The discussion about the institute of joint custody has in addition of the new family formatting a social item which has enlarge legal demands. The own idiosyncrasy of these new affective settings requires, too, legal sentencing which granted the demands of these groups after the rupture of emotional relationships grounded in various familiar formatting. It is required of family law, consistent and balanced answers that satisfy the demands of these new Family combination that break with the old family model. For this purpose, the discussion here focuses on the Basic Law to minor children to a harmonious coexistence, constant and fruitful with their parents by ensuring the maintenance of the bonds of affection between the parties, after the marriage dissolution. It is outlined about the new family formatting endorsed by the Brazilian legal regulations from a historical overview that provides elements that allow a glimpse of the beaten paths by the Family Institute from Brazilian legal framework. The qualitative research was elected to guide the work on methodological aspects. This study is fundamentally based on literature search that will bring up a brief history about the civil law caught in Brazil and, concurrently, the use of legal documents that will provide the necessary theoretical support to situate the legislation about the rights of Brazilian children in front of their parents ' marital conjugation.


Objective:To observe the therapeutic effects of sodium hyaluronate injection combined with ozone in the treatment of traumatic synovitis in animal model.Methods:Articular cavity perfusion respectively with air,ozone,sodium hyaluronate injection,and ozone plus sodium hyaluronate injection was made in the treatment of traumatic synovitis in animal models,after 7 weeks,making the immunohistochemical observation and pathological score for the synovium of knee joints and detecting the nuclear factor-κB,tumor necrosis factor-α,matrix metalloproteinase-3,matrix metalloproteinase-9,nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase.Results:The pathological score,nuclear factor-κB,tumor necrosis factor-α,matrix metalloproteinase-3,matrix metalloproteinase-9,nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the groups treated respectively with ozone,sodium hyaluronate injection,and ozone plus sodium hyaluronate injection were significantly lower than those in the air group(P 0.05).The inflammatory cells infiltration score ofthe ozone group was significantly better than that of the sodium hyaluronate group(P 0.05),and the concentrations of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase of the groups with ozone and ozone plussodium hyaluronate were significantly lower than those of the sodium hyaluronate group.The inhibitory effect on synovium hyperplasia with combined ozone and sodium hyaluronate was better than that of sodium hyaluronate in(P 0.05),and in the treatment of the destruction of bone and cartilage,the therapeutic effect of combined ozone and sodium hyaluronate(P 0.05) or ozone(P 0.05) was better than that of sodium hyaluronate(P 0.05).Conclusion:The effects of ozone on traumatic synovitis mainly focus on anti-inflammation,and those of sodium hyaluronate mainly play a protective role for articular cartilage and bone,but the combination of both has a better therapeutic effect in the treatment of traumatic synovitis.


In Italy, ticks are the vector of several bacterial diseases, including Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), Lyme disease, and tularemia. 1–4 Although no cases of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) or granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) have been reported, some seroepidemiological findings suggest the presence of the agent of HME ( Ehrlichia chaffeensis ) and the HGE agent in some regions. 5–9 MSF, which is caused by Rickettsia conorii , is the only rickettsiosis of the spotted-fever group (SFG) that is known to occur in Italy, where it is the predominant tick-borne disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of acquiring infection due to R. conorii , Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, E. chaffeensis , the HGE agent, and Francisella tularensis after a tick bite. The study was conducted in and around the city of Florence, which is located in the region of Tuscany (central Italy) and where cases of tick-borne bacterial diseases (e.g., MSF, Lyme disease, and tularemia) have been reported 1–3,10–15 but where, as in the rest of Italy, information on the epidemiology of these tick-borne diseases is scanty. The study was conducted at two hospitals in Florence: the "Nuovo San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital and the "Careggi" Hospital. We enrolled all persons who, in the period from June 1997 to October 1999, presented to the hospitals after tick bite. The persons were clinically examined upon arrival (T0), after one week (T1), and after 21–28 days (T2). Serum samples were collected at T0 and T2. Sera were tested for antibodies to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, F. tularensis , R. conorii , E. chaffeensis and the HGE agent. Antibody titers to B. burgdorferi sensu lato were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (MarDx Diagnostics, Carlsbad, CA,


We prove that a group of injection-locked oscillators, each modelled using a nonlinear phase macromodel, responds as a single oscillator to small external perturbations. More precisely, we show that any group of injection-locked oscillators has a single effective PRC [1] or PPV [2], [3] that characterises its phase/timing response to small external perturbations. This result constitutes a foundation for understanding and predicting synchronization/timing hierarchically in large, complex systems that arise in nature and engineering.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the needs and motivations of incarcerated men who self-harm with no apparent suicidal intent. These have received little attention in research and policy, despite men accounting for a high and increasing proportion of self-harm in prisons.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult male prisoners with a recent history or thoughts of non-suicidal self-harm. The interviews were analysed drawing on principles of thematic analysis and discourse analysis.

Findings

Against a backdrop of early traumatic experiences and more recent adverse events (including prison-related ones), self-harm was described by many as a desperate – but meaningful – coping strategy; both a means of releasing tension, sadness and frustration, and of being heard in an unresponsive system.

Originality/value

These findings echo those of research conducted with women (including women prisoners) who self-harm, but challenge some of the more negative ways in which non-suicidal male prisoner self-harm has been portrayed in the (scant) previous literature. As well as pointing to the need for greater awareness of the complex needs of men in prisons, they underscore the importance of (also) exploring – and perhaps addressing – the issue of self-harm separately from suicide, and of striving to make prisons, as well as prisoners, "healthier" and better able to cope with pressure.


Jatiyoso is one of 17 sub-districts in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java Province. Through this sub-district office, residents can take care of various forms of permits. There are many other functions and duties of the subdistrict office. The distance from the county seat is 30.0 km to the south. Jatiyoso is divided into 9 village areas, namely, Jatisawit, Jatiyoso, Karangsari, Petung, Tlobo, Wonokeling, Wonorejo, and Wukirsawit. With the total population of Jatiyoso District is 40,709 people. With a large population, and also a large amount of poverty. To help reduce poverty in Jatiyoso District, Jatiyoso District, an information system is needed that can explain the mapping of poverty areas in Jatiyoso Village. This information system is expected to assist the government in distributing aid to the poor. K-Means method was applied in this study to overcome the problem of grouping poor families by category.  According to the findings of study, there were 23 groups of persons with low assets (C1) and four groups of people with substantial assets (C2). The findings of the feasibility testing process with the User Acceptance Test (UAT) respondents agreed (average 95%) that the application of mapping the clustering of poor people using the k-means method can help officers in mapping the poor and facilitate the distribution of aid to the poor in Jatiyoso village


An important accomplishment was to understand the seismic velocity anisotropy resulting from the combined roles of depositional stratification and stress in unconsolidated sands. The report presents an experimental study of velocity anisotropy in unconsolidated sands at measured compressive stresses up to 40 bars, which correspond to the first hundred meters of the subsurface. Two types of velocity anisotropy are considered, that due to intrinsic textural anisotropy, and that due to stress anisotropy. We found that sand samples display a bi-linear dependence of velocity anisotropy with stress anisotropy. There exists a transition stress beyond which the stress-induced anisotropy outweighs the intrinsic anisotropy for three different sands.


We study the problem of computing the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of multivariate log-concave densities. Our main result is the first computationally efficient algorithm for this problem. In more detail, we give an algorithm that, on input a set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and an accuracy parameter $\epsilon>0$, it runs in time $\text{poly}(n, d, 1/\epsilon)$, and outputs a log-concave density that with high probability maximizes the log-likelihood up to an additive $\epsilon$. Our approach relies on a natural convex optimization formulation of the underlying problem that can be efficiently solved by a projected stochastic subgradient method. The main challenge lies in showing that a stochastic subgradient of our objective function can be efficiently approximated. To achieve this, we rely on structural results on approximation of log-concave densities and leverage classical algorithmic tools on volume approximation of convex bodies and uniform sampling from convex sets.


Excerpts from a couple therapy case are cited to illustrate the practical significance of a multi-level framework in understanding couple interactions. The clinical implications of the metacommunicational framework, as a metaphor for examining and understanding relational processes, are discussed. Also, the pragmatics of following "process" at a variety of levels when working with punctuational differences, developing therapy strategies and goals, and measuring the progress of couple therapy are discussed.


A popular macroeconomic forecasting strategy takes combinations across many models to hedge against model instabilities of unknown timing; see (among others) Stock & Watson (2004), Clark & McCracken (2009), and Jore, Mitchell and Vahey (2009). The scope of such ensemble forecasting exercises usually excludes Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models, such as those advocated by Del Negro and Schorfheide (2004) and Smets and Wouters (2007), limiting the computational burden. In this paper, we use an expert combination framework (Winkler, 1981) to combine forecast densities from Vector Autoregressions (VARs), and a DSGE model (NEMO: the Norges Bank core policymaking macromodel). We show that the predictive densities from the DSGE model are competitive with those from a VAR ensemble if the VAR components are restricted to have constant parameters. In this case, both the VAR ensemble and the DSGE forecast densities are poorly calibrated. However, a VAR ensemble which encompasses structural break components produces well-calibrated forecast densities. The VARs with breaks are relatively responsive to structural breaks of unknown timing.


Short fatigue cracks, having dimension less than 1 mm, propagate at much faster rates (da/dN) even at lower stress intensity factor range (da/dN) as compared to the threshold stress intensity factor range obtained from long fatigue crack growth studies. These short cracks originate at the sub-grain level and some of them ultimately transit into critical long cracks over time. Therefore, designing the components subjected to fatigue loading merely on the long crack growth data and neglecting the short crack growth behavior can overestimate the component's life. This aspect of short fatigue cracks become even more critical for materials used for safety critical applications such as reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel in nuclear plants. In this work, the transition behaviour of short fatigue crack gowth into long fatigue crack is studied in SA508 Grade 3 Class I low alloy steel used in RPVs. In-situ characterization of initiation, propagation and transition of short fatigue cracks is performed using fatigue stage for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in addition to digital microscopes fitted over a servo-hydraulic fatigue machine and correlated with the microtructural information obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). SA508 steel having an upper bainitic microstructure have several microstructural interfaces such as phase and grain boundaries that play a significant role in controlling the short fatigue crack propagation. Specially designed and prepared short fatigue specimens (eletro-polished) with varying initial crack lengths of the order of tens of microns are used in this study. The transition of such short initial cracks into long cracks is then tracked to give detailed insight into the role of each phase and phase/grain boundary with an objective of establishing Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram for the given RPV steel. The behavior of the transited long cracks is then compared with the crack propagation behavior obtained using conventional CT specimens. The outcome of this research will enhance information on the integrity of the components made from RPV steel used in Indian nuclear power plants.


G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an important role in regulating the function of the nervous system. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the targeting and sorting of GPCRs to the functional destination in neurons are not well understood. Here we investigated the role of small GTPase Rab43, via dominant negative inhibition and CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated knockout, in the transport of several prototypic GPCRs to dendrites and spines and elucidated the possible mechanisms. We demonstrated that inhibition of Rab43 function significantly reduced the surface numbers of α2‐adrenergic receptors (ARs) and β2‐ARs, but not M3‐muscarinic receptors (MRs) in primary cultures of neurons as measured by live neuron radioligand binding. Confocal microscopy revealed that three receptors utilized similar structural determinants, including the highly conserved LL motif in the C‐termini, for their anterograde transport, and that Rab43 affected the expression of α2‐ARs, but not M3‐MRs and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, at both dendrites and spines. Interestingly, Rab43 only altered β2‐AR expression at spines, but not dendrites. We also found that Rab43 directly and activation‐dependently interacted with α2‐ARs, but not M3‐MRs, and the Rab43‐binding domain was located in the third intracellular loop of the receptor. The chimeric M3‐MRs containing the Rab43‐binding domain of α2‐ARs were subject to Rab43 regulation. These data demonstrate distinct, as yet unidentified pathways that transport different GPCRs to dendrites and spines, in which Rab43 plays a crucial role in the sorting and trafficking of the receptors likely via direct interaction.


This paper presents a rotor position estimator for encoderless control of a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM). Because of strong rotor saliency, the magnetic flux generated by the stator currents is deviated and induces an orthogonal position-dependent voltage at nonzero speed. Exploiting this effect, the mechanical angle is directly calculated based on a linearized model in stator coordinates, avoiding use of an asymptotic observer and initial position information. The influence of parametric uncertainties and of nonlinearities on position accuracy is analyzed. A stability proof is provided for closed-loop encoderless field-oriented current control with proportional controllers under uncertainties. Even through the model parameters are linearized in an arbitrary setpoint, the control scheme is stable in a wide operation range. Encoderless startup is possible. Experimental results are provided.


We introduce a polymer model where the transition from swollen to compact configurations is due to interactions between the monomers and the solvent. These interactions are the origin of the effective attractive interactions between hydrophobic amminoacids in proteins. We find that in the low and high temperature phases polymers are swollen, and there is an intermediate phase where the most favorable configurations are compact. We argue that such a model captures in a single framework both the cold and the warm denaturation experimentally detected for proteins. Some consequences for protein folding are discussed.


The present study thoroughly evaluates the most common blocking challenges faced by the federated learning (FL) ecosystem and analyzes existing state-of-the-art solutions. A system adaptation pipeline is designed to enable the integration of different AI-based tools in the FL system, while FL training is conducted under realistic conditions using a distributed hardware infrastructure. The suggested pipeline and FL system's robustness are tested against challenges related to tool deployment, data heterogeneity, and privacy attacks for multiple tasks and data types. A representative set of AI-based tools and related datasets have been selected to cover several validation cases and distributed to each edge device to closely reflect real-world scenarios. The study presents significant outcomes of the experiments and analyzes the models' performance under different realistic FL conditions, while highlighting potential limitations and issues that occurred during the FL process.


Electrifying heavy-duty trucks offers a substantial opportunity to curtail carbon emissions, advancing toward a carbon-neutral future. However, the inherent challenges of limited battery energy and the sheer weight of heavy-duty trucks lead to reduced mileage and prolonged charging durations. Consequently, battery-swapping services emerge as an attractive solution for these trucks. This paper employs a two-fold approach to investigate the potential and enhance the efficacy of such services. Firstly, spatial-temporal demand prediction models are adopted to predict the traffic patterns for the upcoming hours. Subsequently, the prediction guides an optimization module for efficient battery allocation and deployment. Analyzing the heavy-duty truck data on a highway network spanning over 2,500 miles, our model and analysis underscore the value of prediction/machine learning in facilitating future decision-makings. In particular, we find that the initial phase of implementing battery-swapping services favors mobile battery-swapping stations, but as the system matures, fixed-location stations are preferred.


The author focuses on the actual problems of implementing the employee's right to protection in case of the employment contract's suspension in the conditions of martial law. Within the framework of the study, the author considers both theoretical and practical issues of the institute of suspension of employment relations. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the peculiarities of the suspension of employment contracts during the legal regime of martial law, as well as to the problems of implementing the right of employees to protection in case of violation of legal grounds for such suspension by employers. It is emphasized that for the legality of the suspension of the employment contract in the conditions of martial law, the simultaneous presence of several conditions is necessary, such as: 1) the fact of armed aggression and the existence of the legal regime of martial law; 2) absolute impossibility of providing work by the employer and performing work by the employee. At the same time, the lack of a relevant legal norm is the absence of a clear definition or at least signs of the impossibility of the parties to the employment contract fulfilling their obligations. It has been proven that the labour legislation should not only clearly state the conditions and procedure for suspending the employment contract, but also establish the employer's financial responsibility to the employee in the form of average earnings for forced absenteeism in the event that such suspension is recognized as illegal. In particular, in the case of the cancellation of the suspension of the employment contract by the court in connection with the employer's violation of the labor legislation when it was issued (for example, the suspension of the employment contract was introduced at the initiative of the employer without sufficient grounds for this), the implementation of the right to protect the violated rights of the employee should include not only the cancellation of the order and the restoration of the employment contract, but also the reimbursement by the employer of the average earnings during the period of forced absenteeism, by analogy with Article 235 of the Labor Code of Ukraine, according to the second part of which, when making a decision on reinstatement, the body that considers a labor dispute simultaneously takes decision to pay the employee the average salary for the period of forced absenteeism.


Finite element analysis has been done to analyze pump bearing assembly in interference assembly condition by ANSYS software. The press-in assembly environment has been simulated, and the maximum stress and maximum deformation of inner race have been analyzed. Studies show that with the increase of bearing size, the change law of maximum stress and maximum deformation does not single unidirectionally increase or decrease simply. At the same time, the interference value also influences the change law. So, in the bearing assembly tolerance selection the influence of the interference must be considered fully. The finite element analysis can guide the selection of fit tolerance.


Wind power is currently one of the most promising energy sources, both in Europe and across-the world. In Poland, a large annual increase in the installed wind turbine capacity has been observed for many years. Power generation from wind turbines is related to wind parameters, which, in turn, result from changes in atmospheric conditions. This is why the observed wind speed has different values depending on time and place (location and altitude). This affects the amount of generated power and the continuity of its production. The authors of this article carried out an analysis of the potential of the diversification of wind energy sources in Poland. The research was conducted with the aim of assessing the variability of the potential production of electrical energy. The analysis concerned the volatility of the wind speed and the variability of available turbine power, as well as its distribution over appropriate points in the location grid – a set of combinations for every point in the location grid, aiming to present the effect of the diversification. For this purpose, the standard deviation in relation to the average power of wind turbines was selected as a comparative measure. The analyses were conducted based on historical wind measurements and data retrieved from the MERRA database. The results indicate that it is more advantageous for both the Polish power system and power plant owners (energy companies) to build smaller wind farms that are distant from each other and to group them in pairs in order to create a virtual power plant. Despite a wind-farm downtime of less than 15% for most of Poland in the analysed period, the existing power differences do not provide the possibility of ensuring continuity of energy supplies.


The fauna of Puget Sound [as shown by a collection of fifty species of Hymenoptera from Seattle, Washington, kindly sent me by Prof. O. B. Johnson, of the University of Washington] is most like that of Canada, no genera differing. Sphex Lucæ, Sauss, and Astata montana, Cress., are interesting exceptions.


The hypothesis of exogenous productivity points to the relationship between the number of judges and performance as linear. However, several weaknesses have been pointed out, such as the production limit of the judges. Therefore, this work aims to test if the performance of judges related' to demand has an inverted U functional model. The data used in the research comprise the years from 2009 to 2019. The results were statistically significant for all variables analyzed for both state and labor courts, confirming the hypothesis that performance and judicial demand may respond to an inverted U functional model. Confirming the research hypothesis sheds light on the discussion of how demand affects performance and how they relate. The contribution of this work lies in the discussion and endorsing the conclusions of other authors concerning weaknesses and incongruities of the hypothesis of exogenous productivity for the judiciary. There is empirical evidence that the increase in judicial demand pressures the increase in the performance of judges, but this increase has limits, and after a certain point, this can decline and negatively affect performance


Due to their advantages in rapid deployment and miniaturization, UAVs have been widely used in various fields, especially for disaster scenarios which require emergency communications. This article considers a fog UAV wireless network and focuses on improving energy efficiency through subchannel assignment and power allocation. Specifically, in order to make better use of limited spectrum resources, this article considers integrating NOMA which is widely recognized as an emerging transmission technology into UAV wireless networks. On the basis of the proposed UAV network architecture, a two-sided matching and swapping algorithm is proposed to optimize subchannel assignment. We provide a power allocation method to maximize energy efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed UAV system architecture, as well as the resource allocation method, can prominently improve the energy efficiency of fog UAV wireless networks.


Cadmium recovery from flue dusts in zinc smelters usually involves a sulfating roast followed by a water leach. This investigation is concerned with the sulfate roasting conditions, i.e., temperatures and gas-phase compositions, for optimum separation $nd recovery of cadmium from zinc smelter flue dusts. Free-energy data were used to construct stability diagrams for the Cd-S-0, Zn-S-0, and Pb-S-0 systems. They were used to show the phases present at normal roasting temperatures and gas-phase compositions. Roasting experiments performed under conditions that were thermodynamically favorable, demonstrated the validity of the stability diagrams. Then a sample of flue dust obtained from the St. Joseph Lead Company, Zinc Smelting Division, Monaca, Pennsylvania, was roasted under the conditions established from the previous studies. Additional experiments were made to determine the solubilities of zinc and cadmium basic sulfates.


JASMINE is an astrometry satellite mission that measures in an infrared band annual parallaxes, positions on the celestial sphere, and proper motions of stars in the bulge of the Milky Way (the Galaxy) with high accuracies. These measurements give us 3-dimensional positions and 2-dimensional velocities (tangential velocities) of many stars in the Galactic bulge. A completely new "map" of the Galactic bulge given by JASMINE will bring us many exciting scientific results. A target launch date is the first half of the 2020s. Before the launch of JASMINE, we are planning two other missions; Nano-JASMINE and Small-JASMINE. Nano-JASMINE uses a very small nano-satellite and it is determined to be launched in 2011. Small-JASMINE is a downsized version of JASMINE satellite which observes toward restricted small regions of the Galactic bulge. These satellite missions need severe stability of the pointing of telescopes and furthermore high stability of telescope structures to measure stellar positions with high accuracies. This fact requires severe control of the pointing of telescopes and thermal control in payload modules. The control systems are very important keys for success of space astrometry missions including the series of JASMINE missions.


In this paper, a new dynamic neural network stator flux and electromagnetic torque estimation method of the squirrel cage motor direct torque control is developed. The proposed method is based on an instantaneous active and reactive power and delayed samples of stator currents and voltages of the machine. This approach requires neither resistances nor inductances. The technique is robust and independent of variation in the electromagnetic parameters. Simulation results using Simulink are presented to confirm the theoretical analysis.


A wave-based analytical method is applied to study vibrations in simple spatial structures. From the wave vibration standpoint, vibrations are described as waves propagating along uniform structural elements and being reflected and transmitted at structural discontinuities. Coupled in- and out-of-plane bending, axial, and torsional vibrations are studied based on classical vibration theories. Both free and forced vibrations are studied. Natural frequencies, modeshapes, as well as frequency responses due to various external excitations are obtained. The results obtained using the wave vibration approach are verified both experimentally and through comparison to results available in the literature. Good agreements have been reached. This study provides not only exact analytical solutions to complex vibration problems in spatial structures that have mostly been relying on numerical tools, but also a benchmark to existing numerical solutions.


The paired-comparison method is rarely used as a simple difference test in sensory analysis because it lacks a predictable null hypothesis. However, two separate experiments with a total of 810 assessors both provided empirical support for a probability under the null hypothesis of p = 1/2, but showed also that this probability can be influenced by the way in which the difference question is asked.


Abstract Hemolymph flow patterns, deduced from movements of single plasmatocytes (PLs) in the heart-dorsal vessel system were observed in developing embryos of the waterstrider Gerris paludum insularis Motschulsky. Video images of single moving PLs successively captured at 0.033 s intervals were followed to reveal their passage during each cardiac cycle, and a structural cardiogram was used to analyze the movements of individual PLs in terms of the cycle. In hearts of G. p. insularis embryos, cultured for 80 h after katatrepsis (K+80 h embryos; K stands for katatrepsis), forward flow with systole and backward flow with diastole occurred alternatively during each cycle. In K+100 h embryos, however, forward flow was observed only with systole and ceases at other times in the cycle. Velocity of single moving PLs in K+80 h embryos, estimated from distance traversed by PLs for each 0.033 s, was smaller than that in K+100 h embryos similarly estimated. This might indicate that the force generated by each systolic contraction in the heart of G. p. insularis embryos increased as embryogenesis advanced. Velocity of single moving PLs was suggested as a useful parameter to assess functional development of embryonic heart in insects.


Up-conversion three-dimensional volumetric display is a new application and hot-point of frequency up-conversion research. It is elected as one of the nicest international physics achievement in 1996. This paper reports the principle demonstrate works in up-conversion three-dimensional volumetric display. The used mechanism is di-frequency up-conversion sensitization proposed by authors firstly. The used material is Pr3+Yb3+:ZBLAN glass.


This study attempts to formulate econometric models of consumption and savings functions for the economy of Cameroon from 1970 to 2007 under the co-integration error correction methodology. This was to investigate into the existing links between consumption, savings and their determinants in Cameroon. Based on Two- Stage Least Squares (2SLS) technique of estimation, the results show that disposable income, general price level, expected inflation, interest rate and dependency ratio impacted positively with private consumption and only family wealth reporting negatively. For the savings function, disposable income, numbers of financial institutions and branches, political stability have recorded positive relationships with bank savings. Interest inflation rate differential has recorded a negative relationship with bank savings. While the speed of adjustment in the consumption function is 45.291 percent that of the savings function is 35.65 percent meaning that ignoring cointegration, the non-stationary time series data could lead to misspecification in the underlying process to achieve consumption and saving stabilities.


Absfracf—The emitter and base impurity concentration profiles and the epitaxial thickness of the collector of n-p-n microwave transistors have been optimized for f~~x by a simple computeraided design (CAD) technique. The optimized profile was synthesized and led to devices with f~axbetween 16 and 18 GHz when fabricated with a mask with 1.5-p emitter widths. The details of the optimization procedure, the synthesis procedure and the RF results of fabricated devices are described.


The invention describes an electronic regulation continuous heater (1) for heating water by means of a heater (20), which is by means of a semiconductor switch for presetting power and is controlled by a regulator (30) for regulating power. A differential pressure switch is equipped that controls an electric switch (10) according to differential pressure, wherein the electric switch (10) is designed to communicate with a total heating current and regulate current of the regulator. The regulator (30) and semiconductor switch are connected to the electric switch (10) and are supplied power only when the electric switch (10) is closed, wherein the heating current passes through the semiconductor switch. Besides, the invention refers to a method for driving the electronic regulation continuous heater.


To discover the root cause of disease in Ayurveda, certain examinations are mandatory to be conducted. In today's clinical practice diagnosis of a disease is very crucial. Proper examination of patient and disease is the path to suc- cessful clinical practice. This helps to build up a doctor-patient relationship. Trividha Pariksha viz. Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana and Darshana, Sparshana, Prashana are the two different aspects of Trividhapariksha which help to achieve the above-mentioned goals. There are various methods of examination explained in our treatises, but Trividha Pariksha holds the basis of all among them. That plays a central role in the diagnosis of disease. Therefore, an effort is made through this article to review the importance of Trividha Pariksha and its relevance in today's clinical practice. Various literature, published articles, and other documents were studied thoroughly, and a conclusion was made. Though we have various examinations and diagnostic methodologies, Trividha Pariksha is base for all of them and still holds great importance in the diagnosis and management of the disease.
Keywords: Trividha Pariksha, Pariksha.


Transition metal complexes with optically pure amino acids have been used as a chiral mobile phase in a chiral ligand exchange chromatograph (CLEC) to resolve α-amino acids. 1 The most frequently used transition metal ion is Cu . The Co, Ni, Zn and Cd ions also have been adopted in the CLEC system. The evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of amino acids with various transition metal ions may be useful because the separability of the optically active amino acids in CLEC is closely related to the stability of the complexes. 2 Previously we reported that the lanthanide(III) metal complexes with the optically active L-proline are stable in an aqueous solution, and introduced the lanthanide(III) metal ions in CLEC. We found that the capacity factor of CLEC increases due to the high nuclear charge and the high coordination numbers of lanthanide(III) metal ions. 4


This invention relates to a power source for operation of subsea vessels based on liquid hydrogen carriers (LOHC). These are loaded on land or while driving with hydrogen, which is then freigeseizt again in underwater drive and thus permits the driving means of a fuel cell or an explosion engine. A refueling on land or from a tanker from is conceivable.


A sustainable design of some engineering applications, such as earth dam cores, landfill liners, clay barriers, and radioactive waste disposal systems, that utilize compacted expansive soils requires simulation for probable field conditions. This study investigated the hydraulic and volume change (H-VC) behaviors of highly expansive compacted soils in Al-Qatif city under different seasonal climatic variations for a wide range of stress conditions, aiming for more economical and rational design and practices. The extent of the effect of the start cycle condition of the cyclic wetting and drying (W/D) process on the examined properties is examined, as well. Two testing series of the cyclic W/D process, representing the probable seasonal climatic variations, were executed for varied axial stress conditions. The H-VC behaviors of expansive soils are affected by the simulated seasonal variation (i.e., cyclic W/D process), with the first cycle of W/D being the most effective cycle and an elastic state being attained by the third to fourth cycle. Swell fatigue is noted for both testing series, and this is attributed to the initial placement condition. Analysis of results recommends exposure of the compacted expansive soil layers in the field to drying after compaction to reduce their equilibrium wetting potential. As a consequence of the noted shrinkage accumulation, a reduction tendency of saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat) with repeated W/D cycles is reported for both series under all the stress states applied. Finally, it is recommended for clay barrier projects to be submerged once compacted to obtain barriers with the lowest values of hydraulic conductivity.


72 1024x768 Today, after more than 20 years from the date of independence, Kazakhstan became recognized state in the world community. Having refused the totalitarian past, we have carried out system transformation of the Kazakhstan society, integrated into world economy, have generated interest of many leading countries of the world on multilateral cooperation, the new generation of the people has grown living in the free country. Unfortunately, in the course of radical reformations of society there was a change of living values. If in due time Bolsheviks have balanced all people in their poverty on the basis of total nationalization of all resources, the neoliberal course of the present authorities has led to sharp social differentiation on the basis of the spent privatization where fantastic reaches of the few on one pole of a society and a poverty and misery - on other were generated. It has led to sharp growth of criminality, unmotivated violence among teenagers, to suicides, sale of bodies of the person, theft and sale of children and other forms of social anomalies. All was accompanied by falling of educational-cultural level of the population when year from year there was reduction of the hours necessary for humanitarian preparation. Obviously, without spiritually-moral acceptance of reforms by broad masses it is difficult to expect their successful realization. Anywhere in the world descent from a totalitarian society to the democratic was not carried out without the latent or open authoritative power attached to democratic values. Despite all difficulties of the next stage of modernization, the understanding grows in a society that all of them can be overcome on the basis of the further increase of political culture of the population, deepening of democratic processes, humanitarian, ethical education of youth that gives confidence of overcoming of difficulties of the next stage of modernization of a society  Keywords: modernization, system transformation of a society, totalitarianism, social anomalies. Normal 0 21 false false false TR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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One of the well-known benefits of micro scale is enhanced heat transfer. This fact provides the motivation for fabricating a variety of micro heat exchangers using derivatives of the LIGA micromachining process. These heat exchangers can be made of polymers, nickel (electroplated or electroless), or ceramics (Si3N4 and alumina are presently being investigated). These heat exchangers are envisioned for applications such as gas turbine blades, mechanical seals and/or bearings, boilers, condensers, radiators, evaporators, electronic component cooling, and catalytic converters. In this paper, methods to fabricate an array of heat exchangers for different applications are described. In addition, simple analytic models that illustrate the motivation for fabricating micro cross flow heat exchanges are shown to compare favorably with experimental heat transfer results.


In his American Holocaust, as well as in a number of his essays, 1 David E. Stannard has repeatedly compared the treatment of the Native Peoples of the Americas by the conquistadors and the Spanish...


ABSTRACT The biogas constituting majorly CH4 and CO2 has been produced by Ca(OH)2 pre-treated wheat straw with pre-digested cow dung. Some of the key thermodynamic parameters like specific heat capacity, density and heating capacity of the biogas produced have also been calculated per day as well as throughout the hydraulic retention time. The governing equations of biogas with appropriate phase and interfacial conditions describing the physics of the biogas have been derived. The control volume approach has been used to predict the total volume (ml) of biogas, CH4 and CO2 throughout the experiment and on the daily basis. The effects of feedstock, temperature and pressure on the production of biogas, CH4 and CO2 in anaerobic digestion have also been studied. The average number of molar fraction and conversion ratio of CH4 and CO2 are correlated with number of carbon atoms available in feedstock. Numerical calculations by using developed model and Modified Gompertz model have shown proficient agreement with the experimental observations.


In this study, the effect of Persian gum (PG) concentration (0.25-1%), oil-phase volume (5-15%), the presence of whey protein concentrate (WPC) 1%, pH (3.5–8), and storage time (up to 20 days) on the stability, rheological properties, particle size distribution, as well as microstructure of emulsions prepared by ultrasound homogenizer was investigated. According to findings, PG was able to stabilize the emulsions particularly at higher concentrations likely via viscosity increasing but not due to its effect on lowering the interfacial tension. In addition, at higher pH (8) values, the stability of emulsions increased, whereas at pH 3.5, the rate of phase separation increased. Moreover, at pH 7 the stability of emulsions containing WPC was significant, while the phase separation observed at the presence of Persian gum (0.5–1%), probably due to depletion flocculation and thermodynamic incompatibility. Moreover, at pH 3.5 and 5, the creaming occurred with high rate likely because of the bridging occurred between protein coated droplets and gum and protein–gum coated ones. It can be concluded that firstly, the higher levels of gum lowered droplet coalescence and secondly, soluble part of PG as an adsorbing polymer was not able to bind to WPC coated droplets at neutral pH.


Objective To investigate the effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the PingPang Racket flap survival.Methods Every two PingPang Racket flaps were designed on the both sides of 40 adult SD rats's back.The pedicle size was 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm,while the flap size was 3.0 cm in diameter circular.Longitudinal axis of flap was perpendicular to the center line of the rats back,to which the distance from proximal pedicle was about 1 cm.The flaps on the left side served as Ⅰ group,and the other side served as Ⅱ group,which were subdivided into Ⅰa and Ⅰb,Ⅱa and Ⅱb,respectively.And there were 20 rats in each subgroup.On the flap surfaces in group Ⅰ,it was 6 uniform injection poinsts,subcutaneously injecting with rhGF (the dose was 0.1IU · Kg-1 · d-1) for 7 days from the beginning of operation,that were designed.It goes the same way to the group Ⅱ,while normal saline was instead of rhGF.In subgroup Ⅰa and Ⅱa,the flaps were generally observed every day.The percentage of the flap survival area was determinated 7 days after operation.In subgroup Ⅰb and Ⅱb,specimens were collected at the distal end of flap at intraoperative(before injecting rhGF)and 1 st,3rd,5th,7th day after operation.Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent were applied to examine the expression of TGF-β1 and CD34,and the microvessel density of the flaps was calculated.Results According to the 7 days' observation after the surgery,the flap survival area percentage of subgroup Ⅰa was (97.00 + 2.12) %,which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of subgroup Ⅱ a,whose was (81.00 +3.43)%.On 1st,3rd,5th and 7th day postoperatively,the expression of TGF-β1,CD34 in both subgroup Ⅰb and Ⅱb were elevated and reached peak on the 5th day.Content of GF-β1 and CD34 in Ⅰb were 1571.40 ± 13.32 pg/ml and 60.40 ±0.32 pg/ml,respectively,and in Ⅱb were 691.43 ± 11.06 pg/ml and 20.43 ± 0.06 pg/ml.At the same point of time,the expression of TGF-β1,CD34 were significant higher in Ⅰb subgroup than that in Ⅱb (P < 0.05).In subgroup Ⅰb and Ⅱb,the number of microvessels increased on postoperative 1 st,3rd,5th and 7th day,especially on 3rd,5th and tended to be stable at 7th day.At the same point of time,the number of microvessels in Ⅰb was always higher than that in Ⅱb (P < 0.05).Conclusion Subcutaneous injection of rhGH on flaps can enhance the expression of TGF-β1,CD34,promote microvascular generation of the flap tissue directly or indirectly,and also improve the survival of PingPang Racket flaps.

Key words:
Recombination human growth hormone;  Surgical flap;  Transforming growth factor-β1 ;  Cluster of differentiation 34;  Microvascular density


The aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis (As) acts as the precursors for the quick reduction of silver ions, which leads to the formation of silver nanoparticles. In the agar, well diffusion method of the Klebsiella pneumoniae shows the minimal inhibitory concentration of 12 mm against A. sessilis mediated silver nanoparticles (As-AgNPs) at 60 µg/mL concentration. Fabric treated with novel AS-AgNPs is tested against the K. pneumoniae and shows an inhibitory action of 12 mm with mixed cotton that determines the antimicrobial efficacy of the fabrics. Uv- visible spectrophotometer was performed, showing a surface plasmon resonance peak at 450 nm cm−1. FTIR shows the vibration and the infrared radiation at a specific wavelength of 500–4000 cm−1. The HR-TEM analysis showed the presence of black-white crystalline, spherical-shaped As-AgNPs embedded on the fabrics range of 15 nm–40 nm. In the scanning electron microscope, the presence of small ball-shaped As-AgNPs embedded on the fabrics at a voltage of 30 KV was found with a magnification of 578X. EDAX was performed in which the nanoparticles show a peak of 2.6–3.9 KeV, and it also reveals the presence of the composition, distribution, and elemental mapping of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxic activity of synthesized nanosilver was carried out against L929 cell lines, which show cell viability at a concentration of 2.5 µg mL−1. Cell proliferation assay shows no cytotoxicity against L929 cell lines for 24 h. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from A. sessilis appears to be a cheap, eco-friendly, and alternative approach for curing infectious ulcers on the floor of the stratum corneum. Nanotechnology conjoined with herbal therapeutics provides a promising solution for wound management.


Concepts form the building blocks of thought and the present review demonstrates that concept learning is dynamic and complex. Various theories of concept representation and learning are reviewed, including classical, prototype, exemplar, and theory theories. Research suggests that the nature of conceptual organization changes as a function of expertise and cultural experience. Furthermore, research shows that individual goals influence the construction of concepts and that predisposed constraints on concept formation are specific to content domain. To illustrate the interaction between various factors in concept learning we examine the domains of folkbiology and mathematics and consider developmental and cross-cultural research. Learning and Cognition—Issues and Concepts: Concept Learning In what follows, we use concept to refer to a mental representation and category to refer to the set of entities or examples picked out by the concept. It is generally accepted that instances of a concept are organized into categories. Almost all theories about the structure of categories assume that, roughly speaking, similar things tend to belong to the same category and dissimilar things tend to be in different categories. For example, robins and sparrows both belong to the category bird and are more similar to each other than they are to squirrels or pumpkins. Similarity is a pretty vague term, but most commonly it is defined in terms of shared properties or attributes. Although alternative theories assume concepts are structured in terms of shared properties, theories differ greatly in their organizational principles. The Classical View The classical view assumes that concepts have defining features that act like criteria or rules for determining category membership. For example, a triangle is a closed geometric form of three sides with the sum of the interior angles equaling 180 degrees. Each of these properties is necessary for an entity to be a triangle, and together these properties are sufficient to define triangle. A fair amount of research has examined people's knowledge about object categories like bird, chair, and furniture and this evidence goes against the classical view. Not only do people fail to come up with defining features but also they do not necessarily agree with each other (or even with themselves when asked at different times) on whether something is an example of a category. Philosophers and scientists also have worried about whether naturally occurring things like plants and animals (so-called "natural kinds") have defining features. The current consensus is that most natural concepts do not fit the classical view. The Probabilistic View The major alternative to the classical view is the probabilistic view which argues that concepts are organized around properties that are characteristic or typical of category members but crucially, they need not be true of all members. That is, the features are only probable. For example, most people's concept of bird may include the properties of building nests, flying, and having hollow bones, even though not all birds have these properties (e.g., ostriches, penguins).The probabilistic view has major implications for how we think about categories. First, if categories are organized around characteristic properties, some members may have more of these properties than other members. In this sense, some members may be better examples or more typical of a concept than others. For example, it has been found that the more frequently a category member's properties appeared within a category, the higher was its rated typicality for that category. For instance, robins were rated to be very typical birds and penguins are rated as very atypical birds. A second implication is that category boundaries may be fuzzy. Nonmembers of a category may have almost as many characteristic properties of a category as do certain members. For example, whales have a lot of the characteristic properties of fish, and yet they are mammals. Third, learning about a category cannot be equated with determining what the defining features are because there may not be any. Typicality: Central Tendency vs. Ideality. Is typicality only based on central tendency? Although typicality effects are robust (and problematic for the classical view), other research shows that the underlying basis for typicality effects may vary with both the kind of category being studied and with the population being studied. While the internal structure of taxonomic categories is based primarily on the central tendency (or the average member) of a category, the internal structure of goal-derived categories such as "things to wear in the snow" is determined by some ideal (or the best possible member) associated with the category. The best example of snow clothing, a down jacket, was not the example that was most like other category members; instead it was the example with the maximum value of the goal-related dimension of providing warmth. One might think that ideals will only come into play when the category of interest lacks the natural similarity structure that characterizes common taxonomic categories such as bird, fish, and tree. However, for tree experts (people who know a lot about trees such as landscapers, parks workers and taxonomists), the internal structure of the category tree is organized around the positive ideal of height and the negative ideal of weediness. The best examples of tree are not trees of average height but trees of extraordinary height (and free of "weedy" characteristics like having weak limbs, growing where they aren't wanted, and being susceptible to disease). Indeed, research does suggest that people who have considerable knowledge in a domain tend to base typicality judgments on ideals and not the number of typical features. For example, for Itzá Maya adults living in the rainforests of Guatemala the best example of bird is the wild turkey which is culturally significant, prized for its meat, and strikingly beautiful. The fact that U.S. tree experts based typicality on ideals suggests that it's not just that the Itzá have a different notion of what typicality means. It has also been found that found that Native American and European American fishermen's typicality judgments were based on ideals though those ideals differed somewhat across groups. Prototype vs. Exemplar Theories. If categories are not represented in terms of definitions, what form do our mental representations take? One suggestion about how concepts are represented is known as the family resemblance principle. The general idea is that category members resemble each other in the way that family members do. A simple summary representation for such a family resemblance structure would be an example that possessed all the characteristic features of a category. The best example is referred to as the prototype. In a prototype model of categorization, classifying a new example is done by comparing the new item to the prototype. If the candidate example is similar enough to the prototype for a category, it is classified as a member of that category. More detailed analyses, however, show problems with prototypes as mental representations. Prototype theory implies that the only information abstracted from categories is the central tendency. A prototype representation discards information concerning category size, the variability of the examples, and correlations among attributes, and people can use all three of these types of information. An alternative approach, which is also consistent with the probabilistic view, assumes that much more information about specific examples is preserved. This approach appropriately falls under the general heading of exemplar theories. Exemplar models assume that people initially learn some examples of different concepts and then classify a new instance on the basis of how similar it is to the previously learned examples. The idea is that a new example reminds the person of similar old examples and that people assume that similar items will belong to the same category. For example, suppose you are asked whether large birds are more or less likely to fly than small birds. You probably will answer "less likely," based on retrieving examples from memory and noting that the only non-flying birds you can think of are large (e.g., penguin, ostrich). Quite a few experiments have contrasted the predictions of exemplar and prototype models. In head-to-head competition, exemplar models have been considerably more successful than prototype models. Why should exemplar models fare better than prototype models? One of the main functions of classification is to allow one to make inferences and predictions on the basis of partial information. Relative to prototype models, exemplar models tend to be conservative about discarding information that facilitates predictions. For instance, sensitivity to correlations of properties within a category enables finer predictions: From noting that a bird is large, one can predict that it cannot sing. In short, exemplar models support predictions and inferences better than do prototype models. More recent research has pointed to three major limitations of these simple forms of prototype and exemplar models: 1. they have narrowly focused on categorization and have paid little attention to how other conceptual functions such as communication and inference may affect concept representation and learning, 2. they view learning as a passive accumulation of statistical information rather than active learning that may reflect particular learner goals, and 3. they pay little attention to how theoretical notions and causal reasoning organize learning. With respect to the second point, we have just reviewed evidence from a number of populations indicating that typicality is driven by ideals and that later learning builds on earlier learning. If category ideals tend to be learned first then t


Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with tuberculous (17 cases), cryptococcal (15 cases), and viral (14 cases) meningitis were analyzed by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Compounds that disappeared after therapy were found to be present in each of these specimens and were not detected in controls. They occurred in repetitive patterns such that these three types of meningitis could be rapidly distinguished. The compound associated with tuberculous meningitis has been tentatively identified. These finding have implications for rapid diagnosis, pathophysiological studies, and possible new therapeutic approaches.


Using laser interference structure light for profilometry is a rapid, non-contact, full-field profile and high accuracy measuring method.And it has been a promising technique in complicated geometrical shape measurement. In this paper, a fast and cost-effective measurement method of coplanarity inspection of ball grid array (BGA) solder balls is proposed. Laser interference structure light can be obtained by using the principle of shearing interferometry. The collimated and beam expanded laser produced interference fringe by the high reflection rate optical flat. After laser interference fringe project on the surface of object and the structured light would modulated. The light signal pass through the image optical grabber and captured by the CCD image sensor. The height of each point on object can be demodulated by the imaging processing software.This method to construct the measurement appliance for coplanarity inspection of ball grid array (BGA) chip solder ball. Experiments have shown that the coplanarity measurement of BGA solder balls is very efficient and effective with the measurement. The measurement accuracy achieve micrometer level. The processing time of the measurement accuracy is less than 3s on a personal computer. This measurement appliance could completely meet the demand of measure.


In pharmaceutical packaging, tablet inspection is an important part of safety and quality standard. Image segmentation is the key process for visual inspection. To improve accuracy and robustness of segmentation, in this paper, a method to construct a hybrid color space for the color tablet images by selecting a set of color components is introduced. Such space leads to a better discriminating power than classical color spaces, Image segmentation results based on gray level, RGB and hybrid color spaces are analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that edges of tablets are accurately extracted in segmented image based on hybrid color space. This helps overcome the influence of non-uniform illumination.


TIPS  STOP: Antibiotics, urinalyses, and urine cultures are not indicated as the initial approach to mental status changes, foul smelling urine, or urine color changes.  OBSERVE: When such findings are present, increase fluid intake for 24-48 hrs, and monitor the patient's fluid input/output and vital signs. Seek alternative causes for mental status changes, like dehydration, dementia, medications effects, etc.  TREAT: Only when patients have clinical findings of UTI (Table 1) and a positive urine culture (> 100,000 cfu/ml).  Antibiotics of choice for uncomplicated UTIs are short course (3-5 days) nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Avoid fluoroquinolones for uncomplicated UTI unless patient has no other treatment options available. This edition of Elder Care addresses diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) in non-catheterized patients in long-term care facilities. UTIs are said to be the most common infections in residents of long-term care facilities as well as in home-bound and ambulatory older adults. It is also the most frequent indication for starting antibiotics in older adults. There is growing realization, however, that many older adults treated for a UTI do not actually meet the standard case definition for having a UTI (Table 1). Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Up to 50% of older adults residing in long-term care facilities will have a positive urine culture without meeting the clinical criteria for UTI. These individuals have asymptomatic bacteriuria and do not require antibiotic therapy. Yet, nearly 70% of long-term care facility residents receive at least one course of antibiotics every year, and many receive multiple courses, often to treat what has been diagnosed as a "recurrent" or "chronic" UTI, but which is often simply asymptomatic bacteriuria. Non-UTI Syndromes Sometimes patients have non-specific symptoms such as confusion or lethargy, a urine dipstick positive for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrites, and a urine culture with a colony count of 25,000 to >100,000 with an identified organism and antibiotic susceptibilities. While the patient may have those symptoms, this clinical picture is a "non-UTI" as the patient does not meet the criteria in Table 1. Nonetheless, this non-UTI scenario often masquerades as a UTI and leads clinicians to prescribe antibiotics. Some other common masquerade scenarios and the appropriate responses to those scenarios are shown in Table 2. The risks of inappropriate antibiotic use in these scenarios include the emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms, an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection, and adverse effects from antibiotic medications.


Genetic Testing - Guidelines for prioritising genetic tests , Many genetic tests provided by NSW public hospital laboratories are non-Medical Benefits Schedule items funded through NSW Health. The attached guidelines have been developed to assist clinicians/health services to prioritise genetic test requests based on clinical need, equity of access and within available funding levels.


A process for recovering iron values from waste iron oxide, especially iron oxide dust from steelmaking furnaces, wherein the iron oxide is mixed with a water-insoluble thermoplastic material and heated to melt the plastic to form a binder for the iron oxide particles, and discrete bodies formed of the mixture are returned to a furnace to recover the iron values. The plastic binder is present in an amount sufficient to serve as a reductant to reduce the iron oxide to metallic iron when the plastic is combusted with oxygen in the furnace. The invention also includes the discrete bodies so formed of iron oxide and thermoplastic binder.


We have measured the electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient of Y2Ba4(Cu1−xZnx)7O15−δ (x − 0 − 0.05) polycrystalline samples synthesized using a high‐oxygen‐pressure technique. The sign of the Hall coefficient was positive above the superconducting transition temperature Tc for non‐doped Y2Ba4Cu7O15−δ (Y247). The Hall coefficient dramatically changed after 4% Zn doping; the sign of the Hall coefficient changed from positive to negative below about 120 K and still showed superconductivity in 4%Zn‐doped Y247. These behaviors could be explained by considering another conduction path, the so‐called CuO double chain, instead of the CuO2 plane.


The present invention relates from renewable sources such as vegetable feed hydrotreating process to produce paraffins, including by crystallization and / or present in the feed pretreatment step of pre-precipitation hydrogenation and hydrogen, making it possible to increase the removing insoluble inorganic impurities hydrogen treatment conditions and improving management of the exothermic reaction. The total feed stream being processed is divided into different sub-stream a number, the same number of catalytic zones in which the number of reactors, the different sub-stream to increasing the proportion of injected successive catalytic zone to produce an effluent comprising paraffins . The effluent was subjected to a separation step such that the separated gas fraction and a liquid fraction comprising paraffins. At least a portion of the liquid fraction is recycled to the pretreatment step, or, or recycled into the at least one catalytic zone, so that the weight ratio between the fraction of the recycle stream with the stream into a first catalytic zone is greater than or equal to 10.


This article contains the script for a theatrical performance, including an explanatory introduction and commentary. This one-person performance is based on scholarly research and personal narrative. It explores the history of cancer research and treatment as well as selected individual experiences of cancer. Cancer stories told by contemporary patients, caregivers, and family members as well as historical figures, such as Fannie Burney, are represented. This performance argues that the concept of collateral history is important for studying stories of cancer experiences that arise from multiple interrelated perspectives.


A wide variety of ethyl 3-indenyl sulfides were easily prepared by the reaction of vinyl sulfides with aldehydes in the presence of various Lewis acids such as aluminum chloride.


The adaptive field-oriented control of an induction motor drive using fuzzy logic for the identification of the rotor time constant is proposed. The identification is presented as an optimization problem and the objective function is the total square error between the motor and commanded stator currents. Experimental results are presented.


Over the past century, there have been remarkable changes in the appreciation of T.S. Eliot (1888–1965). From the interwar years up to the 1950s, he was for decades an icon of high culture and outstanding moral values, of everything that is beautiful and good and deserves admiration; while from the 1970s onwards he became a symbol of a completely different kind: one of elitism and conservatism, of everything that is wrong and deserves condemnation. Over the past twenty years, gradually a more balanced view has been established. In this article I outline this development, relate it to general changes in the cultural climate, and argue that, a hundred years after publication of his major poem The Waste Land (1922), T.S. Eliot remains highly significant to us both as a poet and a cultural critic.


This paper presents the electrically driven intelligent brake system that has been developed for electric vehicles, which are expected to penetrate markets rapidly amid the ongoing energy paradigm shift. This brake system achieves a cooperative energy regeneration function and high responsiveness while providing braking performance, system reliability and vehicle mounting ease equal to that of conventional brake systems with a vacuum booster. This paper outlines the newly developed brake system and describes how to decide the target brake force which is achieved a regenerative braking capability for recovering energy efficiently without sacrificing braking.


Introduction: The performance management is very important in order to reach the outcomes and outcomes expected from public organizations as well as to meet the public and public stakeholders in the face of the costs of public resources, and on this basis, this research deals with the formulation of performance management patterns in health and health systems. Methods: This study is practical in terms of practical use of applied research method. in the development of performance management literature, using document review method and using its results, deep - presence interviews were conducted in several cases with 30 professors from the academic and executive experts of the ministry of health and sub - set devices. after recording the interviews, the content analysis method was used to analyze the content and finally, the research model was designed and used to weighting and prioritize the dimensions and components of the hierarchical analysis method Results: This study led to the design of the optimal model of performance management for the country's health and health organizations. the result of this research is to provide a comprehensive model with 3 dimensions (behavioural, structural and field)and 14 elements and 78 indicators tailored to all three levels of organization, managers and employees. Conclusions: The results of this study are that based on existing knowledge and its strengths and weaknesses, a conceptual and rather comprehensive model offered by its reliance on public organizations should design their particular paradigm and develop it in practice.


As a response to gonadotropin, amphibian ovarian follicles primarily synthesize and secrete estradiol‐17 β (E2) during vitellogenesis and progesterone (P) when fully grown. Stage IV (vitellogenic) and stage VI (full‐grown) ovarian follicles from Xenopus laevis, as well as intermediate sizes, were used to explore this change in steroidogenesis. Optimum steroidogenesis occurred in both stage IV and stage VI follicles exposed for 6 h to 20 IU human chorionic gonadotropin/mL. Although the total amounts of steroid found were about the same, the E2/P ratios ranged from 26 to 35 for intact stage IV follicles, but only 0.02–0.03 for intact stage VI follicles. Steroid‐producing follicle cells were isolated from stage IV and stage VI follicles by non‐enzymatic procedures, were washed and were tested for steroidogenic activity in the absence of oocytes. In both cases, P was the predominant steroid produced (E2/P = 0.004–0.04), so the presence of stage IV, but not stage VI, oocytes appears to be necessary for E2 production as a response to gonadotropin. Octanol had no significant effect on the E2/P ratio of intact stage IV follicles. Dissected oocyte/follicle cell preparations from stage IV follicles were also periodically challenged with gonadotropin over 72 h, during which time most follicle cells detached from the oocyte and formed a monolayer over the bottom of the culture dish. The relatively high E2/P ratios for such preparations showed no significant change when stimulated with gonadotropin at various times over the 72 h, as long as the medium was not replaced. We conclude that the estrogenic effect of stage IV oocytes is most likely mediated by a secretory product rather than by gap junctions or by cell contact. Because the X. laevis oocyte has been shown to be a self‐differentiating cell, the steroidogenic shift that occurs in developing ovarian follicles appears to be fundamentally regulated by the growing oocyte as it undergoes a physiological change rather than by different gonadotropins.


This research tested 950 primary school pupils in the age from 7 to 10 years. All of them attended primary schools in East Slovakia at the time of testing. We employed the Eurofit test and compared our results to those provided in Turek (1999). The Eurofit test was used for the sake of compatibility with Turek's research. Based on the measured and computed data we identify the trend in motion performance and somatic parameters. The data collected in 2019 is evaluated by standard statistical methods. It is compared to Turek's (1999) data by means of the parametric one sample t–test. The results indicate worse motion performance in primary school pupils compared to the 1999 measurements.


A hallmark of seventeenth-century portraiture was the simultaneous existence of highly original artistic solutions and, alongside this, an unprecedented number of imitations, replications and copies. While the increase in the latter can partly be explained by technical innovations in the production and diffusion of every kind of imagery, some of the most fascinating and, at the same time, provoking cases of images being constantly re-used were motivated by more complex reasons, some of which will be discussed in this paper. I will explore examples of both material re-use, i.e. the integration of physical parts of the old work into the new, and of the use of forms or compositions by way of copying and imitation. The first part of the text analyses the recurring references to visual and literary models of "Roman" virtue and dynastic succession in the self-representations of early-seventeenthcentury nobility. I then turn to the influence exerted on late-sixteenthand seventeenthcentury portra i ture by a number of f ree imitations of classical Roman monuments, the Twelve Emperors on Horseback. The paper will conclude with an ecamination of how portraits in the "Roman style" were used in representations of the French king Louis XIV and explain why this kind of imagery was suddenly criticised. In 1590, a monument was commissioned by the city of Rome in honour of Alessandro Farnese, // Gran Capitano, who in 1585 had reconquered Antwerp for the Habsburg dynasty and thus saved the city for the Catholic Church. The sculpture was placed in the so-called Sala dei Capitani at the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitoline Hill. It consists of the torso of a classical Roman statue representing a military commander, with the modern portrait head of Alessandro added by the sculptor Ippolito Buzio. Alessandro's statue was not the last of these assemblages of ancient and modern parts to be displayed in the room. In 1630, for example, the city's governing council decreed that a similar monument be erected to the recently deceased general Carlo Barberini (Fig. 1). On this occasion, another classical Roman torso was joined to a portrait head produced by Gianlorenzo Bernini, while Alessandro Algardi contributed the arms and legs. Why did the city of Rome order this kind of patchwork imagery when it could have had complete statues made by Buzio, Bernini or Algardi? The most obvious explanation, of course, is time and money: with the largest segment of the sculpture already supplied in the form of the classical torso, the artists had less work to do and could charge only a fraction of the sum that would normally have been due for a more than life-size marble statue. However, the combination of ancient and modern sculpture certainly also served to draw attention to the continuity of ancient and modern Rome, thus enhancing the prestige and authority of the latter. In this context, Carlo Barberini's statue not only stressed the permanence of Roman virtue, it also carried on a tradition established by the older, sixteenthcentury statues in the same room. As time went by, the Sala dei Capitani was filled with more monuments to Roman citizens of merit. Each statue constituted a new point of reference to the previous one, while the whole group presented the city as a worthy successor to the great military and civic traditions of ancient Rome. Even the military uniformity of these figures (with the exception of the heads) made


Infection by a new type of bunyavirus is a new infectious disease in China in recent years and is shown as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. The clinical diagnosis of this disease mainly depends on the results of laboratory bunyavirus nucleic acid test. We also observed that viral load directly related to the patients' conditions and the prognosis. This paper mainly analyzes the therapeutic effect of 1 case caused by high viral load of a new type bunyavirus. It is hoped that this case can provide some valuable references for clinical treatment.

Key words:
High viral load; New type of bunyavirus; Fever complicated with thrombocytopenia syndrome; Treatment effect


Introduction: Despite numerous prognostic variables from a cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test, estimating absolute risk that is clinically-relevant among patients with heart failure (HF) remains a...


The sodium salts of tripolyphosphate, tetrapyrophosphate, L-ascorbate monophosphate, and L-ascorbate polyphosphate at 0.3% and L-ascorbic acid and sodium L-ascorbate at 0.1% were added to ground turkey and ground beef. Sensory attributes and hexanal content were evaluated immediately after cooking and after 1 and 3 days storage (4°C). Percentages of moisture and fat and nonheme iron were determined. All samples containing a phosphate salt had more meaty flavor and less stale and rancid flavor and aroma and contained less hexanal after 3 days storage than samples with no additive. The addition of phosphate salts decreased cooking losses but did not affect fat content. Phosphate salts decreased nonheme iron in cooked turkey patties but not in beef patties. The taste panel detected a very slight soapy flavor in patties with the addition of any phosphate salt at 0.3%.


The contemporary content is disclosed
and the possibility of using the term "tourist potential of
the territory" is explained. My position on the content of
the concept "tourist potential of the territory" is
formulated. The complex approach to estimation of
tourist potential of a locality with consideration of its
components and indicators is offered.


Field experiment entitled "Efficacy of Newer Insecticides against Mango Hopper Amritodus atkinsoni. Leth.'' was conducted during 2018-19 with twelve treatments, replicated thrice, in the farm of Horticulture section, NARP, Shenda Park, Kolhapur, (Maharashtra) with the objective to study the efficacy of newer insecticides against mango hopper. The treatments comprised of imidacloprid 17.8SL, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, buprofezin 25% SC, beta-cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.81% 25EC, spinosad 45 SC, thiamethoxam 25 WG, flonicamid 50 WG, azadirachtin 1000 ppm, thiamethoxam 0.27% + chlorantraniliprole 25%, deltamethrin 0.72% + buprofezin 5.65% EC, Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP and untreated control, respectively. All the insecticidal treatments found superior over untreated control for management of mango hopper. The treatment with imidacloprid 17.8 SL found most superior for the management of mango hopper and the efficacy of newer insecticides for the management of mango hopper was as follows thiamethoxam 25 WG, spinosad 45 SC, beta-cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.81%, flonicamid 50 WG, thiamethoxam 0.27% + chlorantraniliprole 25%, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, deltamethrin 0.72% + buprofezin 5.65% EC, buprofezin 25% SC, azadirachtin 1000 ppm and Metarhizium anisopliae, respectively.


The Hall coefficient and resistivity of Sn/sub 0/ /sub 12/Eu/sub 1/ /sub 08/Mo/sub 6/S/sub 8/ have been measured over the range 1.5 100 K. A band model is proposed which is qualitatively consistent with the data.


The utilization of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in light for information encoding is a promising avenue, as it exhibits resilience against environmental disturbances. However, the direct detection of OAM poses a significant challenge due to beam distortion during transmission, which ultimately limits the practical application of OAM-based optical communication. We propose an environmentally friendly and intuitive detection method based on optical differentiation using a weak-measurement system. Optical differential measurements were conducted on Laguerre-Gaussian beams (L-G beams) with <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l$</tex-math></inline-formula> = 5 and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l$</tex-math></inline-formula> = 8 to validate the feasibility of this approach. This approach mitigates the impact of disturbances on OAM measurement, enabling direct detection through a simplified system, which serves as a valuable reference for utilizing OAM as an information carrier in free-space optical communication.


s Published Grant KA, Apffelstaedt JP, Wright CA, Myburgh E, Pienaar R, de Klerk M, Kotze MJ (2012) Development and implementation of the MammaPrint Algorithm (MPA) to reduce chemotherapy overtreatment in South African patients with early stage breast cancer. Histopathology 61(1): 20-21 Grant KA, Apffelstaedt JP, Wright CA, Myburgh E, Pienaar R, de Klerk M, Kotze MJ (2013) MammaPrint® Prescreen Algorithm (MPA) reduces chemotherapy in South African breast cancer patients. The Breast 22S1: S92 Grant KA, Cronje FJ, Botha K, Apffelstaedt JP, Kotze MJ (2013) Development of a genetic database resource for monitoring of breast cancer patients at risk of physical and psychological complications. South African Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 19, Issue 3: 91-126 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


ABSTRACT A poly(aspartic acid) degrading bacterium (strain KT-1 [JCM10459]) was isolated from river water and identified as a member of the genus Sphingomonas. The isolate degraded only poly(aspartic acid)s of low molecular masses (<5 kDa), while the cell extract hydrolyzed high-molecular-mass poly(aspartic acid)s of 5 to 150 kDa to yield aspartic acid monomer.


At the turn of the millennium, xenotransplantation was a topic with a high potential for societal dispute. The reasons were possible infection risks, necessary measures of risk management and surveillance, associated constraints of human rights as well as a number of various other ethical concerns. This situation prompted discussions about the governance of xenotransplantation on a national and international level. This paper compares international xenotransplantation policies and investigates patterns of policy-making as well as the different role of experts, policy-makers and the public therein.2

Although it might be assumed that xenotransplantation was discussed globally in the same way, international comparison shows cultural contingency. First, although international organizations identified xenotransplantation as a global problem requiring broad public discussion, the intensity of public debates varied strongly among countries. Second, the topical framing of xenotransplantation differed between countries. Nevertheless, the problems of infection risk and organ shortage often dominated, whereas ethics and animal welfare issues were marginalized. Finally, xenotransplantation polices varied. In most cases regulation meant the decision to provide a legal framework to continue research, some countries took a wait and see position, and a minority opted for a legal or de-facto moratorium.

When comparing ways of policy-making, it is possible to discern different types of decision-making, i.e. bureaucratic, bureaucratic-technocratic, parliamentarian-political and participatory.

The bureaucratic type was elitist and closed; it limited decision-making to the civil service and handpicked internal experts. The bureaucratic-technocratic type was a bit more inclusive, but still, the role of the civil service was particularly strong. In addition, external experts – typically natural scientists and physicians, sometimes ethicists – were involved in advisory bodies. In a few cases, stakeholders and NGOs were also included to some degree. The parliamentarian-political type also included elected politicians in decision-making. Stakeholders and NGOs were only included as informants. The participatory type involved a very broad range of actors, i.e. civil servants, experts, elected politicians, NGOs, technology assessment organisations, and the general public.

Different types of policy-making used diverse approaches towards technology assessment (TA). Whereas in bureaucratic policy-making no formal TA processes were launched, the bureaucratic-technocratic type relied on expert TA. In the parliamentarian-political type, expert TA was complemented by the involvement of elected politicians. In the participatory approach, TA andparticipatory technology assessment (pTA) were used and attempts were made to link participation to politics.

The bureaucratic type of policy-making process was informed by workshops and conferences organized by international organizations, in which civil servants participated. In the bureaucratic-technocratic type, a broader range of information was used, stemming from experts or international organizations and early movers in xenotransplantation regulation. In the parliamentarian-political approach, in addition, stakeholders and NGOs provided information. Again, the participatory type used the broadest range of information, including international organizations, scientists, NGOs, and citizens.

The different types of policy-making involved the general public quite differently. The bureaucratic type neither involved, nor informed, the public. Similarly, the bureaucratic-technocratic approach involved the public only to a small degree. Citizens were included via survey research and information about results via the Internet. Also, the parliamentarian-political approach applied survey research and information; in one country, citizen involvement also meant consultation of selected actors. The participatory type used a range of activities to involve the public (e.g. citizen juries, consensus conferences, online debates, public discussion, theater plays). In Switzerland, several mechanisms of direct and representative democracy were utilized to initiate a debate.

The four approaches also differed in respect of accountability and openness. The bureaucratic, the bureaucratic-technocratic, and the parliamentarian-political approach had problems in one way or another and to different degrees regarding openness and accountability of recruitment, agenda setting, openness to the public, conflict of interest, and methods applied. The participatory approach, on the other hand, was open to the public, often gave ordinary citizens an opportunity to set an agenda, often recruited experts and citizens based on open call for tenders and explicit criteria, and used a broad variety of participatory methods.

In summary, comparison shows that in most cases the decision was taken to continue xenotransplantation research in principle. Most often processes of decision-making were bureaucratic-technocratic and – despite the rhetoric of public participation – rarely involved citizens. The processes were only open and accountable to a small degree and framed xenotransplantation rather narrowly in terms of organ shortage and risk. Thereafter, expert bodies rather quickly turned their focus on the concrete details of risk regulation and management.

Reference

[1] Griessler E, Biegelbauer P, Hansen J, Loeber A, 2012 Citizen participation in decision-making on complex and sensitive issues. Experiences with xenotransplantation. Report of the project "Impact of Citizen Participation on decision-making in a knowledge intensive policy field ('CIT-PART). http://www.cit-part.at/CIT%20PART%202.Edition.pdf, 2.9.2013.


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Summary The large-flowered species L. nanus and L. vallicola, and the small-flowered L bicolor of Dunn's classification are fully interfertile. The large-flowered species L. spectabilis and L. affinis are reproductively isolated from the rest of the group, but some sterile hybrids can be obtained between these two species and L. nanus. The smallflowered species L. polycarpus and L. pachylobus are completely reproductively isolated. In the hybridizations attempted, the pollen of one species can not germinate on the stigma of the other species of the group. In the light of the results of the hybridization experiments the two subspecies of L. vallicola were placed in the species L. nanus. The Micranthi group of Lupinus (Leguminosae) in California consists of blueflowered annuals with more or less verticillate racemes. Keels are ciliate on the distal half, in contrast to other blue-flowered verticillate species. The Micranthi group name derives from Lupinus micranthus Dougl., one of the small-flowered species. However, Dunn (1965) has suggested that Lupinus micranthus Dougl. is illegitimate and should be replaced by Lupinus polycarpus Greene. For this reason the authors of this paper propose the name Nanus for the group after the most widespread of the large-flowered species. There are differences of opinion among taxonomists concerning the status of some of the taxa. The most detailed taxonomic treatments were done by C. P. Smith (1922, 1923, 1924) and David Dunn (1955). They differ in their treatments of the large-flowered taxa. Smith places all taxa with flowers 8 to 16 mm long in one species, Lupinus nanus Dougl. because all the large-flowered taxa are morphologically similar, differing only in flower size, wing inflation and, in some cases, leaflet form and pubescence. L. nanus, according to this classification, is divided into: L. nanus sensu stricto, a large-flowered taxon occupying mainly the coastal mountain ranges; var. perlasius, an endemic of serpentine soils in Mariposa County; var. carnosulus, a large-flowered robust taxon of the San Francisco Bay region going north into western Oregon; var. Menkerae, a large-flowered taxon of the dry San Joaquin valley; and two smaller-flowered taxa, var. vallicola, occupying the Sierra Nevada foothills, and var. apricus, occupying the coastal mountain ranges from Monterey .to southwestern Oregon and with a disjunct distribution in the Sierra Nevada. Dunn, however, divides the large-flowered taxa into four species. The varieties perlasius and carnosulus are given species status as L. spectabilis Hoov. and L. affinis G. Agardh., respectively. The varieties vallicola and apricus are placed in one species, L. vallicola Heller, containing var. apricus as a subspecies. Dunn recognizes three subspecies in the rather widespread L. nanus: L. n. ssp Menkerae, the equivalent of var. Menkerae; L. n. ssp latifolius, a large-flowered subspecies from the foggy coastal strip from Santa Barbara County to Mendocino County; and L. n. ssp nanus, a subspecies adapted to the dryer inner slopes of the South Coast ranges.


Mobile devices with multimedia and networking capabilities are quickly becoming ubiquitous through the availability of small notebooks, PDA, and in particular, mobile phones. However, most multimedia systems are still centralized, concentrating all multimedia computing on a single device. At best they deploy a strict client/server architecture mostly for streaming multimedia from some server while processing it locally. Ubiquitous computing environments on the other hand require systems that allow multimedia content and processing to be flexibly distributed across different devices that are currently available in a network while supporting dynamic migration between devices as users move or requirements change. This paper concentrates on the two most important operations for dynamic distributed multimedia: combining two flow graphs so that common processing can be shared between them as much as possible, and – based on this service – reconfiguring a running multimedia flow graph across a network. We use a number of different application scenarios to motivate the basic middleware requirements including device control and distributed synchronization. Finally, we present two key applications and report on results of an implementation of this approach.


This paper presents the proposal of setting up an environment for a standardized collection of didactic multimedia material that will offer new opportunities for sharing, reusing and distributing courses on the Internet. The proposed approach is based on the EU ARIADNE Project methodology and tools. Starting from an analysis of didactic experiences in analog and digital electronics, we suggest an extension of the approach to the Faculty of Engineering to improve the definition of new courses, the continuous upgrade of documents and the exchange of expertise.


Here we discuss the preparation and characterization of photopolymerizable, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that consist of acid-, hydroxyl-, and methyl-terminated n-alkanethiols containing a diacetylene group (HS(CH2)10C⋮CC⋮C(CH2)10X; X = COOH, CH2OH, and CH3, respectively). The acid and hydroxyl surfaces are readily amenable to further synthetic elaboration, while the methyl-terminated SAM results in a clean, low-energy surface. As demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared external reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), ellipsometry, UV−vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods, all three materials self assemble onto Au surfaces to form ordered monolayers that can be photopolymerized with UV light.


Current market research indicates high future demand for broadcast services such as Mobile TV. While underlying competing bearer technologies are being extensively tested and refined, the focus keeps shifting towards interactive services on top of mobile broadcast. In order to investigate the possibilities of interactive mobile TV, projects require testbeds for convergent architectures and services. However, related technologies and standards still need to mature and key components such as open, programmable TV-enabled phones are still missing. In this paper, we present our testbed for mobile interactive TV for early stage technology and application prototyping, with a focus on mobile client and network aspects. Furthermore, we illustrate the utilization of the system and outline selected future development issues concerning mobile interactivity options.


BACKGROUND
We sought to assess the validity of the physical and cognitive domains of Lawton and Brody's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale and its cross-cultural applicability across ethnic groups in an Asian population of community-living older adults.

METHODS
Using data from a random population sample of noninstitutionalized Chinese, Malay, and Indian older adults 60 years old and older in Singapore (N = 1072), we modeled the dimensional structure of the 8-item IADL Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and assessed its convergent and divergent validity using known group differences and strengths of association.

RESULTS
Factor analyses yielded two strong and reliable factors representing underlying physical and cognitive dimensions of IADL. The validity of the model was supported by the pattern of associations of the IADL with age, gender, education, self-reported health status, hospitalization, physical comorbidities, dementia and depression, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Notably, cognitive IADL showed a greater total effect on MMSE cognitive performance score than did physical IADL, with the effect of physical IADL on MMSE score mostly explained by cognitive IADL. Reasonably good cross-cultural validity was demonstrated among Chinese, Malays, and Indians, with strongest validity for Indians.

CONCLUSION
The eight-item IADL Scale has physical and cognitive domains and is cross-culturally applicable. The cognitive IADL domain taps a set of activities directly related to cognitive functioning.


This paper explores the interrelationship of those human factors which influence the perception of price fairness. Previous empirical research reveals that these factors include in addition to human perception, also attitudes, satisfaction, relationships and trust. Past studies focused on isolated, individual components in specific contexts but not on how these components are interrelated and affect one another. In line with Systems Theory this paper investigates the interrelationship of these components. Since positive relationships create more trust greater tolerance for divergence emerges. Hence expectations are more likely to be confirmed which increases satisfaction and improves relationships which, in turn, has a positive impact on perceived price fairness.


An experimental study was conducted in order to clarify a degree of human emotional instability under smoke condition. Mental arithmetic and walking speed were adopted as indices of the emotional instability, and furthermore an annoyance of smoke and heat was investigated by questionnaire. The emotional instability caused by physiological factors, such as smoke irritation, is found to be important as well as a psychological unrest under high irritant smoke. Such fire smoke affects the thinking power and walking speed. Especially the heat from smoke is found to reduce the thinking power in the range between 2,030 kcal/m2h and 1,370 kcal/m2 h.