A 23-year-old male was directed to the Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital on January 19, 2014 due to severe left cheek injury (Panel A). The patient arrived at ~09:40 p.m. conscious and with a gauze bandage on his left cheek soaked in blood. Oral mucosa was not damaged. Crowns of the teeth were uninjured. The margins of the wound looked lacerated but vital, without characteristic powder burn. A skin and subcutaneous tissue defect measured ~1.5 × 1.5 cm in size was noted. The initial wound debridement was performed under the local anesthesia. The depth of the wound reached ~0.5 cm with no evidence of wound canal. No foreign bodies were noted. Part of Syspur-Derm® (Paul Hartmann, Germany), a soft spongy bandage, was individualized and sutured for temporary closure of skin defect. The antibiotic was prescribed and after two weeks the patient directed to plastic surgeon. According to media reports dated January 19, 2014, the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (i.e., militsia―the name of police in January 2014) have applied rubber bullets against protesters on Hrushevskoho Street, Kyiv in January 19, 2014. In that time, militsia were subordinated to Zakharchenko Minister of Internal Affairs and President Yanukovych, both had escaped to Russia due to the multiple shootings of protesters on Instytutska Street, Kyiv. The patient told the doctor that injury was obtained on Hrushevskoho Street approximately one hour before. Further investigations of journalists revealed that the incriminated weapon was Fort-500. Fort-500 is a series of 12/76 mm pump-action rifles manufactured by the Research and Production Company "Fort" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.3 Panel B demonstrates the appearance of "Teren-12P" rubber bullets (in gray color) without and in the chambers (i.e., shells or cartridges) (in white color). Data showed that such bullets were used for the Fort-500 at January 19. Characteristics of the "Teren-12P" ammunition:
• Caliber: 12.
• Length: 65 ± 1.8 mm.
• Diameter: 21.97… 22.45 mm.
• Bullet mass: 8.4 ± 0.5 g.
• Bullet flight speed 3.5 m from the muzzle: 140 ± 20 m/s.
"Teren-12P" ammunition with an elastic bullet of shock-traumatic action are designed and manufactured for firing from smoothbore rifles of 12th caliber with a chamber length of 70 mm. Such weapon and bullets belong to less-lethal weapon and are used in protest cases by some national polices.


Unilateral intramuscular injection of diphtheria toxin into the extenal anal sphincter of th cat produced the characteristic features of diphtheritic toxicity in ipsilateral pudendal motoneurones in Onufs nucleus. Immunocytochemistry revealed abnormal phosphorylated neurofilament protein in intoxicated motoneurones. Wider examination also identified lesions in small diameter interneurones in laminae vii-viii, some large dimeter neurons in the sacral ventrolateral and ventro-medial nuclei projecting to pelvic floor muscles, and some small neurones oin L4-L7. Intramuscular injections of either collidal-gold-toxin conjugate of WGA=_HRp (trans-neuronal label) produced similar results, suggesting trans-neuronal spread of toxin and toxicitry via local segmetal interneuronal pathhways. Further evidence for this was obtained fololowing injections of toxin-conjugate or WGA-HRP into the anterior tibial muscle, and finding labelling of motoneurones in L4-7, but also small diameter interneurones in sacral segments, suggesting close synaptic lumbar-sacral coupling.


Radiation-initiated graft copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) onto low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films was carried out by γ-rays from 60Co source in nitrogen atmosphere. The direct method of multiple grafting was used, connected with posteffect taking place at irradiation doses from 1 to 35 kGy. Thus the monomer diffused into the polymer matrix together with the stepwise generation of free radicals to reduce the thickness of the nongrafted layer. The grafting proceeds in the amorphous phase of the polymers which is further amorphized by the irradiation. Copolymers with grafting degree (P) from 17 to 75% for LDPE and from 0.7 to 13% for PTFE were obtained. The dependence of the degree of grafting of 4VP on irradiation dose was established. The spectral and thermodynamic properties of the synthesized copolymers were studied. The degree of crystallinity was found to decrease and a two-stage mechanism of thermooxidative destruction was observed. The synthesized copolymers contain pyridine groups determining their anion-exchange properties. The initial pyridine groups in the grafted copolymers were quaternized. Some of the basic characteristics, such as water content and specific electric resistance of anion-exchange membranes (AEM) were studied depending on the grafting degree of 4VP. The ionomers studied possess high transport number (t- ∼ 0.8–0.9), good diffusion characteristics (9.2 × 10−8−1.7 × 10−7 cm2/s), and suitable tensile properties. The AEM obtained, combined with the cation exchange membranes we have synthesized earlier on the same polymeric basis, can be used successfully in various electrodialysis processes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 1469–1475, 1997


At present,reforms related to the privatization of water supply in cities are in full swing.As the water supply is a public service by nature,the privatization movement requires corresponding adjustments of government regulation.Based on the case study of Hangzhou Chi Shan Bu Water Plant,the newly chartered water supply enterprise and the city's regulation on water supply,this thesis probes into the current state of regulation on the privatization of urban water supply and locates problems and their deep-rooted causes.With problems located,this thesis tries to construct an effective mode of regulation on the privatization of urban water supply that endorses competition.This thesis explains the theoretical basis for this new mode of regulation and comes down to some critical issues.It concludes by proposing major measures to enforce this new mode of regulation.


A novel stereo-PIV calibration technique is adopted for the probe. The central feature of the proposed technique is that the calibration of the stereoscopic system is based upon the measurement of a calibrated flow. This is achieved through a first two-dimensional calibration of the measurement plane using a single target point, followed by a perspective and laser sheet thickness optimization that makes use of the measurement of a known flow, e.g. a uniform flow. This technique results in three-dimensional measurements of enhanced accuracy with a simpler calibration phase, which compensates for the mechanical misalignment and eliminates the errors deriving from the classical target dot identification. The technique is particularly well suited for towing tanks and other large facilities.


Humankind's future will largely be decided in cities. Half the world's population already lives in them, and by 2050 this will have risen to 70 per cent. Cities are where global challenges and problems are concentrated: they consume three quarters of the world's resources and generate three quarters of all emissions.


In 1012 an Irish pilgrim following the overland pilgrimage route to Jerusalem was murdered by the inhabitants of Stockerau near Vienna on the false suspicion that he was a Czech spy. Following his death, miracles began to occur and he came to be venerated as a saint by the local people. In 1015 renown of this new saint came to the attention of the ruler of this frontier region of the Eastern March of Bavaria, the Babenberg margrave, Henry I. The margrave appropriated the incorrupt body of the martyr and took it to his stronghold at Melk. The spiritual power of the new saint was a valuable asset for Henry, a marcher lord in the process of consolidating his power base in this volatile, frontier region. This article considers the role of the cult of St. Coloman in affirming Babenberg power and authority and in the process helping to shape a new identity for the region that would become Austria. It presents a new edition and English translation of the Passio et Miracula S. Cholomanni, a composite work of hagi...


This study uses a machine learning algorithm which is the extreme model one of the new learning method of neural networks. Determining the value of forecasting based on actual value. Output generated more quickly in this process, because the learning done in a fast speed and better accuracy rate than conventional forecasting methods. Epoch using the parameter changes and changes in the range of accuracy of test results demonstrate the value of error is quite good during the system testing. Keywords : neural networks, epoch, value of error.


The preliminary budget outturn for 1996 constitutes an important intermediate step in fiscal consolidation. It shows to what extent both expenditure cuts and additional revenues envisaged for 1996 were actually achieved. From this it may be judged whether the 1996 budget provides a sound base for the Federal government household in 1997 which will serve as the benchmark for successful consolidation and eligibility to participate in the European Monetary Union. Actual expenditure and revenues in 1996 were closely in line with the budget draft. Indeed, the net deficit of ATS 89.4 billion was slightly lower than planned – for the first time since 1991. The deficit/GDP ratio fell from 5 percent in 1995 to 3.7 percent, the cut being achieved to roughly equal extent by expenditure restraint and higher revenues – in line with government intentions. Relevant for the "Maastricht criteria" is not only the Federal government deficit, but also those of the states (Lander) and local communities (Gemeinden). These lower-level territorial authorities, by making their own efforts at improving the general government balance, have not imposed further constraints on the Federations's fiscal room for maneuver. As the Federal government expenditure, the wage and salary bill for active personnel (adjusted for the postal services which were moved off-budget) rose by around 1 percent in 1996. The respective spending limits set in the consolidation "package" were on the whole not exceeded, as overruns in some items were offset by shortfalls in others. Federal retirement benefit expenditure turned out lower than budgeted. However, as for the government transfers to the social security pension scheme, the desired savings were not fully implemented. Net overruns amounted to ATS 1.8 billion, weakening also the prospects for 1997. The objective for the family allowance scheme, i.e. to bring expenditure in line with earmarked revenues, was also not achieved. The Federal government had to pay ATS 0.85 billion in subsidies to cover the deficit. Upward pressure on expenditure slackened not only as a result of discretionary measures, but also for other reasons. Thus, falling interest rates lowered the interest on outstanding debt by around ATS 1 billion vis-a-vis the budget draft. Taxation policy in 1996-97 is shaped by budgetary constraints. Gross tax revenues in 1996 rose by 12.4 percent to a total ATS 585.7 billion, thereby pushing up their ratio to GDP to 24.2 percent, the highest mark since 1992. Apart from the measures included in the consolidation "package" the second stage of the tax reform also had some revenue-raising effect, albeit with a lag. Taxes on enterprises rose strongly (income tax +23.7 percent, corporate tax +50 percent), in line with expectations. Wage tax revenues (+6.8 percent) increased rather more than suggested by the advance of the wage and salary bill, owing to the discretionary consolidation measures. Other tax revenues show no clear pattern of development. Yields from V.A.T. of ATS 204.1 billion, while being pushed up 13.4 percent by special, non-recurring factors, still remained below expectations. Energy tax receipts of ATS 2.0 billion also disappointed somewhat. In all, however, the projection of 1996 tax revenues proved highly accurate, deviating from actual figures by only 0.3 percent. Federal government financial debt increased by some ATS 67 billion in 1996, markedly less than the net deficit (ATS 89.4 billion). This was due partly to some financing having been carried forward into 1995 (around ATS 11 billion), partly to exchange rate gains on foreign-currency debt (roughly ATS 12 billion).


A finite element analysis procedure is developed for progressive failure analysis of laminated composite plates under in plane tensile loading. A finite element model is based on higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) with seven degrees of freedom. The degradation technique used for degradation of material properties of a failed ply is a ply discounting approach. The mode dependant Hashin and Lee failure criterion is used for the progressive failure analysis. The results of first ply failure load and last ply failure load are obtained for different stacking sequence of composite plate. The results shows that a considerable amount of strength remains un utilized in composite laminates after first ply failure of laminates.


Construction joints often demand a large quantity and diversity of materials for their connections. These connection materials are often in sight, while they are often not intended to be in sight. This paper contains an overview of existing joint construction techniques and applications, and introduces a method wherein connection materials are no longer necessary to apply; it makes a technology transfer from mechanical interlocking puzzles to construction joints. The connection method of interlocking puzzles can make a useful contribution in designing smooth construction joints wherein the overflow of materials flows smoothly and wherein connection materials become superfluous. By doing so, the aesthetic value of buildings can no longer be affected by connection materials. In addition, the method might lead to a more efficient use of material and to an increased building speed. In the paper, various mechanical puzzles are discussed in order to be able to select the best suitable options for construction and to display the added value of the new method.


The invention discloses the purification process of a kind of recombined human hyaluronidase deriving from Chinese hamster ovary celI, after described method comprises the steps: by microfiltration clarification, ultrafiltration concentration, the Chinese hamster ovary celI culture fluid containing recombined human hyaluronidase is changed liquid, sequentially pass through high flow rate quaternary ammonium Sepharose anion chromatographic column, efficient phenyl cross-linked agarose gel chromatographic column, ceramic hydroxyapatite I type chromatographic column and efficient sulfonic group Sepharose cation chromatographic column, obtaining purity and be more than 98%, specific activity is 1.1 × 10 5 The recombined human hyaluronidase of more than U/mg.The method is suitable for scale and prepares recombined human hyaluronidase.


The key aims and objectives of the National Gallery and Cultural Centre of Victoria are discussed. The key features of the exterior and interior of the Gallery are highlighted.


The writers have performed several field experiments to elucidate the roles of mass-transfer kinetics and equilibrium limitations on stripping of volatile organic compounds ~VOCs! in small diameter sewers. The experiments were performed with five VOCs in a 0.2 m inside diameter sewer, where different slopes and flow rates were applied. The five compounds considered exhibit different physicochemical properties. Particularly, dimensionless Henry's law constant Hc is in the range from 0.0015 to 7.167. Thus, stripping efficiencies h are very different. For acetone and ethyl acetate h was always ,6%, while toluene, ethylbenzene, and cyclohexane show higher volatilization rates. Also, the writers have estimated for each compound and experiment the mass-transfer coefficient KL @LT 21 #. This coefficient was back-calculated using the concentrations measured along the sewer reach. Then, liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient k 1 @LT 21 # was obtained for cyclohexane only. In fact, mass transfer of cyclohexane is dominated by the liquid film because of its high Hc . Thus, in Eq. ~2!, it results that KL'k 1 . Then, the values of k 1 for cyclohexane were extrapolated for the other four compounds. The values of k 1 for cyclohexane were compared with those coming from two predictive equations, derived by Parkhurst‐Pomeroy ~PP! and Owens‐Edwars‐Gibbs~OEG!. However, the application of these equations results in a poor fit with the field data. Particularly, the OEG model significantly overestimates the liquid-phase coefficient, with an average relative difference equal to 182%, whereas the PP model tends toward an underestimation of k 1 , with an average difference equal to 250%. The purpose of this discussion is to test, using the field data


Santorini info, the Greek Advisor luxury expert gives an in-depth look with his travel guide, information's & reviews for Santorini ancient Thira & Akrotiri, the volcano of Santorini and best caldera views, the lost Atlantis and how Santorini relates to the legend.


The desire to help students learn to be better learners and to survive regardless of the odds demands strength on the part of the instructor sometimes similar to that required of a parent. Requiring students to perform in unfamiliar areas and providing brief introductions to new tools they may find useful, can produce surprising results with a high level of satisfaction and pride in their accomplishment. A story of how an experience provided realizations of the capabilities of students when allowed to tackle tasks far larger than they have ever experienced and to venture into unknown areas. Integration of collection of data from the Internet, development of spreadsheets and charts, and the use of word processing for delivery of the product was used to lead students into performing at a considerably higher level than many would have thought possible for themselves. It makes everybody involved focus on their accomplishment.


Two main approaches have been followed to determine the modulus of unbound materials in six asphalt pavement sections tested at the CEDEX test track. The first one consists on back-calculation from the deflection bowls measured under the load of a falling weight deflectometer. In the second approach, a nonlinear constitutive relationship is calibrated from repeated load triaxial testing, and layer modulus is estimated through this relationship for the stresses calculated under traffic loads by using a multilayer linear elastic model. Significant differences were found between the two procedures, with back-calculation resulting in higher modulus. The two approaches were evaluated by comparing model predictions to actual response measured under the load of the traffic simulation vehicles of the test track. The results indicate that back-calculation provided more realistic estimations of the stiffness of unbound materials than the laboratory approach. This last approach significantly underestimated the stiffness of granular materials located at shallow depths in the pavement structure.


The analysis of literature found prebiotic properties of inulin and white currant's health-promoting properties and rich chemical compositions that allow these products to be considered functional food ingredients with bifidogenic, immunomodulating, antioxidant, prebiotic, and hepatoprotective properties, which became a reason for inulin and white currant to be used for enrichment of a dairy product. The experimental studies have established the type of starter microflora—lactic acid and bifidobacteria. The optimal method of heat treatment and technological stage and doses of inulin (3.0%) and unclarified white currant juice (3.0%) were determined, i.e., holding juice and inulin dissolved in milk at t=65±2°C for 25-30 minutes, cooling to t=14±2 °C, and adding to fermented milk product cooled to t=14±2 °C. Qualitative indicators of the fermented milk product enriched with inulin and white currant were higher than those of a traditional product. The new product met the requirements of technical regulations and can be recommended as a functional product for systematic consumption by different age groups of population without restrictions.


Aim: Care bundles are sets of evidence-based interventions, elements of which are known to optimise clinical outcomes. We evaluated their effectiveness in improving outcomes of hospital care for patients with COPD. Method: A mixed-methods, controlled before-&-after study design was used to examine COPD care bundle implementation in England & Wales. Patient-level data were collected over 12 months before & after introduction of bundles at 7 acute hospitals using bundles (IMP) & 7 comparator hospitals (COMP). 140 sets of randomly sampled case notes were studied to assess outcomes of care at each site. Results: There were 19,097 unplanned admissions during the full study period (9881 at COMP sites; 9216 at IMP sites). 27.3% of patients in IMP sites received all five elements of the discharge care bundle vs 0.8% in COMP sites. Our primary outcome was 28-day readmission for COPD. We found no evidence that change over time differed between IMP & COMP sites (OR 1.05; 95%CI: 0.84-1.31). In addition, no difference was observed for in-hospital mortality, length of stay or 90-day readmission. ER attendance following discharge was reduced in IMP sites (OR 0.55, 95%CI: 0.47-0.63 p Conclusion: Care bundles improve process reliability but had a limited impact on outcomes. They are complex to implement. Clinicians need training & support to change clinical pathways. Study Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services & Delivery Research (HS&DR) Programme - project number 12/130/53


Fission phenomena are surveyed where fragment properties are catching the eye. Beyond the Liquid Drop the relevant properties of fragments are shell effects and nuclear pairing. Shell effects influence on mass, charge, stability and deformability of fragments. Most often only the stabilizing effects of shells are discussed and the equally frequent destabilizing effects are not mentioned. For the present purpose the terms shells and anti-shells are used in case of stabilizing and destabilizing effects, respectively. Fragment shells and anti-shells lead to fission modes with characteristic properties. A special issue is where in the course of fission these modes assume their characteristic features. Surprisingly fragment angular distributions in aboveand sub-barrier fission help elucidating this question. The discussion is focussed on fission in the standard actinides. 1 Liquid Drop Model, shells and anti-shells The Liquid Drop Model (LDM) of nuclei has since the discovery of fission been the backbone of our understanding of the fission process. A major drawback of the model is however the prediction of symmetric mass distribution of fission fragments. Asymmetric fission observed in the standard actinides remained a puzzle until the advent of the shell model. For convenience, the mass M(A,Z) in the LDM of a nucleus with mass and charge numbers A and Z, respectively, is recalled in eq. (1) as the sum of volume, surface, Coulomb, symmetry and pairing terms: M(A,Z) = a V A + a S A2⁄3 + a C Z2/A1⁄3 + a I (N−Z)2/A − δ(A). (1) The macroscopic LDM describes with a few parameters the average mass of nuclei across the chart of nuclides. However, the microscopic nuclear structure requires corrections. A first comprehensive survey of these corrections was proposed in 1966 by W. Myers and W. Swiatecki [1]. The shell correction δW is defined as the difference between the experimental mass Mexp taken from mass tables and the LDM mass MLDM: δW = Mexp – MLDM. (2) The shell corrections were calculated separately for neutron and proton numbers N and Z. An example is provided in Fig. 1 for a range of neutron numbers. In the figure the shell correction is seen to oscillate between δW > 0 and δW < 0. The familiar case is δW < 0.


Image hashing has attracted much attention of the community of multimedia security in the past years. It has been successfully used in social event detection, image authentication, copy detection, image quality assessment, and so on. This paper presents a novel image hashing with low-rank representation (LRR) and ring partition. The proposed hashing finds the saliency map by the spectral residual model and exploits it to construct the visual representation of the preprocessed image. Next, the proposed hashing calculates the low-rank recovery of the visual representation by LRR and extracts the rotation-invariant hash from the low-rank recovery by ring partition. Hash similarity is finally determined by L2 norm. Extensive experiments are done to validate effectiveness of the proposed hashing. The results demonstrate that the proposed hashing can reach a good balance between robustness and discrimination and is superior to some state-of-the-art hashing algorithms in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.


Background: Suicide is preventable but it's often on a low priority for governments and policy-makers. Patna has seen magnificent past but degrading social circumstances led to decrease in public health and disease burden. Objective: To evaluate the pattern of different suicidal factors for understanding burden of problem & preventive measures Methods: this prospective study was conducted during one year duration from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2010 on 149 autopsies in Patna. Results: 81.21 % of all cases fall in age range of 15 to 59 years, maximum death occurred between 15 to 29 years (34%). Men outnumbered women. Illness, family disturbances, depression and mental trauma after violence accounted for more than half of the cases. Unemployment and stressful private jobs have shown positive correlation with development of suicidal tendency. 73% were married. Educational status had inverse relation with falling victim to suicidal intent. Drowning, self immolation, Hanging and poisoning accounted for majority (52%) of suicidal methods. Conclusion: Young age victims constituted dominant group which also is the most productive group. Causes of suicidal intention are multifactorial which is preventable. Most suicides are associated with lower literacy level. Choice of how to die depended on the most available and most convenient means at hand.


Abstract Tungsten disulphide (WS2) is one of the widely used intrinsic low friction materials, which is commonly used in the form of coating. WS2 offers very low coefficient of friction only in non humid conditions. Presence of humidity destroys this property and restricts its utility. Modifying the structure of WS2 by adding certain metals helps in overcoming this limitation and in addition improves the mechanical properties. Further, deposition technique and processing parameters play a critical role in deciding the properties of a coating. In this work, Cr-WS2 coatings were deposited on silicon and stainless steel substrates using a fourcathode direct current (DC) unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. Effect of substrate bias and WS2 top layer on the lubricating behavior of coatings has been studied. Deposited coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), nanoindentation, and tribometry techniques to analyze the structure, morphology, mechanical and tribological properties. Optimized coating showed a sharp reflection from (101) hexagonal WS2 phase along with broad (002) and (103) reflections, which signifies a combination of nanocrystalline and amorphous behavior. Surface morphology of the coating revealed typical acicular features along with small clusters of cauliflower-like microstructure. For the coating without top WS2 layer, only cauliflower-like features were observed. It has been found that the applied substrate bias significantly affects the lubricating properties. The coating which consists of top WS2 layer deposited at zero bias voltage exhibited the best lubricating properties with co-efficient of friction (COF) of 0.07 till 1300 cycles and an average value of 0.10 till 1800 cycles for the tests conducted in ambient air atmosphere. Keywords: Magnetron sputtering, solid lubricant coating, Cr-WS2, Co-efficient of friction Cite this Article: M. Jeevitha, Srinivas G., Praveen Kumar V., Jakeer Khan G.H., Siju, K. Niranjan, Harish C. Barshilia. Nanostructured CrWS2 Solid Lubricant Coating for Space Applications. Journal of Instrumentation Technology & Innovations. 2019; 9(1), 12– 18p


In accordance with the critical thermal maximum (CTM) and lethal temperature (LT) there has been fixed an increase in upper lethal temperature of young carp and perch during the growth of the acclimation temperature. The highest level of CТМ at the acclimation temperature 20 and 28 oС is found in a carp (35.6 and 39.7 oС), the lower in roach (32.0 and 36.5 oС) and perch (32.0 and 35.8 oС). The meanings of LT are higher than meanings of CТМ by 0.4-1.4 oC. The received data can be used in the development of the specifications of allowable temperature influence on fishes of young age groups.


Oriented strand board (OSB) is a building material used in new Canadian residential household construction. OSB emits formaldehyde, a suspected carcinogen that may pose a health risk to residents of Canadian households. This study employs a time-averaged mass balance model and Monte Carlo simulations under quasi-steady state conditions to assess indoor concentrations of formaldehyde attributed to the presence of OSB wall sheathing within the building envelope of single-detached Canadian households. This study suggests 7.6% to 14% of the total indoor concentration of formaldehyde could be attributed to the off gassing of OSB wall sheathing during initial homeowner occupancy.


Blind people face several problems related to access information. A Braille language symbol is a technique to solve this problem. A set of points which when nerve endings felt by the finger lets to form a character. With the exponential growth in technological era, the need arose to bring the users a Braille computer. For this, electromechanical devices were created, called Braille displays, allowing users to make use of Braille on their own computers. However, access to this kind of devices is difficult, because the embedded technology turn it expensive. The current Braille displays have commonly something between 8 and 80 cells and the market trend is to rise this number. A cell is nothing more than the set of points that make up a Braille character, commonly a piezo Braille cell. Another alarming factor is the absence of specific software adapted to users' needs by using accessibility standards. In this context, this work aims to contribute to digital access of Braille, by developing an integrated solution of hardware and software. The proposed system is based on the concept of one Braille cell, since Braille reading is done character by character. In this scenario, was also developed a specific software interface which also communicates with hardware solution. The software makes use of the accessibility standards imposed by the U.S. consortium for the visually impaired, formed by large companies, such as IBM and Microsoft. The proposed system is been evaluated by blind voluntaries with different knowledge of Braille and computer experience. The preliminary results show the efficiency of the system proposed.


The kinetograph and the cinematograph were not the works of individual genius, but emerged from the popular imagination that converged on a raft of concerns, ranging from the deeply philosophical to the outright flippant, that gave a particular mean ing to hundreds of little pre-cinematic devices both invented and rediscovered in the nineteenth century. From what we know of it, that imagination has once again found a dynamic moment in the disorganized turbulence of an ill-defined and confused appa ratus?gathered together under the rubric of electronic digital media?ranging from the networked home computer to microwave telephone technology, and "Bluetooth" interspecie communication. Yet, as digital media reaches for infinity and beyond (to quote Buzz Light Year) the cinematic imagination of the twentieth century shows no sign of running out of economic steam in the twentieth-first as, for example, the first Lord of the Rings film grossed ?560 million plus, and the franchise is expected to generate around ?3 billion in twenty years. The cinema, the flagship of the analogue era, has not simply survived, it has prospered in the digital revolution and, arguably, even set the economic and aesthetic agenda for how that technol ogy is exploited as entertainment. So far, so good for cin?philes, but what of the cinema history? Worrying about the archive may seem a dull preoccupation when the barricades appear to be crumbling, but if we avoid the question, it is possible that, in the not too distant future, understanding the latest turns in film and cinema history will be incomplete if we do not preserve evidence of the techno logical trace of the imagination that has helped shape the reinvented cinema of today. If the intrusion into history of digital cinema has done anything, it has forced a consideration that the emphasis of the archive has shifted from the films themselves to the cinematic imagination in all its manifestations. Of course, cinema history and film archives always have concerned themselves with architecture, costumes, distribution, documents, economics, government policy, legislation, posters, scripts, stills, and technology; but traditionally, the cinematic imagi nation over the past century has been interrogated primarily through the image. More often than not, this has meant the remains of films that, by a mixture of relentless work and good fortune, have been the preoccupation of archivists, scholars, and fans. As a consequence,


The effects of preparation processes on the performance of Fe0.6Ni0.4O1.3(Fe-Ni)/SDC composite anode were investigated.The results of impedance spectra and the output characteristics of the fuel cell showed that the sintering time and the doping amount of electrolyte in composite anode had great effect on the electrochemical performance.The performance of the anode was better when the Fe-Ni,SDC and carbon powder were mixed according to the mass ratio of 7∶3∶1.The maximum output power density of the fuel cell using this anode was 232.69 mW/cm2 at 700 ℃.


— We can build more innovative and powerful systems than ever before but with increasing complexity there is a greater risk of failure if unplanned for and untested program scenarios arise. As systems age and are changed by different programmers, the risk of a change impacting the overall system increases. In contrast, systems that are built with less emphasis on program code and more emphasis on metadata that describes the application can be more readily changed and maintained by individuals who are less technically skilled but are often more familiar with the application domain. Such systems can also be tested using automatically generated advanced testing regimes.


This paper examines using housing supply as proxy to house prices, the causal relationship on house prices among 8 states in Malaysia by applying the Engle-Granger cointegration test and Granger causality test approach. The target states are Perak, Selangor, Penang, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (WPKL or Kuala Lumpur), Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, Sabah and Sarawak. The primary aim of this study is to estimate how long (in months) house prices in Perak lag behind that of Selangor, Penang and WPKL. We classify the 8 states into two categories - developed and developing states. We use Engle-Granger cointegration test and Granger causality test to examine the long run and short run equilibrium relationship among the two categories.. It is found that the causal relationship is bidirectional in Perak and Sabah, Perak and Selangor while it is unidirectional for Perak and Sarawak, Perak and Penang, Perak and WPKL. The speed of deviation adjustment is about 273%, suggesting that the pricing dynamic of Perak has a ...


Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are becoming an important networking infrastructure because they have many advantages, such as low cost and increased high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. In the authors' previous work, they implemented a hybrid simulation system based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. Moreover, they added to the fitness function a new parameter for mesh router load balancing a number of covered mesh clients per router (NCMCpR). In this article, the authors consider Exponential, Weibull, and Normal distributions of mesh clients and carry out a comparison study. The simulation results show that the performance of the Exponential, Weibull and Normal distributions was improved by considering load balancing when using WMN-PSODGA. For the same number of mesh clients, the Normal distribution behaves better than the other distributions. This is because all mesh clients are covered by a smaller number of mesh routers and the standard deviation is improved by effectively using NCMCpR.


There is a large number of natural aeolian sand along the line of Yulin-Shenmu Highway.Filling the mined-out area with aeolian sand has become an economic and environmental method for treatment.Through relevant data survey,downhole measurement and comprehensive application of geophysical method and drilling method,the size,scope and depth of mined-out area have been grasped accurately.From the aspects of local surface subsidence and overlying rock settlement,a comprehensive evaluation method for the stability of mined-out area has been obtained through calculation.Through site test,the grouting and sand feeding technology for mined-out area under highway has been developed,with average sand feeding rate of about 50.2 %,which largely reduced the treatment cost of mined-out area.By construction quality control,high-density resistivity method,transient electromagnetic method,core drilling,grouting test,electronic total station and multi-point borehole extensometer,a filling quality detection system suitable for mined-out area has been Abstracted.


Piezoelectricity has been used for the development of numerous time&frequency passive devices [1]. Among all these, radio-frequency devices based on surface acoustic waves (SAW) or bulk acoustic waves (BAW) have received a very large interest for bandpass filter and frequency source applications. Billions of these components are spread each year around the world due to their specific functionalities and the maturity of their related technologies [2]. The demand for highly coupled high quality acoustic wave devices has generated a strong innovative activity, yielding the investigation of new device structures. A lot of work has been achieved exploiting thin piezoelectric films for the excitation and detection of BAW to develop low loss RF filters [3]. However, problems still exist for selecting the layer orientation to favor specific mode polarization and select propagation characteristics (velocity, coupling, temperature sensitivity, etc.). Moreover, for given applications, deposited films reveal incapable to reach the characteristics of monolithic substrates [4].


The purpose of this chapter is to articulate the philosophical underpinnings of the perspective commonly known as "practice theory." The latter originates and has grown out from the long-standing philosophical critique of the logic of scientific rationality, which underlies a large majority of theories within organization and management theory, and social science more generally. Practice theory aims to capture the basic understandings manifested in how actors and materials are entwined in a relational whole over time. Seeing actors as embedded in practices orients researchers to explore how actors follow rules and handle their experiences in enacting the practices they partake in. This chapter explores the philosophical underpinnings of practice theory, with a particular focus on Wittgenstein and Heidegger, and distinguishes three approaches to the study of practice: commonsensical theories, general theories, and domain-specific theories.


We solve numerically a field equation of axions coupled with gravity and show solutions representing oscillating axionic boson stars with small mass ∼ 10 −12 M ⊙ and large radius ∼ 10 8 cm. We present explicitly a relation between the mass and the radius of the boson stars with such a small mass. These axionic boson stars are shown to possess oscillating electric currents in an external magnetic field and to radiate electromagnetic fields with a frequency given by mass of the axions. We estimate the luminosity of the radiation in a strong magnetic field 10 12 G of neutron stars, typically ∼ 10 24 erg/s with the axion mass being 10 −5 eV.


An environmentally friendly approach was studied for improving the fire retardancy of beech wood using a steam explosion process coupled with a phosphorylation reaction. Raw beech, steam-exploded, or bleached wood was subjected to phosphorylation employing etidronic acid (HEDP) and urea, and the resulting chemical composition and thermal behavior were analyzed using techniques such as elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ionic chromatography, and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The thermal performance of beech wood underwent significant enhancements after the steam explosion treatment combined with soda impregnation. It resulted in a striking reduction in heat release rates (HRR), especially its peak (pHRR) and time-to-pHRR (TpHRR) values (from 139.5 W/g and 365 °C to 40 W/g and 247 °C) and an increase in residue from 10.5% to 41.3%. The results demonstrate that the process created a self-extinguishing and non-flammable material that exhibited noteworthy flame retardancy improvement.


Conversation analysis (CA) as applied to therapy represents an approach to the study of therapeutic interactions (i.e. interactions that involve professional therapists and clients engaged in a wide variety of therapeutic approaches in a diverse range of settings) that might best be regarded as representing a rigorous analytics of the sequentiality of therapeutic actions.

Keywords:

applied psychology;
language and social interaction;
methods


In order to prepare waterborne aluminum pigments,the flaky aluminum powders were coated with polyacrylic acid through in-situ polymerization.The effects of dosage of acrylic acid,ammonium persulfate,isopropanol and water,reaction temperature and reaction time on corrosion inhibiting efficiency and coater gloss of pigment were experimentally investigated.The results show that when waterborne aluminum pigments are prepared under conditions of mass ratio of acrylic acid,ammonium persulfate,isopropanol,water and Al of 0.15:0.075:0.5:25:1,reaction temperature of 95 ℃ and reaction time of 0.5 h,the corrosion inhibiting efficiency and the coater gloss reach 99.3% and 88.3Gs,respectively.Furthermore,the waterborne aluminum pigments were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy,laser particle size analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrum,which reveal that the flaky aluminum powders are successfully coated with polyacrylic acid.


Most existing software design systems (SDSS) support the use of only a single design methodology. A good SDSS should support a wide variety of design methods and languages including structured design, object-oriented design, and finite state machines. It might seem that a multiparadigm SDSS would be expensive in both time and money to construct. However, it is proposed that instead an extensible SDSS that directly implements only minimal database and graphical facilities be constructed. In particular, it should not directly implement tools to faciliate language definition and analysis. It is believed that such a system could be rapidly developed and put into limited production use, with the experience gained used to refine and evolve the systems over time.


As Program-Chairs for GRAPHITE 2005 it has been our pleasure to put together what we are confident will be an outstanding technical program. Through a rigorous review process we have selected 38 full papers from a total of 93 submissions and 32 short papers. We were very happy with the high quality of papers and the large number of submissions. It is clear from this that GRAPHITE is has emerged as one of the premiere computer graphics conferences.It was a very difficult decision to accept so few papers from such a strong set of submissions. Luckily however we did not have to make the decision ourselves. We would like to thank the 39 members of the program committee who provided excellent feedback on the paper submissions, to very tight timescales. We know that a conference such this is impossible to organize without the support of the research community and we are very grateful for the time they have spent on paper reviews and the efforts of the papers' authors.As a result of these efforts we have been able to put together an excellent program that has technical content from a wide variety of computer graphics topics, ranging from non-photorealistic rendering techniques to virtual reality input devices and cloth simulation. It is good to see such a breadth of topics being presented in one conference and there should be something new for every attendee to learn more about the field of Computer Graphics and Interactive techniques.


Cloud Computing has delivered unprecedented compute capacity to NASA missions at affordable rates. Missions like the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) and Mars Science Lab (MSL) are enjoying the elasticity that enables them to leverage hundreds, if not thousands, or machines for short durations without making any hardware procurements. In this paper, we describe Polyphony, a resilient, scalable, and modular framework that efficiently leverages a large set of computing resources to perform parallel computations. Polyphony can employ resources on the cloud, excess capacity on local machines, as well as spare resources on the supercomputing center, and it enables these resources to work in concert to accomplish a common goal. Polyphony is resilient to node failures, even if they occur in the middle of a transaction. We will conclude with an evaluation of a production-ready application built on top of Polyphony to perform image-processing operations of images from around the solar system, including Mars, Saturn, and Titan.


Five levels of phosphorus (P), as powdered single superphosphate, were incubated in moist soil (field capacity) for 42 days at 50°C in six different soils collected from south-western Australia. The soils were then air-dried for 7 days. Some subsamples of air-dry soil were stored for 180 days at 0°C in a cold room. Other subsamples were stored at fluctuating room temperature (18–25°C) in a laboratory and were sampled at 30, 60, 120, 150 and 180 days after storage to measure bicarbonate-extractable P (soil-test P) by the Olsen and Colwell procedures. No changes in soil-test P were detected while air-dry soil samples were stored at 0°C or room temperature.


We have studied calcium movement from blood into the bile by injecting 45Ca2+ intravenously and measuring the radioactivity appearing in the bile. 45Ca2+ started to appear in the bile at 3 min and maximum values were observed at 5 min after its administration. The amount of calcium secreted into the bile was proportional to the blood calcium concentration indicating that the main pathway involved in calcium movement behaved as a non‐saturable system.


We present results of second harmonic generation (SHG) frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) measurements on the mid-IR free-electron laser (FEL) at the Stanford Picosecond FEL Center. These are the first SHG FROG measurements performed in the mid-IR or on an FEL. The observed pulses have an optical wavelength near 5 micrometers , and the field profiles reconstructed from the FROG trace exhibit narrow-line absorption and free-induction decay caused by atmospheric water vapor. The SHG FROG signal is easier to isolate than for the polarization gate geometry; hence the SHG traces are not corrupted by a residual background. The experiment used only 10% of the full laser power, and the spectrum and autocorrelation were quickly calculated from the FROG trace, demonstrating the feasibility of using SHG FROG as a real-time diagnostic for the FEL facility.


The RTW production is introduced based on the VxWorks real-time procedure movement portal frame construction. And an example is given to narrate disposing RTW and the vxworks method.


This research focuses on the multi-site capacity planning problem in TFT-LCD industry under stochastic demand. TFT-LCD industry becomes a critical industry in Taiwan and has the following characteristics: (1) complex product hierarchy and product types; (2) coexistence of multi-generation manufacturing technologies in the multi-site production system; (3) rapid changing and stochastic markovian demand. In this complicated environment, the capacity planning which balances demand and supply is encountered by TFT-LCD industry. It is to simultaneously make a robust capacity allocation plan and capacity expansion policy across multiple sites against stochastic demand. In addition, for the TFT-LCD manufacturing, the demand situation follows Markov properties in which the correlations of the demand variations in the consecutive periods are high and the demand status in next period is stochastically determined by the present one. In this regard, two-stage stochastic programming traditionally neglects dynamic capacity adjustments in response to new available demand information. Therefore, this study constructs a stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model which considers many TFT-LCD practical characteristics and constraints to generate a dynamic capacity planning policy as the demand in each period is revealed and updated. In the end, a numerical example is illustrated to prove the feasibility of the proposed model.


District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract Adsorption desalinators produce potable water from seawater by utilising low-grade heat 50-90 °C. Experimental systems were introduced in a number of studies and proved the feasibility of the concept. However, the proposed experimental systems have large bed sizes of up to 36 kg, which leads to an inflexibility in their operation and the change of components. Here we introduce a novel, small-scale adsorption desalinator, which is currently the world's smallest with a bed size of 0.2 kg. The small scale will enable us to test advanced, non-commercial adsorption materials, which are not available in large quantities yet. Moreover, different component designs will be assessed to optimise the performance. The starting point of the investigation will be a series of experiments with Siogel silica gel. The results represent a benchmark case for further investigations, provide compelling insight into the process, and contribute to the advancement of temperature swing adsorption. Abstract Adsorption desalinators produce potable water from seawater by utilising low-grade heat 50-90 °C. Experimental systems were introduced in a number of studies and proved the feasibility of the concept. However, the proposed experimental systems have large bed sizes of up to 36 kg, which leads to an inflexibility in their operation and the change of components. Here we introduce a novel, small-scale adsorption desalinator, which is currently the world's smallest with a bed size of 0.2 kg. The small scale will enable us to test advanced, non-commercial adsorption materials, which are not available in large quantities yet. Moreover, different component designs will be assessed to optimise the performance. The starting point of the investigation will be a series of experiments with Siogel silica gel. The results represent a benchmark case for further investigations, provide compelling insight into the process, and contribute to the advancement of temperature swing adsorption.


The constant density model for conventional Moho depths inversion in wave-number domain from gravity data is just an approximate density model.A variable density model with exponential density contrast is used for inverting Moho depths instead of constant density model.The method is introduced and some formulae are derivated for forward calculating gravity anomaly and Moho depths inversion.The Moho depths of Tibet plateau are inverted from gravity data with exponential density model.The inversion result demonstrates that the Moho depths of Tibet plateau are shallow around the edges,and deep at the center.The gradients at the edges are steeper than at the center.The Moho depth of Qiangtang block situated at the central Tibet plateau is 74 km,and changed to 67 km slowly outward,but changed to 50km rapidly at the margins.The variable density model is more suitable for inversion of Moho depths structures than constant density model by comparison of Moho depth from seismic inversion.


Reading comprehension is one of the english skills that cannot be neglected. Most students faced difficulties in understanding english written text. Therefore, the role of teachers and teaching material is significant. Teachers, as facilitators, have a big responsibility to provide and use teaching material besides textbooks, which are authentic materials. This research aims to find out EFL teachers' perceptions of authentic materials in teaching reading. This research employed a qualitative research approach in which its data were qualitatively collected through questionnaires and interviews. The sample is 20 english teachers from several Senior High Schools in Aceh Besar who have more than three years of experience in teaching to fill questionnaires distributed via google form. Then, 3 teachers was chosen to interview to get some additional information via semi-structured interview. Based on both instruments, EFL teachers showed positive perceptions of using authentic materials in teaching reading. All of them had used authentic materials in their teaching. The reasons they used authentic materials because it could increase students' motivation, interest and understanding english written text. Besides, the majority of teachers found some challenges in using authentic materials including lack of vocabulary, technical problem and time-consuming. Overall, teachers believe that authentic materials are beneficial in teaching reading comprehension.


We calculated the nonresonant Raman spectra of peapods to determine the concentration of fullerenes inside single-walled carbon nanotubes. We focus on peapods with large diameters for which molecules can adopt a double helix configuration or a two-molecule layer configuration. Our calculations are performed within the framework of the bond-polarizability model combined with the spectral moment's method. The changes in the Raman spectra as a function of filling rate and the configuration of molecules inside the nanotubes are identified and discussed. Our calculations support the experimental method proposed by Kuzmany to evaluate the concentration of molecules inside nanotubes.


Although specialist pollination systems are often thought to be the outcome of selection, wide evidence exists for generalization within plant-pollinator interactions. We studied the pollination system and reproductive success of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull over 3 years in an Upper Ardennes site in Belgium. A wide variety of insect visitors was recorded including Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera. Relative abundance of families and species of visitors varied markedly among years except for bees. Bumblebees and honeybees were the most efficient pollinators at the study site. Syrphid flies, mainly large ones, acted as important co-pollinators because of their high relative frequency. Calluna pollen was also dispersed by wind, and insect-exclusion experiments demonstrated that wind pollination contributed to reproductive success. Following open pollination, fruit set was high, ranging from 82.0 to 97.2% and independent of sampling location. Mean seed number per fruit was less than maximum potential seed number and varied strongly among sampling locations. We discuss this pollination system (generalist insect and wind) in terms of the ecological and geographical success of the species.


Modern villas in East and West Valleys of Mount Lu have witnessed the importance of Mount Lu in Chinese modern history, their unique design and elegant environment have high historical value and artistic value,and they are iconic landscapes in Mount Lu scenic area. In this paper, Mount Lu villas are the main research object, types of construction material and key use were analyzed. "Stone villas give Mount Lu personality", the author revealed unique building materials and obvious construction features of Mount Lu villas, which offered a systematic theoretical basis for protection, restoration and reconstruction of modern villas in Mount Lu.


Mechanical spectroscopy is particularly well suited to the study of rheological behavior of polymer materials. But to use it in the best way, the specific features of macromolecular condensed matter are to be recalled. First of all, inter- and intramolecular interactions must be distinguished: the former result in the cohesion of the macromolecular solid; the latter are the origin of conformational changes. At temperatures lower than T g , only localized molecular movements are observed (secondary relaxations); for T > T g , the flow of chains occurs. Between both (i.e., T = T g ), a rather complicated behavior known as the primary (or α) relaxation is observed. Moreover, crystallization is possible for a great number of polymers so that such materials are formed by two phases differing highly in their rheological properties. Consequently, this paper is divided into several parts. First of all, in the case of totally amorphous polymers, the occurrence of localized molecular motion below T g in a glassy polymer (β relaxation) is considered as a precursor of the large-scale molecular motion (α relaxation). In the case of amorphous polymers the former is attributed to the availability of a set of configurational states through the faster, uncorrelated, rotational motions of the smallest unit of the chains within the randomly distributed sites of frozen-in density fluctuations. These involve a distribution of both potential energy barriers and activation entropy resulting in a distribution of the time τ β values. The latter corresponds to the nonelastic deformation observed after a long period of time and is associated with the much slower hierarchically constrained motions of the surrounding subchains that lead to the growth of sheared microdomains nucleated in the most disordered sites or quasi-point defects within the glassy matrix. At low temperatures, when the duration of the applied stress is long, or at high temperatures, when the number of defects in the polymer bulk is high, the sheared microdomains grow and merge into each other, thus leading to a permanent macroscopic deformation or viscoplasticity: this results in the main or α relaxation. On the other hand, the mechanical behavior of heterogeneous materials needs further consideration: it is well known that a two-phase material behaves in a way which depends not only on the properties of each phase but also on the mechanical coupling between both: the simplest way to consider such a coupling is to assume that the two phases are assembled either in series (Reuss) or parallel (Voigt). Actually, the situation cannot be kept so simple, and a more accurate analysis is required. The most common one is related to a mean field approach: for example, the so-called Kerner's equation relates the modulus of a two-phase medium to that of each phase. In the case of anisotropic materials, other approaches have been proposed: these are useful when semicrystalline polymers are considered. In some cases, a series-parallel model combined with the percolation theory has been shown to be in agreement with the mechanical behavior of polymer blends (spherical polymer particles embedded in a polymer matrix). All those models are applied to static and dynamic moduli as well. Such approaches have been taken into account in order to analyze the behavior of semicrystalline polymers and polymer blends as well. In conclusion, the author emphasizes how the information obtained by applying mechanical spectroscopy to polymeric materials is important. Obviously, this information concerns the microstructure at different size scales, from the nm to several μm.


In recent years, many developments have been made in matching theory and its applications to market design. This paper surveys them and suggests possible research directions. The main focus is on the advances in matching theory that try to solve market design problems in practical markets where the classic theory is inapplicable. Specifically, we discuss the recent theory of matching in large markets and "approximate market design," and a new theory of "matching with constraints," as well as their applications. JEL Classification Numbers: C78, D47, D71.


Nowadays political choices favour technological fields rather than humanities. Literature is neglected; education produces uncertain readers, unable to understand greek-latin literature and the European cultural heritage. The media encourage imitative behaviours to influence people pushing them to indiscriminate consumption. From culture as self-improvement we have passed to collective entertainment. For ordinary people it becomes difficult to distinguish the true news from the false one. Scientific theories are formulated in mathematical language, while today it seems difficult to learn mathematics at school. These circumstances increase the gap between scientific research and average knowledge, between the experts and the rest of the population. Despite the campaigns of popularization and the festivals of science, the effort to bridge the gap seems to get poor results. The average citizen lives in a confused world, where he uses technological tools without knowing the principles of their operation. For a large number of problems he must rely on experts without a possibility of verification. From marketing point of view. people are only guinea pigs of advertising. The distracted viewer or multimedia programs does not discover the tricks of propaganda. Questioning the purposes of advertising requires individuals that find education more important than any principle of utility. Many librarians, believing to redeem libraries from the general indifference, have adopted an utilitarian conception of knowledge, embracing the dogma of unlimited growth and productivity. When the rules of market prevail, knowledge is considered only an economic resource. But to defend ourselves against the games of power, an "useless" knowledge becomes very useful, because it creates distance.


This thesis focuses on the literary canon in Turkish literature. There is not a single literary canon in Turkish literature, which constitutes the main body of literature. On the contrary, there are different literary canons belonging to different ideological, ethnic, religious and cultural groups. In the formation of these various literary canons in Turkey, the role of the ideological standpoints is crucial. Firstly, I give a broad definition of the literary canon putting the notion of canon in the historical process and then, I focus on the literary canon debates in the West and Turkey. To understand the workings of the literary canon in Turkey, I examine two authors from the left-wing literary canon, namely, Kemal Tahir and Nazim Hikmet and their most contentious works with regard to the effects of the ideological standpoints on the evaluation of the literary works in Turkey. Firstly, I analyze Devlet Ana (Mother State) by Kemal Tahir, which represents a good example of the effect of the ideological standpoint on the canonization of novels in Turkish literature. Then, I analyze Human Landscapes from my Country and The Epic of the Independence War by Nazim Hikmet. These two epics composed by Nazim are other typical examples that illustrate the effects of the ideological standpoint on the literary works. After the analyses of these works, I state that there is not a single literary canon in Turkish literature and the reciprocal relationship, which develops on the basis of ideology, between the wording and the perception of the literary works is the underlying cause of the ideological appraisal of the literary works.


Based on the trend of wholesaler conformity, the traditional wholesale business is withering day by day, and building a brand-new profit pattern is the only one way for the wholesalers to get rid of poverty.


IN JUNE, 1938, several saprophytic chytrids were noticed in a small piece of dead grass found in a collection of algae made in a pasture near Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Subsequent examination of fresh, boiled grass added to this showed the presence of seven chytrid species. Two of these were identified as Nowakowskiella elegans (Now.) Schr6ter and Cladochytrium replicatum Karling. Another was a small "dentigerate" form, and a fourth appeared to be a large, hyaline Cladochytrium species with exceptionally long exit tubes. The remaining three seemed sufficiently unusual in character to merit isolation from the confusing entanglement of the combined seven rhizoidal systems present in the grass tissue. To those familiar with the chytrids, such a separation may present no difficulties. To others, who, like the writer, are initiates in this field, the purely practical procedure may be both interesting and instructive. The conditions of culture and study have been kept as nearly sterile as possible. All instruments, slides and cover glasses are flamed, all Petri dishes dry sterilized, all cultures maintained in sterile charcoal water made as described by Shanor (1937), on boiled substrata, and all washings done with distilled water. This and the purification methods described below were the procedures in the Chapel Hill laboratory where these cultures were begun (Couch, 1939). Two labor-saving innovations have been added. The laboratory at the University of Western Ontario is equipped with an air line from a compressor. Rubber tubing attached to the spigot conducts the air through a solution of HgCl2, then into the wash bottle. The continuous stream of water washes off rotifers, etc., with greater despatch and thoroughness than the ordinary wash bottle. We find that, with one careful washing, cultures may be kept in a cool room for several weeks in clean condition. Secondly, the leaves are boiled, then heated gently in 95 per cent alcohol in a water bath to remove the chlorophyll. These are stored on ice in stoppered flasks containing clean alcohol, which is then boiled out directly before using. Observations are made more easily in leaves treated in this way and chances of contamination reduced to a minimum. The original culture was kept by the addition of new pieces of sterile leaves, a wise precaution, since during attempts at purification the chytrid may be lost. "Gross cultures" were obtained by washing pieces of infected leaves removed from the original dish, transferring them to sterile Petri dishes con1 Received for publication March 10, 1939. The writer is very grateful to Dr. J. S. Karling under whose direction this work has been carried on since September, 1938, to Dr. J. N. Couch for help with collecting and laboratory procedure, and to Reginald Haskins and Duncan McLarty for technical assistance. taining sterile charcoal water, and adding fresh sterile pieces of leaf. From gross cultures, a culture in which one chytrid predominates (the "accumulation culture") may be derived. When one has sufficient skill to isolate a single spore or sporangium from the gross culture, this intermediate stage may be discarded. However, while the experimentation necessary to achieve an accumulation culture is sometimes tedious, the process is effective in familiarizing one with the growth habits and morphology of each chytrid in the gross culture. It affords opportunity for a comparative study of these on a range of substrata and under a variety of conditions. It also increases the chances of observing heterothallism, which may not be noticed if a single strain is established too soon. In the present case it was decided to discard the "dentigerate" form, Nowakowskiella elegans (Now.) Schroter, and Cladochytrium replicatum Karling deliberately and to acquire accumulation cultures of the other four if possible. The general lines of procedure are described below. 1. Portions of leaves containing the "dentigerate" form were cut off and discarded. Since it was present in small quantities only, it was soon removed from the gross cultures and made no reappearance. 2. Nowakowskiella grew very quickly in the hot climate and completed its cycle more rapidly than the others in the gross cultures. When washings were made less frequently, it tended to die out of the cultures, and after a few weeks' time it was completely eliminated. (We have found that an accumulation of this chytrid may be obtained by pulling off rhizomycelium which is growing out into the water from the substratum and placing it on fresh substratum (Haskins, 1939). 3. The large Cladochytrium species with very long exit tubes grew very slowly. It seemed to thrive only in leaves of a certain grass found in Chapel Hill. It succumbed to the exigencies of travel from North Carolina, via New York, to London, Canadaover a period of three weeks in September, 1938. All the other chytrids survived this change easily. During travel they were carried in charcoal water in stoppered sterile test tubes and changed to sterile Petri dishes directly upon arrival in each place. 4. Cladochytrium replicatum Karling was most persistent. In spite of the fact that leaves containing it were discarded at once, it was very hard to eradicate from all cultures. It did, however, produce resting spores very easily, and when this happened while other chytrids were still producing active zoospores, the spores were washed off into fresh dishes, and gross cultures lacking C. replicatum were eventually established. 5. The fifth chytrid (an inoperculate form belonging to the Cladochytriaceae and called simply No. 5


The reflection and transmission of a wave on a two‐dimensional barrier is studied quantum mechanically and semiclassically. The simple model consists of two degrees of freedom. One of them contains a barrier (of the Eckart type); the second allows only a bound motion in discrete quantum states. These two degrees of freedom are coupled. The transition probabilities for transitions between the different quantum states can, in the model considered here, be evaluated analytically, both quantum mechanically and semiclassically. Several of the so called uniform semiclassical approximations and also the initial value integral representation for the semiclassical transition amplitudes are considered and compared to the exact quantum mechanical results. Some new insight on the semiclassical treatment of the tunneling process is gained, specially concerning the proper choice of the integration path for the initial value integral representation of the transition amplitudes.


The traditional windowing system of National Geological Archives received from over three hundred units,more than 3,000times of visits and providing a cumulative thousands of geological information in the past 2008.There are four main features.11In terms of the information categories,the basic information is in great demand,especially the information about large scale regional geologic reconnaissance,regional hydrogeology survey,regional geophysical and geochemical exploration and remote sensing survey.22In terms of the service object,the Geological Archives chiefly serves to the geological technician.33From the basic objective of view,the purpose are mainly in Geology and Mineral Resources Research and secondly in national project and important engineering project examination.44It serves a variety of enterprise,and it is extending to the private enterprise and enterprise abroad gradually.


. The issuance of the Minister of Manpower Regulation (Permenaker) Number 2 of 2022 has sparked controversy, especially among workers. The Ministerial Regulation governs the method and standards for the provision of old age protections to employees, especially for employees who stop working due to termination of employment which are considered unfair by workers. The substance regulated in the Permenaker is a public policy, because it relates to the public interest, in the form of workers' expectations to get cash from the program. This study aims to examine the controversy from a public policy perspective. The Permenaker Number 2 of 2022 as a replacement for the Permenaker Number 19 of 2015 is stipulated based on Government Regulation No. 46 of 2015 Implementing the Old Age Security Scheme and Law No. 40 of 2004 Implementing the National Social Security System. The four state/government regulations are determined by state/government officials as policy actors. It also shows the existence of policy issues, policy objectives, policy legality, policy hierarchies, and policy systems. There are inconsistent and systematic arrangements regarding workers who stop working due to resignations and layoffs. The requirements of Article 3 of The Permenaker Number 2 of 2022 addressing the age of 56 years are compatible with the terms of Article 22 paragraph (1) and Article 26 paragraph (3) of Government Regulation Number 46 of 2004. The provisions of Article 3 paragraph (1) of The Permenaker Number 19 of 2015 are inconsistent with the two articles/paragraphs inthegovernmentregulation.Itisnecessarytoimprovethearrangementofworkers whoresignandareaffectedbyterminationofemployment.


Photoelectron (PE) spectra in conection with semiempirical MNDO SCF MO calculations (assuming validity of Koopmans' theorem) and empirical arguments (i. e. composite molecule method) are used to derive (valence) electron structure of 5a-androstane (1), 5a-androstan-3-one (2), 5a-androstan-11-one (3), 5aandrostan-17-one (4), 5a-androstane-3,17-dione (5) and 5a-androstane-3,11,17-trione (6).


The paper centers on professional-creative competence as a component of professional pedagogical culture. Having analyzed the peculiarities and values of pedagogical activity as well as having taken into consideration the necessity of contemporary pedagogical system improvement, the author maintains that educational process should be centered on the teachers professional-creative competence, professional knowledge and skills.


Abstract Dicranopalpus larvatus is redescribed based on type material. Recent first findings of this rare species on Sardinia enable to provide the essential morphological characters. Original drawings are presented with emphasis on penial and pedipalpal morphology. Dicranopalpus larvatus is a small, short-legged, ground-dwelling species endemic to Italy that matures in autumn and winter and has completed its life cycle in April. Additional information on phenology, life cycle, ecology, distribution and systematic position is given.


Natural shapes have complex volume forms that are usually difficult to model using simple analytical equations. The complexity of the representation is due to the heterogeneity of the physical environment and the variety of phenomena involved. In this study we consider the representation of the porous media. Thanks to the technological advances in Computed Topography scanners, the acquisition of images of complex shapes becomes possible. However, and unfortunately, the image data is not directly usable for simulation purposes. In this paper, we investigate the modeling of such shapes using a piece wise approximation of image data by ellipsoids. We propose to use a split-merge strategy and a region growing algorithm to optimize a functional including an error term and a scale term. The input of our algorithm is voxel-based shape description and the result is a set of tangent or disjoint ellipsoids representing the shape in an intrinsic way. We apply our method to represent 3D soil pore space from CT volume images. Within this specific context, we validate our geometrical modelling by using it for water draining simulation in porous media.


The global Kalman filter of linear weakly coupled discrete systems is exactly decomposed into separate reduced-order local filters via the use of a decoupling transformation. The approximate parallel controllers, up to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, are derived by approximating coefficients of the optimal control law. The proposed method allows parallel processing of information and reduces both off-line and on-line computational requirements. A real-world example demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method.


Toward the goal of understanding the nature of umbral fine structure-specifically, umbral dots-from a theoretical perspective,,we investigate the magnetohydrodynamic consequences of thin, vertical gas columns embedded in sunspot umbrae. In the theoretical construct presented in this paper, both these gas columns and the surrounding umbral stratification are permeated by a magnetic field, the field strength of the column (umbral flux tube) being weaker than that of the ambient medium. We solve the steady-state magnetohydrodynamic equations numerically in the thin flux tube approximation, thus allowing for stationary internal mass flows and the lateral exchange of radiative energy


Nine species of social wasps were captured in traps baited with acetic acid, isobutanol, heptyl butyrate and combinations of acetic acid and either isobutanol or heptyl butyrate. Three yellowjacket species in the Vespula rufa species group were captured in traps (Vespula acadica (Sladen), Vespula consobrina (Saussure), Vespula vidua (Saussure)). They responded similarly, with attraction only to heptyl butyrate. Three yellowjacket species in the Vespula vulgaris species group were also captured in traps (Vespula vulgaris (L.), Vespula flavopilosa Jacobson, Vespula maculifrons (Buyyson)). They responded similarly, with attraction primarily to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. The bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (L.), was attracted to acetic acid and was more strongly attracted to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fabr. ), was attracted to isobutanol, and was more strongly attracted to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. These results add to our understanding of how to target various species of social wasps with chemical lures.


Major part of dry matter and nitrogen were lost in deproteinized juice during green crop fractionation. The DPJ, a nutrient rich by-product should be used carefully in order to gain economic advantages.


Partly charged copolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and acrylamide couple easily to charged DPPA monolayers. For all pressures investigated, X-ray diffraction measurements at grazing incidence show an oblique structure with much higher tilt angles than that of DPPA on pure water. Short positional correlation lengths are due to the entropic interactions within the flexible adsorption layer. There is no preferred direction of the coupling. The coupling of the charged polyelectrolyte PDADMAC to a partly charged monolayer consisting of a 1:1 mixture of DPPA and DPPE prevents the hexagonal packing with upright chains up to a lateral pressure of 40 mN/m. The oblique-rectangular transition is shifted to higher pressure compared to that for the system on water. The stiff polymer couples preferentially perpendicular to the direction of the chain tilt.


The distributed data storage apparatus is provided. Data division to divide the distributed data storage device write request data from the client, to the data block including a plurality of data input-output unit of blocks; Address converting unit that converts the first address generated by the data block, to the global address of the second address; Storage node mapping section that maps the second address and a plurality of storage nodes; And pre (to the target storage node, and comprising a data store for storing the data block, and selecting the target storage node of the plurality of storage nodes, the same data block and the data block is stored based on the plurality of storage nodes -stored) if any, and the data storage unit comprises establishing a link between, without storing the data block in the plurality of storage nodes, and the pre-stored data chunks, the plurality of storage nodes and the second address.


Abstract Infrared spectroscopy has been a workhorse technique for materials analysis and can result in positively identifying many different types of material. In recent years there have been reports using wavelet analysis and machine learning algorithms to extract features of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The machine learning algorithms contain back-propagation neural network (BPNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), and support vector machine (SVM). This article reviews the important advances in FTIR analysis employing a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and machine learning algorithms, especially in the applications of the method for Chinese medicine identification, plant classification, and cancer diagnosis.


Quality assessment of water resources is important to ensure the well-being of residents, especially the victims who are affected by floods and having difficulties in obtaining clean water supply when the floods hit. This paper seeks to discuss the quality assessment of water resources in the district of Kuala Krai, Kelantan. Field methods were used to collect water samples during the northeast monsoon season in the month of December 2016/January 2017 involving six well stations, four flood water stations and four rainfall stations. The quality assessment of water resources involved six key parameters, namely DO, pH, BOD, COD, NH3N and SS using the Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the WQI percentage of well and flood water stations accounted for 61.31 to 75.95% which is Class III of moderately contaminated status, except the T6 station that recorded 80.99% of WQI value which is Class II of good status. The findings also showed that all WQI values from the rainwater stations were at 87.85 to 89.10%, which is Class II of good status. This condition explains that the rainwater resources have better quality than the well and flood water resources. With the help of this research, the flood manager's party can take systematic management measures in ensuring that flood victims receive water supplies during flood events. In this regard, infectious diseases resulted from the consumption of contaminated water among flood victims can be reduced.


The development of a digital management system to support historical building assets' management process based on public participation is the latest innovation in preservation, conservation, and restoration activities of historical buildings. In line with the importance of applying Good Governance principles in the 4.0 Industrial Revolution in Malang city government, it is essential to develop a Governance Digitalization system to support sustainable tourism in heritage tourism management. This study aims to establish a digital management framework system for Tangible Culture Heritage based on HBIM to manage historical building assets in Malang. This system focus on the cultural heritage assets of Malang City that represents the three developments in the Dutch Indies architectural style. The BIM capability implemented in historical buildings in Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) terminology can bring complexity and depth of information to historical buildings towards a sustainable lifecycle heritage management framework. This research implements the 3D modeling automatic reconstruction method (3D Laser scanner) processed with Building Information Modeling (BIM) based software. The process consisted of 3 (three) stages: identifying and mapping Historical Landmark Buildings, developing 3D content models, and generating HBIM data viewer application. This study's results reveal that using 3D laser scanning technology can accelerate the recording process and object modeling of the HBIM library, offering high accuracy and efficiency in recording complex structures and architectural elements. The final result of HBIM modeling is translated into interactively present the 3D model and 2D documentation of Historic Building Information Models through the HBIM mobile data viewer.


The article considers the author's experience in comprehensive analysis of geodata within the carto-graphic support of geological and geophysical research, aimed at determining the prospects of oil and gas bearing capacity of sedimentary basins. The study was carried out as part of the National Seismic Program (NSP) in 2016-2020. The article describes the current state topographic and geological maps of the Republic of India, as well as other geodata that were used during the processing and interpretation of field seismic data. The detailed analysis of geodata was carried out during the verification pro-cess of seismic profiles spatial positions that allowed to reveal errors in design of the original geophysical survey network (and their potential sources) within sedimentary basin of Bhima with perspective resources awaiting detection. The results of the analysis facilitated additional seismic surveying in the new field season to meet the baseline goals of the National Seismic Program of the Republic of India. The experience of integrated use of geodata and organization of a unified geoinformation space pre-sented in the article is relevant when conducting regional and prognostic-mineralogical studies on the territory of the Russian Federation in order to form and increase the fund of objects of prospecting reserve for the most important and scarce types of minerals.


In this study, we propose a new semantic approach for interpreting textures in natural terms. In our system, the user can reach desired textures by navigating into a hierarchy of sub collections previously held (offline). The originality of the proposed approach stems from two reasons: (1)- the intrinsic properties of the texture features extracted from the co-occurrence matrices have never been used before and (2)- it provides some degree of tolerance to generate the classes semantic which is not available with the standard unsupervised clustering algorithms such as kmeans. Thus, our contibutions in this study are threefold. (1)- Our approach maps low-level visual statistical features to high-level semantic concepts; it bridges the gap between the two levels enabling to retrieve and browse image collections by their high-level semantic concepts. (2)- Our system models the human perception subjectivity with the degree of tolerance and (3)- it provides an easy interface for navigating and browsing image collections to reach target collections. A comparative study with the unsupervised clustering algorithm k-means reveals the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: The infection control and antibiotic control Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) represent a major challenge for the Canadian health care system. The clinical significance of VRE in the Canadian health care system has increased over the past two decades, with outbreaks reported in Ontario and Quebec, although most provinces have been affected. This organism has been a substan-tial human and financial burden for Canadian institutions. VRE have been shown to be associated with an increased mortality, a longer hospital stay and a much higher overall cost compared with vancomycin-susceptible strains. , antibiotic restriction and stringent infection control measures, is important in managing VRE prevalence in Canadian institutions.


"A Contribution to the Development of ALGOL" by Niklaus Wirth and C. A. R. Hoare [Comm. ACM, v.9, no. 6 (June 1966), pp. 413-431] was the basis for a compiler developed for the IBM 360 at Stanford University. This report is a description of the implemented language, ALGOL W. Historical background and the goals of the language may be found in the Wirth and Hoare paper.


We study the melting behavior of charged colloidal crystals, using a simulation technique that combines a continuous mean-field Poisson–Boltzmann description for the microscopic electrolyte ions with a Brownian-dynamics simulation for the mesoscopic colloids. This technique ensures that many-body interactions among the colloids are fully taken into account, and thus allows us to investigate how many-body interactions affect the solid–liquid phase behavior of charged colloids. Using the Lindemann criterion, we determine the melting line in a phase-diagram spanned by the colloidal charge and the salt concentration. We compare our results to predictions based on the established description of colloidal suspensions in terms of pairwise additive Yukawa potentials, and find good agreement at high-salt, but not at low-salt concentration. Analyzing the effective pair-interaction between two colloids in a crystalline environment, we demonstrate that the difference in the melting behavior observed at low salt is du...


Any Geologist travelling to Nairn, viâ Perth, will be interested (in a degree compatible with his sense of the nuisance created) in the wonderful outspread of wind-blown sand betwcen Dalwhinnie and Kingussie. I do not know any more wonderful drift of sand than is here displayed; a sand-surface so constantly in motion, that I believe it must really be in connection with the ever-shifting sand-drift of Culbin, near Elgin, which may be rightly termed the British Sahara. The nuisance caused by the constant settlement, even in the calmest weather, of this fine-grained siliceous sand upon everybody and everything passing through the district, was annoying enough, even in the old coaching days, but is increased tenfold to the traveller now that the Central Scottish Railways has superseded the more tedious method of travel; for the more rapid rate of motion raises such legions of blinding sand-atoms, that when Forres Junction was reached, a traveller is scarcely recognizable for the dust, and the vacant cushions are coated two inches deep. Indeed, I would call special attention to the Sands of Culbin, mentioned as probably being in geological connection with the shifting sands cut through by the railway, as they have afforded the best instance of a real sand-storm known in Britain; hills of blown sand, from 60 to 100 feet in height, and from 200 to 300 feet in circumference, having been formed by wind-action during a single night.


The process of xenobiotic-induced proliferation of the cytoplasmic organelle, the peroxisome, in mammalian liver cells has received considerable attention because of the proposed relationship between the induction of hydrogen peroxide producing peroxisomal enzymes and the development of hepa tocellular carcinomas in mice and rats (1-6). Several structurally dissimilar hypolipidemic drugs, certain phthalate esters used as plasticizers, and some halogenated hydrocarbon solvents are examples of important categories of chemicals that are capable of inducing proliferation of peroxisomes in hepato cytes (7-13). The mechanism by which this diverse group of chemicals causes peroxi some. proliferation and liver tumors is not understood, although it is currently thought that these chemicals are carcinogenic because of their ability to induce peroxisome proliferation. There are marked species diffcrcnces in response to them; certain species, e.g. guinea pigs and monkeys, are relative ly nonresponsive or resistant to the induction of hepatic peroxisomes (l, 2, 4, 6). It is therefore necessary to understand the mechanism by which they induce peroxisome proliferation to help in the safety evaluation of these chemicals to human beings. This review briefly discusses the response, in biochemical and morpholog ical terms, of hepatocytes to peroxisome proliferating chemicals and then focuses on possible biochemical mechanism(s) whereby these chemicals may produce peroxisome proliferation. For more detailed reviews on peroxisomes


A randomized prospective trail was conducted to assess the comparative complication rates of the 7Cu200 and 2 newer copper bearing IUDs -- the TCu220C and the MLCu250 -- in Singapore. Recruitment for this 2-year trail began in 1976. These results represent the Singapore component of a 3-center (Singapore, Medan, Kuala Lumpur) trial, conducted in conjunction with the International Development Research Center in Ottawa, Canada. The 600 patients recruited between April 1976 and November 1978 were allocated randomly to 1 of the 3 IUDs using a series of presealed envelopes. All volunteers were healthy and ranged in age from 19-35 years. They were of proven fertility and exposed to the risk of pregnancy. There were no significant differences in the age, parity, race, or immediate past contraceptive use in the 3 groups. Insertions were performed at least 8 weeks postpartum (or 4 weeks postabortion) by 1 of 20 different physicians. Followup appointments were scheduled for 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Data was recorded for all unscheduled visits, and when necessary, letters, telephone calls, and home visits were used to trace defaulters. 98 (49%) 7C8200 users completed the study compared with the 116 (58%) for both the TCu220C and the MLCu250 users. 4% of the patients were lost to followup, and 1% were withdrawn by the investigators. There were significant differences in the pregnancy rates between the 3 devices. Pregnancy was more common with the 7Cu200 than with the TCu220C and MLCu250. Expulsion was significantly less frequent with the MLCu250 when compared with the 7Cu200 and the TCu220C. There were significant differences in both use-related and total termination rates between the 3 IUDs, but no one IUD was significantly better than either of the other 2 devices.


This proposed automatic reasoning algorithm that has been used in artificial intelligence decision making system can effectively extract knowledge and complete the unsupervised classification with the uncertain data sets.The purpose of the new method based on extended second-order logic(SOLe) is to improve the accuracy and robustness of decision-making system.By analyzing of unstructured knowledge,this paper built the automatic reasoning framework through adopting second-order logic that has these variables as well as additional variables that range over sets of individuals,and combining interval parameter estimation based on exponential distribution-cluster can effectively avoid paradox.Simulations show that the new algorithm can improve the accuracy by about 7% and the robustness by about 6.5% on UCI datasets in decision making system and expert system.