Online social networks are getting increasingly popular. Their popularity and the availability of personal user information, makes them attractive for advertisers. Hence, social networks are often in tension between the needs of users and advertisers. While users want to keep control over their personal information, advertisers are interested in such information as a basis for targeted advertising campaigns. Mobile technologies allow additional new advertising opportunities, such as location based advertising. For the providers of social networks advertising becomes a critical component of their business model. In this context concerns about privacy and trust become ever more apparent. In this paper we describe the PICOS project's research into privacy enhancing concepts for social networks and advanced targeted advertising options for social networks. In particular we describe the PICOS community platform architecture including stakeholders, trust model and the concepts it contains to enhance privacy among users. We further outline our approach of advanced targeted advertising and underlying concepts, as well as its prototypical implementation. The approach is based on a combination of targeted advertising and viral marketing. It is integrated within the privacy enhancing concepts included in the architecture. Thereby we aim to consider and balance the interests of the involved stakeholders.


This article by Polis Summer School student Aylin Elci.

As the cliche goes, "a photo is worth a thousand words", but what are consequences of using "pretty", "highly aesthetic" or "artistic" photos to convey the reality of war?


In this study, we carried out an experimental restoration of the floor vegetation of the secondary stands of Quercus serrata which became uncovered caused by trampling. The study sites were located in a suburban district of Tokyo, and the experiment was carried out from June to September in 1998. We collected data before the restoration compared them with those obtained at the end of three-month experiment period. The results revealed that the height and the coverage of herb layer did not change significantly. However, the number of recorded species in herb layer increased after the restoration and it showed a correlation with the area of the studied stands and with the calculated stand area available per person living within 250 meters of the examined stands. Furthermore, the number of trampling intolerant species having non-rosette and non-turf forms, considered as characteristic species of the secondary Q. serrata stands, increased after the restoration. This also correlated with the area of Q. serrata stands around the examined stands that existed in 1974. These relations show that not only the area of the present stands but the past landscape in their surroundings should be incorporated as an index when evaluating restoration potential of stand floor vegetation.


We demonstrate a capacity upgrade to a 40-Gb/s channel rate with reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexing ROADM opera- tion from a 3210-Gb/s-based unrepeated WDM link. The 1640-Gb/s channels were added at the ROADM node without traffic interruption in the expressed channels. The worst channel of the 40-Gb/s rate shows 1.1 dB of Q-value margin to the forward error cor- rection FEC limit. The expressed 10-Gb/s channels also satisfy the transmission limit of the bit error ratio BER 10 15 without FEC


Established in 1857, the Michigan State University (MSU) Museum houses natural science collections that include 117,000 research and teaching specimens of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and vertebrate fossils. These collections are worldwide in scope and provide a record of biodiversity that ranges from 1844 to the present day. The collections contain specimens of rare, endangered, threatened, and extinct species. Within each vertebrate discipline, specimens are cataloged into designated research or teaching collections; these are housed within multiple research and preservation spaces, occupying 678 square meters. Currently, 394 natural science specimens are on exhibit in the Museum's gallery spaces, which include an additional 1,830 square meters. Over the past three decades, the Museum has experienced a number of thefts from both collections and exhibit areas, with the most recent specimen theft occurring in 2011: a silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) stolen from the Museum's rainforest habitat diorama. That theft, along with the history of the others, initiated a series of improvements to the Museum's security. These included changes in personnel access to the Museum building and to collections areas; replacement and installation of new technological equipment, including key-card access and camera systems Museum-wide; and revisions of associated policies and procedures. These effectively closed "loopholes" that formerly compromised security best practice. Targeted improvements have been made at the building, gallery, elevator, room, and cabinet levels, and included specialized accommodation for specimens that are particularly sensitive, such as rhino horn (in keeping with Natural Sciences Collections Association guidance). In addition, the Museum modified operating procedures for behind-the-scenes tours of the research and collections spaces (for example, staff-to-visitor ratio and policy for use of imaging and recording equipment).


Cognitive characteristics of individuals have previously been established as important predictors of entrepreneurial intentions. Yet, we know little about this relationship in a transnational and ethnic entrepreneurship context. In this paper, we examine if and how emigres differs from those individuals staying at home with regard to entrepreneurial intentions and with regard to their cognitive make-up. Also, we examine differences in the impact of cognitions of emigres and homeland individuals respectively on their entrepreneurial intentions. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 2012 on 3,681 adult homeland Chinese 111 adult first generation emigres and 295 adult second generation emigres from China. Findings suggest that second generation Chinese emigrees are less likely to have entrepreneurial intentions than Chinese staying in China. Contrary to our initial expectations, we also find that both first and second generation emigres are less likely to have entrepreneurially oriented cognitions.


We present centralized-based iterative algorithms that jointly determine the optimal transceiver filters as well as the optimum power allocation for a  $K$ -user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel (IC). The optimality criterion is developed on the basis of the average per user multiplexing gain and the achievable sum-rate in the MIMO IC. By allowing channel state information (CSI) exchanged between base stations (BSs) and a central unit (CU), we design a feedback topology where CU collects local CSIs from all BSs, computes all transceiver filters and sends them to corresponding user-BS pairs. Note that the local CSIs at BSs are obtained from the estimation of the channel states during the so-called uplink-training phase. At the CU, using the alternating optimization strategy, various iterative algorithms are proposed to design the filters. In other related studies, the equal transmit power policy for all user-BS pairs is chosen ignoring the essential need to search for the optimal power allocation policy; they do not take the full advantage of the system's total power. Thus, another key aspect of this paper is to make optimal power allocation decisions for all the user-BS pairs based on the sum-rate maximization strategy and under a sum power constraint.


Summary The magnitude of the blood pressure rises given by large doses of renin must be corrected for differences in starting pressure levels, while those given by smaller doses need not be. An assay based on repeated tests on 2 or 3 dogs is as reliable as one based on a larger series of animals. Nembutal anesthesia may affect, in some dogs, the magnitude of the rise after large renin doses, but usually has little effect on the rise after small doses. For most routine testing, the anesthetized dog is the preferable test animal.


In this paper, we present benchmarking results for highclass 3D electromagnetic (EM) codes in designing RF cavities today. These codes include Omega3P [1], VORPAL [2], CST Microwave Studio [3], Ansoft HFSS [4], and ANSYS [5]. Two spherical cavities are selected as the benchmark models. We have compared not only the accuracy of resonant frequencies, but also that of surface EM fields, which are critical for superconducting RF cavities. By removing degenerated modes, we calculate all the resonant modes up to 10 GHz with similar mesh densities, so that the geometry approximation and field interpolation error related to the wavelength can be observed.


The thsis began with the concept of mineral resources security,on the basis of analysing the effect factors for mineral resources security,builded our country's evaluation index system of mineral resources security,and used the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weight of various indicators,finally,made the security assessment to the oil、iron ore and tungsten mineral resources.The results indicated the assessment system of mineral resources security is useful and the weights are reasonable.


Apart from source excavation, the options available for the remediation of vadose zone metal and radionuclide contaminants beyond the practical excavation depth (0 to 15 m) are quite limited. Of the available technologies, very few are applicable to the deep vadose zone with the top-ranked candidate being soil desiccation. An expert panel review of the work on infiltration control and supplemental technologies identified a number of knowledge gaps that would need to be overcome before soil desiccation could be deployed. The report documents some of the research conducted in the last year to fill these knowledge gaps. This work included 1) performing intermediate-scale laboratory flow cell experiments to demonstrate the desiccation process, 2) implementing a scalable version of Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases–Water-Air-Energy (STOMP-WAE), and 3) performing numerical experiments to identify the factors controlling the performance of a desiccation system.


Nitrate (NO3−) pollution of surface and groundwater bodies is a global problem of increasing concern, which has stimulated significant research interest. Nitrogen is crucial for life as a macronutrient for living organisms on Earth, but the global nitrogen cycle has been seriously altered by intensification of human activities, leading to eutrophication and hypoxic conditions of aquatic ecosystems. Due to nitrogen overfertilization, intensive agricultural practices generate huge nitrate fluxes that inadvertently deteriorate water quality. Different industrial processes also contribute to NO3− pollution in the environment. There are multiple technologies capable of achieving effective denitrification of waterbodies to ensure safe NO3− levels. Either separation-based or transformation-based denitrification technologies must address the challenges of by-product generation, increased energy demand, and reduced environmental footprint. This paper highlights the most used approaches, along with some promising alternatives for remediation of nitrate-polluted waters.


Daniel Defoe's 'Tour through the whole island of Great Britain (1724-6)'* occupies a curiously equivocal position among the source materials of historical geography. No book of its time has been more widely quoted, or more widely praised, as an original authority on matters of social and economic geography; yet time and again its author has been charged with plagiarism, inaccuracy and deliberate deception. Defoe himself expected criticism and defended himself in advance; indeed he was inclined to protest too much, and did not improve matters by con? stantly shifting the ground on which his defence was based. Thus he was anxious to minimize his debt to other authors ("I copy nothing from books, but where I quote the books, and refer to them" (II, 149)*), but this disclaimer is weakened by being confined to published work: the 'Tour' was admittedly "corrected and enlarged" with the help of a friend's manuscript (II, 136). Defoe also claims to be writing mainly from personal experience of the country. Part of his Scottish material is acknowledged to be second-hand, but in his account of England and Wales, with which the present paper is chiefly concerned, there is no such admission; on the contrary he contrives, without ever making the claim explicit, to suggest that he has visited every place described in the book. This effect is skilfully achieved by several devices: frequent references to coaches, horses, inns and other details of the road; unsparing criticism of other writers who "pretend to speak positively of the places which they ought not to have done if they had not been there" (II, 182); and confessions, disarmingly candid, that a few, unimportant, localities had been omitted from the book because he had been unable to see them for himself. Finally, the 'Tour' claims to be up to date; its first chapter tells how the author set out from London in April 1722, and the preface to the last volume looks back on "a tedious and very expensive five years journey."2 In the intervening pages, though very few of his observations are dated, Defoe frequently stresses that the book is tracing the routes he had followed only a short time before. This claim is somewhat weakened, however, by his evident dependence on much earlier journeys for a substantial part of his material, five of the seven dated visits in the 'Tour' having taken place before 1700; it is even more seriously weakened by a revealing slip in the first volume, where he gives a list of recent excursions (I, 3) some of which, according to later volumes, had not then taken place. These slightly ambiguous claims have encountered a mixed reception. Many local historians and some historical geographers 3 have accepted that Defoe des? cribed what he saw on his travels in the 1720's, but few serious critics or biographers have been wholly convinced, and most of them have considered that, while the 'Tour' provides an admirable general impression of the English scene, some of its detail is either second-hand, out of date, or unreliable. But these opinions seem to be based not so much on any close study of the 'Tour' as on certain general preconceptions about Defoe's literary methods; at any rate no critical study of the 'Tour' has appeared in print.4 For the historical geographer concerned with individual regions this kind of overall judgment is not enough; if the book is open to criticism, one must show exactly how and where. In the following paragraphs an


Abstract: The relationship between forest cover and streamflow of watersheds is complex and still controversial in the scientific literature. To investigate suchrelationship we propose an alternative method which requires the following information for each watershed: percentage of forest cover, annual rainfall, average specific streamflow (qave), and minimum mean specific streamflow in seven consecutive days (q7). As a case study, we analyzed a dataset composed by 25 watersheds located in the Espirito Santo State (ESS), Brazil. We conducted simple and multiple linear regression analyses as well as partial correlation analysis between the above parameters. To reduce the effect of heterogeneity of environmental factors, watersheds with similar characteristics in term of rainfall, drainage area, and both rainfall and drainage area were grouped by cluster analysis, and the above regression and correlation analysis was repeated on each group. Our results using the whole dataset showed that forest cover has a negative relationship with watershed streamflow. The analysis of homogeneous groups of watersheds showed that the average minimum streamflow during seven days (q7) was more sensitive to the presence of forest cover, showing a negative relationship, especially in watersheds with low annual rainfall, while in areas with high precipitation, the annual rainfall showed a strong influence on the hydrological responses of watersheds, masking the effect of forest cover. The proposed method may be easily extended to other areas, and allowsthe inclusion of other relevant environmental variables according to specific cases.


One of the Sir Harold Gillies first principles "thou shalt make a plan" shapes the mind-set and toolbox of any plastic and reconstructive surgeon. For surgeons in training, exposure to expert operative planning and cognitive decision making is essential to developing the competency of an independent surgeon. However, as a result of changes in working hours, financial constraints, and patient safety concerns, these opportunities are increasingly harder to come by. Furthermore, the plastic surgeon's toolbox continues to expand with newer technologies resulting in a wider breadth of surgical techniques with slow dissemination to the wider surgical audience.

Touch Surgery is a cognitive task simulation and rehearsal application freely available on mobile devices. Touch Surgery maps surgical procedures with expert surgeons, making surgical plans and simulations widely available to the surgical community. As a software solution that is accessible through touch screen devices, Touch Surgery is a scalable platform available to surgical users globally, and in less than 2 years, it has become the largest surgical community on mobile with over 1 million downloads.

Touch Surgery builds on a process called cognitive task analysis, a method for obtaining sophisticated performance expertise for areas where many covert decisions are linked with complex overt actions.1 Using cognitive task analysis, Touch Surgery maps surgical procedures step by step combining the cognitive steps with a mapped anatomical virtual reality patient. This enables a surgical user to simulate, plan, and rehearse different procedures. Touch Surgery has an inbuilt assessment tool, which uses objective decision and precision metrics to evaluate knowledge of simulated procedures. This provides surgical users with immediate feedback and a record of their learning curve. In US residency programs (Harvard Orthopedics and Hopkins Orthopedics), individual residents share their scores with program directors and certificates of competence can be issued. This for the first time creates a data set that allows residents to demonstrate cognitive competence before they enter the operating room.

A number of studies have evaluated the simulation and learning validity of Touch Surgery. Sugand et al2 have demonstrated Touch Surgery to have construct validity (the ability to identify between experts and novices), face validity (the impression of simulating the procedure), and content validity (the comparison to content to the true operation). Follow-up studies from the same group have shown learning curves of engaging with the content of the application and an improved understanding of the procedure.3 In a randomized controlled trial by Brewer et al,4 the team showed that training on Touch Surgery demonstrated a significant improvement over traditional textbook learning.

Touch Surgery represents a tool that could make a significant difference to global surgical practice through facilitating dissemination of surgical techniques, approaches, and giving surgeons in training uncapped exposure to operative cases. Technological initiatives, such as Touch Surgery, mean that Sir Harold Gillies principles can be disseminated to a wider audience for better patient care and stand the test of time.


In this chapter, an experimentally and numerically conducted investigation of the existence of high chaotic spiking in the dynamics of semiconductor lasers with AC-coupled optical feedback, the bifurcation diagram by feedback strength attenuation and the bias current as a control parameter was done. A semiconductor laser subjected to an external optical feedback can present a big change of dynamic behaviors, such as periodic and quasi-periodic oscillations, chaos, coherence collapse, and low-frequency fluctuations (LFF's) that degrade the laser characteristics. The chaotic instability is experimentally investigated on feedback strength as a control parameter, and the resulted dynamic is monostability. Finally, we indicated that the observed chaotic dynamic is a good candidate to hide information in order to investigate the resonance phenomena, which is important for chaos to encrypt data in optical communication, where data disappear when modulated in a chaos carrier. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the encryption area in the chaotic system when the applied frequency is 1-500 MHz, for satisfying the secure communication.


A variation of the tree structure interconnection network for the message switching multiprocessor system is presented in this correspondence. It mainly consists of four binary tree structures, pairs of which are touched by their leaf nodes; in addition, there are four nodes which interface with external environments. The proposed network is left-right and top-down symmetric and is planar. Every node in the interconnection network has the same number of degree, 3. There are multiple paths between any two nodes in the network. Results of the message traffic analysis of the network are presented.


Advance directives (ADs) are seldom discussed between primary care physicians (PCPs) and their patients, especially those with noncancer diseases. The aim was to identify the factors associated with discussing AD by noncancer patients with their physicians.


T lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis respond weakly when stimulated with mitogen or antigen. However, the mechanisms responsible for this anergy are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the protein levels of nuclear transcription factor NFB (p50, p65, and p105), I B (inhibitor of NFB), T-cell receptor (TCR) CD3 -chain, tyrosine kinase p56, and nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NF-ATc2) in peripheral blood CD4 T cells from patients with sarcoidosis. Baseline expression of p65 in these lymphocytes was reduced in 50% of patients. The reduced levels of p65 in sarcoid CD4 T cells concurred with decreased levels of p50, p105, CD3 , p56, I B , and NF-ATc2. Polyclonal stimulation of NFB-deficient sarcoid T cells resulted in reduced expression of CD69 and CD154, decreased proliferation, and cytokine (i.e., interleukin 2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon [IFN]) production. The clinical significance of these findings is suggested by the association between low p65 levels and the development of more severe and active sarcoidosis. Although correlative, our results support a model in which multiple intrinsic signaling defects contribute to peripheral T-cell anergy and the persistence of chronic inflammation in sarcoidosis.


This paper presents SNAP, Sensor Network Application Plugin. It consists of a collection of C++ classes that wrap around TinyOS's [5] system components and a macro PLUGIN to instantiate the application. With this architecture, it is shown that writing embedded code for Sensor Networks is not much different than writing an ordinary C++ code using multiple inheritance. The process of learning a new language is avoided. Like TinyOS, applications using SNAP would include pertinent components only into the final executables. The size of final executables is only about 0.8K larger in average than the ones written in C. However, the application code using SNAP is much shorter, concise and easier to understand. Another advantage of using this architecture (thePLUGIN macro to be specific) is the forward compatibility which allows the same set of applications become plugins in the future on supported hardware and software by simply recompiling them without any


This paper describes as Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry system which has been designed for measuring vibration patterns and quantitative measurement of vibration amplitude fields by using the time average method on a object. Visbility of fringe patterns is more improved by using the phase stepping and frame average method to reduce speckle and electric noise. And a bias vibration is introduced into the reference beam to shift the fringes so that fringe shift algorithms can be used to determine vibration amplitude. The experimental results are compared to those of the FFT analyzer and the FEM model analysis.


A polymetallic ore belonges to intergrown and refractory copper-lead-zinc-silver complex ore,and valuable minerals are difficult to float and separate.The technological selective flotation of copper-lead-zinc was adopted in a production field,but the designed production indexes can not be achieved for a long time,causing the waste of ore resources.Beneficiation tests were carried out by the process of bulk flotation,pressure leaching of mixed concentrate.Then,the bulk concentrate at higher recovery of copper-lead-zinc-silver was respectively achieved.Based on the tests of laboratory,pilot tests were organized,the results fully confirm the reliability of those from laboratory tests.Taking pressure leaching to mixed concentrate,got the leaching rate of copper at 85.96% and zinc at 91.24%,the grade of lead after dressing being 40%.


Wolves are considered controversial figures worldwide: mythical creatures as well as troublemakers, their conservation can polarize extreme views and it often is riddled with conflicts. In recent years much effort has focussed on the discussion of how to conserve large carnivores, such as wolves, while addressing public concerns. The maned wolf, however, has mostly eluded the discussion stage. With its solitary habits and unusual fruit-eating diet, the endangered maned wolf roams the grasslands of South America, playing a vital part in maintaining the integrity of this biodiversity hotspot. Compared to other large canid species, little is known about this unique species and the peculiarities of its relationship with local people and the environment, and the reasons for its decline, making research about the species an urgent concern.
Considering the maned wolf's uniqueness, issues discussed in this book are also relevant to the conservation of other large carnivores. The elements that contribute to the construction of the relationships and also to the potential conflict between people and wild animals, and particularly carnivores, are very similar worldwide. The ecological role of the maned wolf as a large predator is also similar to that of other predator species: like many large carnivores maned wolves are keystone species, and also potential umbrella and flagship species for the conservation of their habitat. Like other carnivores, they have progressively strived to survive in human occupied environments, as their natural habitat is encroached by farms. Endangered species of carnivores face similar problems linking their decline with the value that people place on resources and human activities; protected areas are insufficient to guarantee their survival, and the importance of including local land owners in conservation becomes more evident. These common issues are discussed along the following chapters as researchers and practitioners from different fields disclose the maned wolf's compelling story.


Thia−Fries rearrangement of BINOL perfluoroalkylsulfonates affords readily derivatized novel mono- and disulfone ligands in just two steps from enantiomerically pure BINOL. These electron-demanding BINOLs have been successfully applied as catalysts for indium-mediated allylation of N-acylhydrazones. A general and highly enantioselective catalytic process is described, in which the presence of two perfluoroalkylsulfone (SO2RF) groups is shown to be crucial for activity and selectivity. The allylation process affords the corresponding homoallylic amines up to 99% yield and 99% ee.


The basic principles and reaction process of sol-gel technique were introduced,and the main factors affecting on the stability of silica sol were summarized,then the application prospect of this technique for fixation in leather dyeing process was pointed out.


Cigarette smoking (CS) is the main cause for emphysema, a pathologic state in the lung characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls. Ceramide, a second messenger lipid, is a critical mediator of alveolar destruction in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), which consist of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. We have shown that CS induces rapid, sustained ceramide up‐regulation in human airway epithelial (HAE) cells in a dose dependent manner. We have also observed that CS induced ceramide to a similar extent as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a classical stimulus of ceramide generation in HAE cells and an oxidant known to be elevated in the breath or serum of patients with COPD. We showed that the amount of H2O2 found in cell culture medium exposed to CS increases with time. We demonstrated by loss‐of‐function analysis or by overexpression that nSMase2, but not aSMase, activity is required for CS‐mediated ceramide generation and apoptosis. Furthermore we observed that nSMase2 is trafficking similarly under both CS exposure and under oxidative‐stress, suggesting that the regulation of nSMase2 may mainly occur at the level of subcellular localization. Following either CS or H2O2 exposure, nSMase2 was found localized to the plasma membrane, where it can convert sphingomyelin to ceramide.


According to the technique requirements of a video monitoring and state recognition system for complex equipments, practical video image analysis and recognition algorithms are designed in this paper. Algorithms including dynamic registration of panel and precise adjustment of component based on Normalized Product Correlation (NPC), operation change detection based on Sobel edge strength dynamic analysis, multi-state component recognition based on Laplacian edge strength NPC matching, nixie tube reading based on NMI feature, meanwhile, the basic steps of these algorithms are given. The application experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.


The learning model of michelson morlay has a significant effect on the improvement of students' mathematical cognitive learning outcomes. This quasi-experimental research aimed to reveal differences in students' cognitive learning outcomes between experimental and conventional classes. Limited information related to the MM model and playing cards in integer matter mathematics learning encouraged this research to be conducted. MM model is one of the latest models or inventions that have not been developed. MM research instrument developed in the form of a description and validated by a mathematician before the research done. The results revealed that, there was no difference in pretest score between students who experienced conventional learning and MM. The T-test results were also revealed that the posttest of students studying with MM equipped with higher playing cards when compared with conventional class. The findings of this study suggest that it is important for teachers to empower students' cognitive abilities through MM and games in order to make learning more meaningful and contextual. Thus the MM learning model can be recommended in developing and improving students' cognitive learning outcome mathematics. Future research will explore the effect of MM on emotional intelligence, critical thinking of students and other variables related to mathematics learning.


Introduction: Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and positive Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) prior to allogeneic transplant are currently considered to be a group at high risk of relapse. Multiparameter flow cytometry is a standard technique to measure MRD, and generally we use a 0.1% threshold for positivity. The clinical significance of those patients with an MRD levels >0% but <0.1% is uncertain and it is recommended to define the prognosis of this subgroup.
 Material and methods: We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of 88 patients transplanted between 2012 and 2020. All patients achieved complete remission (CR) with or without hemoperipheral recovery prior to allogeneic transplant. We have divided our cohort into three groups according to MRD state by flow cytometry: Group 1 patients with negative MRD, Group 2 patients with MRD level >0% but <0.1% and Group 3 patients with MRD ≥ 0.1%. The baseline characteristics of each group were compared using the Chi2 test. The survival analysis was performed through Kaplan-Meier method and the risk was calculated with Cox regression. The Overall Survival (OS) was defined as the time from transplantation to death and the Relapse-Free Survival (RFS) as the time from transplantation to either relapse or death. P<0.05 was defined as statistically significant difference.
 Results: The baseline characteristics of our cohort are reflected in Table 1. We did not find statistical significant differences except for the response to induction. The median follow-up of the entire cohort was 13.5 months (range 6-43.5). The 4-year RFS (4y-RFS) was 47% and the 4-year OS (4y-OS) 50%. The 4y-RFS was 52.5% in Group 1 vs 59% in Group 2 vs 30% in Group 3. The 4y-OS was 60% in Group 1 vs 60% in Group 2 vs 31% in Group 3 (Image 1). The Hazard Ratio (HR) for RFS and OS comparing Group 1 vs Group 2 was 0.9 [95% CI ((0.3-2.5)] and 1.1 [95% CI (0.4-3)] respectively. The HR for the RFS and OS comparing Group 1 vs 3 was 1.2 [95% CI (0.9-1.7)] and 1.2 [95% CI (0.8-1.6)]. We have stratified patients according to the European LeukemiaNet risk classification. In Group 1, the 4y-RFS was 79% in patients with Favorable Risk (FR) vs 55% in those with Intermediate Risk (IR) and 53% in patients with Adverse Risk (AR) [HR 1.2, 95% CI (0.6-2.3)] and the 4y-OS was 79% vs 54% vs 53% respectively [HR 1.3, 95% CI (0.6-2.5)]. In Group 2, the 4y-RFS was 100% in those with FR vs 83% in IR vs 33% in AR [HR 3.9, 95% CI (0.4-30)] and the 4y-OS was 100% vs 82% vs 36% respectively [HR 4, 95% CI (0.5-32%)]. In Group 3, the 4y-RFS in patients with FR was 82% vs 0% in IR vs 0% in AR [HR 2.1, 95% CI (1.1-4.1)] and the 4y-OS was 82% vs 0% vs 0% respectively [HR 1.6, 95% CI (0.8-3.3)] (Image 2).
 Conclusions: In our cohort, positive MRD >0.1% prior to transplant identified a group with worse RFS and OS compared to those with negative MRD or positive MRD level >0% but <0.1%. Positive MRD >0.1% is especially relevant in the IR and AR groups of the European LeukemiaNet risk classification. In the AR subgroup even any detectable level of positive MRD could identify patients with unfavorable post-transplant OS and RFS outcomes. We must establish post-transplant strategies in these patients to improve survival.

 Garcia-Gutiérrez: Pfizer: Consultancy, Other: Travel, Accommodation, Expenses, Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy, Other: Travel, Accommodation, Expenses, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: Travel, Accommodation, Expenses, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Other: Travel, Accommodation, Expenses, Research Funding.


Objects that are on the threshold of forming the horizon but never collapse are called quasi-black holes (QBHs). We discuss the properties of the general spherically symmetric QBH metric without addressing its material source, including its limiting cases as the corresponding small parameter tends to zero. We then show that QBHs can exist among self-gravitating configurations of electromagnetic and dilatonic scalar fields without matter. These general results are illustrated by explicit examples of exact solutions.


PurposeThe effects of fatigue load level and plate thickness on the fatigue performance of reinforced concrete T-beam bridges.Design/methodology/approachFatigue load tests were performed based on the fatigue damage theory of reinforced concrete, combined with finite element model analysis. The other conditions are controlled separately, and the fatigue performance of the T-beam bridge carriageway slab under different fatigue load levels and different plate thicknesses is studied.FindingsThe fatigue process of the carriageway slab of a reinforced concrete T-beam bridge is divided into three stages: fatigue damage generation, fatigue damage development and fatigue failure. Under certain other conditions, as the fatigue load level increases, the fatigue damage of the carriageway slab accelerates; as the thickness of the carriageway slab increases, the fatigue resistance of the carriageway slab improves.Research limitations/implicationsTests and simulations have been carried out, but have not been applied to actual engineering for the time being.Practical implicationsIncreasing the thickness of the carriageway slab in actual engineering is conducive to improving the fatigue performance of the bridge, and heavy-duty traffic has a greater impact on the durability of the bridge.Social implicationsIt has certain reference value for bridge design, inspection and subsequent maintenance and reinforcement.Originality/valueThe originality of this article lies in designing and carrying out static and cyclic load tests separately, while introducing material damage models based on a large number of references and combining finite element analysis to consider the impact of a specific factor on fatigue performance. The test and analysis results can provide reference for bridge design and inspection.


This paper analyzes on the positions and reasons of the cracks on the wall of the small-sized breeze hollow block,and puts forward some corresponding measures for preventing these cracks from the manufacturing quality,design,and construction technique,etc.


Data used in inland water fish demand modeling were characterized by the fact that demand frequencies were non-negative integers. Another issue potentially important for modeling the demand for inland water fishes was the separation of decision to participate from the decision of how many to consume. This paper aimed to analyze the determinants of inland water fish demand in terms of combining a binary probability model for participation and a conditional probability model for positive frequencies. Logit and truncated negative binomial models were utilized to apply for the participation and consumption decisions, respectively. The impact of demographic characteristics on participation decision for inland water fishes appeared to be significantly high in gender, age, and education. As regional characteristics, a notable fact was that the residents of Ulsan, Busan, and Greater Seoul exceeded those of other cities in participation rate for consuming the fishes. Types of perception on inland water fishes also had significant correlations with participation decision. The influence of demographic characteristics on the consumption decision was statistically significant in gender, age, income, and types of job. The residents of Incheon, Daejeon, and Daegu were exceeded by those of other cities in number of consumption. The impact of certain types of perception on consumption decision appeared to be significant. Taste and sanitary thought on the fishes as a choice characteristics was also significant in deciding how many to consume.


The anatomical structure, of the leaf blade as seen in transverse section, and the abaxial epidermis, of Dregeochloa pumila and  D. calviniensis is described and illustrated. A generic description is included and the relationships of the genus are briefly discussed.


A major cause of sudden unexpected death is cardiac arrest. Despite a properly performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, only a minority of patients who suffer cardiac arrest are able to be meaningfully resuscitated. ECPR (an alternative CPR method in which Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is used) along with intra-arrest PCI can be effective lifesaving dual procedures for patients in whom conventional Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) cannot achieve the return of spontaneous circulation. Also, important would be the fact that near optimal temporal perfusion of the other vital organs is ensured during the course of this high-risk situation needing a quick salvage.


The history of art has made an effort to legitimize the value of the techniques (painting, sculpture, drawing, dance, music) and thus it is fair to use terms such as genius, beauty or harmony without the necessity of valuing the objective condition of the message. It is a frequent mistake to take these practices as the cause of communication due to the participation of individuals gifted with graphic abilities when creating.


Family businesses are representative of the economy in Argentina. They are characterized by a strong vocation for continuity as part of the family legacy. However, their permanence has been hindered in most cases by lack of management of the business family. The high rate of disappearance is due in most cases to family-type setbacks. The family protocol is a tool that contributes to progress of family businesses, facilitating management of the company and the business family. The objective of this work is to find correlation among behaviour of family businesses and the family protocol as a management tool for the permanence of the family business. Structural equations models (SEM) were applied, where on the one hand, the latent variable "continuity"- which indicates the perception that members of family businesses have - was defined and on the other hand, if "having a protocol" has an implication on their endurance. It is concluded that having a family protocol which includes the guidelines for family and business management contributes to permanence of the family business with all the benefits that this implies both for the business family itself and for the society and economy in which it is immersed.


One of the challenges for the successful implementation of extensive reading (ER) programmes, especially in Asian contexts, stems from curricular factors where class time is often prioritised for tasks requiring the presence of a teacher. This paper investigates the role of extensive reading online (ERO), an alternative approach to traditional ER, in enhancing first-year university students' reading fluency and their attitudes to reading in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Seventeen English learners from a university in Vietnam participated in the 10-week study. The findings revealed that the ERO programme had a generally positive impact on the development of learners' reading fluency with conservative analysis methods showing increases of around 20% in reading speed. Evidence from qualitative data gathered through questionnaires and interviews showed that there were positive changes in participants' attitudes toward ER and provided insights into implementing ERO.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using non estrous and estrous female teasers cow towards the blood cortisol levels as an indicator of stress and the quality of the semen produced by Madura bulls. The blood samples were collected from jugular vein of 10 bulls 15 minutes before and after semen collection using artificial vagina. The result showed that blood cortisol levels before and after semen collection by using non estrous and estrous female teasers were no significantly differences between non estrous female teasers (9.16 ± 5.28 and 11.09 ± 5.53 ng/ml), and estrous female teasers (11.9 ± 5.23 and 12.3 ± 3.63 ng/ml) respectively. Assessment of semen quality showed that there were significantly differences in the viability and motility of spermatozoa between treatments. The viability of spermatozoa with non-estrous and estrous female teaser were 64.80 ± 13.18 % and 71.80 ± 14.89 %, meanwhile the motility of spermatozoa with non-estrous and estrous female teaser were 54.50 ± 10.12 % and 63.50 ± 13.75 %. In conclusions, the using of non-estrous and estrous female teasers did not cause stress which proved by not increasing the blood corticol levels, but the treatment with estrous female teasers increased the semen quality.


As the idea of "Universities serve socitety" penetrates people's minds,local universities take the "local regional service" as their development direction.Apart from the basic services,local university libraries also take this as their mission,strengthens the construction of local literature resource,exploit the local literature resource,to satisfy the needs of users to the local literature resource,and serve the local economic and culture development.


Risk assessment is based on scientific information that is often highly uncertain and speculative. Scientific representation of probability has suffered a serious loss of credibility. The acceptability of any given risk can change based on new information or on the interdependence of one risky activity on another. Risk acceptability must be determined not only one on the basis of technological expertise and statistical validity, but also in consideration of such social and ethical issues as the protection of individual rights, the equity of risk-to-benefit distribution, the legitimacy of risk assessment and risk management processes, and most importantly awareness for and respect of the public's perception of risk.


All the cells that constitute epithelial surfaces are decorated by a large diversity of glycoconjugates that have been involved in numerous cellular processes, including cancer cell transformation. During malignant cancer cell transformation, cells express on their surfaces different glycan structures when compared with their normal counterpart. The expression of these altered glycans occurs mainly in glycoproteins and glycolipids and are characterized by the expression of abnormal truncated glycans (e.g. Tn, STn and T antigens) and increased sialylation in complex glycan structures (e.g. SLe and SLe antigens). The study of these glycan alterations common in cancer as well as the identification of proteins carriers of the altered glycans will contribute to the understanding of the carcinogenesis process and help in the finding of new cancer biomarkers. The main objectives of this work were: to identify new serological biomarkers in gastric carcinogenesis, by the evaluation of T and STn expression in gastric carcinoma precursor lesions (gastritis and intestinal metaplasia) and in gastric carcinoma; to characterize the biological behavior of gastric carcinoma cells expressing SLe, to evaluate the molecular modulation of SLe expressing cells by tyrosine kinase receptors activation; and to identify protein carriers of SLe. STn and T antigens were shown to be expressed in biopsies of individuals with gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and tissues from gastric carcinoma patients. The proteomic study of serum from individuals with gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma revealed the presence of these truncated glycans and lead us to identify some proteins such as acute phase proteins (mainly complement proteins), vitronectin and plasminogen. The detailed mass spectrometry analysis of glycan structures in serum plasminogen from intestinal metaplasia individuals allowed the validation of the STn structure. The overexpression of ST3Gal IV in gastric carcinoma cell line MKN45, induced the expression of type 2 sialylated Lewis structure, SLe, in cellular and secreted proteins. The SLe expression lead to a more aggressive in vitro phenotype of gastric cells, characterized by an increased cellular invasion with increased adhesion capacity to extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen IV and vitronectin. Using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as in vivo model for the evaluation of cancer cell invasion capacity we demonstrated that cells expressing SLe show increased capacity to infiltrate and invade CAM. From the evaluation of tyrosine kinase receptors activation we observed increased activation of c-Met in SLe expressing cells, a receptor already described as playing a role in cellular invasion and metastization process. As follow consequence of c-Met activation we observed increased phosphorylation of Src, FAK and activation of RAC1, RhoA and Cdc42 GTPases contributing for the modulation of cellular biological behavior. The identification of SLe protein carriers, by a proteomic approach, lead us to identify the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This result was further confirmed in cells by proximity ligation assay (PLA) and validated by immunoprecipitation. The expression of CEA and SLe and the presence of CEA/SLe was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and PLA in gastric carcinoma tissues, and revealed that 80.6% of the cases show CEA/SLe. This result was associated with the presence of venous invasion of the carcinomas. Overall, our results give new insights for the application of both plasminogen STn and CEA SLe glycosylation pattern as serum biomarkers of gastric pathologies, and open new avenues for future targeted evaluation of these specific glycobiomarkers in additional immunoassaybased approaches. Moreover, we showed that SLe expression on the surface of malignant cells plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis.


On-line crystal size distribution control in an 18 L KCl crystallizer, equipped with a fines dissolver, was experimentally studied using inferential control of nuclei density. The control algorithm used was proportional control of inferred nuclei density by manipulation of fines removal rate. A sudden 5–8°C drop in the temperature of the crystallizer was used as a standard upset, which produced a fairly reproducible burst of nuclei. Nuclei density was then estimated from the fine crystal distribution in the fines loop using a light-scattering instrument. The control study was implemented by a computer program that used the current value of nuclei density to calculate updated set points of the fines removal rate. Simple proportional control of nuclei density in response to changes in fines removal rate was shown to be an effective way to minimize fluctuations in the product crystal size distribution that are caused by nucleation disturbances.


Introduction: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a rare congenital cardiovascular condition in which one or some of the pulmonary veins (PV) but not all drain into systemic circulation rather than into the left atrium (LA). Accurate detection of these anomalies is important because of its association with patient morbidity and mortality. Although the PV anatomy can be evaluated by Echocardiography or angiography, noninvasive modalities like multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now play crucial role in the characterization of pulmonary veins.
Aim: The aim of this article is to review various patterns PAPVC diagnosed, the associated cardiac defects, the role of various imaging modalities and their implications in the management and also to review the embryology of the PV.
Materials & Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 21 consecutive patients with PAPVC. The various patterns of PAPVC and associated cardiac defects was studied using echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and MDCT.
Results: There were 13 males and 8 females and their age at diagnosis ranged from day 1 to 50 years. Most common type was right sided PAPVC in 15 patients, Left sided PAPVC in 3 patients. Mixed type where PAPVC of both right and left sided veins occur in 3 patients. Accessory pulmonary veins were identified in 4 patients. Most common associated cardiac defect was secundum ASD (OS ASD).
Conclusions: PAPVC cannot be classified into stereotypic types as there is wide spectrum of developmental anomalies exist. A single diagnostic modality may not detect every anomaly. Even though echocardiography is the initial imaging technique of choice it is suboptimal and MDCT now provides very rapid and accurate imaging.


Although g-C3N4-based heterojunctions show promise for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, enhancing charge separation and creating sufficient catalytic sites remain challenges. In this study, valence-mixed CuPc/Graphene/g-C3N4 (HT-CuPc/G/UCN) ultrathin heterojunctions (~4.8 nm thickness)...


Agriculture is the most significant source of Ammonia emission that causes e.g. loss of Nitrogen from agricultural systems. Manure is the main source of Ammonia emissions and causes losses in the nutrient cycles of agriculture as well as local odour nuisance. By using different bedding materials, it is possible to reduce both the Ammonia emissions and to improve the cycling of nutrient. Peat is known as an effective litter material but its use as a virtually non-renewable resource is questionable. Therefore, we need to find new bedding materials to replace peat. In this study, the effect of ten different industrial by-products, reeds and stalks to reduce Ammonia emissions was tested in laboratory in January 2020. Dairy cow slurry and bedding materials were mixed in a volume ratio of 4:1. The Ammonia emission was measured for two weeks once or twice a day. Measurements were performed with a photoacoustic method. The results show that all tested materials reduce the Ammonia emission from the cow slurry used. Interesting new materials to substitute peat are zero fiber and briquetted textile waste. Wheat bran, pellets made of reed canary grass and chopped bulrush had the best effect which is at the same level as that of peat. However, no statistically significant differences between the calculated emission rates were found.


The group of artists that creates and maintains the magazine Cercle et C arre (1930), in Paris, is characterized by bringing together different foreign currents of abstract movement or sympathizers, whose works based on mes sianic programs from the De Stijl (1917-1931), Neo, Russian Constructivism, Futurism and Bauhaus. Even in tegrate it to the group, artists from Dada, post Cubist and Ozenfant , and Le Corbusier. The last two, heade d the magazine L'Esprit Nouveau (1920-1925), defending pur ism with a connotation of moral order and in order to establish modernity under stable socioecon omic bases.


The invention relates to a control device of the movement at least one pair of flaps aerodynamic equipping a vehicle, the device comprising firstly at least one pair of aerodynamic flaps each mounted to pivot relative to a support along a longitudinal axis (5) and on the other hand, an actuator having a motor (9) and acting on the flaps for their rotation between two predetermined positions. According to the invention, the actuator is connected to a leading said component, with an actuation system (23) for rotation of the shutter between its two predetermined positions, said leading flap being connected to a said flap leading, via a link (50) articulated at both ends to follow the movements of the drive component.


Smart Home Concepts: Current Trends Alladi Venkatesh Ph.D. CRITO University of California Irvine CA 92697 firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.crito.uci.edu A. Introduction In this paper, we discuss some important current developments concerning smart home technologies and their future prospects. Information Appliances Information appliances are consumer devices which offer Internet and/or network access without using the traditional operating system interface. That being said, the line dividing information appliances ("IAs") and traditional PCs is not altogether clear. For instance, a device whose only user interface is a Web browser, but which runs on top of the Linux operating system, is considered an IA because of its simplified interface. However, operating systems, most notably Microsoft Windows, have grown increasingly simple and browser-like themselves. Just ten years ago, remember, the "c-prompt" was a daily fact of life for PC users. The evolution of Windows has pushed the PC ever closer to our information appliance definition, and seems likely to continue on this path toward usability. Thus, it may be useful to briefly consider some devices currently considered IAs (more discussion of particular devices can be found in Section 2 of this paper). Information appliances include PDAs, palmtops, and set-top boxes. However, as network capabilities are added to more familiar devices, "intelligent" car stereos, VCRs, and refrigerators start to come under the IA heading as well. The IA market is also likely to introduce more new devices, such as personal hand-held scanners and Web tablets, both of which are currently in some stage of development or introduction. In his article "How information appliances are winning over businesses", Chris Edwards states that "there is no single definition of what an appliance should look like". This statement in itself could be considered a useful description. Typically, an information appliance does not have a hard drive, or at least not a big one, and is only required to run smaller applications and use less processor speed than a traditional PC. In exchange for these, the typical IA is more portable, more versatile, and less expensive. In addition, because IA operating systems (OS's) tend to be simpler than PC standard OS's, information appliances are generally easier to use. Says Edwards, information appliances "appeal to users more familiar with Sony PlayStations than computers". The information appliance can also be considered in terms of function. IA's are expected to deliver the benefits of the Internet without the potential hassle of a PC. They are expected to be easily networked and intuitive in operation. Finally, the general term "information appliance" has a number of synonyms. These include "internet appliance", "net terminal", and "web appliance". While the names used seem to be interchangeable, "information appliance" is most prevalent. Smart Homes Smart homes, then, are homes which utilize information appliances and a home-based network to connect household appliances to each other and to the outside Internet world. Because of the integral nature of the home-based network into the smart home, the discussion of the smart home should be inclusive of the discussion of the networked home. There have been several high-profile smart home projects undertaken by private citizens over the last few years. The most well-known of these has been Microsoft founder Bill Gates' residence on Mercer Island east of Seattle. The home includes art frames which can display different "paintings" on demand, as


Two placebo-controlled trials reported in this issue of the Journal show the efficacy of an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, tofacitinib, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.1,2 If this agent is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, clinicians will confront several complex questions. What is the rationale for targeting this family of kinases? How effective is tofacitinib as compared with other proven agents that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis? What safety concerns need to be kept in focus? How should JAK inhibition be combined with other medications in the . . .


The loss of the stability of heavy highway tractor-semitrailer combinations is the usual cause of several serious traffic accidents. One of the reasons is the different behaviour of the vehicle under changed conditions (e.g. different loading conditions, abrupt side wind gust acting on the vehicle, etc.) which is not expected by the driver or it differs from the usual one. The authors of the paper study the behaviour of the articulated vehicle from the point of view of the steerability and define the conditions of self-steering characteristics of articulated vehicles. In the paper, linear model of the articulated vehicle is used, but the simulations are carried out for more realistic non-linear two-track model including real tyre model. On the basis of the results of the above written examination, the authors deal with the improvement of the lateral stability of the tractor-semi trailer combination using controlled elements in the vehicle chassis, namely the steering of the rear axle of the tractor is examined, however, the practical realization is complicated. Possible solution is proposed instead of the steering of the rear wheels of the tractor based on control of their side slip angles. Results are shown on controlled steering of the wheels on the axle(s) of the trailer. In both mentioned cases, new method of the robust control design is used called Robust LQR (RLQR). Design of the anti-jackknifing device is demonstrated, which means the semi-active control of the switchable damper in the joint.


EDITOR—The presence of a statin in the "Polypill" implies a favourable cost effectiveness of the anticholesterol agent for primary prevention.1 2 Medline reports 18 original studies (from 1995 to June 2003) evaluating the cost effectiveness of statins for this indication (8 independent, 10 sponsored3).

In the eight independent reports, the interstudy variations in the cost per life year gained are extremely wide ($C7700 to $US420 000 in men), …


Background and study aim: Hepatitis B vaccination has been included in routine infant's immunization in Egypt since 1991. Although it could provide high levels of sero-protection, the duration of that protection remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial immunoprophylaxis response to compulsory hepatitis B vaccination and its long term protection in Egyptian children. Patients and methods: Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) was assessed in 200 apparently healthy Egyptian children.They were all vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine in infancy through the compulsory vaccination program. They were classified into two groups, each contained 100 children. The 1st group included infants at least 2 months after completion of the 3 doses of the vaccine (≥8 months old). While the 2nd group included children aged 6-12 years old. Sera were obtained from all children and were tested for anti-HBs titer, HBsAg and antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by ELISA. Children who were discovered to have non-protective titers (≤10 mIU/mL) received a booster dose of the vaccine and were re-evaluated within 2-4 weeks. Different factors associated with poor immune response were analyzed. Results: The initial responders rate of 83% was detected in group І which was significantly higher than that in group П of only 52%. Moreover, mean titer of Anti-Hbs was significantly decreased with age,( 48.9 ±15.8 mIU/ml in group І vs 12.6 ± 5.2 mIU/ml in group II). Also, within the 2nd group, a negative correlation between Anti-HBs mean level and age in years was displayed. No significant difference could be detected in the percentage of infected children between both groups (4% in group I vs.6% in group IІ). Sixty two percent of the boosted children showed a significant increase in their mean anti-HBs titer. Male gender and rural residence were associated with poor vaccine response in both groups. Conclusion: As maternal screening is not feasible in our country, Hep-B vaccine birth dose is a necessity to prevent perinatal infection. Most of infants vaccinated with compulsory Hep-B vaccine retained their immune protection years after vaccination either by high antiHBs titer or efficient memory T cells. However, large scale and long term follow up study is still needed before clearly answering the question about the need for booster dosing and its proper timing.


The metallurgical observations at the region near the sliding surface of the test pieces described in the previous paper showed that the microstructural change in the surface layer is like the one observed in the smeared surface layer of the bearing races. By considering this fact and severe temperature rise at sliding contact reported in the previous paper, it was concluded that a cause of the smearing crack is the transformation stress of metals accompanied with the stresses due to mechanical and thermal conditions. While, some model experiments were carried out to gain practical knowledge for preventing the smearing crack. The influences of sliding conditions such as hardness and materials of test pieces, surface treatment and lubricants were examined experimentally with respect to characteristics of cracking.


The recent progress in the theory of generalised Lambert functions makes possible to solve exactly the Weiss equation of ferromagnetism. However, this solution is quite inconvenient for practical purposes. Precise approximate analytical solutions are obtained, giving the temperature dependence of the spontaneous magnetization, and also the dependence of the magnetization on both temperature and external magnetic field. The experimental relevance of these results, mainly for the determination of the Curie temperature, is discussed.


In this paper,we introduce the definition of ω-accumulation point,we overcome the defects of accumulation point,and then for any LF sets A,B, A~-=A∨A~(dω),and(A∨B)~(dω)=A~(dω)∨B~(dω) can be obtained.


In this paper, adaptive nonlinear correlation-based filters for pattern recognition are presented. The filters are based on a sum of minima correlations. To improve the recognition performance of the filters in presence of false objects and geometric distortions, information about the objects is used to synthesize the filters. The performance of the proposed filters is compared to that of the linear synthetic discriminant function filters in terms of noise robustness and discrimination capability. Computer simulation results are provided and discussed.


This research aimed to study in-depth the concept of knowledge sharing process as part of knowledge management, and its role on innovative performance through conducting a comprehensive review of theories, literature, and empirical studies. Furthermore, the researchers reviewed the prevailing literature of knowledge sharing and its relationship with innovation.


The purpose of this paper is to study the strong convergence of a hybrid iterative scheme for finding a common element of the set of solutions of a new general system of variational inequalities for α -inverse-strongly monotone mapping and relaxed (c,d)-cocoercive mapping, the set of solutions of a mixed equilibrium problem and the set of fixed points of a nonexpansive mapping in a real Hilbert space. Several strong convergence theorems of the proposed hybrid projection algorithm are established by using the demi-closedness principle. Our results extend and improve recent results announced by many others.


This article discusses the new and innovative road and street repair program being conducted in District 1 of Dallas County, Texas. Having the county coordinate this work has proven cost effective as opposed to each town in the district trying to do pavement maintenance on its own. The county purchased a cold milling machine in 1987. The use of this machine on a project in the city of Carrollton is examined as an example of the cost savings that can be achieved through in-place recycling made possible by utilizing county services.


Flow measurements in sediment laden rivers can not be made accurately due to the possibility of deposition or erosion of sediment at the measurement section of the river. Therefore, a fixed suitable hydraulic structure is needed at a proper section of the river so that sediment should not cause any problem over the structure in the form of deposition or erosion. In this study, the hydraulic model of a known river with a length scale of 1/15 was constructed and a preselected flow measurement structure type of compound-cross section was applied on it. Series of experiments were conducted on the hydraulic model of the developed channel system with various materials of varying shapes and specific gravities as bed load material. From observations of experiments it was seen that no sediment deposition occurred at any location on the model of the flow measurement structure. Some basic design criterions for such flow measurement structures to be applied on any kind of sediment laden rivers were given.


History, so the clich6 tells us, is written by the victors. But not only written, of course. We acknowledge that victors also organize and display history, so to speak, and do the same for contemporary material culture, to express and consolidate their ideology. Such victors (whether they be the ruling 6lites of states, religious dignitaries, or individuals deriving power from birth or wealth), plunder vanquished lands and peoples, and seize virtu as a part of what is evocatively and appropriately known as the spoils. With shifts in power, hegemonic dislocation, and changes in perception, the holding and display of spoils becomes highly contentious, not least when such objects are held to be foci of religious devotion or symbols of national identity. These collections have become post-colonial case studies, made poignant by the enforced separation from their original culture and the growing awareness of the physical damage to the archaeological record and material context so frequently inflicted by their appropriation. Even when collections are formed entirely of indigenous items, whether historical or contemporary, their purposes are still open to challenge. Museological practices have responded, most notably in relation to scientific collections, by attempting to forge more intimate relationships with their audiences.


We present a new map of 30 km2 of the northwestern Krania Basin at 1:10,000 scale, including rocks of the Pindos Ophiolite Group and associated units, and the sedimentary fill of the Krania Basin. The Krania Basin is a flexural basin developed in the Middle – Late Eocene and filled first with alluvial fan conglomerates and later with turbidite sandstones and siltstones, following a deepening of the basin. Analysis of the clasts within the sediment, combined with paleoflow analyses, suggest sediment input from the eroding Pindos Ophiolite to the west. The Pindos Ophiolite Group is represented in the area by pillow lavas, sheeted dykes and serpentinized harzburgites of the Aspropotamos Complex. The ophiolite forms imbricated, thrust bounded blocks which show two phases of thrusting, corresponding to Late Jurassic and Eocene stages of ophiolite emplacement. We identify five stages of deformation within the basin itself, starting with Early - Middle Eocene syndepositional extensional faulting associated with the formation of the basin. This was followed by four stages of post-depositional deformation, starting with Late Eocene compression associated with basin closure, which caused thrust faulting and folding of the sediments. Oligocene dextral faulting with a thrust component affected the basin margins. Finally, two normal faulting events with different orientations have affected the basin since the Miocene.


The future space station, which can simulate the gravity environment by rotation, has attracted the attention of scholars in recent years. It is considered a feasible scheme to fold the mechanism on the ground and assemble it into an artificial gravity ring after entering orbit. The deployable mechanism used to attach the space station is required to be large-scale and sufficiently high stiffness after deployment to ensure the safety and accuracy of the payload. However, the clearance will significantly reduce the stiffness of the mechanism, which is in the locked state. In this paper, the deployable mechanism with enhanced bending and torsion resistance configuration will be taken as the research object. First, based on the classical hinge stiffness model, the hinge equivalent model and the sliding joint equivalent model are proposed. Then, the finite element model based on equivalent stiffness is analyzed, and the effectiveness of the finite element model is verified by comparing the experimental results. Finally, the finite element model was used to analyze the influence of the clearance of the pin hole, the clearance of the sliding fit, and the position of the clearance on the bending stiffness of the deployable mechanism. The results show that the clearance greatly reduces the stiffness of the mechanism under small loads and weakens the bearing performance of components. At the same time, the position of the clearance should be taken seriously in the mechanism design.


The applicability of chain equations of state to real systems is discussed in this paper. For this purpose, the authors have compared four theories: the perturbed-hard-chain theory (PHCT) of Prausnitz and coworkers, the generalized Flory (GF) and generalized Flory dimer (GFD) theories of Hall and coworkers, and the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) of Radosz, Gubbins, and co-workers. In this comparison, the perturbation expansion in the attractive term was truncated after the first-order term for all theories. Comparison of these theories with Monte Carlo simulation data for hard chains and square-well chains showed that the GFD theory, which explicitly takes into account the effect of the formation of chains in both the repulsive and the attractive part of the equations, is in best agreement with the data. The GFD theory was further improved by using the simulations data directly to reevaluate the shape parameters c and q, which were found to be density dependent. The new simplified GFD theory gives a significantly better correlation of the properties of normal alkanes than the other four theories.


Endoplasmic reticulum protein of 29 kDa (ERp29) is protein that regulates the biogenesis of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). IERp29 may promote ENaC cleavage and increased open probability by directing ENaC to the Golgi via coat complex II (COP II) during biogenesis. We hypothesized that ERp29's C-terminal KEEL ER retention motif, a KDEL variant that is associated with less robust ER retention, strongly influences its regulation of reticulum (ER), ERp29. Our data here are consistent with the hypothesis that ERp29 must interact with the KDEL Receptor to exert its regulation of ENaC biogenesis. The classically described role of the KDEL Receptor is to retrieve ER-retained species from the proximal Golgi and return them to the ER via Coat Complex I machinery. In contrast, our data suggest a novel and important role for the KDEL Receptor in the biogenesis and forward trafficking of ENaC. of transefected MDCK αβγ-ENaC demonstrating that depletion of the KDEL-R does not alter β-ENaC surface expression (n=3 independent experiments, p=ns by Wilcoxon signed-rank test).


The article describes the united European higher education space, which is developing in accordance with the logic of the Bologna process. The recently established conception of "Europe of Knowledge" is defined. The authors deduce that the Russian higher education can be competitive under the stipulation that it meets the requirements of the Bologna process system, which is interpreted as a factor supporting achievement of socioeconomic goals. According to the authors, the urgent objective of the modern higher school is not only training of a highly skilled expert, but also raising a person who is community-minded, ready for changes in social and professional environment.


The main goal of this dissertation is to study the fatigue behaviour of 18Ni300 maraging steels, produced either by conventional manufacturing processes and by a specific additive manufacturing process, the Selective Laser Melting (SLM), (Laser Powder Bed Fusion). In order to perform a fatigue characterisation of this material, four point bending fatigue tests were performed under in four different conditions aiming to derive the S-N curves for each series of specimens. Four different batches of 12 specimens are proposed: two of them produced by conventional manufacturing (CM), and the two others produced by AM. For the CM specimens, one batch was tested in the as-delivered condition, after machining, and the other one after a heat treatment (solution annealing and ageing). The latest presents better mechanical properties, such as the ultimate tensile strength and hardness. The objective is to evaluate the influence of the heat treatment on the fatigue behaviour of the specimens. For the AM specimens, in one of the batches, the notch was produced during the SLM process and was in the as-built condition (B series), while the other series the notch was machined after the SLM process (A series). The goal is to analyse the influence of the surface roughness on the notch area on the fatigue behaviour, since the B specimens series presents a much worse surface quality than the A ones. A metalographic analysis of the materials was carried out through microstructural observations in order to evaluate porosity and defects present on the samples. Additionally, hardness and surface roughness measurements were performed. Miniature specimens with the geometry proposed in the literature were adopted for this study. Since the fatigue testing machine available for this study was not adapted for these specimens, due to their small dimensions, a gripping mechanism was proposed and validated through FEM analysis. Furthermore, the machine was also transformed in order to perform four point bending tests instead of three point bending. FEM simulations were carried out using Abaqus, firstly to validate the gripping mechanism and then to establish comparisons between the experimental values and the numerical ones. In addition, the numerical simulations allowed to estimate the stress values around the notch which is crucial to derive the S-N curves. With the purpose of evaluating the influence of the surface roughness on the fatigue behaviour of parts, several measured surface profiles were introduced on the notch surface on Abaqus® software, and numerical stresses were obtained. The CM specimens presented a better fatigue behaviour than the AM specimens. On the AM specimens, the A specimens (machined) presented a better fatigue behaviour than the B specimens (as-built). The numeric model revealed to be too rigid, justifying the high values of stresses and reaction forces obtained.


The canned flavored rice is made with common rice 50-60 weight portions, glutinous rice 40-50 weight portions, edible oil 10-15 weight portions, meat, sea food or egg 40-60 weight portions, scallion 3-5 weight portions, carrot 3-5 weight portions, onion 5-10 weight portions, dried chili 1-2 weight portions, sodium glutamate 0.2-0.5 weight portions, salt 1-1.5 weight portions, soy sauce 2-3 weight portions, and Daxida beef powder seasoning 0-0.5 weight portions. The making process includes the steps of frying the supplementary material in oil, mixing with seasoning, cooking rice with all the materials, packing and sealing, and high temperature steam sterilizing. The canned flavored rice has unique flavor, rich nutrients, convenient eating and long preservation period.


Inelastic electron scattering form factors for 29Si nucleus with total angular momentum and positive parity (Jπ) and excited energy (3/2+, 1.273 MeV; 5/2+, 2.028 MeV; 3/2+, 2.425 MeV and 7/2+, 4.079 MeV) have been calculated using higher energy configurations outside the sd-shell. The calculations of inelastic form factors up to the first- and second-order with and without core-polarization (CP) effects were compared with the available experimental data. The calculations of inelastic electron scattering form factors up to the first-order with CP effects are in agreement with the experimental data, excepted for states 3/2+(1.273 MeV) and 5/2+(2.028 MeV) and without this effect are failed for all states. Furthermore, the calculations of inelastic electron scattering form factors up to the second-order with CP effects are in agreement with the experimental data for 3/2+(1.273 MeV) and 5/2+(2.028 MeV).


Short-term bus load forecasting is of great significance for ensuring the stable operation of the power grid and the orderly conduct of electricity market transactions. In view of the problems such as complex bus load conditions and low prediction accuracy of short-term bus load forecasting, we firstly propose an intelligent strategy of the optimal similar day selection by considering the influence factors of short-term bus load in this paper, taking the bus load of similar day as the result of first forecasting step. The deviation caused by first forecasting step is analysed, on this basis, real-time feature vector is constructed by combining real-time meteorological status. Then, this paper presents a deviation self-correction model based on an efficient and accurate machine learning algorithm—XGBoost. The case study of a bus in Guangdong province of China shows that the model and algorithm proposed in this paper have high accuracy and stability in short-term bus load forecasting.


In this paper we introduce the notions of orbital Lipschitz stability (in variation) and orbital exponential asymptotic stability (in variation) of dynamical systems (or diffeomor-phisms) on Riemannian manifolds, and study the embedding problem of those concepts in dynamical systems.stems.


Aim: To assess the outcome of fractures of proximal humerus managed surgically. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical study is an analysis of 22 cases of surgically managed proximal humeral fractures, undertaken at the Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Govt. General Hospital, Chennai. Standard anteroposterior radiographs of the affected shoulder were taken in all patients and most of them were further evaluated with Neer's three view trauma series. CT scan was done in patients with complex fracture dislocations, to delineate the fracture pattern and the direction of dislocation. The indications for surgery were displacement more than 1cm and angulation > 45. Patients not satisfying these criteria were treated conservatively and not included in this study. All the patients were operated by the standard anterior deltopectoral approach. All the patients were followed up monthly for the first 3 months and later every 3 months. During follow-up patients were clinically evaluated for pain, function and rotation. Radiological evidence of fracture union was observed by serial x-rays. Result: Majority of the injured patients were males (72%). Mean age of the study population was 36.75 years. RTA was the most common mode of injury (36.3%). There were no bilateral fractures; all were right handed persons and the dominant arm was involved in 16 (72.7%) patients. Early complications were encountered in 6 (25%) patients and late complications were encountered in 8 (30%) patients Conclusion: This study concluded that functional outcome of two part fractures is better than three part and four part fractures and the results are better with fractures than with fracture dislocations.


The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the growth of the microflora in children who live in the Kirovsk Apatity area, and variations heliogeophysical agents. The study used data from the analysis of the results of the microflora in the analyzes taken from the throat and nose in children, held a survey in the microbiological laboratory. The paper identified the qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora particular, it shows the variability of the microflora in different age groups of children revealed multidirectional communication between various representatives of the microflora, solar and geomagnetic activity


It will be shown that, for any $\delta > 0$,
\[
{\sum_{p\leq n}}^* \; \frac{\log p}{p} = \frac{1}{2} \log n + O\Big((\log n)^{\frac{5}{6}+\delta}\Big),
\]
where (*) restricts the summation to those primes $p$, which satisfy $n = kp+r$ for some integers $k$ and $r$, $p/2 < r < p$. This result is connected with questions
concerning prime divisors of binomial coefficients.


Many educators believe that Nigeria is poised for positive educational transformation due to the rapid and widespread uptake of mobile phones across the country over the last few years. Various attempts have been made by researchers and educators at using mobile phones in both formal and non-formal learning and Open and Distance Learning (ODL) settings in the country. This has resulted in increasing number of studies on mobile learning in recent years and this has lent credence to the widely held view that mobile phones open up new vistas for extending the scope, scale and quality of education in Nigeria. Therefore this paper focused on mobile phones and Adult education in Nigeria: prospects and future challenges. It discussed various views by educators and researchers on the use of mobile phones in teaching-learning process in Nigeria- Relevance and challenges of using mobile phones were discussed extensively. The concept of Adult Education and future challenges were considered appropriately. Also, it was recommended that adult learners should be exposed to new innovations of the 21st century which was regarded as century of knowledge and that the Adult Education curriculum should be incorporated using mobile phone for instructions. Conclusion were equally made that mobile phone be incorporated into adult education, for effective global development) Keywords : Mobile Phones, Adult Education, Literacy and Numeracy, Open and Distance Learning


SUMMARY We haveassessed theroleofbandage contactlenses intheprimary treatment of traumatic corneal abrasions. Patients treated withbandage lenseshealedmore quickly (OO5>p>002) andwithless discomfort (0-05>p>002) thanthose treated traditionally, withthe addedadvantage ofmaintaining vision during treatment. Resterilisation ofcontact lenses reduces thecostandmakesthetreatment economically viable. Largediameter lenses were fitted satisfactorily without theuseofkeratometry.


Experimental teaching reform is an important part of university teaching reform and quality engineering, which is also one key tache of improving the quality of teaching. The importance, meaning, extension, connotation and teaching roles of innovative experiment teaching are analyzed in this article. Its general implement method and concrete steps are elaborated. The function of innovative experiment teaching is mainly to train a student of self-educated and the ability to discover a problem, science thinking ability, creative thinking ability and solidify cooperation spirit. Setting up and carrying out innovative experiment teaching is one of important method to develop a creative type talented person in the new century, and that is the inevitable request which practices a reform in education.


Variability modelling and service-orientation are important approaches for achieving both flexibility and adaptability required by stakeholders of software systems. In this paper, we present the MAESoS approach that utilizes goal and variability models to support runtime monitoring and adaptation of service-oriented systems. We illustrate our approach using two scenarios and present a tool architecture that integrates a monitoring tool and an existing tool for defining and executing variability models.


The utility model relates to a pipe descaling and wall protection device using high pressure gas, the utility model adopts high pressure gas as the working air source, after the high pressure gas is treated by the pressure stabilization, the purification, the heating, and the cyclone, the high pressure gas enters a cleaned pipe through a connecting pipe, the inner wall of the pipe and the formed scale are carried out with the heat treatment, then, the inner wall of the pipe and the formed scale are rubbed and impacted by sand to clear the pipe, and finally, the heated rotary high pressure gas carries food level resin which is coated on the inner wall of the pipe, and a layer of coated film is formed to protect the inner wall of the pipe. The descaling and wall retaining work of the utility model needs a short time, when the utility model is operated, the wall does not need knocking and chiseling, the original decoration is not destroyed, and the influence for a user is small; the utility model is particularly suitable for living water supply pipe, and the quantity and the quality of water can be ensured.


The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of a new boron-nitrogen, phosphate-free fire-retardant (FR) formulation on the initial strength of No. 1 southern pine 2 by 4 lumber and its potential for in-service thermal degradation. The lumber was evaluated according to Method C of the D 5664 standard test method. The results indicated that for lumber exposed at 150°F (66°C) for 108 days, FR treatment and redrying significantly (α ≤ 0.10) decreased initial bending strength by about 13% compared to that of untreated controls. No significant difference occurred in the rate of strength loss over time of exposure. This infers that, after accounting for the initial reduction in strength, the field performance of FR-treated lumber should be comparable to that of untreated lumber. From a practical standpoint, the effect of FR treatment on maximum load capacity was similar to that on bending strength. Treatment significantly reduced work to a maximum load by 29%, but it had no differential effect on the rate of change in this property when the lumber was exposed to elevated temperatures. Although modulus of elasticity was not significantly changed by treatment, this property was significantly increased by extended exposure at high temperature. In summary, the reduction in mechanical properties for FR-treated 2 by 4 lumber occurred at a rate no different than that for matched untreated lumber when exposed to elevated temperature.


N MAY 1578 workers digging for pozzolana at the Vigna del Sanchez, about two miles outside Rome on the Via Salaria Nuova, accidentally broke into the underground chambers of an early Christian catacomb. In the half century after this chance discovery of the cemetery of the Giordani, Alonso Chacon, Philips van Winghe, Jean 1'Heureux, Pompeo Ugonio, and a much younger scholar, Antonio Bosio, laid the foundations of early Christian archaeology.' The Roman church was quick to recognize the significance of the archaeological evidence which had fallen into its hands. An anonymous document of 1578 makes explicit the interpretation given to the newly-found catacomb, emphasizing that it provided confirmation of Roman custom regarding devotion to the dead and the painting and veneration of sepulchral imagery.2 In 1563 the Council of Trent had confirmed the spiritual value and didactic function of the visual image. The architects of the decree sought the evidence for the practice of the Church during its formative period from among the canons of the post-iconoclastic councils and the writings of the Fathers.3 However, once the tangible remains of the Roman catacombs were introduced to the debate, then a substantial revision of both Catholic and Protestant arguments became necessary. Catholic apologists had the lesser task of integrating the new material into a pattern of literary evidence that for the most part postdated the use of the catacombs.4 But for the


In the present work the seeds of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) of variety IIEC-178313 and 2I-EC-38825 were treated with two chemical mutagens namely Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and Sodium azide (SA) to induce mutations. These treated seeds were sown in field to raise M1 generation for study of different parameters along with meiotic aberrations/anomalies. The meiotic metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase II were scored for determining the frequency of meiotic chromosomal aberrations. Various types of aberrations/anomalies such as precocious movement, stickiness, non disjunction, bridges, laggards and multiple groupings could be scored in the pollen mother cells.


Risk Management of dangerous freight both inside and outside towns is difficult to assess, especially since there are few data available about accidents and problems. Therefore the available database must be supplemented with a model which could be helpful in the risk analysis, evaluation and mitigation. This paper suggests a new method able to find realistic results even if at the beginning only few fragmentary data are available. In particular, this work introduces a tool joining together a Geographic Information System and a Monte Carlo simulator and which is able to effectively evaluate the danger connected with urban and suburban routes. It can also accurately estimate accident potential effects. Then a real case is described and results are discussed.


The recommendations of Basel II impose to banks the use of the "hard" information in the decision making process of SMEs loans. These banks must choose between replacing the "soft" information, already used, by the "hard" information and combining the two forms of information. This thesis explores the various elements that can influence this choice and tries to get the effect of this choice on the bank performance. Since, the cost of information is a fundamental element to adopt this choice; we tried to represent a measure to this cost of information. This cost is based on the time required for the collection and processing of the information. It turns out that the use of "hard" information decreases the flexibility of banks to grant loans to SMEs, for this purpose we tried to examine the different elements that influence the decision-making. We tried to integrate the nature of information among the elements studied. The results show a positive relationship between credit availability and the use of "soft" information. Information asymmetry is a major handicap for banks to distinguish between different types of borrower so the decision of rationing can penalize the good borrowers. Banks, which fear the loss of their customers, are looking to find a solution to this situation: they adopt new activities in search to make profits from riskier loans. The latest study of our thesis tries to show the effect of such services on the volume of loans granted and the net interest margin. Keywords: "soft" information, "hard" information, bank-SME relationship, information asymmetries, credit rationing, new services, non-interest income.


Preface Introduction to the Revised Edition of 2002 1. The Folk Background before Commercialism 2. The Early Period of Commercial Hillbilly Music 3. The First Country Singing Star: Jimmie Rodgers 4. Country Music during the Depression 5. The Cowboy Image and the Growth of Western Music 6. The War Years: The National Expansion of Country Music 7. The Boom Period: The Emergence of a Big Business, 1946-1953 8. The Development of Country-Pop Music and the Nashville Sound 9. The Reinvigoration of Modern Country Music, 1960-1972 10. Bluegrass 11. Country Music, 1972-1984 12. Tradition and Change: Country Music, 1985-2002 Bibliographical Essays Guide to Recordings Index Index of Song Titles


Cell surface polysaccharides play important roles in numerous biological processes in living organisms such as maintenance of outer membrane integrity, mediators of host-pathogen interactions, cell-celladhesion and recognition, protein folding, cell signalling, and trafficking of proteins translated within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Furthermore, abnormal glycosylation of cell surface proteins takes place during which normal cells progress to a malignant neoplastic state [1]. Thus, the modification of cell surface glycosylation is a characteristic of many cancer cells [2-5]. Many of the recently developed tumor markers are carbohydrate antigens. Identification of cell type-specific or tissue-specific glycoconjugates (tumor markers) has led to the discovery of new assay systems or diagnosis for certain cancers via immunodetection reagents [1]. On the other hand, anti-glycan antibodies have a limited application for cancer treatment, despite the fact that a great number of tumorassociated glycans have been identified with the help of modern glycomic approaches [6]. In the last two decades, a few monoclonal antibodies targeting ganglioside GD2 or GD3 and a cancer vaccine with N-glycolylated ganglioside GM3 have been developed into clinical trials. As such, changes and diversification of the expression profile of cell surface glycans based on the underlying glycobiology have received much attention from the scientific community [1]. Two of the most abundant forms of glycosylation occurring on proteins destined to be secreted or membrane-bound proteins are N-linked (to Asp (N), Nglycosylation) and mucin-type O-linked (to Ser/Thr, O-glycosylation). O-Linked glycosylation is an evolutionarily conserved protein modification found across species such as mammals, worms, insects, protozoa, and certain types of fungi, whereas N-linked glycosylation occurs in eukaryotes and widely in archaea, but very rarely in bacteria. Recent studies of cancer immunotherapy are based on immunogenicity of truncated O-glycan chains (e.g. Tn, sTn, T, and sLea/x). Despite the importance of N-linked glycans in transformation-associated glycosylation changes for normal cells to develop tumor cells, therapeutic antibodies against N-linked glycans have not yet been developed. It may largely be attributable to the lack of specificity of Nlinked glycans between normal and malignant cells. Abnormal (increased) branching of N-linked glycans has been observed in certain solid cancer cells. Altered glycosylation of N-linked glycans in cancers is typically associated with upregulation of β1,6-Nacetylyglucosaminyltransferase-5 (GnT5), enhancing β1,6-branching. Although it is an extremely challenging subject to discover drug-like glycosyltransferases to block the biosynthesis of specific branching processes in cancer cells, N-glycan biosynthesis can be terminated by inhibition of the first committed enzyme, dolichyl-phosphate Nacetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (DPAGT1) activity [7-11]. Selective DPAGT1 inhibitors have the promising therapeutic potential for certain solid cancers that require increased branching of N-linked glycans in their growth progressions. This editor's note summarizes overall perspective of DPAGT1 inhibitors as anticancer chemotherapy.


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