Introduction: Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumor and usually occurs in the metaphyseal region of the long bones. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is the most common ligament injury of the knee joint, and reconstruction of the ACL is the most commonly performed procedure in the knee joint nowadays. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old male with multiple osteochondromas around the knees, shoulders, and ankles presented with a chronic ACL injury. Reconstruction of ACL using quadrupled hamstring tendon grafts was done. Anterior drawer and Lachman tests were negative postoperatively. The Cincinnati score increased from 180 to 310 at 3-month follow-up. This is a novel case report to describe ACL injury in a case of osteochondromatosis managed by an arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The problems faced are discussed. Conclusion: Our report highlights the fact that ACL tear may occur in a patient having osteochondromas around the knee. ACL reconstruction can be performed in routine fashion in such patients with particular attention to careful harvesting of grafts and tunnel placements.


The contrast is low and the venous structure is simple for the hand vein image captured by near infrared camera. In order to extract the features of hand vein structure effectively, the wavelet decomposition sub-band image was analyzed. The low frequency sub-band image is better as hand vein recognition features. A feature extraction method by wavelet decomposition and mean absolute deviation is proposed in this paper. Then 48 dimensional feature vectors were formed. Finally, the Euclidean distance classification was used to do classify experiment. The results have shown that this method is not sensitive to shift, rotation and scaling in small range. The total recognition rate is 99.25 %, while the false acceptance error rate is 0. Copyright © 2013 IFSA.


Let $X=(X_t)_{t\geq 0}$ be a martingale and $H=(H_t)_{t\geq 0}$ be a predictable process taking values in $[-1,1]$. Let $Y$ denote the stochastic integral of $H$ with respect to $X$. We show that $$ ||\sup_{t\geq 0}Y_t||_1 \leq \beta_0 ||\sup_{t\geq 0}|X_t|||_1,$$ where $\beta_0=2,0856\ldots$ is the best possible. Furthermore, if, in addition, $X$ is nonnegative, then $$ ||\sup_{t\geq 0}Y_t||_1 \leq \beta_0^+ ||\sup_{t\geq 0}X_t||_1,$$ where $\beta_0^+=\frac{14}{9}$ is the best possible.


of Dissertation presented to COPPE/UFRJ as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (M.Sc.) CHARACTERIZING THE INHERENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNITARY QUANTUM WALKS AND NON-HOMOGENEOUS RANDOM WALKS ON FINITE GRAPHS Matheus Guedes de Andrade


In the modern world, we observe a significant deterioration of environment as a result of rapid population growth, which is aggravated by catastrophic consequences of human footprint, namely the inefficient use of resources and their excessive consumption. This situation requires the search for new approaches to management. Therefore, the key issue is the search for a model that will balance the development of public production and the state of the environment. The new economic model should first of all take into account environmental safety while maintaining economic growth. One of the ways of achieving such a balance can be the transition of mankind to the «green» economy (GE), which will allow to achieve a certain harmony of environmental and socio-economic aspects. The purpose of this study is to formulate the concept of GE as a condition for the future socio-economic development of society. To achieve this goal, the task was to find out the essence of the GE, to formulate the basic principles of its functioning, to identify the economic levels and characteristics of the implementation of the principles of the GE, to identify the key principles and factors that influence the transition from the «brown» to the GE, as well as the main consequences of such a transition for Ukraine. As a result of the study, the authors formulate the definition of GE, which, unlike the existing ones, treats the GE as a way of managing, which combines economic growth and environmental responsibility of economic actors of all levels. The key principles of functioning of the GE are specified. They include compliance with the basic principles of sustainable development; understanding the high value of natural and social capital; justice in relation to future generations; taking into account the impact on the environment and social impacts when using resources and production; resource efficiency, sustainable consumption and production. The authors identify four levels of management, which should implement the above principles of the GE, namely, the level of consumers, the level of enterprises, the level of the state, and the global level. For each level, the basic conditions under which these principles can be implemented are described. The authors also highlighted the internal and external factors that influence the acceleration of humanity's transition from «brown» to «green» economies. The most influential factor in the internal environment is the intensification of the fight against environmental pollution. The action of external factors is realized in the form of Ukraine's signing of international environmental agreements, the ratification of international conventions, etc. The key consequences for Ukraine in the transition to a GE, which will contribute to economic growth, are described. In particular, an increase in the resource base, the inflow of investments into the systemic sectors of the economy, energy efficiency, the reduction of the country's energy dependence, the creation of green infrastructure, increased employment and lower unemployment, stimulating innovation activities.


Preface 1. Because there is language there is poetry 2. Deliberate Space 3. Tones of Voice 4. Measures 5. 'Free Verse' 6. Rhyme 7. Stanza 8. Image - Imagination - Inspiration 9. Writing a Poem Now Conclusion Glossary Bibliography


This paper reports the improvement in tensile strength of epoxy by using binary hybrid nanocomposites of nanoclay and multi-wall carbon nanotube using a solution casting method. The effect of clay/MWCNT ratio, types of solvent, clay cation, composition of LENR, cure time and cure temperature on the tensile properties of epoxy nanocomposites were investigated using Taguchi Method. Orthogonal array L27 is chosen for sample preparations. Analysis of Mean (ANOM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to identify the dominant factors and the optimum values of clay/MWCNT ratio and settings of other process parameters. Confirmation of experiment was performed with the optimum parameter settings and the measured mechanical properties were compared with the predicted results. Morphologies of the fracture surface of MWCNT/epoxy nanocomposites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) test were employed to analyse the dispersion structure in the modified samples.


This paper introduced the applied type of Ficus L.plant in the gardens in Fujian Province,listed the main Ficus L.plant applied in the gardens in Fujian,and pointed out the problems should be noticed in the application.


Objective To explore the pharmacological function of immune enhancer of gypenosides and discuss the dose-effect relationship.Methods The gypenosides was used as an immune enhancer to cure the immune deficit mouse and observe non-specific immunological function by carbon clear test.All of the mice were administrated with CTX and then were divided into six groups:control group,high dose group,middle dose group,lower dose group.Respectively,the carbon clear test was performed in each group and the variation of non-specific immune function was observed.Results The carbon clear test showed that the index of carbon clear test in control group was markedly decreased while the index of carbon clear testing high and middle group was increased.The effect of gypenosides was dose-dependent on the non-specific immune.Conclusion Gypenosides can markedly increase the non-specific immune function.


This chapter argues that the pessimistic doctrine that Schopenhauer does espouse is that (a) there is a preponderance of undeserved suffering in the world; (b) this is an extremely bad-making feature of existence that is not outweighed by any good-making features; and (c) this situation cannot get substantially better in time. The metaphysical and empirical reasons he adduces to support this pessimistic doctrine are then investigated. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the grounds for his pessimism are weak and become weaker as his philosophy develops in light of proto-Darwinian thought from 1818 to 1859. Two facets of this development are especially salient: First, Schopenhauer comes to rely less on the Platonic Ideas to explain the fixity of species and instead embraces proto-Darwinian evolutionary theory. This change has important ramifications for Schopenhauer's system that he never works out. One of these is that from within Schopenhauer's mature system, there emerge some grounds for hope that the human (and even non-human animal) condition can get significantly better. Second, Schopenhauer emphasizes more in his later work (WWR II) the hermeneutic nature of his metaphysics. Given the sort of metaphysical methodology he embraces, the identification of thing-in-itself with will cannot be used in a foundationalist manner, by the lights of his own theorizing, to support pessimism by demonstrating that the world cannot get substantially better. His hermeneutic metaphysics must always be responsive to the empirical evidence, and there may be actual evidence of progress.


Wireless sensor networks are monitoring systems consisting of many small, low-cost and low-power devices called sensor nodes. A large number of sensor nodes are deployed in an environment to monitor a physical phenomenon, execute light processes on collected data, and send either raw data or processed information to the base station. Energy consumption is the main challenge of data collection in a wireless sensor network. Several energy efficient strategies are developed to ensure the longevity of a network. Data reduction is one of the most significant energy management strategies in sensor networks. It concentrates on reducing the volume of the data collected, processed or communicated within the network. Proposed data reduction based energy management techniques assume the radio communication is the most significant energy consumption parameter. However, there are applications in which the computational and sampling energy costs are comparable to or even higher than the communication cost. Therefore, besides the communication level, there is a need to reduce energy consumption costs on sensing and computation levels as well. The main focus of this thesis is to study quality aware data reduction techniques that improve data accuracy and energy efficiency in sensing and computation. Reducing the amount of data in these levels consequently reduces data transmission costs. Data reduction in sensing level is addressed by the adaptive sampling techniques which minimizes the number of sensing operations while data quality metrics are met. In the computation and communication levels, we use compressive sensing techniques to simplify data encoding in the sensor node level, efficiently compress data and reconstruct accurate data in the base station. These two objectives in turn reduces data transmission costs as well.


Abstract Isaac Bashevis Singer's short story "Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" (Singer, I. B. 1962. Yentl the yeshiva boy. Commentary Magazine. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/yentl-the-yeshiva-boy-a-story/ (accessed 25 March 2017).) needs to be read in the light of traditional Jewish sources. The question is, how does it stand up to modern hypotheses of gender construction? Yentl was originally published in Yiddish and was translated to English in the latter half of the twentieth century. We will see that the context within which to understand the story properly is encoded in the story itself, as Umberto Eco explains in his The Role of the Reader and The Limits of Interpretation. We will see how the concept of a person's gender, as a construction by social norms, is viewed within mainstream Jewish thought. Some textual issues and contemporary ideas of gender are applied to the story. Finally, the feature film Yentl (Streisand, B. (dir.). 1983. Yentl [film]. Los Angeles: United Artists Films.) is also compared the short story on which it was based as an example of translation and re-interpretation.


Background and objective: The consumption of fermented milk was shown to have an inverse association with incident diabetes risk. Stirred yoghurt is one of the most popular fermented milk products in the world. In Arab countries, stirred yoghurt made using probiotic bacteria is usually called Rayeb milk. In this study, soy milk and honey were utilized to improve nutritional properties of Rayeb milk. Methodology: Rayeb milk were prepared from cow milk, soy milk or cow and soy milk mixture (1:1) with or without adding 4% honey and using ABT-5 culture. All samples were stored at 4°C for 14 days and tested when fresh and after 7 and 14 days. Results: Manufacture of Rayeb milk from cow and soy milk and 4% honey admixture increased the levels of unsaturated fatty acids. The values of omega-3, omega-6 fatty acids and antioxidants activity were considerably higher in Rayeb milk supplemented with soy milk and honey. Bifidobacterium population exceeded the recommended level of 106 cfu.g-1 of Bifidobacteria as a probiotic in Rayeb milk possessed soy milk and honey. Rayeb milk manufactured from cow and soy milk and honey mixture gained the highest scores of sensory evaluation. Conclusion: Functional Rayeb milk with high nutritional and health benefits could be successfully prepared from mixture of cow and soy milk (1:1) with adding 4% honey and using ABT-5 culture. The outcomes suggest that consumption of this functional Rayeb milk was associated with a reduce risk of diabetes.


Intensive oceanographic survey was carried out on Sept. 12 and 13 of 1984 in the region east of Kyushu. The CTD observations were made at 14 stations on the two parallel sections ESE of Hyuga and Nobeoka, ca 10 miles apart to each other. In addition, at 29 stations in a small triangular area in this region, the XBT observations were made. The distances of two adjacent CTD stations are mainly ca 5 miles and XBT ca 1 or 2 miles. The preliminary results are as follows. Was found the down intrusion of less saline surface water to a depth of 30 m layer of a point ca 10 miles apart. The isolated saline water was detected on the subsurface layer near the coast. The geostrophic calculation refered to 1000 dbar revealed the existence of coastal counter current with the maximum SSW component of 55 cm/sec. The width of this counter current is more than 30 miles off Nobeoka (nouthern section) and less than 15 miles off Hyuga (southern section). The XBT results show that the widths of small scale cold cores and warm tongues are in the order of two miles. 1 . Introduction It is a well known fact that the Kuroshio flows northeastward in the offshore region east of Kyushu in general, and it changes the direction more or less eastwards in the region south of Cape Ashizurimisaki. In the coastal region east of Kyushu, the oceanographical observations have been performed once a month or two by the Ohita and Miyazaki Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Stations. From these routine observations, some complicate features, i e., the outflow of the Seto Inland Sea Water of less saline and low temperature into the Pacific through the western half of Bungo-suido passage, the coastal current flowing toward SSW, the horizontal intrusion of tonguelike warm water to coastal region, and the upwelling of cold saline water along 200 m isobath, are found to be largely affected in any case by the variation of distance of Kuroshio axis from the coast (these * Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Shimoarata, Kagoshima, 890 Japan. *2 Training Ship Kagoshima-maru, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Shi moarata, Kagoshima, 890 Japan. 152 Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 34, No.l (1985) results are compiled by Chaen1*). It can be expected that the interleaving thermohaline fine structures may exist in such an offshore region where the mixing or exchange of the Kuroshio water with the coastal water is prominent. However, the routine observations stated above are limited in the coastal region within 30 miles from the coast, besides the observation depth is less than 200 m, and furthermore, are reported the oceanographical data in only standard depths. Therefore, has not been clarified yet the three dimensional distribution of fine structure in the offshore region. The fine structure in this region was investigated by Nagata2) for the first time and Ichikawa et al3) also. Nagata 2) analysed many historical data ofBT (Bathythermograph), showing that the occurrence frequency of shallow temperature inversion in this region is ca 20% and it increases in the Kuroshio region. Unfortunately, the horizontal scale of shallow temperature inversions in this region was not discussed by himself. Ichikawa et 3) al suggested the possibility of intrusion of low salinity Seto Inland Sea Water to the subsurface layer of the Kuroshio region through the density frontal zone at Bungo-suido passage, though their conclusion is rather speculative because it is derived from the CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth Meter) data at only one station. This problem in the region between the eastern coast of Kyushu and the Kuroshio itself deserves intensive study. In order to clarify the three dimensional structure of mixing and exchange processes between the less saline and low temperature coastal water and the saline high temperature Kuroshio water, we carried out the CTD and XBT (Expendable Bathythermograph) observations intensively on Sept. 12 and 13 in 1984. The preliminary results of these observations are presented in .this paper. 2 . Observation Fig. 1 shows the locations of our intensive CTD and XBT observations in the region east of Kyushu carried out on Sept. 12 and 13 in 1984 on board the training ship Kagoshima-maru of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University. The CTD observations were made sequentially at 14 stations on two parallel sections ESE off Hyuga and off Nobeoka, ca 10 miles apart to each other. These two sections were selected as a northern boundary region where the bottom topography and the configulation of coastal line are quite simple. The distances between two adjacent stations are ca 5 miles with a few exception (10 miles). The CTD casts were made to the maximum depth of 1000 dbar. The water temperature and conductivity for any pressure were obtained by a Neil Brown System Inc., Mark III CTD System and they were recorded directly on a computer compatible magnetic tape at every 250 milli-seconds, which corresponds to the vertical interval of ca 25 cm. The CTD date were checked, using the materials collected by a General Oceanics Inc., Rosset Multi-bottled Water Sampler at several depths, before and after the sequential 14 CTD casts. The interpolated values of water temperature and salinity, which are estimated from the running means of 5 points, are tabulated in Appendix 1 together with the station data.


Direct self control system for asynchronous motor, the control system in the condition of large disturbance, the control effect is not good problem ,put forward a new type of Automatic speed regulator(ASR).The new type of ASR use subsection control .According to the deviation value of ASR input to subsection control use subsection control. When the error is big, Use improved proportional integral control. While the error is small, the fuzzy control is adopted. And the improved proportional integral control will be based on the rules, to connect or disconnect the integral control function of the improved proportional integral controller. By comparing the simulation results with Matlab/sumlink, Prove that the new scheme of Anti-disturbance performance is better than the classical.


Congenital sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common birth defects with the incidence of 1: 1000 live births in India. Cochlear implantation is the method of choice in children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Imaging is required to properly evaluate these cases for any anatomical anomalies, especially in the prelingual deaf children. Both high resolution computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging prove to be important diagnostic modalities in patients to undergo cochlear implant. In this study, we compare the preoperative radiological findings with intraoperative findings of facial nerve, ossicles, jugular bulb, cochlear turns and cochlear nerve.


A novel approach to fault location in analog dynamic circuits based on the application of self-organizing neural network has been presented. Important features are a very good generalization property and fast speed. Once the network has been trained, the recognition of the fault is done immediately, irrespective of the size of the circuit. The network is able to detect faults in the nonideal circuit, in which the tolerance of elements is taken into account. Two cases of analog circuits have been simulated and checked: the RLC circuit at multiple measurement points and the measurement done at external nodes of the circuit for multiple frequencies. The results of numerical experiments are given and discussed.


Purpose - This writing is to find out how the procedure for applying for mortgages and find out what factors influence customer interest in choosing a mortgage.

Design/methodology/approach - The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method. The techniques used in data collection where the data sources obtained are primary and secondary data.

Finding - PT. The Regional Development Banks of West Java and Banten, Tbk have procedures that must be followed in applying for mortgages. In addition, PT. The Regional Development Banks of West Java and Banten, Tbk also apply the precautionary principle, this aims to minimize the risk of problem loans that can occur at any time. In the credit application procedure, there needs to be good cooperation between the bank and the debtor so that the credit application process goes well. From the results of the discussion, the procedure for applying for a mortgage at PT. West Java and Banten Regional Development Bank, Tbk The Kramatwatu Sub-Branch Office Serang - Banten is in accordance with established procedures and the bank has solutions to increase customer interest in choosing mortgage products so that the loan application process can run properly and according to procedures.


The article introduce the present condition of human parasite experimental specimens and many measures to solve the contractiory,which is the lack of the specimens in Qinghai.Especially we make use of the individual parasite speciments in Qinghai to exchange with the other province university and share the resource.Meawhile we take advantage of monden electronic technology to make the education digitization.


Reaction of potassium salt of N-aryliminopyrrole ligand [2-(2, 6-iPr 2C6H3N=CH)-C4H3NK] (1) with samarium tris-boro-hydride [Sm(BH4)3(THF) 3] gave a samarium ate complex [η2-{2-(2, 6-iPr 2C6H3N=CH)-C4H3N} 3Sm(η1-BH4){K(THF)6] (2); whereas similar treatment with erbium borohydride [Er(BH4) 3(THF)3] afforded the mono(iminopyrrolyl) complex [η2-{2-(2, 6-iPr2C6H3N=CH)- C4H3N}Er(η3-BH4) 2(THF)2] (3). In the solid-state structures, the samarium complex 2 shows a rarely observed η1 and the erbium complex 3 shows a usual η3 coordination mode of the borohydrido ligand. Copyright


AJR:195, December 2010 designation. While Osler served at the University of Pennsylvania, he would regularly come to Old Blockley to perform autopsies and use the results of these examinations as a clinical–pathologic aid to the patient consultations that he would carry out with students. Osler at Old Blockley is one of the six paintings in the "Pioneers of American Medicine" series that were commissioned by Wyeth Laboratories and completed between 1939 and 1945 by the renowned American illustrator Dean Cornwell [2, 3].


When a casualty event (storm, fire, landslide, etc.) does not cause actual physical damage, can a casualty loss deduction be taken by a taxpayer for a permanent reduction in value? There are conflicting opinions by two federal circuit courts, and the definition of "permanent" is still largely undefined. The relevance of this issue is of increased importance with the numerous recent major casualties affecting the U.S. mainland and territories. The 9th Circuit has adamantly held that actual physical damage must occur to have a deductible casualty loss, whereas the 11th Circuit has held that a permanent decrease in value can qualify as a deductible casualty loss even with little or no actual physical damage to the property.


T e 10th World Conference on Titanium, July 13-18, 2003, was held in Hamburg, Germany, with Prof. G Lutjering s chairman, Figure 1. In excess of730 people attended the Conference and there were more than 450 papers covering all aspects of titanium from extraction, melting, alloys, processing/fabrication to applications. It was noticeable that over the thirty years that I have attended World Titanium Conferences (at four year intervals) that the type of participants has changed from a mix of top administrators/ technologists/ scientists/ sales-marketing to a concentration in the technologyscience arena. This is a result of the competition .from the annual International Titanium Association (ITA) Conference (generally held in the USA) where the top administrators/ salesmarketing now congregate and review the industry in a broad perspective. Titanium continues to wear the mantle of the "wonder metal" attracting interest from industries which are peripheral to the titanium metals industry itself, such as the producers of the "titanium precursors" Ti0 2 and TiC14• The question for these companies is whether to try going further down stream towards titanium metal products. However, a (way over-optimistic) member of a major US titanium company was heard to remark that "[when] we start marketing ourTiC14 we'll give the DuPont's of the world all they can handle". It won't happen I'm afraid; the DuPont volume/efficiency is too far ahead. While being referred to as "the wonder metal" titanium use is severely restricted by it's relatively high cost compared to aluminum and steel, a fact which was repeatedly pointed out during the conference for example in a paper by H. Friedrich and co-workers on "Titanium in Automobile Applications Nightmare, Vision or Reality'', Figure 2. Clearly with so many papers presented in five parallel sessions only a sampling of the contents of the Conference can be given in this report. However this system is much better than the rap-auteur system used at early Conferences in this series.


Recent developments in acquiring and processing very high-resolution geophysical data help us better understand large subtidal sand waves of the French continental shelf. They are compared with ancient analogs, especially from the Miocene Swiss Molasse. Internal structure, interpreted from seismic sections, vibracorings, and large outcrops, shows a hierarchy comparable to aeolian dunes. (1) Steep (25/degree/-30/degree/) reflectors, dipping leeward, are interpreted as foreset beds. Vibracoring shows that in modern cases they consist of alternating layers of medium- and coarse-grained sand, similar to those produced by sand avalanching. These deposits give the highest porosity values in the central body of the sand wave. They are comparable to the Miocene sand waves of the Swiss Molasse. (2) Erosional reflectors, dipping at lower angles cut across the foresets, are interpreted as reactivation surfaces created by high-energy events (equinox tides, added tidal and wave effects) rather than by the semidiurnal currents occasionally preserved in fossil sand waves. (3) Subhorizontal reflectors were probably created by truncation of sand waves during major storms. Fossil analogs more like larger present-day sand waves might be difficult to recognize due to the complex internal architecture of the sand body.


In this paper the authors offer two Latin inscriptions from Clunia, preserved in Huerta de Rey (Burgos). The first is a new reading and commentary; the second are two fragments of the same stone, one of these published and the other unpublished.


In modern tax systems, there are different forms of consumption taxation, and the most common among them is value added tax. VAT is one of the most important categories of tax revenues, considering the fact that it is characterized by a high degree of plentifulness. However, the main disadvantage of VAT is the fact that it distributes the tax burden regressively in relation to the taxpayer`s income. Given that the relative share of consumption in income falls as income grows, VAT, determined at a unique rate, hits harder the poorer than the richer part of the society. The aim of this work is to show the dominant relationship of the principle of plentifulness in relation to fairness in value added taxation the point our the existence of regression problems and possible measures that can be applied to meet the principle of fairness in taxation.


The contemporary history of the Republic of Ecuador was marked undoubtedly by the financial crisis that hit the country in the last years of the 90s. This recession was characterized by a poor management of public policies and the deteriorating macroeconomic conditions, linked to the lack of confidence of economic agents that precipitated the withdrawal of the financial sector deposits. The economic literature on the origins and causes of financial crises and currency crisis is wide and is divided into three generations. The practical application of crisis models first and second generation 1999 Ecuador crisis allows us to understand the causes of it.


Abstract : Fundamental to the conduct of any war at the operational level is the strategic guidance promulgated by a nation's leadership. This guidance then provides the operational commander with the parameters he uses to issue operational guidance for the theater. Strategic guidance and operational guidance are inextricably linked. One defines the other; both tend to modify the other throughout the war. This linkage, therefore, is dynamic and complex. Adding to the complexity, this linkage must be flexible enough to survive the varying chaotic environments of different types of war. Strategic guidance and operational feedback are certainly different in a low-intensity conflict or even a limited war than they are in a general or total war. In fact, a definite inverse relationship can be identified: as a war approaches totality, the amount of guidance and subsequent feedback decreases; it necessarily increases as the war is constrained or limited. In the operations of the United Nations Forces north of the 38th Parallel during the Korean Conflict, the linkage was essentially static, if not one-sided, since General MacArthur determined what the policy would be at the operational level and, by default, the strategic as well. This allowed General MacArthur to pursue a flawed operational design for the theater with little supervision or modification by the United States' JCS. The responsibility for the subsequent debacle north of the parallel must then be shared between the operational commander. General MacArthur, and the strategic commanders, the JCS.


The ..cap alpha..-d momentum distribution in the ground state of /sup 6/Li has been measured in parallel kinematics with the reaction /sup 6/Li(e,e'd) /sup 4/He in the momentum range 0


Clinical and pathologic methods and attempts at transmission were employed to study so-called round heart disease of the domestic fowl. These studies indicate that the disease is noninfectious. The use of old litter in poultry houses contributed to the appearance of the disease but was not the sole etiologic factor. Zinc-plated feeders were not involved. The disease could not be reproduced by inoculation or feeding of affected material. Treatment of affected fowl with selenium dioxide was ineffective. Fatty and vacuolar degeneration of the myocardium and severe renal necrosis occurred. The disease is attributed to toxic injury. Its mechanism and the factors that condition it remain unknown. Klinische und pathologische Untersuchungsmethoden sowie Übertragungsversuche wurden zur Untersuchung der sogenannten «Kugelherz» Krankheit vom Haushuhn verwendet.


Taking away citizenship, as an extreme measure, defines its boundaries by specifying acts that are deemed nationally desirable and undesirable. The history of expatriation in the United States serves as a case study for the interaction between gender and the limits of modern citizenship status. Citizenship laws and mechanisms of revocation in the United States were explicitly patriarchal until 1922; until then, women lost their citizenship on marriage to a foreign citizen. The laws regarding revocation of citizenship have continued to target prototypically masculine behaviors, particularly those bearing on the military defense of the state. Since the 1920s moment, women in the United States exist in a contradictory citizenship regime: paradoxically endowed with relative immunity from certain forms of regulation and punishment as their status as active political individuals remains a site of struggle.


A sapphire fiber thermometer for high temperature measurement is described. The mechanism of the fluorescence temperature measurement is based on the basic physical phenomenon of photoluminescence. The so-called photoluminescence essentially is the superthermal radiation luminescence when some materials are stimulated by ultraviolet, visible or a certain form of the infrared electromagnetic radiation. The fluorescence lifespan and fluorescence strength of all fluorescence materials will imply some temperature correlation within some homologous temperatures. It uses a specially grown sapphire fiber as thermometer probe. The end part of the sapphire fiber is doped with Cr3+ion by means of the laser heat pedestal growth (LHPG) method and coated with some high radiant material to constitute a mini fiber cavity. The fluorescence thermal probe offers the advantages of a compact structure, a high performance and the ability to withstand high temperatures in detection. According to the surface temperature, we can obtain the inner temperature by the temperature field. It can be used to measure the steel fluid of the tundish in continuous cast steel machines. An experimental system of the thermometer and the preliminary experimental results are presented.


Karaman O (2013) Urban neoliberalism with Islamic characteristics. Urban Studies 50(16): 3412–3427. DOI: 10.1177/0042098013482505. On page 3416, the last two sentences of the first full paragraph should read: The "IMF-crafted, anti-inflationary, debt management economic program [mandated] checks on spending for public services and social reform" (Patton, 2006: 535). The compliant AKP quickly implemented policies "to cut public spending, control wages, roll back agricultural support, and privatize enterprises as well as natural resources" (Tugal, 2009: 55, citing Patton 2006). An acknowledgement section should appear at the end of this article, as follows: Many thanks to Vinay Gidwani, Helga Leitner, Eric Sheppard, John Archer, Mona Atia, Sinan Erensü, Murat Altun, Ilona Moore, participants of the 2009–2010 Writing Workshop at the Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, USA, and to the anonymous referees for their constructive comments and helpful advice on earlier versions of this paper.


Apparatus and method for mapping CELP parameters between a conversion source codec and destination codec. The apparatus includes a LSP mapping module, an adaptive codebook mapping module in combination with LSP mapping module includes a fixed codebook mapping module in combination with LSP mapping module and the adaptive codebook mapping module. The LSP mapping module includes an LP overflow module and LSP parameter modification module. The adaptive codebook mapping module includes a first pitch gain codebook. The fixed codebook mapping module includes a first target processing module, a pulse search module, a fixed codebook gain estimation module includes a pulse position searching module.


Single-pass instruction sequences under execution are con- sidered to produce behaviours to be controlled by some execution envi- ronment. Threads as considered in thread algebra model such behaviours: upon each action performed by a thread, a reply from its execution en- vironment determines how the thread proceeds. Threads in turn can be looked upon as producing processes as considered in process algebra. We show that, by apposite choice of basic instructions, all processes that can only be in a finite number of states can be produced by single-pass instruction sequences.


Work has shown that (1) the permeability of saran film increases exponentially with increasing temperature due to activation energy, (2) permeability of saran film decreases slightly with increasing pressure–but to only a very slight extent, (3) microwave radiation does not affect permeability as long as the film is not heated during treatment, and (4) low amounts of liquid additives correlate with lower permeability. It is suggested that the barrier property of saran film can be improved without sacrificing the processing ability.


The environment of the Moneasa resort is complemented by harmonious hot springs and ionized air. The thermal baths were known and appreciated by the Ottomans. Discovering the beneficent qualities, the Turks have used them for recovering health.Over the time, there have been numerous assessments on Moneasa picturesque places. Historians of the modern times have mentioned it as being "the only spa in Arad County, located in the north-eastern". Moneasa resort spa town is known since the 16th century, especially due to its mesothermalsprings. It was documented for the first time in 1597. Harnessing of hot springs widely began after the 1866 and the most important buildings, such as the bath Pavilion were built after 1881. Thermal waters have a temperature of 25-28° C and the waters are bicarbonate-calcic, sodic, magnezice, hypotonic, all benefactor effect on fatigue and nerve disease of locomotor and peripheral nervous system.


Combined daily infrared data with near-infrared data(MOD05)from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)in year 2006,monthly precipitable water vapor was calculated using a weighted arithmetic.The monthly average precipitable water vapor ranged between 0.10 cm and 3.50 cm.With routinely observed meteorological data at 619 stations across Mainland China,an empirical model was build to estimate monthly near surface vapor pressure with the spatial resolution of 1 km×1 km.Due to an extensive territory and different types of climates of China,an optimized method was employed to estimate the parameters of the empirical model.The main idea of the optimized method was to identify similar geographic coordinates and altitudes.The optimized parameters exhibit significant heterogeneity.Results are given as follows.1)The empirical model appears to be capable of generating monthly near surface vapor pressure.Comparison between the simulations and observations of near surface vapor pressure at 33 stations across China indicates a correlation coefficient up to 0.97 and more than 90%samples with relative errors smaller than 20%.In particular,validation performed at 100 weather stations in Henan Province shows a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and the mean relative errors smaller than 20%,in which the mean relative errors in eight months were within 10%;2)Across the entire country,the monthly average vapor pressure in 2006 ranged from 3.47 hPa to 17.13 hPa,with an annual mean of 8.87 hPa.The spatial variation varied between 3.20 and 8.66,with an annual mean of 5.36.The value and spatial variation of the monthly vapor pressure were higher in summer(Jun,Jul,and Aug)but lower in winter(Dec,Jan,and Feb).The maximum value occurred in Aug whereas the minimum value in Jan.A particular investigation into Yunnan Province,Southwest China,was performed.The spatial distribution of vapor pressure corresponded to DEM and river networks;3) Distribution of the monthly vapor pressure varied markedly with the topography.Changes in vapor pressure with the altitude,slope,and aspect were analyzed to look at distributions of vapor pressure at local and regional scales.The monthly vapor pressure varied regularly with the topography in low altitudes.There were generally two peaks and two troughs in these vapor pressure values in different months,the same as in different altitudes.However,there existed a more complex characterization of the monthly vapor pressure at high altitudes such as over the Tibet Plateau.The proposed model for generating near surface vapor pressure based on MODIS data seems to be a promising tool in study of the energy balance and atmospheric water cycle under rugged terrains.


The readings of ex-core detectors contain the information of in-core power distribution,and the relationship between ex-core detector readings and in-core power distribution is the detector space response function.The key prerequisite of using ex-core detector readings to reconstruct the in-core power distribution is to calculate the space response function accurately.The space response function of one pressured water reactor is calculated via Monte Carlo adjoint transport method in this paper by using the MCNP code.The numerical result shows that there are some difference from that obtained via SN adjoint transport on two-dimensional geometry,and indicates the necessity to calculate the ex-core detector space response function on three-dimensional geometry.Monte Carlo adjoint transport method is convenient to calculate the three-dimensional spatial response function.


Objective To evaluate the curative effect of aniotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI) plus aldosterone antagonists on heart failure(HF).Methods In light of a double blind and random way,116 patients with HF who received digitalis,potassium depletion diuretics such as dihyrochlorothiazide,furosemide and low dosage betaloc(metoprolol) were divided into therapeutic and control groups.Patients in therapeutic group(56 cases) were administrated captopril and antistemne,while the controls(60 cases) were given isosorbide and triamterene.The course of treatment was 8 weeks in both groups.All cases accepted the measurement of colorful Doppler echocardiography before and after treatment.Data of the left ventricular end-diostolic diameter(LVEDD),the left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVESD) and ejection fraction(EF) were collected,and the improvement of heart function was compared.Results Both mothods of treatment were effective,whereas the indieators including LVEDD(P0.01) and EF(P0.05) were more significantly improved in therapeutic group than those in the control groups.The treatment effects in therapeutic and control groups were 93% and 80%,respectively.Conclusion The treatment with captopril and antistemne was more effective than isosorbide plus triamterene in patients with HF.


We consider the linearized scattering operator ${\cal F}$ of acoustics which maps singularities in the sound speed in the subsurface of the earth to singularities in the measured pressure at the earth's surface. The source of the acoustic signal is concentrated at a point on the surface. Application ofthe adjoint scattering operator ${\cal F}^*$ to the measured pressure is a standard technique of locating sound speed singularities. The resulting image is equivalent to application of ${\cal F}^*{\cal F}$ to the sound speed singularities. Provided caustics do not occur, ${\cal F}^*{\cal F}$ is a pseudodifferential operator, meaning sound speed singularities do not move when it is applied and one obtains a reliable image. However, if caustics are present, ${\cal F}^*{\cal F}$ is not well understood. Our main result is that for the case of a simple fold caustic (the most common kind), ${\cal F}^*{\cal F}$ is a singular Fourier integral operator, meaning that some sound speed singularities will be propagated t...


The on-going oblique arc-continent collision in Taiwan between the Luzon arc and the Eurasian continental margin provides a classic spatial view of the temporal evolution of the collision. In addition Taiwan is a well-known site of critical-taper wedge mechanics and erosional forcing of deformation, leading to a mountain belt that is approximately in topographic steady state, with erosion balancing the compressive flux. This classic picture, based largely on surface and upper-crustal data, is now being illuminated at lower crustal and upper mantle levels with high-resolution local seismic tomography and earthquake locations. These new data document in 3D that the deep structure is remarkably independent of the shallow thinned-skinned mountain belt. Here we show that the lower crust and upper mantle of the Eurasian plate undergoes a transition from normal subduction and accretionarywedge tectonics south of Taiwan to a strongly localized progressively bent geometry with a vertical to overturned plate interface. The lower crust and Moho of the Eurasian plate is vertical to overturned to depths of 70-80 km under central and northern Taiwan. In this region the deep plate shortening is accomplished by folding of both the Eurasian and Philippine-Sea lower lithospheres without a classic active subduction zone, whereas the crust of both plates above the main detachment is mechanically and kinematically separated from this deep shortening.


How to enhance the training of students' practical writing theory and techniques so as to improve their practical writing ability and learning efficiency is one of the most important topics for the reform of Practical Writings course in higher vocational colleges.This paper probes into the reform of Practical Writings course in respect of overall planning,teaching methods and grade evaluation.


The sixth of the Party Constitution stipulates the oath to join the Party of the CPC.Regardless of the request of the Party for the Party members or the Party members undertaking the political responsibilities for the Party organization and the Party's cause in new time,the present oath to join the Party is requied to be completed.The content,"exercising the rights of the Party members"should be added.


The transverse momentum dependent helicity distributions of valence quarks are calculated in the light-cone diquark model by adopting two different approaches. We use the model results to analyze the $P_{h\perp}$-dependent double spin asymmetries for $\pi^+$, $\pi^-$ and $\pi^0$ productions in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering, and find that the asymmetries agree with the CLAS data in one of the approaches. By taking the Fourier transform of the transverse momentum dependent helicity distributions, we obtain the helicity distributions of valence quarks in the transverse coordinate space, and then apply them further to predict the Bessel-weighted double spin asymmetries of $\pi^+$, $\pi^-$ and $\pi^0$ productions in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering at CLAS, COMPASS and HERMES for the first time. The shape of the Bessel-weighted double spin asymmetry thereby provides a direct probe on the transverse structure of longitudinally polarized quarks.


In this study we explored the nature and types of knowledge that university teachers draw upon when they are making decisions related to the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in their courses. The data were obtained using a "think aloud" protocol. Shulman"s (1987) and Mishra & Koehler"s (2006) frameworks were used as an initial basis to classify teachers" knowledge. The mental resource perspective was adopted as a general lens to obtain an insight into the nature of teachers" knowledge. The results showed that teachers" decisions were based on different types of knowledge. When teachers planned to use ICT in their courses, they combined different knowledge types with context-specific experiences and projected situated actions. In this paper we illustrate three qualities of teachers" knowledge that underpinned core teachers" planning decisions: a) the linking role of pedagogical knowledge; b) relational nature of teachers" design thinking; and c) the experiential basis of teachers" anticipations.


Placental lakes were observed in only 2.2% and are not considered a common sonographic finding in pregnant women. A 28-year-old woman with a large placental lake that was prenatally diagnosed underwent an emergency cesarean section due to a severe form of preeclampsia. A selective uterine arterial embolization for a pseudoaneurysm of the uterus had been performed 3 years before. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and was discharged on the fifth postoperative day. Some authors showed the presence of lakes was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the adverse effects of large placenta lakes on pregnancy outcomes are uncertain. The jet flow of the large lake is considered that of the maternal artery. It is assumed that uterine arterial embolization is implicated in the pathogenesis of myometrial damage and abnormal placentation. With this assumption, this placental lake seems to correlate with the uterine arterial embolization.


The article traces out the path of the genre of the concerto for solo viola during the course of the entire time span of its existence. The compositions comprising the basis of the repertoire of concertizing violists are highlighted: Johann Sebastian Bach (The Sixth Brandenburg Concerto), Georg Phillip Telemann, Karl Stamitz, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Sinfonia Concertante for Violin and Viola with Orchestra in E-flat major), Hector Berlioz (the symphony for orchestra with a solo viola "Harold in Italy"), Max Bruch (Double Concerto for Clarinet and Viola), Paul Hindemith (Concerto for Viola and Orchestra "Der Schwanendreher"), Alfred Schnittke (Concerto for Viola and Orchestra) and others. Special mention is made of the innovative qualities typical for such compositions, as well as the performance challenges appearing upon acquaintance with each one of them. With the genre of the concerto, the overall attitude towards the instrument itself changed: gradually the viola became a full-fledged solo instrument, equal in stature to the violin and the cello. The zenith of the genre took place in the 20th century, when composers expanded the viola repertoire, most of which is comprised by concertos for viola and orchestra. This happened in many ways due to the appearance of brilliant performers, who demonstrated the special timbre of the viola, its ability to convey the diverse conditions of the human soul. Today the viola has firmly taken up the position of a solo instrument on the concert stage. Study of the development of the genre makes it possible to understand the process of the formation of solo viola performance. Keywords: the instrumental concerto, the viola as a solo instrument, the viola repertoire, concerto compositions for the viola, the history of the viola concerto.


Each year, devastating hurricanes originating from the tropical Atlantic Ocean cause severe loss of life and property damage. Efforts to predict and forecast the behavior of such phenomena range from satellite-derived sea surface temperatures to coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Nonetheless, predicting cyclone occurrence and behavior remains elusive.

New research suggests that the presence of lightning activity in storms crossing the West African coast could be used as a precursor to cyclone formation. This article analyzes the lightning activity monitored during the 2004 hurricane season by the University of Connecticut's Zeus Long-Range Lightning Monitoring Network (http://sifnos.engr.uconn.edu/realtime.htm). The Zeus system was used to follow the westward progression of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and their embedded convective regimes, as these propagate over continental Africa and finally cross into the Atlantic Ocean. Those disturbances that exhibit sustained lightning in the Atlantic were shown to be far more likely to produce tropical cyclones (TCs) than those for which lightning ceases at the coast.


Here, an ultrasonic-assisted ball milling exfoliation method to obtain 2D MoS2 and WS2 sheets was developed. We investigated the effect of rotational speed, milling time, and wet or dry milling agent. The yield, dimensions, and structural characteristics of the exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 sheets were investigated by different characterization techniques. To investigate the effect of ball rotation speed, samples were mixed with NaCl and milled at 150 rpm, 300 rpm, and 450 rpm for 2 h. Samples milled for 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h at 450 rpm were also prepared. Finally, the effect of the milling agent was tested milling the samples in Isopropanol. The best condition found was 2 h at 450 rpm in NaCl dry medium, with sheets of 1–4 layers with lateral size in the order of microns and showing high stable dispersions. Exfoliation yield with the best milling condition was 96% and 43% for MoS2 and WS2, respectively.


The use of newspapers by Governments in their foreign policy has been thoroughly studied. However, historians have a tendency to describe the press as a passive player and to characterize influential papers as lacking initiative. However the case of Le Matin, one of the most important French dailies in the early twentieth century, shows that a national newspaper could have a real, if at times limited and fragile, international influence. Maurice Bunau-Varilla, the famous owner of Le Matin from 1903 to 1944, did not hesitate to challenge certain foreign governments in the pre-war era. He became a contact for particular foreign governments after 1918. However, his influence depended on the attitude of other newspapers and on the powers working to manipulate him.


DNA insecticides are novel preparations based on short single-stranded
 fragments of anti-apoptotic (IAP) genes of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. In
 this article we report about the harmlessness of the DNA insecticides based
 on single-stranded fragments of the LdMNPV (Lymantria dispar multiple
 nucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus) IAP3 gene for tobacco hornworm and black
 cutworm, and present the first evidence of significant insect-specific
 insecticidal effect of single-stranded TnSNPV (Trichoplusia ni single
 nucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus) IAP3 gene fragments on the viability of
 cabbage looper and their harmlessness for black cutworm and wheat weevil.
 Our results show that DNA insecticides based on LdMNPV IAP3 and TnSNPV IAP3
 gene fragments can be selective in action and have potential use in insect
 pest control.


The present study concerns the numerical simulation of the free surface flow around a surface piercing NACA 0012 hydrofoil. RANS equations and the realizable k‐e turbulence model are solved to describe the viscous free‐surface flow around hydrofoil, by using a VOF‐based technique of the Ansys Fluent software package. The computational solutions are compared with the experimental data measured at the Ship Hydrodynamics Division of the Research Centre, University of Galati for validation purposes.


Ticks and fleas are medically important arthropods, which act as vectors for several zoonotic diseases carried by mammals. Thirty three species of ticks and 20 species of fleas are reported from mammals, birds and reptiles in Sri Lanka. However, records of these ectoparasites on small mammals are scanty. Here, we report ticks and fleas infesting muroid rodents (rats, mice and gerbils) and shrews collected from several sites in Sri Lanka.


Education generally, aims at fostering quality of life that encompasses moral, intellectual and economic growth of an individual and the larger society. The success of any society hinges on the nature of its education; and this saliently, can be determined through the framework of its curriculum design, which part of its sources, society and the learners' needs count much weight. Considering the nature of unemployment in Nigeria, and dearth of modern skills among many students of higher institutions of learning, no one will dispute that there is need to have a curriculum design, particularly at higher institutions, capable of imbuing students with soft skills and empowering other individuals to satisfy their optimal needs in the modern-world. This paper attempts to review the nature and problems of Nigerian education, especially in terms of achieving the stated objectives in the National policy of education (NPE), through reviewing the available literature. The exertion suggests that one of the best ways to reduce the mentioned problems is to bring about new curriculum design at higher institutions of learning, called 'phenomenon based-learning'. It is a design/program attempts to capture a phenomenon in formation. It is a multi-dimensional and skills-oriented program, which through its design, individuals (students and non-students) having unique passions will be accommodated to learn modern skills related to their jobs/businesses or passion. Hence, it will enable them to enhance their jobs, become more independent and generally serve as means for satisfying one's passion.


This study created a taxonomy of distinct combat stress reaction (CSR) manifestations and relates each of them to triggering battle events. A sample of 104 CSR casualties of the Lebanon War (in 1982) were interviewed by experienced clinicians 1 year after combat. Twenty-six separate CSR manifestations and nine battle events were extracted from the interviews. Factor analysis yielded six major CSR factors similar to those identified in previous clinical studies. It was found that particular battle events were significantly correlated with particular CSR factors. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.


The objective of this study was to determine the influence of impact deflection and neck compliance on peak linear, peak angular accelerations and the Gadd severity index. To replicate direct impacts to the head, a pneumatic linear impactor was used to impact a Hybrid III head and neck attached to a sliding table. The headform was translated Ocm, 3.88cm, 7.75 cm and 11.63cm laterally to identify the effects of impact deflection. The effects of neck compliance were tested using a Hybrid III 50 percentile neck as well as two specially engineered Hybrid III necks. Impacts away from the centre of gravity of the headform recorded lower values for peak linear and angular accelerations and GSI. This means that impact deflection can effectively reduce brain injury risk. Neck compliance had a significant effect on linear acceleration and angular acceleration. An increase in neck compliance caused a decrease in linear acceleration; however, it also resulted in a decrease in angular acceleration. A comparison to published injury thresholds revealed that a decrease in neck compliance could significantly decrease the risk of brain injury. The data collected provided important insight into the importance of impact avoidance and deflection on injury prevention as well as the effect of the neck on the dynamic response of the head during impact.


In plants, the contact with toxic substances activates a group of genes, which are involved in the detoxification of these substances. A subgroup of these genes is regulated by the transcriptional coactivator Scarecrow-like 14 (SCL14), which belongs to the family of GRAS-transcriptionfactors. SCL14 interacts with the redundant bZIP transcriptionfactors TGA2, TGA5 and TGA6. The SCL14/TGA complex binds as-1-like elements in the promoters of its target genes.
In this work could be shown by confocal microscopy experiments that the intracellular localization of SCL14 is altered by the phytohormon salicylic acid (SA), the xenobiotic 2,3,5-tiiodo benzoic acid (TIBA) and the oxilipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). In the untreated root, SCL14 is evenly distributed in the cytosol and the nucleus, after treatment with the mentioned substances, the protein accumulates in the nucleus.
Since SA, TIBA and OPDA are electrophilic substances, the stimulus which leads to the nuclear accumulation of SCL14, could be oxidative stress. Since the Mutation of two cysteines to serines within the GRAS domain of SCL14 causes a complete loss of activity of the protein, these cysteines could be the targets of redox modifications.
Transcriptional analyses of untreated and SA treated roots of wildtype and scl14/33 plants showed, that SCL14 influences specifically the SA induction but not the basal expression of some genes. For this function, the nuclear accumulation of the protein seems to play an important role. For a second group of genes, SCL14 acts as a constitutive enhancer for the basal expression as well as for the SA induced expression.
In a yeast-two-hybrid experiment, NAC017 was identified as a new interaction partner of SCL14. However, the expression of the SCL14 target genes in the nac017 knockout mutant was similar to the expression in wildtype plants after treatment with SA. The interaction of SCL14 and NAC017 either does not play a role for the expression of the analysed genes or another NAC transcriptionfactor is able to take over the function of NAC017 in the mutant.


The majority of experts (Beck 2008, Stiglitz, 2013, Gallino, 2013 e 2014, Piketty ,2013.) considers a perverse effect of the crisis, the increase in income inequality, social class and between generations. This leads to a narrowing and the crisis of the middle class and greater difficulty for young people to find work (De Rita, Schizzerotto, Galdo 2014). A confirmation of how Italian families are trapped in the economic crisis emerges from the statistical analysis conducted in 2012 by the Ministry of Economy which shows that the prolongation of the crisis has hit especially on the middle class. But what are the factors that determine an impoverishment of the middle class? And what consequences they have on the representations of young people about their future? To answer these questions, we proceeded to a survey with semi-structured questionnaire, on a purposive sample of 500 Roman's students enrolled in the final year of the upper secondary school, by analyzing, at the micro level, the effects of the crisis on families, and on the post diploma choices of their sons. The main hypothesis is to check if relatively privileged class feel the crisis and transmit their anxieties to their sons, that their turn "depressed" by a social climate in which it is said that "the sons will stay worse than the fathers." This is reflected in the dilemma if seek employment or continue studying, that most of the respondents resolves with the hypothesis of groped to do both. Even as regards the university, it goes in the same direction in the sense of choosing degrees that appear more immediately usable in the labour market. Regarding the effects of the crisis on families in addition to looking to the objective conditions of economic hardship of the parents (unemployment, single income families or separate), we have analyzed how this affecting the everyday life. A second aspect investigated, are the differences in employment within the family between wives and husbands, making a comparison with a research on the social classes of 1996 (Rella, Cavarra, 2000) where emerged an abrupt transition from home mothers to daughters workers. In 2013, the entry of women into the labour market seems to have almost ended, in the sense of a further drastic reduction of pure housewives (women who have never worked), but are returning the women who are doing the housewives due to lack of job. Early indications shows as comparing the most popular professions in Rome, employees and teachers, mainly present in the public sector, the middle class, are the ones who suffer especially unemployment. Among respondents who belong to a higher social class, more than


Research on educational indicators was originated from the social indicator movement and flourished during the 1980s in the US.By nature,it is an empirical way of understanding education via indicators and describes the aggregate status and change of the education system.For each specific indicator,the relevant issues include but are not limited to defining the property to be indicated,clarifying whether the relation between the indicator and the property is reflective or formative,and justifying the appropriate(dis)aggregate level.An education indicator system is not a simple collection of single indicators,but rather an intertwined set,whose construction requires integrating a variety of theoretical,technical,policy-related and practical issues.Educational indicator systems can be used to monitor the status and change of educational systems,to determine whether the goals have been attained,to identify potential issues,and to point to possible solutions.Not supporting causal inferences,they should not be the sole basis for educational decision-making.


USMAN MADUBUN. Phytoplankton Primary Productivity and it's relation with Nutrient and Light in Muara Jaya Waters, Jakarta Bay. Under direction of ARIO DAMAR and RICHARDUS F. KASWADJI. The research was conducted in Muara Jaya waters, Jakarta Bay, from JulyAugust 2007. The research was aimed to study the phytoplankton primary productivity in relation to nutrient and light distribution. Survey of post facto approach was implemented in three stations arranged from estuary towards the sea. Parameters studied were primary productivity, nutrients, light intensity, chlorophyll a, and the abundance and composition of phytoplankton. Results showed that primary productivity ranged from 39,57-96,89 (67,36±25), 21,31107,01 (63,38±29), and 18,07-108,12 (62,61±30) mgCmh for station 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was a significant difference among incubation depths, but not among stations. Nutrients had varied role to variability of primary productivity, and there was no significant difference among incubation depths and stations, except for silicate. Light intensity had significant influence on primary productivity, implied significant differences among stations and incubation depths. Nutrient concentrations and primary productivity in estuary were higher compared to those in other stations, while light intensity showed the opposite figure. This indicates the role of incoming loads from the river. Chlorophyll a concentration in estuary station was higher than in other stations, showing significant role of nutrients and light intensity. Phytoplankton composition were predominated by Bacillariophyceae (29 species), Cyanophyceae (1 species), and Dinophyceae (8 species).


Objectives: The paper intends to analyze the causes of medical disputes occurring in the STD outpatient clinics.Based on the cause analysis,the paper suggests the hospital have to strengthen the administration and implementation of hospital regulations,to improve the environment of clinics,and to introduce the concept of social services,to respect patient's rights to be informed.At the same time,the government should also tighten its control over the medical environment.


A new Metal-Organic coordination polymer [Cd(C6H5N2O4)(C10H8N2)] was synthesized and characterized by Element analysis and X-ray diffraction.The title compound crystallized in Orthogonal system,space group Pbca,a=1.052 75(5) nm,b=1.528 02(8) nm,c= 1.973 83(10) nm,α= β=γ=90°,V=317.51(8) nm,Z= 8,Dc=1.827 g·cm-3,μ= 1.406 mm-1,F(000) =1 728,R= 0.0274,wR=0.0634.It is composed of Cd(II),two 2-methyl-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic-acid and one 2,2′-bipyridine molecule,in which two Cd(II) central metal ions connect with different carboxyl group of the same 2-methyl-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylicacid ligand to form a Cd(Ⅱ) Metal-Organic coordination polymer with 1D chain structure.


Objetive: Recent studies show an association between environmental pollution and the risk of suffering an osteoporotic fracture. This study aimed to determine if there is an association between environmental contamination with fine par‐ ticulate matter (PM2.5) and osteoporotic hip fracture. Material and method: Retrospective incidence study. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the co‐ rrelation between the incidence rate of hospital discharges due to osteoporotic hip fracture in Chile and the annual ave‐ rage concentration of PM2.5 in the Chilean Health Services in 2017. Results: In 2017 there were 8,322 hip fractures in adults 65 years of age or older, with a rate per 100,000 inhabitants of 216 and 567 for men and women, respectively. No association was found between environmental contamination and hip fractures in women. Very weak direct association was found between the incidence rate of osteoporotic hip fracture in men and the annual concentration of PM2.5 (r=0.074) by Health Services, being statistically not significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: No statistically significant association was found between environmental pollution and the incidence rate of hospital discharges due to osteoporotic hip fractures in Chile.


4–1BB is expressed on activated T cells. We analyzed the role of 4–1BB during the CD8 T cell response of OT‐I TCR‐transgenic T cells to ovalbumin. In vitro, blocking 4–1BB during peptide presentation reduced proliferation of naive CD8 T cells, but did not affect the generation of CTL. Using an in vivo adoptive transfer model, clonal expansion of CD8 T cells to whole protein in adjuvant was significantly reduced when 4–1BB was blocked, with 50–70% fewer CD8 T cells accumulating. This was due to a reduction in T cell division and to enhanced apoptosis of CD8 T cellsthat had undergone many divisions. T cells generated in the absence of 4–1BB were impaired in their ability to secrete IFN‐γ whereas CTL activity of the T cells that survived was unaffected. These findings demonstrate that 4–1BB contributes to clonal expansion, survival, and development of Tc1 cells when protein antigen is encountered by primary CD8 T cells in an inflammatory environment in vivo.


Objective To study the change of prealbumin time and activated partial thrombaplastin time and fibinogen in patients with varieties of hepatosis observe the value in the hepatosis mean while comparing with the normal group.Methods 80 healthy controls and 84 patients the had been clinically diaghosed as hepatos is were enroffed in to the study.Prothrombin Time and Activated partilal Thrombopiastm Time and Fibriometer were measured.Results Showed that Varieties of hepatosis ere mutuall related with each of indexes,but the sensitivity of these indexes are different:PTAPTTFIB Plasma PT Prouloged in varieties of hepatosis Comparing with the normal group.The Proulonged level of each group:severe hepatitisCancer of theliverHepatioirrhosisChronie hepatitisAeute Hepatitis ,and as the inprovement of diseasd,piasma PT were grandually decreased.Conclusion Plasma PT detection is a sensitive parameter which reflects the damage of cive function it provides the basis of the diagnose treatment dynamic observing and prognosis judgment for hepatosis.


Recent advances in applied econometrics are employed to model international grain freight rates. Directed Acylic Graphs (DAGS) and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARCH) error processes are applied to 1988-1997 time series data. The data set include over 12,000 observations on ship rates, origin/destination ports, and ship terms. Directed Acylic Graphs are used to help specify the relationship between ship rates and a set of eleven "possible" explanatory variables. The estimated equation explains 69 percent of the variation in international grain freight rates with most explanatory variables statistically significant at the one percent level. Cargo size, a proxy for ship size, was negatively related to ship rate for shipments up to 72,000 metric tons. As expected, highest ship rates were associated with that ship term which made this ship owner financially responsible for loading and unloading (liner term) while lowest rates were associated with the term that made the charter responsible for these activities (free-o\in-and-out). Results suggest cost of either ship loading or unloading to be about $11/metric ton. Consistent with expectations, grain rates increase with an increase in voyage-chartered tonnage of coal. However, rates decline as voyage-chartered tonnage of other ores (bauxite) increase. This unexpected result may occur because of increased grain back-haul opportunities from selected grain exporting countries. Results also suggest the presence of seasonality in grain freight rates with highest rates in the second quarter and lowest rates in the third quarter. Finally, rates of U.S. flag vessels were considerably higher than foreign flag vessels. The estimated model was found superior in generating out-of-sample ship rate forecasts as compared to a random walk model suggesting the estimated model may be a useful tool for forecasting grain freight rates.


In this paper we study some abandoned silver mines located in Horcajuelo de la Sierra, in the province of Madrid. An important bibliographic research has been done, as well as various field trips. The aim was to interpret and date the mining heritage. On the other hand many minerals have been collected and analysed u the School of Mines in order to determinate which are the main silver ores. As a result of this research the historical elements are catalogued and valuated. Different silver minerals can still be studied. The silver mines of Horcajuelo de la Sierra are a valuable geological and historical heritage that need to be preserved.


Frame synchronization is conventionally intended as "epoch recovery" of a symbols synchronous stream. But, what happens when symbol timing is unknown? A typical approach to this problem involves oversampling, which is computational intensive. This paper introduces a novel alternative approach whereby the detector is made aware of the emerging ISI due to imperfect symbol timing recovery in order to achieve the wanted performance with low computational complexity. The resulting sequence, identified as ISI-UW, is obtained as the combination of several conventional UW appropriately shifted in time. The adoption of this particular sequence structure allows to enhance performance in the worst case scenario, at the cost of a slight performance loss in the ideal case, and reveals to be an interesting low-complexity alternative to conventional oversampling techniques to cope with symbol timing fractional misalignments


A survey of spices and vegetables in four markets in Lagos metropolis was carried out. Sixteen species of spice plants belonging to nine Families were recorded. The Family Zingiberaceae had three species (18.75%). The Families Annonaceae, Liliaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae and Piperaceae had two species (12.5%) each while Myrirsticaceae, Myrtaceae and Fabaceae Families had one species (6.25%) each. Nineteen species of vegetables belonging to ten Families were recorded from the markets. These were dominated by The Families Solanaceae and Curcubitaceae with four species (21%) each. The Family Asteraceae had three species (15.7%) while Amaranthaceae had two species (10.5%). The Families Apiaceae, Cruciferae, Gnetaceae, Malvaceae, Portulacaceae and Tiliaceae had one species (5.2%) each. Most of these vegetables were leafy vegetables (52.6%) while 42.1% were fruits while 5.2% was a root tuber. One of the leafy vegetable Gnetumafricanum is overexploited hence the need to domesticate and cultivate it. The medicinal properties are documented. Marketing of vegetables contributes to family upkeep as women dominate the processing and marketing. The increasing population of Lagos will result in higher demand and this requires that conservation action must be put in place to ensure future availability.


Three alternatives to the current peanut-price support, acreage-allotment program are considered. A linear programming framework is used to compare the effects of these policies on geographic location of peanut production, producer and consumer surplus, treasury costs, and value of allotments. Peanut production would expand in all areas except Texas under less restrictive production constraints. The largest expansion would be in Georgia and Alabama. Some version of the target price plan is considered to be a likely compromise program.


Digital Jining geographic information space frame construction projects is a national demonstration project.Among them,3D data acquisition production with the square of 100km2 in Chengjian district of Jining city is one of the main contents of the project.Through introduction of technical road and production process of collection and production technology of 3D data,the entire process of making three-dimensional data acquisition has been introduced.The implementation of multi-bid-stage division and supervision system can control the quality and duration of the project.


Phenotypic switching and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are critical components in the development of many vascular proliferation diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) has been shown to play a key role in VSMC proliferation and differentiation. The focus of this review is to provide an overview for understanding the physiological and pathobiological roles of KLF4 in phenotypic switching and proliferation of VSMCs. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(2): 132–139, 2010


This work has been funded by the Spanish Government under contract TEC2014-60283-C3-1-R, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER) and the Parliament of Cantabria (12.JP02.64069).


This study examines the market response to the 1999 announcement of a change in accounting for Funds from Operations (FFO) for Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). This change provides an increase in transparency in the accounting statements of REITs regarding the calculation of FFO. An analysis of this announcement finds that shareholder wealth increases but the significance of that increase is questionable. Additionally, an analysis of the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread finds weak evidence to support the conjecture that the amount of information asymmetry in REIT prices declines after the announcement of the FFO accounting change.


The paper provides a definition of the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in today's global world economic processes in terms of implementation and enforcement of the principles of international economic security. Analyzes the main trends and activities of transnational corporations at the present stage in terms of their reporting of threats to the modern economic world order, presented solutions to existing.


This experiment tested the effectiveness of three insecticides against blueberry maggot. The experiment was conducted in an abandoned highbush blueberry field in Chatsworth, New Jersey. Plots consisted of 2 rows of approx. 50 bushes each, replicated three times in a CRB design. Treatment rows were separated by two buffer rows. Applications were made with a Pak-Blast® model MBICO28 Sprayer (Rear's Mfg Co., Eugene, Oregon) on a John Deere 5320N Tractor. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 44.8 gpa at 300 psi using four nozzles with D5 orifices, yielding approx. 105.0 ml (3.6 fl oz) per bush. Treatments were applied on 7 Jul, 13 Jul, and 20 Jul. Pre-treatment samples were taken on 10 Jul. Thirty-six 1-pt samples were taken from buffer rows. Mean number of maggots in pre-treatment samples was 2.9 maggots per pt. Post-treatment data were collected on 27 Jul. A 1-pt sample was collected from each side of two rows per plot, for a total of 4 pt. Berry samples were weighed and then boiled to check for maggots. Number of maggots per 4-pt sample was recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separation by Fisher's LSD test at P = 0.05.


The flow of water in the pipeline for household needs is a source of energy that can generate electrical energy through Pico hydro turbines or small-power water turbines. The experiment has been conducted on a 10 Watt Pico hydro turbine mounted on a water pipe against changes in water flow discharge. The turbine performance analysis is conducted experimentally (actual) and theoretically (ideal). The analysis results showed the greater the discharge flow, the greater the power generated by the turbine. In tests with a maximum discharge of 8.9 l/min, the actual power of 1.121 Watts, the torque of 0.005 Nm with a rotation speed of 2146.8 rpm and efficiency of 12.59%; while the ideal power is based on Euler turbine equation of 4.2 Watts and torque of 0.016 Nm. So, the maximum turbine power that can be generated is only 26.67% ideal. Efficiency turbine decreases with increased discharge; in this test, the maximum efficiency was 24.89% at 5.8 L/min flow discharge.


A method and apparatus is disclosed for controlling to a target heat release rate (HRR) using a HRR control lever, namely, pilot fuel timing and/or pilot fuel quantity, used in a gaseous- fuelled compression ignition internal combustion engine. The mechanism to control HRR to a target HRR provides improved performance and emissions for such an engine. A target HRR is determined for a cycle of an engine. A HRR control lever is then used to adjust to the target HRR in consideration of combustion conditions in the engine and the difference between the target HRR and cycle HRR predicted for the cycle by reference to, by way of example, a derived HRR trace from a previous cycle, a pressure trace, a measured property of the exhaust gas directly determined or mapped values provided during calibration allowing for adjustment to a target HRR for the engine. The mapped values can be cross- referenced to the combustion conditions in the engine.


An optimization procedure is suggested that maximizes the highest usable frequency of operation of active RC filters for a given permissible value of deviation of the actual response from the expected one. The procedure is applied to a recently reported filter, and both the theoretical as well as the practical results are given that confirm the effectiveness of the approach.


Objectives To compare rates of treatment discontinuation of and changes in initial antihypertensive drug therapy in the natural setting of treatment dispensation of Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands. Methods The cohorts included all the 23 715 (Italy), 20 289 (Sweden), and 5801 (the Netherlands) patients aged 40–70 years who received their first antihypertensive drug prescription from July 1, 2006 to September 30, 2006. Discontinuation was assumed if no antihypertensive drug was issued within 90 days following the end of the latest antihypertensive dispensation. Addition or replacement of the initial medication during the 90-day interval were defined as treatment combination or treatment switching. Results At 9 months after treatment initiation, the discontinuation rate of any antihypertensive drug was 24%. Compared with Italian patients, the discontinuation rate was significantly lower in Swedish [hazard ratios: 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50–0.54] and Dutch patients (hazard ratio: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.75–0.84). Almost 21 and 16% of patients who started on monotherapy respectively combined with and switched to another antihypertensive drug. Compared with Italian patients, the adjusted hazard rate of combining was lower in Swedish patients (hazard ratio: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.79–0.87). The hazard rate of switching was lower in Swedish and Dutch patients than in Italians (hazard ratios: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.79–0.88 and hazard ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71–0.84 respectively). Conclusion Management of hypertension is unsatisfactory worldwide due to a very high rate of treatment discontinuation or insufficient use of proper treatment strategies.


We examine the association between corporate reputation and the timeliness of external audit and earnings announcement. Changes in financial reporting regulation have resulted in longer audit delay, leading to an increase in the number of firms that announce earnings prior to audit completion, both of which have implications for the quality and usefulness of financial information. We find that corporate reputation is negatively associated with audit report lag, earnings announcement lag, and the likelihood of firms announcing earnings after audit completion. Our results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests. We document important benefits in the form of timelier audits and earnings announcements derived from developing and maintaining a good corporate reputation. Our findings have implications for client firms and auditors, particularly given the challenges faced by auditors in terms of more onerous audit requirements and shorter filing deadlines, as well as demands for timelier information faced by firms.


Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Regional ECMO Center, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland


We report the experimental demonstration of all-optical polarization pulling of an initially polarization-scrambled signal using a fiber-optical parametric amplifier. Nonlinear polarization pulling has been achieved for both the signal and idler with 25 dB gain.


Objective To observe the effect of reduced glutachione(GSH)on the function of cardiac mitochondria of rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)induced by streptozotocin(STZ). Methods Rat model of DCM was established by injecting i.p. SD rats with STZ. The model rats were divided into DCM and DCM + GSH groups randomly. The rats in DCM + GSH group were injected i.p. with GSH, once a day for 8 weeks, and those in DCM group with physiological saline. Normal SD rats injected i.p. with physiological saline once a day for 8 weeks were served as control(C group). The rats in various groups were determined by anti-oxidation indexes in sera and cardiac tissue homogenate, calcium ion-induced mitochondria swelling and membrane potential of cardiac mitochondria. Results The SOD activity in cardiac tissue homogenate of rats in DCM + GSH group was significantly higher than that in DCM group. Though the SOD activity in sera of rats in DCM + GSH group showed an increasing tendency, it showed no significant difference with that in DCM group. The MDA content in sera of rats in DCM + GSH group decreased significantly as compared with that in DCM group. The MDA content in cardiac tissue homogenate of rats in DCM + GSH group showed also a decreasing tendency, while showed no significant difference with that in DCM group. Though the sensitivity of cardiac mitochondria of rats to the swelling induced by high calcium ion concentration in DCM + GSH group increased as compared with that in DCM group, it had not recovered to the normal level. The membrane potential of cardiac mitochondria of rats in DCM + GSH group was significantly higher than that in DCM group. Conclusion GSH showed a certain protective effect on the hearts of rats with DCM induced by STZ, by a potential mechanism of enhancing the anti-oxidation ability of cardiac muscle and improving the function of mitochondria in cardiac tissue.


The acai seeds have heterogeneous germination and low growth rate between sowing and seedlings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biometrics and gas exchange in açaí tree seedlings inoculated with rhizobacteria biofertilizers and Trichoderma asperrellum mix. The treatments consisted of the individual inoculations of six rhizobacteria isolates, a Trichoderma Mix and a control (inoculated with water) in the roots of the acai. Biometrics and biomass data were subjected to cluster analysis, and group means were compared by SNK test (P <0.05). Three groups were formed, being group 1 composed of the control, group 2 composed of rhizobacteria (R-46, R-55, R-58, R-61 and R-92) and group 3 composed of Trichoderma Mix (T06, T09, T12 and T52). The isolates of groups 2 and 3 promoted increase in growth, chlorophyll content and improvement in gas exchange parameters. The seedlings inoculated with Trichoderma asperrellum Mix promoted growth of 47% and photosynthetic performance in gas exchange parameters, 34% for A, 52% for gs, 56% for E compared to group 1. The isolate belonging to group 3 can contribute to the sustainable management of acai seedlings in nurseries, o it acts as a growth promoter and increases the photosynthetic efficiency of acai seedlings.


Abstract We evaluate the method of estimating sea surface velocities from sequences of AVHRR and CZCS images using the maximum cross-correlation (MCC) technique. A set of synthetic images is created by advecting an AVHRR-SST field with a QG model velocity field. The MCC method of determining the sea surface velocities is then applied to the synthetic images. The rms differences and vector correlations between the model's velocity field and the field produced by the MCC method are presented. In addition, real AVHRR and CZCS images are used to find the rms difference between the satellite-derived velocity fields and in situ ADCP and hydrographic data. The tests show that AVHRR imagery yields the best results when images are separated by as short a period as possible. The rms errors at 6-h separation are on the order of 0.14 m s−1, growing to ≥0.25 m s−1 at separations of more than 18 h. CZCS images are always separated by 24 h or more, but images with well-defined features may result in rms differences no l...


Language perception is the key step to psychological process in language use and the important topic in psycho-linguistic study; and it is also the major way for human beings to master and understand language. This paper analyzed language perception from the three aspects of definitions, psychological features and schemes of language


This paper extended the work of Chigbu and Nduka (2006), which obtained interesting results on closed form eigenvalues for comparing both orthogonal and rotatable Central Composite Designs (CCDs), by obtaining a majorization result. The majorization result is based on the principle of Schur's ordering of designs and was used to compare the replicated cube plus one star orthogonal CCD and the replicated star plus one cube CCD. Based on our result the former CCD is better than the latter CCD.


uropean welfare states are in varying need of reform. Intensified international competition, ageing populations, de-industrialization, changing gender roles in labor markets and households, and the introduction of new technologies, all pose severe strains to welfare state programs designed for a previous era. All European welfare states share three distinctive characteristics. Normatively, there is a common commitment to social justice. The vocabulary of reform is in most member states couched in terms of a solidaristic commitment that society will not abandon those who fail. The aspirations of full employment, universal access to health care and education, adequate social insurance for sickness, disability, unemployment and old age, and minimum resources of social assistance to prevent poverty and reduce social exclusion, are widely accepted by European publics and deeply entrenched in policy programs and institutions (Boeri, Borsch-Supan, and Tabellini, 2001). At the cognitive level, the European social model is based on the recognition that social justice can contribute to economic efficiency and progress. Against the neo-liberal assumption of a big »trade-off« between economic efficiency and social justice, European policy elites agree that social policy is an essential factor in promoting economic adjustment, that there is no contradiction between economic competitiveness and social cohesion. In the face of market failures the welfare state is able to insure social risks that private insurance cannot adequately cover (Barr, 2001). In addition, it can reduce economic uncertainty, enhance the capacity to adjust and the readiness to accept change, bear more risks, acquire specialized E


This Chapter elucidates and defends the third and final premise of the dissertation's argument. The premise defended here runs thus: Any theory claiming that a certain set of normative requirements ranges over (a) some actions, (b) some states of affairs, (c) some ways of life, or (d) some policies, the actualization of which would advance or set back the interests of persons, analytically depends on some theory claiming that a certain set of normative requirements ranges over (i) all actions, (ii) any states of affairs, (iii) any ways of life, (iv) any policies, or (v) any character traits, the actualization of which would advance or set back the interests of persons. We shall call this premise the Universal-Particular Thesis. The Thesis implies, first, that any theory of the first kind is a logical consequence of a theory of the second kind. It implies, second, that any theory of the first kind has the meanings of its theoretical terms shaped by the theory on which it depends. The Chapter defends this Thesis with an argument of three premises and one lemma. Parts 2-6 explicate the Thesis and defend each premise and the lemma. Part 7 reviews the argument to the Universal-Particular Thesis. Part 8 considers and replies to an objection to the Thesis. The objection is the famous meaning-change argument, due to Paul Feyerabend. It holds that the meanings of terms denoted by the same word differ across different theories. E.g., "mass" in classical mechanics means something different than mass in relativistic mechanics. Part 9 then proves the dissertation's thesis from the chapter Thesis and the theses of the previous Chapters. Part 10 concludes.


A study was made to determine the feasibility of using hydrazine to scavenge dissolved oxygen from the high pH KER loops during periods of out-of- reactor operation. Secondary objectives were aimed at determining the ultimate concentration levels of the hydrazine decomposition products, NH/sub 3/ and H/sub 2/. Hydrazine is being investigated for this application since the reactants and the decomposition products are all gaseous compounds; hence no solids will be added to or formed in the loop. The results indicate that oxygen scavenging is both rapid and complete when hydrazine is present in the loop water at from 1 to 20 ppm and the oxygen concentration is not greater than 1.0 ppm. (W.L.H.)


PURPOSE: A solar light module connecting device integrated with a building is provided to simply insert a ribbon and a bypass diode without a separate work when the ribbon and the bypass diode are connected to a contact rail, thereby preventing simplification of the structure and defective connection. CONSTITUTION: A distributing cable is connected to both sides of a housing(h). A ribbon(r) is drawn from a solar light module integrated with a building. The solar light module is installed in the housing. A contact rail(100) electrically connects the ribbon to a diode(d) and the distributing cable. The contact rail comprises a curvature part and a bent part. An elastic ribbon connection piece is composed of an expanding part, a tight fit part, and an extending part.


A mathematical model and a solution algorithm is developed to study the physics of high temperature heat transfer and material ablation and identify the problems associated with the flow of hydrogen gas at very high temperatures and velocities through pipes and various components of Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) motors. Ablation and melting can be experienced when the inner solid surface of the cooling channels and the diverging-converging nozzle of a Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) motor is exposed to hydrogen gas flow at temperatures around 2500 degrees Kelvin and pressures around 3.4 MPa. In the experiments conducted on typical NTR motors developed in 1960s, degradation of the cooling channel material (cracking in the nuclear fuel element cladding) and in some instances melting of the core was observed. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study based on two types of physics based mathematical models that were developed to simulate the thermal-hydrodynamic conditions that lead to ablation of the solid surface of a stainless steel pipe exposed to high temperature hydrogen gas near sonic velocities. One of the proposed models is one-dimensional and assumes the gas flow to be unsteady, compressible and viscous. An in-house computer code was developed to solve the conservations equations of this model using a second-order accurate finite-difference technique. The second model assumes the flow to be three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible and viscous. A commercial CFD code (Fluent) was used to solve the later model equations. Both models assume the thermodynamic and transport properties of the hydrogen gas to be temperature dependent. In the solution algorithm developed for this study, the unsteady temperature of the pipe is determined from the heat equation for the solid. The solid-gas interface temperature is determined from an energy balance at the interface which includes heat transfer from or to the interface by conduction, convection, radiation, and ablation. Two different ablation models are proposed to determine the heat loss from the solid surface due to the ablation of the solid material. Both of them are physics based. Various numerical simulations were carried out using both models to predict the temperature distribution in the solid and in the gas flow, and then predict the ablation rates at a typical NTR motor hydrogen gas temperature and pressure. Solid mass loss rate per foot of a pipe was also calculated from these predictions. The results are presented for fully developed turbulent flow conditions in a sample SS pipe with a 6 inch diameter.Copyright © 2013 by ASME