded despite of a decreasing number of students, these challenges have been identified. It results in a progressive weakening of economic effectiveness, which then creates new challenges in organising education, i.e. the establishment of school networks or the employment of teachers. The data and forecasts of the Statistical Office of the Polish Republic, research results in Management of Education in Municipalities as well as the results of own research, conducted throughout Lower Silesia, provide the empirical basis of the analysis


An aligning apparatus of an ink-jet head for forming a color filter and an aligning method thereof are provided to confirm the identity between the nozzle position of a head and the liquid drop position of an ink injected from the nozzle, thereby confirming the position of the head as well as the tilt of the head. A photographing unit(40) compares and detects the center point of the ink drop injected from a nozzle of a head and the center point of the nozzle. A display unit(50) displays the photographing result of the photographing unit. A minute control unit(20) controls the position of the head and the tilt angle of the head according to the photographing result displayed to the display unit. The minute control unit includes a tilt control unit for tilting the head. A horizontal moving unit is tilted by an actuator and moves forward and backward the head combined with the bottom surface at the horizontal state. The horizontal moving unit includes at least two moving plates.


Growth hormone (GH) gene was investigated as a candidate gene for birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) in a population of multibreed beef cattle of three crossbreds. Beef cattle involved consisted of Charolais, Brahman and Thai local native with different breed fractions. Screening polymorphisms within bovine GH gene was performed by using a single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method and the result was confirmed by a sequencing analysis. To identify polymorphic sites within the bovine GH gene, primers were designed revealing 6 PCR fragments (GH1 to GH6). Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the bovine GH gene of this cattle population. Two SNPs were found within the GH1 and GH2 fragments at nucleotide position 303 and 218 bp. The other two SNPs were located at position 208 and 388 bp of the GH5 fragment. No polymorphisms were found in the GH3, GH4 and GH6 fragments, respectively. The genotypic frequencies of GH1 were found to be 5.40, 85.40 and 9.20 percents for A1A1 A1B1 and B1B1, respectively. The genotypic frequencies of GH2 were found to be 90.00, 8.46 and 1.54 percents for A2A2, A2B2 and A2C2, respectively. The GH5 were found to be 2.31, 30.77, 17.69, 13.85 and 35.38 percents for A5A5, A5B5, B5C5, B5D5 and C5D5 genotypes, respectively. Considering haplotype of four polymorphic sites, only 17 haplotypes were identified in this population. The 212 and 215 haplotypes were found at a high frequency. Effect of four SNPs in each region genotype regions of GH for BW and WW indicated that GH1 influenced both BW and WW. However, the GH5 influenced only for BW (P<0.01). Animals with B1B1 of GH1 had the highest BW and WW but animals with A1A1 had the lowest of both traits (P<0.05). Animals with C5D5 of GH5 had the highest BW but animals with A5A5 had lowest BW (P<0.05). Moreover, haplotype of four SNPs were analysed and the results showed the animals with 313 and 325 haplotypes obtained high BW and WW, respectively (P<0.05). However, animals with 111 and 234 haplotypes obtained low BW and WW, respectively (P<0.05). Therefore, the producers should select animals with B1B1 and C5D5 genotypes to obtain high BW and WW. Moreover, mating system should be considered because intra- and inter-genic polymorphic regions or haplotypes has an effect on


The final year project is the qualification, which is required to complete the bachelor degree for all final year students of faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Malaya. The purpose of this final year project is to expose students to the real working life of environment as well as getting experience in the real world project management. In this modern age of Information Technology, people are experiencing with the letter "E" which stands for Electronic. Such as, E-mail, E-commerce, E-government as well as E-test.
The E-test stands for Electronic Testing, is a computer system, that can be applied in any educational institutions for the purpose of examination via computer.
The main objective of this E-Test is to use it for taking the examination on the computer that cannot be done on papers, such as using multimedia or any other
interactive knowledge-based questions. ETS has the capacity of generating randomized questions and answers in a large database of access, where students have
to experience the E-test during their examination hours.
The ETS is a modern way of testing system, where students have to sit for exam without carrying along with them any traditional testing instruments such as, paper, pen, pencil, and the unique characteristic of this system is to test something that cannot totally be done on papers.
The purpose of developing this ETS is to make easier, secure and time saving testing system, in this modern computer age.


Recent studies showed that arterial blood pressure during hemorrhagic shock is made worse with hyperventilation and improved with hypoventilation. However, there are few studies about the ventilati...


In this experimental study, the type of Hydrocyclone Separators that used is Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC). The objective of this experimental study is to understand the influences of operating and design parameters such as inlet velocity, split-ratio, and vortex finder diameter towards the result of separation process (LLCC's performance). The separation performance of LLCC is determined by measuring the watercut that goes through the lower output called as underflow. The examined inlet mixture velocity in this experimental study are 1 m/s and 1.2 m/s with split-ratio variation of 5%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%. The diameters of vortex finder that used in this experimental study are 18 mm, 22 mm, and 27 mm. All variables are tested under a constant inlet oil volume fraction 25%. From the experiment with those various variables, LLCC can achieve 99% of watercut with different Optimum Split Ratio (OSR) for each inlet mixture velocity and vortex finder diameter.


Objective
To investigate the safety and efficacy of enteral nutrition in critically ill children with hyperpancreorrhea including hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in order to provide the rationale of nutritional support for such critically ill children.

Methods
A total of 90 critically ill children with hyperpancreorrhea admitted in pediatric intensive care unit were enrolled for prospective study in a period from January 2014 to December 2015. The patients were randomly(random number) divided into fasting group (n=30), and in those with fasting time exceeded three days, intravenous nutrition was given; ordinary milk group (n=30) and special milk group (n=30) and in this group, those with age 1 year were given small hundred peptides in addition to the basis of routine treatment. Clinical data and biochemical findings in different groups were analyzed by χ2test, t test, F test or non-parametric test to evaluate the safety and efficacy of enteral nutrition in critically ill children with hyperpancreorrhea.

Results
(1) There were statistically significant differences in rates of nutrition support-related symptoms such as diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, blood glucose disorder among groups (χ2=6.975,6.074,6.300, P=0.031,0.048,0.043). (2) There were statistically significant difference in rates of serum amylase or lipase levels more than upper limit on the third day among different groups ( χ2=7.081, P=0.029). There was no statistically significant difference in rates of fecal elastase-1 0.05). There was statistically significant difference in procalcitonin on the 7th day among different groups (H=6.251, P=0.044). There was statistically significant difference in oxygenation index on the 3rd day among different groups (F=3.119, P=0.049). There was statistically significant difference in lactate on the 7th day among different groups (F=6.449, P=0.040). There was statistically significant differences in albumin on the 3rd day and on the 7th among different groups (F=5.451, P=0.006; H=24.861, P<0.01). (3) There were statistically significant differences in PICU stay and hospital stay among different groups (F=3.222,3.891, P=0.045; 0.024). There was statistically significant difference in survival rate among different groups ( χ2=6.240, P=0.044).

Conclusions
Early and right enteral nutrition was safe and effective for critically ill children with hyperpancreorrhea, and the special milk powder such asr AiReShu and small hundred peptides suitable for children with hyperpancreorrhea could effectively support nutrition for critically ill children with hyperpancreorrhea, improve the status of illness, promote disease recovery, shorten hospital stay and improve the prognosis.

Key words:
Critically ill children; Pancreatic hyperenzymemia; Sepsis; Enteral nutrition; Nutritional support; Safety; Efficacy; Prognosis


Introduction • Early 1960s: silicon-cell pyranometers introduced ➢ Much lower price, but less accurate than traditional thermopile pyranometers ➢ Narrow spectral response (360-1120 nm) means they require a clear view of the sky and over-estimate solar radiation on cloudy days ➢ Low price greatly increases their use in environmental research projects • 2017: low-cost, digital thermopile pyranometers introduced by Campbell Scientific and Apogee Instruments (CS320) ➢ Broad spectral response (385-2105 nm) o Correctly measure solar radiation on cloudy days ➢ Affordable to environmental research and mesonets without sacrificing accuracy and flexibility • Not all pyranometers are of the same quality. ➢ Three pyranometer categories established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ➢ The ISO categories named "secondary standard," "first class," and "second class" closely correspond to the WMO categories named "High quality," "Good quality," and "Moderate quality" (Jarraud 2014). (Table 1).


Gravity model analysis of coins found at Dura Europus, in Roman Syria, indicates a sharp increase in the difficulty of trade between 235 and 253 A.D. This was caused either by political difficulties or changes in monetary policy. Residuals from the model imply a special link between Dura and northern Syria and suggest relatively little interaction with Phoenicia and Cilicia throughout the first three centuries A.D.


In_vitro bacteriostatic effect of Fuyanke Granule (FG) on 8 kinds of clinical isolated bacteria was studied.It was demonstrated that FG had an obvious bacteriostatic action not only on gram_positive bacteria,such as Staphylococcus aureus,S.Epidermidis,Hemolytic streptococcus and enterococcus but also on gram_negative bacteria,such as Escherichia Coli,Pseudomonas axruginosa and Proteus mirabilis.FG also had an bacteriostatic effect on Candida albicans,which is superior to Fule Granule.The ED 50 of FG on mice infected with S.Aureus ATCC 25923,S.aureus,E.Coli ATCC 44815 and E.Coli is 2.68,3.14,3.64 and 3.46 g/kg respectively by oral administration.


An experimental study of long interfacial gravity waves was conducted in a closed wave tank containing two layers of viscous immiscible fluids. The study focuses on the development in time of the mean particle drift that occurs close to the interface where the two fluids meet. From a theoretical analysis by Weber&Christensen (Eur. J. Mech.-B/Fluids, vol. 77, 2019, pp. 162-170) it is predicted that the growing drift in this region is associated with the action of the virtual wave stress. This effect has not been explored experimentally before. Interfacial waves of different amplitudes and frequencies were produced by a D-shaped paddle. Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) was used to track the time development of the Lagrangian mean drift. The finite geometry of the wave tank causes a mean return flow that is resolved by mass transport considerations. The measurements clearly demonstrate the importance of the virtual wave stress mechanism in generating wave drift currents near the interface.


Hybrid ac-dc microgrid architecture is attracting special attention since it combines the benefits of both ac and dc systems. Control of hybrid microgrid presents a significant research and engineering challenge and hence needs increased research efforts. This paper attempts to review control strategies that are reported in the literature for the hybrid ac-dc microgrid. At first, typical and emerging hybrid microgrid power topologies are presented briefly. Various types of interlinking converters proposed for connecting ac and dc subgrids are discussed subsequently. Following this, a detailed discussion on control strategies for satisfying various control objectives is taken up. Control strategies have been systematically reviewed focusing on each of the broad aspects of control namely modeling, power management, coordinated control, stability analysis, power quality, and protection strategies. Finally, the research gaps observed during the review process and possible solution approaches are outlined.


Data Mining performs a major role in healthcare services because disease recognition and investigation contains a vast amount of data. These conditions generate several data managing problems, and to operate efficiently. The healthcare datasets are undefined and influential and it is extremely monotonous to manage and to operate. To get better of the exceeding problems, numerous analyses present various ML algorithms for different disease examination and prediction. The undertaking of disease identification and prediction is an element of classification and forecasting. In this paper, diabetes is estimated by major characteristics and the relation of contradictory characteristics is also categorized. Significant features selection was done via the recursive feature elimination with random forest. The estimation of our system specifies a powerful alliance of diabetes with (BMI) and with glucose level was drawing out using the Apriori approach. XGBoost has examined for the estimation of diabetes. The XGBoost gives better accuracy of 78.91% compared to the ANN approach and might help support medicinal professionals through treatment decisions.


ZnO is a wide and direct band semiconductor. It has a large fundamental band gap of 3. 37 eV,which makes it a promising material for use in ultraviolet light-emitting and laser diodes. Moreover, ZnO possesses a large exciton binding energy (60 meV), which is much larger than that of GaN ( 25 meV) as well as the thermal excitation energy at room temperature, and can ensure an efficient exciton emission at room temperature. ZnO thin film can be fabricated by various methods such as pulse laser deposition, chemical or physi- cal vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy.But pulse laser deposition has many advantage.ZnO thin films were prepared using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on Si (001) substrates.All samples were grown at the same substrate temperature and different oxygen partial pressure.After growing the samples, the influence of ambient oxygen pressure, ranging from 10 to 100 Pa, on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films was investigated systematically by XRD,SEM and PL.X-ray diffraction patterns indicate all films have (002) preferred orientation.But the experiment results indicated that as the oxygen pressure increases from 10 Pa to 100 Pa during the thin film deposition,the FWHM of (002) diffraction peaks becomg larger from 0.19° to 0.43°.We suppose this is because that at higher O_2 pressure the kinetics of Zn and O atoms are degraded by collisions with the ambient gas. These atoms have no sufficient energy to move to the plan of (002), so the crystallinity of the samples degrades.But the photoluminescence intensity of ultra-violet (UV) luminescence increases as the oxygen pressure increases.This is probably because the stoichiometry of oxygen-deficient ZnO film is improved by increasing oxygen pressure. At high oxygen pressure atmosphere, ZnO films bnough oxygen to absorb,so the stoichiometry of oxygen-deficient ZnO film is improved. Comparing XRD results,it is concluded that the UV luminescence intensity strongly depended on the stoichiometry in the ZnO film rather than the micro-structural quality of the crystal.SEM resultes indicate that ambient oxygen pressure has an effect on the morphology of the samples.


The objective of phase III clinical trials is to confirm the preliminary but inconclusive evidence obtained from phase II studies that a drug is safe and effective for the intended indication in the relevant patient population. Phase III studies provide the primary basis upon which drugs are approved for use by the various regulatory agencies. Because no universally best approach to phase III research exists, it is important to tailor features of the study to the specific situation at hand. This article focuses on the key aspects of the design, conduct, and analysis of phase III trials and the trade-offs between them that are necessary to consider when designing a trial intended to yield confirmatory evidence of a drug's effect. Nevertheless, even the best designed trials will have limitations. Any one trial may address its primary hypotheses with little or no ambiguity while other important questions remain unresolved. Therefore, information from the current trial, coupled with knowledge from earlier trials, is used to continually reevaluate what is known. With this knowledge one must reconsider what important questions remain unresolved, and continue to plan and conduct appropriate studies to address the unresolved questions.

Keywords:

Clinical trials;
Phase III


This article focuses on the electoral rights which were introduced for EU citizens as part of the Maastricht package in 1993 by what was originally Article 8b of the EC Treaty—now Article 19 (Connolly, 2001; Day and Shaw, 2000, 2002; Shaw, 2003; Connolly, Day and Shaw, 2003). These cover the right to vote and stand in local and European parliamentary elections for European citizens who are resident in Member States other than the one of which they hold citizenship. It represents a modified case of alien suffrage—that is the liberal principle which holds that states ought to ensure that long term resident non-nationals have rights of political participation in the host polity to the greatest extent possible, in accordance with respect for democracy and fundamental rights, especially the principle of equality (Raskin, 1993; Rubio-Marín, 2000). It is modified in the sense that it extends only to a limited range of elections, with national elections excluded, and also in the sense that only one privileged category of "foreigners" is included, namely Union citizens who take advantage of free movement rights within the Union. The origins of these rights lie in impulses towards the democratization of the EU and its institutions, as well as in the search to enhance the legitimacy of the Union through the development of a concept of citizenship. The article highlights some important features of the rights, as sites of contestation in European law and politics, and concentrates for the most part on the local electoral rights under Article 19(1) EC. The electoral rights attracted positive early comment from legal commentators in particular. O'Keeffe (1994: 96) predicted that although it was too early to expect Member States to grant electoral rights in national elections to nationals of other Member States, "as it is, the effects of the change in local elections could be substantial." But he did not see these rights as new rights since they already existed in a disparate way prior to enactment in the Treaty in the laws of at least some of the Member States, with some states giving local electoral rights to non-nationals and others giving such rights to participate in European parliamentary elections to nationals of other Member States. For O'Leary (1996: 265), Article 19 "represents a significant departure from the traditional exclusion or limitation of the rights of non-nationals in the field of political participation." The significance and controversy attached to Article 19 is linked to the fact that constitutional amendments were needed in several Member States to ensure implementation of the electoral rights provisions (unlike most of the rest of the "citizenship package"). O'Leary cautioned that "the importance of these amendments of national conceptions of sovereignty, what it entails and who can exercise it, should not be underestimated" (O'Leary, 1996: 265). D'Oliveira (1994: 139) pointed explicitly to the radical power of Article 19(1) EC in commenting upon the absence of a clear link between local electoral rights and citizenship at the Union level: "I submit that granting rights at local elections have more to do with unexpressed endeavours to dissolve the identities of the Member States, and indeed their statehood, than with democracy on a European level." His concern focused on the apparent incompatibility of Article 19 with what is now Article 6 TEU which requires that "the Union shall respect the national identities of its Member States." He argued that this


Non-invasive detection of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has attracted a lot of interest in the recent years in pervasive health care. In this paper, we explore features related to heart rate variability (HRV) and signal pattern of the waveform from photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal for classifying DM (Type 2). HRV features includes timedomain (F1), frequency domain ( F2), non-linear features ( F3) where as waveform features ( F4) are one set of features such as height, width, slope and durations of pulse. The study was carried out on 50 healthy subjects and 50 DM patients. Support Vector Machines (SVM) are used to capture the discriminative information between the above mentioned healthy and DM categories, from the proposed features. The SVM models are developed separately using different sets of features F1, F2, F3,andF4, respectively. The classification performance of the developed SVM models using time-domain, frequency domain, non-linear and waveform features is observed to be 73%, 78%, 80% and 77%. The performance of the system using combination of all features is 82%. In this work, the performance of the DM classification system by combining the above mentioned feature sets with different percentage of discriminate features from each set is also examined. Furthermore weight based fusion is performed using confidence values obtained from each model to find the optimal set of features from each set with optimal weights for each set. The best performance accuracy of 89% is obtained by scores fusion where combinations of mixture of 90% features from the feature sets F1 and F2 and mixture of 100% features from the feature sets F3 andF4, with fusion optimal weights of 0.3 and 0.7, respectively.


T calcinosis is a rare benign condition characterized by deposition of calcium salt in different peri-articular soft tissue regions, mainly in the juxta-articular areas.1 It affects mostly African people, especially in the second decade, but it can affect any age.2-4 The term tumoral calcinosis was first used by Inclan et al in 1943,5 however, the condition itself was described before in 1899 by Duret.6


According to the connotation of harmonious relationship between library and readers, and based on analyzing the necessity of establishing the new harmonious relationship between library and readers, this paper puts forward some methods and paths for establishing the new harmonious relationship between library and readers.


An advanced robust nonlinear control scheme is proposed for single-machine infinite-bus power system (SMIS) equipped with thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC). Firstly, for a class of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear system with disturbances, a disturbance attenuation method in the sense of L 2 gain is proposed through recursive method to construct storage function, and then disturbance attenuation control law is obtained. Secondly, in view of the strong nonlinearity and uncertainty of power system, a nonlinear model with disturbances is constructed. Lastly, a new robust nonlinear coordinated control law of TCSC and generator excitation is developed. Simulation results on SMIS show clearly that the proposed control law can attenuates the influence of external disturbances on the system and transient stability of power system is improved.


The paper gives the results of an investigation of the dielectric properties of two chlorine-methyl substituted benzenes, pentachlortoluene and 1,2,4-trimethyl 3,5,6-trichlorbenzene, and of pentaiodobenzene, over the frequency range 50?4.8×1010c/s, and discusses the observed behaviour in terms of modern dielectric theory. It was thought possible that these materials would exhibit resonance absorption owing to rotational molecular oscillation at the upper end of this frequency range. This phenomenon was not observed, but study of the dipolar absorption in the chlorine substituted compounds showed this to be characterized by a very narrow band of relaxation times, approximating closely to a single relaxation time. A quantitative estimate of the breadth of the relaxation time distribution was made. Directional permittivities of crystalline pentachlortoluene made at low frequency and at optical frequencies showed this material to be strongly anisotropic.


Raising of a problem. Steel storage tanks (SST) are relating to a mass-volume construction category, widely used in petroleum industry for crude oil and petroleum products storage. Such constructions are of category of critical objects, therefore SST performance must be deeply studied and calculation methodology must be improved. Shell-bottom junction is one of the important critical components of such constructions. This junction calculation methods are well developed and approved for steel tanks of standard series. Though all above mentioned methods are based on the physical model with bidirectional bottom-foundation connection. In fact tank bottom has a unilateral connection with foundation (foundation doesn't impede bottom upward displacement). Therefore real performance mode of shell-bottom junction differs from calculation model with bidirectional bottom-foundation connection. This fact might have influence on the computational accuracy. Purpose. In this article base components of shell-bottom junction stress-strain state due to unilateral bottom-foundation interaction model is being analyzed. Also the difference in tank calculation results using unilateral and bidirectional bottom-foundation connection model is studied. Conclusion. Under certain relation of geometric parameters, modulus of foundation and loading level of steel tank, essential differences (from 5 to 20%) in bending moment values take place in shell-bottom junction while using unilateral and bidirectional bottom-foundation interaction models. Under internal excessive pressure absence, a bending moment value in shell-bottom junction with unilateral bottom-foundation interaction was found to be smaller than in case of bidirectional bottom-foundation connection. This case can be explained by occurrence of undetected (inner) bottom uplift. This fact accounting makes it possible to reduce metal consumption and to obtain a certain saving rate.


Allan Poe thinks beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem.The paper analyses Poe's Philosophy:poem for the sake of poem.and analyses The Raven from the following aspects:theme,versification and imagery,by which readers can taste the excitement caused by the atmosphere and appreciate the beauty contained in the poem.


Determinate survival rates have been compiled for 124 patients undergoing conservation surgery of the larynx at the University of Iowa between 1964 and 1970. In all patients treated with hemilaryngectomy, the five-year survival rate is 95%. When the anterior commissure is involved, the survival rate is 88%. In those patients with endolaryngeal lesions treated with supraglottic laryngectomy, the five-year survival rate is 68%, with only 42% surviving five years when the lesion is extralaryngeal. When histologically abnormal neck nodes are present, the overall five-year survival rate is 40%, compared with 87% when neck nodes are normal.


Prior to the trip, heart rate and oxygen consumption during treadmill walking while carrying a backpack were measured. Subjects recorded heart rate during hiking. Heart rate was used to estimate energy expenditure based on the heart rate:oxygen consumption relationship (Heart Rate Method). Expenditure was also estimated from distance walked and elevation gained (Terrain Method). Subjects recorded food consumption, and were weighed upon finishing the hike. Mean heart rate during hiking was 105


Subjects with fatty acid oxidation (FAO) defects develop a cardiomyopathy, yet the underlying mechanism is unclear. Using our established working mouse heart model and 13C‐methodology, we compared the metabolic and functional response of hearts from PPARα null mice, a model of FAO defect, and control C57BL/6 mice at two workloads. Compared to controls, perfused hearts from PPARα null mice depicted functional parameters similar to controls at 12 mmHg preload, but displayed an impaired response to a raise in preload as reflected by a 20% decline in aortic flow and cardiac efficiency, and enhanced MVO2 (20%) and lactate dehydrogenase release (2‐fold) (p<0.05). At the metabolic level, these hearts showed the expected shift from FA (4‐fold down) to carbohydrate (CHO: 2‐fold up; P<0.001), yet flux through anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylation (PC) expressed relative to citric acid cycle (CAC) or pyruvate decarboxylation (PDC), as well as CAC intermediate levels, were similar to controls at both preloads. However, glycolytic rates, expressed as absolute values or relative to PDC were differentially affected by preloads, suggesting a potential mismatch between cytosolic and mitochondrial CHO metabolism in PPARα null mice hearts. Interestingly, when clamped in vivo, these hearts showed higher levels of citrate and malate, suggesting additional, yet‐to‐be identified, factor(s) determining CAC intermediate pool size in vivo. Gene expression analysis revealed no change for PC, but 20% lower propionyl‐CoA carboxylase mRNA levels. Collectively, our data highlight metabolic alterations in PPARα null mice hearts, beyond their lower FAO, which may determine their response to increased energy demand.


This paper studies the coexistence of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) services in a cellular network that is assisted by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). The system model consists of one base station (BS) and one RIS that is deployed to enhance the performance of both eMBB and URLLC in terms of the achievable data rate and reliability, respectively. We formulate two optimization problems, a time slot basis eMBB allocation problem and a mini-time slot basis URLLC allocation problem. The eMBB allocation problem aims at maximizing the eMBB sum rate by jointly optimizing the power allocation at the BS and the RIS phase-shift matrix while satisfying the eMBB rate constraint. On the other hand, the URLLC allocation problem is formulated as a multi-objective problem with the goal of maximizing the URLLC admitted packets and minimizing the eMBB rate loss. This is achieved by jointly optimizing the power and frequency allocations along with the RIS phase-shift matrix. In order to avoid the violation in the URLLC latency requirements, we propose a novel framework in which the RIS phase-shift matrix that enhances the URLLC reliability is proactively designed at the beginning of the time slot. For the sake of solving the URLLC allocation problem, two algorithms are proposed, namely, an optimization-based URLLC allocation algorithm and a heuristic algorithm. The simulation results show that the heuristic algorithm has a low time complexity, which makes it practical for real-time and efficient multiplexing between eMBB and URLLC traffic. In addition, using only 60 RIS elements, we observe that the proposed scheme achieves around 99.99% URLLC packets admission rate compared to 95.6% when there is no RIS, while also achieving up to 70% enhancement on the eMBB sum rate.


A photovoltaic crucible mold release blend contains a powder mixture of silicon nitride powder with 1 ppm or less impurities and silica with 1 ppm or less impurities, that is blended with the silicon nitride powder until the gray of the silicon nitride powder is lighter in color, which is of 1 wt% silicon dioxide up to 50 weight -% silica is the case. In addition, a binder is contained with a liquid. The powder mixture is mixed with the binder. The binder may be ethanol, water or alcohol. A photovoltaic crucible mold release blend may also contain a photovoltaic crucible mold so that the mold release mixture is applied to an inner surface of the photovoltaic crucible mold to a thickness of 75 to 1500 microseconds meters.


Take justice In your hands who can Or dare, insensate sword Of power Outherods Herod and the law's outlawed ... Orphans of the world Ignite! Draw Your fuel of pain from earth's sated core --Wole Soyinka, A Shuttle in the Crypt, 1972 The Nigerian State as Epiphenomenon of Violence: A Prolegomenon Nigerian history since colonial incursion is awash with political violence, crude use of power and deepening socio-economic crises. The principal factors that shaped this tradition are couched in hegemony, capitalism and politics of exclusion (Nwosu 2006:24; Kukah 1999:16), which underpin the logic of imperialism. Fundamentally, this pattern has left an aftertaste of lingering State violence, which is an epiphenomenon of this culture clash. Simply put, imperial violence and its concomitants are replicated in Nigeria's postcolonial State violence and political culture. The tyrannical State violence replicated is a function of colonial administrative subterfuge, which was modelled upon administrative convenience--even when the colonialists have left the Nigerian political space. Accordingly, "... the processes of the establishment of Western hegemony were designed in such a way as to make their stranglehold survive well beyond the period of their stay" (Kukah 1999:15). Thus, the compliant system of administering the colonial amalgam, Nigeria, is what Ogundowole in his book, Colonial Amalgam, Federalism and the National Question dubs "denationalisation policy" (1994: viii). This phrase is correlative of the British "Indirect Rule" policy in colonial Nigeria, which is largely the bane of the Nigerian State; and arguably, Nigeria's postcolonial contradictions stem principally from this policy. Since colonial Nigeria was ground on the anvil of violence, its corollary, the postcolonial Nigerian State is not lacking in crude use of power and violence as well as "coercion and hegemony" (Dirks 1994:4) in the execution of its grisly political objectives. As a consequence, the Nigerian political class has appropriated the mechanics of political operation left by the colonialist; this has given rise to postcolonial political elite, whose business is to advance the underdevelopment project initiated by the imperialists for the furtherance of its interests. In this vein, Richard Joseph sees this political opportunism as "clientelism" (1992:55) or prebendalism, which is a penumbra of "alliance of the purse and the gun" (Soyinka 1973: 134) and postcolonial tragedies. It is in the context of this national malaise that Claude Ake in his important book, Democracy and Development in Africa illuminates the nature of the postcolonial Nigerian state: Since the colonial State was for its subject, at any rate, an arbitrary power, it could not engender any legitimacy ... At independence, the form and function of the State in Africa did not change much. State power remained essentially the same: immense, arbitrary, often violent, always threatening. (1996: 3) Since Nigeria's political independence in 1960, ensuing administrations have virtually towed the path of violence--as ensconced by the colonialists in order to contain people's dissatisfaction as well as to muscle opposition arising from the masses. Consequently, the most effective way to guarantee domination as well as private accumulation of wealth by the ruling class is the creation of the totalitarian State (Sklar 1979:537; Diamond 1987:569). These regimes have equally run the State as a private business, thereby personalising State power and liquidating constitutional authority. Since independence, Nigeria has passed through eight military jackboots in this order: Major-General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi, General Yakubu Gowon, General Murtala Mohammed, General Olusegun Obasanjo, Major-General Muhammadu Buhari, General Ibrahim Babangida, Generals Sani Abacha and Abdusalami Abubakar. Accordingly, the civilian governments have taken the public space as a private business, thereby militarising the public sphere to ensure compliance from the masses. …


We present the preliminary study of a low cost, high performance spectrograph for the VLT, for observations in the V, R and I bands. This spectrograph is meant for intermediate (R equals 16,000) resolution spectroscopy of faint (sky and/or detector limited) sources, with particular emphasis on the study of solar-type (F-G) stars belonging to the nearest galaxies and to distant (or highly reddened) galactic clusters. The spectrograph is designed to use the adaptive optics (AO) systems at the VLT Telescope. Even if these AO systems will not provide diffraction limited images in the V, R and I bands, the photon concentration will still be above approximately 60% of the flux in an 0.3 arcsecond aperture for typical Paranal conditions. This makes the construction of a compact, cheap and efficient echelle spectrograph possible. AVES will outperform comparable non adaptive optic instruments by more than one magnitude for sky- and/or detector-limited observations, and it will be very suitable for observations in crowded fields.


We report the discovery of a highly eccentric long-period Jovian planet orbiting the hot-Jupiter host HD 83443. By combining radial velocity data from four instruments (AAT/UCLES, Keck/HIRES, HARPS, Minerva-Australis) spanning more than two decades, we find evidence for a planet with m sin i=1.35−0.06+0.07 M J, moving on an orbit with a = 8.0 ± 0.8 au and eccentricity e = 0.76 ± 0.05. We combine our radial velocity analysis with Gaia eDR3 /Hipparcos proper motion anomalies and derive a dynamical mass of 1.5−0.2+0.5MJup . We perform a detailed dynamical simulation that reveals locations of stability within the system that may harbor additional planets, including stable regions within the habitable zone of the host star. HD 83443 is a rare example of a system hosting a hot Jupiter and an exterior planetary companion. The high eccentricity of HD 83443c suggests that a scattering event may have sent the hot Jupiter to its close orbit while leaving the outer planet on a wide and eccentric path.


The use of social media has experienced an extraordinary growth in Morocco, along with the introduction of Internet at the end of the 20th century. The booming of Internet users with the quick spre ...


A series of trans- and cis-PtR(SiPh3)(PMe2Ph)2 complexes have been prepared and their thermolysis reactions in solution examined. The trans isomers (R = Me, Et) are robust, and only the methyl complex affords MeSiPh3 as the reductive elimination product in 72−82% yields. In contrast, the cis isomers (R = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) form the corresponding alkylsilanes in almost quantitative yields (>97%). Despite the selective formation of the reductive elimination products, the cis-alkyl−silyl complexes bearing β-hydrogens undergo a rapid repetition of the β-hydrogen elimination and insertion processes, as confirmed by a deuterium-labeling experiment using cis-Pt(CH2CD3)(SiPh3)(PMe2Ph)2. The alkylsilane formation from the cis isomers proceeds via two reaction paths. One is the direct C−Si reductive elimination. On the other path, the cis-PtR(SiPh3)(PMe2Ph)2 complexes are initially isomerized to the corresponding cis-PtPh(SiRPh2)(PMe2Ph)2 complexes by the exchange of the Pt−R group with the Si−Ph group, and the result...


Objective This study aimed to compare the mechanical and thermal properties in the anterior and posterior segments of new and retrieved specimens of a commercially available multizone superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire. Methods The following groups of 0.016 × 0.022-inch Bioforce NiTi archwires were compared a) anterior and b) posterior segments of new specimens and c) anterior and d) posterior segments of retrieved specimens. Six specimens were evaluated in each group, by three-point bending and bend and free recovery tests. Bending moduli (Eb) were calculated. Furthermore, the new specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. A multiple linear regression model with a random intercept at the wire level was applied for data analysis. Results The forces in the posterior segments or new specimens were higher than those recorded in the anterior segments or retrieved specimens, respectively. Accordingly, Eb also varied. Higher austenite start and austenite finish (Af) temperatures were recorded in the anterior segments. No statistically significant differences were found for these temperatures between retrieved and new wires. The mean elemental composition was (weight percentage) Ni, 52.6 ± 0.5; Ti, 47.4 ± 0.5. Conclusions The existence of multiple force zones was confirmed in new and retrieved Bioforce archwires. The retrieved archwires demonstrated lower forces during the initial stages of deactivation in three-point bending tests, compared with new specimens. The Af temperature of these archwires may lie higher than the regular intraoral temperature. Even at 2 mm deflections, the forces recorded from these archwires may lie beyond biologically safe limits.


Animation industry,as part of cultural and creative industries,can not develop healthily without a large number of qualified animation design talents.From the perspective of vocational education,the author analyzes training model for students of animation major on the basis of analyzing learning habits,culture identity to the campus and different levels of education.


The authors consider a robust linear discriminant function based on high breakdown location and covariance matrix estimators. They derive influence functions for the estimators of the parameters of the discriminant function and for the associated classification error. The most B-robust estimator is determined within the class of multivariate S-estimators. This estimator, which minimizes the maximal influence that an outlier can have on the classification error, is also the most B-robust location S-estimator. A comparison of the most B-robust estimator with the more familiar biweight S-estimator is made. L'analyse discriminante lin6aire robuste basee sur les S-estimateurs


Glucose-induced insulin secretion is controlled by two pathways that depend on beta-cell metabolism. The triggering pathway starts by a rise in the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio and closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the plasma membrane, which leads to depolarization, opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, influx of Ca2+ and an increase of cytosolic [Ca2+]c which induces exocytosis of insulin granules. In parallel a metabolic amplifying pathway augments the secretory response to Ca2+ via messengers and effectors that remain undetermined. Insulin secretion is also regulated by neural and hormonal signals which also mainly act as amplifying factors, i.e., they increase the secretory response triggered by glucose or another stimulus without affecting [Ca2+]c. I first investigated the involvement of beta-cell microfilaments and microtubules in metabolic amplification during the two phases of insulin secretion. I then evaluated whether beta-cell microfilaments are required for neurohormonal amplification and, simultaneously reevaluated the involvement of cAMP and PKC in metabolic amplification. Methods: Isolated mouse islets were cultured overnight before being treated with cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs and then perifused to measure insulin secretion and monitor [Ca2+]c changes. The proportions of free and polymerized actin and tubulin were determined in islet protein extracts. Metabolic amplification was mainly studied by comparing the Ca2+ and secretory responses to glucose and tolbutamide, a drug that mimics the triggering but not the amplifying effect of glucose. Results: I first established that metabolic amplification is involved in both phases of insulin secretion and not only in the second phase as suggested in most current models. I also found that both microfilament depolymerization and stabilization increased the secretory response, and that metabolic amplification persisted in the absence of functional microfilaments. My results then showed that disruption of microtubules does not affect insulin secretion whereas their stabilization slightly inhibits it partly because of a decrease in [Ca2+]c. Most importantly, functional microtubules proved unnecessary for metabolic amplification even during simultaneous disruption of microfilaments. In a third study, I established that amplification of insulin secretion by cAMP does not require actin microfilaments and that metabolic amplification is not mediated by cAMP. My fourth study showed that microfilaments are dispensable for amplification of insulin secretion by protein kinase C activation and I confirmed that the kinase is not involved in metabolic amplification. Conclusions: Metabolic amplification of insulin secretion is a rapid phenomenon involved in both phases of glucose-induced insulin secretion. It does not involve facilitation of insulin granule mobilization from reserve pools by the beta-cell cytoskeleton but affects a very distal step which I speculate to be acceleration of the priming of insulin granules possibly belonging to a highly Ca2+-sensitive pool. Neurohormonal amplification of insulin secretion is distinct from metabolic amplification (cAMP and PKC are not the mediators of the amplifying effect of glucose), but probably affects the same steps of insulin granule exocytosis independently of beta-cell microfilaments.


Analytical results are obtained for the amplitude of a spherical wave backscattered from a solid cylinder immersed in water. The effects of transducer directivity and transmitted pulse duration are included. Backscatter measurements for comparison with theory are made using straight stainless steel wires ranging from 0.13 to 0.26 mm diameter, and acoustic transceivers operating at 1, 2.25, and 5 MHz. The results are used to evaluate the use of thin wires as standard targets.


Thank you for downloading pocket pharma tiotropium and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite books like this pocket pharma tiotropium and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful virus inside their laptop.


A liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric(LC-ESI MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of eight benzoylphenylurea insecticide residues including,triflumuron,teflubenzuron,flufenoxuron,diflubenzuron,chlorfluazuron,hexaflumuron,chlorobenzuron and lufenuron in fruits and vegetables.The insecticide residues were extracted from the samples by acetonitrile.The extracts were separated from water by addition of salts and diluted with water(1∶1) without any further clean-up step.The separation of eight insecticides was performed on a Waters Atlantis d C18 column with 5 mmol/L aqueous ammonium acetate(A)-acetonitrile(B) as the mobile phase for gradient elution.The identification of target compounds was carried out by MS with negative ESI under multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode.Pesticides were quantified by external method using matrix-matched calibration standards.The method showed good linearity over the range of 1.0-100 μg/L for eight benzoylphenylurea insecticides with correlation coefficients of 0.990 0-0.999 9.The mean recoveries from green soybean samples at three fortification levels of 10,20,50 μg/kg ranged from 92% to 110% with relative standard deviations(RSDs) of 5.5%-12%.The limits of detection(S/N=3) were 0.04-0.42 μg/kg and the limits of quantitation(S/N=10) were 0.2-1.5 μg/kg.


Cloze tests have been widely used for measuring reading comprehension, readability and language proficiency. There is still much controversy on what it really is that cloze measures. The result of much correlational research is contradictory and very unsatisfactory. Thus, with a qualitative orientation, this study attempts to look at the judgmental validity of cloze as a test of reading comprehension. To this end, a group of 32 native and non-native speakers of English sat a standard cloze test. The participants were expected to complete most of the blanks correctly if cloze measured reading comprehension properly, because the text had been intended for undergraduates while clozetakers were all either PhD students or members of academic staff with a PhD. Surprisingly, the results indicated that none of the participants reached the minimum native speaker performance criterion of 70%. Invited to reflect on what they thought they were doing when reading the blanked text, most cloze-takers felt that the text they read was a puzzle or a guessing game. Provided with the deleted words and asked to reread the text, they confessed that cloze reading was very different from the second reading. Further findings and implications for future research are discussed in the paper.


This paper proposes a dynamic disturbance processing method based on the affected process association tree, which includes: receiving the disturbance events feedback from the production process, judging the affected process according to the disturbance events and constructing the affected process association tree and judging the phenotype of the affected process under disturbance. According to the phenotype, using the proportional integral algorithm adjusts the affected process association tree in turn to form a new job scheduling plan. Finally, an example is given to verify the effectiveness of this method in real-time processing of disturbances that may occur in the actual production process, and a reliable new scheduling plan is output.


The antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content of oat-red kojic rice wine were measured.It was showed that,compared with glutinous-red kojic rice wine,the polyphenol content of oat-red kojic rice wine was higher,as well as the antioxidative activity,reducing power and chelating activity of ferrous ions.And with the increase of additive dosage of rice wine,the differences of reducing power and chelating activity of ferrous ions between oat-red kojic and glutinous-red kojic rice wines were much more significant.The differences of polyphenol contents between the two rice wines were partially responsible for the stronger antioxidative activity of oat-red kojic rice wine.


Teams of manned and unmanned active sensors can provide tactical military units, search and rescue teams, and emergency response units with timely information; however, limited numbers of these systems mean their tasking must be prioritized, and the information they provide needs to be synthesized to avoid overwhelming users. Automated methods can fuse a priori and real-time information to provide decision-makers with time- critical situational awareness and a basis for search prioritization and route planning. Previous work has shown how expected entropic information gain can be used as a measure of utility in motion planning, though in multi- target search scenarios not all information is equally valuable. This research investigates generating certainty grids for dynamic search prioritization using a time-dependent cell valuation that incorporates entropy as well as threat- and geography-specific importance of information relative to the mission. We compare two different approaches to calculating posterior probability and entropy: a Bayesian log odds method based on prior works on obstacle avoidance; and a Dempster-Shafer Theory approach using a plausibility measure. The resulting weighted certainty grid map is provided for dynamic search. We then demonstrate how this adaptive, integrated situational awareness approach performs in different simulated, small unit tactical scenarios.


Scripting is often used in games for novices at programming to enable implementation of the game. In this paper we examine the trial-and-error elements taken to implement game programming and identify the useful features for game scripting. This paper presents complemental elements based on avoiding trial-and-error, and discusses complementary statements implementation of this proposal, where the complementary statements were written in C# on Unity3D engine. The approach is compared and contrasted to the existing approach.


Through analysis of the characteristics of maintenance and management of expressway,this paper points out the problems existed in the maintenance and management of the expressway in our country at the present stage,and proposes rational countermeasures for its development from system reform,management techniques and mechanization of maintenance by using advanced experience of highway maintenance and management abroad for reference.


This dissertation consists of three essays on banking and concentrates on two topics. The first two essays deal with strategic behavior of borrowers. The third essay explores the relation between bank capital and risk-taking. The first essay, Collective Strategic Defaults: Bailouts and Repayment Incentives, studies a global game model of debtor runs on a bank and the role of a lender of last resort in mitigating strategic debtor behavior and bank moral hazard. The second essay, Strategic Loan Defaults and Coordination: An Experimental Analysis investigates the impact of uncertainty about bank and borrower fundamentals on loan repayment. These two sources of uncertainty are natural proxies for the regulatory rules for transparency and disclosure, and for the state of the economy. The third essay, Capital Regulation and Tail Risks, analyses bank's risk-taking behavior in the presence of tail risk projects, and shows that it can take unintuitive non-linear forms, with incentives to take excessive risk increasing in capital.


The research advances in training and requirements in current situation were systematically discussed from several aspects including training frequency,content and method,the view of the future of poultry industry,and production management requirements. Therefore,we can put forward the proposal about improving the team building and solving"The final kilometer".


The Paper discusses the experiences of Singapore in city image building under the guidance of urban planning. By making use of such methods as documentary study and on-the-sport survey and starting from an angle of city image association, three elements for city image building are established and, based on those, the strategies of Singapore in city image building are touched on, mainly reflecting in following aspects: 1) with regard to city image mind identity, Singapore has undergone a transition from 'Instant Asia' to 'Your Singapore'; 2) with respect to city image behavior identity, citizens, enterprises and government are encouraged to jointly participate in marketing city image and 3) as for city image visual identity, it has strengthened heritage protection, built the brand of cultural entertainment, planned and modeled city image by taking culture as guidance.


Placental calcification, recognizable on pelvimetry films, is one of the phenomena associated with aging and involution of the placenta. This report is concerned with a study of the roentgen patterns of delivered calcified placentas and the correlation of these patterns with the preparturient appearance as seen on pelvimetric films obtained for the usual obstetrical indications. Literature Hartley (5) obtained roentgenograms of 252 delivered placentas and found various degrees of calcification in approximately 90 per cent. He believed the phenomenon to be no rarity after the thirty-second week of fetal life. Fleming (3) studied 200 placentas and found 74 per cent to show some degree of calcification. She felt that there was evidence indicating a higher incidence in patients who had received supplements of calcium, minerals, and vitamins. Masters and Clayton (7) demonstrated calcium after the thirty-fifth week in 87.5 per cent of 40 placentas studied. Calcification of the placenta has also been recognized ...


Abstract Few studies have examined the effects of low flows on stream biota—a paradoxical situation considering the mounting pressure on streams as a result of increased human abstraction. We present a conceptual model describing processes operating in rivers during low flows and argue that such processes reflect both direct effects of reduced flow on benthic invertebrates and indirect effects of enhanced plant growth occurring during such periods. Our model suggests that the longer the duration of low flow, the more the plant community will change and, in turn, the more habitat quality will change, with consequences to benthic invertebrate communities and higher trophic levels. A fundamental part of the model is the recognition of different stream types, based on a habitat-template matrix of resource supply, interflood velocity, and substrate stability during flood events. This habitat template results in 12 stream types, each of which supports specific plant communities that set the antecedent plant conditions prior to a low-flow period. During low flows, hydraulic factors interact with the antecedent plant communities, which undergo specific responses. For example, in low-nutrient streams with gravel substrates and dominated by diatoms, low-flow conditions will cause little or no change to the antecedent plant community because this plant community is structured by top-down grazing pressure. Consequently, benthic invertebrate composition will not change. In contrast, cover and biomass of filamentous green algae in higher-nutrient gravel-bed streams will increase during low-flow events, and this increase will affect habitat suitability for invertebrates over and above those caused solely by hydraulic changes. The greatest changes to invertebrate communities are expected in macrophyte-dominated streams because these plants change instream habitat conditions the most during extended periods of low flow. Therefore, current flow-management techniques must consider the type of plant communities that exist prior to low flows and be cognizant of that fact that these plant communities can have dramatic influences on benthic communities during low-flow periods.


This article investigates the impact of green innovation on employment growth, employing firm-level survey data from South Korea. We focus especially on the industry-dimension, investigating whether displacement or compensation effects vary across industries and according to subtypes of green process innovations. Results demonstrate that both green and non-green product innovations are associated with significant employment increases: a 1% increase in sales growth from new products is associated with a less than 1% increase in employment. Finally results are found to vary across industries, especially when simultaneously accounting for subtypes of green process innovations.


Abstract
 This chapter provides an overview of options for private sector tourism partnerships in protected areas, with a range of for-profit and not-for-profit business models based on land owned by government, the private sector, communities and others. Institutional arrangements of varying degrees of complexity are explained, ranging from purely private sector operations to public-private partnerships (PPPs) and joint venture partnerships. The role of philanthropy and donations from tourism to communities is also explored. In all, 18 case studies from 11 African countries illustrate the range of private-sector tourism investment models observed, to share actual data from the enterprises and role players on their successes and challenges.


The method for producing a molten steel of low carbon steel 13 which is decarbonization in three steps refining process, the first step of the method of oxygen to the decarbonization provided ssayeoseo in the gas shroud (16), digesting the decarburization to include a third step in which oxygen is provided ssayeoseo in the second step and, the inert gas or the oxygen flame shroud 16 is provided in the ssayeoseo flame shroud 16. Decarbonization, low carbon steel, the gas shroud, the flame shroud, the inert gas, oxygen


An experiment of a mechanical code generation for a programmable systolic computer is reported. Two‐dimensional systolic arrays are automatically reduced to one dimension, and code is generated for the one‐dimensional processor array Warp. The technique is demonstrated with two examples: matrix multiplication and LU decomposition.


In recent years, with the blooming of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing (CC), researchers have begun to discover new methods of technological support in all areas (e.g. health, transport, education, etc.). In this paper, in order to achieve a type of network that will provide more intelligent media-data transfer new technologies were studied. Additionally, we have been studied the use of various open source tools, such as CC analyzers and simulators. These tools are useful for studying the collection, the storage, the management, the processing, and the analysis of large volumes of data. The simulation platform which have been used for our research is CloudSim, which runs on Eclipse software. Thus, after measuring the network performance with CloudSim, we also use the Cooja emulator of the Contiki OS, with the aim to confirm and access more metrics and options. More specifically, we have implemented a network topology from a small section of the script of CloudSim with Cooja, so that we can test a single network segment. The results of our experimental procedure show that there are not duplicated packets received during the procedure. This research could be a start point for better and more efficient media data transmission.


As the first Catholic church in Chinese mainland,Xianhua Temple is both the witness of the oringinal state between Chinese and Western culuture in the late Ming Dynasty,and even one of "the living fossil" to study the history of Ming Dynasty,religion and Chinese and Western transportation.It has important heritage value.It is of great realstic significance to research whether Xianhua Temple exists or not.


Background. Intensive facilitator training is a critical component to enable the use of Evidence-Based Interventions (EBIs) by communities. Such training ensures that program's essential elements are implemented with fidelity. Many EBI training programs require resource- and time-intensive face-to-face training, eliminating participation from some community-based organizations due to significant costs and time away from work. The ¡CUÍDATE! (TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF!) program aimed at improving the sexual health of Latino youth is one such EBI limited in widespread dissemination by its current face to face format. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of training by assessing whether facilitators who attended the virtual ¡CUÍDATE! facilitator training in SECOND LIFE™ implemented the ¡CUÍDATE! curriculum with fidelity (e.g. adherence to the curriculum and competent delivery) to adolescent youth. Methods. Using a descriptive design, community-based facilitators (n=19) attended virtual SECOND LIFE™ ¡CUÍDATE! training. Post-training facilitators implemented two identical ¡CUÍDATE! sessions with two groups of adolescents and were instructed to audio record the sessions. The research team reviewed a random, stratified subset of the audio files (n=57) using the standardized curriculum as the standard to determine implementation fidelity adherence and fidelity competency. Results. Fidelity adherence for the ¡CUÍDATE! training for both sessions was high (91.2%) (e.g. the activities were presented as intended). Fidelity competency of facilitators was also high, with the overall quality of the program sessions being 3.95 (SD 1.18, scale 1 to 5). Both fidelity measures (i.e., adherence and competency) improved from implementation of the first to the second session with 100% adherence to the curriculum reported for all facilitators in the second session. Overall quality of the program sessions also improved from the first (x=3.67, SD 1.37) to the second (x=4.43, SD 0.53) session. Discussion. The efficacy of facilitator training using a virtual platform was shown to result in high levels of implementation fidelity, and thus may be a viable platform for widespread national training. Virtual training provides an avenue for reaching community-based agencies that work with adolescent youth and have limited resources for training expenses. Future studies will explore the use of virtual reality for other types of inter-professional education.


(Lindsay et al., 1958). In most cases the reactions consist of minor skin eruptions which subside when treatment is stopped. More severe reactions do occur and are unrelated to the dose of the drug or to the duration of treatment. Major reactions include severe skin eruptions, blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia) (Schwartz and Norton, 1958), interstitial myocarditis, and hepatitis (Tisdale, 1958; Hershfield and Stern, 1958). Reactions to sulphamethoxypyridazine have caused five deaths, two from myocarditis (Blanchard and Mertens, 1958), one from aplastic anaemia (Holsinger et al., 1958), one from thrombocytopenic purpura (Janovsky, 1960), and one from septicaemia with severe bullous erythema multiforme (Salvaggio and Gonzalez, 1959). The prolonged action and slow excretion of sulphamethoxypyridazine may make this drug more likely to cause severe reactions than the shorter-acting sulphonamides, but there is no reliable information on this point. The value of steroids in the treatment of bullous erythema multiforme remains in doubt, as the condition is usually self-limiting. In the present case a high dose of prednisone, although suppressing the fever, did not alter the patient's general condition or influence the skin lesions. Mauriello (1954) reported no benefit from corticotrophin in six cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and in two of these cases fresh skin lesions developed during treatment. Other workers have reported good and occasionally dramatic responses to corticotrophin or steroids (VanderMeer et al., 1953 ; Librach, 1955), and their use would appear to be justified in a desperately ill patient.


The aim of the study. To assess the contamination of the soil cover of the St. Petersburg State University campus. To accomplish the goal, tasks are set concerning the determination of the content of heavy metals in selected soil samples and their comparison with the available regulatory documents, estimates of the basal respiration of the soil and humus content. Materials and methods. In 2016-2017 there were executed investigations on the study of the state of soils on the campus of the St. Petersburg State University. Studies were carried out in the Vasileostrovsky and Petrodvorets districts of the city of St. Petersburg. 39 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm. The content values of heavy metals (Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, V) and arsenic (As) were determined and compared with the available Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) adopted in Russia. The biological activity of soil samples and the humus content were also investigated. Results. Analysis of heavy metals in soils and their comparison with available MPCs are given for soil samples from two campus areas of the St. Petersburg State University. Discussion. The investigation of soil samples of two different territories made it possible to identify the features of soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic and to compare these areas with each other. The predominant majority of samples are characterized by exceeding the MAC limit for arsenic, zinc, nickel, chromium. To clarify the estimation of the levels of total contamination of soils, Zc, also Zst(g) were used in these calculations. Zst(g) takes into account the geometric mean of the concentration coefficients of elements and the toxicity of heavy elements Conclusion. Samples of soils selected in the Vasileostrovsky district are characterized by a higher pollution category in terms of Zc and Zst(g) than the soils of the Petrodvorets district. For all soil samples, the value of soil pollution index is more than 1, which characterizes the soils as contaminated. The indices of the microbiological activity are similar in the soils of the two investigated areas; the humus content is characterized as an average also in both campus areas.


In a book written more than four hundred years ago (Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, 1548), La Boétie conveyed his astonishment about people "acquiescing to their own servitude." Ruling Oneself Out restates the problem: why do groups legitimize the prospect of their political incapacity and, by way of consequence, the possibility of their servitude? I address this question by considering two parliamentary decisions of crucial historical significance: the parliamentary surrenders of constitutional authority in Germany (March 1933) and in France (July 1940). These events have paradigmatic value because they are clear-cut cases of collective abdications and because they lend themselves to explanations that seem as obvious as they are commonsensical. People abdicate because they face coercive pressures. They abdicate because they misjudge the consequences of their action. Or they abdicate because their ideology predisposes them to do so.


Myocardial function was assessed in 27 patients with transfusion dependent homozygous beta-thalassaemia by multiple gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography. Before the institution of adequate chelation therapy, there was evidence of increasing deterioration in myocardial function with increasing transfusion burden. Out of eight patients with less than 160 transfusions, four cases (50%) had an abnormal cardiac function. Out of five patients with 160–199 transfusion units, four (80%) were abnormal, whilst all five children with 200 transfused units or more had abnormal cardiac function (100%). After periods varying from eight to forty-five months of continuous subcutaneous chelation therapy with desferrioxamine. the average (median) increase in % ejection fraction at rest was 5%. In most patients, deterioration in myocardial function was arrested, and in many reversed. The proportions abnormal in the three transfusion groups, after a period of chelation, were respectively 2/6 (33%). 1/5 (20%). and 6/12 (...


At the close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 Prussia was an industrial backwater. By the mid 1860's Prussia had achieved a considerable degree of industrialization. In a sense, her economy had "taken off." The turning point dates from around 1840 and was closely related to railroad building. Before 1840 industrial investment grew haltingly. The combination of inadequate markets and the lack of supporting enterprise made industrial investment—particularly in those lines in which Europe's industrial leader, England, was already specialized—too risky and/or its anticipated yields too low for most potential investors, who preferred to invest in real estate, commerce, and in foreign government bonds. As leading Prussian entrepreneurs argued, the country's industrial development required public investment in river improvements, roads, canals, railroads, banks, and other facilities which would generate external economies and make private investment, for example in metalworking enterprise, more profitable. Theoretically, such public investment could have been financed by curtailing other governmental expenditures, by taxing unproductive consumption, and/or by borrowing. The technical proficiency required by such investments was either domestically available or could be readily borrowed from abroad. Even Prussian political economy, through its interpretation of the Classicists, reflected these conditions and called for state assistance. The will, the means, and a rationale for a program of public investment were at hand: one could truly speak of an abundance of "advantages of backwardness" in Prussia after 1815.


The use of a spreader stoker with continuous ash discharge for firing a combustion boiler rated at 125,000 lb per hr, 420 psig, 750 F, at the superheater outlet, is described. Design data relating to the furnace, waterwalls, the convection section of the boiler, superheater, air heater, forced- and induced-draft fans, cinder-return system, overfired-air system, combustion control, and the stoker are given. The characteristics of the coals of northern Illinois and Iowa fields are discussed, together with the operating results obtained. Experiences of this publicutility company in the operation of the unit are described and comments of other operators of similar equipment in central-station service are included. Conditions found in the furnace, convection section of the boiler, superheater, air preheater, precipitator unit, fans and stoker, are described. The inspection condition covers 6000 hr of operation of the unit.


The sampling flow will be decreased by the weakness of filterable membrane permeability after the dust sampler working for period of time. It seriously affects the measurement accuracy, so keeping the dust sampler working under the constant gas flow is important. Gas flow can be adjusted accurately in time to ensure constant flow based on single neuron adaptive PLC algorithm and PWM technique. Apply ZigBee wireless communication technology on indoor positioning and remote monitoring.


Numerical simulations have been carried out to assess the specific absorption rate (SAR) in vehicle occupants due to onboard 900 MHz transmissions. The sources considered include a simple external roof-mounted antenna and internal transmitters that are not in contact with the body. The simulations employed homogeneous human simulants to obtain induced SAR values, and investigated a variety of occupancy configurations, ranging from only the driver to a driver and three passengers. Both local and whole-body average SAR levels are found to vary widely with the number and placement of occupants, as well as with antenna configuration. Nonetheless, the computed SAR levels are found to be well below recommended limits for general public exposure at typical radiated power levels.


The aim is to extend the pomegranate extracts (TPT and PRE) against the patogen fungus candida albicans. The extracts were tested alone and in combination with zinc sulphate in order to study its potential synergic effect. The project claims the antifungal effect of zinc sulphate but not of the extracts (either alone or in combination). Comparative test suggest that the fruit used is not active.


Abstract : Measurements are desoribed which indicate the damping effectiveness of a light-weight vibration damping device which can be tuned to provide optimum damping over a selected frequency range. The criteria for comparison of spot dampers by means of vibration decay rate measurements are developed, and the relative damping effectivenesses of two types of spot damper are evaluated in terms of Air Force requirements. It is concluded that extraordinarily effective vibration dampers of this type can be fabricated for aircraft application pending a materials survey to determine the optimum compromise between damping effectiveness and other physical requirements.


Oxalate oxidase (E.C. 18.104.22.168) catalyses the conversion of oxalate and dioxygen to carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide (for reviews see [ 1-31). Oxalate oxidase activity has been detected in a number of organisms but the best biochemically characterised enzymes are from barley and wheat. The plant enzyme is isolated as a glycosylated homopentamer which is remarkably resistant to heat, SDS and proteinase treatment. It has recently been shown that the plant protein germin [4,5] and a few members of the germin-like protein family are oxalate oxidases and that these have been detected during plant germination, fungal stress and salt stress. It has been proposed that the activity may be involved in providing hydrogen peroxide for cell wall biosynthesis. The hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes that have been described to date require either a flavin cofactor, a copper (11) ion or heme for catalysis [6]. Purified oxalate oxidases from plant and microbial sources exhibit no detectable absorbance in the visible spectrum [7-91, clearly showing the complete absence of flavin and heme. The only metal analysis of an oxalate oxidase that has been reported is that of a Pseudomonas oxalate oxidase, which has somewhat different physical properties to the plant enzymes [8]. A total of 1.12, 0.36 and 0.09 atoms of manganese, zinc and iron were detected per polypeptide monomer and no copper, molybdenum, cobalt or nickel were detected. The authors did not point out that an observed 1.75-fold increase in activity on addition of manganese (11) ions suggested that the enzyme requires two (1.96) manganese ions per polypeptide for full activity and that the Pseudomonas oxalate oxidase appears to be in its own new class of hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes. There is some controversy about the identity of any metal ions that may be associated with plant oxalate oxidase activity. Some authors have suggested copper [2,10], some iron [11,12] and others have suggested the involvement of Caz+ and even PbZ+ [9]. With a view to a better understanding of the chemistry of oxalate oxidation and the physiological requirements of the plant enzyme, we are investigating the identity of the cofactors and structure of plant oxalate oxidases. Our initial studies have been with the commercial, partially purified barley seedling oxalate oxidase from Boehringer which appears to be about 30 % pure. In order to reduce the level of any contaminating metal ions in this preparation, a 1 mg ml'l protein solution was desalted by 3 successive 10-fold dilutions and concentrations, using 10 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.0, and Amicon Microcon devices with 30 kDa cut-off ultrafiltration membranes at mom temperature. Given that the molecular mass of the homopentamer is 125 kDa, the remarkable stability of the plant enzyme and the lack of evidence for monomers being active, the enzyme was expected to remain in the retentate. To our surprise, about 60 % of the activity was repducibly detected in the filtrate. Microcon devices with a cut-off of 10 kDa were required to successfully desalt the enzyme. It would therefore appear that the pentamers are able to reversibly dissociate completely to 25 kDa monomers under these conditions. This unexpected phenomenon is the subject of further investigation. Incubation of the desalted commercial enzyme preparation with the metal ions Zn2+ MnZ' Fez+ and Fe'+, in the concentration range 10 pM to 1 mM, did not lead to any increase in enzyme activity. Metal analysis of the preparation using Inductively Coupled Plasma techniques gave a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:0.5:0.1:<0.01 for the metals zinc, manganese, iron, copper and lead. These values take into account control determinations without added protein. This result is consistent with those for the microbial enzyme [8] in that zinc, manganese and iron were considerably more abundant than copper. Although Pbz+ ions have been reported to stimulate the activity of the plant enzyme [9], no lead was detected. Contaminating proteins, which may bind metal ions themselves, were removed from this partially purified preparation by ion exchange FPLC. Since the enzyme is most stable at pH 5.0 and the PI is predicted to be about 5.5 from the primary sequence [4], the enzyme was applied to a Monos column preequilibrated with 10 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.0, and eluted with a salt gradient at about 0.14 M NaCI. This afforded a 2.7-fold purification with a 47 % recovery to give a specific activity of 6.0 U mg-l using a peroxidasecoupled spectrophotometric assay with 2,2'-azino-bis(3ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid at 21 "C. The specific activity compares reasonably well with that determined by others using alternative assay procedures at 37 T (9 and 34 U mg-l [4,9]). The purified enzyme appeared to be at least 90 % pure according to SDS PAGE with Coomassie blue staining. The development of duplicate gels using an activity stain containing oxalate, peroxidase and 4chloro-1-naphthol confirmed that the major band was oxalate oxidase with samples that were not heated before electrophoresis. The absorbance spectrum of the purified enzyme is essentially the same as that reported previously [7,9]. There is no detectable absorbance in the visible spectrum and, intriguingly, there is at least double the absorbance at 280 nm than that m c t e d from the primary sequence. In addition, we note that there is a small tail in the protein absorbance band that extends to about 370 nm and is not normally associated with protein alone. These additional spectroscopic features are likely to be associated with the cofactors. The metal analysis of the purified material gave 0.87, 0.41, 0.16 and 0.04 atoms of iron, manganese zinc and copper per monomer of oxalate oxidase. These values take into account control determinations without added protein. Protein was determined using the Bio-Rad Protein Assay and monomer concentrations were calculated using a molecular mass of 21,203 Da, as predicted from the primary sequence. It is clear that there is essentially no copper associated with barley oxalate oxidase and that iron and manganese are the most likely candidates for catalyticaly essential metal ions. The EPR spectrum of the purified enzyme was determined at liquid helium and nitrogen temperatures. The typical six line spectrum of manganese (11) was observed (gav = 2.03 at 4 K). Integration of this signal, based on a copper EDTA standard, gave about 0.4 manganese ions per monomer. This is not only consistent with the metal analysis, but also indicative that all of this metal is in the manganese (II) oxidation state. None of the typical signals associated with iron (III) ions, organic free radicals or copper (11) ions were detected. The nature of the iron ions in the sample is the subject of further investigation. In this paper, we have shown for the first time that active plant oxalate oxidase contains essentially no copper ions. We can conclude therefore, that the plant enzyme catalyses the conversion of dioxygen to hydrogenperoxide using chemistry quite different from that used by galactose and amine oxidase. At this stage, it is not clear what the catalytically essential cofactors are for the plant enzyme, but it would appear that the most likely candidate metal ions are iron and manganese. It is possible that only a single metal ion is required for catalysis along with a one electron oxidised and modified tyrosine residue in a manner analogous with the copper containing oxidases. Many of the germin-like protein family share a conserved tyrosine residue. Sequence homology between plant oxalate oxidases and auxin binding proteins, which to our knowledge has not been reported previously, also lead one to consider the requirement for a small, diffusable organic cofactor with important regulatory consequences. However, we can not rule out the possibility that two metal ions are required for this two electron process. It therefore remains to be seen whether the plant and microbial enzymes utilise the same cofactors. We are currently purifying and characterising the enzyme from barley seedling roots that are grown in our laboratory.


Micro bubbles recently gain much attention in wide range of fields. In particular, bubbles with a size of sub-micrometer, have become an attractive research target, partly because of recent technological progress of micro bubble generations, and partly in prospect of their fruitful applications, such as MEMS devices and biological treatments. The bubble size distribution is measured under various pressure conditions. Experiments are performed to visualize the bubble growth in the pressure gradient. In order to set the pressure gradient, a chamber filled with water is connected to a vacuum pump and a valve adjusts pressure between the chamber and the vacuum pump. The time-varying pressure inside the chamber is monitored by a dynamic pressure sensor. The images of the bubble growth are acquired using a microscope and a high speed CCD camera. Then, the diameter of bubble and the rate of bubble generation are evaluated by an image processing technique. As a result, it is presented how the radius of bubbles is stabilized for the change of the amplitude of pressure gradient. The experimental data are compared with the theoretical one solved based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation.


The collection and processing of digital image or pictorial data based on photographs, drawings, maps, etc. is undergoing a period of rapid growth. Industry, universities, and governmental and military agencies are producing an ever increasing volume and variety of such data. For many years special image data handling systems have been developed to store and retrieve specific types of pictorial data. More recently, however, it has been realized that instead of the one-of-its-kind type of approach, the generalized pictorial data base management system approach is the preferred approach (much in the same way that today's DBMS for record-type data are unquestionably preferred in most eases over tailor-made one-of-its kind systems).


In the present study, we investigated the importance of mutualistic networks between plants and animals for the maintenance of endangered tree species in southern Bahia. About 82% of the tree species under study are dispersed by animals, have an average diameter of 16.89 mm and their main dispersers are birds, primates and rodents (pacas). We reveal an intense relationship between endangered tree species in southern Bahia and seed-dispersing animals. The species in question already have threats inherent to their individual characteristics, but we demonstrate that one more factor can be added to these threats, the extinction of large seed dispersers


When Integrated Research Sub-Project I (IRSP I) made its original call for annotated bibliographies, the project's interest in innovation was framed in terms of "innovation dynamics" and technology transfer processes, focusing on the ways innovations in surveillance spread through society. A separate topic, "knowledge management," was suggested in order to answer questions about, for example, the way new surveillance or security techniques or products might be conceived and developed. After some initial research it was determined that the knowledge management literature might not be the best place to find answers to the kinds of questions of interest to the project. After some re-thinking about where these questions might better be explored, it was determined that perhaps the very broad category of innovation literature might be the best source of material for them all.