A comparative study of the corrosion phenomena of subsurface storage tank vessel in different media has been performed. The corrosion rates of the system was determined and compared with some mechanical properties of the tank materials. The corrosion rates were calculated from the data obtained by weight loss technique. The tensile and impact strengths and hardness of materials were obtained by standard methods. It was observed that increasing corrosion rates led to gradual reduction of mechan-ical properties. For example, there were reduction in tensile strengths, hardness and yield strengths. Also acidic medium had greater impact on the tanks than the basic and natural media.  Consequently by proper control procedures, it has been possible to reduce the effect of corrosion upon subsurface tanks.

 Key words: Corrosion, acid, base, tanks, degradation.


and the Biomechanics of Head Balance Jessica E. Rothwell Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution and Social Change Introduction Inten%onal cranial vault modifica%on is a cultural prac%ce that alters the shape of the skull, and thus how the skull balances1. At pre-‐Columbian sites in the Andean region, vault modifica:on comes in two main forms: circumferen%al (C), achieved by wrapping cloth around an infant's head, and anteroposterior (AP), achieved by a?aching s:ff boards to the front and back of an infants head with cords or laces (Fig. 1). Materials and Methods My sample consists of 96 adult crania from various sites in Peru and Bolivia (Fig. 3). The crania were divided into categories according to modifica:on type: AP (n=20), C (n=39), or N (n=37).


Abstract Four conformationally restricted bicyclic 2′-spiro nucleosides were synthesised and incorporated into oligonucleotides. These spiro nucleotides induced decreased duplex thermostabilities.


Present study was carried out to record the insect pollinators on the blossom of Moringa oleifera during its flowering season. All the insects that visited the M. oleifera flowers between 6.00am and 6:00pm were observed and collected. The diversity and abundance of the insect visitors on the blossom were determined. Six species of Apidae family, two species of Vespidae, two species of Papilionidae family and one species of Nymphalidae family were found visiting the flowers of M. oleifera. A. florea was recorded as top workers on inflorescence of M. oleifera as pollen and nectar gatherers followed by Apis dorsata, Amegilla sp., Megachile sp. and Xylocopa sp.


Abstract This paper presents the expressions for the vibrational power flow (VPF) in beam-plate structures (BPSs) with isolation components for three different cases: case 1 is when the isolation component 1 (IC1) is added at the free end of the beam; case 2 is when the isolation component 2 (IC2) is embedded between the beam and the plate; case 3 is when IC1 is at the end of the beam, and IC2 is between the beam and the plate (IC1,2). The BPS is composed of a constant-cross-section beam and a thin flat rectangular plate with four edges simply supported. According to these expressions the corresponding numerical calculations are implemented. The influence of the parameters of the isolation components on the VPF is also considered. The calculated VPF in the structures are compared with the corresponding measured VPF. There is good agreement between them. The analytical method presented in the paper provides a tool for analysing vibrational energy transmission between the support roller and the armoured plate of a tracked vehicle. Some valuable conclusions have been applied to the vibration and noise control of tracked vehicles.


This paper describes the 32*32 bit MAC Unit designed by using DADDA Multiplier algorithm. In recent year, Multiply Accumulate (MAC) unit developing for various high performance application.MAC unit performs multiplication and accumulation process. DADDA Multiplier has been used in the MAC Unit and comparison done based on the power, speed and area. This proposed method is to achieve low propagation delay, resource utilization and to increase the speed of processor. Basic MAC unit consist of multiplier, adder and accumulator. Speed of the multiplier is very important to any digital signal processors (DSPs).In this paper, 32-bit DADDA Multiplier and 64-bit carry look ahead adder are used. Carry look ahead adder (CLA) are widely used because of the solves this problem by calculating the carry signal in advance based on the input signal. The proposed research work is coded in VHDL & analysis in terms of speed, power & area is done on using Xilinx ISE 13.1 tool. Keywords-MAC unit, DADDA Multiplier, carry look ahead adder (CLA), VHDL, Xilinx ISE 13.1


CONTEXT - Software Process Improvement (SPI) initiatives create new and improve existing processes to increase productivity, customer satisfaction, quality of product while reducing cost, and time to market thus maximizing Return on investments. OBJECTIVE - The main focus of this paper is to know about the state of art in SPI and to find out the strength of evidence in empirical work reported within SPI literature. METHOD - Methodology of systematic literature review (SLR) is used. A protocol has been developed and executed. Search strings developed and mentioned in the protocol were applied to the databases to extract relevant papers. A set of papers were identified after reading abstracts of papers extracted after application of search string. A quality criterion was applied on this set to finally select the studies for data extraction. Currently, we are at the data extraction phase of SLR. EXPECTED OUTCOME - The anticipated outcome of this systematic review will be state of art in SPI including widely used tools, models, and techniques; reasons to initiate SPI; SPI challenges/Issues widely reported; the SPI areas which are under more consideration; the SPI areas that lack of attention; frequencies of empirical studies in each of the SPI sub-areas.


The broadening of the P9P9 absorption line of oxygen molecules entrapped in the pores of nanoporous alumina is studied using Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy (GASMAS). A narrow band tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), with emission peaking around 763 nm, is used to scan over the absorption line of the oxygen A-band. The oxygen line broadening in alpha alumina discs of pore sizes 150 nm, 80 nm and 50 nm, are measured to be 3.8 GHz, 4.2 GHz, and 4.8 GHz, respectively, and compared with the measured open-air oxygen line broadening of 3.3 GHz. The oxygen line broadenings are correlated with studied samples pore sizes and are found to agree well with the line broadenings evaluated using a model based on collisions of confined oxygen molecules with the bulk sample pore walls.


Intravascular clot formation is an important event in a number of cardiovascular diseases. The prevention of blood coagulation has become a major target for new therapeutic agents. Factor Xa (FXa) is a trypsin-like serine protease that plays a key role in the blood coagulation cascade and represents an attractive target for anticoagulant drug development. We have investigated substituents in the central part of a lead compound (3: M55113), and discovered that compound M55551 (34: (R)-4-[(6-Chloro-2-naphthalenyl)sulfonyl]-6-oxo-1-[[1-(4-pyridinyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-2-piperazinecarboxylic acid) is a potent inhibitor of FXa (IC(50)=0.006 microM), with high selectivity for FXa over trypsin and thrombin. The activity of this compound is ten times more powerful than the lead compound.


According to research achievements of Chinese regional geomorphology over nearly 30 years, including landscape classification and landform mapping, this paper systematically discusses the specific steps and methods, principles and the standards for geomorphological regionalization. It is suggested that the basis and standard of geomorphological zoning at all levels not only include the similarities and differences of the combinations of geomorphology type together with the landform genesis, but also its dimension. Based on 1:4000 000 geomorphplogical map of China and the GIS technology, we made an analysis of reasons for the Chinese regional differentiation of the essential geomorphological types and their genesis and divided the whole China into six major geomorphological regions and 38 districts. Region I (eastern hilly plains) is located in the northern part of the low terrain unit of China, in which the largest plain areas of China are distributed. Plains and platforms are dominant and the fluvial accumulation landforms are well developed. This region includes seven districts. Region II (southwestern low-middle mountains) is located in the southern part of the low terrain unit of China, which is dominated by low-elevation hills and low- or middle-relief mountains with only 30% of its area occupied by plain and platforms. Fluvial geomorphologies are typical with a developed karst landform in Southwest China, which can be divided into five districts. Region III (central and northern middle mountains and plateau) is located in the northeastern part of the middle terrain unit of China, characterized by the plateau landform composed of the low- or middle-relief mountains, hills, platforms and plains. Loess landform is well developed. This region includes five districts. Region IV (northwestern middle and high mountains and basins) is located in the northwestern part of the middle terrain unit of China. It is composed of middle to high mountains interposed by flattened basins and is characterized by arid desert geomorphology, where mountains with basins are made up of plains, platforms and hills. This region can be divided into five districts. Region V (southwestern subalpine mountains) is located in the southern part of the middle terrain unit. With a typical karst landform, middle or high mountains with middle or high reliefs are widespread and are scattered by wide valley basins. This region includes five districts. Region VI (Tibetan Plateau) covers the high terrain unit of China. It is composed of plains and high mountains with elevations higher than 4000 m and 3/4 area of the region, and is characterized by glacier and periglacial landforms. This region can be divided into nine districts.


During the cooking of food, heterocyclic aromatic amines are formed which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay [ 11. One such chemical, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-flquinoxaline (MeIQx) is an extremely potent promutagen [2] and a rodent carcinogen [3]. Metabolic activation of MelQx is prerequisite for its genotoxicity [2]. Activation is efficiently catalysed by the hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme P4501A2 [4]. Since feeding MelUx to rodents produces hepatic and extrahepatic tumours, we considered the possibility that alternatives to the hepatic cytochrome P-450 activation mechanism may operate in extrahepatic tissue. An important function of the neutrophil is the destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms and irritating particles. This it achieves by phagocytosing the offending irritant and bombardment with reactive oxygen species and digestive enzymes [5]. At the time of phagocytosis neutrophils undergo metabolic changes known as the respiratory burst, characterized by an increase in oxygen consumption, increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt and concomitant production of superoxide and other activated oxygen species [5]. At sites of ongoing inflammation, neutrophils actively undergo respiratory burst. The resulting chronic exposure to reactive oxygen species can inflict severe damage, including genotoxicity, to surrounding tissue [6]. It is therefore no surprise to find an increased risk to tumour formation at sites of ongoing inflammation, for example the high incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma associated with ulcerative colitis [7]. Since a number of aromatic amines are activated to reactive derivatives in extrahepatic tissues by cytochrome P450-independent one-electron and freeradical mechanisms, we have examined the ability of neutrophils to activate MelQx. Purified human neutrophils were obtained using the Percoll gradient method of Haslett et al. [S]. Incubations in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) were performed with either freshly isolated cells (resting neutrophils) or cells encouraged to undergo respiratory burst (stimulated neutrophils) by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 16 mM). Cell viability was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion. Production of superoxide anion was determined as the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c [9]. Neutrophil-mediated activation of MeIQx to electrophilic derivatives was investigated by incubation of cells (10' cells/ml) with ['4C]MelQx (0.24 mM) for various times at 37°C in HBSS and determining covalent binding to macromolecules [lo]. In some experiments, exogenous DNA (calf thymus DNA, 2 mglml), catalase (8000 units/ml), the myeloperoxidase enzyme inhibitor azide (10 mM) or the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, 50 mM) were added to the incubation mixtures. Radioactivity covalently bound to DNA was determined using the method described by Trush et al. [ 1 11. Basal superoxide anion release from freshly isolated resting neutrophils was low (1.03 f0 .23 nmol/l0 min per loh cells). Addition of PMA to the incubation mixture resulted in a substantial increase in superoxide anion formation (15.39k2.77 nmol/l0 min per loh cells). These stimulated


Recent morphological characterization of Nafion as correlated to its proton transport properties has led to the conclusion that the structural ordering in the ionic phase of Nafion may be quite similar to liquid crystalline polymers. Liquid crystalline polymers, on the other hand, are well-known for their thermoreversible actuation (or two-way shape memory) behavior. This has motivated us to design and conduct thermomechanical experiments to probe Nafion's potential liquid crystalline characteristics from the standpoint of thermoreversible actuation. Our experimental results surprisingly revealed the thermoreversible actuation behavior of Nafion, buried alongside the irreversible creep behavior commonly observed for some polymers. As such, the current study provides evidence supporting Nafion's structural similarity to liquid crystalline polymers.


This paper presents a 3D interferometric inverse-synthetic- aperture-radar (In-ISAR) imaging technique for high- frequency electromagnetic scattering diagnosis of complex radar targets. The high-frequency electromagnetic scattering data are obtained from both anechoic chamber measurements and theoretical predictions. The 2D ISAR images are obtained from the frequency-azimuth space data, and the 3D In-ISAR images are derived from two ISAR images at different incidental altitudes by interferometrical processing. Computational and experimental imaging results are shown for both simple point-like targets and complex aircraft models.


The temperature change of large-span steel arch structures normally appears when the structures are exposed to solar radiation, which may result in large displacement and stress. Therefore, there has been growing attention to both temperature distribution and structural response of the structures under the solar radiation. In order to investigate the response of large-span box-sectional steel arch structures formed by rectangular steel tubes, one rectangular steel tube specimen was designed and its temperature was measured under solar radiation. A numerical method was presented according to transient thermal analysis and then verified by experimental results. Both experimental and numerical results showed that the solar radiation had a significant effect on the temperature distribution of rectangular steel tubes. Considering the solar radiation, the temperature of rectangular steel tubes is about 18.1C higher than the corresponding ambient air temperature in summer. Moreover, the temperature distribution under solar radiation is extremely nonlinear. In order to study the structural response induced by the temperature change due to the solar radiation, a steel arch structure model is designed and the structural response due to temperature change is also investigated on this model. The results showed that the solar radiation has a remarkable effect on the thermal load response of large-span steel structures. The effect of the solar radiation has to be considered in the design process of large-span steel arch structures.


This paper focuses on the geomagnetic field variation produced by lithosphere before and after the M_s = 5.7 Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake and the M_s = 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.According to the three-component survey data after these earthquakes and "2005.0 China Geomagnetic Chart" before the earthquakes,lithospheric geomagnetic field models of the two research regions are established.The relations between the earthquakes and different components of the geomagnetic field are preliminarily researched,by comparing and analyzing the variation characteristics of the geomagnetic field (F,D,I,) in the Jiujiang-Ruichang and Wenchuan region.The results show that two earthquake epicenters are located in the vicinity of declination and inclination zero line.After the earthquakes,different components of the geomagnetic field produce different abnormal changes.There are some obvious changes of the geomagnetic field related with the earthquakes in the vicinity of epicenters,and the changes of two earthquake regions have similar regularity.


The developments of various processed foods and the high quality dried fruits, in particular, are urgently needed for the enhancement of fruit consumption and their competitive values. Therefore, in this study, three variables by three level factorial design and response surface methodology were used to determine optimum conditions for osmotic dehydration of kiwifruit. The relationships of moisture losses, solid gains, weight reductions, sugar contents, titratable acidities and vitamin C contents depending on changes with temperature, sugar concentration and immersion time were investigated. The moisture loss, solid gain, weight reduction and reduction of moisture content after osmotic dehydration were increased as temperature, sugar concentration and immersion time increased. The effect of concentration was more significant than those of temperature and time on mass transfer. Sugar content was increased by increasing sugar concentration, temperature, immersion time during osmotic dehydration. Titratable acidity and vitamin C content were increased by decreasing temperature, immersion time and increasing concentration during osmotic dehydration. The regression models showed a significant lack of fit (P>0.05) and were highly significant with satisfying values of . At the given conditions such as moisture content, above sugar content and more than 23 mg% vitamin C, the optimum condition for osmotic dehydration was and 1.5 hour.


Microcrystalline chitosan is a chitosan that has been modified by minimizing its particle size. Chitosan posses antibacterial property. The use of microcrystalline chitosan as an antibacterial in the mouthwash has not been revealed yet. This study was done to compare the degree effectiveness of mouthwash that contain microcrystalline chitosan as an antibacterial and commercial mouthwash. The parameters measured in this study were proximate analysis, yield, deacetylation (Fourier Transform Infrared), particle size (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and total plate count. Microcrystalline chitosan contained moisture, ash, nitrogen and yield were 3.92% dry weight basis (db); 4% db, 1.4% db; and 50% respectively. Detection results of FTIR and SEM showed the size of microcrystalline chitosan was 0.6-6μm and degree of deacetylation was 88.66%. Mouthwash that contained 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% microcrystalline chitosan could reduce TPC bacteria up to 97.57%, 99.05% and 99.46% respectively, while commercial mouthwash reduced TPC bacteria up to 89.70%.


Introduction Breathing pattern disorder (BPD) causes dyspnoea and is commonly misdiagnosed as, or co-exists with, chronic respiratory disease, especially asthma. Clinical management and research are difficult in the absence of validated objective methods for diagnosis and assessment. We aimed to investigate two novel methods for the assessment of BPD. Respiratory Volume Tracking (RVT) allows visualisation of tidal breathing over time and in relation to maximal inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes. Structured light plethysmography (SLP) images and measures chest and abdominal wall movement during breathing by projecting a checkerboard pattern of light onto the chest wall. Methods We recruited participants with severe asthma and/or BPD from the regional severe asthma clinic. All participants had demographic details recorded, then performed spirometry, RVT and SLP. Ethical approval was obtained and participants provided written informed consent. Results 20 healthy controls, 12 people with asthma and 10 with BPD completed the study, 33% male, mean (SD) age 45 (18) yrs. Mean (SD)%predicted FEV1 was lowest in the asthma group [86.3 (18.5)] versusBPD [99.4 (18.4)] and healthy [102.6 (14.0), ANOVA p=0.043]; median (range) expiratory reserve volume%predicted was highest in the healthy group [111.9 (40.2–189.0)]versus asthma [68.3 (13.6–212.8)] or BPD [77.1 (27.1–176.3), Kruskal-Wallis p=0.029]. Visual inspection of the RVT traces confirmed abnormal breathing patterns in 5/12 in the asthma group and 8/10 in the BPD group (see examples in figure 1). Data using SLP were available for 32 participants. The within-individual variability was highest for ribcage contribution to thoraco-abdominal movement in the BPD group (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.015) and lowest for time to reach peak tidal expiratory flow/expiratory time in asthma (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.005).Abstract S108 Figure 1 Conclusion Abnormalities in breathing pattern can be assessed visually using RVT, and quantified using SLP. Using the latter we found increased within-individual variability in chest wall movement relative to overall thoraco-abdominal movement in BPD. Future work will investigate how the data provided by each technique correlates within individuals.


This study monitored forest plant species vulnerable to climate change in Jiri Mountain, one of Korea's representative alpine regions, in order to securely preserve plant genetic resources susceptible to climate change and to utilize the results as basic data for bioclimatology prediction and management on a long-term basis. A majority of indicator plants tended to blossom one week to one month later in 2010 than in 2009. As with the blooming dates, the falling dates of blossoms became later in most species, with the exception for Weigela florida and Oplopanax elatus. Leaf bursting as well fell on later dates in a majority of species excluding Carpinus laxiflora and Cupressus sempervirens, displaying the most obvious differences among the data of analysis of the 2009-2010 physiological cycle changes. It is believed that was due to the fact that temperatures in February, March and April, which affect plants' blossoming and leaf bursting, were lower in 2010 than in 2009 and that cold temperatures in the winter lasted for a longer period in 2010 than in 2009. The dates of leaves being changed to red were similar in 2009 and 2010 by being or later or earlier by several weeks in 2010 than in 2009 without any regularity. Most species' leaves began to fall at similar dates in 2009 and 2010 or at later dates by one to two weeks in 2010 than in 2009. The temperature differences in late 2009 and late 2010 were not so large, resulting in similar dates of falling leaves, and gaps in several indicator plants' physiological cycles without any regularity can be attributed to each individual plant's physiological and environmental characteristics.


A simple method to produce char and char briquets (from grasses, weeds, leaves, and agricultural wastes) for domestic and industrial uses is described. This inexpensive technology will provide jobs, earnings, savings of fossil fuels and firewood, and safeguard against deforestation.


Langmuir monolayers made of lignins extracted from Pinus caribae hondurensis sawdust using nine different organic solvents, were spread on a pure water surface. The monolayers were characterized by surface pressure and surface potential measurements. Analogously to what occurs for nonolayers made from pre-formed polymers, the collapse process differed considerably from that observed in traditional Langmuir monolyaer compounds. It appears that, rather than a breakdown in the monolayer arrangement, collapse yields a stacking of molecules leading to a by-layer. These by-layers are not destroyed upon expansion of the monolayer, that may also cause hysteresis in the surface potential curves. The differences between monolayers of lignins extracted with different solvents were manifested in the different values of the surface potentials and areas per molecule. When the lignins were acetylated, the same overall behavior was observed, but the area per molecule and the surface potential were systematically increased.


Field experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state in 2011 to determine the germination and growth performance of cocoa as influenced by the location of pods on a cacao. The sixteen weeks experiment included 3 treatments which included pods harvested from the trunk, lower canopy and the upper canopy, the beans extracted and sown in the recommended polythene bags for raising cocoa in the nursery and arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), replicated 4 times. Cocoa beans of pods from the lower canopy had highest germination (92.5 %), followed by beans of pods from trunk (85.0) while beans of pods from the upper canopy had least germination percentage of 5. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). Cocoa seedlings of beans from the trunk and lower canopy had improved growth performance which were significantly different P < 0.05 from that of the upper canopy. The dry matter yield of seedlings of beans from the trunk was highest with 2.58g which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that of the upper canopy that had 1.40g, while seedling of beans from lower canopy had 2.30 g. Therefore, for improved germination, seedlings' growth and dry matter yield, cocoa pods from the trunk and lower canopy should be used as generative propagules for raising of cocoa seedlings.


Heteroepitaxial thin films are widely used in a broad range of modern electronic devices, for example as the high-dielectric-constant (high-k ) gates in field effect transistors. In order to improve the crystal quality of epitaxial layers, researchers develop intricate and costly deposition processes. An alternative paradigm should involve deposition of the complex compounds that could exhibit unusual behavior and yield the high quality films by simple and industry-friendly processes. Successful search for the new complex compounds must employ combinatorial methods. In this publication, we demonstrate fabrication of composition spread materials libraries by Combi-PLD and their high-throughput characterization by two different XRD techniques. Generally, the composition spreads have polycrystalline, textured, and epitaxial areas of varied quality. We use statistical analysis to establish general guidelines for the epitaxial growth. Using the NiO-Co3O4-Mn2O3 system on SrTiO3 as an example, we demonstrate that for the chemically inert interfaces lattice mismatch is the most important factor of the commensurate growth. For example, the rocksalt-perovskite interface requires the optimal lattice mismatch of ∼6.5%. Examination of the Y2O3-HfO2-Al2O3 system on Si(100) revealed a narrow epitaxial area comprised of a new metastable crystal phase. Thus, stable epitaxial interface is attainable even for the chemically reactive boundaries. In addition to lattice mismatch, the high-quality heteroepitaxial film requires balancing the reaction with the outdiffusion of the reaction products away from the interface.


In this paper we provide a quantitative analysis of the welfare impact of improved domestic market access for foreign telecom providers in Tunisia. In this context, we set up a CGE model for Tunisia in which the domestic telecommunications industry is initially monopolized. In that case, one of the major potential benefits of providing a license to a foreign telecom provider is that it can erode domestic market power. Potentially offsetting these benefits, however, limited entry by foreign firms into the domestic telecom market may shift profits abroad and may induce an international cartel formation if the regulation of the domestic telecom sector is weak. We find that limited foreign market access in Tunisia is welfare improving if regulation can prevent the domestic incumbent and the foreign service provider to form a cartel. If they form a cartel, however, foreign market access is welfare reducing. Our results emphasize the importance of market structure and the regulatory environment on the success of telecom liberalization. It strengthens the argument that pro-competitive regulatory reforms need to accompany telecommunications liberalization in developing countries such as Tunisia. JEL classification: F12, F13, F23


We investigated the regulation of Cl− secretion by adrenoceptors in polarized 16HBE14o‐ human bronchial epithelial cells. Treatment with the nonselective β adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline stimulated an increase in short‐circuit current (ISC), which was inhibited by the β adrenoceptor blocker propranolol. Treatment with procaterol, an agonist specific for the β2 adrenoceptor subtype, stimulated a similar increase in ISC, which was inhibited by the β2 adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118551. Inhibitors of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and calcium‐activated Cl− channel (CaCC), but not K+ channel blockers, were able to inhibit the increase in ISC. "Trimultaneous" recording of ISC and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+ levels in 16HBE14o‐ epithelia confirmed that the ISC induced by isoprenaline or procaterol involved both cAMP and Ca2+ signaling. Our results demonstrate that β2 adrenoceptors regulate Cl− secretion in the human airway epithelium by activating apical CFTRs and CaCCs via cAMP‐dependent and intracellular Ca2+‐dependent mechanisms, respectively.


In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised algorithm for the segmentation of salient regions in color images. There are two phases in this algorithm. In the first phase, we use nonparametric density estimation to extract dominant colors in an image, which are then used for the quantization of the image. The label map of the quantized image forms initial regions of segmentation. In the second phase, a region merging approach is performed. It merges the initial regions using a novel region attraction rule to form salient regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves excellent segmentation performance for most of our test images. In addition, the computation is very efficient


Ammonium metatungstate supported catalyst was prepared using activated clay treated with hydrochloric acid steam as the carrier and ammonium metatungstate as the active component. The influence of optimum condition of the catalysts treated by hydrochloric acid steam and ammonium metatungstate loading on the activity of the catalysts was investigated. The experiments of C_(10) α-olefin polymerization over the catalysts were carried out in the microreactor. The results showed that the treatment condition of the catalyst with 8.0% (mass fraction) active component was as follows:hydrochloric acid vapor temperature 50 ℃ and activated clay treatment temperature 500 ℃;the catalyst exhibited better catalytic activity under the polymerization condition of reaction temperature 130℃, reaction pressure 4.0 MPa, and space velocity 0.5 h~(-1). The kinematic viscosity, bromine value, and freezing point of lubricating oil were 38.98 mm~2·s~(-1) (40℃),8.23 g·(100g)~(-1), -45.2℃ ,respectively.


Diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) is a daunting task. Extent, location, severity must be clearly defined since this information is vital to the subsequent patient management. Septic complications must also be excluded before initiating treatment. Although colonoscopy and histology are the mainstay of diagnosis, increasing important roles are played by imaging techniques (small bowel MRI, CT enterography, intestinal ultrasound) and by surrogate markers of inflammation such as fecal calprotectin. In this chapter we will review the main tests which are currently used to diagnose intestinal and perianal disease as well as to assess the response to treatment and recurrence after surgery.


AbstractNetwork capacity is one of the most important ways to measure the transportation system's capacity to accommodate traffic demand. This paper presents an approach to estimate the capacity of urban transportation network considering more realistic traveler route choices. Different from previous studies, this research introduces a set of determinants that may reflect realistic traveler route choices including not only travel times but also traveler preferences (e.g., road familiarity, road configuration). This study formulates the route choice model with the new set of determinants and incorporates it into the network capacity model. An improved iterative assignment approach is designed to solve the network capacity model in which unrealistic detours by travelers will be eliminated. The proposed model and algorithm are applied in a test network; numerical results have revealed that the proposed model is not only capable of realistically estimating the network capacity under various levels of service,...


The quantity of heat produced by friction in t he sealing face was studied aiming at a high pressure rotating sealing structure . The process and route of heat transfer was discussed. The calculation formulat ion and boundary condition of heat transfer were proposed.Calculation results in dicated that some liquid fuel in sealing structure would decompose and make the system insecurity in the previous structure.The method theory analysis, result of analysis and improving test scheme can be used for production design and test directly.


【ABS sensor ring has been manufactured by powder metallurgy (P/M) method using 400 series ferrite stainless steel. The results are following. It is supposedly sufficient to use for control computer due to good experimental results of magnetic characteristics. Compared with sensor ring made by iron, 400 series ferrite stainless steel has shown a good corrosion resistance without an addition surface treatment. Thus the decreasing production process has been obtained. As a result mechanical characteristics of hardness and tensile test, 400 series ferrite stainless steel shown a good endurance when it is combined to constant velocity joint(C/V), and has a good hardness properties endurable to sand and pebble impact. The products before sintering are much more corrodible in the condition of spray test of salt water and ammonia than humidity and nitrogen condition.】


To achieve the satisfactory control performance of a dynamic system using a proportion‐integration‐differentiation (PID) controller, it is necessary that the three parameters of the PID controller are set to values that suit the system to be controlled. Most current applications employ fixed setting parameters that are not adequate for nonlinear time varying systems with uncertainty and disturbances. In this paper, we use neuron weighted tuning functions to develop self‐tuning methods that can automatically tune the parameters of PID controllers. The weighting processes performed using voltage‐controlled memristors and current‐controlled memristor are discussed. It is proven that the output tracking error of a closed‐loop system controlled by the proposed controllers and the weight update rules governed by the memristors descends toward its minimum. A simulation and experimental verification of the performances of these controllers in linear and nonlinear systems are included. This proposed PID controllers are shown to be more robust than conventional PID controllers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objective:To analyze retrospectively the 419 patients'maxillofacial injuries with emphasis on soft-tissue injuries in the Wenchuan earthquake,and to provide reference on the treatment in earthquake.Methods:Analysis and investigate 2944 cases who were injured in the Wenchuan earthquake,in which there are 419 injured maxillofacial,accompanied by soft tissue injuries of 381.Investating 419 patients'maxillofacial injuries with emphasis on soft-tissue injuries in the earthquake and using a database to analyze the results. Results:Of the 419 maxillofacial patients,381 patients got soft-tissue injuries(91%).There was no significant difference between male and female.According to mechanism of injury,most patients were injuried by pressing and burying.The most common injury sites were frontal and zygomatic areas.In terms of injury types,there were more abrasions and lacerations.22%of the patients had local wound infections with a high rate.But general infection was very uncommon.Conclusions:Soft-tissue injuries caused by earthquake are different from others,especially on the mechanisms.We analyze the characteristics of maxillofacial injuries with emphasis on the soft-tissue injuries after the Wenchuan earthquake,so as to improve our medical emergency system when such dizasters happens again.


Background: Cervical carcinoma is a formidable threat to the health of women and it is prevented with adequate screening. Routine screening of cervical cytology with the Papanicolaou/Pap smear has been deeply ingrained in clinical practice since past century. Cervical cytology screening has contributed to a 50% reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Objective of study: To study screening of cervical carcinoma by paps smear and colposcopy. The study constituted 100 women as subjects who attended the Gynaecology OPD as well as ones admitted in gynaecology wards at NIMS hospital Jaipur and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 39.05±8.587years and mostly belonging to upper lower socioeconomic status. It was found that early sexual activity had greater risk for development of dysplasia. In this study Mean age at first coitus was 17.13±1.5351. Pap smear had sensitivity of 26.67%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 78%. Colposcopy had sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 74.28%, and accuracy of 82%.Women with abnormal white discharge and symptoms to be screened with Pap smear and colposcopy. Conclusion: Colposcopic directed biopsies of abnormal area help in early detection of CIN. Colposcopy has 100% sensitivity, 74.28% specificity, 82% accuracy in diagnosing dysplasias, CIN and invasive cancers. Pap smear had low sensitivity 26.67%, high specificity 100% and accuracy of 78%for diagnosing dysplasias, CIN, and invasive cancers.


Corpora are becoming more and more important as a research tool for linguists as they are large collections of authentic text. However, not every researcher has the time and resources to compile their own corpus. Large corpora in the world such as the BNC, the ANC or the International Corpus of English (ICE) have been widely used for research on the English language in general or an English dialect in particular. Although there are several corpora of Australian English at the moment, researchers who would like to study an aspect of Australian English or to compare Australian English with other dialects generally have difficulty finding a corpus that meets their needs. One of the reasons for this is that the corpora that are currently available on Australian English are small in size and scope, and most of them are outdated. The Australian Corpus of English (ACE), for example, was created in 1986, more than two decades ago. It consists of one million words and only covers written texts. A more recent corpus, the Australian subcorpus of the ICE, was developed between 1991 and 1995. Although it contains both spoken and written language data, it has only one million words. Other corpora are even smaller in size and cover only certain genres, as suggested by their names. For instance, the Electronic Documents corpus (EDOC) consists of only 200,000 words. The same number of words can be found in the Talkback Radio corpus. The Corpus of High School Writing has only 160,000 words. In contrast, large corpora in the world have or are aiming to have at least 100 million words. For example, the well-known BNC, originally developed between 1991 and 1994, consists of over 100 million words (http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk). The ANC is aiming at 100 million words and so far has 22 million words (http://americannationalcorpus.org/SecondRelease). Another widely available corpus of American English, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), has an even larger size with more than 385 million words collected since 1990 (http://www.americancorpus.org). Not only are these corpora large in size, they contain both spoken and written language data and have similar designs. All these characteristics make them attractive to corpus studies of one particular dialect of English or comparative studies of the two main English dialects in the world. A corpus of Australian English as another major English dialect in the world would thus be beneficial to researchers of this specific dialect or researchers who need to compare Australian English with other Englishes, especially British and American English. In order to make the Australian National Corpus (AusNC) useful for comparative studies, it is important that the corpus be comparable to the BNC, ANC, and COCA in terms of both size and design. This study therefore aims at reviewing the design of these three main corpora currently widely used by researchers before proposing a design for the AusNC.


In April 1988 research assistants interviewed 1617 households in Cikutra in Bandung Indonesia to determine the incidence and prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and the effect of some risk factors and vitamin A supplementation on the 1961 US$140) were less likely to have had an ARI than those from middle and low income families (p<.05). 95% of the infants were breast fed and breast feeding did have a protective effect against ARI. The small proportion of infants not breast fed was so small that the researchers could not demonstrate a significant protective effect of breast feeding. 48.7% of the 1-5 year children had received at least 1 vitamin A capsule during the last year. Children who had received vitamin A supplements experienced mild-moderate ARI more often than those who did not receive such supplements (59% vs. 52%; p<.05). They also were more likely to experience severe ARI. The Fisher discriminate analysis identified income to be the strongest ARI risk factor in every age group followed by age but its effect was minimal and vitamin A essentially did not affect ARI. The researchers are continuing this study with the same population. It includes clinical and serological examinations of vitamin A status.


ABSTRACT This article explores the relationship between the thinking, feeling, moving body, and a city's industrial architecture. It takes as its fieldwork site the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg and 59th Street bridges that dominate downtown New York, and uses this to present an ethnographic understanding of lived experience as a continuous sensory exchange between mind, body, and world. New York's bridges, towering 300 feet into the air and 7,000 feet across, established a new sense of scale against which citizens could compare their finite, organic bodies. The article draws upon a practice-based research project, New York Stories, for which I recorded more than a hundred interior dialogues of random strangers as they moved around the city. People's movement across bridges, reveals them to be complex sites of perception, sensation, and experience, which generate ongoing streams of interior dialogue ranging from the trivial to the tragic. For when walking across a bridge people are no longer attached to the land or part of the city but are instead partially in the sky above the water, "making strange" the sense of being on the ground, and subjecting people to various delirious effects including vertigo, flying, and falling, before reaching the other side. It is a story told through words and images in the form of a photo-essay with accompanying text that derives from the practice-based ethnography that is also available in video and audible form online.


We report real-space evidence for an in-plane vortex lattice (VL) transition in the multiband superconductor 2H-NbSe2, observed by laterally imaging subsurface vortices with scanning tunneling spectroscopy. With magnetic field applied || ab-surface up to 6.5 T at 300 mK, spatial maps of the zero-bias conductance revealed a stripe pattern whose dominant periodicity showed a discrete shift near 0.7 T. The stripes can be interpreted as the surface projection of a distorted hexagonal VL that undergoes a first-order reorientation transition. This transition occurs for field || [100] but not [110], and is correlated with the multigap characteristics seen in the heat capacity and thermal transport data. These results implicate the multiband pairing of 2H-NbSe2 in the VL transition we observed.


The NMR spectroscopic properties of the rhodium pentafluorophenylphosphine complexes [{Rh[PPhx(C6F5)3 –x]2(µ-Cl)}n](x= 0 1, 1 2 or 2 3) and trans-[Rh{PPhx(C6F5)3 –x}2Cl(CO)](x= 0 5, 1 6 or 2 7) have been investigated. The new complexes [{Rh[(C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2](µ-Cl)}2]4 and cis-[Rh{(C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2}Cl(CO)]8 have been prepared. A rhodium K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of complexes 1–4 has been performed, and confirms that complexes 2, 3 and 4 are dimers with each Rh ⋯ Rh′ distance bridged by two chlorides [d(Rh–P) 2.16–2.21, d(Rh–Cl) 2.38–2.39, d(Rh ⋯ Rh′) 3.50–3.58 A], whereas complex 1 is a polymer with each Rh ⋯ Rh′ distance bridged by one chloride [d(Rh–P) 2.18, d(Rh–Cl) 2.36, d(Rh ⋯ Rh′) 4.30 A]. The reaction between [{Rh[(C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2](µ-Cl)}2] and PPh3 yields the four-co-ordinate mononuclear rhodium(I) complex [RhCl(PPh3){(C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2}]9. The crystal structures of 9 and of (C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Complex 9 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a= 12.707(2), b= 17.066(2), c= 22.003(3)A, β= 101.41(1)°, z= 4. Refinement gave final R1 and wR2 values of 0.0429 and 0.0715 for 5193 observed reflections. The geometry about the rhodium atom is distorted-square planar and there is a short distance between an ortho-hydrogen atom of the triphenylphosphine ligand and the rhodium atom (2.699 A) indicative of an agostic interaction. The phosphine (C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with a= 5.833(1), b= 10.011(2), c= 11.514(4)A, α= 75.25(2), β= 88.69(2), γ= 84.28(2)°, z= 1. Refinement gave final R1 and wR2 values of 0.0482 and 0.0987 respectively for 1339 observed reflections.


Whether market-oriented conservation, by which we mean the promotion of markets for the products of intact ecosystems, protects biodiversity, and under what conditions, has been a subject of much research and debate. Our evaluation of three strategies of the market-oriented use of natural resources led us to conclude that, at least for these three strategies, market-oriented mechanisms of conservation are often socially, economically, or ecologically unsustainable, and that proposals for market-oriented conservation should be approached with caution (Crook & Clapp 1998). Shackleton's (2001) critique and extension of the conditions for market-oriented conservation offers many useful insights, although we question some of his interpretations. Herein we examine some of those extensions, and revisit the criteria for successful market-oriented conservation.


Damage mechanisms in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell are accelerated by mechanical stresses arising during fuel cell assembly (bolt assembling), and the stresses arise during fuel cell running, because it consists of the materials with different thermal expansion and swelling coefficients. Therefore, in order to acquire a complete understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the catalyst layers during regular cell operation, mechanical response under steady-state hygro-thermal stresses should be studied under real cell operating conditions and in real cell geometry (three-dimensional). In this work, full three-dimensional, non-isothermal computational fluid dynamics model of a PEM fuel cell has been developed to investigate the behaviour of the cathode and anode catalyst layers during the cell operation. A unique feature of the present model is to incorporate the effect of hygro and thermal stresses into actual three-dimensional fuel cell model. In addition, the temperature and humidity dependent material properties are utilize in the simulation for the membrane. The model is shown to be able to understand the many interacting, complex electrochemical, transport phenomena, and deformation that have limited experimental data. Copyright © 2010 International Energy and Environment Foundation All rights reserved.


Results of fragment angular anisotropy measurements are given for the 232Th (n, f) and 238U (n, f) reactions in the energy range 20-160 MeV. The energy dependence of the anisotropy is calculated in the context of the Halpern-Strutinsky's formalism. The observed difference in the fragment anisotropy of 232Th and 238U is discussed.


Security is becoming a major issue everywhere. Home Security is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion is increasing day by day. Safety from theft, leaking of raw gas and fire are the necessary requirements for home security system. However, the GSM (global system for mobile communication) based security systems provides enhanced security as whenever a signal from sensor occurs, a text message is sent to the desired number to take necessary actions. Here we are using an antitheft reporting system which will report the owner by ringing alarm and send a text message. Also for the safety system in case of fire or gas leakage, it will notify the owner by sending an SMS and also by ringing an alarm.


Egypt shows a parallel increase in premenopausal breast cancer and environmental pollution. The purpose of this study is to explore a possible relationship between oxidative DNA damage, urinary estrogen metabolites and breast cancer in Egyptian premenopausal women. We conducted a pilot study of Egyptian breast cancer involving 29 cases and 32 controls and analysed lymphocyte DNA levels of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanine (8-oxo-dG), a measure of oxidative DNA damage using high performance liquid chromatography with electro-chemical detection (HPLC-ECD) method. We analysed levels of urinary estrogen metabolites, 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE) and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE) by an enzyme immuno assay. We also collected residential, occupational, and reproductive histories of all study subjects. We detected, in all subjects, exceptionally high levels of 8-oxo-dG and thus oxidative DNA damage, the levels (mean 8-oxo-dG/105 dG ± SD) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in breast cancer cases (139.4 ± 78.4) than in controls (60.9 ± 51.5). Urinary 2-OHE and 16α-OHE or their ratio was not significantly different between cases and controls. However, 8-oxo-dG levels were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with 2-OHE and 16α-OHE from cases while controls showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05). Urban residence (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.1; Confidence interval [CI], 1.1 – 9.3), infertility (OR [9.8]; CI [1.1 – 89.7]), age (OR [2.6]; CI [1.4 – 4.6]) and 8-oxo-dG (OR 5.8; CI 1.9 – 17.5) levels were found to be significant predictors of breast cancer. Our finding of exceptionally high levels of 8-oxo-dG, a common result of oxidative DNA damage, warrant future studies on a larger population of premenopausal women in Egypt with consideration of other susceptibility markers and dietary characteristics.


Two recent discoveries have added greatly to our knowledge of Iron Age shields in Britain. First, the Chertsey Shield, unique in the Celtic world in being made entirely of bronze. Second, a collection of miniature shields of a shape hitherto unknown. Bindings from full-size shields of this shape had been found previously, but were not correctly identified until the miniatures provided the clue. Now it seems that these distinctive hide-shaped shields were one of the most common forms used by British warriors. At least thirty-eight examples—including twenty-three miniatures—have now been added to the corpus of Iron Age shields from Britain.


The perception of trainees in Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences about clinical supervision was investigated. Data were collected using a Likert scale instrument (0-5), completed by 44 students from the 6th and 8th periods, analyzed by non-parametric statistics. There was a higher percentage of responses to "Partially Agree" (PA) or "Totally Agree" (TA) for Perception on Supervision of Professional Practice (PSPP), Perception on Supervisor Role (PFR) and Trainee Perception of Role (TPR). In the PSPP, although TA responses predominated, 100% of the participants did not comment on "Supervision strengthens the theoretical basis and clinical reasoning". In the PFR, in the question identification and discussion of the feelings and reactions of the trainee, 43.18% for PA, followed by 20.45% for PD. In TPR, 34.09% partially disagreed that expectation, tension and anxiety negatively influence learning, followed by 25.00% for TA. The importance of supervisor, trainee and clinical supervision was demonstrated as a teaching-learning model to acquire and improve the skills and competencies required for professional practice.


Morus alba L., a member of Moraceae family, commonly known as mulberry (Thai name:Mon), is widely cultivated in the north and northest region of Thailand. Morus alba L. leaf extract can reduce plasma glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thus, it is possible to develop an antidiabetic drugs from this extract.  The objective of this study was to establish the acute and subchronic toxicity of Morus alba L. leaf extract. In acute toxicity study, the Morus alba L. leaf extract was administered intraperitoneally and orally into mice and Wistar rats. Following a single i.p. dose, the LD 50 of Morus alba L. leaf extract in the mice and Wistar rats were approximately 4 and 5 g/kg, respectively. But when this extract was administered orally, doses as high as 5 g/kg did not cause any significant toxic effects. There was no death in these groups of animal. The only abnormal signs and symptoms were CNS depression and respiratory depression. Moreover, all animals were recovered within 15-30 minutes. In subchronic toxicity study, the Morus alba L. leaf extract was administered orally into Wistar rats for 60 days at doses 1,2 and 3 g/kg/day. All doses of Morus alba L. leaf extract did not significantly affect blood chemistry and hematologic values when compared to the control group. Microscopic examination of major organs indicated no significant histopathological abnormalities. In conclusion, our result suggested that Morus alba L. leaf extract is safe for used . Pharmacological dosage form of Morus alba L. leaf extract might be a valuable drug in the future.


Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent in the market. In a world where all vehicles are electric, it will be necessary to provide infrastructure on average highways that is similar to the energy consumption of the automobiles on that highway. As a result, a large transition from one type of energy carrier to electrical energy would be required. In comparison to where we are now, this translates into a significant increase in the carrying capacity of the power grid. Electric vehicles are in increasing demand because they have several advantages over gasoline-powered vehicles. On the other hand, limited battery power stations and a lack of infrastructure giving real-time vehicle performance parameters such as battery efficiency, durability, total distance travelled before being totally depleted, and so on should be considered. As a result, an embedded system is being developed in our project to address the aforementioned restrictions. The suggested research demonstrates all of the mathematical calculations of battery characteristics (including but not limited to battery efficiency and percentage durability), which aids in evaluating real-time batter performance. The system was tested and verified in laboratories using acceptable methodologies. In addition, a mobile application for the end-user is being created to provide information on battery parameters as well as the maximum distance it can travel till full discharge.


In the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs, critical weight, volume, and cost factors have led to new engineering applications of previously obtained data on body dimensions. They have also resulted in the generation of new data, pointed the way to new research needs, and produced a maturing of approaches in the field of anthropometric applications. Typical problems and solutions, resulting in present and projected benefits from these programs, are presented in this paper, which includes an organization of anthropometric procedures, a prediction of future population body dimensions, a description of improved drafting manikins and improved prediction and measurement of center of mass locations, and a discussion of approaches that account for the effects of changing gravitation and acceleration loads. It also presents some improvements in mockup evaluation techniques and an example of new design criteria development: an unusual location for an electronic rotational hand controller between the pilot's knees. These and other aerospace benefits are now available to the human factors/ergonomics fields, to hardware designers, and to product manufacturers and users.


Special issues are an important publication format, especially in social sciences where research is as much about presenting empirical results as it is about discussing the approaches, methodologies, theories, philosophies, ethics, epistemologies, and ontologies of the research. Offering an interdisciplinary platform for such collections, Space and Polity has always published special issues along with regular issues, totalling over 20 thematic guest edited issues since the establishment of the journal in 1997. Such special issues can provide a productive platform for bringing into dialogue a range of perspectives on a specific place—as in our recent special issue on Mostar, where a diverse set of work on the city is brought together to raise critical questions about how 'ethnically divided cities' are studied (Carabelli et al., 2019). They can also be a site where a new theoretical approach or longstanding conceptual debates are given space to develop across a broad range of empirical contexts—as in a past special issue on neo-liberalism and crisis (Featherstone et al., 2015). They can, as well, chart a relational and comparative course across important phenomena that raise pressing theoretical and political questions, as in recent special issues on youth politics in Asia (Lam-Knott & Cheng, 2020) or the pedagogies of peace and citizenship (Staeheli, 2017). Through special issues a journal can also encourage the development of new scholarly fields, such as political geographies of childhood and youth (Kallio & Häkli, 2013; Lam-Knott & Cheng, 2020; Philo & Smith, 2003). Many special issues are based on a conference session or a thematic seminar—a combination that offers opportunities for early career scholars to learn some of the key elements of academic work, in their roles as event organizers and guest editors, or as presenters and authors. Further, while submitting a paper for peer review is always a learning experience, the crucial role of expert and engaged guest editors in special issues can, when processes work well, allow for especially focused and constructive editorial feedback for authors. There are also reasons to think that special issue papers are more likely to be read and cited, and they can set out productive research agendas for others to build on. Thus, through special issues, journals contribute to international research training and mentoring, while taking forward scholarship in important ways. Because of these important contributions, we are excited to launch a new option for special issues that, we hope, can carry forward many of the potential benefits of the format, while also responding to some of the challenges it can pose. In doing so, we have sought to learn from what other journals are doing. Recent years have seen innovative use of virtual special issue concepts across fields. While there are variations across publishers and journals, these virtual special issues often curate already published papers addressing an urgent issue and make them readily available through social media promotion and, often, a time-limited period of free access. In our own field, Political Geography has launched a virtual forum format that allows for a dialogical collection of shorter viewpoint articles that are gathered online, including both invited contributions and open responses, with each article also published individually in a regular issue (Nagel, 2021). In both cases, these formats allow for a collection


Although Simpson first used the term local anaesthesia in 1847, and Arnott pioneered refrigeration anaesthesia soon after, Carl Koller's 1884 recognition of the utility of the numbing effects of cocaine was the great discovery. Unfortunately, it soon became apparent that cocaine is not the ideal local anaesthetic, especially for injection, and a search for better agents began. Other plant alkaloids were sought, and tropacocaine was used clinically, but it is less potent as well as less toxic than cocaine and neutralises the action of adrenaline. Thus, it was not until synthetic alternatives became available that any significant advance took place. Niemann, the first to isolate (and name) pure cocaine, showed that it is an ester of benzoic acid, the finding that was the basis for the search for a better agent. Many worked on this, but it was not until the early 20th century that new drugs appeared, Einhorn synthesising procaine, ultimately to become the standard drug, in 1904.


The invention provides a hole digging machine by using a touch sensor. The hole digging machine by using the touch sensor comprises an external shell (8), a driving motor (9) and a hole digging drill rod component (6) driven by the driving motor (9). The driving motor (9) is arranged inside the external shell (8). The driving motor (9) is slidably connected with a splined hole in the axial direction in a power mode through a splined rod (91), wherein the splined hole is formed inside a driving sleeve part (61) of the hole digging drill rod component (6), and the splined rod (91) is fixedly connected with the driving motor (9). The driving sleeve part (61) of the hole digging drill rod component (6) is fixedly connected with a drill rod part (62) of the hole digging drill rod component (6) through a gradual shrinking connecting part (612). The outer circumferential face of the driving sleeve part (61) is provided with an axial extending key used for being matched with an axial extending key on the inner circumferential wall of a barrel body (71) of an outer thread sleeve part (7).


Fungal mycelia can alter their organizational pattern in such ways as to produce alternative phenotypes. The latter allow mycelia to explore for, assimilate, conserve, and redistribute resources in spatially and temporally heterogeneous niches. It is suggested that mycelia produce alternative phenotypes by operating as nonlinear (feedback regulated), hydrodynamic systems with indefinitely expandable (indeterminate) boundaries. As such, mycelia can vary the resistances of hyphal envelopes to deformation and passage of molecules, and of hyphal interiors to displacement of contents, in accord with fortuitous local circumstances. Within the mycelial protoplasm are populations of nuclei and mitochondria. If disparate in genetic content or expression, these organelles can form diverse and unstable relationships that both influence and are influenced by metabolic processes affecting the hydraulic resistances of hyphae. Some of these processes may be autocatalytic, involving the generation, association and dissoc...


Soft rock roadway has the character of continuous plastic deformation. It's difficult to control using the single supporting way. It has engaged in theory study and analysis calculation on soft rock deformation character in high sress and mechanics mechanism and model of stress divert process and advanced supporting control criterion by way of establishing mechanics model of round rock deformation.the violent deformation of roadway has been controlled in the practice.Steady of roadway has been kept. It has supplied basis for controlling soft rock roadway in high stress.


Often found durian fruit obtained from collectors is uncertain according to what the seller wants because the amount and type are very much, in this case can make the seller will be very difficult to choose the maturity level of durian fruit for resale. At this time to determine the maturity level of the durian fruit, the seller only uses the sense of smell or only relies on experience which certainly cannot guarantee that the choice will be right. For this season, we need a system that can reduce the problem so that the level of maturity of the durian fruit will be easier. In a previous study, electronic devices made using an arduino microcontroller obtained input from the TGS sensor, input data in the from of alcohol content and air contaminant to be processed by arduino using the fuzzy clustering method. And tesearchers now want to make observations and develop the design of electronic devices for durian level maturity data from previous studies using the naive bayes method.


Thermal frequency responses of the hybrid laminated composite panel are theoretically computed using the finite element model and for the first time compared with in-house experimental data. The structural model for hybrid panel is derived using higher-order displacement polynomial functions (to maintain the necessary stress/strain continuity) and discretized through the isoparametric finite elements. Moreover, the elastic properties of the composite are evaluated suitably including thermal and physical parameters of the advanced fibers (Glass/Carbon/Kevlar) with the help of experimentations and numerical tool (via ABAQUS using mean-field homogenization). The variation of modal responses due to the change in temperature increment is computed through a generic computer code generated via the higher-order mathematical model. The numerical frequency values are compared with the earlier published numerical results and the experimentally recorded eigen frequencies. The experimental verifications related to the end boundaries indicate that the incorporation of the clamped boundary for one edge doubles the frequency, whereas the fraction of Kevlar fiber does not influence the stiffness (due to longitudinal modulus) parameter irrespective of the temperature change. Further, the conclusive understandings of the hybrid composite structural panel due to the inclusion of different advanced fibers and other design parameters (geometry, boundary and temperature) are deliberated in detail.


Hypothesis / aims of study Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are becoming a major health problem for elderly men. Among them nocturia is a common condition often attributed in aging men to benign prostatic enlargement. Elderly men are prone to nocturnal sleep disturbance, of which disturbed circadian rhythm may be a component since it reportedly improves with nighttime administration of melatonin. This study was designed to elucidate the relationship between frequency of getting up at night to urinate and sleep condition and also to investigate walking under the sunshine in the morning as a potential treatment for nocturia associated with bladder outflow obstruction in elderly men.


Mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene are the most common single cause of retinitis pigmentosa, accounting for up to 15 to 20% of cases in Caucasians. A total of 240 different RPGR mutations have been reported, including 24 novel ones in this work, which are associated with X‐linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) (95%), cone, cone‐rod dystrophy, or atrophic macular atrophy (3%), and syndromal retinal dystrophies with ciliary dyskinesia and hearing loss (2%). All disease‐causing mutations occur in one or more RPGR isoforms containing the carboxyl‐terminal exon open reading frame 15 (ORF15), which are widely expressed but show their highest expression in the connecting cilia of rod and cone photoreceptors. Of reported RPGR mutations, 55% occur in a glutamic acid‐rich domain within exon ORF15, which accounts for only 31% of the protein. RPGR forms complexes with a variety of other proteins and appears to have a role in microtubular organization and transport between photoreceptor inner and outer segments. Hum Mutat 28(4), 322–328, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Regionality is a term used in the tea industry to describe the particular style of tea produced by a growing region. Determining the characteristics of the tea of specific regions can help growers predict tea plant quality before harvesting and eventually production. As such, in this study, we collected representative Oolong tea samples from 15 regions in 8 countries. Quantitative description analysis (QDA) and a flavor wheel were used to analyze their sensory characteristics. Chemometrics was used to screen the phytochemical components that significantly contribute to the taste of Oolong tea. We preliminarily obtained 35 sensory characteristic descriptors and constructed a flavor wheel for Oolong tea. We found that Oolong tea in each region has unique sensory quality characteristics. The content of thirteen phytochemical components of Oolong tea in different regions widely varied, and the average coefficient of variation was 45.56%. Among of them, we found the largest difference in free amino acids. We identified the relationship between taste sub-attributes, and the thirteen phytochemical components was found through correlation analysis. Finally, we selected phytochemical components with significant effects on five taste sub-attributes that were selected from the thirteen detected phytochemical components. The construction of the Oolong tea flavor wheel can help realize the qualitative and quantitative sensory evaluation of Oolong tea from different origins and contribute to the quality identification and directional improvement of Oolong tea products.


Professional dancers performing on "raked" (inclined) stages sustain more injuries than dancers who perform on flat stages. However, the effects of raked stages on standing posture have not been examined. Eight professional dancers stood for four seconds on flat and inclined surfaces while trunk and lower extremity angle data were collected in a controlled laboratory environment. Twelve separate ANOVA procedures were used to evaluate the effect of floor (flat vs. inclined) on kinematic variables. Dancers stood with 3.3° less dorsiflexion in the posterior incline and 4.7° more dorsiflexion in the anterior incline (p < .001). They also stood with increased pronation: 2.1° in the posterior (p = .009), 4.1° in the anterior (p = .006), and 5.2° in the lateral condition (p < .001). With regard to hip abduction, the subjects demonstrated 2.9° more in the medial condition and 2.7° less in the lateral condition (p = .001). External hip rotation was 3.3° higher for the medial (p = .027) and 5.7° lower in the lateral condition (p = .002). Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrate that there are significant hip and ankle angle joint differences between standing on flat and inclined surfaces. Future research should investigate the relationship of these biomechanical differences to overuse injuries.


summary British teacher education institutions are being encouraged by the Department of Education and Science to develop a partnership with schools by involving teachers in the design of courses and in selecting, teaching, supervising and assessing students. However, as partnership is a two‐way process, there should be reciprocal action with tutors helping teachers in school activities. This case study describes a programme of work devised for a geography field course in which a group of PGCE students teach 120 third form pupils from a local comprehensive school. The evaluation provides evidence that the exercise, apart from being an enjoyable and stimulating experience, fulfils DES expectations of the value of genuine partnership to all concerned—tutor and students, teachers and pupils. The author is indebted to the geography staff at Ulverston Victoria High School for their help in organising this course.


Thirty million Americans have used cocaine, making the United States the world's largest consumer of the substance; there are about 5 million current users.


In December 1991, the United States Navy awarded a contract to Northrop Grumman Marine Systems (then Westinghouse Electric Corporation) for the design and development of an intercooled, recuperated gas turbine engine system (ICR). The system is known by the designation WR-21. The development team includes Northrop Grumman as the prime contractor and system integrator, Rolls-Royce (RR) as the gas turbine developer, Allied Signal as developer of the recuperator cores, recuperator housing, and intercooler cores, and CAE Electronics Ltd. as the digital controller developer.After the development program began, the Royal Navy and the French Navy became interested in the ICR technology and have since become active program participants. The Navy team's joint goal is to design, develop, and qualify a fuel efficient engine for future surface combatants. This paper provides an overview and update of the WR-21 requirements, principles of operation, system description/performance, and the development program.Copyright © 1997 by ASME


The channel segmentation design problem for row-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is to design a segmented channel to maximize the probability of successful routing. An algorithm which takes an arbitrary net distribution and an integer K (specifying the maximum number of segments allowed in routing a net) as inputs, and automatically generates a segmented channel which is most suitable for K-segment channel routing is presented. The algorithm was tested extensively over various net distributions. An algorithm for segmented channel routing based on reducing the problem to the maximum independent set problem for undirected graphs is also presented.<<ETX>>


Micro-Thermal Conductivity Detectors (µTCDs) have been designed, fabricated and tested in a gas chromatography system to show a correlation between detector design and the mean free path of the carrier gas. Our tests show that for a fixed detector design, the maximum possible response is limited by the Knudsen number (the ratio of the mean free path of the gas and chamber critical dimensions). Therefore, the miniaturization of µTCDs is limited by the relationship between detector design and the mean free path of the carrier gas. Several devices were fabricated to show that as the critical dimensions of the detector approach the mean free path of the carrier gas, the thermal resistance and sensitivity of the system are strongly affected. This work is the first to show how the carrier gas mean free path needs to be considered when designing µTCDs.


In this paper, a framework of dynamic vehicle portfolio design is proposed. This portfolio focuses on forecasting an evolution of customer preferences of automobile products in terms of Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) of vehicle attributes. The proposed framework is developed by understanding the evolution of exogenous variables which affect the WTP over time. The forecasts of WTP, typically at a future date corresponding to the concept-release time, would be used within the planning framework. The best vehicle design or a set of designs for the future can be derived for various scenarios from the results of WTP prediction.


Goethe's Willhelm Meister novels, widely held to be the most significant and influential in all of German literature, have traditionally been classed as Bildungsroman, or 'novels of formation'. In Goethe and the Myth of Bildungsroman, Frederick Amrine offers a unique reading of Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre and Wilhelm Meister's Wanderjahre, which posits the second novel as a sequel to the first. Deconstructing and jettisoning the notion of the Bildungsroman, the features of the novels which have historically proved problematic for critics, seeming to testify to the novels' disunity, become instead the articulation points of a subtle concord between thematic and formal elements. Reading the novels in light of the eminent criticism of Northrop Frye, this book productively shifts away from social commentary towards the archetypal and symbolic, showing Goethe not to be an exception within world literature; rather, that he participates deeply in its overarching structures.


1. Summary. Following an initial section, in which the relation of materialism to positivism (including operationalism) and agnosticism is discussed, and the latter views criticized, a formal definition of dialectical materialism is given. Materialism is contrasted to idealism and dualism. Dialectics is contrasted to metaphysics. Some additional assumptions, usually included in dialectics, such as the interpenetrating character of the levels of science, and rationalism, are listed. In a section devoted to the relation between matter and spirit, the foundations of materialist ethics are laid by stating the humanist axiom of purpose. In the last section, historical materialism is defined, and some reasons for the occasional entanglement of scientific, philosophical, and political controversies are discussed.


A surface-impacting device was designed to study the phases of the charring layer surface of EPDM insulation in the ablation process and the structures of charrig layes resist the effect of collision under elevated temperatures.By using this device in the gas produced from composite propellant containing 5% aluminum,the experiment was successfully carried out and the morphology of the impacted charring layer surface was clearly observed.The results show that under the experimental conditions,the charring layer surface of the tested EPDM is primarily in solid state,without some thick liquid layer existing.Under elevated temperatures,the charring layer surface impacted would be cracked,which then affects its ablation property.The experimental results may be useful for further research on ablation mechanism of EPDM insulator.


Objective: Ear is one of the most important organs of the auditory system and may fail as a result of trauma, tumors, or other diseases. Allograft transplantation of adult stem cells has been used as an excellent procedure for restoring damage from different diseases. The aim of this study is to assess the regenerative ability of adipose-derived stem cells in ear auricle cartilage defects in a dog model injected with different treatments. Materials and Methods: The adipose-derived stem cells were isolated from canine adipose tissue. After cultured in medium, these cells were obtained after four passages. This study evaluated into three groups: Groups 1 and 2 were determined by mixing of the adipose-derived stem cells with fibrin glue biomaterial and without fibrin glue, respectively. The mixing of the adipose-derived stem cells with fibrin glue biomaterial and without fibrin glue were separately injected into the mid-portion of a surgically provided canine auricular cartilage injury. After two months, the auricular defect evaluated histologically.


The bootstrap provides a simple and powerful means of improving the accuracy of clustering. However, for today's increasingly large datasets, the computation of bootstrap-based quantities can be prohibitively demanding. In this paper we introduce the Bag of Little Bootstraps Clustering (BLBC), a new procedure which utilizes the Bag of Little Bootstraps technique to obtain a robust, computationally efficient means of clustering for massive data. Moreover, BLBC is suited to implementation on modern parallel and distributed computing architectures which are often used to process large datasets. We investigate empirically the performance characteristics of BLBC and compare to the performances of existing methods via experiments on simulated data and real data. The results show that BLBC has a significantly more favorable computational profile than the bootstrap based clustering while maintaining good statistical correctness.


The joint optimization scheme that combined asymmetric modulation with modulation diversity in bit-interleaved space-time coded modulation system (BI-STCM) was proposed. The upper pairwise error possibility was analyzed in BI-STCM under Rayleigh fading channels. The method of achieving modulation diversity and the optimal rotated angle of the constellation to achieve the maximum diversity gain were analyzed. The minimum Euclidean distance between symbols with hamming distance one can be increased in asymmetric constellation for several ordinary symbol mapping schemes. So the coding and diversity gain can be obtained and the upper bound of pairwise error possibility is decreased. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the performance of BI-STCM under Rayleigh fading channels.


The importance of three-phase pulse width modulation(PWM) converter for improving power quality is clarified.And a powerful three-phase PWM current source rectifier based on dual rectifier bridges with hybrid switch is proposed.This rectifier uses silicon controlled rectifiers(SCR or thyristors) and controllable switches as well,to compose three-phase current source rectifier with PWM function.It can reduce cost of the high power rectifier meanwhile decrease input current total harmonic distortion(THD) and in favor of DC power control.The operation principle of this rectifier is also analyzed.The relationships between the working frequency of the circuit and the turn-off characteristic of the SCR,THD of the line current and the output voltage range are plotted,thus it provides the guidance of the novel rectifier design.The experimental results verify that THD of line current of the rectifier is less than 5%.


The pushover analysis technique is mostly used in the performance-based design of structures and it is favored over nonlinear time-history analysis because of its lower computational cost. However, the accuracy of pushover is not well understood. With this problem in mind, the statistical relationship between the maximum displacement of nonlinear time-history analysis and that of pushover analysis is studied. It is indicated that the ratio of maximum displacement of nonlinear time-history analysis and that of pushover analysis follows lognormal probability distribution. For the structure with shorter period, the maximum displacement of pushover analysis is greater than the mean of maximum displacement of nonlinear time-history analysis; for the structure with longer period, the maximum displacement of pushover analysis tends to the same with the mean of maximum displacement of nonlinear time-history analysis. An expression for estimating the maximum displacement of structures under given peak ground acceleration with different excessive probabilities based on pushover result is proposed. Finally, an example is provided for demonstrating the application of the proposed expression.


Inventory is one of the most essential component of firms' current assets. Their efficient management notably determines the achievement of firms' economic and financial goals. The major objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of inventory management policies adopted by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the region of Epirus, in Greece. The study covers ten years period, which we analyze first as an entire period and then we split it in two periods, before and post to 2008, considering 2008 as the beginning period of the recession in Greece and the first year of serious financial constraints for Greek firms. The study empirically investigates differences in inventory ratios, both total inventory and its discrete components (finished goods, work in process and raw materials) between main sectors of economic activity in the region of Epirus and the relationship between inventory management and firms' performance on a sample of financial data for 612 enterprises. The median of inventory holding periods for the SMEs in Epirus region was found to be 82,13 days. Comparing the data for the two periods (2002-2008 and 2009-2011), the median was increased from 77,87 to 88,77 days respectively. Inventory days increased most rapidly in the construction sector. The largest increase was found for finished goods inventory (about 3% per year). By employing correlation techniques, it was found that effective inventory management is a necessary tool to achieve firm's future growth and profitability.


made the discovery that corrosive sublimate is a powerfuul hepatic stimulant; for it seemed not unreasonable to suppose that the free hydrochloric acid of the gastnrc juice might, by converting a small quantity of calomel into mercuric chloride, render it a hepatic as well as intestinal stixpulant. The results of a full investigation of this question were given at the close of the second series of experiments, and they prove that, when calomel is placed in the stomach of the dog, its action is the same as when placed in the duodenum. Having, therefore, established that, in the case of commonly used drugs, their action on the liver is similar, whether directly introduced into the stomach or into the duodenum, we are in a position to predict that, when the dog's liver is excited by a drug directly introduced into its duodenum, that drug will probably also be found to stimulate the human liver when taken into the stomach by the mouth.


A hydrological transect was performed on seven occasions from February to June 1992 in the coastal zone off Marseilles, a region of the western Mediterranean Sea where such data were not yet available. This lack of information is surprising, especially if one considers the large amount of data already collected both further seawards and in neighbouring regions such as the Ligurian and the Catalan Seas. The time interval between the transects (one week to one month) does not permit a distinction between mesoscale and seasonal variations, but the fine space interval between the casts (3-4 km) and the length of the transect (similar to 45 km) provide significant information on the characteristics of the Northern Current (NC) when it penetrates into the Gulf of Lions, and on those of the Modified Atlantic Water (MAW), the Winter Intermediate Water (WIW), and the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). Large mesoscale meanders of the NC have been evidenced; within the space of one week, its core can be found at a distance of more than 35 km or less than 20 km, while the LIW vein can be shifted by more than 10 km seawards from its mean location close to the slope. This also accounts for the fact that the NC was, in general, relatively deep (5 cm/s at 400-500 m), with surface speeds up to 30-50 cm/s continuously decreasing with depth. Its transport displayed a specific variation: low (similar to 0.7 Sv) in late February-early March, it increased up to 1.75 Sv in April-May and decreased to similar to 0.5 Sv in June. Although significant, such a seasonal variation differs from that encountered in the Ligurian Sea (the maximum occurs earlier in the winter), but is not inconsistent with what is predicted from numerical models with regard to the rim current associated with the formation of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW)...


In terms of the common character of the phonological structure, Guanzhong dialect covers a large area including not only the Guanzhong Plain but also such areas as Linfen and Yuncheng in southwest Shanxi Province; the southeastern part of Guyuan in Ningxia Province; Pingliang, Qingyang and Tianshui in Gansu Province; Danfeng and Shanyang in South Shaanxi; Ganquan and Yanchang in North Shaanxi, which is just what was called "Guanzhong" in history. This dialect geography and the historical administrative geography are closely related. In eight centuries from Western Han Dynasty to Northern Wei Dynasty, Guanzhong and Southwest Shanxi and West Henan all belonged to Si Zhou. In Song Dynasty, this area was governed by Yongxing Lu of Chang'an city. The relationship of dialect among these three areas may be established in these two periods. The relations among the western part of Guanzhong Plain, the southeastern part of Gansu and the southeastern part of Ningxia might have begun since Song Dynasty. In Yuan and Ming Dynasties, they all belonged to Shaanxi Province. Thanks to integration in the long history of administrative mapping, Guanzhong dialect has formed its own character.


The review presents epidemiological data on the prevalence of hepatocellular liver cancer (HCC) in different countries of the world including the Republic of Belarus, that belongs to the countries with a low prevalence of HCC. The review also contains information about variants of liver cancer associated with various hepatotropic viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV), the pathological process in which manifests itself as a mono or mixed viral infection. The mechanisms of transformation of an infectious process into an oncological one are considered. The importance of liver cirrhosis fibrosis in the development of cancer as a competing disease, the peculiarities of the morphological picture in the liver and the effect of therapy on the course of cirrhosis and hepatocellular liver cancer are emphasized.


Preparation of mixed emulsion systems for total parenteral nutrion (TPN) reduces the physical stability of the emulsions. Incorporation of drugs in emulsions can also cause physical instability. Destabilising and stabilising mechanisms in emulsions are discussed, especially with regard to added electrolytes and subssequent reduction of the zeta potential. Stabilising Born hydration and rigidity of the emulsifier film (microviscosity) are also considered


The link couplings of a multi DOF DD robot always act as a kind of torque disturbances.Joint acceleration feedback control based on sensed acceleration information will help to resist such coupling effects and improve the joint tracking performance.In this paper,linear accelerometer is used to sense the rotatory joint acceleration and a model is given to describe the sensed open loop resonance,and design criteria for stable and functional control law are also proposed.Extensive experiments are conducted on a threelink DD robot and the results are presented to validate the analyses and demonstrate the improvements benefited from the proposed method.


Objective To compare the effect of benzene on DNA damage of bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes.Methods Mice were exposed to benzene by static inhalation at different concentrations for two months.The DNA break in bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from the mice were analyzed with single cell gel electrophoresis.Results Comparing with the control group,the rates of DNA migration of the bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes increased remarkably both at high and low dose groups.DNA damage was remarkably different both in high group and low group.The DNA damage of the bone marrow cells is more serious than that of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the same dose group.Conclusions Chronic benzene poisoning could result in DNA break in bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes.The rate of DNA migration of the bone marrow cells is more serious than that of peripheral blood lymphocytes.DNA damage is remarkably different both in high group and low group.The DNA damage in high dose group cells is high too.


This article presents a qualitative study that was conducted to analyze the statements of students with special needs about their process of inclusion in a university in Santa Catarina State, concerning pedagogical factors, the physical structure of the institution and interpersonal relations. Three students in health related fields at that university were the subjects of the study, and data was collected through structured interviews. Theoretical support came primarily from the studies of Stainback and Stainback (1999), Mittler (2003) and Beyer (2006). The analysis was characterized as thematic dialog. The results indicate that the students with special needs studied opted for academic fields that provided opportunities for approximation and contribution with the people served. It was found that the university performs an important role in the process of inclusion of people with special needs, that the search for college courses by people with special needs has grown; and that the university studied still needs to adapt physical structures and pedagogical factors to offer students with special educational needs training in the professional positions they seek.


Skutsch modestly limits the scope of his magnum opus by observing (p. ix) that a general account of the poet's achievement would require a separate book. Instead he addresses himself principally to the myriad problems of text, arrangement, and interpretation of the fragments as such, problems with which he has grappled for more than forty years. An analytical work, then, in which the best features are the editor's dogged common sense, his wide philological and historical learning, and his familiarity with the ways and foibles of his witnesses, ancient, mediaeval, Renaissance, and modern. This is particularly impressive and authoritative in sweep (pp. 8-46, history of the text) and detail (apparatus and commentary passim). The work is dedicated to the memories of the editor's father Franz Skutsch, of Eduard Fraenkel, of W. M. Lindsay, and of A. E. Housman the influence of Fraenkel is especially pervasive in the commentary and it is an honourable heir to the tradition of scholarship which they represented. The standard version of the 'complete' Ennius has been J. Vahlen's third edition (Leipzig, 1903, repr. 1928 and Amsterdam, 1963); H. D. Jocelyn has replaced and expanded one major section of this with his TragedieSxof Ennius (Cambridge, 1969), a masterpiece from several points of view, and S. now tackles the other on the same ample scale. Up to now, insofar as we could read the Annals at all, English-speaking readers have had to make do with Warmington's Loeb edition of 'all' Ennius (Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1935) and serious students will have quite lengthy lists of queries arising from both'Surely Ennius can't mean thatV, 'Yes, but what about... ?', 'Is this in the right place?', 'Is that by Ennius at all?', etc. One knew a little of what to expect from S.'s numerous earlier discussions of particular problems in various papers (those in Studia Enniana [London, 1968] and others since), and the scholarly public has eagerly looked forward to the appearance of this fruit of a lifetime's study. What advance is there on Vahlen, and how does the work compare with Jocelyn's cultivation of the equally stony land over the fence? Textually, the overall result is that the unattributed fragments (442-663 in S.'s new numbering) now make a third of the material which is judged genuine; in Vahlen the equivalent proportion was a little more than a quarter, in Warmington, a little less. In this matter of the assignation of material to particular books, parts of books, or to none, S. is definitely superior to any predecessor, as also in his censura of those lines and phrases of doubtful, shadowy, or plain bogus status (pp. 749-95). However, in the detail of emendation and interpretation of individual fragments,


Developing fouling‐resistant membranes for reverse osmosis (RO) seawater desalination would provide many advantages for reducing energy consumption. As a potential avenue to inspire such membranes we are studying mangrove trees. Mangrove trees inspire a membrane‐based approach due to their natural desalination of untreated seawater in a process similar to RO. We have focused on biological mimetic systems and are identifying the locations in mangroves where salt exclusion occurs when intact stem‐and‐root complexes are used as a semipermeable membrane in an RO system. We have developed an RO system capable of sealing and testing intact stem‐and‐root complexes and individual root tissue (i.e. – root epidermis) at pressures up to 50 atm and 20 atm, respectively. Using our custom fabricated systems we have extruded xylem sap from mangroves and confirmed that they are naturally desalinating a saline growth solution. We are continuing to investigate our RO systems to enable us to identify the salt exclusion regions in mangroves and investigate potential fouling resistance in these tissues. This work will have impact in a diversity of fields including biologically inspired approaches to membrane processes, plant biology, and material science.


389-415 . S cessor or redeemer of his people, 'Alqama has obtained, by composing this ode, the release of his brother (or nephew) and the other Tamîmîtes, whom al - Hârith had taken prisoner. The aim of this study is to investigate ʿ Alqama's mentioned qasidas. The anthologies of ancient poetry and ʿ Alqama's diwan were used as primary source. In this paper, two qasidas of ʿ Alqama and his poetical style are examined with a scientific method. In addition to this, the poems are translated to Turkish.