!!!! When Does Prosocial Behavior Lead to More Prosocial Behavior

According to [3], making a prosocial act, beneficial for society, might lead a person to subsequently less altruistic, or even harmful behavior in the near future. This effect is called licensing

effect.
According to [1], licensing effect only takes place, if the initial prosocial act was costless, i.e. does not impose any cost on the agent. If the initial prosocial behavior, in contrast, does

imply any cost to the agent, i.e. agent has to spend his money or time to engage in this prosocial behavior, agent tends to behave prosocially in the near future.
Hence, by the example granted by the authors of [1], if you oblige yourself to answer some questions in a survey in future, which does not imply you any cost at the moment, you tend to behave less

prosocially the next time, you are faced with similar choice. Yet, when you actually answer a few questions in a survey, which costs you some time, you tend to behave more prosocially in the

future.

I believe a more continual understanding of this phenomenon would be beneficial, rather than binary division into costly and costless.

In my experiment, I am about to approach random people on the street and ask them, if they have a few minutes to participate in an experiment. When a person agrees to participating, I label this

willingness to participate as a prosocial act. Then I will assign each participant into random class by paying him. This payment will be executed right after he agrees to participate in the

experiment. Payment classes, depending on what participants get for participating:
*nothing - this should make their participation in the experiment a costly prosocial act
*fair monetary compensation - this should make their participation a costless prosocial act, or behavior very close to a costless prosocial act, since they are going to be compensated for their effort.
*less than fair price
*material gift, like a box of chocolates
*affective gift, such as written thank you note from a faculty representative

Afterwards, I need to determine for each participant, if he is subsequently going to behave in prosocial manner. For this purpose, I will use a dictator game from [2].

After assessing, how prosocially did each of the classes behave in subsequent test a more continual scale of costliness of prosocial behavior is expected to arise.

!! References
[1] A. Gneezy, A. Imas, A. Brown, L. D. Nelson, M. I Norton "Paying to Be Nice: Consistency and Costly Prosocial Behavior." Management Science, vol. 58, pp. 179-187, Jan. 2012.
[2] K. Gray, A. F. Ward, M. I. Norton, "Paying it forward: generalized reciprocity and the limits of generosity." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Dec. 17 2012.
[3] N. Mazar, C. B. Zhong, "Do green products make us better people." Psychological science, vol. 21, pp. 494-498, 2010.


The algorithmic method of inductive inference that Ray Solomonoff proposes in (Solomonoff, 1964) is not interactive. Marcus Hutter defines how to add interactivity to the inductive method based on the assumption that the environment supplies a utility function (Hutter, 2000). This paper discusses the possibility of a framework based on a utility function that is internal to the learning subject and independent of the environment. The internal utility function should measure the amount of information extracted from the interaction with the environment. The Minimum Description Length principle (MDL) proposed by Jorma Rissanen (Rissanen, 1989) supplies a framework that clearly separates a statistical model that represents the extracted information from the exact representation of the data. Algorithmic Statistics (Gács et al., 2001) should be able to bridge the gap between the algorithmic approach of Solomonoff and the statistical approach of Rissanen.


We compute the transmission of an electron through an impurity in polyacene. For simplicity the disorder is confined to a single unit cell. When the impurity preserves the inversion symmetry around the central axis, the scattering problem can be reduced to that of two independent chains with an alternating sequence of atoms of two types. An analytical expression for the transmission coefficient is derived. On-site and off-diagonal defects are considered and shown to display very different electron scattering properties.


Objective: To investigate the potential effects of hypoxia on the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and microRNA-210 (miR-210) in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and to explore the possible mechanism of the change of miR-210 expression in tumor cells under the hypoxia microenvironment.  Methods: HepG2 cells were routinely cultured in vitro, and then exposed to 1% oxygen for 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of HIF-1α mRNA and protein. The expression of miR-210 in HepG2 cells under hypoxia condition at different time was assessed by stem-loop RT-PCR. The correlation between the expression of miR-210 and HIF-1α was analyzed. Finally, the chromatin immunoprecitation PCR (ChIP-PCR) was used to verify the hypothesis that miR-210 was the target of HIF-1α in HepG2 cells.  Results: The change of HIF-1α mRNA expression in HepG2 cells was obvious under hypoxia condition for 6-12 h (P<0.05), whereas the HIF-1α protein expression was significantly changed from the beginning of hypoxic culture through 24 h (P<0.005). Meanwhile, the expression of miR-210 showed great change under hypoxia condition for 6-18 h (P<0.01), which was in a linear correlation with the expression of HIF-1α (R=0.795, P=0.037). Moreover, ChIP-PCR assay showed that HIF-1α protein was bound to hypoxia response element (HRE) near transcriptional site in promoter region of miR-210 gene in HepG2 cells.  Conclusion: The moderate hypoxia may affect the expression level of miR-210, and the possible mechanism may involve the HIF-1α protein bound to the promoter region of miR-210 gene. DOI:10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2011.06.005


Due to the stratified nature of the manufacturing process, material extrusion (ME) parts have lower mechanical properties than those fabricated by traditional technology. This is one of the most significant defects hindering the development and application of this rapid prototyping technique. In this paper, vibration was applied to the ME process by using piezoelectric ceramics for the first time to improve the mechanical properties of the built parts. The vibrating ME equipment was established, and the specimens processed in different build directions were individually fabricated without applied vibration and with different applied vibrations. To quantify the effect of applied vibration on their mechanical properties and to summarize the influencing rule, a series of experimental tests were then performed on these specimens. A comparison between the testing results shows that the tensile strength and plasticity of the specimens, especially those processed in the Z direction, can be obviously improved by applied vibration. The orthogonal anisotropy is decreased obviously. The improvement becomes greater with increasing vibration frequency or amplitude. From the microscopic point of view, it can be seen that applied vibration can reduce the part's defects of porosity and inclusion as well as separation between layers and, thereby, improve the bonding strength.


A multidimensionality-based differential item func tioning (DIF) analysis paradigm is presented that unifies the substantive and statistical DIF analysis approaches by linking both to a theoretically sound and mathematically rigorous multidimensional conceptualization of DIF. This paradigm has the potential (1) to improve under standing of the causes of DIF by formulating and testing substantive dimensionality-based DIF hypotheses; (2) to reduce Type 1 error through a better understanding of the possible multidimensionality of an appropriate matching criterion; and (3) to increase power through the testing of bundles of items measuring similar dimen sions. Using this approach, DIF analysis is shown to have the potential for greater integration in the overall test development process.


In a present paper a problem of classification of Aff(2;R)orbits' dimensions is considered on example of an autonomous two-dimensional ane dierential system of first order. Methods of Lie algebras are used in the work, as well as methods of group analysis. Computer algebra systems "Bergman" and "Mathematica 5.0" are widely used. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 34C14, 34C05, 58F14.


Abstract : This study describes the organization of the primary Sandinista counterinsurgency organizations, the tactics they employed against the Contras, and the influence of many factors in the development of these organizations and their tactical doctrine. These include: the Sandinista's experience as guerrilla fighters, the military influence of the Soviet Union and Cuba, the impact of the Contra and U.S. military threats, the military aspects of terrain and weather, and the effects of tactical and strategic time factors. Much of the material is from primary sources, and the study contains original tactical diagrams derived from these sources. The study concludes that the Soviets and Cubans played a central role in shaping these tactics and organizations through their military advisers in Nicaragua and with the provision of substantial military equipment. Nonetheless, the other factors above caused the Sandinistas to modify the Soviet/Cuban doctrine to their own needs. (rwj)


Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic disorder that result from an injury or dysfunction at central or peripheral nervous system, promoting alterations in control and modulation of nociceptive signalling pathways. The haloperidol is a butyrophenone prototype, that recently some authors have described as anti‐nociceptive drug mediated by sigma‐1 receptors antagonism. Besides, morphine is a prototype analgesic opioid drug currently used in the NP treatment.


Summary. Former studies have shown that there is an interspecific allometric relationship between eggsize and adult body size in butterflies and skippers. This is here re-assessed at the family and subfamilylevels in order to determine to what extent the overall trend is uniform through different taxonomiclineages. The results suggest that different subtaxa are characterised by different allometric slopes. Al-though statistical analysis across species means is known to be potentially misleading to assess evolu-tionary relations, it is shown that the comparison of apparent patterns (based on species means) withinferred evolutionary trends (based on independent contrasts) may help to understand the evolution ofegg size in butterflies. Further, intuitive reconsideration of statistically non-significant results may proveinformative. As an example, argumentation in favour of a positive association between large egg sizeand the use of monocotyledon plants as larval food is presented. Taxa where atypical allometric trendsare found include the Riodininae and Theclini (Lycaenidae), the Graphiini (Papilionidae), and theHeliconiinae (Nymphalidae).Key words: Allometry, butterflies, Hesperioidea, egg size, body size, life-history, Papilionoidea,wing-length


The rate of release of soluble nitrogenous constituents from plant cells during the ingestion of green pasture plants has been studied. Boluses were collected either from sheep with oesophageal fistulae or from the rumen in sheep fitted with large rumen cannulae. Sheep grazing on pastures of different heights ingested food at widely varying rates. This was indicated by the rate of formation of boluses, which during 10-min collection periods ranged from 10.5 to 62.5 g/min. The rates at which bolus nitrogen reached the rumen ranged from 45 to 300 mg/min; of this, 20–45% (mean 26) was extractable with cold water. Approximately 50% of the extractable soluble nitrogen was protein nitrogen.


Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.


The COVID-19 outbreak is the greatest global health crisis in many years. It has had a dramatic effect on workforces and workplaces all around the world. The construction industry has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and has been challenged to improve the safety and wellbeing of its workforce and control the collapse of construction productivity. The objectives of this study were to identify and rank the factors affecting lack of labour productivity in major contracts during the COVID pandemic and effect of labour productivity on successful project delivery in major contracts during the COVID pandemic in Sri Lanka and to recommend management strategies to combat them. A thorough literature search on recently published literature, industry experiences, reports, and other related documents was performed to collect and categorize the required data. 40 COVID-19 challenges were identified, and the results revealed that 19 factors including absenteeism at work site, travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, cash flow delays and social isolation due to teleworking. 27 strategies were identified to overcome these challenges, and 14 results demonstrated including avoid material shortage at the site, conduct a risk analysis, create an end-end supply chain map, initiate flexible work schedules to promote social distancing, increase of hygiene of construction. The findings of this study will help the project managers and authorities in the construction industry understand the challenges of the pandemic and adopt effective strategies that will improve the health and safety of their workforce.


On the basis of the refutation against several misunderstandings and errors about HUANG Shi-zhong's lifestory written by some former researchers,the author puts forward his own points of views.


...................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 Background and Significance ..................................................................................1 Statement of Problem ...............................................................................................5 Statement of Purpose ...............................................................................................7 Variables ..................................................................................................................8 Operational Definitions ............................................................................................9 Nonacademic Barriers ..................................................................................9 Nationally-Normed, End-of-Program Predictor Exam ................................9 Research Questions ................................................................................................10 Summary ................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................12 State of the Science ................................................................................................12 Predictor Literature ....................................................................................12 Academic Predictors ......................................................................12 Nonacademic Predictors ................................................................15 End-of-Program Predictor Exams ..............................................................22 Today's Nursing Student ...........................................................................25 Value and Relevance of the Science ......................................................................26 Summary ................................................................................................................28 CHAPTER 3: THEORETCIAL FRAMEWORK ..............................................................29 Bandura's Social Learning Theory ........................................................................29 Individuals' Behaviors ...............................................................................29 Internal Personal Factors............................................................................30 Environmental Events ................................................................................30 Mastery Experiences ..................................................................................31 Vicarious (Observational) Experiences .....................................................32 Verbal Persuasion ......................................................................................32 Emotional Arousal .....................................................................................33 Summary ................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............................................................35 Research Design.....................................................................................................35 Research Questions ................................................................................................35 Setting ....................................................................................................................35


Wivenhoe Dam and Somerset Dam are located in the Brisbane River Basin. The combined maximum water storage capacity of both dams is over 4.2 Gigalitres. Current operations use 1.5 Gigalitres of storage capacity to provide urban water supply to South East Queensland and the remaining 2.7 Gigalitres of storage capacity is used for flood mitigation. A study to investigate alternative operations of the dams was initiated following major flooding in the Brisbane River in 2011 and in response to recommendations from the Queensland Floods Commission of Inquiry. The investigations considered different scenarios for water supply operations combined with different operational rules for flood mitigation.


Objective(s) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate epileptiform activity and produce a sustained proepileptogenic action within the hippocampal slices. In the present study, we investigated the effect of nAChRs on evoked glutamatergic synaptic transmission in area CA3 and CA1 of rat hippocampal slices to identify possible excitatory circuits through which activation of nAChRs produce their pro-epileptogenic effects. Materials and Methods Hippocampal slices (400 µm thick) prepared in vitro from male Wistar rats (3-5 weeks), using standard procedures. Following 1 hr equilibration in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), slices transferred to an interface recording chamber. Stimulatory electrodes placed within the hilus or Schaffer-collateral pathways and extracellular field recordings made in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 and CA3 regions to investigate evoked synaptic responses. Results Bath application of the selective nAChR agonist dimethylphenyl-piperanzinium (DMPP, 30 µM) resulted in a sustained and reversible enhancement of glutamate afferent evoked fEPSP amplitude by 15.7±5.1% (mean±SEM; n=8 of 12) in the CA3 region of the hippocampus but not in the CA1 (-5.25±8.3%, mean±SEM; n=5). Conclusion


CaO was gotten through burning egg shell,and Ca(OH)2 was prepared through mixing water in it.The Ca(OH)2 neutralized with HCl and CaCl2 preparation was gotten.The Calcium content of wheat flour was increased with adding the CaCl2 preparation to it.The results indicated that the calcium content could reach 0.43 % and no bad influence to edible quality of wheat flour.


Sustainable agricultural development is one of the most important tools for the economic growth of a country. Therefore, water and land use management is considered a priority. This research aimed to develop a framework to optimize crops' spatial and temporal distribution in an irrigation district. The AquaCrop- OS (FAO) water productivity model was integrated with a nonlinear optimization model to maximize the annual net profitability and minimize the water consumption of three crops (rice, corn, and forage). It was applied at a regional level to 905 simulation sub-units in the Zulia irrigation district (Colombia), in three typical climatic years' scenarios, and at a multi-period level (monthly). The results indicated that: i) crop simulation for the study area was applicable and feasible; ii) rice can be combined with forage and corn; iii) corn is a viable option under dry year conditions; iv) under a wet year, forage production is the best option. On average, in the dry year, profitability decreased by 14.5% compared to the normal year in half of the study area, and in some areas, economic losses of up to 53% were obtained. In the wet year, profitability remained at the same level as the normal year in 43.8% of the area. However, there were significant decreases in profitability in 23.1% of the district. In the normal year, the water demand of the crops in each simulated period allows savings of up to 50% of water compared to the current concession amount, which is 1000 mm. This study is useful for making decisions on sustainable resources management and optimal irrigation water and land use under different biophysical and economic conditions.


A chipless RFID sensor exploiting the depolarizing effect of a finite period surface is proposed for rotation monitoring. The information is encoded in the cross-polar response of the scatterer, which, in turns, depends on the orientation of the chipless RFID tag with respect to the probing wave. Preliminary assessment is illustrated and critical issues are analyzed for future developments.


Achondroplasia is characterized by dwarfism and typical changes in the size and shape of bones particularly of the pelvis. Additional anatomical features and presence of co-existing medical problems, poses significant anaesthetic problems. Pelvic and acetabular fractures in achondroplasia are rare and there is a scarcity of literature about management of these fractures. We report a case of 55 years old lady with achondroplasia who sustained pelvi-acetabular fracture that was successfully managed by two staged surgery, to highlight the orthopaedic and anaesthetic challenges.


Purpose: Findings from previous studies on hip mobility in individuals with low back pain (LBP) have been equivocal and focused almost exclusively on hip rotation. This study compared active range of hip motion and classified its asymmetry in male subjects with and without LBP. Method: The ex-post facto study involved 30 male patients with LBP and 30 age and sexmatched controls. Active ranges of motion (AROM) of both hip joints of subjects in both groups were measured with a universal goniometer and grouped into different pattern categories based on the presence or absence of a difference of 10° or more between the AROM of the two hips. The data were summarized using mean and standard deviation calculations. Further analysis was done with Chi-square test with level of significance set at p˂0.05. Results: There were no significant differences between the AROM of LBP patients and controls except for hip flexion and between corresponding AROM of contralateral limbs in both groups. Patients and controls largely demonstrated symmetry in flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, but asymmetry of hip rotation was more predominant in both groups. There was however no significant differences in the proportions of patients and controls in the four hip rotation AROM patterns (p≥0.344) and the three patterns for other hip movements (p≥ 0.372). Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was found between active hip mobility of subjects with and without LBP. The majority of subjects in both groups exhibited symmetry of hip flexion, extension, abduction and adduction AROMs and more total lateral than total medial rotation AROM. INTRODUCTION Low back pain (LBP) is pain on the posterior aspect of the body below the twelfth rib and above the greater trochanter that may limit work, school and/or recreational activities.1 It may be related to hip pain secondary to limitation of hip motion.2-4 Hip pain has hence been reported to be often associated with LBP.5 Associations between altered hip mobility and many pathologies including low back pain have also been reported by many authors.6-10 Specifically, it has been reported that one of the predisposing factors in musculoskeletal pain syndromes of the trunk and lower extremity is perhaps limited and/or excessive range of motion of the hip joint, and that theoretically, any loss of hip rotation might place excessive mechanical stress on the lumbar spine and ultimately cause LBP.3 The high rate of recurrence of LBP episodes has even been attributed to the altered movement patterns that may exist after the symptoms of LBP have been resolved.1 Further, it has been opined that LBP may cause restriction of hip movement (usually manifested as greater lateral than medial rotation of the hip) perhaps due to a decrease in general physical activity during episodes of LBP.2 It appears therefore that there is a link between LBP and hip mobility though a causal relationship has not been established.10 Range of Active Hip Motion in Low Back Pain Patients and Apparently Healthy Controls 2 © The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 2010 Findings from studies investigating active hip mobility in individuals with LBP have not been consistent on the link between the two entities. Fairbank et al reported that adolescents with LBP tended to have less active left hip rotation than their peers without LBP (3o difference) though there were no group differences in right rotation.11 On the other hand, Mellin did not find any difference between men with and without LBP for both active medial and lateral hip rotations though women with LBP had less active medial hip rotation than their peers without LBP.12 Four hip rotation patterns have been described in individuals with LBP.3 The patterns are pattern IA in which all possible hip rotation motions are within 10o of each other (symmetrical), pattern IB where total medial and total lateral rotations are equal but one or more differ by more than 10o (asymmetrical), pattern II in which total medial rotation is greater than lateral rotation by more than 10o and pattern III in which total lateral rotation is greater than total medial rotation by more than 10o. A greater proportion of individuals with LBP than healthy subjects have been documented to demonstrate pattern III passive movement in the hip, though the mean range of motion (ROM) measurements for the two groups were similar.3 Individuals without LBP have also been found to have significantly greater total hip rotation ROM than matched individuals with LBP, and the LBP patients had greater lateral than medial hip rotation.4 A study comparing lumbar spine coordination and hip joint kinematics of seated subjects with acute LBP and controls while picking an object also reported significantly reduced mobility in the symptomatic subjects.13 More recently, individuals with LBP who participate in sports that require repetitive rotation of the trunk and hip have been documented to have significantly less total passive rotation and more asymmetry of total rotation (right versus left hip), than individuals without LBP.8 Also, while there was no significant difference between left and right total rotation in controls, left total rotation was more limited than the right in the LBP group.8 Associations have also been reported between LBP and other hip motions other than rotation.2, 14, 15 For instance, 33% of patients with LBP were reported to have hip flexion less than 43°.14 Hip flexion, extension and internal rotation have also been reported to have statistically significant negative correlations with LBP in male patients with chronic LBP.2 Similarly, decreases in hip flexion and extension have been found to correlate positively to the degree of LBP in 54-63 year-old men.15 The pelvis and lower limbs form the basis of the spine; consequently, movements and postures of the lower extremity can affect postures and movements of the spine.2 An assessment of hip movement patterns may also help differentiate between male individuals with or without a history of LBP, and rehabilitation could then be directed at improving the faulty movement patterns.1 Findings from studies comparing hip mobility in individuals with and without LBP have been equivocal probably because of differences in methodologytype of ROM assessed (active versus passive), type of LBP (acute, chronic, recurrent etc), duration of the back pain, the clinical diagnosis, instrument used to asses hip mobility, etc. Hip mobility among Nigerians with low back pain has not been reported. We also observed that previous studies on hip mobility in patients with LBP have been restricted largely to hip rotation in heterogeneous groups of male and female subjects. The objectives of this study were hence: 1. Comparing active hip ROM of Nigerian male LBP pain patients and age-matched controls. 2. Grouping the active hip ROM of both groups into discernible movement patterns. 3. Comparing the distribution of male low back pain patients and apparently healthy age-matched controls within the movement patterns. The statistical hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference between the distribution of patients and controls in the different hip movement patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is an ex-post facto study. Subjects for the study were thirty male patients with mechanical low back pain who were aged 2070 years and were already receiving or freshly referred for physiotherapy treatment at the University College Hospital or Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, and thirty apparently healthy age-matched males who were members of staff of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria that volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects were sampled sequentially and matched by age (±2years) since age is a critical factor in joint mobility even in the absence of an apparent joint pathology.16,17 We considered a sample size of 30 adequate for each group in our study since power calculation in a related study indicated that a sample size of 20 LBP patients and 20 aged-matched healthy subjects was adequate.4 The sample size in our study was also dictated by the number of patients that received treatment in the two clinics that participated in the study within the data collection period of 4 months. Subjects met the following inclusion criteria: 1. Patients' LBP must be of mechanical origin as ascertained through physical examination and history by one of the researchers (a physiotherapist). We defined mechanical LBP as pain affected by activities, postures and movement of the spine. Range of Active Hip Motion in Low Back Pain Patients and Apparently Healthy Controls 3 © The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 2010 2. The patients must have no history of fracture involving the hips, back, and pelvis or any disease that may affect mobility at the hips, back or pelvis. 3. Apparently healthy subjects must have no recent history (within the previous six months) of pain in the low back or hips. We excluded LBP patients whose pain was non-mechanical in origin (i.e. visceral, psychogenic and neurologic) from this study. Procedure Approval for the study was sought and obtained from the joint Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of the University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Permission of relevant authorities, informed consent, and age of the subjects were sought and obtained. Weight and height of all subjects were measured using standardized instruments and procedures.18A long arm universal goniometer was used to measure active ranges of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and internal and external rotation of the subjects' hips in degrees to the nearest whole number. The universal goniometer has been accepted as a valid instrument for the measurement of joint range of motion; its intra-rater reliability (r) for the measurement of hip abduction has been reported as 0.75.19 It has als


Optical frequency combs can be generated by cascaded four-wave mixing with Kerr nonlinearity. Recently, by taking advantage of the field enhancement effect in high quality (Q) factor cavities, comb generations using continuous wave (CW) laser have been demonstrated in various materials, such as silica toroids, doped silica glass ring resonators, silicon nitride micro-ring resonators, diamond micro-ring resonators, crystalline CaF2 and MgF2 micro-toroids and etc. Aluminum nitride (AlN) possesses strong Kerr nonlinearity which can be used to generate optical frequency comb by cascaded four wave mixing [1. Also it has strong Pockels effect which allows electro-optic modulation [2. Here, we take advantage of both effects and demonstrate comb generation using on-chip aluminum nitride microring, high speed switching of the optical frequency comb,[3 and cascaded frequency conversions among the comb lines. [4. (a) IR frequency comb generated in 60 µm radius microring resonator (left inset) with 650 nm height and 3.5 μm width structure (right inset). Estimated power in the bus waveguide is 600 mW and 0.5 % of gathered output power is used for spectrum measurement. (b) The greenly glowing microring under daylight. (c) The microscope image without a filter and (d) with a 750 nm long pass filter. (e) The microscope image with the 750 nm long pass filter when on-resonance (top) and off-resonance (bottom). The white dashed lines represent the bus waveguides and the white dotted boxes on the left represent the input fibers. The white arrows indicate the ends of the bus waveguides of the chip.


A 60GHz-band compact-range wireless access system using a large array antenna can provide an uniform signal reception zone (less than 14 m distance from the antenna) and an almost multipath-free propagation environment. To evaluate the system performance, a wireless communication system for demonstration is constructed and the bit error rate (BER) and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) are measured. A wide and long communication zone with low BER is realized by adopting large array antennas in the access point. However, BER degrades especially for the distance less than 1 m. The characteristics of the coefficient S21 between the transmitting and receiving antennas in both frequency and time domains are measured. The time delay and the delay spread are analyzed, and the SINR is also compared with the signal-to-interference ratio.


Foreword Preface Contributors Participating Institutions Acknowledgements 1. Biodiversity: Our Precious Heritage 2. Discovering Life in America: Tools and Techniques of Biodiversity Inventory 3. A Remarkable Array: Species Diversity in the United States 4. Conservation Status of U.S. Species 5. State of the States: Geographic Patterns of Diversity, Rarity, and Endemism 6. The Geography of Imperilment: Targeting Conservation towards Critical Biodiversity Areas 7. More than the Sum of the Parts: Diversity and Status of Ecological Systems 8. Leading Threats to U.S. Biodiversity: What's Threatening Imperiled Species 9. Strategies for Biodiversity Protection 10. Owning Up to Our Responsibilities: Who Owns Lands Important for Biodiversity? 11. Safeguarding Our Precious Heritage Appendix A: Extinct and missing species of the United States Appendix B: State Diversity, Endemism, and Rarity Appendix C: Kuchler Potential Natural Vegetation Types Appendix D: Principal Sources for the Natural Heritage Central Databases Literature Cited


In present situation, hospital administrators pay more attention on the discussion of informed consent.To put an emphasis discussion on the contradiction between informed consent and doctor's medical behavior. At the same time, put forward strategies and ethical principles about realizing informed consent.


In the year 2006, the government unveiled a blue print for developments of middle income status by the year 2030. Small and medium entrepreneurs (SMEs) were identified to be the key drivers to this initiative. Equity Group Foundation (EGF) supported the initiative by availing credit and financial literacy to SMEs. The SMEs form more than 99% of all enterprises in the world and they bring about economic growth in rural and urban setups and balanced developments. The global economy is heavily dependent on the success of SMEs. Equity bank founded a financial literacy program to provide the SMEs with relevant financial skills. SMEs in Kenya suffer from constrains like lack of training and management capacity that lower their resilience to risk and affects their growth. The general objective of the study was to establish the effects of EGF's literacy training program on loan repayment by SMEs. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the extent to which book keeping, credit management and budgeting © Harrison, Phelista & Nyamboga Licensed under Creative Common Page 2 skills influence loan repayment. Conducted on SMES in Ngara, Nairobi County, thirty (30) SMEs out of three hundred (300) trained by equity Bank participated in the study. The data collection instrument was a self administered drop and pick Questionnaire. Findings showed that the four skills mentioned here above greatly determine the ability of SMEs to repay loans. Findings of the study recommend that SMEs who have little or no financial literacy training should enrol in related programs to enhance their capacities. There is need to initiate more such programs to reach many SMEs for proper credit management, improvement of loans repayment, proper interpretation of financial statements as a result of financial analysis skills and proper decision making on opportunities and risk management.


The purposes of this paper are threefold. The first and the most general purpose is to provide an update of Ingham's analysis of the southern lexical features that is based on data gathered more than forty years ago (Ingham 1973). On this basis, I will reconsider the lexical link postulated by Ingham (2009: 101, 2007: 577) between the southern gilit-dialects continuum, on the one hand, and the dialects of the Gulf Coast, on the other hand. The second purpose is to reconsider the hitherto maintained lexical frontiers of the southern continuum suggested by Ingham (1994), discussing a range of items that so far have always been treated as 'southern', though they are widely spread in other gilitand, to a less extent, in qeltu-dialects in the western and northern parts of Iraq. The third purpose involves proposing the dichotomy Šrūgi/non-Šrūgi as a new and efficient way of classification of the gilit-dialects. At the end of this paper, a list of Šrūgi lexical features is given.


In early 2012, the South African government deployed a new electronic payment system for the nearly 10 million recipients of the state's welfare program. These monthly cash transfers reflect the constitutional right to social security and are also the state's most substantial poverty alleviation effort. The new payment system provided all recipients with a formal bank account, seemingly realizing the goals of 'financial inclusion' by 'banking the unbanked'. However, despite influential claims by proponents that the provision of financial services to the poor is empowering, in the case discussed below, pro-poor civil society organizations were at the forefront of challenging the financial inclusion of social grant beneficiaries. In particular, the provision of microloans and the terms of repayment through the formal financial system became a source of conflict that highlights tensions between the state, market, and social citizenship in post-apartheid South Africa. This case serves as a reminder of the ambiguities and complexities currently under-addressed in the aid industry's recent promotion of cashless or 'cash lite' economies. Introduction Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, governments and donors have significantly expanded the use of cash transfers to alleviate poverty and address other developmental needs such as education and health (Garcia and Moore 2012). These programs to "just give money to the poor" have been called a "development revolution" for their positive influences and administrative simplicity (Hanlon et al. 2010). Typically, these provide small cash grants at regular intervals to poor or vulnerable populations, most often to directly alleviate poverty but also to boost education or health. In addition to the direct goals of This is a pre-publication version of a chapter that appears in Money at the Margins: Global Perspectives on Technology, Financial Inclusion, and Design (Berghahn Books, 2018) Please refer to the version of record: http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/MaurerMoney For further information, see http://kevinpdonovan.com/other-writing/


Practice has proved that agricultural science and technology is related to the supply capacity of agricultural goods, agricultural development, rural prosperity and rural incomes, and country's long-term stability, and obviously, it is very important for China, a developing agricultural country. This paper has studied the influence of agricultural FDI on contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress based on the panel data of13 provincial administrative units from 2000 to 2012. The results show that under the premise of controlling other variables, the impact of agricultural FDI on agricultural science and technology contribution rate is significant. Except the indicator of rural financial scale, the pre-agricultural science and technology contribution rate, the inputs of researchers, the structure and efficiency of rural financial, the fixed asset investment in rural areas and rural human capital have a significant impact on the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress.


The article is devoted to development of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for accelerated identification of little-studied bacteria Bordetella petrii, which are isolated from animals and humans. LAMP is based on identification of a conserved gene in a target group of microorganisms against which a series of four to six primers should be designed. The study protocol takes less than one hour and includes amplification of the target gene using Bst polymerase in isothermal conditions. Species-specific primers were designed to identify B. petrii bacteria, transcription regulator gene LysR was used in the studies. The specificity of the selected primers was validated by BLAST at National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) server (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The researchers selected parameters for layout of the reaction, tested specificity of the developed protocol and appropriate amplification time, also they determined sensitivity of the developed LAMP protocol for identification of B. petrii bacteria. It was established that appropriate amplification result is recorded after 40-50 minutes; agarose gel electrophoresis indicates that sensitivity of the developed amplification protocol is 10 DNA copies. The developed method is specific, which is confirmed by a negative reaction on bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes spp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella infantis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sub.


This paper addresses the problem of velocity estimation for slow motion elements equipped with encoders. The slow movement causes rare pulses generated from the encoder, rarer than the sampling frequency. In such conditions, the velocity calculation by numeric derivative or Luenbergera observer fails. For that, it is proposed a new velocity estimation algorithm that uses information specific for encoder operating mode. Simulation and real-time experiments have shown a significant reduction in velocity error estimation of the proposed algorithm in comparison to conventional algorithms.


Amino acids 1 and 2 were designed and synthesized as the conformationally constrained analogues of (1S, 3R)- or (1S, 3S)-ACPDs, and the selective agonists of mGluRs. The synthesis started from (R)-phenylglycine using Seebach′s stereocenter self-regeneration method and intramolecular acylation as key steps. No activity was found when 1 and 2 were tested as either mGluR agonist or antagonist.


In the years since the 1996 Supreme Court Jaffee v. Redmond decision, many states broadened the scope of their laws governing privilege to include non-doctoral school psychologists. This article addresses the meaning of the term privileged communication and identifies common exceptions to privilege. Findings from a computerized search of the status of privileged communication between school psychologists and their clients in all states are reported. Implications of privilege communication laws for the delivery of school psychological services are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Present investigation was undertaken to analyse the effect of root volume restriction on the physiological performance of Rhizobium-inoculated (R+ ) and nitrogen-supplied (N+) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. Tuy.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Montalban.) plants. Restriction of root volume (RRV) was imposed via an 8-fold reduction in the rooting space. Plants were grown under controlled conditions and an unlimited availability of water and nutrients. For both plant species, RRV reduced the dry weight of roots, shoots and nodules, retarded the rate of leaf initiation and development, and increased the leaf chlorophyll concentration, regardless of the source of nitrogen. In contrast, RRV did not alter the shoot/root, leaf/root and nodule/root ratios, the concentration of total reducing sugars in shoots, roots and nodules, the leaf relative water content or the concentration of Rubisco in mature leaves of R+ and N+ bean and cowpea plants. Concentration of ureide and α-amino-N in shoots and nodules of R+ plants as well as of α-amino-N in shoots of N+ plants were also not affected by RRV, and abscission of trifoliolated leaves was not recorded in any of the treatment combinations. We conclude that dwarfism of RRV plants was not due to water stress, decreased rates of assimilation, increased abscisic acid, sink/source alterations, or to a reduction on the effectiveness of the symbiotic process or of nitrogen uptake in R+ and N+ plants, respectively.


T he evolution of health care in the United States has included many changes, most of which have been driven by advances in the science of diagnostic and therapeutic medicine or pure economics. Driven by third party payors and the federal government, the clinical practice of medicine now routinely includes many intravenous therapies delivered to patients in nontraditional settings including physician offices, extended care facilities, and the home. Infectious diseases such as osteomyelitis, infective endocarditis, deep fungal infections, severe skin and soft tissue infections, and surgical wound infections are now commonly treated with intravenous antibiotics that are occasionally supplemented with a variety of cytokine therapies in nontraditional settings. The supervision and the liability of these therapies commonly fall onto the infectious disease (ID) physician, often with little or no compensation. Over the past 20 yeas, 3 distinct methods of providing this care have evolved and will be briefly discussed in this article. As inpatient length of stays have shortened, hospitals have developed programs and facilities to allow them to continue to capture the health care dollars previously distributed to outside extended health care facilities and home care providers. Many hospitals have developed their own outpatient infusion services departments or formed joint ventures with existing home care companies. Traditionally, in this setting, the ID physician will dictate when the patient can safely be discharged to an alternate setting; prescribe the drug dosing and duration of therapy; order appropriate laboratory, radiographic, and other ancillary care such as wound therapy; and be available for consultation or follow-up therapy. Commonly, changes in the drug or dosing changes are necessary because of toxicity or adverse events related to the initial therapy. Reporting of these adverse events, laboratory data, and nursing evaluations to the prescribing and responsible physician are all dependent on the agency providing the care. The prescribing physician has no control over these agencies but is liable for the care they provide. In the past, a physician may have been paid a consulting fee by one or more of these home care agencies, but decreasing revenues and the risk of ''Stark Law self-referral'' issues have virtually eliminated these arrangements. Hospitals, however, still employ many ID physicians for their expertise in infection control, antibiotic review, and quality assurance and may include supervisory duties in outpatient infusion services as part of the contractual obligations of the physician. In most instances, however, the physician provides these services with little or no reimbursement. There are current procedural terminology codes that allow monthly supervision charges to be submitted. Many physicians either do not bother to submit these charges because of the necessary documentation or are unaware that this potential reimbursement is available. The second choice in providing outpatient infusion services is for the physician to own and supervise the services. This model (Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy) has received considerable attention and endorsement by the Infectious Disease Society of America. The physician responsibilities and liabilities remain the same as in the hospital-directed model. However, the management and performance of this business are now in control of the physician or physician group. Patient satisfactory is generally high; medical errors decreased. The business profits are distributed to the physician owners. While physician's income is greatest with this model, so are the responsibilities and risks! Unlike the hospital model, the physician or his employed manager must have the ability to hire and manage personnel including nurses trained in providing outpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy, perhaps a pharmacist experienced in outpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy, and certainly, billing and collection experts familiar with all the nuances of outpatient infusion therapy billing and collecting. Staying current with health care law is essential and, most often, will include substantial legal advice. This model is often viewed as being in direct competition with the hospital model, and political pressures within the hospital may make survival uncomfortable and competitive on a daily basis. The financial risks and time spent managing this model are great, but so are the potential rewards. Although less popular than 10 years ago, this model has not disappeared and is most commonly seen in large group practices that can support the personnel and other costs associated with the business. The third model is a variation of the hospital model and the outpatient physician owned and managed model. As in the hospital model, the physician duties and liabilities associated with identifying and managing the patient are the same. The business, nursing, pharmacy, and billing and collecting services are all subcontracted through an outside


A novel technique was developed for the recovery of lithium and aluminum from coal fly ash using a combination of pre-desilication and an intensified acid leaching process. The main components of the high-aluminum fly ash were found to be Al2O3 and SiO2, and the Al/Si ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.5 after desiliconization. The lithium content of the coal fly ash met national recycling standards. The optimal acid leaching conditions, under which the leaching efficiencies of lithium and aluminum were 82.23% and 76.72%, respectively, were as follows: 6 mol/L HCl, 1:20 solid to liquid ratio, 120 °C and 4 h. During the hydrochloric acid pressure leaching process, spherical particles of desilicated fly ash were decomposed into flakes. Part of the mullite phase was dissolved, and most of the glass phase leached into the liquor. The generation of the silicates hindered lithium transport, which decreased the leaching rate of lithium. This work suggests that the preprocessing is a promising option for effective recovery of high-aluminum and fly ash-associated lithium.


Knowledge on particle-size distribution (PSD) is crucial to the classification and description of soils and sediments. Since the early 1900s, various methods of PSD analysis have been in use. In Germany, analysis of PSD is conducted according to DIN ISO 11277:2002-08. This procedure involves a combination of sieving (particles 63 μm to 2000 μm) and sedimentation (particles <63 μm). Kohn pipette is the standard procedure for sedimentation. It is still conducted manually and is very time-consuming. As an automated alternative method, X-ray granulometry (XRG) was tested using the SediGraph 5100™ particle-size analyzer. With this device, the gravity-induced settling rates of different-size particles can be measured. The method is based on the same principles used in Kohn pipette (Stokes' law). However, work is carried out through X-ray absorption of particles in a suspension instead of pipetting and weighing.

For this study, both methods were applied to approx. 500 samples from various locations in Germany. Care was taken in making sure these samples are representative of important patterns of particle-size distribution in soils of Central Europe. Based on statistical methods of calculation, nonlinear regression functions became apparent. Therefore, XRG data can be recalculated into approximate data potentially derived from an analysis per Kohn pipette with an acceptable degree of accuracy and precision. Usually, use of XRG generates slightly higher clay contents. Currently, automated Kohn pipette devices with greater measuring capacities are in use. This eliminates the disadvantages posed by manual operation.


PURPOSE
Our objective was to establish the incidence of positive surgical margins, recurrence patterns, recurrence free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in a large cohort of patients undergoing robotic (RARC) and open radical cystectomy (ORC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a large retrospective cohort study at a high volume academic tertiary referral center. Patients were those who underwent RC for bladder cancer from 2005 to 2017. Patients were allocated to ORC or RARC by patient and surgeon choice. Propensity matching and a multivariable analysis was performed to determine factors predictive of RFS and OS following RC. All analysis was done with SAS 9.4.

RESULTS
The study included 1885 patients, 13.5% of whom underwent RARC. There was no difference in positive soft tissue surgical margins (2.4% in ORC and 1.2% in RARC). There were no differences in recurrence patterns, nor in the severity of pathology distribution between the two cohorts. Peritoneal carcinomatosis was seen in 1.1% of ORC and 0.8% in RARC. Shorter RFS was associated with younger age (HR 1.04, 95%CI 1.03-1.05, p<0.001), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR 1.41, 95%CI 1.14-1.75, p=0.002), higher pathologic stage (stage≥T2 HR 2.45, 95%CI 1.91-3.16, p<0.001), lymph node positivity at cystectomy (HR 1.92, 95%CI 1.50-2.47, p<0.001) and positive surgical margins (HR 1.49, 95%CI 1.09-2.05, p=0.01). RFS and OS did not differ by surgical approach (HR 1.04, 95%CI 0.83-1.30), p=0.75 and (HR 0.89, 95%CI 0.67-1.19), p=0.43, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The data from this study supports continued use of RARC as a safe oncologic procedure, with similar outcomes to ORC.


CITIES conference is an annual conference event held by the Departement of Urban and Regional Planning. CITIES conference has a scale from national to international conference. CITIES conference had been held 7 (seven) times nationally and 4 (four) times Internationally in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018. The purpose of this conference is to provide publications of all of the science and technology result based on research and planning practices. The past themes of the CITIES serial are: - Innovations In Spatial Planning Practices for Development and Decentralization (2005); - In Search of Integration: Between Planning and Spatial Programming (2008); - Toward Sustainable, Competitive, and Autonomous Spatial Planning (2009); - Facing the Future: Innovation In Planning Research and Practices (2010); - Spatial Planning Research Agenda for Sustainable and Just Urban and Regional Development (2011); - Facing Global Challenges In The Future Urban Sphere (2012); - Resilient Cities: Beyond mitigation, preparedness, response, dan recovery (2013); - Eco City, Utopia or Reality (2014); - Intelligent Planning Towards Smart Cities (2015); - Coastal Planning for Sustainable Maritime Development (2016) - Multi Persepectives on Peri-Urban Dynamics Towards Sustainable Developments (2017); This 2018 CITIES INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE is featuring topic in: Spatial Economics Transport Interaction for Sustainable Development. Focusing on the transportation and infrastructure development, spatial - economic development sustainable development, this conference aim to provide the insights in many aspects of the developments towards the future especially in urban transportation development.


We present a new concept which allows to build femtosecond lasers with very high average output powers. It is based on a thin disk Yb:YAG laser, passively mode-locked with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). In a first step, we obtained 16 W of average power in near transform-limited soliton pulses with 730 fs duration, 0.47 /spl mu/J energy, 560 kW peak power, and near diffraction-limited beam quality. Damage of the SESAM is not observed, and Q-switching instabilities are suppressed at full output power. The average power of 16 W is to our knowledge by far the highest reported for a laser oscillator in the subpicosecond regime, and we are working towards even significantly higher powers.


Abstract Introduction High dose insulin (HDI) therapy for cardiogenic shock from acute poisoning can be complicated by treatable hypoglycemia which persists following poisoning recovery. Glucose requirements post-HDI reflect supraphysiological insulin plasma concentration. A publication reported a patient treated with HDI with plasma insulin concentrations >1000 µU/mL and elimination half-life 10–18 h requiring intravenous glucose replacement for >5 days. We report two cases treated with HDI (Actrapid; soluble or regular insulin) with shorter elimination half-lives. Case reports A man ingesting diltiazem received HDI for approximately 60 h (maximum dose 10 U/kg/h) and supplemental intravenous dextrose for 44 h post-HDI. Post-HDI the maximum measured plasma insulin concentration was 6345 µU/mL and elimination half-life 5.5 h. A man ingesting propranolol received HDI for approximately 12 h (maximum dose 1.5 U/kg/h) and supplemental intravenous dextrose for 4 h post-HDI. Post-HDI the maximum measured plasma insulin concentration was 368 µU/mL and elimination half-life 2.2 h. Discussion Markedly different insulin pharmacokinetics post-HDI is observed in two cases and a previously published report, and factors contributing to the interpatient differences are poorly defined. This pharmacokinetic variability impacts on the severity and duration of treatable hypoglycemia post-HDI. Analytical factors impacting on the measured plasma insulin concentrations include appropriate sample dilution and differing analytical specificity for the type of insulin.


We have agreed to provide within the journal a list of completed theses in the field of Disability Studies. This will be an important resource for readers to follow through as well as provide the names of colleagues who are new entrants to the discipline. This is an open invitation for theses completed from 2010 which fit with the Aims and Scope of Disability & Society. Please provide the following information: The name of the author The title of the thesis The University awarding the degree (please state degree awarded and year) A 100 word synopsis of the thesis Email address Please forward this information to Helen Oliver, School of Education, University of Sheffield, 388 Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JA. Email: email@example.com We will include this call for Doctoral Announcements in forthcoming issues of the journal.


Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were analyzed in many research applications as a channel of communication between humans and computers. EEG signals associated with imagined fists and feet movements were filtered and processed using wavelet transform analysis for feature extraction. The proposed work used Neural Networks (NNs) as a classifier that enables the classification of imagined movements into one of the four classes (left hand , right hand , foot and tongue).Daubechies wavelet mother function(db8) was used analyze the extracted events and then different feature extraction measures were calculated for three detail levels of the wavelet coefficients .Intensive NN training and testing experiments were carried out, The result of classification performance is 86.7% was achieved with a NN classifier of 17 hidden layers while using the Integral EEG (IEEG) of the wavelet Daubechies coefficients as inputs to FNN.


French children's periodicals underwent some significant changes between the years 1933 and 1954. French publishing houses and press agencies came under attack for being unduly influenced by and saturated with subversive American cartoons and comics. Numerous French comic strips created and endorsed by different morality leagues and Communist political groups appeared. The new French comic strips during this period were modeled after their more popular American counterparts; however, they were drawn by French authors and displayed Communist ideals. The strips utilized the brightly colored techniques of the American strips, trying to capture the imagination and attention of the children that read them. These French-born strips were designed to combat the widespread appeal of the American strips. The French comic strips and comic books were used as tools for the supposed intellectual and political education of the youths they targeted. American comic strips during this period were campaigned against, being painted as highly corruptive, perverse publications that assaulted the morality of the youth of France. Repeated attempts to get legislation passed that would enforce the newly created offense of "youth demoralization via the press" were made but were never entirely successful. The result was that the influence of American comic strips was never completely replaced and still had a devoted following among French youth during this time period.


Correspondence Address: (51) Int. Cl. ............................................ H03M 13/00 WOLF GREENFIELD & SACKS, PC (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................................. 714/755 FEDERAL RESERVE PLAZA 600 ATLANTIC AVENUE (57) ABSTRACT BOSTON, MA 02210-2211 (US) A circuit and a method for decoding data coded by blocks by (21) Appl. No.: 10/324,247 a turbo-code including Successive Steps implementing dif ferent algorithms. At least two of the Successive Steps are CC ec. 19, capable of being applied in parallel to different data blockS. 22) Filled De 1 2002 i li i llel diff s


The manner in which we use and control heat is of great importance both technologically, and within our daily lives. Roughly 90% of the energy that we use today has been involved in the generation to and conversion from heat (e.g., coal or gas power plants, combustion engines for transportation, and nuclear energy, to name only a few). The efficiency of these processes is limited by the control we have over the storage and transport of heat within materials. Most practical thermal-energy systems that are involved in transport, storage, and/or conversion operate far from their limits. Since thermal transport is a materials phenomenon, it is useful to compare our understanding of it with other transport properties such as the conduction of electrons. Since the discovery of electricity, research on charge transport in materials has pushed the extremes of electrical conductivity, which now spans over 20 orders of magnitude. In 1947 the transistor was invented, which permitted external tuning of electrical conductivity in the solid state—and forming the foundation for information processing and beginning the digital age. The societal impact of research in electrical conduction has been and will continue


The history of mathematics is replete with nearly simultaneous, or at least independent, discoveries and rediscoveries, from "little" results amounting to mere observations to major theorems and theories. The two notes following offer, in addition to the insights each contains, an example of Editor Schattschneider's observation that "if you receive one manuscript on a topic, you are likely to receive another one on the same topic in two weeks." As one of the cited "codiscoverers," I would like to provide a backdrop for these two notes. The result discussed here is a "little" one, namely, the resolution of the question: "If a sufficiently smooth function of two variables has exactly one critical point, and it occurs at a local extremum, is that also a global extremum?" My interest in the question arose in the following way. During the period 1976-1981 I had the good fortune to serve as Calculus Project Adviser for the D. C. Heath Co. for the specific purpose of assisting with the development of Philip Gillett's Calculus and Analytic Geometry. All of us who teach calculus (authors of books possibly excluded) know that we have a better textbook in our heads than any of the ones we have taught from, and this was my opportunity to get some of my ideas into print without devoting the enormous time and effort required for writing a good book. (I say " some" because, whenever Phil and I disagreed on something, it was his book to write.) At some point in our discussions on multivariable calculus, Phil asked me the question posed above. I'm sure we weren't the first to consider it, but we couldn't recall having seen the answer in any of the calculus books we had read. And since one of the principles we hoped to stress was the continuity of the subject, that is, the natural flow of multivariable concepts from the extensive treatment of functions of one variable, it seemed to be a natural question to resolve. My initial reaction (not very different from that reported by the authors of the following notes) was that the answer to the question (as posed above) was positive, and that I could prove it with a little effort. It didn't take me long to start doubting that first intuitive flash, and I began to visualize (in three dimensions, not as a contour map) something like FIGURE 1 in the RosenholtzSmylie note: a hill separated from an infinitely rising wall by a gently sloping valley that never levels off. I saw the cross sections perpendicular to the valley as cubics, the cross section of the hill parallel to the valley as bell shaped, and the valley itself as exponential. I placed the peak of the hill at the origin and the valley along x = 1, and all that remained was working out appropriate coefficients for the cubics:


The present paper studies issues related to the history of Spanish attested in a translation of David's psalms by a Jamaican rabbi, completed in the late 17th century and with a London publication in collaboration with a group of influential and highly cultured Sephardim. The versification of the corpus makes it possible to establish with complete certainty the cultural value of the fee form, and of graphically similar elements ( vee , see ), in relation to the fashion of writing and the weight of the forensic tradition. The rhyme in proparoxytone verses also gives diachronic firmness to several hypercorrect proparoxytones found in Daniel Israel's work, of problems concerning both European and American Spanish, and the analysis also points to the need for revision of the etymologies of the entries vaguido , with its inclusion of váguido , and vah í do in the Academy's dictionary, in conjunction with documentation and phonetic evolution.


The chemical constituents of Euphorbia antiquorum L.were studied by the methods of column chromatography and HPLC.Six compounds were isolated from the ethanol extracts of Euphorbia antiquorum and the structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and physiochemical properties.They were identified as euphol(1),euphorbol(2),β-sitosterol(3),stigmasterol(4),taraxetol(5),and 6,7,8-trimethoxy coumarin(6).The compounds 1,2,5,and 6 were isolated from this plant for the first time.


A decrease in basitrichous isorhiza and spirocyst nematocysts is observed in a fully fed sea anemone, Calliactis tricolor, as compared to unfed animals. Discharge of tentacle nematocysts of an intact living animal is inhibited by anesthetics and a decrease in temperature. The chemical (food origin) threshold for discharge of basitrichs is higher than for spirocysts and the implications of these results are discussed. The most probable cause for the observed decrease in nematocyst discharge is a combination of food present in the gastrovascular cavity and a physical stretching of the cavity.


This paper provides a framework for the transcription of the surface of a mirror-finished die onto a metal plate by friction stir forming (FSF). In FSF, a material is put on a die, then friction stirring was conducted on its back surface for the transcription of the profile of the die onto the material. In this paper, a mirror-polished die of JIS SUS304 stainless steel with surface roughness Sz 0.014 mm and a probe-less friction-stirring tool in 18 mm shoulder diameter were employed for the experiment. A5083P-O aluminum plates, 3 mm thick, were utilized as base metals for the transcription. The authors varied tool spindle speed and tool feed rate to evaluate the forming results. Consequently, a mirror-finished surface under the friction-stirring tool was successfully transferred from the die to the aluminum alloy plate. The roughness of the base metal before processing was Sz 0.022 mm and that of the processed metal was Sz 0.012–0.016 mm. Higher spindle speed and faster feed rate resulted in a smoother surface; it is thought that high spindle speed and faster feed rate should be effective for higher contact pressure between a die and a material.


Civil aviation is one of the sectors most affected by the Covid 19 pandemic. Due to the lack of marketing research in the Arab world on this topic, this study examined the causal and moderating relationships between Covid-19 anxiety, prevention focus, self-efficacy, information about Covid-19, and intention to travel by air. Data were collected via an electronic survey from a convenience sample of 515 Saudis. A structural equation modeling analysis showed that prevention focus had an influence on Covid-19 anxiety, which in turn had a negative impact on intention to travel by air. A multigroup analysis was also conducted. The results confirmed that the effect of Covid-19 anxiety on air travel intention is stronger when individuals have low levels of self-efficacy. Several theoretical implications and recommendations for management are discussed.


This article explores the inclusion of women and indigenous peoples in the Bolivian and Ecuadorian Armed forces via specific public policies and affirmative actions that took place between 2005 and 2013. These policies are based on a universal liberal notion of rights that respond to a modernization and democratization of the armed forces mentioned. I argue thatthis reflects an institutional emphasis on hegemonic feminism and multi-culturalism while rejecting decolonial feminisms and interculturalism, which would correspond better to the Buen Vivir paradigms.


Poor labelling is a contributing factor of medication errors. To predict potential human errors in the process of reading the container labels for injectable medications, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was applied to the label reading process. The implementation of FMEA involved various challenges including difficulties in representing a context-sensitive process, defining the failure modes, their causes and effects and developing rating scales for criticality. The identified failure modes were rated via a focus group of healthcare professionals. The results of the FMEA will be applied to improve existing label designs to prevent potential medication errors that may result from human errors in the label reading process.


The Virtual Observatory is now mature enough to produce cutting-edge science results. The exploitation of astronomical data beyond classical identification limits with interoperable tools for statistical identification of sources has become a reality. I present the discovery of 68 optically faint, obscured (i.e., type 2) active galactic nuclei (AGN) candidates in the two GOODS fields using the Astrophysical Virtual Observatory (AVO) prototype. Thirty-one of these sources have high estimated X-ray powers (>10^44 erg/s) and therefore qualify as optically obscured quasars, the so-called QSO 2. The number of these objects in the GOODS fields is now 40, an improvement of a factor > 4 when compared to the only 9 such sources previously known. By going ~ 3 magnitudes fainter than previously known type 2 AGN in the GOODS fields the AVO is sampling a region of redshift -- power space much harder to reach with classical methods. I also discuss the AVO move to our next phase, the EURO-VO, and our short-term plans to continue doing science with the Virtual Observatory.


Our vision for the future of evaluation is grounded in a desire for evaluation to play an expanded and more productive role within organizations. This future emphasizes a learning approach to evaluation that is contextually-sensitive, ongoing, and supports dialog, reflection, and decision making at department and programmatic as well as organization-wide levels. Although we believe elements of this approach are applicable to many kinds of evaluations, we recognize that it may be difficult or less appropriate for large-scale, multisite policyoriented evaluation studies. In what follows we take a historical look at how interest in evaluation use and organizational learning has developed. Then we describe challenges to implementing a learning approach to evaluation, and how changes both within and outside the evaluation profession can help organizations use evaluation more effectively.


Supraventriculer tachycardia especially is seen in healthy young patients. Symptoms of patients are changing from mild symptoms including mild palpitation, dyspnea, dizziness to severe symptoms including severe chest pain, dyspnea, congestive heart failure, syncope, deterioration of consciousness. Treatment and symptoms are depended on the type of supraventriculer tachycardia, duration and numbers of attack of supraventriculer tachycardia and underlying heart disease. The first approach to patient with SVT is to consider whether these patients are stable or have hemodynamic deterioration. Patients with SVT who have hypotension, severe dyspnea, impairing in consciousness should be imme¬diately restored to sinus rhythm with electrocardioversion. In long term management, pharmacological or catheter ablation therapy are applied. Recently, using of the catheter theraphy is increasing due to high successive and lower complication ratio.


We evaluate lender discrimination during the mortgage default process. A telephone survey was conducted to evaluate the extent of lender discrimination in defaults that lead to foreclosure in New Orleans, Louisiana between 1985-1990. We use these data to estimate the independent effects of race and neighborhood characteristics on the extent of lender assistance or forbearance during the foreclosure process. Our analysis indicates that the proportion of black residents in the neighborhood where the property was foreclosed is a more significant predictor of forbearance than the race of the borrower. This is a foreboding indication of the possibility that recent gains in black home buying may be partially offset by the persistence of residential segregation in U.S. cities. LENDER DISCRIMINATION DURING DEFAULT Controversy continues to define the literature on race discrimination in urban credit markets. For every study which shows that banks make fewer loans in predominantly minority communities than in majority white ones or that banks discriminate against individual minority loan applicants, another study concludes that race discrimination has all but disappeared from housing finance. Some scholars argue that place discrimination has replaced individual discrimination or that only the interaction of an individual's race and neighborhood characteristics reveals the sources of potentially discriminatory behavior (Ambrose and Capone 1996; Holloway 1998). Another stream of research is criticized for omitting critical variables related to credit worthiness or for using counterfactual methods and logic to address critical issues related to race discrimination. One clear message from this literature is a mandate to continue research on various aspects of discrimination in urban credit markets. This article addresses several important issues in the literature on discrimination in urban credit markets through an investigation of lender forbearance in the mortgage default process. The idea is that a shift in focus away from loan origination and onto the mortgage default process may create some new insight. Is there race discrimination in the mortgage default process? How does credit worthiness compare with other reasons for default? Are individual or neighborhood characteristics more closely linked to discrimination in the default process? The article proceeds with a review of several issues in the literature on race discrimination in housing finance. Results will then be presented from an analysis of census data and data from a survey of forbearance in the default process that was administered to 197 homeowners who were foreclosed on in New Orleans between 1985 and 1990. RACE DISCRIMINATION IN HOUSING FINANCE Race discrimination in residential mortgage lending has been empirically evaluated using a counterfactual model based in the economics of discrimination (Becker 1971; Berkovec et al 1996). The argument made is that if lenders consider blacks and/or other minority applicants a higher default risk, all other things being equal, they will require higher returns on their investment and will impose more stringent underwriting standards. This practice is structured to monetarily compensate for the higher default risk and decrease other known risk factors. If minorities are held to stricter loan origination standards then it follows that minority borrowers should exhibit a lower default and foreclosure rate than non-minority borrowers. The counterfactual argument is then made that if minority borrowers do not experience a lower default and foreclosure rate, then the risk reduction compensatory practice was either not used (i.e., statistical discrimination based on race did not occur), or the stringency of the underwriting standards was not severe enough to compensate for the actual increased risk. While this approach has been severely criticized methodologically for omitting critical variables from the empirical models estimated (Galster 1996; Ross 1996; Yinger 1996), the counterfactual argument itself has not. We will address a logical flaw in the counterfactual argument. We assert, along with Yinger (1996), Ross (1996; 1997), and Ambrose and Capone (1996, 90), that the logical flaw in the counterfactual argument is the unexamined assumption that racial discrimination is not practiced during the mortgage default and foreclosure process. We believe this is a particularly grievous assumption when empirical tests only address whether or not racial discrimination occurred at an earlier point in the residential mortgage process. An examination of potential discrimination in the default process provides insight into several other issues in the literature. One issue concerns the possibility of race related yet unobserved credit unworthiness. Most research on the topic is limited methodologically because the lender provides all information about the mortgage process. For example, Ambrose and Capone's (1996) useful study of the default process does not resolve the problem because they use lender data to infer that race related credit unworthiness is absent. We start from an alternative theory that cultural barriers between white loan officers and minority borrowers reinforce discriminatory myths that reduce trust and militate against nondiscriminatory loan practices (Holloway 1998, 258-59). To address the issue empirically our survey of foreclosed homeowners contains questions that ask the reason for default, whether borrowers received any lender assistance and/or forbearance, and how they attempted to resolve the default problem (see Appendix A). These data allow us to examine whether discrimination occurred during the default and foreclosure process in New Orleans during the late 1980s. A most contentious issue in the literature is obviously whether discrimination based on race is still practiced in urban credit markets. A related issue concerns the extent to which any discrimination that exists is directed against individuals or against neighborhoods. Discrimination against minority individuals in the mortgage lending process is illegal. However, widespread evidence supports the conclusion that many whites still prefer to live in all white neighborhoods and that many financial professionals place obstacles in the path of minorities who want to move into these areas (Farley et al 1978; Farley et al 1994; Massey and Denton 1993). Steven Holloway (1998) recently reported that being black significantly increases the probability of having a loan application denied in the all white neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio. However, the uncovering of individual level discrimination in loan origination is complicated by the fact that it is so highly correlated with variables like credit history, wealth, and loan to value ratio that can legitimately be used to allocate credit (Munnell et al 1996). Despite these difficulties, scholars like Geoffrey Tootell (1996, 1078) insist that many lenders remain reluctant to make loans to minorities wherever they apply. Geoffery Tootell (1996) is also among the scholars who believe that the evidence for redlining, the denying of credit to a neighborhood, is weak. The case is made that legislation like the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) and Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) has been largely successful in monitoring the lending practices of financial institutions so that redlining does not continue. But the issue remains a tricky one. Despite revealed preferences to live in integrated neighborhoods, most black home buyers actually buy into segregated ones (Clark 1991; Immergluck 1998). Continued place stratification is attributed partially to racial myths and stereotypes that condition decisions about lending and residential location (Massey and Denton 1993; Stone 1986). These racial stereotypes then interact with economic concerns about the potential for declining house values in minority neighborhoods to restrict lending in these areas. The economic association of undesirable future outcomes with minority group membership perpetuates discrimination in lending practices to minority dominated neighborhoods. This logic can be extended to investigate the potential for place-based discrimination in the default process. We address the question of whether more forbearance is granted delinquent borrowers in majority white than in majority black neighborhoods. The denial of forbearance to borrowers in predominantly black neighborhoods would be read as discrimination against those neighborhoods. METHODOLOGY The data used in the analysis come from three sources: Civil District Court records; a telephone survey; and the U.S. Census. We first collected data on 4,154 residential mortgage foreclosures in New Orleans between 1985 and 1990 from Civil District Court records. We then conducted a telephone survey of persons whose property in New Orleans was foreclosed between 1985 and 1990. Finally, aggregate data were collected at the block group level for New Orleans from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing, Summary tape Files 3-A (U.S. Census Bureau 1982; 1992). The Census data were merged with the survey data and the data on residential mortgage foreclosures. Using the total population of foreclosures in New Orleans from 1985 to 1990, we employed a proportionate stratified sampling technique (see Appendix B) to construct a sampling frame of 2,224 phone numbers of people who had been foreclosed on in that period. The sampling frame was tested and found to be representative of the population of foreclosures. We then selected a proportional random sample of 876 foreclosure cases which was stratified by race and income. The final interview sample contains 197 respondents. The low response rate to the telephone survey is understandable given the fact that any person whose property is foreclosed on has moved from that address. In addition, we were contacting people seven to twelve years after their forecl


This is the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) Amendment 82 for incorporation into the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) FSAR set assigned to you. This page change amendment incorporates changes previously approved by the U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office. This amendment provides updates to the FSAR to facilitate FFTF shutdown and deactivation. Among the changes are the following: Chapter 11 is updated to describe upgrades to the Solid Waste Cask. Additional fuel handling accidents are added to Chapter 15. Appendix G is revised to clearly identify systems and their safety functions. Appendix H is revised to remove the discussion of material that has been removed from the Interim Storage Area. Appendix I is revised to provide a general description of liquid metal removal from FFTF. Other changes include minor technical updates from the FSAR annual review and editorial and procedure references.


In this study, we discuss about decreasing the power consumption of a smart devices in web applications. The decrease of the running cost and the improvement of availability are very important for the reduction of the power consumption in communication systems and services. We have conducted various experiments for power consumption by considering iOS and Android Operating Systems (OS). In this paper, we present experimental results to measure the performances of power consumption by playing the web contents and tapping the touch panel.


In this paper, we examine spatio-temporal evolution of free moving drops in a vertically stratified fluid and study the role of stratification on the rise velocity of a single drop, two drops and a swarm of rising drops. Utilizing fully resolved three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), we discuss the effects of density stratification on the interaction of two drops and microstructure of swarm of drops. We considered nearly spherical drops in our simulations. To study the drafting-kissing-tumbling (DKT) process in a stably stratified fluid, we carried out simulations with different initial angles of approach and found that for the side-by-side configuration, the drops separate from each other in both weakly stratified and homogenous fluids but stratification suppresses the rise velocity of the drops. For the case of multiple drops, we found that the time-averaged Reynolds number of multiple drops in a linearly stratified fluid is smaller than that of a homogenous fluid. After the initial transition period, the drops in the stratified fluid rise less than the ones in the homogeneous case.


ConclusionsAlthough HIV infection is characterized by a long period of clinical latency, HIV actively replicates in the lymphoid organs during this period, despite the fact that virus replication is barely detectable or absent in peripheral blood. Histopathologic alterations (i.e., follicular hyperplasia and expansion of the FDC network) may partly explain the dichotomy between the levels of viral burden in the lymphoid organs versus peripheral blood. These findings demonstrate that lymphoid organs function as reservoirs and potentially as major sites of virus replication. However, they also indicate that the peripheral blood does not accurately reflect the actual state of HIV disease, particularly in early-stage infection. In fact, HIV disease is active and progressive even when there is little evidence of disease activity in peripheral blood. Therefore, a state of true microbiological latency is non-existent during the course of HIV infection.


Malaria remains the most important mosquito-borne parasitic disease in sub – Saharan Africa and one of the ways of reducing the risk of the disease is  by preventing mosquito–human contact. Mosquito coil (MC) is a coiled substance having one or more insecticides that slowly burns to emit smoke that  repels mosquitoes. Some emissions from mosquito coil smoke (MCS) have however been reported to have various health implications. In this study, we  investigated the effect of MCS inhalation on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Twenty adults male Wistar  rats weighing between 160 and 180g were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group I (G1) served as unexposed control while groups 2 – 4  (G2, G3, G4) were exposed to MCS for 2, 4, and 6 hours respectively each day for eight weeks. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were weighed  and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical parameters while kidney, liver and lung samples were harvested for  histopathology. There was a significant increase (P<0.5) in the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and electrolyte level of exposed rats compared to the control.  Histopathological evaluation of the kidney showed severe congestion of the renal cortex and moderate diffused degeneration of the renal tubules.  Sections of the exposed liver showed mild to moderate periportal cellular infiltration, mild congestion of interstitial capillaries, and mild diffuse hydropic  degeneration of hepatocytes. Similarly, sections of exposed lungs revealed severe congestion and oedema of the lungs, moderate diffuse proliferation of  alveoli pneumocyte, multiple foci of congestion, and oedema with haemorrhage into the alveoli. These findings suggest that exposure to MCS may have  toxic effects on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Friendlier mosquito control alternatives like Long  Lasting Insecticidal–treated Nets should therefore be encouraged.


This article covers a set of requirements that allow for picking pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) best suited for use in implementations of a rendering method known as path tracing. The set of requirements and recommendations is aimed towards this particular application, and tries to outline issues specific to path tracing as well as avoiding generic problems with PRNGs.


Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit of the skin that occurs in 85% of adolescents and can continue into adulthood. The skin of the facial area has an essential role in socializing, therefore, facial AV can contribute to the accumulation of psychosocial stress. The prevalence of individuals with AV seeking treatments is low in some countries. This study aimed to determine the association between psychosocial burdens due to AV and medical treatment-seeking behavior in young adults . Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2020 among 100 medical students with AV. The ASEAN Lehmann criteria were used to objectively assessed AV. Psychosocial burden was determined by the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) questionnaire and then classified into unaffected (score 0), mild (score 1-5), moderate (6-10), and severe (11-15). History-related AV was obtained through a questionnaire. The analysis was performed using the chi-square test. Results: Of the 100 medical students with AV, 82% had suffered from mild to severe psychosocial burdens. The mean score of the CADI was 4.03. However, only 44% of students sought treatment from doctors for their AV. There was a significant association between psychosocial burden and medical treatment-seeking behavior (p = 0.014). Conclusion: The psychosocial burden of acne vulgaris in young adults is high, however, medical treatment-seeking behavior is low. Therefore, psychosocial management is an essential aspect in treating patients with AV.


Design p. 2 items 292.1 of the criminal code of Russian Federation coincide with signs of structure of the crime provided by item 293 of the criminal code of Russian Federation. The problem consists that in practice frequently the acts containing all signs of structure of a crime on p.1. items 292.1 criminal codes of Russian Federation qualify on easier norm p. 2 items 292.1 of the criminal code of Russian Federation that promoted by imperfection of norm. In article the author offers variants of elimination of blanks existing in the criminal law.


This paper argues that Journey into the Fantastic, by Boris Kossoy, is an exemplary case of montage working as a creative process in photographic books. The work is an important contribution to the world of photobooks. Full of experimentation, it relates exercises of photographic expression to the exploration of conventional aspects of the support. By using Eisenstein's theory and typology, we describe how combinatorial patterns can be observed acting as meaning-making processes in this photographic book. We observe that juxtaposition types known as intellectual montage are the main processes regulating the relations established between its parts, scaffolding it as a whole.


This research aim's to investigate language style variation used by the government on a covid-19 post on Instagram. This research is applied the descriptive qualitative method that focused on two objectives of the study. Firstly, to investigate situations types of language style variation were found in social media and secondly, to investigate realized of language style variation in social media in posting Coronavirus disease (covid-19). The data were collected through caption by the government that related to covid-19 found in Instagram. The data were collected through identified language style, do note-taking, and collecting references related to data. The researcher used Martin Joss's theory (1976: 153-155) to analyze the type of language styles such as are formal style, consultative style, and casual style. The research finding showed that 8 data were used by the government in a formal style, 7 data were used by the government in a consultative style, and 5 data were used by the government in a casual style.


This project encompasses a historical fiction novel set during the American Revolution and a collection of familiar essays exploring different ways in which creative writers seek to access the eighteenth-century past. The essays, which form my critical component, are intended for a general audience and draw on a variety of theoretical approaches to reading and writing fiction. The first essay, 'Story Truth', engages with the notion of 'authenticity' and the challenges of using primary historical sources as a creative writer. The second essay, 'Dear John Adams', analyzes three fictional iterations of one eighteenth-century historical figure. The third essay, 'Shifts and Stays', focuses on my experiential research at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and reenactment as both theory and practice. The historical novel, which forms my creative component, explores the life of a Loyalist woman in South Carolina during the Revolution, as well as the lives of her cousin and an enslaved woman in her household. Building on a variety of primary sources, experiential research and secondary accounts, the novel illuminates perspectives on the Revolution that are not often explored in historical fiction.