The FANTOM5 expression atlas is a quantitative measurement of the activity of nearly 200,000 promoter regions across nearly 2,000 different human primary cells, tissue types and cell lines. Generation of this atlas was made possible by the use of CAGE, an experimental approach to localise transcription start sites at single-nucleotide resolution by sequencing the 5′ ends of capped RNAs after their conversion to cDNAs. While 50% of CAGE-defined promoter regions could be confidently associated to adjacent transcriptional units, nearly 100,000 promoter regions remained gene-orphan. To address this, we used the CAGEscan method, in which random-primed 5′-cDNAs are paired-end sequenced. Pairs starting in the same region are assembled in transcript models called CAGEscan clusters. Here, we present the production and quality control of CAGEscan libraries from 56 FANTOM5 RNA sources, which enhances the FANTOM5 expression atlas by providing experimental evidence associating core promoter regions with their cognate transcripts. Design Type(s) parallel group design • organism part comparison design Measurement Type(s) transcription profiling assay Technology Type(s) cap analysis of gene expression Factor Type(s) tissue Sample Characteristic(s) Homo sapiens • brain • heart • testis • retina • aortic smooth muscle cell • blood • lung • prostate gland • spleen • middle frontal gyrus • amygdala • hippocampal formation • thalamus • medulla oblongata • parietal lobe • substantia nigra • spinal cord • pineal body • globus pallidus • pituitary gland • occipital cortex • caudate nucleus • locus ceruleus • cerebellum • aortic endothelial cell • gingival fibroblast • CD14-positive monocyte • endothelial progenitor cell • aortic adventitial fibroblast • intestinal epithelial cell • mesothelium • annulus pulposus cell • stroma of pancreas • respiratory epithelial cell • mammary epithelial cell • placental epithelial cell • skeletal muscle cell • omentum preadipocyte • mast cell • renal cell carcinoma cell line • immortal human skin-derived cell line cell • maxillary sinus tumor cell line • immortal human uterine cervix-derived cell line cell • gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma • neurilemoma cell line • glioblastoma cell line • chronic myeloid leukemia cell line • acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line • neuroblastoma cell line • cervical cancer cell line • osteosarcoma cell line • chondrosarcoma cell line • synovial sarcoma cell • myeloma cell line • lymphocytic leukemia cell line Design Type(s) parallel group design • organism part comparison design Measurement Type(s) transcription profiling assay Technology Type(s) cap analysis of gene expression Factor Type(s) tissue Sample Characteristic(s) Homo sapiens • brain • heart • testis • retina • aortic smooth muscle cell • blood • lung • prostate gland • spleen • middle frontal gyrus • amygdala • hippocampal formation • thalamus • medulla oblongata • parietal lobe • substantia nigra • spinal cord • pineal body • globus pallidus • pituitary gland • occipital cortex • caudate nucleus • locus ceruleus • cerebellum • aortic endothelial cell • gingival fibroblast • CD14-positive monocyte • endothelial progenitor cell • aortic adventitial fibroblast • intestinal epithelial cell • mesothelium • annulus pulposus cell • stroma of pancreas • respiratory epithelial cell • mammary epithelial cell • placental epithelial cell • skeletal muscle cell • omentum preadipocyte • mast cell • renal cell carcinoma cell line • immortal human skin-derived cell line cell • maxillary sinus tumor cell line • immortal human uterine cervix-derived cell line cell • gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma • neurilemoma cell line • glioblastoma cell line • chronic myeloid leukemia cell line • acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line • neuroblastoma cell line • cervical cancer cell line • osteosarcoma cell line • chondrosarcoma cell line • synovial sarcoma cell • myeloma cell line • lymphocytic leukemia cell line Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)


Although sanitation is a fundamental human right, over 26,500 people die annually due to inadequate sanitation in Tanzania. This situation involves a loss of approximately 301 billion TZS (US$ 206 million). Administrative challenges are part of inadequate sanitation contributors as government actors who took over power after colonization were trained by and emulated the former rulers. Although researchers have researched sanitation practices, few have examined Tanzania's history of sanitation. The paucity of studies on the history of sanitation hinders efforts to address sanitation issues resulting from historical flaws. This review examines the history of sanitation practices in Tanzania especially the provision of sanitation facilities from colonial times to the present time. In this study, Dar es Salaam received more attention because it was Tanganyika's major urbanized area during colonialism. Thus, it attracted more pressure on sanitation infrastructure. The findings indicate that inequity characterized colonial sanitation provision. After independence, the government's role to improve sanitation was strengthened. However, the emphasis was put on interventions which were top-down, prioritizing latrine construction of any form while disregarding the history of sanitation practices. Further progress could be achieved by considering home-grown solutions and equality in the provision of sanitation services.


Abstract. The nymphs of Quadrinarea Goding are described and illustrated for the first time. Previously considered endemic to Jamaica, adults were recently discovered in Dominica (new country record) and possibly Guyana. The nymphs lack the scoli on the head, thorax, or abdomen that are common among the nymphs of many membracid taxa, including some members of most other tribes of Smiliinae. We also have collection records of adults suggesting that eggs are laid in clutches and that its native host plant is Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae).


To study the uncertainty of glyphosate in tea,we study the testing process in order to determine the major source of uncertainty. Besides we evaluate and synthesize each component of uncertainty. As the content of glyphosate is 0. 67 mg / kg,the expanded uncertainty is 0. 026 mg / kg. The result of glyphosate content can be expressed as follows: X =( 0. 67 ± 0. 026) mg / kg,k = 2,P = 95 %.


Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19 disease, the World Health Organization declared it a global pandemic on 11/03/2019.This article provides an overview of COVID-19 diseases which become a global epidemic, and its origin as well as previous epidemic. Sri Lanka a South Asian country has also become a victim of the epidemic ,which in addition to it's health effects has had a number of adverse effects in various field and that case also discussed here. Curfew has severely affected Sri Lanka's manufacturing, agricultural, export and service industries due to severe travel restrictions and this tutorial will briefly study those implications. This note also discusses the tourism industry which is a major source of income in Sri Lanka and its impact due to the epidemic. It also focuses on the impact of employment on Sri Lanka's GDP and the consequent poverty in Sri Lanka. It also draws attention to the adverse effects on the Sri Lankan economy due to the adverse effects on the export industry, which accounts for 30% of Sri Lanka's export earnings.


Cisplatin in combination with fluorouracil still is considered as the basic therapeutic scheme for advanced esophageal cancer. New cytotoxic drugs, such as taxanes and topoisomerase inhibitor etc, and new regimens are focus researches for medical treatment. Intravenous fluorouracil can be replaced by oral fluorouracil derivative, and cisplatin can be replaced by oxaliplatin in the regimens of contained cisplatin and fluorouracil for advanced esophageal cancer. Patients with advanced esophageal cancer are now offered seconded line treatment, and the number of research protocols is increasing. Molecule targeted therapy as a promising treatment will provide more and better options for patients.

Key words:
Esophageal neoplasms;  Therapeutic uses;  Antineoplastic agents


Land is a great asset to humanity but the effort of man to derive the maximum benefit from land is often fettered by the right of his neighbour to utilise the adjacent landed property in line with his own pleasure. The interference manifests in terms of noise pollution, discomfort and other disturbances that affect the enjoyment of the land owned by other landlords. Are the disturbances and interference justified or justifiable in the face of serious health hazard which they posed to other land users? Could anything be done to put a stop to those excesses of man or man's callousness to fellow man? This paper is set to investigate these and other similar questions, and as well, interrogate the socio-cultural dynamics that affect and prevent the enjoyment of land to the fullest in the country.


13C NMR data for 21 cycloalkanespiro‐hydantoin derivatives, substituted at position 3, are reported and compared with those for the corresponding 4‐hydroxy derivatives.


Currently,the problem that it is difficult for the college students to get a job is increasingly becoming a social focus.To find out the reason for this phenomenon,Beijing Institute of Technology initiated a social survey in the summer holiday of 2007.From the two aspects of the preparation of college students to look for a job and the requirement of enterprise for qualified people,they analyzed the current situation of college students to prepare for a job and the need of enterprise based on full and accurate cruising data.And by the comparison of both of them,they analyzed the principal factor which affects the employment of the college students as well.In order to promote the employment of the college students,they put forward the corresponding solutions and suggestions to help the college students to understand themselves more truly and see the direction to make efforts more clearly.


Purpose: To analyse the potential of various scenarios for reduction of carbon footprint of
iron and steel sector and to reveal plausible pathways for modernisation.
Design/methodology/approach: Several scenarios have been developed in order to
assess the dynamics and extent of decarbonisation required to meet the global climate
change mitigation target. This includes deployment of the best available technologies,
increased share of secondary steel production route and deployment of innovative ironmaking
technologies with various decarbonisation extent achieved in a variable timeframe.
Findings: The window of opportunities to ensure compliance of steel sector development with
climate goal still exists though shrinks. Modernisation shall include global deployment of best
available technologies, increased share of secondary steel production and rapid deployment
of innovative technologies including carbon capture and storage. Delayed modernisation will
require much deeper decarbonisation, which will increase the total cost of mitigation. International
policies shall be put in place to ensure availability of funding and to assist technology transfer.
Short term transition strategies shall be employed as soon as possible for bridging long term
climate change mitigation strategies and current state of the iron and steel industry worldwide.
Research limitations/implications: Methodology applied takes into account the
best available technologies and some novel ironmaking methods with the potential for
commercialisation during the next decade; however, it is implied that the radically innovative
iron- and steelmaking technologies with near-zero CO2 emissions will not be mature enough
to deliver tangible impact on the sector's carbon footprint before 2050.
Practical implications: Obtained results can be helpful for definition of the modernisation
strategies (both state-level and corporate) for the iron and steel industry.
Originality/value: Dynamics and extent of decarbonisation required to meet global
climate change mitigation targets have been revealed and the results can be valuable for
assessment of the consistency of sectoral climate strategies with global targets.


When a pedagogical agent system aims to provide students with interactive help, it needs to know what knowledge the student has and what goals the student is currently trying to achieve. That is, it must do both assessment and plan recognition. These modeling tasks involve a high level of uncertainty when students are allowed to follow various lines of reasoning and are not required to show all their reasoning explicitly. In this paper, the student model for interactive edutainment applications is proposed. This model is based on Bayesian Networks to expose constructs and parameters of rules and propositions pertaining to game and problem solving activities. This student model could be utilized as the emotion generation model for student and agent as well.


The general search engine (GSE) provides service to the users by dispensing the users' requests to the factual search engines. The factual search engines selected by GSE determine the searching quality. Because the performance of the factual search engines and the users' requests are changed dynamically, it is not favorable for the fixed search engines to optimize the holistic performance of GSE. This paper adopts the genetic algorithm (GA) to realize the scheduling strategy of agent manager, which can simulate the evolution process of living things more lively and more efficiently. By using GA, we can optimize the combination of search engines and then improve the holistic performance of GSE.


Partial purification and properties of pantothenic acid synthetase (D-pantoate: ƒÀ-alanine ligase (AMP), E. C. 6. 3. 2. 1) which catalyzes the condensation of Dpantoic acid and ƒÀ-alanine in the presence of ATP have been reported by Mass,1) Mass and Novelli2) and Pfleiderer et al.3•`6) with the enzyme preparations from Escherichia coli. The former group employed a micro bioassay technique with a pantothenate-auxotrophic mutant of E. coli7) for the determination of the enzyme activity while the latter a spectrometric method3) in a complicated system of enzyme reactions, in which AMP formed during the condensation was converted into ADP (myokinase) and then into ATP (pyruvate kinase) and the liberated pyruvate was allowed to oxidize NADH in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase. These methods, though elaborated, lack satisfactory simplicity, speed and other conveniences for studying this enzyme. In the experiments reported here, which constitute a part of detailed studies on the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid in this laboratory, we introduced an isotopic method of determining the activity of panto thenic acid synthetase by the use of ƒÀ-alanine-1-14C, and the radioactive pantothenic acid formed was de termined after separation by ion-exchanger column chromatography by measuring its radioactivity. By using this technique, simpler and speedier than the reported ones, we studied on some properties of this enzyme in a 35-fold purified preparation from E. coli B and revised the optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme reaction, which had been reported previously. Apparent Km values for the substrates under these conditions are presented also.


In the past, teaching grammar had been central to and often synonymous with teaching foreign language for the past 2500 years (Rutherford, 1987). However, with the advent of communicative language teaching, the necessity of grammar instruction has become the center of an ongoing debate. The role of grammar instruction in the classroom had moved from a position of central importance to that of an "outcast," and is now being brought back into the classroom to aid students' communicative competence. In fact, in any case, it is clear that no one should dismiss grammar instruction altogether, because there is no empirical evidence that to do so is ultimately more beneficial to foreign language learning. Instead, by forcing students into communication tasks beyond their grammatical competence would encourage pidginization and premature fossilization in the process of second/foreign language acquisition. Therefore, grammar instruction is necessary, even in the communicative language classroom. To improve grammar teaching, three suggestions are presented. First, teaching needs to be informed by descriptions of grammar which accurately reflect authentic language and show how grammar is a resource for making and exchanging meanings in context. Second, grammar teaching needs to be integrated into the teaching of speaking, listening, writing, and reading skills. In other words, grammar should be seen as facilitating communication in all modes, not as an isolated area of study exemplified by "the grammar lesson." Third, grammar needs to be taught through engaging learners in meaningful and motivating activities.


A longitudinal study of infants (n=23) from 6 to 13 months was made to explore infants' responses to objects high on complexity and responsiveness compared to low-scored ones, and whether the high-scored objects were preferred. Further, it was explored to what extent individual differences of the infants represent a source of variation. The results showed that more than 50% of the total variance was accounted for by differences in object qualities, and about 25% by individual differences. High-scored objects were significantly more often preferred compared to low-scored ones irrespective of age.


A technique for making a permanent imprint of trichoglyphs (cowlicks). A liquid solvent is applied to the surface of the trichoglyph. A flexible sheet of solvent-soluble material is pressed over the wetted trichoglyph area. The sheet is marked and indexed with respect to externally recognizable anatomical features of the animal adjacent to the trichoglyph area. This results in the impression of the trichoglyph configuration in geometric relation to indexed markings on the sheet indicative of the position of the trichoglyph on the body of the animal. The sheet is subsequently removed and dried. The resulting impression can be used to produce prints for later comparison purposes and for recording of the trichoglyph features.


Article discusses how the resource-saving technologies and crop rotations determine the phytosanitary situation on spring wheat fields. The attention is focused on innovative research of M.K. Suleimenov introducing rotations of wheat with other crops in northern Kazakhstan.


The following article describes three main aspects blind foreign language teachers encounter in their work: the right perception of blindness, the appropriate adaptive technology and the effective classroom management. The article is based on my personal experience and observations. It answers the questions I have been frequently asked since the first year of my work as an Italian language teacher. The article is addressed not only to perspective and working blind teachers and their sighted colleagues but also to all the people interested in the subject. Although teaching foreign languages may sometimes be challenging for visually impaired people, I strongly believe that with dedication and creativity it is possible to do it successfully. Keywords—Visually impaired; foreign language teaching; adaptive technologies; perception of blindness; blind culture; classroom management strategies; rapport


The opening chapter of Digital Badges in Education: Trends, Issues, and Cases is a piece written by Sheryl Grant entitled, 'History and Context of Open Badges'. There's


China is positioning itself as a global leader in both renewable energy research, development, and deployment, and fossil fuel investment, exploration, and consumption. The newly merged mega-company, China Energy Investment Corp., has agreed to invest an unprecedented $83.7 billion into shale gas, power, and chemical projects in West Virginia. This decision comes after a visit to China by the United States' President Trump, during which he secured professed commitments for over $250 billion in energy investments across the United States. While investment and dispossession in Appalachia have long been international in scope, the scale of this investment, as well as its particular political-historical context, makes this case unique. This paper analyzes two key processes central to this conjuncture in West Virginia's recent history. First, building on recent scholarship, it argues that the ways in which the social and environmental costs of meeting China's energy needs are increasingly being externalized into global "sacrifice zones" at global scales, even as China is making massive domestic investments in renewable energy, may constitute a sort of regional "socioecological fix" to the environmental effects of capitalist development. Second, via a consideration of Gaventa's classic and more recent analyses of power and powerlessness in an Appalachian coal community, it explores why and how political assent to such development—which seems to reprise so many historical patterns that local critics decry—is secured in West Virginia. In doing so, it pays particular attention to the ways in which these familiar processes are playing out in a distinctive contemporary context, one characterized by a combination of populist and authoritarian politics that, in the United States, have touted false promises to "bring back coal" and rejuvenate a struggling local economy, and in China have led an authoritarian state to maintain economic growth for the nation at all costs.


Context: Diverse findings reported during the past years has established the molecular mechanisms by which a disparity in the redox balance system in microenvironment and cells with high grade of Oxidative Stress (OS) can cause oxidation of macromolecules as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, thus bringing about their function alteration. These events also result in modulation of redox circuits herein signal transduction pathways and activation of transcription factors that can lead to chronic inflammation and contribute to several chronic diseases, including eye diseases and retinopathy.


Domesticated timopheevi wheat (Triticum timopheevi) is an endemic crop of western Georgia in Transcaucasia. It has a distinct nuclear genome (2n = 28, AAGG) and is genetically isolated from other wheat species. To clarify the genetic diversity and the domestication of this interesting wheat, we analyzed molecular variation at 23 microsatellite loci in the chloroplast genome. Allelic diversity was evaluated using 94 accessions representing domesticated timopheevi wheat (T. timopheevi), wild timopheevi wheat (T. araraticum), and wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides). The average diversity index (H) in T. araraticum (0.206) was smaller than that in T. dicoccoides (0.284). No polymorphisms were detected among the six accessions of T. timopheevi, suggested a monophyletic origin of domesticated timopheevi wheat. Phylogenetic analyses of the plastotypes revealed clear differences between the chloroplast DNA of timopheevi wheat and emmer wheat, and thus supported the hypothesis that these two wheat species originated independently. None of the T. araraticum plastotypes collected in Transcaucasia were closely related to the T. timopheevi plastotype. On the other hand, the plastotypes found in northern Syria and southern Turkey showed closer relationships with T. timopheevi. These results suggested that the domestication of timopheevi wheat might have occurred in the region including southern Turkey and northern Syria.


The amendment of the Sharia Court position within the Indonesia's public court jurisdiction is contained in Article 27 of Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Powers where the existence of the Sharia Court is no longer stated to be included in the scope of the special court within this law. The amendment set different tone from what is contained in Law No. 4 of 2004 which in the elucidation of Article 15 states that, the Sharia Court is part of a special court. The problematic issue of Sharia Court's absolute authority in Aceh province under Indonesia judicial system is also the main study discussed in this article. At the end of the article, suggestions for improvement are also presented in order to strengthen the position of the Sharia Court in Indonesia judicial system.


Objective: To study the difference on the content of chemical components and quality of different period's Spring Xinyangmaojian tea. Method and major content: Use the weight method to determine and compare the water,water extracts of different period's spring Xinyangmaojian tea; use the ultraviolet split light luminosity method to determine and compare the caffeine, amino acids, the polyphenols, the catechins and chlorophyll of different period's spring Xinyangmaojian tea; use the common organoleptic method to evaluate and compare: appearance, liquor color, aroma, taste, infused leaf of the different period's spring Xinyangmaojian tea. Result: During the different period, breed, tender level, the content of chemical components and quality appear the difference: caffeine, amino acids the content of them: the earlier the higher, the tender the higher, Fudingdabaicha is higher than the Longjing 43. the polyphenols, catechins and chlorophyll the content of them: the earlier the lower, the tender the lower, Fudingdabaicha is lower than the Longjing43. Conclusion: period factor affects the overall quality of tea.


Mechanism was investigated for the chromogenic reaction of testosterone (I) with sulfuric acid. Dication (II in Chart 1) produced at the primary stage of the reaction was transformed into the chromophoric χ-484 (XIIa in Chart 4) via its conjugate base (VIII in Chart 4) by acid-base catalyzed isomerization. The conjugate base of the χ-484 (XIIb), 17, 17-dimethyl-18-norandrosta-4, 6, 8 (14)-trien-3-one (XIb), was isolated in 40% yield in the reaction of the epoxide (V in Chart 2) with sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid solution of the trienone (XIa, b) showed a maximum absorption at 484 nm (e=42000). The pKa value of XIIa was also determined.


Matrix reasoning or geometric analogy problems, like those found on the widely used Raven's Progressive Matrices test of intelligence, have been used as a challenge for machine intelligence since the early work of Evans in the 1960s. While AI research on the RPM has gone through dramatic shifts alongside other AI advances, including a dramatic rise of machine-learning-based approaches in the last five years, many of these studies have progressed in relatively siloed research lines, making it difficult to compare different approaches and judge progress in the field as a whole. This paper intends to provide a framework for understanding the different lines of work in this research field. In particular, we reviewed 50+ computational models for solving RPM or RPM-like problems and collated them into a linear conceptual framework to help researchers navigate across these diverse research paradigms. We also provide instructions on other resources such as problem/data sets and necessary background knowledge of RPM.


The other day I was visiting with a friend of mine. He is a knowledgeable conversationalist. We talked about Greek culture, Western architecture, Christianity, Western oil paintings, etc. During the conversation, he proudly showed me an album of paintings and calligraphic works by Huang Miaozi and Yu Feng, a couple of


Transitions to democracy are good settings to observe possible changes of beliefs, attitudes and values. This paper analyzes shifts in democratic beliefs during Argentine political transition towards democracy. Through the analysis of different surveys in the period 1982-8 diverse patterns concerning two sets of democratic attitudes were observed. Those dealing with participatory democracy proved to be not only highly supported but also stable throughout the period. On the other hand the libertarian orientations exhibit lower consensus and proved to be much more unstable. They grew at the beginning of the transition but later a regression to pre-transition levels took place, associated with the increase of socio-economic discontent. Also a relationship between less libertarian democratic attitudes and lower socio-economic levels was observed. The findings call into question the socialization effects of democratic institutions during relatively short periods in a context of economic crisis and rising discontent. The relationship between a democratic political culture and a democratic regime is a recurrent theme in the classic political literature. For thinkers like Montesquieu, Rousseau and de Tocqueville, the spreading of democratic values and beliefs in society as a whole seemed necessary to support attitudes and patterns of behavior that would uphold the consolidation of democratic institutions. Perhaps the most illustrative example of this view is de Tocqueville's (p. 303) famous assertion that 'What renders Americans particularly able to bear the rule of democracy is a set of common practices.' This view also assumes that in stable democracies these cultural attitudes are, to a large extent existent prior to democratic institutions or, at least, developed at the same time. However, the rapid consolidation of new democratic systems after the Second World War showed that transitional political processes not only imply the establishment of a new type of regime, but also significant changes in other spheres of society. This includes the development of democratic cultural © World Association for Public Opinion Research iggo D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /ijpor/articleact/2/2/155/684403 by gest on 07 M arch 2019 156 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH attitudes arising from new political structures. Cases such as the Federal Republic of Germany or Spain show that the mere act of replacing totalitarian or authoritarian systems by democratic institutions may encourage the emergence of significant changes in the beliefs of the people. (See Verba, 1965; Conradt, 1980; Herz, 1982; Lopez Pintor, 1982.) Political transition implies a growing acquaintance with the new regime; as Rustow (1970) maintains, 'the acceptance of these rules is logically a part of the transition process itself rather than a prerequisite of that process'. It is on the basis of these contentions that relevant changes in the population's political attitudes may be expected during the Argentine transition in the aftermath of the Malvinas War of 1982. The democratic transition in Argentina was preceded by a cultural heritage whereby political experience with military governments, characterized by authoritarian procedures, demobilization attempts and discrediting political activity in general—has met with the experience resulting from long populist periods distinguished by the presence of massive political mobilization and charismatic leadership. Raul Alfonsin, the first constitutional president of the democratic transition, expressed his awareness regarding the nature of Argentina's political culture— which proved to be unfavorable for democracy in the past—and the need to introduce changes in that culture in order to facilitate and strengthen the emergence of democratic political structures.' The Government of the Radical party has reinstated the rule of law, the system of public liberties and political participation, in virtue of which a sequence of electoral acts have taken place since 1983: parliamentary elections in 1985; legislative and provincial elections in 1987, and the presidential elections in 1989. At the same time, Alfonsin's government suffered a number of economic failures that have led to growing discontent in the population and to defeat by the Peronists in the elections of 1987 and 1989. In order to secure the cultural bases of the political system, new democratic structures would have to operate within a context characterized by the confluence of a cultural legacy scarcely favorable to democracy and growing economic difficulties. The impact of this context may be observed through a sequence of measurements regarding attitudes of support for democracy studied since the beginning of transition. 1 Raul Alfonsin, speech delivered at the Plenary Session of Delegates to the National Committee of the Radical Party, Buenos Aires, Parque None, December 1985. 2 This paper is based upon a set of dita taken from several opinion polls carried out by IPSA, the SIP (Secretariat of Public Information, dependent upon the Presidency of the Nation) and ESTUDIOS. The purpose and aims of these surveys vary according to time and institutional context, but all of them share a common theoretical framework and a similar methodological approach, due to the fact that they were all carried out by the author of the present paper. Information obtained from surveys carried out by IPSA consists of: Two surveys in greater urban centers, the first in May-June 1982 (1,700 interviews), the second in May 1983 (1,800 cases). These two studies employed probabilistic multi-stage sampling procedures. Information obtained through the SIP consisted of five surveys carried out in large urban centers, in May D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /ijpor/articleact/2/2/155/684403 by gest on 07 M arch 2019 DEMOCRACY IN ARGENTINA DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD 157 THE TWO IDEALS OF DEMOCRACY The idea of democracy has historically included two main streams of thought: one of them, mainly Anglo-Saxon, stresses the libertarian ideal; the other one, of continental origins, emphasizes the idea of egalitarianism (Sabine, 1952). The former view, appearing alongside the Puritan Revolution, with demands for greater religious tolerance, associates freedom with tolerance and the recognition of political minorities. From that point on, a number of political institutions (like Parliament and the Judiciary) have developed in order to secure those liberties. This viewpoint has stressed the separation of Church and State, and has underscored the difference between public and private interests, which has led to a clearly protective stance, mainly in connection with coercian as wielded from political power (Sartori, 1962). On the other hand, the egalitarian doctrine has stressed the notion of citizenship, which regulates the rights and duties of individuals vis-a-vis political power in a uniform manner. The extension of citizenship has basically meant the denial of adscriptive privileges. The concept of political egalitarianism has reached its greatest institutional expression in universal suffrage. From a historical perspective, political democracy has combined both traditions, the libertarian and the egalitarian ideals. Extending universal suffrage and citizenship has been strongly linked to freedom of association, development of political parties and respect for minorities and their different types of expression. From a political viewpoint, democracy as a political system is characterized by those two dimensions, taking into account the philosophical principles already mentioned. According to Robert Dahl (1972), poliarchies are political regimes in which competitive politics and inclusiveness are both strongly built in political devices and institutionalized phenomena. Beliefs linked to these dimensions have been seen as relevant factors for the endurance of a democratic system (Griffith et al., 1956; Prothro and Grigg, i960; Dahl, 1972). People's ideas about democracy are hardly irrelevant to the stability of a political regime based upon democratic institutions. Undoubtedly, a complex set of routines and norms comes between people's beliefs and the traits of the political regime, but it is difficult to imagine that an actively anti-democratic society could coexist with a democratic regime. As Dahl (1972, p. 126) points out, 'It seems evident that individuals' beliefs influence collective actions, and 1984 (1,984 cases), April 1985 (1,500 cases), August 1985 (1,500 cases), April 1986 and September 1986 (1,800 cases). Data gathered through ESTUDIOS came from three surveys in great urban centers carried out in April, May, and June 1988 with 2,000 cases in each survey. Samples corresponding to SIP and ESTUDIOS surveys followed probabilistic procedures for the selection of square-blocks and the quota system for the age and sex of the respondents. All surveys mentioned above applied structured questionnaires, and the interviews took place in the respondents' homes. D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /ijpor/articleact/2/2/155/684403 by gest on 07 M arch 2019 158 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH TABLE I Participative pro-democratic attitudes May May May April August April Sept. May June 1982 1983 1984 1985 198s 1986 1986 1988 1988 (percentage) 'The best political system is one based on periodical elections' (agreement) 70 79 83 n.a. n.«. 84 82 80 79 'In Argentina only educated people should be allowed to vote' (disagreement) n.a. rLa. 77 76 76 72 71 n.a. 77 Source: Surveys carried out in greater urban centers by IPSA (1982-3), SIP (1984 through 1986) and ESTUDIOS (1988), see footnote 2. hence the structure and functioning of institutions and systems'. Dahl (1972, p. 130) also states that 'to believe in the institutions of polyarchy means to believe, at the very least, in the legitimacy of both public contestation and participation. In practice, these two dimensions


With the development of sensor, computer and communication, the researcher attaches more and more attentions to the research of the wireless sensor networks because of its bright future in applications. This paper introduces the structure, characteristics of wireless sensor networks. Then, some key questions of the research field are discussed based on the basic principles. The end of paper discusses the application fields of wireless sensor networks and comes to a conclusion.


[Objective]To establish an ovarian tumor model in C57BL/6 mice with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) injection and observe its biological features.[Methods]Ten female mice were injected with DMBA under ovary membrane through microinjector in operation and under aenethsia.Necropsy after 4 months observation,and then gross aspects,light microscopy,and other respects of the cancer bearing mice were examined.Preliminary observations on the biological characteristics of the tumor tissue were performed.[Results]One mouse was died of severe infection after operation;two mice were tumor free, while the other seven were found bearing with undifferentiated carcinoma and/or aden carcinoma,respectively.Its biological features were quite comparable with ovarian tumor in woman.[Conclusion J DMBA can induce ovarian tumor in C57BL/6 mice and it can serve as an animal model for study of ovarian tumor.


Half-P.C. slab system is one of the composite structural
systems which utilize precast concrete for lower protion
and cast in situ concrete for upper portion slab. To resist
the horizontal shear strength happened at the interface
between topping and P.C. concrete slab, a cratch method has
 been tried. The purpose of this paper is representing
economical index for design and manufacturing of the
Half-P.C.. To determine ultimate interface shear strength,
shear stress, coefficient, high and normal strength concrete
 are used for topping concrete. Major variables are
compressive strength of topping concrete with or without
shear tie, scratching roughness of the P.C. surface and tie
 or untie of the stud with Welded Wire Fabric in the P.C.
member. The cross sectional area on joints is 3,200 cm2 in
all specimens. Test results showed that horizontal shear
strength could be guaranteed by just scratching without
shear tie. In addition, it was found shear coefficient
determinent equation was sufficient for shear design.
Shear coefficient determinent equation is 0.00246+0.00599R
- 0.0008R2.


Aim To investigate the diagnosis standards and treatment of severe Budd Chiari syndrome(BCS).Methods The clinical data of 126 patients with severe BCS from November 1994 to 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. Percutaneous transhepatic recanalization and dilation and/or stent placelment of main hepatic vein in 10 cases; Mesocaval C type shunt with artificial graft was performed in 68 cases, splenojugular shunt in 33 cases, mesojuglar shunt in 1 case; Mesocaval shunt or improved splenopneumopexy after percutaneous intraluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stent placement of inferior vena cava(IVC) in 14 cases. Results Six cases died during perioperation. One hundred and twenty patients were followed up for 6 months to 7 years and found that 89 cases had excellent result and 31 had good result.Conclusion Diagnosis standard of severe BCS is put forward. Proper treatment should be used according to the pathological changes of IVC and main hepatic veins (MHV).


On the basis of core and log data from more than 30 wells in Kebai area of northwest Junggar basin,this paper analyses the lithology and sedimentology of sand-gravel in Kebai area by means of microscope and scanning electronic microscope.Results show that the sand-gravel of Permian Fengcheng Formation in the study area mainly consists of lithic sandstone and feldspar lithic sandstone,and the sedimentary facies are dominated by fan delta and alluvial fan.The fan delta frontier subfacie underwater distributary channel microfacie with the best petrophysical property can provide favorable reservoir space,followed by the fan delta plain subfacie underwater distributary channel microfacie.Diageneses in study area mainly comprise compaction,cementation and dissolution.Compaction is destructive to porosity and permeability,which are less than 10% and 1×10-3μm2 under 4 000m.Cementation,not only destructive but also constructive,can inhibit the compaction to keep the distance among particles.The space dissolved can form channel for hydrocarbon accumulation and migration.Dissolution,especially in deep reservoir with a strong pressure,makes the migration easy.


3 State of the Art 5 Aim of the Project 25 Main Results 27 Conclusions and Future Prospects 31 References 33 Acknowledgement 47


Objective To compare the clinical effect of traumatic loose upper incisors by fixation of resin splint with stainless steel sil and fixation of dental arch splint.Methods 52 teeth were randomly divided into two groups,fixed by resin splint with stainless steel sil and dental arch splint,respectively.The clinical effect was evaluated.Results Effect of the experimental group were better than that of the control group on stabilization of traumatic loose upper incisors in 6-month follow-up(P0.05).SBI,GI and PLI of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group(P0.01).Conclusion The resin splint with stainless steel sil is effective for fixation of loose teeth with the smaller periodontium irritation.


We investigated the effects of growth temperature on the surface morphology and domain structure of ZnO nanorods and films grown on Al2O3 (0 0 0 1) substrates in a temperature range of Tg = 180–330 °C by metal–organic chemical vapour deposition. As the growth temperature decreased, ZnO nanorods having a sharp tip changed into ZnO films with a faceted surface morphology. The ZnO films grown at a lower growth temperature (e.g. Tg ⩽ 240 °C) consisted of two domains with different in-plane orientations, while 30°-twist ZnO domains became dominant for higher growth temperature (e.g. Tg ⩾ 280 °C) to reduce the lattice mismatch. It was found that the inclination angle of the side facet observed in the surface of the ZnO layers was determined by the surface area of several facets such as , and planes. A detailed discussion regarding the effects of growth temperature on the growth behaviour and evolution of ZnO layers is presented in this work.


Background: Data show that a single dose of casirivimab and imdevimab (REGEN-COV(R)) is effective in treating hospitalized individuals and outpatients with COVID-19 and in post-exposure prophylaxis. We present results from a phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of repeat monthly doses of subcutaneous (SC) REGEN-COV in uninfected adult volunteers who were healthy or had chronic stable medical conditions. Methods: Subjects were randomized (3:1) to SC REGEN-COV 1200 mg or placebo dosed every 4 weeks for up to 6 doses. The primary and secondary endpoints evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of multiple-dose administration of REGEN-COV. Efficacy was evaluated by the incidence of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion. Results: In total, 969 subjects were treated. Repeat monthly dosing of SC REGEN-COV led to a 92.4% relative risk reduction in clinically-defined COVID-19 compared to placebo (3/729 [0.4%] vs 13/240 [5.4%]; odds ratio: 0.07 [95% CI, 0.01-0.27]), and a 100% reduction in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (0/729 vs 10/240 [4.2%]; odds ratio 0.00). Development of anti-drug antibodies was low (<5% subjects). No grade [≥]3 injection-site reactions (ISRs) or hypersensitivity reactions were reported. A slightly higher percentage of subjects reported TEAEs with REGEN-COV (54.9%) than placebo (48.3%), due to ISRs (all grade 1-2). Serious adverse events were rare and occurred at similar percentages in the REGEN-COV and placebo groups. No deaths were reported in the 6-month treatment period. Conclusions: Repeated monthly administration of 1200 mg SC REGEN-COV was well-tolerated with low immunogenicity, and showed a substantial risk reduction in COVID-19 occurrence. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04519437)


CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
 1.1 Background 1
 1.2 Motivation 2
 1.3 Research objectives 3
 1.4 Research hypotheses 4
 1.5 Research methodologies 5
 1.6 Organization of the dissertation 7
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9
 2.1 Introduction 9
 2.2 Route findi


In four genotypes of W.somnifera namely J-20, Nimitly, Chetak and Pratap MDA content, electrolyte leakage and proline content of callus were studied under drought stress ( on agar solidified media containing 10, 20 &30g/l polyethylene glycol). Data for each parameter was taken at three time interval i.e.15, 30 & 45 days after inoculation. MDA content, % EL as well as proline content was found to be increased with increasing conc. of PEG i.e. 1%, 2% and 3% PEG in MS media. Maximum MDA content was calculated by Jawahar -20 i.e. 0.141 µmol/mg while Nimitly showed minimum (0.044 µmol/mg) MDA content. Maximum proline content i.e. 3.76 µmol/g was recorded by genotype Nimitly while minimum by Pratap i.e. 2.98 µmol/g. Thus selection and use of the genotypes with higher proline and low MDA content under drought stress may be a practical approach to improve drought tolerance.


An accurate determination of blood ethanol concentrations is important. To minimize ethanol degradation in blood samples, sodium fluoride (NaF) collection tubes have been recommended for use. In this study, we attempted to utilize the Olympus AU5421 chemistry analyzer for ethanol analysis based on the parameters established for the Toshiba 200FR. We also evaluated the effect of NaF collection tubes on ethanol concentrations.


This paper aims at assessing the service delivery and governance system in the road agencies of the Benishangul Gumuz Regional State (BGRS). On one hand, most of the literatures and reports prepared both at national and regional levels claims, the road agencies are not performing as much they were supposed to do due to financial limitations. On the other hand, the country is allocating much budget for road network expansion which made road a number one financed sector in the nation. This contradiction clearly shows, there should be another way to look at the gaps which are hampering the performance of road agencies. That is, Governance problem. Accordingly, this paper examines the capacity and role of different actors and governance system is in place for the public road service delivery in the regional state.
The research reveals that, while the private firms are playing a foremost role from among the non-state actors, the role of the public is still neglected. The ways through which platforms have been designed in different institutional setups and reform programs that invited the public to play its role are still lagging behind. The level of transparency is higher in the road agencies at higher level than those at lower administrative levels. The road agencies in the region are less responsive to the public demand. The main reason for this problem comprises of limitations in human resource capacity and political interferences in prioritization. Absence of appropriate voicing mechanisms and media coverage has highly affected the responsiveness to the public. On the other hand, there is no direct mechanism in which the road agencies become directly accountable to the road users. Similar to these, the major bottlenecks, the lower competency of the existed stuff in the regional road agencies and appropriateness to the position they hold as well as the unbalance of budget allocation for further specific topics in the agency (e.g. Between the maintenance and construction works, between the higher and lower level agencies) made the governance and the service delivery abound. These in turn have effect in obstructing the level of transparency, responsiveness, voicing, and accountability. However, for the better performance of the road agencies, building the capacity of the road agencies should not be the only solution. Rather, policies must adhere empowering the demand siders, the public, so that they can manage to uphold their voice and hold the service providers accountable to make the service a demand driven.


The essential part of the SET electrometer is the so-called SET transistor which consists of two serially coupled SET junctions driven by an external voltage. An external charge is influenced on the island between the two junctions. Furthermore, the influence of the electromagnetic environment is modelled by an additional impedance in the circuit. Using as well the two-state as the three-state approach, the mean-current through the double-junction, the shot-noise parameters and the charge sensitivity are calculated as a function of the driving voltage and the external charge on the island.


The pore of xiantao rice observed by the scanning electron microscopy was 24μm;The size of HPMC,maltodextrin,guar gum and carrageenan in water solution were analyzed by 90Plus Particle Size Analyser,the average particle size of HPMC,maltodextrin,guar gum and carrageenan were 897.7nm,35.9nm,125.2nm,323.5nm respectively.The polysaccharides food additives were added in the process of steamed rice,the hardness and adhesiveness of steamed rice during cold storage were analyzed.The results showed that compared with the samples which adding 0.1% and 0.3% of HPMC,the hardness of adding 0% of HPMC was the lowest,while the adhesiveness was the highest.HPMC accelerated the retrogradation of rice samples,and guar gum had the same effect on rice samples as HPMC.When adding 0.1% of maltodextrin,the hardness of the samples was lower than the samples which were added 0% or 0.3% of maltodextrin,while the adhesiveness was higher.Maltodextrin delayed the retrogradation of steamed rice,and carrageenan had the same effect on steamed rice as maltodextrin.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among crime occurrences and social and neighborhood environmental characteristics in Daegu Metropolitan City from a environmental criminological perspective. In this study, three regression models are conducted; the three types of crime ratios (violent crimes, assault crimes, and larcenous crimes) that occurred in 2009 in Daegu were used as dependent variables, respectively. Results show that violent crimes are highly associated with population density, foreign population density, bar and nightclub density, jewelry shop density, single family housing density, the ratio of commercial land use to total size of "dong", and the ratio of parks to total size of "dong". This study also reveals that two types of crimes are related to social and neighborhood environmental variables in different ways. Two types of crimes are all associated with population density, foreign population density and the ratio of commercial land use to total size of "dong". On the other hand, assault crimes are affected by bar and nightclub density and single family housing density, but larcenous crimes are related to the population density of older residents and to jewelry shop density. The results of this study suggest that social and neighborhood environmental factors should be considered when creating policies geared toward creating safer urban environments.


We describe a detector for weak optical fields employing an atomic vapor as the active medium, combined with the "cycling transition" readout perfected for ion traps. Theoretical calculations suggest detection efficiency >99% may be attainable.


The present invention discloses a method of mixing multi-template image denoising filter, comprising: dividing the image to be denoising into non-overlapping blocks of size M × N, so that the pixels are in a block; defined a set of filters, including mean filter and a median filter, the filter bank filters having different noise removal strength; defines a set number of columns, the number of columns in the figures for the number of the information contained in the image description ; variance to obtain a noise denoising an image from the imaging system; mass calculated the degree uniform image block; according to the degree uniform mass of each image block, selecting a filter bank is a filter image block, complete denoising processing of the image block. Utilization of the characteristics of the present invention the median filter and mean filter, a simple calculation, for hardware implementation, the actual running time is short.


The utility of post-conflict elections in sub-Saharan Africa has been the subject of lively academic and policy debates. While some scholars associate several electoral outcomes with votes for peace, others argue that post-conflict elections exacerbate existing cleavages and could reproduce the conditions that led to civil war if the right electoral system is not employed. This paper examines these contesting claims using electoral data in a comparative study of the first truly post-conflict elections in Sierra Leone and Liberia. The analysis shows that political leaders in both countries received votes across numerous cleavage lines in contradiction with an ethnic census.


Alexander Aminev was born in 1904 in the village of Pokrovsky, Artyomovsky District, Sverdlovsk Region. From 1914 to 1919, he studied at the men's gymnasium, after the second grade school. Irbitsk. In 1921, Alexander Mikhailovich entered the medical faculty of the Ural University. In 1926, he became an intern at the Proedeutic Surgery Clinic, and then Assistant of the Department of General Surgery of the Medical Faculty of Perm University. In 1935 he was awarded the academic title of candidate of medical sciences. From 1936-1937 years A.M. Aminev worked as a director of the propedeutic surgical clinic, from 1936-1938. - Secretary of the editorial staff of the Works, from 1937 - assistant professor, from 1937 to October 1938. From 1937 he began to study and develop an endoscopic method - peritoneoscopy, for the first time in the USSR Endoscopic liver biopsy, liver wound tamponade and epiploon, removal of a foreign body from the abdominal cavity and dissection of adhesions. In 1938, A.M. Astrakhan was appointed director and at the same time head of the department of faculty surgery at the Astrakhan Medical Institute. In 1940, he received the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences and the title of professor. Since the beginning of World War II, Professor A.M. Aminev was appointed part-time free surgery of the hospital department of the Astrakhan regional health department. In September 1942, he was called up to the front by an army surgeon of the 28th Combined Arms, and then the 5th Panzer Army, and went from Stalingrad to Berlin.In 1945, A.M. Aminev moved to Kuibyshev, where he became head of the department of hospital surgery, headed for almost 40 years. In 1948 he wrote the first in the country monograph on peritoneoscopy on laparoscopy. He became the author of 14 monographs and 265 scientific papers on coloproctology. In 1964 he was awarded the honorary title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. In 1969 "Lectures on proctology" were published, they were marked with the Prize for them. N.I. Pirogov, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. In the aggregate, A.M. Aminev is the author of 37 monographs and 518 scientific papers. Among his students are 112 candidates and 35 doctors of medical sciences.Alexander Mikhailovich is a member of the Board of Directors of Surgery, a member of the Board of the All-Union and All-Russian Scientific Society, a chairman of the Kuybyshev Regional Scientific Society of Surgery, an honorary member of the international community, and also a co-editor of the journal Gastroenterology, Colon and Rectum Surgery (USA), honorary member 11 scientific surgical societies of the country. He was beaten by a deputy of the regional, city and district Soviets of Workers' Deputies. A.M. Aminev was awarded the Order of Lenin (twice), the October Revolution, the Red Star, World War 1 and 2 degrees, eight medals. Alexander Mikhailovich died on February 11, 1984 and was buried in Kuibyshev, since 1991 - Samara.After the death of the scientist, his name was given. In 2007, in Samara, on Galaktionovskaya Street, where A.M. Aminev, a plaque was opened in his honor.


By increasing contact between pre-existing paramagnetic centers and photoinduced radicals, a photochromic single-molecule magnet with large magnetization change (+20.9%) at room temperature and paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition was successfully achieved. The increasing amplitude of magnetization was the largest among the radical-based photomagnetic systems.


The poly(amidoamine)(PAMAM)dendrimer mediated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide(ASODN) delivery and the effect of gene transfection on the chemosensitivity in U251 glioma cells were investigated.PAMAM was interacted electrostatically with ASODN corresponding to rat epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),forming complexes with average size about 51 nm.The tranfection of ASODN in glioma cells were evaluated by the fluorescence observation,RT-PCR and immunofluorescnece experiment.The results show that the complexes are effi-ciently uptaken by the tumor cellsr,esulting in the know-down EGFR expression to 9.04%,which are much lower than the control groups(92.32%).Even so,ASODN transfection only yields a modest inhibition of tumor cells in vitro.Combining gene tranfection with chemotherapy effectively enhanced the chemosensitivity of the glioma cells.At the same tumor cell inhibition levert,he amount of carmustine decreased by 5 times after pretreated cells with ASODN/PAMAM complexes.


ackground: Motor coordination in vertebrates is primarily regulated by cerebellum. Divergence of Aves from reptilian ancestors results in noticeable improvement in the motor coordination. This study aims to explore anatomical innovations in the cerebellar cortex during the course of evolution of reptiles and Aves. Methods: Three representative species each from reptilian and avian lineages were selected to represent both vertebrate classes. Complete brain was dissected out from the cranial cavity of each specimen after radiological assessment of its extent. After gross examination, the brains were subjected to detailed histological investigation using conventional and special strains. Micrometry of layer and cellular architecture of cerebellar cortex were undertaken digitally using ImageJ and statistically compared using GraphPad Prism. Results: Grossly, significant increase (p<0.0001) in brain mass, brain volume and cerebellar volume was observed in Aves compared to reptiles. Histo-morphometric analyses of granular and molecular layers of cerebellum showed statistically significant decrease (p<0.0001) in the thickness of avian representatives compared to reptilian counterparts. Similarly significant decrease (p<0.0001) in the Inter-Purkinje neuronal distance was observed in Aves compared to reptiles. Conversely, increase cellular and neuronal count (p=0.0332 to <0.0001) count was observed in all three layers of avian cerebellum in comparison to reptiles. This suggests increased cellular packaging and/or density in the avian cerebellum compared to reptiles. Conclusion: In summary, significant increase in the cellular density and differentiation in the cerebellum of avian representatives may provide anatomical basis of increased motor coordination in Aves compared to reptiles.


The guerrilla war in the Central Plains promoted the strategic positions of the Central Plains,and thus in a great degree uplifted the strategic position of Central Plains breakthrough.With its relative independent characteristics,the Central Plains guerrilla war went through two stages with its development in the borders of Henai,Hubei and Shanxi,in the northern areas of Hubei,and the mountains of Dabieshan.In terms of its role and task,the Central Plains guerrilla war showed the same features with the Southern guerrilla war but differed a great deal from Northern guerrilla war.It functioned as the leading initiative to the southern guerrilla war in the period of the Liberation War.


This field guide includes colour illustrations and field notes for the 327 species of birds found in the wetlands from Pakistan to Japan, and Russia to Indonesia.


occurred in lung squamous cell carcinoma at 19.16% (NFE2L2) and 10.31% (KEAP1). Relevance analysis showed the NFE2L2/KEAP1 mutant subsets were associated with higher tumor mutational burden value and programmed death-ligand 1 expression. Clinical data further con fi rmed NFE2L2/KEAP1 mutations correlate with improved outcome with immunotherapy. These fi ndings suggest the clinical application of immunotherapy in the NFE2L2/KEAP1 mutant population.


Describes different characteristics of journal articles, magazine articles, and newspaper articles. Online tutorials on ways to locate online articles and distinguish between popular and scholarly articles are also included.


This paper reviews the latest technical trends in precision ball screws, which are especially used in the machine tool industry. At the JIMTOF ( the Japanese International Machine Tool Fair ) 2012, an obvious juxtaposition of demands, high axial speed and high positioning accuracy, were observed in the latest machine tools. NSK has suggested some new solutions to improve machine performance in these areas. The NSK HSS ( high speed SS ) series ball screws, equipped with the SRC ( Smooth Return Coupling ) return components, contribute to exceeding 60 m/min feed rates with a d・n value ( d : diameter of a ball screw shaft, n : 1 / minute ) of over 160,000. A hybrid lead table unit is another solution, overcoming a physical speed limitation of ball screws. Meanwhile, nut cooling ball screws have also been developed in order to reduce a temperature increase on overall feed components. The effective heat dissipation of this design leads to high positioning accuracy, less distortion of the machine structure and also excellent machining integrity.


Fruit of cucumbei plants (Cucumis sativus L.) of a gynoecious and 2 monoecious cultivars treated at the 2-3 leaf stage with 0 or 240 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) were harvested at 3 weekly intervals, and processed as either fresh-pack pickles or brine stock. Experienced judges detected differences in shape and degree of seed development attributable to ethephon treatment. There were no significant differences in texture, flavor, external or internal color, firmness or internal defects. Differences caused by ethephon treatment were less apparent in fruit of the gynoecious than monoecious cultivars.


This featured collection is a part of growing public policy conversation, professional practice, and academic research focused on the need and strategies to integrate land use and water planning. The need arises from fragmentation in the ways that professionals think about and have been organized to deal with land and water in their workplaces and professional organizations. However, there is an increasing recognition that land and water planning must be done jointly because how we use land shapes our demand for water and greatly impacts water quality, while the way we use and manipulate water involves significant changes to land. Integrative land–water strategies are the focus of this featured collection. The collection's purpose is to contribute to fostering land and water connections across the physical, social, and ecological domains. Here we provide a brief background on the origins of this featured collection in a 2021 specialty conference organized and hosted by the American Water Resources Association (AWRA) and the Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy (Babbitt Center), and done in collaboration with many other sponsors, supporters, and participating organizations. We cover other activities associated with the 2021 specialty conference and plans for continuing conversations at a 2023 follow-up conference. We also highlight some of the themes and insights from this featured collection. Finally, we invite continuing submissions on integrating land and water to the Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), which is planning another featured collection on this important topic.


Too Much of a Good Thing In peripheral nerves, the insulating myelin sheath speeds up electrical conductivity by allowing impulses to skip down the axon from node to node. Axons signal using neuregulin to get the Schwann cells to begin their wrap-around insulation project. But when is enough myelin too much? Cotter et al. (p. 1415, published online 6 May) have now found the signal that stops further rounds of myelin insulation. In developing mice, the proteins Dlg1 (mammalian disc large 1) and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) were involved in calling a halt to insulation during early development. The balance between not enough and too much myelin insulation is controlled by opposing signals, which together optimize both the myelination and the velocity of nerve conduction. To prevent too much myelin from causing trouble, two proteins act to limit insulation of axons. The thickness of the myelin sheath that insulates axons is fitted for optimal nerve conduction velocity. Here, we show that, in Schwann cells, mammalian disks large homolog 1 (Dlg1) interacts with PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) to inhibit axonal stimulation of myelination. This mechanism limits myelin sheath thickness and prevents overmyelination in mouse sciatic nerves. Removing this brake results also in myelin outfoldings and demyelination, characteristics of some peripheral neuropathies. Indeed, the Dlg1 brake is no longer functional in a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Therefore, negative regulation of myelination appears to be essential for optimization of nerve conduction velocity and myelin maintenance.


This paper presents the results of a study in which type of line drawings intended to convey 3D faces by using the normal estimation method based on the face domain knowledge, including facial expressions, facial orientation and the regions of five senses. Estimated lines include occluding contours, suggestive contours, ridges and valleys, apparent ridges, and lines from shaded images. Our findings suggest that different style of line drawing has its own advantage in depicting different parts of human face, and that errors in depiction are localized in particular regions of human face. Our study also shows the result that which kind of lines can do better in depicting special parts of human face for different expressions, like eyes, nose, mouth and so on. Finally, we generate optimized line drawing results for different face models to illustrate the efficiency of our evaluation result.


The prototype collimator of the ILC is simulated, to address potential issues with trapped modes and heating. A number of codes are benchmarked, and the interplay between resistive and geometric wakefields is carefully considered.


The aim of this article was to fabricate virgin polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, and low-density polyethylene blended with their corresponding recycled material in different ratios of virgin/recycled via injection molding and to evaluate their tensile strength, impact fracture, and hardness behavior. Raman spectroscopy was used to qualitatively study the characteristics of the recycled material in comparison with the virgin material. The impact testing method was the Charpy impact test, and for the hardness measurement, the shore D hardness method was used. The tensile tests were performed following the ATSM 683 standard. Scanning electron microscopy was used for chemical analysis and imaging to confirm the presence of contaminants.


Abstract The Mesoamerican damselfly genus Amphipteryx includes four species: Amphipteryx agrioides (Mexico), A. chiapensis (Mexico), A. meridionalis (Honduras) and A. nataliae (Verapaz, Guatemala). We describe a fifth species, Amphipteryx jaroli, from the cloud forest in Pico Bonito National park, Honduras. Additionally we include an up to date key of all species in the genus for both sexes.


Introduction and Aim: The number of patients suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis has increased worldwide. Mineral bone disorders (MBD) commonly occur in ESRD patients. MBD is classified into high turnover bone disease and low turnover bone disease.  Biochemical parameters play a key role in classifying MBD. Data on adynamic bone disease (ABD) in hemodialysis (HD) patients is sparse. The aim is to study the prevalence and biochemical profile of ABD in hemodialysis patients.

Materials and Methods: This study was done as a cross sectional study in HD patients of a tertiary care hospital in South India. Baseline demographic data of the study population was collected. Biochemical data such as serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), bone markers for the diagnosis of CKD-MBD including serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were collected. Based on the biochemical values, patients who had parameters suggestive of ABD were grouped as a separate cohort. Prevalence of ABD was calculated. Descriptive analysis of ABD cohort was done. Correlation of various bone markers with iPTH was carried out.

Results: The study population (n=150) included 96 male (64%) and 54 female (36%) HD patients. The mean age of the study population is 54.54±14.81 years. 32.7% (n=49) of our study population had ABD.  Serum calcium was found to be significantly higher in the ABD group. ALP and phosphorus were significantly lower in the ABD group.

Conclusion: The prevalence of ABD in our HD population was 32.7%. The prevalence of ABD was the same among males and females. There was significant correlation of iPTH levels with ALP, calcium, and phosphorus levels.


In end-stage kidney disease, in the absence of renal replacement therapies such as hemodialysis and continuous peritoneal dialysis, there are high enough amounts of urea and other molecules transferred from the bloodstream into perspiration/sweat for them to crystalize out and deposit on the skin as 'uremic frost'. The use of sweating as the vehicle for removing from the body molecules normally removed in the urine was identified some decades ago, with successes such as reducing blood urea concentrations from 105 to 75 mg/dl over 7 days with little suggestion of a plateau having been reached at the end of the experiment then, eliminating uremic pruritis, and achieving compliance with fluid intake restrictions and the resultant optimization of blood pressure. However, the evolution of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis displaced interest in exploring sweating methods properly. There are large fractions of the population of the Developing World that do not have access to hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, and where even diagnosed chronic renal failure goes untreated until the concomitant early death results. The hypothesis of this paper is that the use of dermodialytic methodologies involving the use of personal environmental control of temperature and humidity (and incorporating special clothing and/or chambers) in conjunction with low-intensity moderate-duration physical exercise, to stimulate sweating and remove that sweat, would clearly be substantially beneficial to not only the many chronic renal failure patients in the Developing World who would otherwise have no treatment at all, but also to those in the Developed World by way of delaying or reducing the need for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, or even merely by improving the inherent shortcomings of these treatments. The dermodialytic clothing and chambers required are described in some preliminary detail and could be provided at relatively very low and very affordable financial cost, and be suitably sustainable regards maintenance in even very technologically and logistically challenged demographic situations. GENERAL CONCEPT AND GLOBAL APPLICABILITY OF DERMODIALYSIS Uremic frost In end-stage kidney disease, in the absence of renal replacement therapies such as hemodialysis and continuous peritoneal dialysis, there is high enough urea (and other molecules) transferred from the bloodstream into perspiration/sweat for it to crystalize out and deposit visibly ('uremic frost') on the skin when the water of the perspiration/sweat evaporates off. This raises the question of to what clinically useful extent, in what stages of renal failure, GJMEDPH 2016; Vol. 5, issue 1 *Corresponding Author: David J Vance firstname.lastname@example.com Telephone Number: +610407635579 Conflict of Interest—none


Using the Keck I telescope, we have obtained 11.7 and 18.7 μm images of the circumstellar dust emission from AB Aur, a Herbig Ae star. We find that AB Aur is probably resolved at 18.7 μm with an angular diameter of 1.″2 at a surface brightness of 3.5 Jy arcsec-2. Most of the dust mass detected at millimeter wavelengths does not contribute to the 18.7 μm emission, which is plausibly explained if the system possesses a relatively cold, massive disk. We find that models with an optically thick, geometrically thin disk surrounded by an optically thin spherical envelope fit the data somewhat better than flared disk models.


What characterizes, among other things, EHEA, are curricular designs that consider not only academic knowledge and specific competencies, but also knowledge generated because of social and work demands and soft skills (normally more valued by employers). This article presents the results of an interuniversity research develop in four different degrees to understand the relevance university graduates (as well as university teachers, academic coordinators, employers and experts) give to a range of competences. In addition, the study explores the methodological and assessment proposals that have contributed to the development of these competences in depth. The results not only show the competences that are more relevant for university graduates, but also, they provide clues to align methodological and assessment strategies with the intended learning outcomes and the aimed competences in each professional profile.


The present research aimed to evaluate the effects of foaling season and feeding management in extensive systems on the nutritional status of Lusitano broodmares throughout the gestation/lactation cycle, by assessment of body condition (BC), body weight (BW), and some blood metabolic indicators. Four groups of Lusitano broodmares (A, B, C, D) were monitored during four years, in a total of 119 gestation/lactation cycles. All mares were kept on pasture, and A and B mares were daily supplemented. Monthly, mares were weighed and BC evaluated. Suckling foals from these mares were also monitored for BW and withers height. Glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, urea and albumin concentrations were determined in blood. BW changes were influenced by reproductive stage and foaling season (P<0.001), reflecting also pasture availability. Changes on BC were observed (P<0.05), although with small amplitudes within each group. Higher scores were reached at the end of spring, decreasing 0.25 point until late summer. Early foaling had also a marked effect, hindering the recovery of BC along the cycle. Glucose values decreased from late gestation to early lactation (P<0.05) and lower levels were recorded during the summer months. Uremia was mainly influenced by the reproductive stage (P<0.05). Under nutrition was not detected. Foals born in February-March had higher average daily gain than those born in April-May (P<0.05), probably reflecting differences in milk production of the mares. BC and BW changes and, particularly, blood indicators showed an overall balanced nutritional status, reflecting an adaptation to feed availability and climate.


For Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) patients, treatment commonly consists of surgery, local radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. Prognosis following metastatic relapse (which indicates failure of systemic chemotherapy) is poor as fewer than 1 in 10 of these patients survive longer than two-years. The 2017 WCRF Breast Cancer Continuous Update Project reported convincing risk factors for BCa that are common comorbidities with hypercholesterolemia (e.g. obesity, waist-hip-ratio). At the nutrient-gene interaction level this is intriguing because cholesterol is hydroxylated into oxysterols (OHCs), a group of potent signaling molecules that drive TNBC metastasis through the Liver X Receptor (LXR) and are elevated in serum at metastatic relapse. Dietary and pharmacological interventions that lower circulating concentrations of cholesterol and oxysterols, also improve BCa disease free survival. Dietary phytosterols in particular not only reduce circulating cholesterol and OHC concentrations, but their structural similarity to OHCs suggests they are modulators of the LXR-OHC axis. The aims of this study were to evaluate i) if the LXR-OHC axis confers chemoresistance in BCa, and ii) if phytosterols antagonise this pathway. Pretreatment of TNBC cells in culture with LXR specific ligands led to altered intra-cellular retention of the fluorescent anthracycline, epirubicin (Fig 1) and altered epirubicin induced cell death in colony forming assays (Fig 2). To test if phytosterols could impair the oxysterol-LXR axis, stable LXR-reporter cell lines were generated. Transactivation of LXR was inhibited in the presence of Sitosterol or the synthetic LXR antagonist GSK2033 (Fig 3). Sitosterol treatment was also found to significantly impair TNBC mammosphere formation (Fig 4).


Stratosphere-troposphere coupling on intraseasonal time scales in the CCMVal models is evaluated by testing their ability to capture the temporal structure of the annular modes patterns of variability. The annular modes connect fluctuations in the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex to variations in the position of the tropospheric westerly jets, and so characterize a significant fraction of stratosphere-troposphere coupling. Baldwin et al. (Science, 2003) and Gerber and Polvani (J. Climate 2009) suggest that this coupling leads to enhanced low frequency variability in the troposphere during the NH winter and SH spring. The CCMVal models vaguely capture key qualitative features of the Northern and Southern Annular Modes. In the troposphere, Northern Hemisphere time scales are shorter than those of the Southern Hemisphere and weakly peak in boreal winter, while Southern Hemisphere time scales peak in austral spring and summer. In the stratosphere, the time scales are generally larger than in the troposphere and appear connected to the active seasons of the polar vortices. Models, however, fail to capture the details of the coupling, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere winter. The CCMVal models are compared against Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report models to assess the significance of the stratosphere on a model's ability to capture the tropospheric annular modes.


The responsiveness of business enterprises to the natural environment is of great concern to both the government and industrial sectors of Canada. This article examines transportation's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. It identifies and describes environmental responsiveness within Australia's bus and coach sector, a major operator of passenger transportation. This sector is defined in the full context of the supply chain; that is, the integration of business processes from manufacturers and suppliers of vehicles and fuel to the providers of services and information for the benefit and value of customers. The article focuses on the perceptions that bus and coach operators have about environmental opportunities and associated risks. 26 stakeholders were invited to participate in either a survey or case study designed to ascertain energy and waste management practices. A number of specific actions are warranted based on the study's findings.


A rainfed experiment was conducted during 1988-89 to 1993-94 to study the evapo-transpiration (ET) loss, identify the peak periods of consumption of water and the critical period of life-saving irrigation in gram or chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in a Iysimeter. Weekly crop-coefficient values and evapo-transpiration. Pan evaporation (PE) ratios were also calculated. The mean seasonal evapo-transpiration of the crop was 185 mm. The ET : Eo ratio and Kc values increased with increase in crop growth and reached a maximum during 36-70 days of the crop growth, which was the critical period for water demand that decreased as the crop approached maturity. The most critical period for water demand was flowering stage. The mean moisture-use efficiency was 33 kg/ha/mm under rainfed condition.


Performing comparison operations between two numbers is one of the most commonly used operations in some applications. However, performing non-arithmetic operations, such as comparison, on data encrypted with fully homomorphic encryption that only supports addition and multiplication operations, has always been a challenging task. Recently, Cheon et al.(Asiacrypt 2020) proposed a new comparison method in homomorphic encryption using composite polynomial approximation of the sign function, and proved that their method has optimal asymptotic complexity. In this paper, we propose a new comparison method using dynamic polynomial composition to approximate the sign function. We analyze the optimality of the depth consumption and computational complexity of this approximation method. Additionally, we extend this comparison algorithm to multiple applications, such as Min/Max algorithm and k-way sorting network algorithm. Our numerical analysis shows that for computing the approximate comparison of any two 32-bit integers encrypted by HEAAN, our homomorphic comparison algorithm (for $\epsilon=2^{-16},\alpha=2^{-32}$) requires 0.83ms in amortized running time. This reduces the running time by about 25% compared to the previous optimal method.


For adventures who like to explore the forest with diverse type of flora, such as Borneo forest, being lost and have limited supply of food and water become one of the biggest threats for survival. Therefore, it is important to know how to identify food and water that is safe for consumption. Unfortunately, the learning media for survival skills are still heavy on verbal approach, so there is a need for a more practical and visual learning media. To overcome the problem, this research was aimed to develop a survival simulation game that teach the player how to identify safe food and water in Borneo forest. The game was developed in six steps based on Luther's steps of authoring multimedia. At the end of the development process, the feasibility of the game as learning media is tested using pre-test and post-test method. Statistical analysis using paired t-test showed that the post-test result (M=77.33, SD=5.37) was significantly higher than the pre-test result (M=56.67, SD=8.24) ); t(29)=18.49, p < 0.001. This indicates that the game is feasible in teaching the knowledge to the player. In the future, this game can be an alternative and practical solution for teaching survival skill.


We report the temporal evolution of the long lasting solar flare observed on June 6, 2000 (15:00 – 17:00 UT) by the Brazilian Solar Spectroscope (BSS) at INPE. We emphasize the identification of the decimetric fine structures, such as "fiber" and "zebra" emissions, including the unique case of harmonic "zebra" emissions in the decimetric band reported, radio pulsations, type III bursts and variants, recorded during this event in the frequency range of (1.2 – 1.7 GHz). The main characteristics of fine structures recorded are presented.


This paper discusses the influence of cultural studies on Germanistics,analyses the situation of Germanistics in China and the reasons why it is not affected by the new trend.Finally the paper presents the attitude that scholars of Germanistics in China should adopt in the cultural studies.


This paper presents a methodology for power estimation of designs described at the behavioral-level as the interconnection of functional modules. The input/output behavior of each module is implicitly stored using BDDs, and the power consumed by the network is estimated using a novel and accurate entropy-based approach. As a demonstration example, we have used the proposed power estimation technique to evaluate and compare the effects of some architectural transformations applied to a reference design specification on the power dissipation of the corresponding implementations.


This contribution provides an overview of the concept "cultural diversity" in international law. The first part is dedicated to the never-ending quest to give meaning to cultural diversity, and it is argued that the contemporary international definition of culture as a "way of life" is necessary to give recognition to the varied ways in which culture can be seen globally. An open-ended definition of culture and, more specifically, cultural diversity is sensible in the light of the fact that States needs to interpret the concept in accordance with domestic needs. The second part of the contribution is a short historical overview of the development of the concept of cultural diversity in international law. UNESCO, an international organisation established by the UN, is the main body responsible for fostering cultural diversity. It was originally set up to counter wars that transpired as a result of ignorance of cultural differences between people, most notably against the background of the Second World War. Historical facts reveal that cultural diversity has evolved from differences between mere external practices (works of art) to an all-encompassing concept referring to all manifestations of cultural differences. In this regard, UNESCO's policies commenced with the exchange of cultural knowledge with the purpose of sensitising the international community to cultural differences. In line with global demands and developments its policies developed over the years to acquire other dimensions, including politics, human rights, sustainable development, democracy, and knowledge interchanges. The third part of the contribution goes over the main points of the 2009 UNESCO World Report, a trendsetting document aiming to put into practice what have been only theoretical discussions thus far. Before the concluding remarks are made, the fourth part presents a sample of the most important international instruments pertaining to culture and cultural diversity.


The development, characteristics, and hazard of and induced by panting vibration of axial fan are analyzed. The working principle of panting vibration monitoring is studied. Taking the pressure sensor and control circuit as the main parts of panting vibration monitor instrument, the operation state of the fan is controlled by digital display, acoustic and light alarm, and power cutting off. The design of monitor, the setting of numerical protection value, installment of the monitor, and method of its performance test are described. Phenomenon of panting vibration of the fan and measures for emergency handling are introduced. The monitor provides valuable experience for safe and reliable working of the fan.


This paper examines the theoretical contingencies under which an alternative, minority logic to the dominant logic ("asymmetric logics") in a nation state can enhance innovations in the political a...


The joiner Santiago Carnicero and the sculptor Tomas de Sierra collaborated in some works in the area of Tierra de Campos between the final years of the XVIIth century and the first decades of the next one. In this article is presented the altarpiece of the Amparo hermitage in Boadilla de Rioseco (Palencia) and its making process, putting it in relation with other Works from both Baroque artists.


The article considers public safety as the main trends in political and economic international relations that ensure inter-state "balance of interests". Given the characteristics of its structure, place and role in the governance of the States. The authors propose the balance of priorities in solving problems in the global scale of the space in terms of development of mutually beneficial political and economic relations between States.


Shape is an important feature of many object categories. In this paper we propose a Bayesian framework for detection of unknown number of objects based on their shape. The task is formulated as a minimization of Bayesian risk. The loss function is designed in such a way that the number of objects need not to be known or even bounded. We introduce a probability distribution over object states (number of objects and their poses) called Infinite Shape Mixture Model which is a modification of Rasmussen's Infinite Gaussian Mixture Model [7]. Conditional posterior distributions are derived for all parameters of the model in order to make the inference feasible. Performance of the model is tested on two brief experiments.


Thalamic projections to the visual cortex of the grey squirrel were studied by retrograde degeneration in the lateral geniculate and the pulvinar nuclei. The lateral geniculate was found to project to architectonic area 17 which also corresponds to visual area I as defined by its retinotopic organization. The projection is spatially organized in a precise way, and for every cortical point there is a corresponding column in the lateral geniculate which extends from border to border. For the binocular sector of area 17 the lateral geniculate column lies in the trilaminar part of the lateral geniculate, while for the uniocular sector the column lies in the bilaminar sector of the lateral geniculate. The pulvinar projects to several architectonic areas, areas 18 and 19 and to two or more temporal areas below area 19. This projection is roughly topographic but follows the sustaining pattern. When the squirrel is compared to the tree shrew and hedgehog what emerges is a conception of those changes in the visual system which arose as a result of adaptation to an arboreal habitat.


The article discusses the difficulties faced by disabled people to enter the ordinary labour market. Despite increasing political emphasis on employment integration, and a gradual integration on most other areas of society, statistics indicate stagnation and even decline in labor market participation among disabled people in the majority of EOCD countries. Several studies also report that many disabled people experience a disinterest from employment authorities in helping them find employment.Drawing on a biographical study from Norway based on life-history interviews with 66 disabled people, the article discusses possible explanations to the meagre results of disability employment policies. The article suggests a number of feasible explanations: Parts of the explanation must be sought in the early institutionalization of waged labor. Defining the 'ability to work' was the primary criterion used to define who is disabled and, subsequently, entitled to public support. The article suggest that the increasin...


This paper analysed the importance of P2P traffic identification.By summarizing literature,the existing me-thod was divided into four kinds of traffic identification according to the mechanism of identification:port-based classification,application-layer signatures,transport-layer feature and machine learning.This study analysed in detail the principle of traffic identification and the critical problem and explored the recent research at home and abroad,measures to solve the problem and advantages and disadvantages.Following it,this paper made prospect for the future research trends.


Electrical burns constitute a relatively large proportion of burns . Electrical current causes complex, unprecedented and unpredicted injuries. Serious tissue damage and mortality is caused by high voltage among all types of electrical burns . Myoglobinuria induced acute renal failure is a potentially lethal consequence of electrical injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of urine myoglobin in the early prediction of acute renal failure in electrical burns. Study includes 21 patients of high volatage electrical burns underwent four different Renal parameters i.e blood urea, serum creatinine, serum potassium and urine myoglobin levels. Blood urea , and serum potassium levels were deranged in five patients of high voltage electrical burns who went into acute renal failure. Whereas urine myoglobin levels were deranged in all twenty one patients with high voltage electrical burns.


The supernumerary ovary is an exceedingly rare occurrence. The most plausable embryologic explanation for an omental ovary involves germinal ridge transplant. This proposed detachment—reattachment would occur after gonocyte migration from the yolk sac has been complete. Alternative explanations and theories for the supernumerary ovary are discussed. It is surprising that this embryonic rarity is not found more often.


From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter‐explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.


There is a long history of research showing that symptom reporting across a wide range of symptoms and diseases is correlated with psychological variables [1, 2]. The paper in this issue, Graif et al. [3] could easily be interpreted as just another such paper but on the topic rhinitis. However, there are two unusual features which make this paper particularly interesting. The first is that the authors failed to find a significant correlation between a skin prick for common aeroallergens and symptom severity. Of course, failure to find a significant correlation is not the same as finding no correlation, and inspection of their Table 2 shows a correlation between these two variables of 0.13 – which would be significant with a larger sample. However, even if there were a significant correlation with a larger sample, it would be a very low correlation, and certainly far lower than normal for symptoms which have a pathophysiological basis. These data may be because the skin prick test (SPT) measures only part of the pathophysiology underlying rhinitis. This possibility is consistent with their data on allergic vs. non-allergic asthma. As expected, patients with a positive reaction to a specific allergen reported intensification of symptoms on exposure to that allergen. However, non-allergic and allergic patients also reported symptom intensification to allergens for which there was no specific reaction. For example, the mean response for house dust mite for non-allergic patients was rated between 'intensified to a small extent' and 'intensified to a moderate extent.' It would therefore seem that the SPT is not always able to detect the perceived response of rhinitis to an aeroallergen, and in addition does not correlate with symptom reporting. The second unusual feature of their data is that they find that hypochondriasis and somatic awareness correlate with symptom reporting but not neuroticism. It is this latter failure which is surprising, and even if their nonsignificant correlation between symptom reporting and neuroticism of 0.14 were to become significant with a larger sample, again the size of the correlation is far lower than normal for this variable [4], and the reason for this remains unclear. In sum this paper shows that psychological factors but not this SPT predicts symptoms of rhinitis. The best interpretation of these data is not that rhinitis symptoms are purely psychological but rather that we know surprisingly little about the cause of symptom reporting for this disease. Although psychological factors are relevant, even the psychological correlations are low. By far the greater proportion of variance of symptom reporting remains unexplained. The unexplained variance is difficult to estimate from the data they present, but is likely to be in the order of 90–95%.