The finite element dynamic simulation using Deform-3D software and the experimental investigation of a large-scale equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) are carried out,with the special focus on the effect of both the friction coefficient between workpiece and ECAP die and the orifice size in exit channel of ECAP die on maximum pressing load.The finite element simulation results show that the shear friction model can be used in the finite element simulation of ECAP deformation.The friction coefficient between workpiece and ECAP die has very great effect on the maximum pressing load.With the increase of friction coefficient,the maximum pressing load increases considerably.As the friction coefficient varies from 0 to 0.6(approximately equal to the friction coefficient between aluminum and steel under dry friction condition),the maximum pressing load increases up to 5.1 times.The effect of the orifice size on maximum pressing load is found to be dependent on the magnitude of the friction coefficients.When the friction coefficients are smaller than 0.6,enlarging the orifice size has little effect on the maximum pressing load.On the other hand,when the friction coefficients are bigger than 0.6,the maximum pressing load can be obviously decreased with an enlarged orifice size,but the impact is not always improved with the increase of the orifice size.The experimental results demonstrate that the realization of ECAP scale-up and commercialization strongly depends on finding an approach to effectively reduce friction,and that the maximum pressing loads by the finite element simulation and the experiment are in accordance.


The gate-voltage (VG) dependence of the contact resistance (RC) in graphene field-effect transistors is characterized by the transmission line model. The RC-VG characteristics of Ag, Cu, and Au contacts display a dip around the charge neutrality point and become even negative with Ag contacts. The dip structure is well reproduced by a model calculation that considers a metal-contact-induced potential variation near the metal contact edges. The apparently negative RC originates with the carrier doping from the metal contacts to the graphene channel and appears when the doping effect is more substantial than the actual contact resistance precisely at the contacts. The negative RC can appear at the metal contacts to Dirac-cone systems such as graphene.


Dr Sheryl Avery Avery Buncic Scientific & English Editorial Services (ABSeeS) Hamilton New Zealand e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com web site: http://absees http://absees-editorial.my-free.website/contact-us


Travel time reduction is a benefit in economic analysis. Freight transportation time reduction benefits influence the logistics industry. The objectives of this paper are to estimate the Value of Time (VOT) for transportation time reduction with logit methodology. The data of Gyeonggi-do's domestic road freight transport in 2007 are used. VOT was estimated for five commodities. An average VOT of 19,946 won/vehicle-hr was calculated; transport of electronic parts had the highest VOT. This study will help provide direction for improving Korea's road infrastructure for freight.


Using the supersymmetric (SUSY) invariant restrictions on the (anti-)chiral supervariables, we derive the off-shell nilpotent symmetries of the general one (0 + 1)dimensional N = 2 SUSY quantum mechanical (QM) model which is considered on a (1, 2)-dimensional supermanifold (parametrized by a bosonic variable t and a pair of Grassmannian variables θ and θ̄ with θ = θ̄ = 0, θθ̄ + θ̄θ = 0). We provide the geometrical meanings to the two SUSY transformations of our present theory which are valid for any arbitrary type of superpotential. We express the conserved charges and Lagrangian of the theory in terms of the supervariables (that are obtained after the application of SUSY invariant restrictions) and provide the geometrical interpretation for the nilpotency property and SUSY invariance of the Lagrangian for the general N = 2 SUSY quantum theory. We also comment on the mathematical interpretation of the above symmetry transformations. PACS numbers: 11.30.Pb; 03.65.-w; 11.30.-j


By means of a systematic dogmatic demonstration, the author aims at displaying that the ecumenical dimension is not an additional or accessorial component of Christianity, but is rather essentially demanded by communion itself. In the New Testament (Gv 17) communion is seen as an imperative for those who follow Christ, and this imperative is reinforced by the communional nature of the Triune God himself. Communional motivations of a Trinitarian and pneumatological nature have practical consequences in the life of the Church, which is, therefore, analysed in light of its identity as «God's People» and through an «Ecclesiology of communion». After a pastoral annotation, the article indicates three practical prospects for the development of a spirituality that is ecumenical and therefore genuinely communional in its orientation.


Aimed to the problem that the working time of the hexapod walking bio-robot whose power is supplied by batteries is subjected to a limit,this paper puts forwards the new method that used to its control system integrating dynamic power management,real time scheduling and motion-strategy planning,which considers the system's energy consumption grade fully.This method plays an important role in the system's energy consumption,and it can be used as a reference for reducing the energy consumption of other multi-legged systems.


In the paper we analyse an improved soft-decision demodulation technique applied to ?-law pulse code modulation (PCM). The PCM-encoded waveforms are transmitted over Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels by means of coherent phase shift keying modulation. Received bits which are unreliable are identified by means of soft-decision demodulation and erased. Each bit in the PCM word is assigned its own erasure threshold. The thresholds are optimised and are thus theoretically determined as a function of input power level to the quantiser, channel type and signal/noise ratio, and the relative mean-square error power that occurs when a PCM word containing an erased bit is estimated by means of prediction or interpolation. The predicted or interpolated sample amplitude is used as an estimate of the missing speech amplitude. This procedure works well because of the redundancy in the decoded speech waveform. In previous work the estimate was used to replace the PCM word with an erased bit. In the present paper the estimate is used to decide the most likely value of the erased bit, thus correcting most of the erasures without introducing errors in the replaced word. The new soft demodulation algorithm performs significantly better than the previous one. A gain of several decibels in overall speech signal/noise ratio is typical both for Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels. Compared to no soft demodulation, the improvement in required channel signal/noise ratio is up to about 4 dB for the Gaussian channel. The combination of bit-position weighting and soft demodulation is also analysed, as well as the combination of a PCM bit assignment more robust against transmission errors and soft demodulation. For both of these cases, the combined schemes yield improvements, but not as large as for unweighted transmission of the standard bit assignment plus the improvement of the weighting or the robust bit assignment.


Abstract A polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene (SBS) triblock copolymer (commercial sample) was investigated by means of simultaneous measurements of true stress at small strains and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The polymer films were cast from solution in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran-methyl ethyl ketone (THF:MEK, 90:10), dried under vacuum, and then monitored in a specially made extensiometer attached to a Kratky SAXS camera. In the unstretched state, a spherical core-shell structure (22 A thickness shell) of polystyrene domains dispersed in a polybutadiene matrix was found. Under stretching, the shell changed into an ellipsoidal shape, but the hard polystyrene core was not deformed. In both unstretched and stretched states, the SAXS experimental data are in good agreement with the corresponding theoretical calculations for the x-ray scattering from a core-shell particle.


stories of those who chose to remain in Morocco, although critical of the state apparatus, ultimately have had their life stories coopted into a national narrative of religious tolerance and exchange that elides the more somber historical reality. In doing so Heckman makes a powerful argument for a re-periodization of Moroccan Jewish in which independence is not seen as the end of Jewish history within Morocco. As Heckman recognizes in her work, relatively few Moroccan Jews espoused communism, the majority of Moroccan Jews were at most nominally involved politically, mostly in the fight against racism and anti-Semitism. However, by elevating the voices of those who rejected both Zionism and colonialism we gain a new appreciation for the agency and intellectual diversity within Moroccan Jewry throughout the twentieth century. Thus, the history of these men is an important reminder that Jews were invested in Moroccan politics both before and after Moroccan independence and that these contributions continue to play a role in the national political conscientiousness. This analysis is an essential aspect in understanding the important position of the small but active Jewish community in Morocco today. At a time when Jewish heritage tourism in Morocco is a booming business and Israel and Morocco have normalized diplomatic relations, Heckman's longue durée analysis also helps to explain some of the factors which led to the current Moroccan Muslim-Jewish convivencia narrative. As such, The Sultan's Communist's enriches our understanding of Moroccan Jewish history, and contemporary collective memory in Morocco as a whole.


Developers are the first people who come to an empty world and make it habitable. In online virtual worlds, developers are 3D artists, architects, cloth designers and other talented and enthusiastic individuals with a passion for 3D modeling. Their joint creative efforts make virtual worlds possible. In this report, we share our experience on close collaboration with a large community of developers in Blue Mars [2009] online virtual world, which was launched by Avatar Reality Inc (ARI), and now is experiencing explosive growth. From forum discussions, in-game meetings, question-and-answer sessions and from personal communications, we distilled and summarized some guidelines on how to keep the developers motivated and enthusiastic contributors.


The article says that the recent free trade zones (FTZ) and special economic zones (SEZs) have become an integral part of both the global economy and the Eurasian economic integration within the EEU. The creation of free economic zones is an effective aspect of economic development of certain territories and regions, based generally on specific priority economic tasks, the implementation of strategic programmes and projects. The system of privileges established in the free economic zones sufficiently individual and is closely related to implemented on its territory programs. Lists and analyses the legal regimes of the SEZ in the Russian Federation and Belarus with indication of the regulatory framework. Notes the importance of the SEZ for the development of a zone of free Dorgali, customs and currency-payment of unions in the framework of the EAEU.


In Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, cell search is performed by each User Equipment (UE), to detect the cell identity. The received subframe index and radio frame timings in the downlink are also acquired. Cell search is performed using the Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) in a hierarchical manner. In this paper we have simulated the schemes for PSS and SSS detection of cell identity and subframe index using Linear Correlation and Circular Correlation. The probability of PSS and SSS detection for both schemes is compared by Monte Carlo Simulation Method.


To overcome the problems of ISVM and TSVM in intrusion detection,this paper improves PTSVM for network intrusion data features and designs a method with area marked tendency.It makes the training of PTSVM more quickly and accurately,leading a split plane more close to the optimum.Experiments show that intrusion detection based on improved PTSVM has an obvious advantage in training and testing speed,and it greatly improves the detection rate of attack samples.


* Trainee, supported by National Institutes of Health Grant T1HE 5625-02. From the Cardiovascular Section, LMR Cardio-Pulmonary-Renal Laboratories, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. † Head, Hemodynamics Laboratory, Cardio-Pulmonary-Renal Laboratories, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. ‡ Director, Cardiovascular Section, Division of Medicine, Director, LMR Cardio-Pulmonary-Renal Laboratories, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. Idiopathic dilation of pulmonary artery is a congenital anomaly which is generally diagnosed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography after the exclusion of other causes of dilation of this vessel. Mediastinal tumors, however, may produce a roentgenographic picture closely simulating this condition. Moreover, these tumors can produce compression of cardiovascular structures with clinical and hemodynamic consequences. It is the purpose of this communication to report a case of thymoma simulating idiopathic dilation of the pulmonary artery.


AbstractIn this paper, a novel method to generate fuzzy edges in medical images using the Type II fuzzy set theory is presented. Medical images are normally poorly illuminated and many edges are not visible properly, so construction of fuzzy edge image is a difficult task. Fuzzy edges are not the binary edges but it signifies the change in intensity levels of the image. The method is based on computation of minimum and maximum values of the intensity levels of the image in a 3x3 pixel neighborhood to form two image matrices with maximum and minimum values. For better representation of uncertainty, Type II fuzzy set is applied to compute upper and lower membership levels of each image matrix. Divergence is computed between the two levels of the maximum value image matrix and also for the minimum value image matrix. Finally, difference between the divergence matrices produces an edge image. Experiment has been performed on several poorly illuminated medical images and the edges are observed to better when c...


In this paper, the transmitted part of the incident wave is considered to revise Taylor's solution, which is used to extend its application for analytical models to predict the response of the plate with different material properties. The influence of the material properties and the boundary condition of the plate on fluid and structural dynamics is systematically investigated. The analytical results are compared with those of detailed dynamic FE simulations and the two are in good agreement. The results indicate that the analytical method is valid and suitable for the plates with different material properties subjected to underwater explosion. It is found that Taylor's results of the plate with small impedance are invalid, which indicates a potential application field for the analytical method.


MAJIS is an imaging spectrometer operating in the visible and IR range which is part of the payload of the JUICE mission of ESA, dedicated to the study of the icy moons of Jupiter, Jupiter and the Jupiter environment, to be launched in April 2023. MAJIS implements two channels, one for the visible-near IR range (0.5 – 2.35 μm) and one for the IR range (2.25 – 5.52 μm). H1RG detectors from Teledyne where selected for these two channels. The specific constraints of MAJIS (very wide dynamic range, windowing, on-board de-spiking) required very significant adjustments to readout microcodes provided by Teledyne. The de-spiking approach implemented by MAJIS relies on on-board processing of series of consecutive sub-integrations5 . For reaching optimum performance, possible biases between successive CDS readouts of the same signal needed to be lower than the total noise. The first of the two detector readouts required for CDS had to be implemented very shortly after reset so as to benefit from the full well depth for dynamic range. This required coping with the reset anomaly which is specific to the HxRG family of detectors. The MAJIS team selected an approach based on drop frames and dark subtraction which minimized microcode adjustments so as to limit development and schedule risks. Detector characterization then instrument calibration showed that this approach was quite successful in terms of performances with no impact on the duty cycle for observations with short integration times.


In this paper, we describe the intervention and the context of implementation of a multiple representations (MR)-based instructional approach as a classroom practice in an first-year thermodynamics course for preservice physics teachers at an Indonesian university. We argue that the implementation of this approach will contribute to the enhancement of students' conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. By enhancing those two aspects, we intend to contribute to their development of physics identity and physics teacher identity. We illustrate how this MR approach is applied in the classroom and describe how the relationship between the aspects of this approach interacts with physics identity and physics teacher identity. During lessons the teacher used real-life examples and students were encouraged to use different representations when they solved problems in small groups. The students realized that learning physics could involve many representations and might increase their interest to physics. However, we found some situations that did not match our expectations. For instance, most of the students were more interested when the problems were in the form of mathematical representation. In addition, we found that some students were inactive in the class. Therefore, it is necessary to think as educators about how to provide a positive learning experience to stimulate the development of student's identity. This work exemplifies how physics educators can stimulate physics and physics teacher identity formation in their physics courses as a preparation for future physics teachers.


The present invention relates to a complex cover, which comprises a suction tube that can be used to add liquid into a bottle cap (especially a bottle cap with a suction tube and a liquid reservoir). Wherein, the suction tube is connected to a fixed part of the liquid reservoir, a cover is connected to the liquid reservoir, and an actuating part is connected to the top surface of the cover to discharge liquid from the liquid reservoir; a small and long suction tube hole is arranged on the top surface of the cover, to expose the suction tube when the bottle cap is opened.


The paper analyses the advanced of thrown thrust skill, discusses the essential requirements to use the skill, puts forward several proposals to train fencers according to the thrown thrust skill was used successfully to the Chinese men's foil competitions.


TMPRSS2:ERG fusion is the most common genetic event in prostate cancer (PCa). However, its association with prognosis is controversial. Overexpression of serine protease inhibitor Kazal‐type 1 (SPINK1) was almost exclusively defined in ERG‐negative PCa in most studies. This study aimed to determine the association between ERG and SPINK1 expression and the biological aggressiveness of PCa by analyzing their expression in incidental and metastatic cohorts.


Investigation continues of detergent foam images as analogue/digital (A/D) model fluids. Attention turns to the radial distribution function G(r) and how it is partitioned in terms of individual neighborships:first, second, third, etc. Data are illustrated for liquid- and gaslike systems, and key features of the neighborship partition are enumerated. Data are compared with mathematical constructs offered by the ideal gas, hard disk, and hexagonal crystalline models. Such comparison points to an indirect method for partitioning G(r) into neighborship distributions in agreement with experiment. Notably, the method requires no specification of particle shapes and potentials. The indirect method is applied to liquid sodium using X-ray data of previous researchers. Structures of liquid sodium are offered via an alternative, empirical way.


Background: We investigated coronary artery disease (CAD) burden and rates of death and stroke in stable patients with renal insufficiency undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PC...


Suppose we are given n coins out of a collection of coins of two distinct weights w0 and w1, true and counterfeit coins, respectively, where d of them are counterfeit coins. Assume we are allowed to weigh subsets of coins in a spring scale. Determine the counterfeit coins in a minimal number of weighing. This problem is equivalent to the following learning problem: Given a linear function f = xi1 + xi2 + · · ·+ xid , where 1 ≤ i1 < i2 < · · · < id ≤ n and a substitution oracle of values in the domain {0, 1}n to f . Find f with minimal number of substitution queries. In this paper we give the first optimal1. (in the number of weighing or substitutions) polynomial time adaptive algorithm that determines the counterfeit coins. We then extend our algorithm to the following more general coin weighing problems with a spring scale: Suppose we are given n coins out of a collection of coins of unknown integer weights. Determine the weight of each coin in a minimal number of weighing. We give an optimal adaptive polynomial time algorithm for this problem. This algorithm is based on a new optimal adaptive algorithm for reconstructing bounded weight vectors in polynomial time. This solves the general problem of learning any linear function with bounded integer coefficient in polynomial time with optimal number of substitution queries. To the best of our knowledge all the algorithms in this paper are the first optimal polynomial time adaptive algorithms for the problem of coin weighing in a spring scale.


In this work, we optimize the highly variable latency of flash SSDs by presenting a host side storage engine, which is capable of cooperating with the SSDs, and augmented by the redundancy of multiple SSD instances. The storage engine schedules I/O and SSD internal operations to data blocks replicated among multiple SSDs exploiting the support of an SSD control API provided by off-the-shelf SATA 6.0 Gb/s MLC SSDs extended with modest firmware modifications. Side effects of latency heavy operations such as garbage collection (GC) are detained in a group of physical SSDs, while foreground operations are diverted to other SSDs. This way, flash SSDs can keep up with demands of free blocks, even under workloads without idle time, without harming foreground application latency. In our evaluations, our storage engine enhanced the latency stability of flash SSDs by 40 times, decreasing the 99.9999th percentile latency to sub milli-second levels. Also, our storage engine, when integrated into a flash SSD based in-memory system, was capable of reducing the 99th percentile of application latency by 4.5 times.


Underground gas storage is taking excess gas during the warmer months and injecting it into a reservoir near a major market area where it will remain until needed to supplement gas supply during cold weather. As the pressures and volumes decline in the gas fields and demand increases, it becomes more difficult to meet the peak demands on cold days. After all the various interests are acquired and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commmission has approved the project, a development program can be started. It takes several years to complete. The plugged wells and existing wells are re-entered and re-conditioned; new injection-withdrawal wells and saltwater disposal wells are drilled; and a storage gathering system, a saltwater gathering system and compressors are installed. An established volume of gas is injected each year and a smaller volume is withdrawn until the reservoir is at maximum capacity.


Pregnancy is a time women are advised to maintain a healthy lifestyle and support the healthy development of their fetus. Research indicates that pregnancy weight gain is positively associated with BMI prior to pregnancy resulting with heavier women being advised to gain as minimum weight as possible. Women tend to accept the changes within their body and associate it with the development of their future baby. Having given birth the excessive weight gain can no longer be attributed to the development of their fetus and for most women this is a time of dissatisfaction with body and active dieting behaviours. Whiles during pregnancy negative eating behaviours affects solely the future mothers, postpartum eating behaviours are associated with feeding behaviours and negative mealtime interactions. In support, the literature suggests that mothers who restrain their own eating are likely to restrain their babies eating as well.
The studies set out in this thesis explored feelings and eating behaviours in Israeli and UK mothers from pregnancy until two years following birth and its impact on infants eating traits. The research used quantitative, qualitative and observational methods. Findings from this thesis indicate that eating behaviours remained stable during pregnancy and the postpartum with higher levels of dissatisfaction with body following pregnancy. Maternal eating behaviours and well-being were found to be associated with babies eating traits. To conclude, as eating behaviours are shaped in early life future research should identify those mothers who are at risk for unhealthy eating behaviours and provide them with sufficient support allowing a healthy development for themselves and their new-born.


Partially relaxed InP/InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructures, grown by molecular beam epitaxy under tensile and compressive misfit stress, have been investigated by means of high-resolution X-ray diffractometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Additionally, chemical etching was used to determine polarity of the crystals and threading dislocation densities in the epitaxial layers. The measurements revealed a distinct anisotropy of the strain relaxation along two orthogonal 〈110〉 directions in the (001) plane of the structures, which resulted from an asymmetry in the formation of two types of misfit dislocations at the interface. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 1 Introduction Lattice-mismatched heterostructures of indium-based III–V compound semiconductors are of current interest owing to their applications in optoelectronic devices emitting in the infrared wavelength range. An important consequence of epitaxial growth of those heterostructures is a strain in the epitaxial layer that results from a difference in lattice parameters between the substrate and the layer. If the epitaxial layer is thin enough, the lattice misfit can be accommodated by elastic strain of the layer and the growth of the layer is pseudomorpfic. However, when the layer thickness exceeds a critical value the strain is relieved by the formation of misfit dislocations at the interface. The misfit dislocations are associated with threading dislocations which cross the epitaxial layer up to the surface. Both the strain and the dislocations in the epitaxial layers can often affect dramatically their optical and electronic properties. In semiconductor heterostructures with zinc-blende structure, epitaxially grown on (001) oriented substrates with a small lattice mismatch (less than about 1.5%), the dominant type of misfit dislocations are 60° dislocations [1]. Two types of 60° dislocations, referred to as α and β, lying along two orthogonal 〈110〉 crystallographic directions at the interface differ in their core structures. In the predominated glide set configuration the α and β dislocations consist of the extra half-planes terminated in a row of group V and group III atoms, respectively, in the dislocation core. At the interface of heterostructures grown under tensile stress the α and β misfit dislocations are oriented along the [110] and ] 10 1


6A-Deoxy-6A-iodo-β-cyclodextrin reacts with (R)-1-phenylethylamine one hundred and sixty times faster than it reacts with the corresponding (S)-enantiomer of the amine.


Abstract 921 Background: CLO is a second generation nucleoside analogue with known activity in acute leukemia and myelodysplasia. As there is no standard therapy for refractory and transplant-ineligible relapsed NHL, and given the activity that purine analogues have in lymphoid malignancies, we sought to investigate the activity of CLO in this pt population regardless of histology. Methods: Eligible pts had measurable disease by CT and/or PET, ECOG performance status ≤ 2, and adequate renal, cardiac, liver, and bone marrow function (unless cytopenias were disease-related). CLO was given in the outpatient setting intravenously over 1-hour days 1-5 every 28 days for 6 cycles maximum. All pts received anti-viral and anti-pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis. First, we initiated a phase I portion using a standard 3×3 study design. CLO was given at 4 mg/m 2 in cohort 1 with subsequent cohorts to be escalated by 2 mg/m 2 each. Once the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined, the phase II portion of this study was initiated at the MTD. All pts were followed until disease progression. Results: Thirty-three pts (18 females, 15 males) have been enrolled (7 in the phase I portion and 26 in the phase II), of which 29 are evaluable for response and/or toxicity (2 just started therapy, 1 taken off due to persistent cytopenias, and 1 withdrew consent). Median age was 69 years (range 27-88), median number of prior therapies was 3 (range 1-8), with 21% failing prior stem cell transplantation and 74% being R-refractory. Median time from original diagnosis to first CLO treatment was 36 months (range 6-216). Histologies included 12 diffuse large cell, 5 follicular, 5 small lymphocytic, 4 anaplastic large T-cell, and 1 each for Richter, mantle cell, marginal zone, peripheral T-cell, transformed, non-specific T-cell, and mixed histology. Median number of CLO cycles was 4 (range 1-6). Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity at 6 mg/m 2 in 2/6 pts. The MTD recommended for phase II was 4 mg/m 2 . With a median follow up of 8 months (range 1-33), 7 pts (24%) showed complete response (CR) and 8 (27%) had partial response (PR) for an overall response rate of 51%. Four pts (13%) demonstrated stable disease and 10 (34%) showed progression. Median duration of response was 7 months (range 2-33+) with 6 pts continuing in remission including a patient who is undergoing stem cell transplantation. Median time to progression (TTP) was 3.5 months with median overall survival of 8 months. sEVEN pts (24%) remain progression-free. Of patients who were followed for more than 12 months, 60% were alive at 1-year. Five of the CR pts were of low-grade histology while only 2 had large cell lymphoma. All pts required growth factor support. Toxicity was mainly hematologic with 63% experiencing grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, 60% grade 3/4 neutropenia, and 39% grade3/4 anemia, and 63%. Grade 3 and/or 4 non-hematologic toxicity included 2 (6%) with tumor lysis syndrome, 2 (6%) infectious episodes (pneumonia and bilateral cellulitis), 2 (6%) renal insufficiency, 2 (6%) fatigue, 1 (3%) seizure activity, 1 (3%) pleural effusion, and 1 hypokalemia (3%). No treatment-related mortality. Conclusions: CLO is active in heavily pre-treated B-cell NHL including R-refractory pts. Activity appears more pronounced in low-grade histology. The drug is well-tolerated and can be administered as an outpatient. Reversible myelosuppression is the major toxicity. Future studies in front-line in combination with R are warranted. Disclosures: Nabhan: Bayer: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Genzyme: Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Venugopal: Genzyme: Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.


The invention discloses an ultra-fast dry repair varnish for automobiles and a preparation method thereof. The composition of the varnish comprises the following components in certain percentage by weight: solvent, modified additive, varnish film forming matrix, flatting agent 1, flatting agent 2, drier, light stabilizer 1, light stabilizer 2 and curing agent. After the repair varnish of the invention is used, at the temperature of below 25 DEG C, the repair varnish is surface dry in 10 minutes, can not stick dust, and can be waxed and polished after 1 hour. Compared with the prior art, the baking time is reduced, the energy source is saved and the spraying efficiency is improved.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine new alloys created from Alumix 431 powder and investigate their mechanical and electrochemical properties.

Design/methodology/approach
In this study; Alumix-431 alloy samples were prepared using the powder metallurgy (P/M) method applying cold (RT) and warm (50°C and 80°C) compaction methods under pressures of 200 and 250 MPa and were sintered at 600°C in N2(g) atmosphere. Hardness and density of the samples were measured, and corrosion properties were determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy charting polarization curves. Surface characterization was determined by contact angle, scanning electron microscopy/mapping, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry images.

Findings
Alumix-431 alloys obtained upon compaction at 250 MPa/50 °C had the highest mechanical properties and corrosion resistance and good surface properties. On the surfaces of Alumix-431 alloys, α-Al, MgZn2, Al2,CuMg, Al2,O3, Al2MgO4 phases were recorded.

Originality/value
This study aimed to construct a correlation between mechanical and electrochemical properties of the newly created alloys (prepared under special conditions).


In a juridical-formal, firmly determined, that each agreement requires the agreement of the parties. However, the implementation of normative tools is not as easy as the textual sounds. Through a juridical approach, writing with the theme "Agree to the Agreement and its Relevance as a Prevention of Default", raised two interesting problems. First, how is the relevance of the agreement in the agreement as an effort to prevent default; Second, what is the ideal format for agreement in an agreement. The findings in this study confirm, that: First, the agreement is the key word in ensuring the implementation and fulfillment of the promises of the parties to the agreement. Therefore, in agreement in general, the agreement has relevance to prevent defaults. Second, ideally, in every agreement it is necessary to ensure that the parties truly understand what has been agreed both formally and materially (substantially).


Objective: To evaluate the socio-demographic correlates and determinants of maternal health care utilization amongst married women aged 15 45 years in rural Punjab. Study Design : cross-sectional study. Setting : Villages Gajju Khera and Manakpur, block Kalo Majra, Patiala district of Punjab. Methodology : The study was conducted in two villages of the rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Gian Sagar Medical College & Hospital, Patiala. The approximate population of these villages is 5549. All married women in the age group of 15 45 years who had delivered within the last 1 year were included in the study. A total of 141 such women were identified & interviewed using a pre- structured interview schedule including socio- demographic profile, details of antenatal care, delivery, postnatal care and perceived barriers for non- utilization of maternal health care services. Results : About 75.8% of pregnant women availed antenatal visits of which 63.1% received 3 or more ANC visits. Women receiving at least one dose of T.T were about 72.3% and 56.0% of women had taken IFA tablets for 90 days or more. 56.0 % of women had availed full package of ANC i.e. 3 or more ANC visits, both the doses of TT/Booster and IFA tablets. Perceived barriers to Maternal health care utilization among the participants were (Multiple responses) as follows: Unaware of importance of ANC (29.8%). Long waiting time (22.7%), financial constraints (20.5%), loss of wages (17.7%), objection from family (15.6%), lack of knowledge about available services (14.2%), no one to accompany (11.3%) and fear of hospital care (8.5%). Conclusion : The literacy of women is the key to improve antenatal care of pregnant women. Hence efforts should be made to have Information, Education and Communication ( IEC) activities targeted to educate the mothers especially in rural areas. Under NRHM, ASHA has been assigned the responsibility to counsel women regarding early registration, birth preparedness, adequate ANC, safe delivery, postnatal etc and to mobilize the community &facilitate them in accessing these services for improvement in maternal health.


Academic research in Canada involving Aboriginal peoples has changed dramatically during the last 20 years. From an academic researcher's perspective, the changes have recently become formalised in the release of the 2nd edition of the Tri-Council Policy Statement on Ethics in Human Research. In this article we examine similarities and differences in the way ethical review is constructed and approached from university, Aboriginal and, in particular, Inuit perspectives. We begin our argument with a general comparison of research ethics as expressed in academic and Aboriginal sources in order to find areas of commonality, difference, and potential ambiguity between the two perspectives. We then briefly review our own experience with a multiyear research project involving several Inuit governments of different spatial and administrative scales. We conclude with discussion of a common issue arising from academic research, including our own work with Inuit and the research ethics board chaired by one of the authors. It concerns how to address potential tension between critical inquiry associated with Western scientific paradigms and respect and use of Inuit knowledge within a collaborative research process. In conclusion, we offer some "best practice advice" to academic researchers who face such a dilemma.


The role of speech pathologists in the schools in dealing with an increasing number of obturator-wearing children is discussed. This role requires knowledge regarding the wearing of and caring for ...


The present invention is a method of modifying the silica surface, in particular, the surface is a method for producing a grafted silica with hydrophobic chains, (the A) in an aqueous medium, silica, silica least divalent or higher It was treated with a metal cation that can be immobilized on a surface; and, then, (Bs) in an aqueous medium obtained comprising the step (a) treated with silica, at least one or more The present invention is also the method by hydrophobized silica obtained by the production method, and a use as a filler in silicone matrix.


In this paper, we give a decomposition formula to calculate the vega index (sensitivity with respect to changes in volatility) for options with prices that depend on the extrema (maximum or minimum) and terminal value of the underlying stock price; this is assumed to follow a one-dimensional perturbed diffusion process. As a numerical application, we compute the vega index for lookback, European and up-in call options under the Black–Scholes model perturbed with a constant elasticity of variance model-type perturbation. We compare these values with the standard nonperturbed Black–Scholes model, which, interestingly, turn out to be very different.


Despite major progress in the past 40 years, 20% of children with cancer die from the disease, and 40% of survivors have late adverse effects. Innovative, safe, and effective medicines are needed. Although regulatory initiatives in the past 15 years in the USA and Europe have been introduced, new drug development for children with cancer is insufficient.


In this paper, with a view to narrowing the channel spacing, a new waveform transmission system based on a rectangular spectrum is proposed. As the transmitting waveform, the k-th power n-stage Butterworth (BW) characteristic, which best approximates the rectangular spectrum, is used. The receiving filter is a conventional m-stage BW type. By selecting its 3-dB bandwidth, optimization of the received waveform is attempted. It is shown that k = 2 is the most desirable from the viewpoint of C/N and interchannel interference. With regard to this squared BW spectrum, the eye opening rate and interchannel interference are computed. It is shown that the channel spacing can be reduced to half that in the present PDC if the squared BW is used. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(12): 44–53, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10124


Despite a great deal of rhetoric little objective information is available concerning the effect of education on individual income in developing societies. Similarly little is known about how if at all these effects vary with development levels within or among such societies. Nevertheless it appears to be widely accepted that the greatest effects are at the primary school level. By analyzing data on employed men and women from national samples of Brazil at both the earlier and later stages of its recent economic boom (1973 and 1982) and comparing the results across the nations sharply varied major development regions partly by means of a model which controlled key variables from all major theories of income differences this research appears to show that within contemporary Brazil the following is true. Education has a strong effect on income; development level has little if any effects on this relationship; and the higher the level of education already attained the greater the impact of this education on ones income. (authors modified)


The Upanishads have inherited the order to end the fleeting enjoyment of the mortal world from ancient Indian times. The immense attachment that results from ignorance and selfishness deprives man of the knowledge and ultimately of eternal life and ultimately reaches theology. These texts refer to the Vedic rituals and class principle and system. The sacrifice does not mean that one acts blindly against the vain rituals and sacrifices of one's fellow or another living creature, but the sacrifice of self-sacrifice, prayer, contemplation and the truth above all and it's within us. Upanishads begin with an inner journey, but one must be prepared for the inner journey and good deeds. Man must provide moral and spiritual foundations by thinking and attaining self-knowledge in order to achieve liberation or Moksha.


A finite-element model has been developed to predict the evoluti on of temperature, stress, and shape of 10-mm diameter molten steel droplets solidifying against a water-cooled copper chill plate. The elastic-viscoplastic stress model accounts for thermal linear expansion / contraction behavior, creep, and phase transformations that vary with carbon content. Thermal contraction causes the quenched surface of the impinged droplet to bend away from the chill plate. This creates interfacial resistance that greatly lowers h eat transfer. The droplet shape is predicted to evolve almost entirely during the first 0.1 second, wh en a thin solid skin first forms and becomes strong enough to contract. The final shape of th e droplet interface predicted by the model agrees both qualitatively and quantitatively with previous measurements reported by Dong and coworkers. The most deformation, as indicated by the final curvature of solidified droplets, is found in high purity iron (0.003%C) and in peritectic steels (0.12% C). This deformation can be reduced by lowering heat transfer coeffici ent and avoiding sudden large drops in h. Large drops in heat transfer coefficient also cause reheating of the droplet surface, despite the neglect of nonequilibrium undercooling effects in the model. It is important to minimize surface roughness during initial solidification in or der to avoid non-uniform solidifi cation, which is responsible for many casting defects.


Speaker Bio(s):Roger Moraga graduated from the Autonomous University of Madrid with a degree in Molecular Biology, and entered the world of Bioinformatics through the side door with a Masters. He has been working with High-Throughput sequencing data for more than a decade, and nowadays spends most of his time assembling, reassembling, and playing with the genomes of endangered New Zealand species.Tammy Steeves: My research interests focus on the ecological and evolutionary processes that contribute to the formation and maintenance of species boundaries, and the application of this knowledge to enhance the recovery of species at risk. I co-lead the Conservation, Systematics and Evolution Research Team (ConSERT) at Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha/University of Canterbury. In partnership with relevant Māori (indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand) tribes (iwi or hapū) and in collaboration with conservation practitioners, we use genomic and non-genomic data to co-develop conservation genetic management strategies for some of Aotearoa New Zealand's rarest taonga (treasured) species.


Background: A re-implanted maxillary 2nd molar with amalgam retrograde filling material was retained for 13 years. Histopathologic and Microbiologic investigations to reveal reasons for retaining and subsequent failure. Material and methods: The tooth was intentionally re-implanted 13 years ago with a retrograde amalgam filling material. After extraction of the tooth serial sections were done and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) and Gram stains. Results: Histopathologic sections revealed cellular cementum deposition at the apex of the tooth. Sharpey's fibers were attached to the cementum. Granulation tissue was obvious around the apex of the tooth. Gram stain revealed accumulation of micro-organisms inside dentinal tubules, especially at the apex. Conclusion: The amalgam used as retrograde filling material, in this case, was retained for thirteen years and subsequent failure might be attributed to the invasion of a microorganism after a crown fracture.


The authors demonstrate microwave assisted switching process of Ni80Fe20 thin film element with micromagnetics. Effects of microwave amplitude and frequency on the magnetization reversal were focused. Numerical results showed that the coercivity of Ni80Fe20 thin film element can be reduced by the modification of the microwave field, and the most evident reduction of coercivity was found at resonance frequencies. Considerable Fluctuations of switching fields are found at the natural resonance frequencies and high microwave amplitudes, which can be explained by scattering of nucleation sites induced by the thermal effect of the microwave filed.


A five-step approach of mental training incorporating biofeedback (BFB) with videocassette recorder (VCR) is presented in this article. The technique consists of five stages, with flexible time-session limits that can be individualized. These are (a) introducing mental techniques, (b) determining and strengthening the appropriate BFB modality, (c) BFB training with simulated competitive stress, (d) transformation of the mental training to practice, and (e) realization of the technique in competitive situations. The technique and some findings are further discussed.


For advanced interlayer dielectric (ILD) CMP slurry, it is highly desirable to achieve enhanced polishing efficiency and performance with reduced overall cost of ownership (CoO). A colloidal-silica based acidic ILD slurry,† was thus designed for accurate manipulation of the particle/wafer interaction by leveraging the use of proprietary additive. NMR studies were conducted to quantitatively understand particle adsorption and zeta potential of abrasives and polished films were characterized to establish the correlation of electrostatic forces to removal rate. The formulation of the slurry is optimized in such a way to reflect the maximized benefits particularly when applied together with Dow leading CMP pads.


This article describes a case of acute flaccid paralysis and severe hypokalemia in a young Thai man as the first manifestation of thyrotoxicosis..The patient demonstrates the salient manifestations of this endocrine emergency .We discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. The emergency physician is often the first to see these patients and deserves a high index of suspicion to avoid a missed diagnosis.


Strategy tool use and sociomateriality have become essential elements in strategy as practice research. We combine recent studies on strategy tools with theories on objects in collaborations in a n...


An ironic sentence ascribed to Duesenberry seemed to mark drastically the boundary between economics and sociology: "I used to tell my students that the difference between economics and sociology is very simple. Economics is all about how people make choices. Sociology is all about why they don't have any choices to make." Since then, both sociologists and economists have done a great deal to overcome these extreme positions and to avoid the alternative between an actor's voluntarism in economics, on the one hand, and an environmental determinism in sociology, on the other. Particularly the New Institutionalism in economics has rediscovered the impact of social institutions on preferences and choices, on unequal individual resources, on symmetric or asymmetric information, and on cognitions. Corresponding to the recalling of economics to society, sociology appreciates the "nuts and bolts" of institutional analysis in economics as useful tools for doing research work in the field of organization studies, especially in private firms or in the public administration. Oliver Williamson [1994, 77] recently described the relationship between economic and sociological institutionalism as one of "healthy tension involving genuine give-and-take." There is no doubt that the sociology of organization in particular has enriched its own research perspectives with the economic concepts of property rights, transaction costs analysis or principal agent relations. Tensions between economic and sociological institutionalism are due less to using elements of institutional economics as instruments of analysis, as to the question of whether fundamental assumptions of the economic theory are suitable to complete or even to replace basic frames and notions of sociology. Controversial discussions in the past should have shown that mutual reproaches of an economic or sociological "imperialism" are not very helpful in comparing and combining economic and sociological approaches. Provided that an "unfriendly takeover" is not intended, economic and sociological institutionalism like the two sides of a coin should rather search for "blind spots" which neither of them can become aware of within their own disciplinary perspective,


Protection system becomes an important factor in the electrical network system. Various calculations necessary to estimate the fault of current as a basis for designing the protection system to be used, such as planning the installation of power equipment in order to determine the trip-specifications, conductors will be used, the thermal capacity of the current transformer, relays and reactor. The fault of current is calculated not only at the point of interruption, but also its influence on the flow in each branch in the network leading to the interruption point. Disturbance will cause an unbalance in the current and voltage in network systems, both single phase to ground disturbance, phase to phase, phase-phase and three phase land and interference (with and without ground). In this case the current transformer plays an important role in detecting a very large fault current conformed to the rating estimated. Fault current magnitude must be estimated to find the limits of protection standards that will be designed in the system. For that need to be calculated source impedance (the reactance), the transformer reactance, and impedance feeders based on the estimated percentage of fault current that can be estimated. The accuracy of the estimated fault current will determine the quality of protection through a rating system security tool that is used to do the trip at the right time. For that we need regulation (setting) devices such as relays flow properly. In a protection system with multiple safety devices need to do a timer setting (grade) at each relay controlling the CB so that the protection system can operate with accuracy and speed and has a high sensitivity.


Research-supported guidelines to assist faculty with finding and evaluating online course tools and media that are accessible to learners taking online college courses in the United States are not generally available. The recent refresh to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. § 794(d)) provides justification for educators to uphold accessibility standards by selecting from the outset, online course tools and media that are accessible to all learners, including learners with disabilities. Through a review of the literature, this paper will provide research-supported guidelines for faculty for finding and evaluating online course tools and media that are accessible to learners taking online college courses in the United States.


If the "rejuvenation" of Catholic dogmas is part and parcel of their life, due to the very fact that this entails a debate between divergent formulations – provided that they are oriented towards the same fundamental truth – one cannot deny that there is an "antinomy" between the dogmatic logic of Catholocism and the ecumenical logic which "came so late to Catholic awareness". As the decades have gone by, positions have developed in such a way that the role of ecumenical dialogue can be integrated into the conception of dogma and no longer only – and restrictively – the role of dogmatics in this dialogue. The acquis of historical givens, as seen in the question raised in P. Royannais' article, can only come out reinforced by this ecumenical engagement.


The article presents the issue of container handling processes at a rail-road intermodal terminal. In the article, we have focused on the problem of a terminal layout design from the point of view of parking lots for external trucks. The main purpose of this article is the assessment of the necessary parking lots for the trucks considering daily turnover of containers and the trucks appointment time windows. We analyze how the length of the truck's appointment time windows as well as the difficulties in containers loading operations and a number of handling equipment influence the necessary parking lots for trucks in the intermodal terminal. The trucks planned for loading of import containers may arrive at the terminal before the loading moment that is specified in crane operations schedule. The container handling time is given by a probability distribution. The equations defining the most important elements of the considered problem were presented in the general form. The special case of this model has been developed in the FlexSim simulation software. Based on the simulation research and calculations we pointed out that right truck's appointment time windows can significantly reduce necessary parking lots at the yard. The literature analysis presented in the article indicates that most of the research in the field of intermodal terminal is focused on operations in container ports. There is lack of literature considering rail-road terminal layout planning in terms of the necessary parking lots and truck's appointment time windows.


In a battery-electric vehicle, a representative electric vehicle, there is a growing demand for performance and one-charge mileage improvement. As an alternative to such improvements, the capacity of the battery has been increased; however, due to the corresponding increase in the weight of the battery and the limited space in the vehicle, increasing the capacity of the battery also has limitations. Therefore, researches are being actively conducted to improve system operation efficiency to overcome such limitations. This paper proposes a distributing method of the driving forces to a battery-powered electric shuttle bus for last-mile mobility equipped with the decentralized driving system while taking into account voltage changes of the input terminals due to changes in the battery charge. The system operation efficiency changes were compared and evaluated by performing energy consumption analysis using 'Manhattan Bus Driving Cycle' at low voltage condition (SOC 20%). Various analyzes were performed and compared, such as the uniform distribution method of driving forces of the front and rear wheels (Uniform), the optimization method without considering the input terminal voltage change (Vnorm = 90 V), and the optimization method considering the input terminal voltage change (Vdclink). As a result, it shows that the proposed algorithm can improve 6.0% compared to the conventional uniform driving force distribution method (Uniform). Moreover, it shows that the real-time optimization method without considering the input voltage change (Vnorm = 90 V) can improve 5.3% compared to the uniform distribution method. The proposed method can obtain an additional 0.7% increase in total cost compared to the existing optimization method, which shows that the vehicle system has cost-effectiveness by reducing the battery capacity required to achieve the same mileage.


The utility model relates to a multiple-roll steel straightener. Two motors are used for driving each drive roll in the synchronization together and are used for straightening the sectional steels and heavy rails. When the sectional steel with the heavy section, the heavy rails, and the rails with the high intensity are straightened, the torques of some drive rolls can happen the overload problem. The utility model adopts the novel design for rationally allocating the diameter of the roll rings and changing the drive roll of the maximum positive torque. The sectional steels with the heavy sections, the heavy rail, and rails with the high intensity can be straightened by the prior straightener, and the torque of the drive roll can not exceed the load.


Volume 2, Number 3, 1998. Contents: R.A. Zwaan, A.C. Graesser, Introduction to Special Issue of SSR: Constructing Meaning During Reading. R.A. Zwaan, G.A. Radvansky, A.E. Hilliard, J.M. Curiel, Constructing Multidimensional Situation Models During Reading. M. Rinck, G.H. Bower, K. Wolf, Distance Effects in Surface Structures and Situation Models. A.C. Graesser, E.L. Bertus, The Construction of Causal Inferences While Reading Expository Texts On Science and Technology. M.A. Gernsbacher, B.M. Hallada, R.R.W. Robertson, How Automatically Do Readers Infer Fictional Characters' Emotional States?


Abstract Background: The creative process potentially complements the ABI condition. Given the potential of art to empower people with impaired cognitive capacity and communication skills, it was hypothesized that art therapy techniques could be used to ascertain the perspective of adults with ABI surrounding their housing and support preferences. Method: Visual research methods informed the research protocol reported in this paper. Participants' pictures were created mainly using pastels on paper. Eight people (3 adults with ABI; 4 non-family paid carers; 1 researcher as participant observer) participated in this pilot study. Qualitative rigour was achieved by addressing the four principles of trustworthiness. Results: By analysing participants' creative works in their entirety (i.e. image, text, and visual storytelling), key attributes of the ideal home or environment for adults with ABI were identified. The piloted arts-based process was also reflected upon. Conclusions: Art processes may give voice to people with limited capacity to verbalize.


The existing medical information systems do not provide the possibility of operational fixation and storage of such associative information. The paper proposes a system for storing the creative associations of the doctor, which are of interest both from the point of view of personalizing the approach to treating a patient, and from the point of view of forming a personalized physician knowledge base. We have developed an association storage system consisting of three levels: timestamps, semantic labels from external plug-in dictionaries, and a dictionary of doctor's own associations, being dynamically filled in by the system.The ensembling of search results in all connected dictionaries allows the user to expand the coverage and enrich the results of search results (enrich search results). The proposed structure of storing associations is universal and allows the user to refer to any objects. It can be easily embedded in the database of a medical institution or a specific physician, as well as in other structures for storing medical information - for example, in the form of links to external files or the doctor's own files.paper must have an abstract.


Written to assist people new to the 'game', (those who've done it for a while without as much success as they'd like) or people with lower levels of literacy and numeracy, this book provides information on the business of writing tenders. The resource looks at the steps in involved including: - setting yourself up to write a tender, - deciding whether to tender, - reading the tender documents, and - completing calculations and budgeting. Within each of these sections there are small business case studies, checklists for starting a small business and calculating running costs, information regarding legal status, licensing requirements and legislative compliance, tender types and what they mean, knowing the differences between being a contractor and an employee, and how to find and use business resources to help. This could be an invaluable tool for small business classes, workers wanting to take advantage of tendering and contacting processes, and individuals wanting to reflect on, or update their tender writing skills.


The purpose of this study is to improve the learning outcomes of grade IV primary school science on basiccompetence to describe the forms of heat energy. The research method uses classroom action research,consisting of two cycles, the research stages in each cycle consist of initial reflection, planning, action,observation and reflection. The subjects of the study were the fourth graders of Sekolah Dasar Negeri 035 TaraiBangun with 31 students. The research instrument used is learning tools (syllabus, learning implementationplan, and student worksheet), teacher and student observation sheet, and repetition for daily one and two dailyreplications. Data collection techniques used observation techniques and test techniques, while data analysistechniques using descriptive analysis. The result of the research shows that the teacher activity data hasincreased from 58,44% with enough criterion to become 70,83% with good criterion, then become 83,33% withvery good criteria and increase again to 87,50% with very good criteria. So also with the activity of studentsfrom 54.16% with enough criteria to increase to 66.66% with good criteria, then to 75.00% with good criteriaand increased again to 79.16% with good criteria. Improved learning outcomes from the average base score of67.87 to 74.45 in cycle I with the percentage increase of 9.70%, then increased again to 80.26 with thepercentage increase of 18.25%. Based on the results of research and discussion, this study can be concluded thatthe application of problem solving learning model can improve science learning outcomes of fourth gradersSekolah Dasar Negeri 035 Tarai Bangun.


A fundamental thermodynamic analysis of an air-cooled fuel cell, where the reactant air stream is also the coolant stream, is presented. The adiabatic cell temperature of such a fuel cell is calculated in a similar way as the adiabatic flame temperature in a combustion process. Diagrams that show the dependency of the cathode outlet temperature, the stoichiometric flow ratio and the operating cell voltage are developed. These diagrams can help fuel cell manufacturers to identify a suitable blower and a suitable operating regime for their fuel cell stacks. It is found that for standard conditions, reasonable cell temperatures are obtained for cathode stoichiometric flow ratios of ξ = 50 and higher, which is in very good agreement with manufacturer's recommendations. Under very cold ambient conditions, the suggested stoichiometric flow ratio is only in the range of ξ = 20 in order to obtain a useful fuel cell operating temperature. The outside relative humidity only plays a role at ambient temperatures above 40 °C, and the predicted stoichiometric flow ratios should be above ξ = 70 in this region. From a thermodynamic perspective, it is suggested that the adiabatic outlet temperature is a suitable definition of the fuel cell operating temperature.


With the rapid development of science and technology, various fields (such as information and multimedia) have been combined with each other into a complete field of print advertising design. The visual image is the main part of showing the expressive power of graphic advertising, which intuitively explains the design creativity of the advertisement. It uses visual expression to attract the audience's first attention and stimulate consumer emotions. However, with the continuous change of people's aesthetic art and aesthetic needs, ordinary print advertisements can no longer meet the needs of consumers. The continuous development of science and technology has promoted the spread of mobile media. Mobile media applications not only integrate with people's daily life but also bring people various mobile media advertisements. It realizes the multimedia and diversification of advertising. To meet the ever-changing visual aesthetic needs of users, it is necessary to use mobile media technology to innovate the visual image of print advertisements and provide consumers with a unique visual experience. Therefore, this paper will study the design and production of print advertisement visual image based on mobile media. This paper takes the design process of mobile media as the research process and summarizes the visual image design method of print advertising that meets the needs of users, conforms to the development of the times and aesthetic trends, and has high cultural information dissemination efficiency. It then tests the proposed theoretical method through the comparison of works and finally realizes the second leap of design theory. Experiments show that the visual image of mobile media advertising is more in line with consumers' aesthetics and can increase product sales. The highest sales of its products increased by 9.26% compared with ordinary products.


Compression as name implies deals with technique for reducing storage require to save an image. Compression to makes file storage and transmission over any communication media. Image compressions address the problem of reducing amount of data to represent digital image with no significant loss of data. In this paper LBG algorithm used for image compression. These algorithms require as codebook generation. The codebook is the collection of codeword. The compress image will be stored into VHDL simulation. The performance of compression ratio will be measure in compression ratio and peak signal to noise ratio. Keywords— Image Compression, LBG Algorithm, Codebook, Vector Quantization. INTRODUCTION Image compression is the art of science, which reducing the amount of data to represent image. Image compression is the most useful technology in the field of digital image processing. To reducing the amount of data requires to represent given quality of information is called as data compression. The compression technique represent image data using fewer bits than what is required for original image. The main purpose of these paper is to compress image by using LBG algorithm. Image compression fall under two techniques: Lossless Compression and Lossy Compression. If amount of data error introduced is zero, without any loss of data called as lossless compression or error free compression. In lossless process image compression and decompression is identical to original image. Lossless compression can be exactly recovered from its compress representation. In case of lossy compression is irreversible process because perfect recovery of original image is not possible. There are small amount of redundancy represent .On the other hand, the amount of data reduction is usually more in case of lossy compression than that of lossless compression. The LBG algorithm in community of vector quantization(VQ) for purpose of data compression. Vector quantization is widely used in image compression owing to it's simple structure and low bit rate. Vector quantization works by divided n overlapping block of size then image is store as set of pixel values within each block. The encoding procedure divided into several k-dimension vectors and each vector encoded by index of codeword by simple table look-up operation and decoding procedure will compress image getting output in decoder. Literature Survey The multimedia gadgets generates of large amount of data and images. These service require higher speed and high transfer rate. Image compression can solve this problem by using LBG algorithm. LBG algorithm is to reduce the computation cost in codebook training process. A significant reduction in computation cost is obtained reduction [1]. Vector quantization is an essential tool in signal processing compression achieved by forming vectors from training data sequence grouping similar vectors into cluster represents single vector [2]. The performance of the standard LBG algorithm highly depended on choice of initial codebook [3]. The methodology of vector quantization is also called "block quantization" is often used in lossy image compression [4]. One of the key roles of vector quantization is how to generate a good codebook such that distortion between the original image and reconstruct image is the minimum [5]. Image pixels that are highly correlated and VQ performs better if it's input vector have components that are more highly correlated. Therefore vector in image domain are formed as compact little connect of adjacent pixels. Quality or efficiency can International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February, 2015 ISSN 2091-273


AIMS
6-mercaptopurine influences in vitro TPMT gene expression in a TPMT promoter variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)-dependent manner. We studied TPMT expression following 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate administration in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and the pharmacogenomic potential of the VNTR architecture.

MATERIALS & METHODS
TPMT gene expression was determined in childhood ALL patients at diagnosis (n = 57) and during the maintenance therapy (n = 27).

RESULTS
A threefold increase of TPMT gene expression was obtained during maintenance therapy, modulated by the architecture of the VNTR region.

CONCLUSION
The TPMT promoter genetic variants need to be considered at the very beginning of the maintenance therapy for childhood ALL patients. The TPMT promoter VNTR region may serve as a pharmacogenomic biomarker when introducing thiopurine therapy.


Relevance theory holds that the identification of communicative intentions is the comprehension of verbal meanings in communication.The appliance of address forms in verbal communication is a cognitive process performed between an addresser(speaker) and an addressee(hearer) by way of the breaking and activation of relevance schema.This is a cognitive interpretation of address forms in perspective of relevance theory.


In this paper, a deep reflection about the possible relations between a discursive proposal and an enunciative one from and to the reflection about the language, the subjects and the subjectivity is done. With this purpose, authorship, enunciation and production of discourses are treated. It is examined how the analysis of discourse can be opened to the problematization of questions related with the tension existent between linguistics exteriority and interiority and how it can incorporate to the discursive problematization a redimensionament of the subject of the discursive practices and of the production of texts and discourses, without being deconstructed as theoretical and analytical field.


The systems investigated in this work are composed of the ternary eutectic mixture NH4NO3-NH4Cl-LiNO3 (66.7:9.5:25.8 mol. %) on the one hand and of ethylene-glycol, formamide, dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide on the other hand. The influence of the composition of these mixtures on their molar volume and on the electrical conductivity has been evidenced. At high electrolyte concentration, the composition dependence of the molar volume is explained by the exclusive localisation of the molecular compound in the solvation shell of the ions. The comparison of the conductivity isotherms points out the influence exercised by the dimensions and by the shape of the molecules of the non-electrolyte on the ionic mobilities.


BACKGROUND
About 5-10% of cancer patients suffer from cancer of unknown primary (CUP). Sophisticated diagnostic techniques have not improved diagnostic efficacy for these patients. The aim of our analysis was to evaluate serum levels of four tumor markers and to relate them to the histology, number, and sites of metastases, the response to chemotherapy, and survival.

MATERIAL/METHODS
Blood samples from 46 patients with CUP were assayed for CEA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3 and CA 125. Specific IMx tumor marker assays (Abbott) were used to measure tumor marker quantities.

RESULTS
No significant differences were detected between the mean levels of all markers for the two histological types (adenocarcinoma vs. undifferentiated carcinoma). The comparison of tumor marker values in patients with one metastatic location to those with two or more showed no significant differences. We found no differences in marker values between patients with disease sites in the thorax vs. those with abdominal metastases. The comparison of marker negative, CEA positive and non-CEA positive patients failed to reveal significant differences in response rate. The comparison of CEA positive and marker negative patients showed significant differences in survival (log-rank, p=0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that patients with CUP have a nonspecific overexpression of serum tumor markers and that routine use of these markers does not offer diagnostic assistance. Nevertheless, the pattern of expression of some biological markers, such as CEA, could have prognostic significance for survival.


I want to examine how domain-specific HCI design patterns can be introduced into an existing software development process for industrial test systems. This paper describes the first findings of a contextual inquiry in the domain of test automation systems. Based on these results, I will collect a set of patterns that are relevant to the field. In the future, these patterns will be applied in a real development process. The final aim is to investigate how the patterns can help the developers and product managers to make design decisions for the user interfaces of the developed software.


This paper attempts to bridge the gap between previous cross-national work estimating rates of return to education and the current trend toward examining rates over time. Changes in the returns to education in the 1980s over five countries were driven by different forces across the countries.


Inspired by Peter Sloterdijk's Du mußt dein Leben ändern. Über Anthropotechnik (2009), I present a novel take on asceticism as deliberate training. Understanding humans as training animals, I discuss how, with the emergence of kosmos or Axial Age religions, humans came to acknowledge this element and made it a pivotal part of their lives. After presenting three important complements to Sloterdijk's argument, I present a new take on asceticism by relating it to the two main currents in classical scholarship, those of Durkheim and of Weber. Underlying the two perspectives is the transition in asceticism, highlighted by Sloterdijk in his understanding of the phenomenon as basically constituting training programs, from a ritually determined to an ideologically defined form encompassing one's entire life. Finally, I argue with Durkheim and Sloterdijk that asceticism should not be reduced to a religious phenomenon only, nor to one exclusively characteristic of religions. It is a basic feature of human life enacted on a continuum suspended between the two poles of individuality and collectivity.


This study assesses the predictive validity of aggregate frequency data yielded by Consumer Reports' annual surveys of problems experienced by owners of used cars. For cars representing each of five model years (1975-1979), bivariate and multivariate correlational techniques were used to analyze the data of six annual surveys. The data report owner problems experienced in 15 to 17 individual categories as well as an overall category. The study findings indicate that each year's reported frequencies of problems are highly predictive of next year's, both for the overall and individual categories. Predictability was found to differ significantly by individual problem category and by the recency of the survey data. Policy implications of the findings are discussed for consumer magazines, such as Consumer Reports , and for consumer educators and consumer researchers.


This paper reports the results from the thermal analysis, the steady state analysis and the thermal vacuum testing from the LEDSAT 1U CubeSat environmental qualification. While the thermal analysis has been computed to state the compliance of the CubeSat to the orbital environment, the steady state analysis has been performed to confirm the suitability of the selected thermal vacuum test levels for the survivability and operational ranges of the satellite components. The spacecraft system-level thermal vacuum testing has given satisfying results, with perfect functionalities of the spacecraft and with a successful qualification of the PFM for spaceflight.


. Financial statements prepared by entities must comply with financial accounting standards. Micro, small and medium business entities have their own standards, namely financial accounting standards for micro, small and medium-sized entities (SAK EMKM). This study aims to determine the application of SAK EMKM on Jewelry S Celuk Sukawati. Data analysis was performed using the comparative descriptive method. Stages of activities to be carried out in this study start with the presentation of financial statement presentation then followed by observing, comparing and analyzing the presentation of report elements and the presentation of financial statements according to SAK EMKM and finally making conclusions about the implementation of SAK EMKM. The results of this study indicate that the company's financial recording system is still simple and has not been able to present financial reports in accordance with SAK EMKM which includes statements of financial position, income statements and notes to financial statements.


Figure 2: Calculating specific yield from storm-induced groundwater change (Harder et al., 2007). BA [sq m]=[0.005454 x (DBH) ]*0.092903 Table 1: Prominent tree species by basal area (m2) for each piezometer site with wetness score (range1-5). Scores closer to 1 indicated more upland species, while scores closer to 5 indicated more facultative or obligate wetland species. Site S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 Topographic features hummock hollow hollow hollow hollow hollow hummock hummock Soil type sand/clay sand/ clay sand/ clay/ silt sand/ clay/ silt sand sand/ clay clay/ sand clay/ sand Specific yield 0.14 ± 0.05 0.19 ± 0.13 0.16 ± 0.10 0.16 ± 0.10 0.19 ± 0.09 0.15 ± 0.10 0.14 ± 0.06 0.19 ± 0.08 ET (mm/day) 10.09 7.5 ± 8 0.85 2.03 5.7 ± 4 4.42 ± 3 10.0 ± 7 1.0 ± 0.3 Basal Area (sq m) 3.83 1.64 2.55 1.76 3.76 4.67 2.60 1.97 Locatio n Wetness Score Prominent Species by Basal Area Common name Latin name photo S-1 3.78 Tupelo Nyssa sp. S-2 2.85 American beech Fagus grandifolia S-3 3.22 Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua S-4 4.05 Bald cypress Taxodium distichum S-5 3.40 Loblolly pine Pinus taeda S-6 4.64 Tupelo, bald cypress Nyssa sp., Taxodium distichum S-7 3.17 Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua S-8 3.94 Swamp laurel oak Quercus laurifolia References: Harder, S.V., Amatya, D.M., Callahan, T.J., Trettin, C.C., Hakkila, J. (2007) Hydrology and water budget for a forested Atlantic coastal plain watershed, South Carolina. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43(3): 563-575. Johnson, A.I. 1967. Specific yield — compilation of specific yields for various materials. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1662-D. U.S. G.P.O.: 1-74. Omernik, J.M. (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Map (scale 1:7,500,000). Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77(1): 118-125. Peet, R.K., Wentworth, T.R. and White, P.S. 1998. A Flexible, Multipurpose Method for Recording Vegetation Composition and Structure. Southern Appalachian Botanical Society. Castanea, Vol. 63, No. 3: 262-274. USDA. 2014. Wetland Indicator Status. United States Department of Agriculture. Walsh, Rush. 2010. Basal Area Guide. Mississippi Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks: 1-2. White, W. (1932) A method of estimating groundwater supplies based on discharge by plants and evaporation from soil. US Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 659-A. • ET signals were apparent year-round but more pronounced in the summer months (Figure 3). • Specific yield of the sediments were similar and in the expected ranges for fluvial sediments (Table 2). • ET was variable across sites and did not compare to BA, possibly due to microtopographic differences (Table 2). • Vegetation was reflective of bottomland hardwood forest type, however the wetness score differed by site (Table 1). Table 2: Topographic features and summary of soil type, ET, specific yield, and basal area for each piezometer site. Topographic features are defined as either a hummock or hollow. Soil type described during installation of piezometers. time W at er L ev el 14:00 2:00 8:00 20:00 2:00 h s ht1 ht2 Figure 3: Two-week snapshots of water levels in the shallow aquifer for each piezometer. (A) shows diurnal fluctuations in summer. (B) shows these patterns muted in winter. Both graphs have the same color codes. Indicator Status Wetness score Definition Obligate wetland (OBL) 5 almost always occur in wetlands Facultative wetland (FACW) 4 usually occur in wetlands, may occur in non-wetlands Facultative (FAC) 3 occur in both wetlands and non-wetlands Facultative upland (FACU) 2 usually occur in non-wetlands, may occur in wetlands Upland (UPL) 1 almost never occur in wetlands Table 3: Definitions of wetland indicator status and wetness score (USDA, 2014). A B


DVB-S2 is the standard currently used by millions of viewers to receive satellite HDTV channels. Even some UHD channels are already being broadcast via DVB-S2. Although UHD compression (H.265) is better than the H.264 standard currently in use, it still generates a larger data volume. Satellites will be pushed to capacity as more and more content providers jump on the UHD bandwagon. Modifying a transponder's channel spacing is no simple task. The frequencies are already occupied, the number of TV channels should not be reduced and backward compatibility with the existing receiver landscape must be guaranteed. This leaves only one option: more efficient use of the spectrum. Adopted in 2014, the new DVB-S2X standard does just this and is already supported by some consumer devices. DVB-S2X prepares


The title compounds, obtained by sintering techniques, show electrical conductivities of approximately 7·10-3 Scm-1 at 300 °C which is two orders of magnitude greater than that of NaZr2P3O12 (NZP).


Gestures with the evolution of user interaction interfaces have been offered as a means of natural interaction, for possessing characteristics like that of direct interaction, their flexibility, their reality of experience and their huge acceptability by the users. The Gesture Recognition systems proposed and implemented till date though have the ability to be a highly flexible means of interaction, instead these systems are confining the end users to an arbitrary, and rigidly defined gesture set. Even though the gesture recognition systems are adaptive to changing user characteristics due to fatigue level of experience or disability. But, allowing for flexibility in input styles must ensure a broader user base that could aid the user with a vocabulary set for interaction. Motivated by the concept the present research effort leads towards the design and application of a Vocabulary based Gesture Recognition System (VGRS). The mechanisms though have its inheritance from text-based interfaces, evolved from 2D graphical-based interfaces, and multimedia-supported interfaces. This present research effort concentrates on designing of gesture recognition system with the prospects of its application in various fields like virtual gaming, medical applications, education system based applications and defense and security applications. The objective is of developing a low cost interface design for interacting with computing devices in dynamic environment using hand gestures. This hand gesture recognition technique aims to replace the use of mouse for interaction with the computing devices in a dynamic environment.


This paper presents a study on the odorant perception and active olfaction for human olfactory senses and their active locations of estimated signal sources in the brain. In these experiments olfactory event-related potentials were measured by electroencephalography (EEG) and olfactory event-related magnetic fields were also measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG) using a 122 ch whole-head neuromagnetometer. Odorant stimuli were actively given into the right or left nose cavity through a thin silicon tube using a mask attached on the subject's face by an odorant pulse synchronized with the subject's respiratory cycle. MEG main response waves were sharply detected and these signal sources were estimated to exist as two dipoles bilaterally at the orbito-frontal lobe in the brain. In the authors' second experiments olfactory event-related magnetic fields were measured by an oddball paradigm using two odorants and these estimated signal sources were obtained in a few superior temporal regions. These active responses for odorants show one the capabilities of the role on the olfactory perception and active olfaction.


Field studies were conducted to compare the short- and long-term control of hemp dogbane by POST applications of Dowco 433, clopyralid, and 2,4-D amine. Dowco 433 at 140 g ae ha–1 controlled 81 to 93% of weeds at 8 wk after treatment. Good control (79 to 89%) was also achieved with 560 g ae ha–1 2,4-D amine at 8 wk after treatment. Twelve months after treatment, control of hemp dogbane averaged 65 to 75% where Dowco 433 was applied at rates of 140 g ha–1 or higher. Similar results were obtained with 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1. Control with clopyralid was minimal. Weed height and dry weight were reduced with all treatments except clopyralid. The effect of early versus late application was also evaluated in two studies. In certain situations, control 8 wk after treatment was greater when application was made during the early reproductive growth stage as opposed to the vegetative growth stage.


Dear Editors and Reviewers We would like to thank you for the useful comments made. We hope the current answers and the amendments made in the report will satisfy you. We answered specifically each of your comments below. On the overall, we agreed with all of them and we made specific amendments in the manuscript. The manuscript has been clarified consequently. We hope that it will satisfy you and that it will help to better understand the Irish surveillance salmonella system and the way we evaluated it. We left the track changes as required in the manuscript. After discussion in house, we reviewed two critical points in the discussion regarding the interpretation of a distance effect at NSRL and the fact that isolates from the west are received faster than the other. We considered that the explanation given over-interpreted the results. The same for the explanation given on the fact that clinician were more prompt to notify than the lab. Retrospectivly we though we did not have enough arguments to discuss these specific point the way we did it. We are looking forward to receiving your final decision. Abstract-Background The authors should clarify what cases are electronically reported: clinical and laboratory confirmed or only laboratory confirmed. All It has been clarified. This evaluation was done on reported confirmed Salmonella cases. A confirmed case should legally have clinical and laboratory notifications. As required later on in your comments, we added in the method section the case definitions used for cases notification. The last sentence of this section is not relevant for the introduction. It is a discussion point. We take it out from the abstract.-Methods The authors need to add a sentence which describes how they did these evaluations (crossing CIDR with the NSRL data base). It is currently not clear in the abstract. The method section has been detailed; we explained that the study completeness was done on non mandatory field taken from CIDR. We explained in the discussion why it is relevant to better filled out these specific fields. We explained in more details that the timeliness study was done using a merge between CIDR and the National Samonella Reference laboratory data in order to be able to give an overview of the timeliness of the system (which encompass the serotyping and the phagetyping analysis).-Results The authors need to define " days " and " IQ " in the …


The article is divided into two sections. First presents the role of eunuchs in Byzantine Empire in general. Second section focuses specifically on Narses, his life, main achievements and legacy.
The term eunuch (eÙnoàcoj) is ambiguous. It generally refers to people who are not able to procreate due to natural constitution or mutilation, but it can have many various meanings. It can also refer to the man who is absent from procreation due to impotence or celibate. For people who has been born incapacitated or with some hormonal anomalies we use term "natural eunuchs". There were several functions of eunuchs in Byzantine state we can differentiate. First is religious. Eunuchs were present in institution of Church from the very beginning. They could have been priests and patriarchs if they did not become eunuchs as a result of self-mutilation. Many eunuchs were high officials at the court of Byzantine emperors. They served as envoys, agents and as a members of palace guard. They were also responsible for superintending of the emperor's son. And finally, eunuchs were successful and talented military leaders. Life of Narses is fascinating example of a great career of eunuch in Byzantine Empire. He owes his success to his many talents and sympathy and protection of the emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora. He came to Constantinople from east, probably as a slave. At the beginning, he was a low rank official at the court. He also served as a member of the palace guard. Thanks to his intelligence and flexibility he became chamberlain at the court. Later he got a generalship of Byzantine army in Italy. He was called back to the capital, after he got involved in conflict with great general Belisarius. Several years later, however, Justinian once again used his skills to finally crush Ostrogoth's army. He spent his last years of life as governor of conquered land.


As a prelude to my discussion of digestion in cells, let me pay a brief tribute to the man who first conducted scientific studies on this topic. Elie (Ilia) Metchnikoff was born in 1845 in the province of Kharkoff, Russia. He was a brilliant student and early expressed the desire to study medicine, but was dissuaded by his mother, who thought him too frail and too sensitive to withstand the sight of human suffering. He took his degree in embryology and zoology and embarked on an academic life of teaching and research. His early career was most unhappy and unsettled, owing largely to ill health, the death of his first wife and his parents, and the deterioration of academic freedom at the Russian universities. In 1882 Metchnikoff resigned his post at Odessa following an academic squabble, and went to recuperate at one of his favorite spots on the Mediterranean, Messina. Here he first conceived of a special functional for "eating cells", or phagocytes as he later named them. His own words provide an exciting picture of the discovery:


This book investigates what it means to say that mental states -- thoughts, wishes, perceptual experiences, and so on -- are about things in the world. The answer it offers is a novel teleosemantic account of intentional content, grounded in and shaped by a carefully constructed theory of functions. This account centres on the claim that the content of an intentional state depends both on the information that it is supposed to carry and on the way in which it is used -- whether to trigger a simple response, to help keep track of an object or place, to help in planning a route through the environment, or in a sophisticated process of reasoning. Along the way, this account is defended from recent objections to teleosemantic theories, and applied to some notable problems in the philosophy of mind. The book brings together philosophy and biology in order to understand the mind as part of the natural world.


Abstract : The annotated bibliography represents an attempt to compile a complete list of literature published between 1965 - 1970 on the subject of remote sensing of air and water pollution. The general types covered include: Airborne and spacecraft surveillance; Photogrammetric; Lidar; Nephelometers; Non-dispersive infrared; Optical interferometer; Aerial panchromatic photography; Aerial infrared imagery; Radiophase; and Earth resistivity measurements.


pointed out that war conditions made it impossible to deal administratively with a number of questions that were too controversial to touch at the present time. For instance, it had been suggested that something might be done with regard to sanatorium treatment or with questions connected with the payment of doctors, but these things must wait until the return to normal conditions. In the course of his lengthy statement, Mr. Roberts made


The Ball Operational Weather Instrument Evolution-Microwave (BOWIE-M) is a sounding radiometer designed to provide atmospheric vertical moisture/temperature profiling (AVMP/AVTP) from the surface of the Earth to the mid-to-upper atmosphere. BOWIE-M data enables an environmental data record (EDR) set compatible with those produced by heritage sounder radiometers. Radiometers passively measure electromagnetic energy corresponding to atmospheric moisture density or temperature profiles, using frequencies and bands selected to correspond to specific altitudes or for retrieval of surface parameters. Radiometer data provides the majority of inputs for weather forecasting algorithms, used around the world on an hourly basis. An overview of the design strategy for BOWIE-M is presented here. The advent of the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) and the associated EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) standard, as well as similar SpaceX secondary payload standards (Dispenser Ring 15"/24", Starlink Adapter 15"/24" [1]) provide an opportunity for small spacecraft to be placed in orbit on a low-cost berth. BOWIE-M has specifically been designed to take advantage of these low-cost rideshare opportunities to reduce cost. The BOWIE-M architecture adheres to several key requirements identified early in its development: satisfying operational sounding requirements, use of integrated miniaturized low-power channelization assemblies, integrated miniaturized signal sampling, modular electronics, targeted digital processing capability, a consistent grounding approach to minimize noise, simplified RF front-ends and standardized interfaces, all designed to support affordable ESPA- or SpaceX-compatible secondary payload rideshare compatibility. While achieving the goals above, BOWIE-M's performance was also targeted to meet that requested by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [2]. The initial selection of the measured frequency bands, the "channels", reflected heritage NOAA radiometers, and was further refined during a 2020 NOAA-funded study that Ball performed to identify channel change effects on performance. These changes' effects informed the ability to modify the channel properties and thereby the architecture and implementation of the BOWIE-M design. Further enhancements are under study internally at Ball in 2021 to improve upper atmospheric sounding performance beyond the original 2020 NOAA study results. The antenna and feedhorn design followed an evolution over the course of multiple studies, and is dependent upon multiple parameters: ground track goals, mission altitude, ground footprint, cross vs. conical scanning, signal polarization, and measurement of Earth and calibration features. Radiometer signal sampling is another key design parameter, driven in part by integration time for each spatial sample. Heritage integration times were considered, and evaluated against corresponding "overlap" between adjacent samples. This was addressed in the 2020 NOAA study, and further clarification by NOAA about these goals has been forthcoming in 2021.


Bond v. United States had long been anticipated as the case in which the Supreme Court would revisit Missouri v. Holland (1920) and limit Congress's authority to implement treaties. In the event, the Court did nothing of the kind. Only three Justices would have recognized judicially enforceable limits on the Treaty Power (Thomas, joined by Scalia and Alito, concurring in the judgment), and only two would have adopted the crabbed reading of the Necessary and Proper Clause advocated by Professor Nicholas Rosenkranz (Scalia, joined by Thomas, concurring in the judgment).