This article examines the extent to which circular migration (CM) can be framed first as a useful migration typology and second as an efficient migration strategy in the MENA region and between the latter and the EU. After discussing the difficult conceptualisation of the circular migration model, it alludes to the inherent discrepancies between the normative, empirical and prescriptive connotations of the concept, then it analyses different examples of circularity in the MENA region and between the latter and the EU. It concludes that since the very concept of circular migration (as proposed by the EU) is still in its exploratory and genesis phases, it is advisable to refrain from conferring an overvalued significance on the CM approach and to consider it rather as a strategy inherent to a more global approach to labour migration in the EU-MENA context. On a more theoretical level, and beyond the specificities of the EU and MENA, this article would suggest caution in the normative use of circular migration. As much contention prevails over circular migration as a migration typology, it would be recommendable that CM be rather considered an option, a policy initiative suitable for some countries more than others, or a strategy to manage migration trends in transnational contexts.


Arrangement (1) for mounting a planetary gear (2) of a planetary gear of a wind turbine on a bearing pin (3) by means of four adjacent cylindrical roller bearings (4, 5, 6, 7), characterized in that the cylindrical rollers (8, 9, 10, 11 ) of the cylindrical roller bearing (4, 5, 6, 7) directly on at least one cylindrically shaped outer peripheral portion (12) of the bearing pin (3) and directly on at least one in the planet (2) introduced, cylindrically shaped bore portion (13, 14 , 15, 16), wherein the raceway diameter (D L14 , D L15 ) of at least one bore portion (14, 15) remote from the axial edge of the planetary gear (2) is smaller than the raceway diameter (D L13 , D L16 ) of the axial edge the planetary gear (2) adjacent bore portion (13, 16), wherein the planetary gear (2) has a common starting board (20) for the axial starting of the cylindrical rollers (9, 10) of two of the axial edge of the planetary gear (2) removed Cylindrical roller bearing (5, 6) and wherein for the cylindrical rollers (8, 11) of the two adjacent to the axial edge of the planetary gear (2) cylindrical roller bearing (4, ...


The title compounds, poly[bis(2,2'-bipyridine)bis(μ 3 -hydrogen phosphato)nitratodi-μ 2 -oxo-dicopper(II)vanadium dihydrate], [Cu2(V02)(HP04)2(N03)(C 10 H 8 N 2 ) 2 ].2H 2 O, (I), and poly[bis(2,2'-bipyridine)bis(μ 3 -hydrogen phosphato)nitratodi-μ 2 -oxo-dicopper(II)vanadium phosphoric acid solvate], [Cu2(VO 2 )(HP04)2(NO 3 )(C 10 H 8 N 2 ) 2 .H 3 PO 4 , (II), were obtained by similar hydrothermal methods but under different crystallization conditions. The trinuclear entity which serves as the basic unit in both structures presents two independent Cu II ions immersed in similar square-pyramidal N 2 O 3 environments plus an octahedral VO 6 core and is organized into a one-dimensional polymer, which is essentially identical in the two structures. The compounds are stabilized by different solvates, viz. two crystallization water molecules in (I) and a phosphoric acid molecule in (II), which provide the main structural differences through the diversity of interchain interactions in which they serve as bridges.


We study the stationary measures of Ginzburg-Landau (GL) stochastic processes which describe the magnetization flux induced by the interaction with reservoirs. To privilege simplicity to generality we restrict to quadratic hamiltonians where almost explicit formulas can be derived. We discuss the case where reservoirs are represented by boundary generators (mathematical reservoirs) and compare with more physical reservoirs made by large-infinite systems. We prove the validity of the Fick law away from the boundaries. We also obtain in the context of the GL models a mathematical proof of the Darken effect which shows uphill diffusion of carbon in specimen partly doped with the addition of Si.


The modification of the existing iterative method for solving the system of Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous incompressible liquid in the 'velocity-pressure' variables is considered. The modification is to introduce the additional term (l/ß) Vdivu'. It is shown that the introduction of the term allows one to use the essentially larger iterative parameter and, owing to this, the method converges faster. The method using artificial compressibility for solving the Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous incompressible liquid in the Velocity-pressure' variables is well studied theoretically [3]. The method has been proposed by Yanenko [10] (it is also called the Arrow-Hurwitz method [2]). Nevertheless, the method does not enjoy popularity with mathematicians engaged in the solution of particular applied problems. The matter is that in solving stationary problems the method converges rather slow even for moderate Reynolds numbers. For the method to be steady in solving nonstationary problems, one should choose very small time-step. We have proposed [5] to add the term >ff~Vdiv to the right-hand side of the iterative relation. The term (we call it the regularizator) is zero for solenoidal functions. Numerical experiments show that if the term is added, the iterative process converges faster even for small Reynolds numbers. For example, when we solved the problem on steady flow in a square cavity by using 65x65 grid, we obtained the following result: for the Reynolds number Re = 100 the introduction of the regularizator provides the solution of the grid problem with an accuracy 10 ~ in less than five minutes, beginning with zero initial approximation. By using the method without a regularizator, we did not manage to solve the problem even in several hours. Note that the above problem is a conventional test for the Navier-Stokes equations. Attempts to explain the cause for the difference in behaviour of such similar iterative methods have not met with success for a long time. The matter is that the convergence of both iterative methods (with a regularizator and without it) was proved for moderate Reynolds numbers 0 < Re < ReQ, but in this case the rates of convergence of both methods are about the same. However, in practical applications stationary solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations exist in the interval 0 < Re < Rex, where Re1 > ReQ. The regularizator appears to influence the iterative process just in the interval (Re^Re^. In the present paper we try to explain why the iterative process converges faster in the interval (Re^Re^ if the regularizator is used. Since we cannot prove the method * Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow M. V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow 119899, Russia


After presentation of the first GOCE gravity field model based on 71 days of data at the ESA Living Planet Symposium in June 2010 ([11], [12]), an improved optimum high-resolution global gravity field model based on data from November 2009 to July 2010, resolved up to degree/order 250, has been derived from the precise GOCE orbit and satellite gravity gradiometry data applying the time-wise method. Realistic stochastic models for both the orbit and gradiometer observations have been included. Thus, the coefficient error information, provided as full variancecovariance matrix, reflects realistically the true error behaviour of the solution. The resulting GOCE model is assessed and validated against external gravity field models and GPS/levelling data. One of the key features of the time-wise method is that it is independent of any gravity field prior information, and thus the resulting gravity field models reflect the pure performance achievable by GOCE.


Opportunistic networks enable mobile users to participate in various social interactions with applications such as content distribution and micro-blogs. Because of their distributed nature, securing user interactions relies rather on trust than hard cryptography. Trust is often based on past user interactions such as in reputation systems relying on ratings. Yet, a more fundamental trust, social trust - assessing a user is genuine with honest intentions - must be established beforehand as many identities can be created easily (i.e., sybils). By leveraging the social network structure and its dynamics (conscious secure pairing and wireless contacts), we propose two complementary approaches for social trust establishment: explicit social trust and implicit social trust. Complexity, trust propagation and security issues are evaluated using real world complex graphs, synthetic mobility models and mobility traces. We show how our approach limits the maximum number of sybils independently of the network size and is more robust against manipulation attacks compared to state-of-the-art approaches such as PGP- like certification chains and distributed community detection algorithms.


The key word in this rather loose title is the word ballad , so perhaps we should reflect for a minute or two on its meaning. 1 In contemporary parlance, it usually refers to the words of a probably rather sentimental popular song but its derivation is interesting. It stems from a word in Old French—the word balade —which meant to dance, and the original meaning of the modern word ballad was a song, but a specific kind of song, one that during medieval times was sung to accompany a dance.


Based on the Gini Index of educational inequality, China's educational development level is progressing steadily and remarkable achievements have been made. However, the gap between urban and rural education has been expanding, and the gap between urban and rural education development has become the most important factor affecting the educational inequality of the country and provinces. Based on the consideration of history, gender, family income and other factors as well as case analysis, this paper proposes the following solutions: (1) Make full use of the Internet and other information resources in the teaching process; (2) Rural children can conduct reasonable exchanges and visits to urban children; (3) Matching urban and rural assistance; (4) Increase the attraction of voluntary education. Although nowadays, rural education and higher education in China become more and more popular but education inequality exists in detail. Moreover, solutions should be put into effect multiaspectly. In the process of urban and rural development, the study of educational inequality is conducive to solving the mental health problems of rural students and urban students. It can also improve the ability of rural students and urban students to live independently outside and adapt to the environment, so as to reduce the living economic cost as much as possible and enlarge the social benefits at the same time.


This paper studies the electromagnetic shielding properties of various composite materials with potential to be used in shielding computer systems. As data protection becomes an increasingly important issue, shielding computer systems that carry critical information is one of the methods by which this information can be protected. Therefore, in this paper were studied composite shielding materials containing two types of ferromagnetic powder, the first category of material contains iron-silicon particles and the second category contains Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt particles. In both categories materials containing particles with different sizes and in different concentrations were chosen. The measurements were performed using a shielded enclosure made of galvanized steel sheet on which the material is fixed.


Aim. The aim of this study was to asses changes of adhesion molecules (L-selectin, neopterin and interleukin-6) in patients with adenomyosis-related infertility during the therapy. Materials and methods. 49 patients with infertility caused by adenomyosis were examined and divided into 3 clinical groups: 1 group – 26 patients (35,1%) and 2 group – 23 patients (31,1%) with adenomyosis-associated infertility; 3 group (control) – 25 patients (33,8%). Adhesion molecules detection was performed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Visual evaluation scale was used for estimating of clinical aspects of adenomyosis. Results. The diagnostic utility of L-selectin for monitoring the adenomyosis therapy effectiveness was shown. The difference between L-selectin levels before and after treatment was statistically significant, the correlation coefficient (R) reached 0,584. The gestagens application is preferable due to reliable normalization of L-selectin levels and decrease in intensity of algomenorrhea (in the 1st group – 1,3 times less, than in 2nd group) and dyspareunia (in the 1st group – 2,2 times less, than in the 2nd group) on visual evaluation scale. Conclusions. Adenomyosis not accompanied by a significant increase in the production of systematic inflammatory 38 Ку ба нс ки й на уч ны й м ед иц ин ск ий в ес т ни к 2 01 7; 2 4 (5 ) response markers (neopterin and IL-6), the increase of adhesion molecules (L-selectin) indicates the imbalance of endothelial-thrombocyte-leukocyte interaction.


It is with great pride that I am writing this message for the inaugural issue of our Journal, the Canadian Urological Association Journal (CUAJ). As you may know, Canadian urologists, whether they practice in an academic or community setting, are very active in scientific research. On top of regular attendance at our meetings, members of our association also make notable contributions at several international meetings. Therefore, it makes sense that an association like ours has a vehicle to disseminate the scientific works of its members and foreign colleagues.

This wish came partially true during the past fourteen years thanks to a partnership with entrepreneurs who owned the Canadian Journal of Urology. Owing to a fruitful collaboration between these owners and several members of our association, the CJU was built up and became indexed in 2001. However as years went by, this partnership became questionable because the leaders of our association wished to modernize the journal and make it more able to respond to our members' needs whereas the owners preferred to collect benefits rather than reinvest in educational services. We were in an unhealthy situation where the volunteer scientific work of our members was only being used to increase the commercial value of a company that not only kept the profits, but also represented a direct competition to obtain funds from the pharmaceutical industry and distributors of medical supplies.

Over the past few years, your executive has worked to modify our relationship with the CJU. Recent discussions regarding the creation of an Office of Education made the need to control our own journal even more pressing. In June 2005, an ad hoc committee was set up to negotiate a new partnership. After a process that lasted close to a year, we were not able to reach a mutual agreement in spite of generous offers on our part. In June 2006, the decision was made at the Annual General Meeting to severe all ties with the CJU and to control our own journal either by acquiring it or creating a new journal. The owners' behaviour made this latter option the only one possible.

After a few legal hurdles, which we have overcome, and thanks to the infallible support of all the members of the executive and of our association, a new journal took shape. We chose an experienced editor, Dr. Laurence Klotz, with whom we shared our recommendations on the journal's direction. We assured him of our desire to give him editorial independence and freedom to set up his editorial board. We established an operating budget and set up the necessary infrastructure for the journal to function properly. As managing editor for CUAJ, we hired Ms. Josephine Sciortino, who until recently occupied this position at CMAJ, the leading medical publication in Canada. The tight collaboration between our executive, the staff at the CUA central office and the new editorial team of the CUAJ has allowed for the establishment of a start-up strategy that has been communicated to our members and partners. This strategy was well-received and allowed for the launching of this first issue within the allotted time.

As you can see, the decision to create a journal is the result of a long process and we took all the necessary steps to make it a high-calibre scientific publication. We are relying on the collaboration of our members to make it a contemporary, lively and relevant publication.

I hope you will enjoy reading our first issue. We look forward to receiving your contribution soon.


citation ID: ckac131.305 Piloting a Health System Performance Assessment for Germany insights from trend and equity analyses Katharina Achstetter K Achstetter, M Blümel, P Hengel, V Schwarzbach, R Busse Department of Health Care Management, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Contact: email@example.com Background: Health System Performance Assessment (HSPA) is a tool for the evaluation of the performance and efficiency of a health system and can be used for evidence-based policymaking. For the first time, a country specific HSPA for the German health system is piloted with a focus on trend and equity analyses. Methods: Based on the conceptual framework developed in a feasibility study, the pilot study in Germany has being conducted between 2020 and 2023. The framework includes 90 internationally compatible indicators, each of which can be assigned to one of nine dimensions (e.g., access, quality, population health, responsiveness, efficiency). The aim of this pilot study is to conduct trend analyses over the period 20002020 and equity analyses (e.g., age, gender, region, education). Data from 56 different national and international secondary data sources (e.g., epidemiologic registry data, claims data, and survey data) were collected, analyzed, and compiled in a report. Results: In total, 84 of the 90 indicators could be analyzed with data for Germany. The indicators (e.g., access to acute care, 30-day mortality, amenable mortality rate) are prepared as a trend analysis for Germany for up to 20 years and with regard to various equity aspects. Most indicators can be presented in international comparison with eight selected European countries (e.g., Denmark, France). Furthermore, recommendations were derived to improve the availability and/or quality of data. Conclusions: The first German HSPA pilot study provides valuable insights into the performance of the health system. The results based on the analysis of the 90 indicators are an important basis for identifying inequities and needs for improvement. In the future, the lessons learned from the pilot study can be helpful for a permanent implementation of a German HSPA. However, the fragmented data structure in Germany will be a future challenge. Key messages: The first country specific health system performance assessment for the German health system was conducted as a pilot study. Trends over time, inequities, and needs for improvement can be derived from the analysis of 90 indicators. Abstract citation ID: ckac131.306 Introduction of medical assistants in France: an innovative approach to healthcare access?citation ID: ckac131.306 Introduction of medical assistants in France: an innovative approach to healthcare access?


The colour reaction of Zirconium(Ⅳ) with xylene orange and 1-phenyl-3-mrthyl-4-benzo-pyrazolones-5 in the presence of HCl has been studied. Zirconium(Ⅳ) reacts with xylene orange and 1 -phenyl-3-mrthyl-4-benzo-pyrazolones-5 to form a 1 : 1 : 1 amaranth complex in 1.80ml 4.0mol/L HCl medium with maximum absorption at 552nm. The apparent molar absorptivity is 9.2×10~4L·mol~(-1), cm~(-1). As time as more 20 disturbance ions were determined. It has been applied to the determination of Zirconium(Ⅳ) content in mixture within disturbance ions. The results are satisfactory.


Background. Phenotypic and functional reconstitution of T cells after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) and its influence on posttransplant immune status is important in terms of immune surveillance and relapse of original cancer. We investigated the relationship between the dominant immune reconstitution pathway and the immune surveillance. We also tested the cytokine bias acquired by T cells after transplantation and its possible influence on relapse of original malignancy. Methods. Immunophenotyping of naïve and memory T cells was performed by flow cytometry on patients who underwent PBSCT for various cancers. Cytokine production by peripheral memory helper (CD4) and cytotoxic (CD8) T cells was investigated at various pretransplant and posttransplant time points with fluorescein isothiocyanate–based intracellular cytokine assay after short-term in vitro mitogenic stimulation (phorbol myristate acetate + ionomycin). Data on T-cell subsets and polarized cytokines &ggr;-interferon (Ifn) and interleukin 4 produced by memory T cells were compared with that of healthy controls. Results. The reconstitution of naïve T cells and &ggr;-Ifn–producing memory cells was significantly lower in patients who experienced relapse of original cancer within 1 year of PBSCT compared to those who showed no signs of relapse even after 2 years and compared to normal subjects. The results indicate that efficient reconstitution of naïve T cells and type 1 function of memory T cells are important in maintaining T-cell repertoire diversity after PBSCT. It also confers appropriate levels of immune surveillance against diverse neoantigens that evolve from residual tumor burden. The data reveal that chemotherapy-induced thymic injuries may impair regeneration of naïve cells that result in a naivopenic state in a susceptible host. Conclusions. The study highlights the importance of naïve T-cell reconstitution and points towards cell replacement strategies for improving immune surveillance after PBSCT.


This paper deals with a review of the literature on new developments in treatment for pathological gambling. Reviewed studies about treatment of pathological gambling show that this disorder improves significantly with proposed therapies. However, the choice treatment appears to be stimulus control and in vivo exposure with response prevention, followed by a cognitive-behavioural intervention in relapse prevention. The relevance of this review for clinical practice and future research in this field is commented upon.


We would like to make a few comments on the results reported in a recent paper in this journal by Tsuneda, J. Comput. Chem, 2019, 40, 206. The structures of some pure silver clusters were not correctly assigned. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


In this paper, we present the results of a computational study of the effects of a low absolute level of deuteration (~5%) on the observed mid-IR spectrum of the interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) population. The analyses are based on a global average spectrum, including all the possible singly deuterated isomers of an ensemble of partially superhydrogenated PAH species (i.e., Hn-PAHs) in both neutral and cationic forms. The distinctive spectroscopic properties considered in this paper include three classes of D-involved vibrational modes: (1) C–D in-plane bending features in the 9.5-12 μm region, (2) C–D out-of-plane bending features in the 14.5-17.9 μm region, and (3) aromatic and aliphatic C–D stretching features in the 4.4-4.7 μm region. In addition, D substitution also has the potential to alter the appearance of the C–H out-of-plane bending features in the 11-14 μm region by disrupting the adjacency of the H atoms on the PAH edge rings. The spectroscopic impacts of a low level of deuteration in the interstellar PAH population are considered, and their implications for the detailed appearance of the astronomical mid-IR PAH emission spectrum is explored. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the C–D stretching features offer the greatest prospects for the detection of deuterated interstellar PAHs. Since these features are effectively obscured by telluric CO2 absorptions, the information presented herein should be useful in the planning and design of future space-based IR observing platforms.


We give a simple proof, using Auslander–Reiten theory, that the preprojective algebra of a basic hereditary algebra of finite representation type is Frobenius. We then describe its Nakayama automorphism, which is induced by the Nakayama functor on the module category of our hereditary algebra.


Marc Francis and Nick Francis, Black Gold, San Francisco: California Newsreel, 2006. 78 minutes, color. Not rated. Vicky Funari and Sergio De La Torre,Maquilapolis: City of Factories, San Francisco: California Newsreel, 2006. 68 minutes, color. Not rated. Poul-Erik Heilbuth, The Other Europe, San Francisco: California Newsreel, 2006. 58 minutes, color. Not rated. TomHeineman, A Killer Bargain, San Francisco: California Newsreel, 2006. 57 minutes, color. Not rated. Florian Opitz, The Big Sellout, San Francisco: California Newsreel, 2006. 95 minutes, color. Not rated.


This paper tries to explain the rationales of two different key infrastructures of real time abstraction interface (RTAI): real time hardware abstraction layer (RTHAL) and adaptive domain environment for operating systems (ADEOS), and also makes a comparison with measurement to help understanding the difference between them. Our study shows that ADEOS as a virtual resource layer can intercept hardware interrupts like RTHAL which is essentially just a data structure. And through measurement, we found that both the RTHAL-based RTAI and the ADEOS-based RTAI offer maximum scheduling latencies in microseconds, while latencies of the latter are all slightly greater than those of the former under different situations. However, these differences are so trivial that ADEOS can be competent to replace RTHAL for RTAI. Moreover, ADEOS can help RTAI solve the patent problem with RTLinux, so it has already replaced RTHAL since RTAI 3.0 actually


Abstract : Sea basing is a critical capability for the United States in a world where flexible, quick-response military action will be required in areas far from fixed bases available or suitable for American military use. The sea base replaces or augments the fixed, in-theater airports and seaports, on which past military operations have focused and depended, with a maneuverable facility at sea - a mobile base of operations, command center, logistics node and transportation hub. A commander can place a sea base where and when he chooses to exploit enemy weaknesses and employ the element of surprise, confusing enemy defensive preparations. A sea base can be a center for reconstitution and redeployment of forces in succeeding stages of complex operations.


A guide to primary and secondary sources to help you navigate AP Gov! Our Judiciary branch and its landmark cases


Cherubism – first described by Jones – is a benign fibroosseous disorder of childhood involving the lower two-thirds of the face1. The true incidence is unknown but the age if onset is between 2 to 10 years2,3,4. It is a rare disease of autosomal dominant inheritance characterised by painless, frequently symmetrical, enlargement of the jaws as a result of the replacement of bone with fibrous tissue5. It has been associated with mutations in SH3BP2 gene, which has been mapped to locus 4p16.3. The SH3BP2 mutation is thought to lead to parathyroid harmone receptor signalling and Msx-1 activation6.


The present invention is viscous glass in an excellent polyurethane foam dressing material, and that relates to a production method, the object bar are poly wound scoring the material polyurethane foam dressing exudate absorption and retention superior to be applied to a lot of wound exudate which, It is to to provide a silicone / acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is applied to the wound contact surface tacky polyurethane foam saengjae drain and a method for manufacturing the same that is easy to be removed without pain. To the present invention is a laminated protective layer on the wound surface of the sponge structure, the contact layer and the film and the poly in the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on a surface in contact with the wound in contact with floor surface of the wound is formed in polyurethane foam dressing material for achieving the above object method, and the adhesive layer is composed of the inhibitor according to the silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive, and, if necessary, the ratio is 40 parts by weight of the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive is from 1 to about 100 parts by weight of the silicone pressure sensitive adhesive, wherein the inhibitor 0.1 to 2 characterized in that formed parts by weight.


As more and more companies store their customers' data; various information of a person is distributed among numerous companies' databases. Different industrial sectors carry distinct features about the same customers. Also, different companies within the same industrial sector carry similar kinds of data about the customers with different data representations. Cooperation between companies from different industrial sectors, called vertical cooperation, and between the companies within the same sector, called horizontal cooperation, can lead to more accurate machine learning models and better estimations in tasks such as credit scoring. However, data privacy regulations and compatibility issues for different data representations are huge obstacles to cooperative model training. By proposing the training framework MICS and experimentation on several numerical data sets, we showed that companies would have an incentive to cooperate with other companies from their sector and with other industrial sectors to jointly train more robust and accurate global models without explicitly sharing their customers' private data.


The crucial problem of construction debris is of increasing concern in Hong Kong. In the construction industry, the electrical and mechanical (E&M) installations in the infrastructure, for example, buildings, tunnels, or dams, are some of the major and usually complex components. Difficulty in coordinating the various trades affects productivity in general, and has a major impact on the quantity of construction debris. By identifying the sources of waste at each stage of E&M engineering work, some of the construction debris can be eliminated at the source during production. This paper investigates the critical production shortcomings in the E&M sector in Hong Kong. The study is based on a survey that includes a preliminary questionnaire survey, brainstorming exercises with a focus group, structured interviews with experienced frontline supervisors, and a second focus group exercise to test findings and proposed measures. The principal findings are that "poor coordination" and "design changes and/or errors...


Research on pressure drop for novel granular filter in fluidized bed using river sand and quartz sand as bed materials has been carried out.The results can be the base of the structure optimization.


Our government has set up different employment guidelines in different historical periods since the founding of New China.So the guidelines reflect the characteristics of different employment management systems.It is established on the basis of both the situation of economic development and the realities of the employment.And it is also closely related to the understanding of the socialist system.


Research in the biology of the fetus and newborn is one of the most fertile, yet one of the most undeveloped fields in medical research. Dr. Windle, the author of this monograph, is a pioneer with long experience in laboratory research in this area. This present monograph is in large measure a review of the author's past animal experiments and his personal concepts derived from these investigations. The chapters on circulation, respiration, and digestion are well worth the attention of the student concerned with the physiology of these functions in the fetus. The volume carries a subtitle, "Relation to Brain Damage in the Perinatal Period." Here the book is lacking. In a chapter, "Mental Retardation," the author presents observations of studies in animals, implying that this is the main source of information on the subject currently available. Dr. Windle, an experimental physiologist, is expressedly unacquainted with processes of neuropathology in


The paper reviews some of the factors which have influenced aircraft electrical installations. It demonstrates the complexity of present-day systems and the stringent safety precautions required. Generally it reflects the problems which constantly confront aircraft electrical engineers in meeting ever increasing demands upon electrical services.


Sound banking system is essential for a healthy economy. Banking system has different types of risks such as market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and credit risk. But the most important one is the credit risk. Most of the world financial crisis appeared due to the loans default. Bad loan is one of the major causes of banks failure. The most worsen problem of Pakistan's banking sector is the non-performing loans which can be reduced by better credit risk management. This research addresses this issue very deeply by analyzing determinants of non-performing loans both in the long run and short run. This research aims to reduce the non-performing loans in the Pakistan's banking industry through improving the credit risk management strategies. The underlying research has used quarterly time series data from 2002 q1 to 2010 q4. The ARDL approach has been used in this study. Microeconomic results prove that return on assets, capital adequacy ratio and inefficiency have negative and significant effects on nonperforming loans. Growth rate of loans have positive relationship with non-performing loans. The size and market power variables both have positive and negative effects on non-performing loans. These effects vary with the ownership of banks. The study concludes that deeply assessment of borrower qualities, good management, merit base policies and responsible government can reduce the burden of nonperforming loans.


Trauma remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Traumatic injury disrupts immune system homeostasis and may predispose patients to opportunistic infections and inflammatory complications. Prevention of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to septic complications following severe trauma is a challenging problem. Following severe injury, the immune system usually tends toward a pro‐inflammatory phenotype and then changes to a counter‐inflammatory phenotype. This immune system homeostasis is believed to be a protective response based on the balance between the innate and adaptive immune systems. We reported that injury activates inflammasomes and primes Toll‐like receptors. The primed innate immune system is prepared for a rapid and strong antimicrobial immune defense. However, trauma can also develop the "two‐hit" response phenotype. We also reported that injury augments regulatory T cell activity, which can control the "two‐hit" response phenotype in trauma. We discuss the current idea that traumatic injury induces a unique type of innate and adaptive immune response that may be triggered by damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules, which are a combination of endogenous danger signal molecules that include alarmins and pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules.


Blair Hoxby, Mammon's Music: Literature and Economics in the Age of Milton, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, pp. 336, hb. $40, ISBN: 0300093780Blair Hoxby's Mammon's Music posits a creative reading of Milton (primarily) and Dryden, as well as various prints and architectural designs, demonstrating how poets and artists deliberated on some of the most important features of the commercialization of England during the seventeenth century. Hoxby's impressively erudite exposition provides a high-resolution picture of the political and economic conditions and elaborates brilliantly on the intellectual context. His prose is admirably clear, managing to make the political and economic ideas accessible to non-historians of political economy; additionally, his close readings of literary texts can be comprehended by a non-specialist audience. This is an intellectual tour de force that not only displays the author's command of an enormous body of literature, but also exemplifies the virtues of interdisciplinary research.Mammon's Music is divided into four major themes. The first part, 'Virtue, Commerce, Truth', treats Milton's relationship to the emerging economic discourse. It argues that Milton's A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle reflects the ongoing commercial revolution, while the free speech argument of Areopagitica is grounded in the contemporary discussions of free trade. The second part, The Government of Trade', adds additional evidence to the claim that Milton's political philosophy is steeped in economic reasoning. It examines his federalism as articulated in The Readie and Easie Way, emphasizing the context of the debates between Royalists and Republicans on how to revive trade and prosperity. An analysis of the commercial features of Charles IFs Royal entry designed by John Ogilby can also be found here, focusing in particular on the message that force and commerce were codependent. Continuing on this theme in part three, 'Force, Commerce, and Empire', Hoxby examines how trade, power, and geography intersect in the tradition of topographic poetry, as exemplified by Dryden's Annus Mirabilis and Amboyna, and Milton's Paradise Lost. The Meaning of Work' concludes the volume, arguing that Samson Agonistes' negative portrayal of work undermines the Restoration ideology of work and productivity.It has always been recognized that Milton's prose and poems fused religious and political themes. In Mammon's Music, Hoxby sets out to convince us that there is yet another central pillar to Milton's intellectual framework that has been largely disregarded - namely a focus on the economy and economic reasoning. This claim - an elaboration on Sandra Sherman's 1993 article - provides a novel angle from which to view Milton's work; however, it is also likely to be perceived as a controversial reading. While Hoxby makes the case that Milton was influenced by contemporary discussions of trade, monopolies, and industry, he is perhaps too bold, in relation to the textual evidence, in declaring that Milton was an 'abstract economic thinker' who contributed 'not just to the literary representation of trade, but, just as crucially, to the rise of economic analysis ... ' (238).Hoxby argues that 'Milton's profoundest contributions to political philosophy and free will theology were in no small way owing to his sophisticated understanding of economic thought' (13). …


The mineralogy and alteration characteristics of beach placer ilmenite from the Manavalakurichi coast were investigated by optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. Mineral chemistry by electron probe micro-analysis indicated ; enrichment ofTI02, MgO, AI203, Cr203, Si0a. K20, V20,. CaO and Na20 in the altered products ofilmenitc:. while there was a loss of iron oxide, maganesc oxide and zinc oxide from the ilmenite grains during weathering leading to leucoxene and pseudorutile formation.


How important is it that our youth develop good study skills? What approaches to developing good study skills have been taken in the past? Do better approaches exist? These and other related questions are answered on the following pages.


Feature of the present invention is incorporated in a number of methods for identifying one or more target biological compounds. The method comprises the synthesis of libraries of compounds, wherein the compound having a functional moiety comprising one or more positions of diversity. Functional part is operably linked to a compound of initial oligonucleotide of the partial structure identification function.


Rationale: Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) is rare condition involving distant metastases secondary to benign uterine leiomyoma, and it is most commonly found in the lungs. It rarely metastasizes to the spine to cause osteolytic damage and spinal canal compression. Patient concerns: A 51-year-old woman with low back and bilateral leg pain and paresthesia was admitted to our ward. She has a previous medical history of uterine leiomyomas. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed vertebral body osteolytic destruction and soft tissue mass in the L4/5 with a secondary lumbar spinal stenosis. Positron emission tomography computed tomography showed moderately intense accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the L4/5 mass, as well as multiple nodules with increased metabolic activity in both lungs. Diagnoses: Pulmonary and spinal BML. Interventions: The patient underwent a computed tomography-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung nodule and lumbar corpectomy, tumor excision, and vertebroplasty in the L4/5. Outcomes: Pathologically, both pulmonary nodule and vertebral mass were diagnosed as leiomyomas without any malignant evidence. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were both positive in the metastatic tumors. The patient's symptoms completely disappeared after the surgery. The patient is currently receiving outpatient anti-estrogen tamoxifen treatment for a BML. Lessons: Through this case, we suggest that BML should be regarded as part of differential diagnosis in female patients with a previous medical history of uterine leiomyomas presenting with multiple nodules in any parts of the body.


According to the UL6 and UL7 gene data of duck plague virus(DPV),a pair of primers were designed and used for a polymerase chain reaction(PCR) with two duck plague vaccine strains and one standard strain and one field isolate.A specific 690bp DNA fragment was amplified,which was cloned into PMD18-T vector,and the positive ricombinant clone was selected by the Amp agar plate and characterized by Hind III and BamHI enzyme digestion.The recombinant plasmids were sequenced and compared with pulished sequence.The homology of Shandong isolated strain and the others was 99.7?% and 100?% respectively.The DPV specific DNA fragment was amplified from the infected organs samples of DPV.The PCR is specific and sensitive method which can be used for detection and diagnosis of latent and subclinical DPV infection.


Base materials are normally selected to achieve maximum density and possess sufficient stiffness and strength to carry traffic loads. Long-time concerns about the poor drainability of these materials have recently prompted the highway materials community to address this problem. The main objectives of the research reported here were to evaluate the drainability of base materials used in Texas and to propose and evaluate modified materials that could improve drainability while maintaining stiffness and strength levels. Drainability is evaluated on the basis of the permeability coefficient and water retention tests. The water retention test was found to be a much easier test to perform than the permeability test and is believed to be much more directly related to the drainability of the compacted base than the permeability coefficient. Alternative materials evaluated consisted of open-graded bases and cement-stabilized gravel. The results of the present study indicate that cement-stabilized gravel is the best alternative to achieve high stiffness and strength and at the same time minimize water retention capacity.


Clinical research was carried out comparing metabolism patterns of synthetic steroids with those of natural steroids. The 3 natural steroids and 1 of the synthetic substances were cleared from the plasma at a rate with a 1/2-life of approximately 1.5 hours; the other 2 synthetic steroids cleared at a much slower rate (1/2-life over 200 minutes). The time it took for glucosiduronates to reach high plasma levels varied with the type of steroid compound being tested. There was no correlation between the rate of urinary excretion and the plasma concentration of unconjugated steroid or of metabolite glucosiduronates. The increased effectiveness of certain steroids in relation to weight would not appear to be necessarily associated with decreased clearance and hence metabolism. It appears from the study that the pronounced clinical effectiveness of some of the synthetic steroids (prednisolone 6alpha-methylprednisolone and 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone) is not explained on the basis of a single metabolic process. Effectiveness rates would appear to depend on a number of characteristics of metabolism including differences in the clearance from plasma in biliary excretion and in the routes of administered steroids.


Under the current new situation, the core principle of the reform of the education and teaching in the military academies is the "problem center". In the center of the teaching mode, the "problem" is the core of teaching, the teaching process is carried out around the "problem". Based on the analysis of the status of "problem" problem centered teaching mode based on the proposed worked in education and teaching, setting principles and strategies, on the teaching reform of the post education has a certain guiding significance. Key words-Post education, Problem center,


CONTEXT
Sex steroids are important for bone mass accrual. Adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD) treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) therapy are temporarily sex-steroid deprived until the addition of cross-sex hormones (CSH). The effect of this treatment on bone mineral density (BMD) in later life is not known.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to assess BMD development during GnRHa therapy and at age 22 years in young adults with GD who started sex reassignment (SR) during adolescence.

DESIGN AND SETTING
This was a longitudinal observational study at a tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS
Young adults diagnosed with gender identity disorder of adolescence (DSM IV-TR) who started SR in puberty and had undergone gonadectomy between June 1998 and August 2012 were included. In 34 subjects BMD development until the age of 22 years was analyzed.

INTERVENTION
GnRHa monotherapy (median duration in natal boys with GD [transwomen] and natal girls with GD [transmen] 1.3 and 1.5 y, respectively) followed by CSH (median duration in transwomen and transmen, 5.8 and 5.4 y, respectively) with discontinuation of GnRHa after gonadectomy.

MAJOR OUTCOME MEASURES
How BMD develops during SR until the age of 22 years.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Between the start of GnRHa and age 22 years the lumbar areal BMD z score (for natal sex) in transwomen decreased significantly from -0.8 to -1.4 and in transmen there was a trend for decrease from 0.2 to -0.3. This suggests that the BMD was below their pretreatment potential and either attainment of peak bone mass has been delayed or peak bone mass itself is attenuated.


The mass transfer coefficient (KL) determined using an electrochemical technique was used in this work as a parameter to evaluate the hydrodynamics of hollow fiber membrane modules. A new microfiltration module configuration was investigated, taking advantage of the hydrocyclone concept aimed at reducing the concentration of the polarization layer near the membrane surface promoted by the centrifugal field. The mass transfer coefficient for the new configuration was compared with that of a conventional longitudinal module. The experimental determination of KL was obtained by monitoring the electrochemical reactions that occur at the electrode surface under mass transfer-limiting conditions. The performance of the microfiltration modules, both hybrid and longitudinal, was evaluated based on parameters such as packing density and fluid flow regimes. The results achieved for the mass transfer coefficient with the electrochemical technique allowed for performance evaluations of the proposed new module configuration and a comparison with the longitudinal module.


A physical interpretation is proposed for the sequence of transformations that macropores embedded in crystalline silicon undergo during high temperature treatments. First, cylindrical pores spheroidize by surface diffusion at constant volume. In the presence of stress and due to perturbation in the spherical symmetry stored elastic energy competes with cavity surface energy transforming large cavities by surface diffusion into an oblate shape with a major radius that continuously expands. At a critical condition close to the Griffith fracture criterion, the cavity collapses catastrophically into an ultrathin uniform slit that splits one or more thin crystalline film off the original substrate. On the other hand, if the stress is not high enough or the major radius of the cavity is not large enough the cavity does not collapse and maintains a rounded shape. Annealing in an ambient gas with a high partial pressure enhances the surface reaction which accelerates cavity growth and wall smoothening. The propo...


This long-standing proceedings series is highly regarded as a premier forum for the discussion of microelectronics reliability issues. In this fifth book, emphasis is on the fundamental understanding of failure phenomena in thin-film materials. Special attention is given to electromigration and mechanical stress effects. The reliability of thin dielectrics and hot carrier degradation of transistors are also featured. Topics include: modeling and simulation of failure mechanisms; reliability issues for submicron IC technologies and packaging; stresses in thin films/lines; gate oxides; barrier layers; electromigration mechanisms; reliability issues for Cu metallizations; electromigration and microstructure; electromigration and stress voiding in circuit interconnects; and resistance measurements of electromigration damage.


: Assessment of collaborative activities comprises two important elements: group assessment and individual assessment. This research study explores specific methods for assessing the individual students in online collaborative/cooperative activity and analyzes the efficiency in terms of student learning. An online collaborative activity based on the Student Groups Achievement Division (STAD) method has been planned and implemented for the undergraduate third semester Engineering students (n=71). The activity has been designed in such a way that the students perform the activity through the collaborative features of the Learning Management Systems (LMS) such as group projects and discussions. Group assessment is measured with discussions and group report writing while the individual assessment is measured through quizzes, tests and activity journals. The scores for the quiz and activity journal are taken into account to measure the student learning. These scores are compared against their performance scores in the summative examination. From the observations by comparing the scores, it is found that these strategies measure the individual learning effectively such that they fall in linear with the formal examination marks. Also, feedback is obtained from the students to ensure their satisfaction in individual assessment. Success index for the activity based on students' feedback is calculated using weighted likert scale and found to be 0.811 (Ideal index =1) which is an appreciable score.


Abstract Background: Most hand hygiene (HH) intervention studies use a quasi-experimental design, are primarily uncontrolled before-and-after studies, or are controlled before-and-after studies with a nonequivalent control group. Well-funded studies with improved designs and HH interventions are needed. Objectives: To evaluate healthcare worker (HCW) HH compliance with alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) through direct observation (human observer), 2 electronic technologies, a radio frequency identification (RFID) badge system, and an invasive device sensor. Methods: In our controlled experimental study, 2,269 observations were made over a 6-month period from July 1 to December 30, 2020, in a 4-bed intensive care unit. We compared HH compliance between a basic feedback loop system with RFID badges and an enhanced feedback loop system that utilized sensors on invasive devices. Results: Real-time feedback by wireless technology connected to a patient's invasive device (enhanced feedback loop) resulted in a significant increase in HH compliance (69.5% in the enhanced group vs 59.1% in the basic group; P = .0001). Conclusion: An enhanced feedback loop system connected to invasive devices, providing real-time alerts to HCWs, is effective in improving HH compliance.


After the declaration of the script reform in August, newspapers began to practice the new script gradually. They were like the cavalry troop of the Turkish Script Reform (Akcura, 2012). They became the most significant medium to introduce and spread the New Turkish Script to the public. During the transition to the new script, the newspapers began to learn the new script; on the other hand, they carried out the compelling mission of teaching it to their audience. This thesis aims to investigate the early typographic practices after the Script Reform in Turkey and mainly focuses on the typographic transformation which were implemented on the Cumhuriyet newspaper during the transition period to the New Turkish script. Through this perspective, a research and case study was conducted to obtain data about typographic preferences. The findings of this study was analysed to present the typographic arrangements, diversity and distribution of the Latin script during the transition period.


Melatonin signals time of day and time of year in mammals by virtue of its pattern of secretion, which defines 'biological night.' It is supremely important for research on the physiology and pathology of the human biological clock. Light suppresses melatonin secretion at night using pathways involved in circadian photoreception. The melatonin rhythm (as evidenced by its profile in plasma, saliva, or its major metabolite, 6‐sulphatoxymelatonin [aMT6s] in urine) is the best peripheral index of the timing of the human circadian pacemaker. Light suppression and phase‐shifting of the melatonin 24 h profile enables the characterization of human circadian photoreception, and circulating concentrations of the hormone are used to investigate the general properties of the human circadian system in health and disease. Suppression of melatonin by light at night has been invoked as a possible influence on major disease risk as there is increasing evidence for its oncostatic effects. Exogenous melatonin acts as a 'chronobiotic.' Acutely, it increases sleep propensity during 'biological day.' These properties have led to successful treatments for serveal circadian rhythm disorders. Endogenous melatonin acts to reinforce the functioning of the human circadian system, probably in many ways. The future holds much promise for melatonin as a research tool and as a therapy for various conditions.


Objective To investigate effects of emergent percutaneous coronary intervention(EPCI)on the prognosis of patients with cardiac arrest(CA)and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after acute myocardial infarction(AMI).Methods Thirty-two patients with CA and carcliopulmonary resuscitation after AMI were retrospectively reviewed and divided into EPCI group(n=12)and eonservative treatment group(n=20).EPCI was used during or after primary eardiopulmonary resuscitation in EPCI group but not in conservative treatment group.Mortality and occurrence rates of severe arrhythmia,of heart failure,of cardiac shock and of severe bleeding in hospital were compared between the two groups.Results The mortality in hospital was 17% in EPCI group and 70% in conservative treatment group,respectively(P<0.001).Heart failure was developed in 3 patients from EPCI group and 16 patients from conservative treatment group,respectively(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in severe arrhythmia,cardiac shock and severe bleeding between two groups(P>0.05).Logistic regression showed that EPCI decreased mortality but the prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation(>20 min)increased the mortality.Conclusion Early EPCI might improve the prognosis of patients with cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after acute myocardial infarction.


Bioprospecting is the exploitation of wild diversity (natural bioresources) in search for useful resources such as medicines. Research in the area of chemistry of natural products when coupled with sources of local traditional medicines and aided by pharmacological and antimicrobial studies may lead to the development of newer and effective drugs. Studies of the functional foods such as broccoli, garlic, citrus fruits, onions, oat, soy, tea, etc. may help in the prevention of diseases such as cancer, coronary heart diseases, inflammation, allergy, etc. The pharmacological activities of flavonoids are gaining importance with newer findings on the beneficial health effects. Flavonoids possess radical scavenging properties. There is a wide scope for integrating natural products based pharmaceutical industries with fuel and energy industries dealing with petrocrops, biodiesel, etc. Convenient synthesis of natural products may pave the way for the scale up and process development engineering.


Precision roller with microstructures is the key tooling component in the precision embossing by roller process such as Roll-to-Roll to manufacture optical plastic plates or films with three dimensional (3D)-microstructures. Measurement and analysis of 3D-microstructures on a precision roller is essential before the embossing process is being undertaken to ensure the quality of the embossed surfaces. Different from 3D-microstructures on a planar surface, it is difficult to measure and characterize the 3D-microstructures on the cylindrical surface of a precision roller due to the geometrical complexity of such integrated surfaces such as V-groove microstructures on a cylindrical surface. This paper presents a study of method and algorithms for the measurement and characterization of 3D-microstructures on a precision roller surface. A feature-based characterization method (FBCM) is proposed to analyze the V-groove microstructures. In this method, a normal template is generated based on the design specifications, and the measured data is fitted with the feature points. Hence alignment and matching of the measured data to the normal template based on the derived feature points are undertaken. After that the V-groove is characterized by some feature parameters such as pitch, depth, angle of the V-grooves. The method also provides an approach for the analysis of burs generated during the machining of Vgroove microstructures. A precision roller with V-groove microstructures has been machined by a Four-axis ultraprecision machine and the machined surface is measured by a contact measuring instrument. The measured data are then characterized and analyzed by the proposed FBCM. The results are presented and discussed, and they indicate the dominant and regular machining errors that are involved in the machining of the V-groove microstructures on roller surfaces.


Amitai Etzioni long ago established himself as an important academic sociologist. This side of Etzioni's life is touched on, but it is not the central theme of this book. The focus is much more on Etzioni as a public intellectual. In a sense, this is the story of how Etzioni became a public intellectual, what he has done and contributed as a public intellectual, and what it means to him. Sections of the book focus on aspects of his personal life, his academic career, and his activities as a public intellectual. All of them contribute to our understanding of Etzioni as a person and as a public figure, though some readers might wish for more information on the personal and academic sides of his life. Amitai Etzioni was four years old in 1933 when the Nazis came to power in Germany. By 1947 he had been separated from and reunited with his parents, lived a year in Athens, arrived in Palestine, lived on a cooperative farm, attended a boarding school, and dropped out of tenth grade to join Palmach (elite commando units of Hagana). In 1950 Etzioni enrolled in a special academic institute established by Martin Buber. The next year he enrolled at Hebrew University where he read classical and contemporary works in sociology and completed both BA and MA degrees. By the end of 1958 Etzioni had completed a Ph.D. at Berkeley. Then it was on to a faculty position at Columbia. Later faculty positions included Harvard Business School and George Washington University. Except as it is related to his public service activities, Etzioni provides only limited information on the academic aspects of his career. He does mention many of his numerous publications, but there is very little information about teaching, interacting with students, working with graduate assistants, and doing academic research. Much of what he has to say about his interaction with colleagues during his early years at Columbia is concerned with conflicts related to his involvement in public issues. Nevertheless, he has been a very productive scholar, publishing early works on complex organizations (e.g., Modern Organizations [1964]) and social organization (e.g., The Active Society [1968]) and later works related to the ideas behind the communitarian movement (e.g., The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society [1996]). His contributions to sociology have been recognized by various awards and by his election in 1995 as president of the American Sociological Association. Etzioni's concern for public issues goes back at least to his boarding school days. By the 1960s his concerns included the Cuban missile crisis, the nuclear arms race, the war in Vietnam, and criticism of the cost of Project Apollo. In the 1970s Etzioni turned his attention to bioethics and then to reindustrialization. Clearly, however, Etzioni's greatest successes and satisfactions in the public arena have occurred between 1990 and the present, as he has played a major part in establishing the contemporary communitarian movement. The current communitarian movement has many roots in history, in philosophy and the social sciences, and in Etzioni's biography. An immediate source of communitarian thinking is as a reaction to the "me-first" attitude of the 1980s and the attendant breakdown of community. Another is the continuing division between liberals and conservatives, and the desire for a middle ground. What is called for according to Etzioni is a concern for both rights and responsibilities, greater concern for the public good, and democratic development of shared goals and values. This responsive communitarianism seeks to strengthen the ability of families, schools, and other aspects of community to instill positive values. It seeks an orderly and progressive society based on persuasion rather than coercion. The emphasis is on getting people involved in positive ways at various levels of community. Etzioni is very sympathetic to the perspective reflected by Robert Bellah's term "habits of the heart." The list of public figures with whom Etzioni has shared these ideas is very impressive. Participants in the new communitarianism have taken a stand on a variety of issues. Among these are encouraging community


Introduction: Presolar grains found in primitive meteorites have large isotopic heterogeneities of orders of magnitude. Because of the large heterogeneities, presolar grains are thought to have traces of the nucleosynthesis before they were formed [1]. Silicon carbide (SiC), low density graphite, and silicon nitride are believed to be formed in the ejecta of type II supernovae [1,2]. Their isotopic ratios are characterized by excesses of C, N, and Si, and the traces of extinct Al. Some of the grains have the traces of extinct Ti which were considered to be produced through the explosive nucleosynthesis of type II supernovae [1-4]. Quantitative comparison of distributions of the isotopic ratios of SiC X grains [5] and low density graphite grains [6] with possible ranges of the isotopic ratios in supernova ejecta has been carried out using the supernova nucleosynthesis models in [7]. It is found that the large scale mixing between the outer carbon-rich He-layer and inner Si-rich layer is required in order to reproduce the characteristics of the isotopic ratios.


This work explores the design space of user interfaces for large-scale full-text database retrieval systems. Research suggests that elements of hypertext interfaces may be merged with traditional information retrieval (IR) algorithms to produce flexible hybrid interfaces for userdirected information exploration. This work examines the effectiveness of multiple-view newspaper-like interfaces, and describes a prototype that uses newspaper-style layouts to organize information retrieval results. Finally, it explores some possible visualization techniques designed to aid browsing performance. The first of two experiments in this thesis examines the effectiveness of the simultaneous display of several documents retrieved by a given query. Experimental results suggest that viewed recall increases with increasing numbers of articles displayed on the screen simultaneously. Subjects' decision-making strategies appear to be independent of user interface factors. The second experiment tests differences in behavior between query-based and link-based browsing. Differences in performance are found between groups of users employing different strategies, but not between interface conditions. These results suggest that dynamic querymediated hypertext interfaces are viable alternatives to more explicit queries, and that subjects' intrinsic strategies have significant impact on their interaction with the system and on their performance. This work proposes an implementation of dynamic links in the WWW medium. It concludes with a discussion about the nature of hypertext interfaces and about the role of the user interface in information exploration tasks, and suggests some avenues for future research in this area.


Infrared absorption spectra of thin films (about 0.1 μ thick) of maleic, malonic and L-tartaric acids and coumarin formed on metal plates were investigated by use of the polarized incident beam method.All absorption bands of maleic acid except those due to out of plane vibrations disappeared in the thin film spectrum.This fact implies that maleic acid molecules have a planar structure and are parallel to the metal surface.Difference found between the spectra of films formed on Incoloy and on nickel shows that the crystal structure of thin film can change in changing the substrate metal.The splitting of absorption bands observed in the spectra of malonic acid and coumarin films suggests that the crystal structures of these compounds in thin films may be different from those of bulk.The spectra of thin films formed on nickel plates from the aqueous solutions of dicarboxylic acids have not absorption bands due to original acids but those due to their carboxylate ions. The spectra of L-tartaric acid in amorphous thin films exhibits very broad OH bands, suggesting the existence of random intermolecular hydrogen bonding.


The process and characteristics of CLC were introduced.The selection of oxygen carriers performance were summarized.The performances of different oxygen carriers were also analyzed,such as Ni -,Fe -,Mn -,Cu - based and new type oxygen carriers.The prospects about oxygen carriers were also predicated.


Formulas and curves are given for the relative wavelength and characteristic impedance of sandwich (double-substrate) slot line. A field plot shows that the slot-wave field components are closely confined to the vicinity of the slot, and the H field is elliptically polarized near the outer surfaces of the sandwich.


Abstract — This study reports 2 cases of recurrent rectal prolapse secondary to anal abnormality in cats. In both cases the anus was wide, leading to a rectal mucosal prolapse during defecation. A silicone elastomer sling was introduced around the anus, and the rectal prolapse was definitively resolved.Resume — Echarpe en elastomere de silicone pour le prolapsus rectal chez les chats. Cette etude fait rapport sur deux cas de prolapsus rectal recurrent attribuables a une anomalie anale chez les chats. Dans les deux cas, l'anus etait large, ce qui causait un prolapsus des muqueuses rectales durant la defecation. Une echarpe en elastomere de silicone a ete introduite autour de l'anus et le prolapsus rectal a ete resolu de maniere definitive. (Traduit par Isabelle Vallieres)Can Vet J 2010;51:506–510 R ectal prolapse is usually a consequence of an underlying disorder that produces severe or persistent straining. It may be associated with intestinal diseases that cause diarrhea and tenesmus, anorectal diseases that produce constipation and dyschezia, or lower urinary tract diseases that cause stranguria and dysuria. Management of rectal prolapse involves both pro-lapse repair and treatment of underlying diseases (1,2).This study reports 2 cases of recurrent rectal prolapse that were successfully treated with a silicone elastomer sling intro-duced around the anus.


Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat resulting in high mortality rates. Current study aimed to identify the most prevalent pathogens among variable infection sites and their AMR pattern. Data concerning cultures and antibiotic susceptibilities were retrieved from Microbiology Department's records and statistically analyzed. Out of 554 bacterial isolates, Gram negative isolates (68.4%) were predominant. Urine specimens showed the highest incidence of recovery of total isolates (41.5%, n=230) followed by blood (23.1%, n=128), while sputum specimens exhibited the least frequency (17%, n=94). E. coli (30.7%, n=170), S. aureus (21.1%, n=117) and Klebsiella spp (20.9%, n=116) were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Recovery of isolates was significantly more frequent among males (P E. coli was the most prevalent uropathogen but it showed the least incidence of MDR however Pseudomonas spp exhibited the highest MDR rate. The high incidence of resistance in the current study is alarming and highlights the necessity of routinely monitoring the local prevalence of resistance for selecting the best antimicrobial treatment and as a guide for empirical therapy.


References Department for Education and Skills. 2005. The KS2 framework for languages. London: DfES. http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primary/publications/languages/framework/. Joyce, B., M. Weil, and E. Calhoun. 2009. Models of teaching, 8th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson. Snow, C. 1993. Bilingualism and second language acquisition. In Psycholinguistics, ed. J.B. Gleason and N.B. Ratner, 391–416. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.


Using a set of high-resolution N-body simulations, we extend the unified distribution model of cold dark matter (CDM) subhaloes to the warm dark matter(WDM) case. The same model framework combining the unevolved mass function, unevolved radial distribution, and tidal stripping can predict the mass function and spatial distribution of subhaloes in both CDM and WDM simulations. The dependence of the model on the DM particle property is universally parameterized through the half-mode mass of the initial power spectrum. Compared with the CDM model, the WDM model differs most notably in two aspects. 1) In contrast to the power-law form in CDM, the unevolved subhalo mass function for WDM is scale-dependent at the low mass end due to the cut-off in the initial power spectrum. 2) WDM subhaloes are more vulnerable to tidal stripping and disruption due to their lower concentrations at accretion time. Their survival rate is also found to depend on the infall mass. Accounting for these differences, the model predicts a final WDM subhalo mass function that is also proportional to the unevolved subhalo mass function. The radial distribution of WDM subhaloes is predicted to be mass-dependent. For low mass subhaloes, the radial distribution is flatter in the inner halo and steeper in the outer halo compared to the CDM counterpart, due to the scale-dependent unevolved mass function and the enhanced tidal stripping. The code for sampling subhaloes according to our generalized model is available at https://github.com/fhtouma/subgen2.


Recently, integrated large composite structures have been administered to many different vehicle structures. To improve the cost performance and reliability, it is necessary to judge the structural integrity of the composite structures with defects. To enable this, we need fracture simulation techniques. Much research on the fracture simulation method using FEM has been carried out by now. Most of the research involved only matrix cracking and fiber breaking simulations, and did not simulate delamination growth. Several papers have reported the delamination simulation, but all of these reports require three-dimensional elements or quasi three-dimensional elements for FEM analysis. These analyses are expensive and time-consuming. It is known that initiation and propagation of delamination are dominated by the strain-energy release rate. In the present study, an approach to estimate the total strain-energy release rate by using FEM with plane stress elements was investigated. The approach regards delamination as the stiffness degradation of composite laminates. By using CF/epoxy laminates with an open hole, the approach was investigated in comparison with experimental results. As a result, it is shown that the proposed simulation method can roughly predict the delamination growth and stiffness degradation, and that the analysis can be carried out easily and inexpensively.


The present invention relates to car door production process and apparatus, and is especially technological process and mold for binding edge of car frame edge. The outer door plate is bent and bound by means of the horizontal motion of slide block driven with the edge binding mold. The present invention has no need of replacing mold, short edge binding period, high production efficiency and high product precision.


Visualization of high-dimensional data such as text documents is widely applicable. The traditional means is to find an appropriate embedding of the high-dimensional representation in a low-dimensional visualizable space. As topic modeling is a useful form of dimensionality reduction that preserves the semantics in documents, recent approaches aim for a visualization that is consistent with both the original word space, as well as the semantic topic space. In this paper, we address the semantic visualization problem. Given a corpus of documents, the objective is to simultaneously learn the topic distributions as well as the visualization coordinates of documents. We propose to develop a semantic visualization model that approximates L2-normalized data directly. The key is to associate each document with three representations: a coordinate in the visualization space, a multinomial distribution in the topic space, and a directional vector in a high-dimensional unit hypersphere in the word space. We join these representations in a unified generative model, and describe its parameter estimation through variational inference. Comprehensive experiments on real-life text datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the existing baselines on objective evaluation metrics for visualization quality and topic interpretability.


The purpose of this study was to analyze bradykinesia of forearm movement in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as compared to those of normal subjects. A gyrosensor was selected for the measurement of forearm movement, because it can provide angular velocity signal which is free from the gravitational artifact and also because it can be conveniently used during clinical test of bradykinesia. Forty PD patients (age: 65.7 ± 11.1 yrs, H&Y stage:2.3 ± 0.5), 14 age-matched elderly subjects (65±3.9 yrs) and 17 healthy young subjects (24±2.1 yrs) participated in this study. Angular velocity during forearm movement of pronation/supination was measured in both arms. Suggested quantitative measures of bradykinesia were root-mean-squared (RMS) angular velocity, RMS angle, peak power and total power which were derived from the angular velocity. ANOVA showed that all measures were significantly different among three groups (p<0.001). Subsequent post-hoc test revealed that all measures in PD patients were significantly smaller than in healthy elderly and healthy young subjects (p<0.05). This results suggest that PD patients can be differentiated from normal subjects using suggested measures.


The yield spectra of Xe2+ and Xe3+ ions near the 4d ionization limits have been measured by a threshold electron-photoion coincidence method. These spectra consist of some prominent peaks corresponding to the 4d-1np Rydberg states and two dominant peaks corresponding to 4d threshold ionization. It is proposed that threshold-electron emission from the inner-shell resonance states is due to not only shake-off (e.g. Xe 4d-16p to Xe2+ 5p-2) but also two-step autoionization (e.g. Xe 4d-16p to Xe+ 5s-15p-17p to Xe2+ 5s-15p-1). The two-step autoionization process plays an important role in decays from the lower n Rydberg states. Two dominant peaks somewhat above the 4d ionization limits show the effect of post-collision interaction, namely, shifts of peak positions and asymmetric profiles. The shifts are almost the same in the Xe2+ and Xe3+ spectra.


In many rectifier applications means must be provided to vary the output voltage. In some cases discrete control is permissible while in others the output must be continuously variable. A common method of providing the latter is to employ a saturable-core reactor in series with the primary of the rectifier transformer.


The full-mechanized forest harvesting with harvesters and forwarders has not yet been employed in Bulgaria, mainly because of financial reasons. However, the EU membership results in an improvement of the investment climate that is already sensed also in forestry. In the present study, a first prognosis of the up-coming market of heavy forest harvesting machines in Bulgaria is made, based on data about the Bulgarian forests and of Central European experience.


ABSTRACT Event-related misinformation that has been retracted often continues to influence later reasoning regarding the event; this is known as the continued influence effect. To explain this effect, most research has focused on factors governing retrieval of the misinformation and its retraction from long-term memory. However, recent research has begun to investigate working memory (WM) capacity as a predictor of continued influence, based on WM's assumed role in information integration and updating following retraction encoding. The present study explored (1) whether memory for the materials more generally predicts continued influence, based on the notion that high-fidelity event representations may be easier to update, and (2) investigated the specific WM updating process of removal, testing whether participants' ability to remove information from WM would predict their susceptibility to continued influence. Latent-variable modelling suggested that memory for the materials but not WM capacity and removal efficiency were significant predictors of continued influence.


Anomalies have infrared and ultraviolet ingredients, and are often realized in effective theories in a nontrivial way. We study the chiral anomaly in soft collinear effective theory (SCET), where the anomaly equation has terms contributing at different orders in the power expansion. The chiral anomaly equations in SCET are computed up to next-to-next-to-leading order in the power counting with external collinear and/or ultrasoft gluons. We do this by expanding the QCD anomaly equation, using the tree level (leading order in {alpha}{sub s}) relations between QCD and SCET fields. The validity of this correspondence between the anomaly equations is confirmed by direct computation of the one-loop diagrams in SCET.


A rotary switching type valve comprises a shell, an air inlet tube, a rotary part, a pulling part and a sealing part. The shell is provided with a front end wall, a rear end wall and an upper end wall, and a containing space is formed among the front end wall, the rear end wall and the upper end wall; the air inlet tube is arranged on the rear end wall and communicated with the containing space; the rotary part is arranged in the containing space in a pivoted mode and can freely rotate, two valve joints are arranged at the two ends of the rotary part respectively, and when one valve joint faces the upper end wall and is located at a hidden position, the other valve joint faces the lower side of the shell and is located at a use position, and the rotary part is under a normal state at the moment; the pulling part is arranged on the upper end wall in a pivoted mode and can be pulled between a relief position and a hold-down position; the sealing part is arranged on the upper end wall and located between the pulling part and the rotary part, when the rotary part is under the normal state, the pulling part is pulled to be located at the hold-down position, the pulling part will press the sealing part in an abutting mode so as to hold down and seal the valve joint at the hidden position, and the valve joint at the hidden position will be pressed and move to press the valve joint at the use position in an abutting mode.


Thermosensitive and diode based instruments This paper describes the use of a signal multiplier as a detector in order to perform both peak and RMS measurements in an electric/magnetic isotropic field sensor. Since thermosensitive instruments show a high time constant they can measure the RMS value only. The diode based instruments, using the "square law" region of the diode, measure the RMS value of the field but cannot measure the peak value; if used in the linear region they can either measure the RMS value by squaring x, y, z measurements or detect the peak value by using three synchronized peak holders. The proposed detection technique uses three signal multipliers as load of three orthogonal dipoles or loops that perform the square of the signals without loosing the mutual phase information. Then the three signals are added to obtain the square of the instantaneous value of the electric or magnetic field. This signal applied to an integrator (RC circuit) gives by definition the square of the RMS value for all types of polarization. From the signal sum it is also possible to detect the peak value. An experimental implementation of an electric field sensor using this technique and some results of various measurement situations are herein reported. A very good dynamic range has been achieved. The existing suitable instruments [4] , measuring electromagnetic fields, can be divided in two families: thermosensitive instruments, diode based instruments. The first family uses a thermometric or bolometric device as load of a dipole or a loop; in other types the electromagnetic wave impinges directly on the thermosensitive device. In both cases a thermal conversion of electromagnetic energy is done and the true RMS value is measured. But this transfer function is intrinsically slow and does not permit to measure the peak value. The time constant of these systems is of some seconds. By working with three orthogonal detection systems, an isotropic sensor is obtained and the measure becomes independent from the polarization because the sum of the RMS values of three orthogonal components of an arbitrary polarized wave is, in fact, the RMS value of the wave. Consequently this result gives a DC signal related to the following function: 2 Erms 2 2 2 Exrms + Eyrms + Ezrms ( 1 ) Introduction 2 2 Hrms = Hxrms + Hyrms + 2 Hzrms (i ■) The measurement of electromagnetic radiation is a very complex discipline [l,2] and it is difficult to meet all the requirements of different users . However many electromagnetic field sensors have been developed to measure relative strong fields in EMI and Radiation Hazard environment [3,4]. In EMI activities these sensors are employed to perform . radiated susceptibility tests at equipment or system level (e.g. RS03 MIL-STD-461) or to characterize sites like a transmitter tower, a high voltage power line, etc.. In this way, the scalar value of the field for all waveforms (CW, modulated signals) and all polarizations must be known. Both true RMS and peak value are necessary to characterize an electromagnetic field with respect to the nonlinear effects on the electronic devices and to the digital systems. On the other hand the electromagnetic field must be quantified with respect to the peak and RMS value for Radiation Hazard purposes, because their ratio is an important parameter to define the risk factor: the nonthermal effects (e.g. the microwave hearing) must be considered as well as the thermal ones [5]. The measurement must be done for every type of polarization, propagation direction and waveform. This kind of sensor can measure RMS values only. The diode based instruments use a Low Barrier Schottky Diode [6] as load of dipoles or loops mounted in an orthogonal scheme. The diode can operate in the "square law" region and/or in the linear region of its I vs V characteristic. Assuming to operate in the "square law" region (this condition is satisfied if the voltage across the junction is less than 100 mV), a DC signal proportional to the square of the true RMS value of the field appears on the diode [7]. The orthogonal geometry permits again to measure the true RMS value of an electric/magnetic field with arbitrary waveform, polarization and propagation direction. Unfortunately the "square law" region exhibits a high differential resistance which does not permit to have a transient response faster than the time constant, strictly connected to the lower frequency limit. It is possible to demonstrate [7] the equivalence shown in Fig. 1 (e.g. electric dipole). Einc is the component of the incident field parallel to the dipole, heff is the effective length of the dipole, Cant is the dipole equivalent capacitance, Cj and Rj are respectively the junction capacitance and the differential resistance of the diode and a is a constant depending upon the diode characteristics. In this way it is not possible to measure both peak and RMS values. CH2294-7/86/000-0019 $ 0 1 .00 © 1 98 6 IEEE 19


Here we report a light‐induced iron‐catalyzed approach for benzyl C−H chlorination with remarkable regioselectivity, which enables alkylbenzenes to be converted into versatile benzyl chlorides under mild conditions using trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride (TfCl) as the chlorine source. DFT calculations show that the dynamics preference of benzylic α‐C−H chlorination is more pronounced by employing TfCl.


Current targeted drugs for cystic fibrosis are not effective for patients who are heterozygous for the common genetic defect, F508del (also called


The extraction of inhomogeneous 3-dimensional densities around tagged solutes from molecular simulations is known to have a very high computational cost because this is traditionally performed by collecting histograms, with each discrete voxel in three-dimensional space needing to be visited significantly. This paper presents an extension of a previous methodology for the extraction of 3D solvent number densities with a reduced variance principle [Borgis et al., Mol. Phys. 111, 3486-3492 (2013)] to other 3D densities such as charge and polarization densities. The approach is also generalized to cover molecular solvents with structures described using rigid geometrical constraints, which include in particular popular water models such as SPC/E and TIPnP class of models. The noise reduction is illustrated for the microscopic hydration structure of a small molecule, in various simulation conditions, and for a protein. The method has large applicability to simulations of solvation in many fields, for example around biomolecules, nanoparticles, or within porous materials.


of their times. Ironically, Joseph Robidoux, who became the most successful of the brothers with his establishment of the town in Missouri that eventually bore his name—St. Joseph—parlayed his skills at playing "poker" into providing subsistence for down-and-out family members while loans to business partners went unpaid. On other hand, Louis Robidoux experienced declining fortune by the 1860s as Mother Nature presented western farmers with drought, grasshoppers, earthquakes, and flooding while Indian unrest depleted livestock. Turning to the bottle following a debilitating hip fracture caused by a fall from a horse, Louis lost his ranches amid growing debt and litigation and eventual foreclosures. Their stories are a reminder that the transfer of land and capital from the fur trade to real estate could just as quickly be lost as won whether justly or not. Willoughby's book, successfully synthesizing conflicting perspectives about the opening of the American West, is balanced and informative. The brothers Robidoux contributed to the expansion of the nation and left an enduring legacy. This family biography helps fill in gaps in our understanding of relationships between Indian and white on the frontier that have been too easily forgotten.


In a theological context, &dquo;tradition&dquo; has at least two different though related meanings: It can refer to the extra-biblical apostolic heritage in the Church and it can refer to the whole development of the Christian Church until the present time.' While the narrower first meaning will also have to be discussed in the course of this paper, the overall focus of this essay is the development and present situation of the Christian Church. Yet our reflections will not primarily concentrate on the history of the different branches of the Christian Church. Rather I would like to


The need to assess the impact of pollution (industrial, agricultural, and other anthropogenic chemicals) in the Adriatic Sea leads to the study and use of foraminiferal assemblages as environmental quality indicators in coastal settings. From the time of Dezelic (1896. Foraminifere Jadranskog mora. Glasnik Hrvatskog naravoslovnog drustva, Zagreb, 9: 97) until the 1990s and the appearance of Mediterranean Foraminifera (Cimerman & Langer, 1991. Mediterranean Foraminifera. Dela – Opera, Ljubljana, 30: 118), the study of foraminifera has included sporadic collecting of samples from particular sites (Cimerman et al., 1988. Rev. Paléobiol., vol. spec. 2, Benthos '86: 741-753) during a very short time interval or collecting of samples from a site over an extended period of time (Daniels 1970. Götting. Arb. Geol. Paläont., Göttingen, 8: 109). The knowledge we gained from such studies was general, such as that 583 Recent foraminiferal species (19 are planktonic forms) live in the Croatian coastal region of the Adriatic Sea. The growing interest in the subject of environmental changes and concern for Croatia's main export product (tourism) suggested the need for systematic investigation of foraminiferal assemblages. From Croatia's 1000km long, geomorphologically diverse coast with more than 1000 islands, we have chosen four particular sites to initiate monitoring. The sites were chosen to show the relationship between enclosed circulation patterns, karstic drainage (subsurface and surface), and anthropogenic influence (eutrophication). We studied (from northwest to southeast): the Mirna river estuary (intensive agriculture locally), Plomin Bay ("measurable" river input and power plant contamination), Rijeka Bay (municipal sewage and effluent from the busy cargo port), and Mljet lakes (restricted marine environment with summer stratification and sporadic agricultural activity). Scuba divers collected sediments from several stations in Anuár io do Inst i tu to de Geociências UFRJ ISSN 0101-9759 Vol. 29 1 / 2006 p. 531-532


Consider a problem of forward error-correction for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. For finite blocklength codes, the backoff from the channel capacity is inversely proportional to the square root of the blocklength. In this paper, it is shown that the codes achieving this tradeoff must necessarily have peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) proportional to logarithm of the blocklength. This is extended to codes approaching capacity slower, and to PAPR measured at the output of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulator. As a by-product, the convergence of (Smith's) amplitude-constrained AWGN capacity to Shannon's classical formula is characterized in the regime of large amplitudes. This converse-type result builds upon recent contributions in the study of empirical output distributions of good channel codes.


The tremendous growth in wireless communication has increased the spectrum usage, thereby raised the spectrum scarcity and security issues. The real problem is the inefficient spectrum allocation and its usage. Cognitive Radio is considered to be the key enabling technology for such problems. Spectrum sensing is the main aspect of cognitive radios. In this paper, a survey of Interference mitigation techniques by using Spatial Modulation in cognitive radio is studied. To protect both the primary as well as secondary user transmission, beam forming techniques is used. Such a scheme can be employed in the 5G technologies by the deployment of GFDM. Also, a comparative study on other 5G multicarrier transmission schemes such as FBMC and UFMC is done.


This paper considers a wireless-powered amplify-and-forward relay network with a large number of relays. Each relay node is equipped with a single antenna and harvests energy from its received signal with a power splitter. With the harvested power, each relay node forwards the residual received signal to the destination node with distributed beamforming. We investigate the impact of the power splitting ratio and the number of the relays on the system performance, and derive a closed-form expression for the asymptotic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when the number of relays goes large. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.


We know that certain genes are implicated in this process but many questions are unanswered. We propose that the two conditions are linked, and may be caused by genetic changes (mutations) in the same genes. We plan to screen DNA from patients with either of the conditions for mutations in several genes. With advances in cancer treatment, over 80% of children with leukaemia are cured, but they are at risk of long-term problems including obesity, raised blood sugar levels and diabetes. They represent a significant new population at risk of diabetes, and therefore increased risk of complications and reduced quality of life. We do not understand why these young people get diabetes, whether it is due to their previous treatment or subsequent changes in life style. This study will investigate whether diabetes is a result of damage to the pancreas, or related to obesity following their illness and its treatment. This will help us identify the best treatment options for these patients.


We show that a compact affine manifold endowed with an affine Anosov transformation is finitely covered by a complete affine nilmanifold. This is a partial answer of a conjecture of Franks for affine manifolds.


We present a detailed radio study of the young supernova remnant (SNR) G292.0+1.8 and its associated pulsar PSR J1124-5916, using the Australia Telescope Compact Array at observing wavelengths of 20, 13, and 6 cm. We find that the radio morphology of the source consists of three main components: a polarized flat-spectrum central core coincident with the pulsar J1124-5916, a surrounding circular steep-spectrum plateau with sharp outer edges, and superposed on the plateau, a series of radial filaments with spectra significantly flatter than their surroundings. H I absorption argues for a lower limit on the distance to the system of 6 kpc. The core clearly corresponds to radio emission from a pulsar wind nebula powered by PSR J1124-5916, while we conclude that the plateau represents the surrounding SNR shell. The plateau's sharp outer rim delineates the SNR's forward shock, while the thickness of the plateau region demonstrates that the forward and reverse shocks are well separated. Assuming a distance of 6 kpc and an age for the source of 2500 yr, we infer an expansion velocity for the SNR of ~1200 km s-1, an ambient density ~0.9 cm-3, an ejected mass ~5.9 M☉, and a supernova explosion energy ~1.1 × 1051 ergs. We interpret the flat-spectrum radial filaments superposed on the steeper spectrum plateau as Rayleigh-Taylor unstable regions between the forward and reverse shocks of the SNR. The flat radio spectrum seen for these features results from efficient second-order Fermi acceleration in strongly amplified magnetic fields. Overall, SNR G292.0+1.8 shows an unusual set of properties not seen in any other SNR. This source may reflect a unique stage in evolution, seen only for systems at an age of ~2500 yr and only when there is both a bright SNR shell and an energetic associated pulsar.


Jaw Clonus and Limb Fasciculations A 24-year-old man presented with progressive dysphagia, dysarthria, and weakness in his arms and legs. The physical examination showed jaw clonus and muscle fasciculations (shown in a video), consistent with a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.