Communication is increasingly at the center of human activity and crucial to the success of individual professionals and their organizations. Moreover, communication in various organizations (companies, schools, etc.) encompasses all the means, both formal and informal, by which information is conveyed. These various modes of communication may be exploited to disseminate official information between parties, to exchange hearsay and rumors, or anything in between. The challenge for businesses, pedagogy and linguistics is to channel these myriad communications so they serve to improve relations, bolster individual satisfaction, build knowledge-sharing throughout the organization, and most importantly, enhance mutual understanding. Unfortunately, despite this vigorous economic growth, most emerging economies still lag behind the mature, developed countries in economic output and standard of living. To truly close this gap, new management techniques, new business models, and new regulatory policies, among other factors may be needed. Moreover, information and communication technologies (ICTs) will likely play a vital role in this development process. Thus, the objective of this conference is to provide a forum for interested researchers and practitioners to exchange their experiences and creative ideas related to ICT management for global competitiveness and economic growth in emerging economies.


M is said to be a min-coherent (resp. P S, F S) module if its every simple submodule is finitely presented (resp. projective, flat). In this article, we study the properties of min-coherent, P S and F S modules. Some known results are generalized.


The present study investigated the teenage learner's perceptions of the impact of Wattpad reading on their lives. A total of 120 Filipino junior high school students participated in a qualitative survey of their perceptions of Wattpad reading influence on their reading habit and values. Data showed that Wattpad as a reading platform, has positively influenced the reading habit and values of the teenage users. Undeniably, a good number of the participants have gained maturity, self-reflection, motivation, creative imagination and love of reading from consistent Wattpad engagement. Still, there are negative effects for those who have developed addiction to reading such as (1) development of an irritable temperament, (2) reduced interest in socializing with loved ones and friends, (3) mismanagement of time, (4) disregard for health  and (5) profanity. Despite the disadvantages, the academe could capitalize on students' natural interest for Wattpad. This study recommends that Wattpad be used in the classroom in developing the reading habits, reflection and writing skills of students while strengthening their sense of maturity, open-mindedness and empathy; thus be a valuable addition to the teachers' arsenal of teaching and learning tools especially in these challenging times of the COVID-19 pandemic.


This study explored the relationship between electronic media use, sleep and behaviour in preschool aged children. The primary hypothesis of this study was that excessive electronic media use (> 2 hours a day) would positively correlate with sleep patterns (in particular, disturbances) and negative behavioural outcomes (specifically, hostile-aggressive, anxiousfearful and hyperactive-distractible behaviours). Overall, the results indicated a total of 32 significant correlations to support the main hypothesis. However, multiple regression analyses indicated that neither sleep patterns nor electronic media use predicted behaviour. Additionally, MR analyses did not find that electronic media use predicted sleep patterns. Implications for school psychologists and parents are discussed, as well as limitations of the current study and questions in need of further exploration. ELECTRONIC MEDIA USE, SLEEP AND BEHAVIOUR 3 Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my sensational supervisor, Dr. Daniel Séguin. Your brilliance, dedication and patient approach make you the type of professional that every student should aspire to become. Without your support and encouragement, this undertaking would have been greatly more intimidating. I would like you to know that you are one of few individuals I have met in my life that are so inspiring it is difficult to put into words. Thank you so much for all your assistance. I would also like to sincerely thank Dr. Stephen Perrott, my committee member. You have played an influential role in my interests and studies, as well as in "the real world." You are a fascinating individual with a broad range of knowledge that was able to captivate me and prompt me to think about things in novel ways. Your kindness, easygoing nature and willingness to chat were welcome rays of sunshine at times when I despaired. Thank you for making me feel like an equal, worthy of being here. To my parents, you both know I would not have completed this without you. Dad – knowledge is power, right. Mom – thanks for calling all the time to remind me to come home and work on my thesis. To my siblings, thank you for being there to talk to when I felt as though I would never see the day my thesis would be done. I love you all so much and hope you understand how much you have helped me on this journey. To Heidi, Amanda, Wally, Allison, Anita, Stephanie and other friends who cared, thank you for listening to me talk about this for the last two years and for always believing in me. To Amber, thanks for the texts and memes – I would not have been able to crack a smile throughout this process without them. And finally, Chris, even though your methods may have been unconventional at times, thank you for motivating me and helping me in any way you could. Your love and ability to stay calm helped me to maintain my sanity. ELECTRONIC MEDIA USE, SLEEP AND BEHAVIOUR 4


Conventional machine learning models are often vulnerable to samples with different distributions from the ones of training samples, which is known as domain shift. Domain Generalization (DG) challenges this issue by training a model based on multiple source domains and generalizing it to arbitrary unseen target domains. In spite of remarkable results made in DG, a majority of existing works lack a deep understanding of the feature representations learned in DG models, resulting in limited generalization ability when facing domainsout-of-distribution. In this paper, we aim to learn a domain transformation space via a domain transformer network (DTN) which explicitly mines the relationship among multiple domains and constructs transferable feature representations for down-stream tasks by interpreting each feature as a semantically weighted combination of multiple domain-specific features. Our DTN is encouraged to meta-learn the properties and characteristics of domains during the training process based on multiple seen domains, making transformed feature representations more semantical, thus generalizing better to unseen domains. Once the model is constructed, the feature representations of unseen target domains can also be inferred adaptively by selectively combining the feature representations from the diverse set of seen domains. We conduct extensive experiments on five DG benchmarks and the results strongly demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.


Ruler Michael the Brave's acts, followed, under various forms, by the rulers of Wallachia or even by Transylvanian principles, taken over, later on, by political or military men of the West or of the East, will mark the Romanians' First Great Union (1600), which he realized and which will be, centuries later, the spur for the Little Union (24 January 1859), under the Ruler Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859-1866, † 1873), but also for their Second Great Union (1 December 1918), under King Ferdinand I (1914-1927). During the reign of Ruler Michael the Brave, considered, in truth, in the specialized literature, the hero of the Romanians' three countries' union, the Ortho¬dox Church of Transylvania recorded a rebirth, by the measures he undertook. These measures were part of the efforts of reorganization of the religious life and consolidation of the Orthodox faith in the face of the protestant propaganda, but also of the Roman-Catholic expansion, especially after the Union of Brest-Litovsk (1595- 1596). It ought to be reminded that neither were the Romanians among the accepted nations of the Principality, nor had their ancestral faith or law been accepted among the "accepted religionsˮ or "accepted confessionsˮ, the Romanians being granted, in exchange, the status of "toleratedˮ, while being not acknowledged among the "statesˮ of Transylvania. Thus, in this study were presented, in brief or in detail, the following aspects: 1) the honour received by Michael the Brave in the area of Dâmbovița; 2) the Romanians' first Great Union, an event realized under Michael the Brave's sceptre; 3) the elements of the Romanians' unity and their relation of faith with those of other nations; 4) miracles and acts of confession of the Orthodoxy, being described the liturgical debate of Alba Iulia, according to the testimony of Saint Petru Movilă; 5) a few aspects regarding the Church policy of Ruler Mihael the Brave in Transylvania and the Metropolitan Church he founded at Alba Iulia; 6) the manifestation, by Voivode Michael the Brave, of a conscience of Christian ruler; 7) testimonies regarding Ruler Michael the Brave's earthly remains. Concerning certain aspects of this part of the study, several keys of interpretation are given, while other aspects await clarification.


1. Changes in pH of rhodopsin solution was induced following illumination with the least color changes.2. Changes in pH of rhodopsin solution on exposure to a dim green light might be clarified into 3 components, D1, D2 and R.3. Isoionic point (P0) might be affected with temperature. At lower temperatures (6°C, 19°C) P0 was found in a neutral range, but the higher the temperature (19°C-30°C) the smaller the Po. Relations between temperature (t°C) and P0 may be expressed as (41-t)(7-P0) =28.4. At 19°C to 30°C, element R was observed on the alkaline side of P0-curve.5. Element R might be the summation of immediate changes in pH evoked by successive illumination.6. Origin of element R might be a photo-release of oxygen from rhodopsin solution following illumination.


We report on experiments using optical negative feedback with orthogonal polarization to control the emission frequency of single-mode AsAlGa diode lasers. We obtain linewidth reduction and absolute frequency stabilization by injecting into the semiconductor laser a beam whose intensity is controlled by a Cs–D2 absorption line shape.


As the millennial generation enters into different workplaces,high turnout and low commitment of the millennial generation employees have been paid attention. How to promote the millennial generation's integration into organization became a hot topic for both academics and practitioners. The management of new staff is actually an organizational socialization process to make newcomers adapt to the new conditions quickly and blend in with the organization. Past research has shown that effective socialization,whose key influencing factors are psychological needs and proactive behavior,is crucial for staying competitive and improving performance. In current research on the millennial generation,the difference between the millennial generation and other generations was found with respect to ability,need and proactive behavior,which is caused by many factors such as history and culture. However,no research probes into how these traits exert their influence on socialization,or suggests how corporation implements socialization tactics for the millennial generation according to their different features. This study applies the grounded theory method to the two aspects and contributes to the research on the millennial generation and organizational socialization.Since there is no reliable measurement on millennial generation's psychological needs and proactive behavior,the grounded theory method was chose to study its socialization process. Before beginning with a hypothesis,the authors collected internet comments on the millennial generation from Sina micro-blog. The key points were marked with a lists of codes extracted from the 600 effective comments collected. Then,the codes were grouped into similar concepts such that 117 workable concepts and 14 categories were formed from these concepts. Based on these concepts,the authors found that the millennial generation has unique psychological need and proactive behavior,built"need-cognition-action"model to explain how they impact organization socialization,and applied social learning theory and expectation theory to analyze the underlying mechanism. Results revealed that because of different circumstance,capacity and growing experience,the millennial generation has unique psychological needs,which further influence their organizational expectation; when the millennial generation compares expectation with organizational support,perceived match is formed. Good match is positively related to high degree of socialization,and proactive behavior positively moderates the relationship.The study on the millennial generation's socialization has important significance in both theory and practice. In theory,firstly,these findings provide different and complementary contributions to former literature that the characteristics of the times,new staff 's capacity and personality influence formation of their psychological needs. Moreover,these findings enrich the current research on socialization by discovering that perceived match mediates the relation between organizational expectation and organizational socialization. In particular,results show that proactive behavior moderates the effects of perceived match on organizational socialization. In practice,the current results indicate that the millennial generation's socialization outcomes,such as high performance and organizational commitment are associated with their unique psychological need and proactive behavior. On the one hand,manager should take appropriate socialization tactics according to the unique psychological needs. On the other hand,the millennial generation's proactive behavior should be embedded into the organizational socialization tactics.


Some perennial species of Lotus L. (Leguminosae: Loteae) from the Old World constitute an important forage resource. The epidermal microcharacters of 15 species belonging to the Old World Lotus angustissimus L., L. corniculatus L., L. creticus L. and L. peregrinus L. groups were described to compute the phenetic relationships, and to compare these results with previous classifications and phylogenetic hypotheses. Data on epidermal cells, stomata, stomatal indeces and trichomes were recorded and summarised in tables and illustrations. To test the taxonomic value of epidermal features and to establish the phenetic relationships, two numerical analyses were performed. Phenograms by the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA) of clustering were generated. Results of the numerical analysis using a basic data matrix (15 operational taxonomic units × 15 epidermal characters) suggested that epidermal characteristics make it possible to establish species' and species groups' relationships; however, they were not totally coincident with previous classifications. An additional analysis using epidermal characters plus other morphological characters from leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds led to establish species' and species groups' relationships. Results generated by the latter analysis demonstrated that epidermal traits, together with other characters, are useful and informative for testing species clustering. Phenetic results coincide with earlier classifications and chromosome-number studies and accord well with a previous phylogenetic hypothesis in showing the close relationship among species of the Old World Lotus groups included in this study.


Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) film has been grown on well cleaned glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique under vacuum (5 x 10 mbar). The physical characteristics of ZnSe film such as compositional, structural and optical properties were examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffractometer and UV-Visible spectrophotometer respectively. The EDAX study shows that the ZnSe film is almost stoichiometric. Polycrystalline nature of the film was observed from XRD analysis. It is revealed that deposited film has zinc blende system along with some amorphous phase present in ZnSe film and a preferred (3 1 1) orientation. The grain size and lattice strain have been calculated by Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot.Other relevant structural parameters (dislocation density and internal stress) have been calculated. The value of corrected lattice parameter has been determined using Nelson-Riley error function. The optical parameters (optical band gap, Urbach energy and extinction coefficient) have been found for the wavelength region (300 nm -1100 nm) by absorption spectra. KeywordsEDAX; XRD; absorption spectra; ZnSe thin film.


The purpose of this research is the development of Flat Jack tool that will be used to determine the value of stress on the wall, convergence value to monitor the roof deformation, the geological structure condition or the general straightness in the research area, stand up time for as reference in the mounting of the buffer. The research was conducted in mining laboratory of Mining Engineering Department of FT-UNP and underground mining location in Sawahlunto. In this activity, there are also several factors that will be explored in controlling the stability of the roof and walls of the underground mine, namely the natural stress (Virgin Vertical Stress), the induced stress (Measured Vertical Stress), the depth, the convergence value, the geological structure or the general alignment, and the parameters weighting of rock mass including PLI compressive strength (Point Load Index), Rock Quality Designation (RQD) value, solid spacing, solid condition, ground water condition, and stacked discontinuity orientation. This type of research is quantitative research. In this study how to analyze stress value that is between virgin vertical with measured stress. For convergence data is described as a trend, as well as analyze the weighting (RMR) and geological structure at the Work Location Underground Mine in 2017. The main tool used in this study is to measure the stress value of a flat jack tool, to measure the value of convergence measured by stick convergence rod. And for the measurement of geological structure using geological compass, meter, and digital caliper. The results of this research are just at the design stage of development of tools: 1). Flat Jack tool that is in this design is the development of Flat Jack tools that already exist and more need to be in uci try. 2) Flat Jack and convergence rod tools can be used in field measurements. 3) More broadly developed tools can be used for research in assessing the stability of underground mine tunnelwall and provide information to the company to know the stability of the rocks on the roof and underground mine tunnel walls.


Reaction between CaO powders and CO2(g) is often limited by slow diffusion of CO2 through the CaCO3 product. Additions of Li2CO3 are shown to increase the reaction rate. At temperatures around 940 K, near to the Li2CO3-CaCO3 eutectic temperature, 935 K, complete reaction of the CaO with CO2 can be achieved when the heating rate and Li2CO3 content are optimized. At lower temperatures Li2CO3 causes lesser but measurable increases in reaction rates. SEM and surface area observations suggest different reaction paths when Li2CO3 is present, when Li2CO3 and eutectic are present, and when eutectic alone is present.


Three hundred years ago China and Europe were about equally poor. Then the West forged ahead of Asian societies, thereby generating rising global income disparities until the end of the 20th century. Since 1979 the Chinese have raised per capita incomes sevenfold. This history of economic performance poses two explanatory challenges. Why did China fall behind Europe or the West? Why has China started to close the income gap recently? Here, a unitary explanatory framework is suggested for answering both questions. Because of weak property rights, lack of scarcity prices, and too little economic freedom, China grew much more slowly than the West. The West benefited from better institutions than China because of political fragmentation resulting in limited government and comparatively free markets. Similarly, China could start its attempt to catch-up with the West only after climbing out of the socialist trap by a de facto improvement of property rights and economic freedom, by "market-preserving federalism" and by vigorously joining the capitalist world economy. This account of Western and Chinese performance ultimately rests on geopolitics. Interstate rivalry between European states, kingdoms and principalities contributed to safe property rights and the European miracle. Competition between European states forced them to establish limited instead of absolutist government and therefore to provide space for the commercial and industrial revolutions in the West. Similarly, rivalry between the People's Republic of China on the Mainland and the Republic of China on Taiwan, the hostile competition between Communist China and the Soviet Union, the historical rivalry between China and Japan, and the geographical closeness of US troop deployments to China forced the People's Republic of China leadership in the late 1970s to consider the consequences of falling further and further behind the West, Japan, and Taiwan. Thus, geopolitical threat perception has been the midwife of Chinese economic reform policies. The current financial and economic crisis is likely to increase government interference with the economy and to reduce economic freedom in China as well as in the West.


In a 1979 article in The Bible Translator, Harold Fehderau developed a basic theoretical outline for what subsequently became common practice in many Bible translation projects—consulting both a formal "base" translation and a functional "model" translation in the language(s) of wider communication in the region. The starting point for this approach is the fact that most translation projects worldwide did not (and still do not) work directly with the source languages, but rather work(ed) with the biblical text by way of a single intermediate translation in the language(s) of wider communication within the local context. The clear advantage of this practice is that translators will by definition be translating from the text they are best able to understand, which presumably gives them the best chance to represent the original text well. But there are pitfalls to this method, some of which Fehderau alluded to in his article. One such pitfall will now be examined, from a consultant visit to the Tojolabal translation project being carried out in southern Mexico.


Many results related to the so-called comparison theorems and inequalities for derivatives in different classes of differentiable functions have been obtained in the theory of approximation of functions. In what follows we consider the class of differentiable functions with an absolutely continuous derivative on any straight-line segment and essentially restricted by a derivative of higher order. Our work [1] presented the evaluation of the actual performance of differentiable functions with asymmetrical restrictions on the second derivative. In paper [2] we provided the results extended to the class of complex-valued differentiable functions with asymmetric restrictions on the second derivative. We considered a case when the domain of variation of the second-order derivative was an ellipse with one of the focuses at the origin of coordinates. It is worth noting that the problem of evaluating the performance of real or complex-valued functions is related to the problem of estimating the norms of derivatives of such functions. It turned out that in this case the norm of the derivative restricted in the norm of complex-valued functions can be evaluated using Bernoulli splines applied in [5], or Euler splines [3]. Here we have received a bilateral evaluation of the derivative norm of a complex-valued differentiable function with asymmetric restrictions on the second-order derivative, namely, we have considered a case when the domain of variation of second-order derivative is a convex set of a complex plane. If we fit a certain ellipse with one of the focuses at the origin of coordinates in this set and describe another ellipse around this set, it is possible to obtain a two-sided evaluation of the norm of the restricted complex-valued function derivative. This raises a problem of finding ellipses that best encompass the boundary of the given convex set. To get the best inscribed ellipse we can use the maximization of the major semiaxis and the minimization of the distance from the origin of coordinates to the focus as a criterion. To get the best circumscribed ellipse we can use the minimization of the major semiaxis and the maximization of the distance from the origin of coordinates to the focus as a criterion. This problem solved, we will be able to minimize the difference between the upper and lower estimate of the derivative norm. Here we have obtained a bilateral evaluation of the derivative norm of the restricted complex-valued function under the assumption that inscribed and circumscribed ellipses that best encompass the boundary of the area were built as regard to a restricted convex domain of variation of the second-order derivative. Thus, bilateral evaluation of the derivative norm of restricted complex-valued functions with a convex domain of variation of the second-order derivative is expressed through the norm of the function and size of the ellipses covering the boundary of a convex domain.


Purpose: to study social, economic, demographic, regional factors of digital literacy as a basis of digital prosperity. Methodology/Approach: Three research questions are studied, using regression models for cross-sectional data - Pooling model, Random effects model and Fixed-effects model and the Item Cluster Analysis method. Findings: Age, education, income and household type are the most significant factors of digital literacy, giving rise to the societal digital divide in Slovakia. Less important factors are the city size and the sector of the economy, but only weak is the influence of region, gender and nationality. Research Limitation/implication: Only the contingency tables of the longitudinal surveys were available, so the microanalysis was not possible.


This work proposes a modified high gain DC‐DC converter integrated with two boost converter stages, based on a boost cell and a Z‐source (ZS) cell with a switched capacitor (SC). The proposed converter architecture is simple, with a continuous input current and a wide range of input voltage fluctuation handling capabilities. It also provides a high voltage gain while minimizing voltage stress on semiconductor components. Because of the aforementioned characteristics, the proposed converter is suitable for combining with low‐voltage DC‐sources to high‐voltage DC bus in a variety of applications such as solar photovoltaic (SPV), fuel‐cell, and LED lighting. The operational principles, thermal modeling, steady‐state, and dynamic performance analysis are meticulously carried out on a 400 W laboratory prototype of the proposed converter. The converter's performance is carefully compared with similar existing topologies in terms of total device count and size, the voltage stress on power semiconductors, voltage gain, and peak efficiency. Furthermore, experimental findings show that a 12 V input is boosted to 98.8 V at a duty ratio of 0.3, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed converter over a comparable structure.


This study is focused on regularities between surges, the trajectory of the cyclones movement and the ice regime during the period from 1954 to 2007.
We processed data of sea-level changes over the past 60 years, recorded by 64 monitoring stations located in the four Arctic seas and analyzed the extreme fluctuations of the sea-level, data of the pressure and ice conditions.
We was found that in the last 20 years maximum annual amplitudes of sea-level fluctuations are statistically significantly decreasing by 1 cm per year along with increase of average sea-level in the arctic seas. And the position of the ice edge and the trajectories of the cyclones motion are generally shifted to the north in all the seas of Eastern Arctic. The Rate of this displacement is about 0.1 degrees per year.
Such behavior can be explained by the following assumptions:
We have assumed the relationship between the decrease of the maximum annual amplitude of sea-level oscillations in the Arctic Ocean and the global warming. And suppose that the trajectories of the cyclones movement follow the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and the ice edge, in turn, is pushed off the shore.
This may lead to decrease of atmospheric activity along the shoreline and decrease of the average amplitude of sea-level fluctuations.
Probably, the displacement of trajectories of the cyclones movement to the north caused by a shift edge of the ice fields in the Arctic to the north due to global warming of the Earth's atmosphere.


The article considers the main aspects of the formation of a comprehensive system of financial and economic security of the enterprise. It is revealed that the financial and economic security of the enterprise is its ability to ensure stability in both current and future periods, to minimize and neutralize the impact of risks, threats and dangers. It is established that the basis of a comprehensive approach is to achieve financial stability of the enterprise, its protection from the negative effects of internal and external threats. That is, the complexity of the system of financial and economic security of the enterprise is realized through the integration of a set of measures, the mechanism of their generation and provision. The article describes the method of building a system of the comprehensive evaluation of the system of financial and economic security of the enterprise, using the tree of goals and the tree of assessments. It is shown the ability to relate specifically defined values and explore the nature of their interdependence to be able to choose the best option to achieve the expected result.


We study the normal map for plane projective curves, i.e., the map associating to every regular point of the curve the normal line at the point in the dual space. We first observe that the normal map is always birational and then we use this fact to show that for smooth curves of degree higher than four the normal map uniquely determines the curve. Our proof works in characteristic zero and in positive characteristic higher than the degree of the curve. We notice also that in high characteristic strange curves provide examples of different plane curves with same curve of normal lines. We will reinterpret our results also in the modern terminology of bottlenecks of algebraic curves.


The following paper describes the skeleton and content idea behind Boost MPI. The idea is to make it easy to optimize the interprocess communication for parallel programs that transmit the same data structures many times. Boost MPI grew out of a project at Zurich Cantonal Bank where we implemented a large distributed Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the loss distribution of credit portfolios. It is now released as part of the Boost C++ libraries Gregor and Troyer (2005).


The utility model discloses an automatic checking man machine command method, which comprises the step 1: The command list to be tested is arranged; step 2: an order to be tested is read from the command list to be tested; step 3: the order to be tested is analyzed and checked. After the order to be tested passes the inspection, the anticipated implementation result will be generated for the order to be tested and the anticipated implementation result shall be kept; step 4: the order to be tested is submitted to the target system which executes the order to be tested so as to produce the actual execution result and then check whether the actual execution result is in conformity with the anticipated implementation result; step 5: reading the next order to be tested in the command list to be tested till the order to be tested is unavailable in the command list to be tested. The utility model also discloses a system for the automatic checking man machine command, comprising the command list to be tested and the implementation result check module. The utility model not only realizes the test automation but also reduces the workload of the inspector. Also, the completeness and the accuracy of the test are greatly improved, so as to enhance the test efficiency.


Enzyme activities, production of killer toxin and some functionality of forty seven yeasts isolated from traditional Meju were investigated in culture broth and cell free extracts. Activities of $\alpha$-galactosidase, invertase and inulinase were detected in cell free extracts of 38 strains, 43 str...


We present an experimental and theoretical study of efficient optical guiding of trapped cold atoms by a blue-detuned hollow laser beam. We have measured the atomic guiding efficiency with respect to the propagation direction of the hollow beam, which is in good agreement with numerical analysis. In particular, using a copropagating guide laser, we have obtained 20-fold enhancement of atom guiding with a guiding efficiency of 50%. Simulation shows that the efficiency can be increased to 80% with an improved hollow beam mode. The possibility of coherent atom guiding is also discussed.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irregular feeding and body mass on the occurrence of hypertension and the function of the mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system in dogs. The study included 20 dogs that were fed only prepared food. The study was conducted in accordance with the data from VBPS, World Veterinary Association on the classification of hypertension detected by the blood pressure measuring device. During the routine check, the parameters used to detect hypertension included systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the pulse frequency, body mass and age of the dogs. Furthermore, renin and aldosterone levels were determined and comparisons were made. The results were obtained based on the data on the type of hypertension. Our results confirmed the existence of hypertension in this group of dogs. Ten out of twenty dogs were found to have hypertension. Low hypertension was detected in 10% (2) of dogs, medium hypertension in 25% (5) of dogs and high hypertension in 10% (2) of dogs. Hypertension was not detected in 55% (11) of dogs. The study underlined the importance of routine measurements of blood pressure during every check-up that could serve as a screening tool for further diagnostic or therapeutic steps to be taken.


Angles: This thesis faces the study of the Saint Barbara Church, which is located in Kutna Hora. In the first part of the work, a research on the historical background was carried out including the development of
the city and the construction steps of the church. To understand the current state of the church it was vital to revise the historical intervention as well as the current ones.
The second part of the thesis focused on the structural behavior of the church. Basically, the aim of the study was to analyze the buttresses since the stability of Saint Barbara strongly depends on them.
Due to the location of the church and its damage pattern, special attention was paid to the temperature effect in the structure, particularly in the flying arches. To study the buttresses two non linear models were prepared using finite elements. The first model consisted on the buttress in its
original shape and the second one considered the strengthened system. In order to define the materials in the numerical model, compression and tensile test were carried out on the laboratory. The models were run under four different load combinations, each of them include selfweight and one temperature load case. In that way it was possible to evaluate the behavior of the structure under
possible extreme temperature situations and to compare between the responses of the two models.
Supported on the results of the models and the visual survey, it was concluded that at the present the structure has a good static situation. It is remarkable that the current restoration follow the modern conservation criteria, being completely respectful of the structure. Some possible further interventions aiming to maintain the achieved state of conservation are also suggested.


Objective To compare the clinical outcome and the impacts of paraspinal approach and conventional approach in treating thoracolumbar fractures without neurological symptoms. Methods From Jul. 2011 to Jul. 2012,eighty-two patients who suffered from thoracolumbar fractures without neurological symptoms and need posterior short-segment pedicle screws fixation were included. These patients were randomly divided into 2 groups:paraspinal approach group( 39 cases) and conventional approach group( 22 cases). Clinical effects were accessed and measured; the pathological changes of paravertebral muscle tissue which was resected at 1 year after operation were observed and compared between the two groups. Results The surgical time,surgical blood loss,volume of residual cavity,surgical draining loss,postoperative VAS( visual analogue scale) scores were lower in the paraspinal approach group than those in the conventional approach group( P 0. 05). There was no difference in the length of incision between the two groups( P 0. 05). The CK( Creatine kinases) value at 2 days and 3 days postoperatively was significantly lower in the paraspinal approach group than that in the conventional approach group( P 0. 01).However,the CK( Creatine kinases) value recovered to normal level at 1 week postoperatively,exhibiting no statistical difference( P 0. 05). Both surgical methods could obviously correct the kyphosis angle and the compression vertebral height. There was no significant difference in the average height of anterior and posterior border of vertebral body and the Cobb angle between postoperatively and preoperatively( P 0. 05). The pathological observations showed atrophy of muscle,formation of scar and deposition of fat in the conventional approach group,whereas in the paraspinal approach group,these conditions were notably alleviated. Conclusion The paraspinal approach for treating thoracolumbar fractures without neurological symptoms can effectively recover the height of vertebral body and correct the kyphosis. Compared with the conventional approach,the paraspinal approach has the advantages of miniinvasiveness,less bleeding,short surgical time,no injury to the paraspinal muscles and less pain to the back muscle.


In the Teaching Evaluation System, the Value of evaluate factors is very important. Its influence on the result is tremendous if the Value is designed accurately. This paper mainly discusses the implementation of the Evaluation System Value based on the study of the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)and using VC~(++). This paper focus on the design of processing, design of function, and matrix operations to get a serial of Value, which can be used to general schools. The new Value can be calculated according to the school's need, and it can provide basis for the scientific evaluation.


Using real-effort laboratory experiments with salient incentives, we examine the impact of performance-based versus lump-sum compensation schemes on self-selection and productivity. A laboratory firm offering pay-for-performance compensation achieved significantly higher productivity than an identical firm offering lump-sum compensation for two reasons: first, more highly skilled workers selected it, and second, workers on average, regardless of their self-selections, were more productive under the pay-for-performance scheme. Although skill level significantly affected self-selection, individual attitudes toward risk, elicited using a lottery-selection task, also mattered with less risk-averse individuals more likely to choose the productivity-based scheme.


Introduction The behaviour of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina (L), during the breeding season has been extensively documented (for example Matthews 1929; Laws 1956; Carrick and others 1962), and recent interest has been generated in the annual moulting process in terms of energy expenditure (Boyd and others 1994; Fedak and others 1994). During this energy-demanding period (Fay and Ray 1968; Boyd and others 1994) pinnipeds often exhibit listless and ill-tempered behaviour (Rand 1967; Wartzok 1991; Cruwys and Weinstein 1993), primarily due to the physiological disturbances occurring during the moult (such as the high peripheral temperature required, reduction in resting metabolic rate, and the fasting or nearfasting conditions observed by some pinnipeds (Boyd and others 1993)). Laws (1956) noted that local conditions (specifically wind force, solar radiation, air temperatures, and sea-ice extent) had considerable impact on numbers of southern elephant seals ashore between November 1948 and May 1949. Many researchers have observed general behavioural patterns in groups of moulting elephant seals. The most commonly noted activity is 'sand flipping,' whereby the animals attempt to flick sand or loose soil over themselves with their foreflippers (Laws 1956; Carrick and others 1962; Ling and Bryden 1981; White and Odell 1971). However, as yet, little detailed research has been conducted on specific behavioural patterns of southern elephant seals during the moulting process and how local weather conditions might influence them. The aim of this note is to document behaviour observed in a pod of moulting elephant seals, 1-21 January 1994 at Hannah Point, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, in relation to local weather conditions.


Ribosomal 30S protein S1 causes disruption of the secondary structure of certain pyrimidine-containing polynucleotides. Helical poly(U), poly(C,U), and neutral and acidic poly(C) are stoichiometrically converted by SI to structures indistinguishable from their partially or completely thermally denatured forms, as revealed by circular dichroism. Of the several doubleand triple-stranded helical polynucleotides tested that contain one polypurine strand and at least one polypyrimidine strand, only the conformation of the DNA-RNA hybrid, poly(A~poly(dT), is perturbed. In the presence of SI, this hybrid undergoes a transition to a new structure that has a circular dichroism spectrum unlike either the native or thermally denatured forms. Intercalated ethidium bromide is released from poly(A)poly(dT) by SI, confirming the occurrence of a conformational rearrangemenit. The translation inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid, completely inhibits the action of SI on polypyrimidines, but has no effect on the conformational perturbation of poly(A)'poly(dT). The possible relation between these observations and the biological function of protein SI is discussed. Assignment of specific functional roles to the macromolecular components of the ribosome remains one of the most challenging problems of molecular biology. It can be said that none of the 57 ribosomal components may unambiguously be assigned a particular function in protein synthesis. The reason for this uncertainty is that the structural and functional properties of the ribosome depend to a high degree on cooperative interactions between the various constituent molecules. It would be of great utility in studies of this kind to be able to observe the functional properties of a single ribosomal macromolecule in the presence of all the others. Although such an experiment is impossible in principle, it might be reasonable to approach the situation with model systems containing, for example, a single ribosomal component and one other molecular species of defined structure and properties. Such a model system would be analogous to enzyme-substrate systems in which complex macromolecular substrates are replaced by simple molecules with predictable properties. Any model system suffers from the limitation of having a significantly different structure from the authentic biological system, but nevertheless may yield important clues about the function of a molecular structure that is otherwise too complex to study. We have chosen to study as a model system the interaction of ribosomal protein S1 with polynucleotides. Protein S1 is of considerable interest since it has been found to be part of the replicase enzyme of QB bacteriophage (1), and has been shown to be identical to a protein that selectively inhibits translation in vitro (2-4), in addition to its presence in 30S subunits of ribosomes. Although S1 has been reported to reside in only a small fraction of 30S ribosomes (5, 6), recent studies have shown that it is present in all 70S ribosomes actively engaged in the polymerization process (7, 8). Detailed structure-function studies have suggested the involvement of S1 in the binding of messenger RNA (9, 10), and there are indications that it is important in a ribosomal function involving 3OS-50S subunit interaction (11). Previous studies have implied that S1 binds to RNA molecules containing polypyrimidine sequences (12, 13), and this property may be related to its ability to bind to the 3' terminus of 16S RNA (14, 15). The choice of model systems used in these studies reflects the observed interactions between S1 and pyrimidine-containing polynucleotides. We have examined the interaction of S1 with a variety of polynucleotides of known structure by means of circular dichroism (CD). These studies reveal a dramatic disruption of the secondary structure of certain polynucleotide double helices by protein Si. These results may provide valuable insight into the role of S1 in protein synthesis and in viral RNA replication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Solutions. Buffer I contained 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M Na cacodylate, 0.01 M MgCl2 at pH 7.0. Buffer II contained 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M Na cacodylate at pH 7.0. All measurements were taken on samples dissolved in buffer I except for poly(A)poly(U). Polynucleotides. Polynucleotides were obtained from P-L Biochemicals, and were used without further purification. Concentrations of homoribopolynucleotides were determined spectrophotometrically after alkaline hydrolysis. Doubleand triple-stranded polynucleotides were either obtained commercially or generated from homopolymer constituents as described previously (16-18). Because of the results obtained in experiments, the stoichiometry of poly(A)-poly(dT) in our buffer system was checked by the method of continuous variations (16). Poly(dA)-2 poly(U) was generated by mixing equal A260 amounts of poly(dA) and poly(U), heating to 600, and incubating at 40 overnight. The base composition of poly(C,U) was found to be C:U (0.93:1), as determined by the method of Katz and Comb (19). Preparation of Protein SI. Protein S1 was isolated from 30S ribosomal subunits prepared from Escherichia coli strain Q13 and tested for translational activity as described previously (20). Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the purified protein revealed a single band. Physical Measurements. Ultraviolet absorbance measurements were made on a Beckman ACTA V spectrophotometer equipped with an Auto-Sampler accessory. Transition temperatures were calculated as previously described (21). CD spectra were recorded using a Durrum-JASCO J-20 spectropolarimeter calibrated with camphorsulfonic acid-d1o (22). 1824 Abbreviations: CD, circular dichroism; tm, melting temperature; BSA, bovine serum albumin; ATA, aurintricarboxylic acid. * Present address: Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73 (1976) 1825


As the use of Information and Communication Technologies have become increasingly commonplace, and in many ways an essential element, in almost all walks of life so cybercrime has become a new, high profile, rapidly growing, multifaceted arid almost everyday concern for businesses, law enforcement agencies, governments and for the population at large. By way of contrast food has always been an essential element for all human life, but while a few food scandals (e. g. the horserneat scandal in Europe in 2013) have certainly made media headlines, food crime often goes undetected and unreported and has received much less public attention. Croall (2013a), for example, suggests that 'the many crimes that are involved v the production, distribution and selling of basic foodstuffs touch everyone as food is an essential commodity and a major part of persona) expenditure' With this in mind this short commentary paper provides an outline of the nature and characteristics of food crime and a short case study of the establishment of the National Food Crime Unit (NFCU) in the UK.


Transient Response Analysis of Viscoelastic Frames with the Method of Reverberation Ray Matrix Zhenguo Tu1, Fuxing Miao1 and Guojun Sun1 Summary In this paper the reverberation ray matrix method, which was developed recently by Professor Pao and his colleagues for analyzing dynamic response of elastic trusses or frames, is extended and used to solve the transient response of frames made of viscoelastic bars. Originally for the solution of elastic structure the matrix (I-R)−1 is expanded into Neumann series to circumvent the difficulty of singularity in reversing the matrix in frequency domain. However, it is not necessary to expand this matrix since there is no singularity problem for viscoelastic frame due to viscous damping. The accuracy and effectiveness of applying reverberation ray matrix method is verified by two examples: (1) a fix-free bar subjected to step-like axial load and (2) a viscoelastic frame made of nine members, also subjected to step-like load.


What kind of basic research ideas are more likely to get applied in practice? There is a long line of research investigating patterns of knowledge transfer, but it generally focuses on documents as the unit of analysis and follow their transfer into practice for a specific scientific domain. Here we study translational research at the level of scientific concepts for all scientific fields. We do this through text mining and predictive modeling using three corpora: 38.6 million paper abstracts, 4 million patent documents, and 0.28 million clinical trials. We extract scientific concepts (i.e., phrases) from corpora as instantiations of "research ideas", create concept-level features as motivated by literature, and then follow the trajectories of over 450,000 new concepts (emerged from 1995-2014) to identify factors that lead only a small proportion of these ideas to be used in inventions and drug trials. Results from our analysis suggest several mechanisms that distinguish which scientific concept will be adopted in practice, and which will not. We also demonstrate that our derived features can be used to explain and predict knowledge transfer with high accuracy. Our work provides greater understanding of knowledge transfer for researchers, practitioners, and government agencies interested in encouraging translational research.


Received July 1, 2015; revised manuscript received August 26, 2015; accepted August 27, 2015; released online September 28, 2015 Time for primary review: 9 days Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (A.S., K.F., M.S., T.I., K.M., H.T., T.H., T.S., M.N., T.M., M.I.), Department of Surgical Pathology (H.H.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.R., Y.M.), Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan Mailing address: Masaharu Ishihara, MD, PhD, Professor, Division of Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan. E-mail: email@example.com ISSN-1346-9843 doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0709 All rights are reserved to the Japanese Circulation Society. For permissions, please e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Right Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Causing Acute Myocardial Infarction


The interaction between two bright solitons (short waves) and a dark one (long wave) is discussed and in the resonance condition, using a multiple scales analysis, a two component Zakharov-YajimaOikawa system is obtained. A Madelung ∞uid description is used to discuss this system and several solutions are presented. PACS: 42.81 Dp, 05.45.Yv


This paper has two interwoven layers. The primary narrative pays tribute to C.M. Bevan-Brown, who catalysed the beginnings of the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists in 1947. The secondary narrative picks up two elements from among his formidable array of interests and activities and, using them as a mirror, attempts to provoke awareness for readers in 2003 of some forces shaping our assumptions and behaviours. In particular, we look at our relationship to 'the establishment', the effects of post-modernism, the interface between psychotherapy and medicine, and psychotherapy's relative neglect of the body and embodiment.


China since 1978 and India since 1992 have passed through a phase of very rapid economic growth accompanied by very important structural changes in the productive systems and severe and largely unresolved social problems. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare some aspects of the different growth patterns of the two economies analyzing in particular the relations between structural change and economic development. In doing so, we will utilise two concepts: Gerschenkron's "relative economic backwardness" and "the fordist model of growth". The first concept is well known and stresses the fact that an emerging backwards economy may benefit of some advantages, such as the adoption of modern technologies coming from more advanced countries and the possibility of transferring large masses of labour force from low productivity sectors (agriculture and traditional tertiary activities) to sectors with a higher productivity (industry and modern services). The second concept, which is not to be confused with the more general, concept of "fordism" of Gramsci or of the French regulationist school, is mainly associated to a phase of strong growth of some interlinked industrial and service sectors where scale economy and network economies are of crucial importance.


The article contains an analysis of machined surface after turning of hardened steel. The area of formation of surface roughness was analyzed based on the model of the machining zone [1]. Normalized unit force distribution on the rounded cutting edge indicates the presence, outside the chip formation and the creation of surface area, an area of dominant normal stress. This area takes part in the phenomenon of separation of the material. Depending on the elasto-plastic properties of work material at a given temperature (the ability to strengthen before the tool) the material from the zone of dominant normal stresses is burnished and flows under the tool causing the increase of the surface roughness. For hardened steel the plastic flow capacity is limited. This reduces the amount of material side flow, described also in [2-8]. The phenomenon was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [9] together with EDS analysis [10] and also with the use of white light interferometer[11-14]. Machined surface and tool wear in hard turning were particularly investigated in [15-21]. In this paper digital images of the cutting edge from flank and rake faces were analyzed from the perspective of creating a machined surface. An analysis of surface images was performed together with the quantitative comparison of surface asperities after turning to the theoretical roughness profile.


and a worldview typical of the east European dissident intelligentsia of the 1970s and 1980s, and this doesn't resonate as well as it once did. Those who reject the dichotomies of state versus society and totalitarianism versus liberty will doubtless take issue with some of the claims in these pieces. There is a fine line between using a collective abstraction like "society" as a heuristic device and actually treating a society as if it were a coherent entity with its own agency, desires, interests, and even psychological traits—and it isn't always clear in this volume which side of that line we are on. But to focus on such issues would be to overlook the real value of this scholarship. Although the theoretical apparatus and rhetorical devices might differ, Gross outlined years ago many of the key insights that buttress the most cutting-edge historical writing today. For example, he was one of the first to propose a reorientation toward endogenous factors in the interpretation of mid-twentieth-century east European history, away from an older approach that gave causal primacy to Berlin or Moscow. He was an early proponent of the idea that the period from 1939 to 1948 (or thereabouts) was marked by a profound social revolution, not just a wave of invasions, takeovers, and occupations. Although Gross has never abandoned the word totalitarianism, he has eloquently described the chaos of Nazi and Soviet governance and has argued that the state was in fact "privatized" under those regimes, such that individuals could use state structures to settle scores, seize property, and establish networks of local power. His most famous arguments—the ones dealing with antisemitism and the Holocaust—are grounded in claims that are so widely accepted among scholars today that it is easy to forget that this was not always the case. For example, his oftmisunderstood contention that we should prioritize the accounts of those victimized by violence actually emerges from a debate with an older generation of historians who dismissed "anecdotal" evidence in favor of official sources that were more easily "generalizable." In other words, Gross was advocating what we now understand as the anthropological turn in the discipline of history, and from our perspective today, it's hard to look back around that curve to remember why it was once necessary to make this argument. Precisely because these essays represent so much fine scholarship, Peter Lang should be ashamed at allowing this book to appear with so many typographical errors and spelling mistakes. Polish diacritics are used only sporadically, and since French diacritics are used correctly, this suggests not just carelessness but a dismissive attitude toward Polish orthography. The citations were neither proofread nor updated, so we get a reference to a book published in 2012 as "in manuscript" and we find citations with partial titles, missing publication information, and even incomplete author names. The sloppiness with which this book was prepared is inexcusable. A scholar as important as Jan Gross deserved better.


This paper investigates the relation between corporate ownership and corporate performance of listed companies in Nigeria, a foremost Sub-Saharan African country during the period 2002-2007. The data is obtained from the firms' annual reports and accounts and the Nigerian Stock Exchange daily performance reports. The combination of 70 firms and six-year period studied provides a balanced panel with 420 observations for panel data analysis. The results from the ordinary least square (OLS) regression analyses show that there is a strong connection between foreign ownership structure and firm performance. Foreign ownership structure is found to exhibit significant improvements in firm performance; it adumbrates eclectic competitive advantages in ownership, control and internalization respects over other types of ownership structure. We find no statistically significant relation between concentrated ownership and firm performance. Insider or managerial ownership, however, exhibits significant decline in firm performance. These findings are consistent with the view that firm performance is a negative predictor of insider ownership. We also find support for the notion that management is apathetic to holding equity stakes in their underperforming firms.


Time and cost are the main goals of construction projects management. The planning process for beginning and completing construction activities within the optimum time at a minimum total cost should be done simultaneously during preparation of construction schedule. Selecting execution mode for activity not only affects its duration and cost but also affects the total project completion time and the total project cost. Difficulties arise because, for the hundreds of activities of a project, there are various options of completing these activities using different crew sizes or equipment. The objective of this work is to develop a method based on genetic algorithms to optimize the time and cost of construction schedule. As a result, the procedure of integration of software tools and development of a new algorithm have been proposed and approved for optimizing а construction schedule.


An efficient method of model order reduction is proposed for the dynamic computation of a flexible multibody system undergoing both large overall motions and large deformations. The system is initially modeled by using the nonlinear finite elements of absolute nodal coordinate formulation and then locally linearized at a series of quasi‐static equilibrium configurations according to the given accuracy in dynamic computation. By using the Craig‐Bampton method, the reduced model is established by projecting the incremental displacements of the locally linearized system onto a set of local modal bases at the quasi‐static equilibrium configuration accordingly. Afterwards, the initial conditions for the dynamic computation for the reduced model via the generalized‐α integrator can be determined from the modal bases. The analysis of computation complexity is also performed. Hence, the proposed method gives time‐varying and dimension‐varying modal bases to elaborate the efficient model reduction. Finally, three examples are presented to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.


1. – Introduction Proteins must fold into compact and unique three-dimensional structures to carry out their specific functions. If folding goes wrong, proteins become useless and often toxic molecules for living cells. Millions of people around the world suffer from diseases caused by protein misfolding, such as Gaucher's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease [1, 2]. Despite its importance, our understanding of the basic rules that govern how a protein attains its native structure is still incomplete. This lack of information is partly due to the inadequacy of conventional bulk methods to study a process that is highly heterogeneous. During folding, individual molecules are thought to follow different pathways and populate different intermediate structures on their journey to the native state [3]. Such a diversity of behaviors is often blurred in the ensemble average measured


Media information is an important tool in the delivery of information in a variety of spheres. Whether in the commercial or non-commercial. The continued development of the media in informing the more quickly and accurately the information received and to be good when the understanding of the information. errors in understanding a lot of false information going menyababkan interpretation, so that the information can not form the basis for taking an action or a decision. In addition, as a function of service, data information systems to meet the demands of present management. Information system data is always better to tackle problems that occur and can result in information fast, precise, and accurate. Therefore, the authors intend to design an E-Commerce Application In winsembilan store by using the computer. This system helps the process of delivering information quickly and accurately to consumers so as to facilitate the sales process. This study is the Sales Information System Web-based outfit that developed online help system Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), Context Diagram, Flowchart and programming languages PHP and MySQL as the database. Kata kunci : Sistem Informasi Penjualan pakaian, Toko Winsembilan


Abstract:  Human enteroviruses (HEVs) like the group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) are prime candidates for infectious, environmental causes of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). Non‐obese diabetic (NOD) female mice are well protected from T1D onset if inoculated with CVB when young. Older, prediabetic NOD mice can rapidly develop T1D following inoculation with CVB, mimicking clinical reports of disease‐associated T1D onset. The ability to induce rapid T1D in NOD mice is linked to the rate of replication of the CVB strain in β cell cultures and pancreatic tissue, indicating that any CVB strain is potentially diabetogenic under the correct conditions. Rapid T1D onset is preceded by CVB replication in islet cells including β cells. Although CVB strains do not productively infect healthy islets of young mice, CVBs can replicate in healthy islets in the presence of murine IL‐4. These models expand much of what is known or suspected regarding the etiologic role of HEVs in human T1D.


List of Figures vii List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: A Fickle Public? 1 PART 1 :THEORY AND METHODS 13 Chapter 2: Predispositions 15 Chapter 3: Why Does Political Information Matter? 27 Chapter 4: Ambivalence, Uncertainty, and Equivocation 52 PART 2: MASS PUBLIC OPINION 65 Chapter 5: Ambivalent Attitudes: Abortion and Euthanasia 67 Chapter 6: Uncertainty and Racial Attitudes 100 Chapter 7: Equivocation 125 PART 3 : MASSES AND ELITES 149 Chapter 8: Mass Opinion and Representation 151 Chapter 9: Do Elites Experience Ambivalence Where Masses Do Not? 194 Chapter 10: Politics, Psychology, and the Survey Response 216 Notes 225 References 233 Index 243


In this article, a structure for self-analysis is described and the expanded applicability of self-analysis implied by the suggested structure is examined. Also, the state of computer psychotherapy programs is reviewed, and an overview of a plan for merging self-analysis and computer psychotherapy is presented.


The effect of different shading levels on leaf area and chlorophyll contents of Ophiopogonis japonicus were studied.Taking urban greening of ophiopogonis japonicus as the research object,under three different shading levels with full shade(25% to 45% full sunlight),semi-shade(60% to 80% full sunlight),no shading(full sunlight),the size of leaf area,the content of chlorophyll a and b,and chlorophyll a /b value were measured and analyzed.The results show that,with the degree of shading increasing,leaf area enlarged,the content of chlorophyll a and b increased,but the increase rate of chlorophyll b was larger than chlorophyll a,and the chlorophyll a /b value decreased.Ophiopogonis japonicus is strongly able to endure shade,is suitable for indoor furnishings and a large crown density garden configuration.


It has been found that dry ashing rat tissues in Pyrex glass containers at 550° is not a reliable procedure for the preparation of such tissues for sodium and potassium analyses.


Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) containing highly efficient phosphorescent emitters and highly conductive doped organic transport layers were studied. Saturated red devices with luminous efficiency of 15 cd/A operate at <4 V; hence, they have a record power efficiency of 12 lm/W at 1,000 cd/m2. Additionally, two high-efficiency red OLEDs were serially connected and vertically stacked to create a stacked OLED having a luminous and power efficiency (at 1,000 cd/m2) of 28 cd/A and 12 lm/W, respectively. The electrical connection between the two OLEDs is enabled by molecular p- and n-type doped organic transport layers. The single emissive layer red OLED has a projected lifetime (time to half initial luminance) of ~150,000 hrs from an initial brightness of 500 cd/m2. The stacked device shows very similar lifetime characteristics when driven at similar currents, which results in significantly prolonged lifetime of ~260,000 hrs at an initial luminance of 500 cd/m2.


Thin film transistors (TFTs) are widely utilized in the display industry as select devices for pixel data and also have potential for 3D ICs and for flexible and large area electronic applications. Recently, oxide semiconductors such as indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have gained interest because they can provide improved mobility and stability compared to amorphous silicon and reduced manufacturing cost compared to polysilicon. ZnO TFTs with field-effect mobility $> 100\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\cdot \mathrm{s}$ have been demonstrated,[1] but these devices were fabricated using pulsed laser deposition (PLD), which may limit large-area and low-cost applications. In contrast to PLD, plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) is an attractive deposition technique for high-volume manufacturing of oxide semiconductor devices and especially for ZnO. In this work, we have demonstrated a simple process modification using a N2O plasma based passivation layer that improves the performance of PEALD ZnO TFTs. ZnO TFTs with $5\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ channel lengths, PEALD ZnO active layer, and N2O plasma-based PEALD Al2O3 passivation layer exhibit drive currents $> 250\mathrm{mA}/\mathrm{mm}$ and field-effect mobilities $> 80\ \mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\cdot\mathrm{s}$.


BACKGROUND: The presence of various microorganisms in dental unit waterlines has been revealed by numerous reports previously. However, impact of different dental procedures on microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) remains unclearly.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of microbial contamination in water effluent from the high-speed handpiece line of dental chair units (DCUs) among different specialty departments in a provincial stomatological hospital. Thus, to propose individual infection control measures for different specialty departments according to their properties of microbial contamination.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A cross-sectional investigation was designed and conducted in Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital and Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, between May 2007 and March 2008.
MATERIALS: The materials used in this investigation including nutrient agar,blood plates, biochemical testing kit, agglutination testing kit and Gram staining agents. These materials were purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co., Ltd.
METHODS: Water sampling was conducted at 80 DCUs of different specialty departments in Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital.A total of 60 mL, with 6 mL for once sampling of water effluent from the high-speed handpiece line of each DCU were collected aseptically after the finish of the daily clinical work on every second Friday between May and October in 2007. Standard isolation and identification technique of bacteria was adopted.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concentration of bacteria and prevalence of 3 species of bacteria in water effluent from the high-speed handpiece line of DCUs among different specialty departments were evaluated.
RESULTS: Concentration of bacteria in water effluent from the high-speed handpiece line of DCUs averaged 5.67×10^2 cfu/mL, ranged from 5.15×10 to 1.59×10^3 cfu/mL. The microbial concentration of water samples from Department of Periodontics was significantly higher than that from other departments, while the microbial concentration of water samples from Department of Oral Surgery was the lowest (P=0.000).
CONCLUSION: Contamination in water effluent from the high-speed handpiece line of DCUs varied from different specialty departments in the provincial stomatological hospital. It is suggested that DUWLs flushing should be performed routinely, especially for the department without frequent use of the high-speed handpiece in the daily work, and extra infection control measures should be adopted for the department with severe clinical operative contamination.


Question 1 (c) The water lily sign on the erect chest radiograph is due to communicating rupture. Concerning the ultrasound diagnosis of lung lesions (d) Dilated intrahepatic ducts are always upstream in the fetus in unruptured cysts. (e) Contained rupture can result in secondary (a) The majority are diagnosed in the second bacterial infection. trimester. (b) The left lung is of a similar echogenicity to the spleen. (c) Small bowel is commonly dilated in diaphragQuestion 5 matic hernias. Concerning the imaging of hydatid disease (d) 50–60% are associated with other abnormalities. (a) Lung lesions are often umbilicated on chest (e) Isolated polyhydramnios is well described. radiographs. (b) Type 2 cysts contain daughter cysts. Question 2 (c) A type 1 cyst is associated with a snowstorm appearance on ultrasound. Concerning fetal lung abnormalities (d) Echogenic hydatid fluid is a sign of premature death. (a) Resolution occurs more commonly with (e) Type 3 cysts are symptomatic. cystic lesions. (b) Non-immune hydrops fetalis is a poor prognostic sign. (c) There is a risk of malignancy, especially in Question 6 those abnormalities diagnosed post-natally. (d) There is a significant risk of recurrence in Concerning rhabdomyosarcoma future pregnancies. (a) It is the commonest soft tissue sarcoma in (e) Needle biopsy is mandatory for diagnosis. children under 15 years of age. (b) 1–10% occur in the head and neck. Question 3 (c) A favourable outcome is associated with involvement of the extremities. Concerning adrenal masses (d) Tumours of 5–10 cm in size have a good prognosis. (a) 80–90% of carcinomas are non-functioning. (e) Multi-agent chemotherapy is the mainstay of (b) Adrenal cysts are common. treatment. (c) Tumours that commonly metastasize to the adrenal gland include bronchogenic small cell carcinomas. (d) In a gradient echo sequence, there is signal Question 7 drop off in the out of phase images of metastases. Concerning the imaging of rhabdomyosarcoma (e) On unenhanced CT imaging, a density of (a) CT is superior to MRI in evaluating abdomigreater than 30 Hounsfield Units is associated nal lymphadenopathy. with a benign lesion. (b) 50–60% have metastatic disease at presentation. Question 4 (c) CT of the chest is recommended when the chest radiograph is normal. Concerning hydatid disease (d) Bone scans are very sensitive in detecting skeletal metastases. (a) It produces a florid periosteal reaction during bone involvement. (e) Pelvic lymph nodes must be examined in lower limb tumours. (b) 20–30% of lesions occur in the liver.


This study aimed to investigate the English reading texts in Team-Up in English 1-3 and Grade 9 National Exams or English Ordinary National Educational Test (O-NET) examinations (2014-2017) in terms of reading text types and also take a look at tenses and aspects in the reading texts. Reading texts were collected and analyzed quantitatively by frequency count and qualitatively based on the categories of NSW (New South Wales) Government Education (2011). Twelve tenses and aspects were used to analyze tenses and aspects of the reading passages. Result revealed that the most frequently found text type in both the textbooks and the O-NET examinations was Information Report. Most tenses and aspects found were present simple, and past simple.


The ATLAS Muon Trigger in the ATLAS end-cap region is based on Thin Gap Chambers (TGC) which have an excellent time resolution but a moderate spatial resolution. The Muon Trigger efficiency curves show that, for a transverse momentum (pT) threshold of 20 GeV, the trigger rate is mainly dominated by muons with a pT between 10 GeV and 20 GeV. To cope with the expected Muon Trigger rate at HL-LHC luminosities, we propose to include the precision tracking chambers (MDT) in the Muon Trigger. According to a potential study based on ATLAS data and assuming the HL-LHC scenario, this leads to a dramatical reduction of the Muon Trigger rate below the nominal threshold. As the already existing MDT chamber read-out chain is not capable of reading out the MDT fast enough to be used for the Muon Trigger, an additional fast readout (FRO) chain with moderate spatial resolution but low latency is necessary. To conduct fast track reconstruction and muon pT determination with the data acquired by the FRO, we propose to use histogram based pattern recognition. Simulation studies with single muon tracks show that this algorithm is capable of providing the necessary rate reduction below the nominal Muon Trigger threshold. We designed and tested an MDT read-out demonstrator setup which includes the additional FRO. This setup has been tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility and it shows the expected behaviour.


In order to support a physician in continuing care and support of the three C's, I propose two data structures: a "case" and an "episode of care." The difference between the two is that a case would support a chronic condition lasting over a long period of time, even a lifetime, while an episode of care would be for a medical condition where care is given until the condition is resolved with an expected outcome.


Domestic violence is endemic across Latin America. It is legitimated by patriarchal Christian theologies and widespread gender inequality. Drawing on the work of women theologians and activists working in Argentina, Uruguay and elsewhere, this article explores women's networks of resistance against violence. These include public and legal acknowledgement of domestic violence; the transmission of life-affirming values; pastoral support in the denouncement of violence; and the development of open and fluid household structures.


The invention relates to a backlight module and a liquid crystal display device adopting the backlight module. The backlight module comprises a light guide plate, a frame and a sealing frame strip, wherein, the frame includes a rectangular bottom plate and three sidewalls extending from three side edges of the bottom plate; a containing space is defined by the bottom plate and the three sidewalls, and an opening is formed at another side edge of the bottom plate, the internal surface of at least one sidewall extends inward by a locating plate to form a slideway; the light guide plate enters the containing space of the frame through the opening of the frame along the slideway; the sealing frame strip is arranged close to the opening and fixes the light guide plate inside the containing space of the frame by being matched with the frame.


This paper examines how changes in newspaper circulation affected voter turnout, party vote shares, and mass polarization in Weimar Berlin. My empirical strategy exploits variation in the development of railway system across historical districts of Berlin, which influenced the circulation of newspapers. I find that an increase in newspaper circulation significantly induced higher turnout in fourteen outer districts and a higher degree of mass polarization. Partisan newspapers benefitted party vote shares, with stronger effects in federal elections than in local elections. The electoral influence of newspapers was driven by tabloids and mass newspapers, and not by elite political newspapers.


"In the long run, international law, and with it the stability of the international order which it is intended to govern, are bound to suffer from the continuing difference of views with regard to the legal status of weapons as deadly as nuclear weapons. It is consequently important to put an end to this state of affairs: the long-promised complete nuclear disarmament appears to be the most appropriate means of achieving that result."


Considering the contamination of data obtained in equipment support capability evaluation,the Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LS-SVM) was improved,and a method of robust LS-SVM was proposed to make the established model be free of the influence of singular points.Simulation was made and the result showed that that the improved method has fine fitting accuracy and high robustness,and can improve the evaluation precision when it is used in the equipment support capability evaluation.


List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations 1. In praise of scribes 2. 'It shall not therefore kill itself that is, not bury itself': Donne's Biathanatos and its text 3. The Feathery Scribe 4. 'Hoping they shall only come to your merciful eyes': Sidney's Letter to Queen Elizabeth and its transmission 5. 'The virtuous Mrs Philips' and 'that whore Castlemaine': Orinda and her Apotheosis, 1664-1668 Appendix I. Seventeenth-century characters of clerks and scriveners Appendix II. Manuscripts by the Feathery Scribe Appendix III. Catalogue of papers in Ralph Starkey's study Appendix IV. Manuscript texts of Sidney's Letter to Queen Elizabeth Appendix V. Katherine Philips's letter to Lady Fletcher Appendix VI. John Taylor's verse satire on Katherine Philips Index of manuscripts cited Bibliography General Index


Sepsis is a life‐threatening disease characterized by dysregulated systemic inflammation and organ failure. We have associated an increase in predictability of the ventilatory pattern variability (VPV) with progressive development of systemic inflammation leading to sepsis. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is a proposed electro‐therapeuty that reduces circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), that are associated with systemic inflammation. We hypothesize that the anti‐inflammatory effects of VNS will be reflected in reduced predictability of VPV. Urethane‐anaesthetized adult Sprague Dawley male rats (350–400g n=17) were instrumented for blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and airflow (pneumotach). The left cervical vagus was dissected, isolated and prepared for electrical stimulation via nerve cuff. Each rat was subjected to a staircase protocol of monophasic electrical stimulus pulses (0.6 mA, 0.1 ms pulse width, 10 Hz) to identify the maximal current that was subthreshold for cardiac and respiratory responses. Four experimental cohorts were then established: 1) (+stim/+E. coli) (n=4), 2) (−stim/+E. coli) (n=5), 3) (+stim/−E. coli) (n=2), 4) (−stim/−E. coli) (n=6). In +stim groups, a stimulus train was initiated 10 min before and continued for 20 min after an E. coli solution (60 μg/kg rat; 50,000 cells suspended in normal saline) was injected intravenously (IV). The effects of stimulation on the systemic inflammatory response were determined by comparing serum cytokine levels prior to stimulation to those 90 min after inoculation and the effects on VPV was quantified from non‐linear complexity index (NLCI) prior to the blood draws. Cervical VNS reduced expression of IL‐1β from 102.33 ± 49 pg/ml to 69.50 ± 28 pg/ml and reduced NLCI (0.57 ± 0.04 bits to 0.48 ± 0.03 bits; p < 0.001). VPV became more predictable with the infusion of E. Coli and VNS in the presence of E. coli infusion reduced IL‐1β expression and decreased NLCI. These data suggest that VNS impacts both peripheral and central inflammation during E. Coli infusion.


Understanding the exchanges of carbon between the atmosphere and ocean and the fate of carbon delivered to the deep sea is fundamental to the evaluation of ocean carbon sequestration options. An additional key requirement is that sequestration must be verifiable and that environmental effects be monitored and minimized. These needs can be addressed by carbon system observations made from low-cost autonomous ocean-profiling floats and gliders. We have developed a prototype ocean carbon system profiler based on the Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO; Davis et al., 1999). The SOLO/ carbon profiler will measure the two biomass components of the carbon system and their relationship to physical variables, such as upper ocean stratification and mixing. The autonomous observations within the upper 1500 m will be made on daily time scales for periods of months to seasons and will be carried out in biologically dynamic locations in the world's oceans that are difficult to access with ships (due to weather) or observe using remote sensing satellites (due to cloud cover). Such an observational capability not only will serve an important role in carbon sequestration research but will provide key observations of the global ocean's natural carbon cycle.


The present study analyzed the characteristics of switching overvoltage, and discussed in detail the main influencing factors and worst-case conditions of switching overvoltage in the ±1100-kV ultra-high-voltage direct-current (UHVDC) converter station. The results showed that ac bus overvoltage was produced by oscillation, and would not be a threat to the equipment in the converter station. The results also showed there were two cases for overvoltage on related valves. In the first case, the valve overvoltage was on converter valves in the upper three-pulse group of the 12-pulse converter, and was caused by the voltage difference between the dc line and ac bus at the valve side under a specific fault. In the second case, the overvoltage was on other valves, and was caused by a phase-to-phase switching surge that penetrated into the valve hall. Other results were that overvoltage on the dc bus was mainly caused by the full reflection of the wave, and overvoltage on the neutral bus was caused by high-voltage sources, such as the dc source creating stress on the neutral bus under specific faults, or the freewheeling current of the metal return line and the smoothing reactors.


The Kv family of voltage-gated potassium channels regulate neuronal excitability. The biophysical characteristic of Kv channels can be matched to the needs of different neurons by forming homotetrameric or heterotetrameric channels within one of four subfamilies. The cytoplasmic tetramerization (T1) domain plays a major role in dictating the compatibility of different Kv subunits. The only Kv subfamily missing a representative structure of the T1 domain is the Kv2 family. We used X-ray crystallography to solve the structure of the human Kv2.1 T1 domain. The structure is similar to other T1 domains but surprisingly formed a pentamer instead of a tetramer. In solution the Kv2.1 T1 domain also formed a pentamer as determined with in-line SEC-MALS-SAXS and negative stain EM. The Kv2.1 T1-T1 interface involves electrostatic interactions including a salt bridge formed by the negative charges in a previously described CDD motif, and inter-subunit coordination of zinc. We show that zinc binding is important for stability. In conclusion, the Kv2.1 T1 domain behaves differently from the other Kv T1 domains which may reflect the versatility of Kv2.1, the only Kv subfamily that can assemble with the regulatory KvS subunits and scaffold ER-plasma membrane contacts.


In spite of the general belief that neutrinos are Majorana particles, their character should be revealed experimentally. We begin by discussing why it is so difficult in terrestrial experiments. If neutrinos are Majorana particles, the first signal should come from neutrinoless double $\beta $ decay. Still the search for such a decay of various nuclei is negative. We outline how the present knowledge of neutrino masses and mixing matrix elements combined with the bound from $(\beta \beta)_{0\nu}$ decay could help to determine their nature.


I. It was not possible to produce anti-tetracycline antibody in
laboratory animals by any of the methods tried. Tetracycline
protein conjugates were prepared and characterized. It was shown
that previous reports of the detection of anti-tetracycline antibody
by in vitro-methods were in error. Tetracycline precipitates
non-specifically with serum proteins. The anaphylactic reaction
reported was the result of misinterpretation, since the observations
were inconsistent with the known mechanism of anaphylaxis and
the supposed antibody would not sensitize guinea pig skin. The
hemagglutination reaction was not reproducible and was extremely
sensitive to minute amounts of microbial contamination. Both
free tetracyclines and the conjugates were found to be poor
antigens. II. Anti-aspiryl antibodies were produced in rabbits using 3
protein carriers. The method of inhibition of precipitation was used
to determine the specificity of the antibody produced. e-Aminocaproate
was found to be the most effective inhibitor of the haptens tested,
indicating that the combining hapten of the protein is e-aspiryl-lysyl.
Free aspirin and salicylates were poor inhibitors and did not combine
with the antibody to a significant extent. The ortho group was found
to participate in the binding to antibody. The average binding
constants were measured. Normal rabbit serum was acetylated by aspirin under in vitro
conditions, which are similar to physiological conditions. The extent
of acetylation was determined by immunochemical tests. The
acetylated serum proteins were shown to be potent antigens in rabbits.
It was also shown that aspiryl proteins were partially acetylated. The
relation of these results to human aspirin intolerance is discussed. III. Aspirin did not induce contact sensitivity in guinea pigs when
they were immunized by techniques that induce sensitivity with other
reactive compounds. The acetylation mechanism is not relevant to
this type of hypersensitivity, since sensitivity is not produced by potent
acetylating agents like acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride. Aspiryl
chloride, a totally artificial system, is a good sensitizer. Its
specificity was examined. IV. Protein conjugates were prepared with p-aminosalicylic acid
and various carriers using azo, carbodiimide and mixed anhydride
coupling. These antigens were injected into rabbits and guinea pigs
and no anti-hapten IgG or IgM response was obtained. Delayed
hypersensitivity was produced in guinea pigs by immunization with
the conjugates, and its specificity was determined. Guinea pigs were
not sensitized by either injections or topical application of p-amino-salicylic
acid or p-aminosalicylate.


A supra-aural mobile communication device comprises a mobile phone dialing and answering control module and a supra-aural mobile phone sound module for users to respectively hang at the waist and the ears. The mobile phone dialing and answering control module comprises a mobile phone function key and a wireless transmitting module for users to input digital signals and control signals, and all the signals are transmitted to the supra-aural mobile phone sound module after going through a microprocessor. The supra-aural mobile phone sound module comprises a high-frequency signal processing circuit, a sound processing circuit, a sounding unit, a reception unit, and a wireless reception module, wherein the sound processing circuit can be communicated with remote users via the communication connection set up by the high-frequency signal processing circuit. The mobile phone dialing and answering control module and the supra-aural mobile phone sound module can be integrated in a single supra-aural mobile communication device.


A part of the results obtained during the winter experimental campaign 'LIRADEX'98' are presented. A vertically sounding aerosol lidar and a thermal infrared radiometer were used for joint investigation of low clouds. Both devices were placed at height of about 12 m above the ground and about 25 m apart. Data about the atmospheric parameters were obtained by parallel standard aerological observation. The experimental campaign extended two weeks during November and December, 1998. The data discussed in the presented paper are obtained on December 2, 1998.


The use of remote sensing technology for mapping and monitoring resources has become useful. The large area coverage, spatial information, repeats coverage and timeliness have all been recognized as advantages of using the remote sensing approach. This technology has evolved to include SAR sensors, which offer additional advantages of all weather, day or night data collection capability as well as synergism between SAR data and optical data. In this study used Radarsat Fine Beam Mode, which was acquired in March 1999 and Landsat TM, was acquired in August 1997. Topographic Map 1:50,000 from aerial photography in 1981/1982 used to geometrically correct the two images. From classification result, in the coastal zone of South Bali were identified eight type of land cover: open water, mangroves, coconut plantation, built up area, paddy field, reclamation area, Port Benoa and Ngurah Rai Airport. Quantitative evaluation of the accuracy of each classification was considered to be an essential component of image analysis.


This study presents the origin, growth, and development of the health and physical education progressive movement aimed at public high school girls in El Paso, Texas.


Objective To study personality characteristics,life incident and social support of postpartum depression women. Methods Taking 93 cases of postpartum depression determined in our hospital,and 135 cases of normal postpartum for comparative study.They were assessed by using EPQ,LES,and SSRS. Results EPQ scores of depression women in two dimensionalities (E and P)had obvious differences with those of nomal women.Compared with non-postpartum depression group,postpartum depression women have more negqtive stimulus and family problems.The scores of social support and average scores of three dimensionalities in the postpartum depression women were obviously lower than those in normal group. Conclusion The postpartum depression relates to peronality characteristics,life incident and psychosocial factors.


The title adduct (C9H11N3O6, Mr = 257.21) was synthesized and it crystallizes in orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 5.8835(19), b = 9.517(3), c = 20.399(6) ?, V = 1142.2(6) ?3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.496 g/cm3, F(000) = 536, μ(MoKα) = 0.128 mm-1, the final R = 0.0396 and wR = 0.0800 for 1047 observed reflections with I 2σ(I). The compound is a 1:1 adduct of dimethylamine and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid which are linked by hydrogen bonds to form a two-dimensional network. The dimethylamine is protonated at the nitrogen atom with the proton from the carboxyl of 3,5- dinitrobenzoic acid.


The newly launched Scheme by the Govt. of Odisha for convergence of 'Mission Shakti' with ten Govt. Departments for provisioning of services and procurement of goods has transformative potential to challenge the patriarchy by broadening the working spheres of Women Self Help Groups (WSHGs) from four walls of the domestic sphere to a public platform. However, this Scheme suffers from the shortcomings of an imbalance between the aims and lack of inclusivity of WSHGs, which need to be removed by taking proper measures before the Scheme is fully implemented.


A study evaluated in a natural setting the preference for individual versus social contingencies under different social exchange conditions. Twelve children were distributed in six dyads. Children had to solve a puzzle placed on the same table for each child in a dyad. In the experimental conditions each subject in every dyad could also place pieces in the peer's puzzle. Dyads were exposed to two sequences of experimental conditions comprising competition, partial altruism, and total altruism. In all these conditions subjects could choose to solve their puzzle individually instead of working additionally on the peer's puzzle. Results show that most subjects chose to solve the puzzle individually, even when they obtained less earnings.