Neutrino astronomy beyond the Sun was first imagined in the late 1950s; by the 1970s, it was realized that kilometer-scale neutrino detectors were required. The first such instrument, IceCube, transforms a cubic kilometer of deep and ultra-transparent Antarctic ice into a particle detector. KM3NeT, an instrument that aims to exploit several cubic kilometers of the deep Mediterranean sea as its detector medium, is in its final design stages. The scientific missions of these instruments include searching for sources of cosmic rays and for dark matter, observing Galactic supernova explosions, and studying the neutrinos themselves. Identifying the accelerators that produce Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays has been a priority mission of several generations of high-energy gamma-ray and neutrino telescopes; success has been elusive so far. Detecting the gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes associated with cosmic rays reaches a new watershed with the completion of IceCube, the first neutrino detector with sensitivity to the anticipated fluxes. In this paper, we will first revisit the rationale for constructing kilometer-scale neutrino detectors. We will subsequently recall the methods for determining the arrival direction, energy and flavor of neutrinos, and will subsequently describe the architecture of the IceCube and KM3NeT detectors.


Summary form only given. Faster and smaller- that has been a major goal in semiconductor device R and D. High speed semiconductor devices operating on a picosecond time scale are already available indicating that the nonequilibrium carrier dynamical processes occur in these devices on an ultrafast time scale. Just as it is interesting to be able to resolve smaller and smaller geometrical features of material structures by advanced microscopy, it is exciting to have a window into the ultrashort time domain to probe the ultrafast processes that occur after electrons and holes are injected in a semiconductor. A very convenient way of investigating this is to excite the semiconductor with an ultrashort laser pulse and monitor the linear and nonlinear response of the carriers using ultrafast time resolved optical measurement techniques. A large body of knowledge is now built in this area over the past several years. In this talk, the author will describe some of these developments with an emphasis on results obtained in our laboratory.


This work describes the implementation of an algorithm to identify and colorize matching split/join-operator pairs in workflow net based process models within the open source software WoPeD [1]. The concept was suggested as a powerful means to enhance the understandability of process graphs in [2]. The implemented detection and coloring method works in realtime, i. e. process designers get immediate feedback on actual or intended editing activities.


The BMA has come under fire from members of its governing council after it emerged that until the practice was stopped earlier this year many senior officers had been taking spouses with them on trips abroad and reclaiming the costs as expenses, even though the BMA had no formal policy to permit it.

During this period the only senior officer officially allowed to be accompanied by his or her partner to some events and to claim for the associated costs was the BMA president. However, it recently became apparent that other senior officers were also reimbursed for spousal travel expenses in this way.

Chaand Nagpaul, who has been chair of the BMA's ruling council since 2017, instituted a ban on such expense claims after he became aware of them this January. He is now planning a wider review of the BMA's governance.

The scale of the payouts is not yet clear. The BMJ has been told that none of the current chief …


In his work on "Alberto Giacometti", published in Retratos-Relâmpago, the Brazilian poet Murilo Mendes searches a comprehension of Giacometti's work through a text that, moving away from the usual procedures of traditional art critic, directs itself to the fragmentary and groping form that characterizes the essay. For his intuition of Giacometti's art, Murilo Mendes turns to the meaning derived from the collision of distant aspects of reality with no relation to the usual universum of art, mingling his text to the procedures of image – and therefore creating a critical thought which is dependent of the use and expansion of metaphor. The meaning that the critic/poet extracts from Giacometti's work has its roots in the negative configuration of the sculptures (they are, according to Murilo Mendes, rather denial of space, than space itself), which in turn implies formal and social-historical consequences (the reduction of matter and its relation with violence, the risk of anonymity, the limits of human identity in the 1950s).


The synthetic sloughing mechanism of coal beds in Jurassic and Triassic systems of Tarim Basin was studied by using chemical analysis and mechanical methods. The results show that the fragility of coal is the main factor that causes the sloughing of coal beds. The density and strength of the two types of samples in the studied area are very low. The coal samples have big specific surface areas and many hydrophilic groups. The coals are the organic compounds with strong lipophilicity. The absorbed water can weaken the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between organic molecules to make swelling of coal, and oil can resolve the cross-link bonds and small organic molecules to destroy the framework of coals. Either water or oil can reduce the compression and tensile strength of coal beds.


The effect of mixing slag and fertilizer on silicon availability and phosphorus fixation rate were studied with incubation experiments.The results showed that soluble SiO2 and phosphorus fixation rate increased with moisture content,but didn't continue to increase after moisture content was higher than 150 g/kg.The greatest effect on soluble SiO2 was NPK three-factor proportion,followed by two-factor proportion,and the proportion with P had a greater effect on increasing soluble SiO2,while N,K had no evident effect on phosphate fixation rate.When the particle diameter was 0.10 mm,the soluble SiO2 and phosphate fixation rate were significantly higher than 0.25 and 1.00 mm particle diameter.However,there was no significant difference between 0.25 and 1.00 mm particle diameter.The soluble SiO2 and phosphate fixation rate increased along with increasing storage duration,whose maximum appeared between 10 and 20 days.Then they decreased gradually but slightly,and remained more or less constent.The phosphate fixation rate had a positive relationship with Fe2O3,CaO,MgO and had a negative relationship with SiO2 and available silicon in the slag.It was proved that the slag adsorbed phosphate mainly through iron,calcium and magnesium,and the existence of silicon could reduce the absorption of phosphorus effectively.


Abstract. The myrmicine ant genus Lophomyrmex is fully revised and transferred from tribe Pheidologetonini to Pheidolini (tribal transfer: Pheidolini, senior synonym of Lophomyrmecini syn.n.). Ten species are recognized, which are placed into two species groups. The quadrispinosus group, characterized by the presence of pronotal teeth or spines, includes birmanus, kali sp.n., opaciceps stat.n. (=javana syn.n.), quadrispinosus (=taprobanae syn.n.) and taivanae stat.n. The bedoti group, in which the pronotum is dorsolateraly marginate, includes ambiguus sp.n., bedoti, longicomis sp.n., lucidus stat.n. and strialulus sp.n. A key to the worker caste is presented and descriptions of known sexual forms are given.


The utility model relates to a fire adjustment knob structure for an electromagnetic oven, which comprises a knob part, a control part and an oven faceplate. A first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet are respectively arranged in the knob part and the control part; a circuit board with a Hall chip is also arranged in the control part; the knob part and the control part are completely separated by the oven faceplate and symmetrically positioned on the upper surface and the lower surface of the oven faceplate; and the knob part is vertically absorbed on the oven faceplate through thefirst permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet. Due to the adoption of a structure that the knob part and the control part which are symmetrically arranged are separated by the oven faceplate, the knob part which is assembled is separated by the oven faceplate and vertically absorbed on the operation faceplate through the action of the permanent magnet, not only can be fixed and freely rotate, but also can be randomly taken away; a corresponding magnetic field is also separated; and when the knob part is rotated, the Hall chip on the circuit board also can induce the change of the magnetic field, thereby achieving the purpose of adjusting the fire of the electromagnetic oven through controlling the magnetic field.


Endoscopic carpal tunnel release in an effective method to relieve compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel. The effectiveness in terms of relief of symptoms is comparable to the effectiveness of open carpal tunnel release. When performed correctly the procedure is reliably safe, but there are numerous procedural details that must be attended to in order to perform the procedure safely and effectively. Those procedural details are outlined in the following chapter. The risk of a significant complication is higher than that associated with an open carpal tunnel release due to the more limited visualization. When performed without a complication, endoscopic carpal tunnel release is better tolerated than an open procedure due to decreased wound pain and earlier return to full activities.


It is not enough to say thank you to the editors of the Journal for the October 2003 cover picture and article on veterans' health care, which were well received in the veterans' community.1 Far too often veterans are yesterday's news, even when our country is engaged in a new conflict.

New York City veterans are currently involved in a struggle to keep the Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital at First Ave and 23rd St open. We have the support of several public officials, such as Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, New York City Council Speaker Gifford Miller, Public Advocate Betsy Gotbaum, and Council Members Margarita Lopez and Christine Quinn, but it is still an uphill fight. The VA CARES (Capital Asset Realignment for Enhanced Services) Commission has visited many VA medical facilities around the country and has slated several for major changes. The commission proposes moving all inpatient care from 23rd St to other VA hospitals.

The CARES Commission also has plans to close down the Montrose and Canandaigua VA facilities in upstate New York. These closings will be devastating to the veterans community as well as to the health care professionals who staff these facilities. The impact on teaching hospitals and funding in these areas is probably viewed as nothing more than "collateral damage," but such a change will affect many lives and probably none for the better. I am sure that New York veterans are not alone in being affected by the draconian measures recommended by the CARES Commission. Should readers want more information on this subject, I can connect them with other veterans who can offer much more knowledge than my limited grasp of this serious situation allows.

The Journal is a welcome, positive, caring voice in very uncertain times for veterans' health care. Please keep this issue alive in the public health community, as we need all the help we can get.


Cardiovascular disease is still the number one cause of death in the industrialized world. Diseased small diameter blood vessels are frequently replaced by native grafts. However, these vessels have a limited life time [1], for example the patency at 10 year after coronary artery bypass grafting of saphenous vein grafts is 57% [2]. Tissue engineering (TE) of small diameter blood vessels seems a promising approach to overcome these shortcomings or address the increasing need for substitutes during follow up surgery. Mechanical conditioning of myofibroblast (MFs) seeded constructs appears to be beneficial for functional tissue properties, such as cell proliferation, ECM production and mechanical strength [3,4]. Without a functional endothelial cell (ECs) layer however, patency may be compromised by thrombogenecity. Construction of an EC layer might on the other hand affect the tissue composition during culture, as was shown for bovine ECs, which influenced proliferation and ECM production of smooth muscle cells [5].Copyright © 2007 by ASME


A dynamic equation of passive mode locking with the equivalent fast saturable absorber in self-mode-locked solid state laser is presented. With the linearized rate equations , we obtained the self-starting condition .Furthermore, the relation between the growth rate of coupling modes and the starting factor is presented. The theory is in good agreement with the experimental results obtained by other researchers.


The article is dedicated to the examination and comparison of the justification of occupation of a neighboring country in the German (1938) and Russian (2014) media. The objective of the study is to reveal the mechanics of the application of the classical manipulative method of substituting of aggressor and victim on the material of German and Russian propaganda in 1938 and in 2014 respectively. According to the results of the study, clear parallels between the two information strategies can be traced at the level of the condemnation of internal aggression against a national minority loyal to Berlin / Moscow and its political representative (the Sudeten Germans – the pro-Russian Ukrainians, as well as the security forces of the Yanukovych regime); the reflections on dangers that Czechoslovakia / Ukraine poses to itself and to its neighbors; condemnation of the violation of the cultural rights of the minority that the occupier intends to protect (German language and culture – Russian language and culture); the historical parallels designed to deepen the modern conflict, to show it as a long-standing and a natural one ("Hussites" – "Banderites"). In the manipulative strategy of both media, the main focus is not on factual fabrication, but on the bias selection of facts, due to which the reader should have an unambiguous understanding of who is the permanent aggressor in the conflict (Czechoslovakia, Czechs – Ukraine, Ukrainians), and who is the permanent victim (Germans – Russians, Russian speakers). The substitution of victim and aggressor in the media in both cases became one of the most important manipulative strategies designed to justify the German occupation of part of Czechoslovakia and the Russian occupation of part of Ukraine.


In response to Government's decision to lift some subsidies on gasoline in the Kingdom of Bahrain in 2016 and subsequently, in 2018, the current study examines the impact of increase in gasoline price on consumers' choice of private vehicles parameters. The results reveal a significant decrease in both vehicle weight and engine displacement, and a significant increase in fuel efficiency with the increase in gasoline price. However, as expected, the percent change in the values of vehicle parameters is less than the percent change in fuel price indicating inelastic demand of vehicle parameters with respect to fuel price. Application of dummy variable regression model further reveals that fuel price and vehicle parameters have significant impact on CO2 emissions and thus, on the environment.


Bovine somatotropin, a naturally-occurring hormone that enhances milk production in cows, can now be produced in large quantities using recombinant DNA technologies. Recent research suggests that the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) could increase milk production an average of 12 percent per cow Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Production could increase more or less depending on dairy management practices. In November of 1993, after reviewing rbST for more than nine years, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it for commercial use. This article analyzes, both analytically and empirically, producers' rbST adoption decisions in the preFDA-approval phase.


Multisensor navigation via redundancy and complementary has been widely applied to safety-critical services, such as self-driving vehicles. To improve the robustness and reliability of the multisensor navigation system in urban canyon environments, a robust Kalman filter (RKF) method enhanced by the projection statistic (PS) detector is proposed in this work. Based on a statistical consistency check, the availability of measurements from observation sensors is preevaluated by the PS criterion. The new iterative Huber's M-estimation with the exclusion function is implemented on the linear regression model for robust state estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified by a dynamic test in the representative urban canyon environment. Our approach shows significant superiority and robustness among the comparative experiments, where the 3-D root-mean-square (rms) error is limited to 3.33 m. The biased measurements can be effectively identified and removed by the PS detector with a given significance level. The new iterative Huber's M-estimation assisted by the prior availability knowledge enables the integration solution more robust and reliable. The presented robust method is pretty suitable for multisensor navigation in urban canyon environments.


The RailPAc (Rail Plasma Actuator) is a novel flow control device that uses the magnetic Lorentz forces for fluid flow actuation at atmospheric pressures. The device consists of two parallel flush mounted rail electrodes along which a plasma current sheet is accelerated by virtue of ~ J × ~ B Lorentz forces. Experimental studies reveal actuation ∼ 10-100 m/s can be achieved with this device which is much larger than conventional electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) force based plasma actuators. A magneto-hydrodynamics simulation study of this device is presented. A one dimensional model to study the arc motion in the RailPAc is first formulated. The snowplow model, typically used for studying parallel plate pulsed plasma thrusters is used to predict the arc velocities, which agree well with experimental measurements. Two dimensional simulations are performed using a finite volume based resistive magneto-hydrodynamics model. The model is further developed to include the effect of applied electric and magnetic fields seen in this device. The effect of Lorentz forcing and heating effects on fluid flow actuation is studied by using two electrical conductivity models an equilibrium air plasma conductivity as a function of temperature and an assumed conductivity accounting for the moving non-equilibrium plasma. The equilibrium conductivity model is unable to self consistently capture the motion of the current sheet thereby confirming the importance of its non-equilibrium nature. Simulations are performed with a moving region of high conductivity with arc velocities predicted by the snowplow model. Actuation on the order of 100 m/s is attained at the head of the current sheet due to the effect of Lorentz forcing alone. The inclusion of heating effects led to isotropic blast wave like actuation which is detrimental to the performance of RailPAc. This study also revealed the deficiencies of a single fluid model and a more accurate multi-fluid approach is proposed for future work.


The present invention provides a method of producing a food or beverage product gave a fragrance, the fragrance fraction obtained from a plant extract, the aromatic fraction is contacted with the oil to remove undesirable aroma compounds, undesirable compounds have been removed aromatic fractions together with a food or beverage composition, a method for producing a food or beverage product gave a fragrance. .BACKGROUND


Land co-application of biosolids and WTR is a new concept. Therefore, information on the effect of co-application of biosolids and WTR on plant growth and elements uptake are very limited especially in alkaline soils. A glasshouse experiments was established to evaluate the effects of co-application of WTR and biosolids on agronomic performance of wheat crop grown in alkaline soils as well as P and Al plant concentration and uptake, and to improve management of industrial and toxic wastes and provides environmentally sound guidelines for their disposal. The results indicated that increases of 47, 359 and 55 % in total dry matter yield were achieved as a result of applying 40 gkg -1 WTR and 10 gkg -1 biosolids to clay, sandy and calcareous soils respectively. In all studied soils treated with a constant biosolid rate 10 gkg -1 , application of 20 gkg -1 WTR significantly increased plant P concentration in the plant materials. Combined analyses of all soils ,all treatments of biosolid and WTR rates studied indicated clearly significant relationships between ABDTPA P concentration and P uptake (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). Application of WTR combined with biosolid showed significant increases in extractable Al in all the soils studied. However, application rates of WTR and biosolid did not increase extractable Al in amended soils beyond 6.06 mg Al kg -1 .


Background: An understanding of uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) by human cancer cells and non-cancer cells is important for the development of NPs as novel cancer therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Methods: Human breast cancer cells (MCF7, BT474) and normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) were exposed to PEGylated-silicaFITC NPs (1.0 mg/mL) for 24h. Results: After incubation of cells with 20 μl of NPs, increased uptake of PEG-silica-FITC NPs was seen in cancer cells (MCF7, 18.5%; BT474, 16.8%) compared to non-cancer cells (MCF10A, 9.9%). Incubation of cells with 40 μl of NPs demonstrated that uptake of NPs is dose related and confirmed preferential uptake of NPs by cancer cells (MCF7, 27.3%; BT474, 25.2%) compared to non-cancer cells (MCF10A, 12.3%). Conclusion: Human breast cancer cells demonstrate increased uptake of NPs compared to normal human breast epithelial cells. This observation has important implications for the development of NPs as cancer therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents.


The corrosion and release of aluminum alloy 1100 in characteristic solutions in the containment sump of a nuclear reactor after a loss-of-coolant accident has been studied by an integral approach of electrochemical characterization and solution analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques. Various temperatures and pHs for a reactor in post-LOCA conditions are investigated to identify the effects of the temperature and solution composition on the corrosion. It was found that the oxygen reduction dominants the cathodic reaction below 55 °C, while water reduction becomes more pronounced at a higher temperature. The adsorption of boron on aluminum was identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The boron adsorption decreased the thickness of the passive film by increasing the aluminum hydroxide solubilities, resulting in a very thin (<1.5 nm) passive film in the high boron concentrated post-LOCA solutions. The aluminium corrosion rate and passive film resistance obey an Arrhenius-type correlation with temperature in post-LOCA solutions. The slopes of the logarithmic release rate of aluminium in post-LOCA solutions against the pH and the reciprocal temperature are found to keep constant in solutions with a pH between pH 4–12, and a temperature range of 25 to 130 °C.


We propose a column-based split cell-VSS (CS-CVSS) data-aware write-assisted (DAW A) 9T ultra-low voltage SRAM with enhanced read sensing margin in 28nm FDSOI technology. The proposed write-assist technique (CS-CVSS and DAWA) improve both half-select SNM and write margin. The proposed 3T low leakage read port enhances read sensing margin by minimizing bitline leakage through negative gate to source voltage. A 16kb 9T SRAM test chip demonstrates VDDMIN-Write improvement of 0.39 V and VDDMIN-Read of 0.25 V with 1.57 ps read access time. The energy of 6.72 pJ is achieved at 0.5 V.


J. A. Bondy and U. S. R. Murty, Graph theory with Applications, London: MacMillan (1976). R. M. Gera, On Dominator Colorings in Graphs, Graph Theory Notes of New York LIT, 25-30 (2007) F. Harary, Graph Theory, Narosa Publishing 1969. D. Michalak, On Middle and Total graphs with Coarseness Number Equal 1, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Volume 1018: Graph Theory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 139 – 150 (1983).


The article studies the possible variation of mineralogy as a function of both grain size and depth within the core of less than 1 mm fines, for the core section 60004 from Apollo 16. Twelve samples of the fines were dry sieved. The grain size analysis showed a bimodal distribution for all samples, indicating a competing process of grain size degeneration and agglutinate formation. Approximately 99% of the minerals in the samples examined consisted of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene and olivine, with plagioclase the dominant phase. The various minerals were analyzed, using standard electron microprobe techniques, as a function of size range for each sample, and the representative analyses are presented. Several types of glass were also analyzed, ranging in color from orange through yellow and green to colorless. The investigation of the chemical variations of mineral and lithic clasts from the top and the bottom of the core suggests that although minor variations are present, the regolith was derived from fairly homogeneous sources.


Learning a language using the Tablet and the digital ink as a means of communication with the teacher and the other students adds action and consequently, motivation to the learning-teaching process. If the learner has more opportunities for participating by using this tool in the classroom, can he/she then improve his/her learning process in German? This is the question we pretend to answer with our research. The data obtained show the great benefits for developing these technologies in our learning environment, because the focusing on three basic linguistic elements in German learning using the digital ink and the free software Classroom Presenter have offered good results, both in the diagnostic tests as well as in the assessment expressed by the students.


This paper is concerned with free vibration characteristics and natural frequency of horizontally curved composite plate girder bridges. Three-dimensional finite element models are developed for the girders using the software package LUSAS and analyses carried out on the models. The validity of the finite element models is first established through comparison with the corresponding results published by other researchers. Studies are then carried out to investigate the effects of total number of girders, number of cross-frames and curvature on the free vibration response of horizontally curved composite plate girder bridges. The results confirm the fact that bending modes are always coupled with torsional modes for horizontally curved bridge girder systems. The results show that the first bending mode is influenced by composite action between the concrete deck and steel beam at low subtended angle but, on the girders with larger subtended angle at the centre of curvature such influence is non-existence. The increase in the number of girders results in higher natural frequency but at a decreasing rate. The in-plane modes viz. longitudinal and arching modes are significantly influenced by composite action and number of girders. If no composite action is taken into account the number of girders has no significant effect for the in-plane modes.


Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in rural development as well as in agricultural sectors is quite recent in Bangladesh and most of the PRAs are conducted by NGOs. The review of participatory researches explicitly shows that majority of them were conducted to date for evaluating current status and future potentials of different programs. Few researches were done to explore the baseline situation of the villages. However, the creation of a gender sensitive database based on participatory process is required to assist in the development of gender sensitive technical programs for rural development. In this regard, some measures can be taken to increase women's participation in the participatory process. Yet, for gender sensitive development planning to improve the value of participatory research, the analysis should be done individually along with data collection from men and women's group separately. Community involvement with the overall process of data collection to analysis is considered an effective way in this regard. In this context, Participatory Assessment, Analysis and Action (P AAA) is useful approach to development planning and implementation. It involves all stakeholders from the community people to Thana level officials in a participatory process of assessing, analyzing, and acting on multifaceted problems of rural development.


This article presents new data on the Lower Carboniferous Izyuryel occurrence of kaolins in the South Timan. Through numerous excavations (trenches, test pits, and hand dog wells) in the area of about 2 km2 in the Cher Izhemskaya River basin (left tributary of the Izhma River), the authors have opened and studied the 3–9-m-thick kaolinite layer deposited with stratigraphic unconformity on the Upper Devonian dolomites and overlain by Lower Carboniferous dolomites. There are rock sections of two types differing in composition and thickness. The article describes the structure of the sections and rock texture. By the study results, the kaolinite strata are much thicker than previously assumed and, theoretically, contain more kaolin. The authors indicate the possible location of the most promising area with kaolin raw.


This article develops a diachronic analy sis of the Latin adverbs maxime and inclusive in Spanish. This study situates their first chro nological and textual appearances in our lan guage and proves their spread; and, at the same time, the successive manifestations of their value and the transitions between their conse cutive functions are described. Lastly, their behavior in Spanish is examined from a com parative perspective that takes into account as well other elements of language. The historical analysis shows that maxime and inclusive share not only their status as Latin adverbs but also their linguistic evolu tion. After a discreet incorporation into the 15th century Castilian, these adverbs transcen ded diaphasic and diastratically: from formal to informal language, and ?though in different degree for each one? from the most cultured speakers to users of varied socio-cultural level.


We consider twelve different ways of modelling the 3-body problem in dimension $\geq 2$. These can be viewed as models of classical and quantum background independence. We show that a different type of monopole is realized in each's relational space: a type of reduced configuration space. 8 cases occur in 2-$d$, and 4 distinct ones in 3-$d$; these reflect counts of non-equivalent subgroup actions of $S_3 \times C_2$ and $S_3$ respectively. The $S_3$ acts on particle labels; the extra $C_2$ corresponds to the purely 2-$d$ option of whether or not to identify mirror images. The non-equivalent realization is due to a suite of subgroup, orbit space and stratification features.
Our 2-$d$ monopoles include 4 known ones: a realization of Dirac's monopole in relational space rather than its more habitual setting of space, the 2-$d$ version of Iwai's monopole, and indistinguishable particle monopoles with and without mirror image identification. The 4 new ones are indistinguishable under a 2-particle label switch or under even permutations, in each case with optional mirror image identification. Our 4 3-$d$ monopoles are 2 known ones: the actual Iwai monopole and its already-announced indistinguishable-particles counterpart, and 2 new ones: the two-particle label switch and even permutation cases. All 4 3-$d$ cases are stratified. The three even-permutation cases are orbifolds, two with boundary, the 3-$d$ case's boundary constituting a separate stratum, giving a stratified orbifold. We document each of the 12 cases' underlying shape space and relational space, and each monopole's Hopf mathematics, global-section versus topological quantization dichotomy, Dirac string positioning, and Chern integral concordance with topological contributions form of Gauss--Bonnet Theorem.


As a chemical widely used in human life, alum plays an important role in painting and calligraphy, water purification, dyeing, architecture, medicine, etc. However, it does harm to our health when used as a food additive. This article tells the story of alum's journey through time and space  in the first person and lets readers explore the properties and applications of alum with their interest sparked.


DSC, resonance frequency and internal friction measurements have been performed on SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 ceramics. Two anomalies around 328 and 565°C were observed in the DSC curve of the heating run, indicating that the ferroelectric transition of SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 ceramics is of first order and that a new structure transition may occur in this ceramic material around 565 °C. Softening of the elastic modulus of SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 ceramics was observed below the Curie temperature, indicating that SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 ceramics may undergo a pre-transition prior to the ferroelectric transition.


Complex networks encountered in biology are often characterized by significant structural diversity. Whether it be differences in the three-dimensional structure of allosteric proteins, or the variation among the micro-scale structures of organisms' cerebral vasculature systems, identifying relationships between structure and function often poses a difficult challenge. Here we showcase an approach to characterizing structure-function relationships in complex networks applied in the context of flow networks tuned to perform specific functions. Using persistent homology, we analyze flow networks tuned to perform complex multifunctional tasks, answering the question of how local changes in the network structure coordinate to create functionality at at the scale of the entire network. We find that the response of such networks encodes hidden topological features - sectors of uniform pressure - that are not apparent in the underlying network architectures, Regardless of differences in local connectivity, these features provide a universal topological description for all networks that perform these types of functions. We show that these features correlate strongly with the tuned response, providing a clear topological relationship between structure and function and structural insight into the limits of multifunctionality.


was made only at autopsy. The case reported here was one of amcebic hepatitis and associated acute dry pericarditis: The pericarditis was secondary to extension of the hepatitis. The patient was cured with ?injections of emetine hydrochloride. The rarity of the incidence of amcebic pericarditis secondary to amoebic hepatitis warrants the present publication. Case history K. K., 17 years, Hindu female, married, was admitted to Shri Janki Devi Bhagat Mahila Seva Sadan, Agra, for confinement. She delivered a living child who suffered from infantile diarrhoea and expired after 25 days. She started running a temperature 2 days after the confinement. An intramuscular injection of quinine bihydrochloride (10 grains) was given, but the temperature persisted. An examination of her vaginal smear showed pus cells in large number, a few extra-cellular Gram-positive diplococci, staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli. A diagnosis of puerperal sepsis was made and she was put on sulphanilamide tablets of which she got a total dose of 40 grammes. In spite of this her temperature continued. At this stage a clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever was entertained. The following investigations were done : Blood : Total white cells 7,450 (polymorphonuclears 72 per cent, lymphocytes 22 per cent, large mononuclears 3 per cent, eosinophils 3 per cent); no parasites. Urine showed nothing of significance. Widal test (18th day of fever)


This paper attempts to discover the changes of tropical residential buildings in the pacific-rim region under the globalization, to find the emerging trends which this kind of building can follow. The trends can be identified through case studies in China, Costa Rica and Australia by comparing the traditional and modern tropical residential buildings and analysing the authenticity of them. The emerging trends include the relationship with the natural environment, the local identity and personal experience. The paper consists of three parts. The first and second part analyses the characteristics of traditional and modern tropical residential buildings. The third part compares these characteristics, thus summarizing the changes and identifying which parts can be represented as trends.


1. About the limits of the conclusions drawn from the case studied The Referee questions whether the use of "perfect forcing", i.e. to force the forecast models with observed instead of predicted precipitation, allows for drawing the stated conclusions on the economic performance of the system. Related, the Referee would like to see a discussion of whether and, if so, how the interdependency between the deterministic and the probabilistic forecast affects the results. Finally, the Referee wonders if the title of the manuscript accurately reflects the content of the paper.


Infrared reflectivity measurements have been made on single-crystal Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Zn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in the wavelength range 1 to 140 \ensuremath{\mu}. An analysis of the data using Kramers-Kronig analysis and classical dispersion theory gives the transverse optic mode frequencies, strengths, and linewidths. Huang's macroscopic dielectric theory is extended to the case of several modes to study the behavior of the longitudinal optic modes in these fluorides. A generalized Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation and some additional sum rules are derived for the case of many modes when damping is present. It is shown that the longitudinal mode frequencies are easily obtainable from the reflectivity data analysis. The four longitudinal optic mode frequencies for Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Zn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ are presented.


This book explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. It argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is changing in fundamental ways. We are witnessing the emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age, but their form and their substance remain undetermined and are the subjects of intense struggle. One level for legal-institutional transformation involves baseline understandings of entitlement and disentitlement. Both lawyers and laypeople tend to think of legal entitlements as relatively fixed, but the ongoing transformation in political economy has set things in motion in ways that traditional accounts do not contemplate. In particular, the datafication of important resources and the shift to a platform-based, massively intermediated communications environment have profoundly reshaped both the organization of economic activity and the patterns of information exchange. The authority of platforms is both practical and normative, and it has become both something taken for granted and a powerful force reshaping the law in its own image. Another level for legal-institutional transformation involves the structure and operation of regulatory and governance institutions. Patterns of institutional change in the networked information era express a generally neoliberalized and managerialist stance toward the law's projects and processes. They reflect deeply embedded beliefs about the best uses of new technological capabilities to manage legal and regulatory processes and account for activities of legal and regulatory concern.


I. INTRODUCTIONFood is at the base of human development. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1974 recognized the right to food,1 and in particular the right of adequate food.2 The same year, the World Food Summit defined "Food Security" as the "availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices."3 This includes: availability of food, access to food, utilization of food (within a healthy diet), and the stability of the previous three criteria.4Since time immemorial, every sovereign state has had the objective of achieving food security for citizens, notably the availability of food and the access to food, and this objective now has achieved in liberalized markets. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ("GATT") of 1994 recognized the peculiar nature of agriculture products within liberalized trade and noted the negative impact of a sudden liberalization of trade of agricultural commodities for net-food importing countries.5 On this note, article 6 of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 1974, also associated with the Right to Development, passed since into customary law,6 stated:[i]t is the duty of States to contribute to the development of international trade of goods, particularly by means of arrangements and by the conclusion of long-term multilateral commodity agreements, where appropriate, and taking into account the interests of producers and consumers. All States share the responsibility to promote the regular flow and access of all commercial goods traded at stable, remunerative, and equitable prices; thus, contributing to the equitable development of the world economy, taking into account, in particular, the interests of developing countries.7It is worth noting that State's duty to promote the regular flow and access of all commercial goods traded at stable, remunerative, and equitable prices is reflected in the "availability to food" and "access to food" criteria of food security.The international food price index rose by 40% in 2007 and by 50% in the beginning of 2008, giving a higher rise percentage compared to a rise of 9% in 2006.8 This was an unprecedented price swing. Traditionally, the remunerative and equitable food price follows the real fundamentals of supply and determines the agricultural policy of the state. However, the growing importance of financial speculators have come into play in the price determination of agricultural commodities. Current literature abounds with studies and demonstrations of causal links, or lack thereof, between excessive speculation and the commodities prices. Certain economists, such as Kilian and Murphy,9 have established a causal link between these aberrant price increases of agricultural commodities and speculative activities in the financial markets.Other economists, such as Krugman10 and Wolf,11 on the contrary, found evidence that speculator activities were not consistent with the food price spike of 2007 to 2008.12The question at hand is whether financial speculators' virtual forestalling of prices can increase real agricultural prices. In the affirmative, if speculation can have an impact on prices and their volatility, what kind of reform is taken to prevent the establishment of this new-normal regime?This article is therefore organized in three main axes. The first axis will focus on understanding the market environment and the evolution of agricultural commodities and how finance realized a coup d'etat over such a particular good. The link between excessive speculation in financial markets and the price of food for consumers is of essence in this problem. The literature has been conflicted and is contradicting regarding speculation in agricultural commodities. The second axis shall focus on what is established: it is possible that excessive speculation has a serious detrimental effect on agricultural prices and thereby, on the ability of millions of persons to have access to food. …


LiF is an al kali ha lide that is com monly used in ra di a tion do sim e try uti liz ing its well-known thermoluminescence prop erty. Pure LiF has very lim ited use in ra di a tion do sim e try since the den sity and types of the in ter nal traps are lim ited. For that rea son, LiF is usu ally doped with dif fer ent el e ments such as Mg and Ti in (TLD-100) to en hance its thermoluminescence prop er ties and to be suit able for do sim e try ap pli ca tions. In this work we used ball mill ing as an al ter na tive to dop ants (im pu ri ties) to in duce struc ture de fects (e. g. dis lo ca tion) that will play the ma jor role in thermoluminescence pro cess sim i lar to de fects caused by dop ants. The dis lo ca tion den sity of 1 h ball milled pris tine LiF was eval u ated at the MCX beamline of the Ital ian Syn chro tron ELETTRA. A ball milled LiF was then com pressed in the form of chips, then an nealed for 1 h at 600 °C to get rid of low tem per a ture dis lo ca tions. The an nealed sam ples showed lin ear re sponse in the range 50-300 Gy. Fad ing in ves ti ga tion showed that the in te gral thermoluminescence in ten sity al most sta bi lizes af ter 12 days from the first ir ra di a tion. Re sults in di cate that ball mill ing is a new prom is ing tech nique to pro duce thermoluminescence do sim e ters with out us ing any kind of dop ants.


The language of the appeal proceedings may differ from that at first instance. Rule 232 creates the risk of the judge rapporteur ordering the production of translations in the language of the appeal proceedings, which would be at the expense of the appellant.


EFFECTS OF TILLAGE PRACTICES AND MANURE APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT IN TILE DRAIN EFFLUENT UNDER A SILT LOAM SOIL IN ONTARIO, CANADA Christopher Duits Co-Advisor: University of Guelph, 2018 Dr. Ivan O'Halloran University of Guelph Co-Advisor: Dr. Merrin Macrae University of Waterloo This thesis is an investigation of the relationship between different forms of P that are found in tile drain effluent following the summer/fall application of liquid dairy manure on three different tillage systems during the period of 2014 to 2015. Three plots were used, each associated with a different tillage system (conventional and minimum till). Tile water samples were taken during flow periods and were analyzed for total P (particulate + dissolved) and soluble reactive P. Results provide evidence that conventional tillage may be effective in disturbing the continuity of macropores and essentially reducing the drainage rates of the soil. Following manure application, there was an increase in SRP identified in the conventional till plot, indicating that minimum till may be effective in reducing the amount of SRP leaving the field during the first few flow periods following manure application.


Simple Summary Fruit-piercing moths have long been cited as important pests in tropical and subtropical countries but genus as Eudocima, has recently gained in significance, and more specifically Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus). An overview of the current pest control proposed in the literature pointed the lack of sustainable integrated pest management. A synthesis of available data opens the research per-spectives that need to be encouraged in the ecological transition of our agricultural models. Abstract When referring to fruit-piercing moths, the genus Eudocima, and more specifically Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus), is cited as a worldwide crop pest. Damages associated with this pest are substantial on more than 100 fruit species, wherever it is encountered. In New Caledonia, the once occasional pest has become a serious threat to the current fruit arboriculture. Particularly devastating during outbreak periods, it has become an urgent need to find a suitable solution able to support farmers in the ecological transition of our agricultural models. This review proposes a synthesis of the existing data and publications on E. phalonia, worldwide and especially in New Caledonia, with recent observations. The assessment of this knowledge and the dynamics of the species in the territory of New Caledonia provide key information for a better prospect of adapted solutions.


On-site ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements with visual or acoustic real-time analysis cannot provide direct information whether or not GPR is suitable for the site at all. However, the knowledge of the limitations of a technique is of vital importance in the field in case of landmine, IED or UXO detection. For high-frequency (HF) GPR applications, various electromagnetic (EM) loss mechanisms in the soil play a crucial role. We investigated the EM properties of different soils using the coaxial transmission line (CTL) technique in the laboratory. We compared these results with measurements based on time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and direct current (DC) electrical conductivity measurements. We found that the absorption of EM energy in the soil cannot be described by DC electrical conductivity alone since dielectric relaxation mechanisms prevail at high frequencies. In order to predict the soil-dependent performance of GPR, we propose a conventional, relatively inexpensive, soil-moisture field sensor based on TDR as an alternative to the time consuming laboratory measurements. The TDR probe was calibrated by means of the CTL technique and measures the intrinsic attenuation as well as the relative dielectric constant. Comparisons between the GPR performance forecast carried out by on-site TDR measurements and the experimental GPR performance shows a promising correlation.


Abstract We first show that in a marriage market, when the stability of a matching is disturbed when a new agent joins the game, natural greedy behavior defines an equilibration procedure that converges to a stable matching for the extended problem. We then consider the iterative procedure under which agents join the game sequentially, and the natural greedy procedure is applied after the entrance of each agent. It is shown that this procedure converges to a stable matching for the original (global) problem and that for each agent, if the order of all other agents is given, he/she weakly improves his/her final outcome by deferring his/her arrival time. The agent that arrives last gets his/her optimal outcome under stable matchings. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C78, C62.


This research is concerned with stating the legal provisions set for tort liability of environmental Pollution as stated by the Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017 and its amendments. In fact, and at the beginning, the research approached the definitions of each of the terms of environmental Pollution, types, and sources of ecological Pollution according to the methodology of the Jordanian legislators. Further, the Environmental Protection Law No. 6 of 2017 and its amendments and Jordanian Civil Law No. (43) Of 1976 were analyses, after which the elements on which the tort liability is based were concluded, followed by examining some of the cases presented to the Jordanian judiciary.


With rapid development of SOC,its test and diagnosis is becoming a research subject of interest.From the viewpoint of design-for-testability of digital circuits in SOC,an IP core with boundary-scan architecture was designed and corresponding test strategies were studied.Feasibility of the design methodology was validated by simulation and experimental results,which provided a novel approach for SOC test.


Using the combination of a cDNA library prepared from membrane glucocorticoid (mGR)‐enriched S‐49 cells and a mouse leukocyte genomic library, we have cloned a 7.3 kb full‐length glucocorticoid receptor 1A cDNA. Primer extension, 5′RACE, and long distance PCR identified the transcription start site as being located at 1026 bp from the ATG codon. The first 1,013 nucleotides (nts) of the full length sequence constitute 5′ UTR sequence (exon 1), the next 2349 bp, the coding region, and the last 3,907 bp, the 3′UTR. The entire 5′UTR sequence is unique to transcript 1A. The 3′UTR sequence is ∼88.5 % conserved with the rat 3′UTR. Western blot analysis compared the molecular weight of in vitro translation products from the cloned 1A cDNA with partially purified cellular mGR. Both preparations contained the novel 150 KD and the 94 KD classical GR peptides, suggesting that transcript 1A encodes both receptor forms. Transfection of mGR‐less and glucocorticoid lysis‐resistant AtT‐20 and HL‐60 cells with full‐length GR 1A cDNA imparted both mGR expression and glucocorticoid lysis‐sensitivity to these cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 74:430–446, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Hayton K. (1981) A linear programming land selection model for structure planning: a case study of Tyne and Wear, Reg. Studies 15, 425–437. This paper outlines the development and use of a methodology for strategic plan generation and evaluation as used in the production of a structure plan for the county of Tyne and Wear. An integer linear programming model was formulated. This was used to select a number of sites according to the extent to which their development would result in the attainment of plan objectives as measured by a number of criteria. To produce solutions, constraints were progressively varied to determine the trade-offs being made between criteria. The final solution maximized the attainment of objectives according to their relative priorities, being explicit about the compromises being made. The use of such a multidimensional optimization model as the basis for a statutory plan represents a considerable development in planning practice.


e15049 Background: T classification is considered as a detail and credible category of the depth of tumor invasion. Generally, with the increasing T category, the risk of metastases should be continuously rising. However, there is a group of metastatic patients with early T classification, who were supposed to have a low metastatic probability. Our study aims to present the T classification on metastatic liver colorectal cancer (CRLM) in both clinical and biological aspects, and explore preoperative predictions to develop a convenient individual assessment model for clinicians to speculate whether these patients, whose prognosis is extremely poor. Methods: Tissue samples of primary colorectal cancer were obtained at our center. Patients with CRLM during 2010 to 2014 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were used to analyze the survival differences. We identified preoperative prognostic factors based on the Cox analysis and constructed a nomogram model. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability were measured by concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve. Results: The mRNA array from our hospital showed that there is an obvious difference between the T1/2N0M1 subgroup and the T3/4N0M1 subgroup. Patients with early T classification (T1) were more often have tumors located in rectum, with well differentiation, with no lymph node metastasis and a higher CEA level. Further survival analysis indicated that early T classification (T1) was an independent prognostic factor with poorer survival. When the lymph node (N) status was taken into consideration, patients with T1 N+ had an obvious better survival than T1 N0 patients. A clinical nomogram was constructed based on preoperative factors. The calibration curves for probability of 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival showed a good agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation. Conclusions: The prognosis of T1M1 is extremely poorer than T3/4M1. The prognosis of T1N+ is better than T1N0. It is time to pay more attention to the high-risk monitoring and screening of T1 in early colon cancer.


A global analysis is performed using the recent data from LEP and SLC. Constraints on the electroweak universal parameters (S, T, U) and on the masses of the top quark and Higgs boson within the standard model (SM) are investigated. The uncertainties due to the QCD and QED effective couplings, αs(mz) and , $\bar \alpha \left( {m_Z^2 } \right)$ are examined in detail. Even though the mean value of S is increased to be consistent with zero, the naive Technicolor models are still disfavored due to its reduced error. Within the SM, we find the 90% CL constraints; 133 GeV<mt<190 GeV and 10 GeV<mH< 440 GeV for αs(mz)=0.116 and ${1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {\bar \alpha \left( {m_Z^2 } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar \alpha \left( {m_Z^2 } \right)}} = 128.72$. The experimental constraints on the ZbLbL vertex form factor, $\bar \delta _b \left( {m_Z^2 } \right)$ play an important role in disfavoring the region of large mt(mt~200GeV) and large mH(mH~1000 GeV). If mt is precisely known, the ...


We have investigated the extent of the spatial correlation of deuteron ordering in the solid solution ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$(${\mathrm{ND}}_{4}$${)}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ (D-RADP-X, X=100x) by means of quadrupole-perturbed $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ NMR. In contrast to the usual approach where glass transitions are discussed in terms of a departure from complete disorder, we are treating the ordering in D-RADP-X as a departure from the long-range-ordered ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) phase states. The composition parameter x is a parameter for the competing FE and AFE interactions which reduces the spatial correlation length of the ordered phases to the nanometric region (0.35x0.56). This approach allows us to make use of techniques employed in the classical distortive phase transitions and to expand them to short-range correlated systems. The results of this analysis clearly show that the glass state of D-RADP-50 consists of short-range-ordered AFE clusters of an average size 6 to 8 ${\mathrm{nm}}^{3}$: i.e., a correlated order of about 150\char21{}200 O-D...O bonds. This size is too small to exhibit features of the long-range-ordered AFE phase state, such as a phase transition with a well-defined transition temperature. Nevertheless, this local order can be distinguished unambiguously from a random freeze-out of the deuterons in the O-D...O bonds.


In the paper,an overview is made on the application of ADECO-RS approach in the tunneling in Italy and other foreign countries.Furthermore,the application of ADECO-RS approach in tunneling is presented in detail,with the collapse treatment of Vasto tunnel in Italy as an example.The paper can provide reference for the promotion and application of ADECO-RS approach in the design and construction of tunnels in China.


Study aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of long-term football training on the morphological-rheological properties of the blood. Study material. The study was conducted among a group of 16 footballers playing for the Hutnik Nowa Huta Club. The average age of subjects was 22 years. Practices are held 5 times a week, all year round with the exception of the last 3 weeks of December and the last 2 weeks of June. In addition, championship or sparring matches are played every weekend. Venous blood was collected at the end of the football season, in the morning on an empty stomach. Examination of morphological-rheological parameters of the blood was performed in the footballers and the control group. Results. Compared to the control group, a statistically significant decrease in RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, PLT and plasma viscosity were found for the footballer group. And a statistically significant increase in fibrinogen and MCHC as well. There were no statistically significant changes in the amount of WBC and MCH. Significant changes were also noticed in erythrocyte aggregation and elongation for the footballers. AI reduced, while AMP and T1⁄2 increased. Elongation index at shear-stress for the range of 0.30–1.13 [Pa] significantly increased, while for the value ranges of 2.19–59.97 [Pa], a decrease was observed in this parameter. Conclusions. Long-term, regular football training does not cause pathological changes in the morphological-rheological properties of the blood.


Objective To probe into the effects of prone position mechanical ventilation on oxygenation of ARDS patients.Methods To select 16 mechanical ventilation ARDS patients,who have prone position for 2 hours,1-2 times a day.To examine each patient's different conditions of HR,MAP,SpO2 and PaO2 when they take prone position during different period for 5,30,60 or 120 minutes,when compared with the conditions without having prone position.Results Prone position mechanical ventilation has no obvious effects on patient's HR and MAP(P0.05);As for 5 minutes' prone position,patient's SpO2 has no obvious effects(P0.05);As for 30,60 or 120 minutes' prone position,patient's SpO2 has improves obviously(P0.05);As for 60 or 120 minutes' prone position,patient's SpO2 improves obviously when compared with the conditions without having prone position(P0.05).Conclusion Prone position mechanical ventilation can improve ARDS patients' oxygenation,which may become one of auxiliary treatments for ARDS patients.


This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Symposia at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Whigham, Keith, "Relay Intercropping Wheat and Soybean" (1993). Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference. 8. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm/1993/proceedings/8 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk


A new algorithm for the efficient computation of path delay fault coverage for circuits with very large number of path delay faults has been presented. The directed acyclic graph representing a combinational circuit consists of a set of trees rooted at the fanout and output nodes. The algorithm uses a tree-based marking process to compute the path delay fault coverage of a given delay-test set in linear time and memory. The root of a tree is marked as used only when it has been tested with respect to the rising and falling path delay faults passing through all the leaves of the tree. The algorithm takes advantage of large tree structures found in most digital designs, to provide a reasonably accurate and very efficient method for the estimation of path delay fault coverage. Some results obtained using non-robust simulation of benchmark circuits suggest the viability and validity of our approach.<<ETX>>


Aircrafts (Manned or Unmanned) need communication links that are light weight, immune to electromagnetic interference, high bandwidth and reliable for onboard communication. Conventionally the antennas and respective Line replaceable units use coaxial cables for interconnection that are complex and suffers from Electromagnetic Interference problems. Using optical fiber for both Radio Frequency and data level signal communication will have the inherent advantages viz. less weight, negligible loss, compact solution, less complex, no electromagnetic interference/ compatibility problem etc. The conventional coaxial links based solutions are not able to satisfy the increased data handling requirements of today's advanced aircrafts. The realization of this scenario will need more number of coaxial cables that are bulky resulting in a complex architecture. It is therefore proposed to use fiber links instead of coaxial cables in aircraft specifically in Unmanned Air Vehicle. In this work, the advantages and limitations of these fiber links are discussed both for point to point and Wavelength Division Multiplexing based distribution architectures as a part of feasibility analysis for realization. The work includes the results of the analysis carried out for radio frequency as well as digital signals and weight analysis.


This is a narrative review of a concept--number needed to treat (NNT). The proprieties of NNTs are described. Furthermore NNTs as important tools for medical decision are discussed. In particular, conditions that make calculus and the interpretation of NNTs somewhat more complex are commented. Namely, we consider situations where the results are not primarily binary or are expressed as "time to event" or come from a meta-analysis. The inconsistencies that might occur when NNTs are calculated from meta-analysis are discussed in some detail. Definitions for parameters derived from NNTs, as numbers needed to harm (NNH), unqualified success (NNTUS) and unmitigated failure (NNHUF) are given. Finally the usefulness of NNTs and absolute risk reductions to communicate risk to individual patients are considered. It is concluded that despite NNTs being powerful tools for medical decision, in the case of communicating risks to the individual patient absolute risks might be preferable.


Diverse anatomical patterns observed in 18 narrow-leaved Festuca taxa are illustrated by composite block diagrams formed from a synthesis of at least 10 leaf cross sections from five plants chosen across the geographical range of each taxon; the terms used are described; and cross sections are illustrated using semithin leaf sections and block diagrams. Measurements on seven variables and notes on sclerenchyma patterns from the cross sections are presented in anatomical descriptions for 18 taxa (16 species and 2 infraspecies). Results of analyses of variance and deviance show that five of the seven variables have significant differences in mean values that coincide with the taxonomy. However, the range of values observed for each taxon was found to overlap with that of others so much that measuring these variables for an unknown plant would not always give a reliable identification to species, although it would reduce the possibilities.


This study intended to examine the traditional folk art of Punjabi Phulkari bagh along with its revival in Multan. The Punjab Province has always been distinguished for its culture and heritage. Multan is considered the oldest city of South Asia. The area from Delhi to Afghanistan was of Punjab province of Indian Sub-continent. The art of traditional Phulkari was originally practiced solely by the women of Punjab. Phulkari has always played an important role in the lives of Punjabi girls. The technique of Phulkari passed from generation to generation, especially girls used to embroider their imaginary world, dreams, and aspirations onto a canvas of khaddar. Phulkari has been a precious gift meant for special family occasions, to welcome a newborn into the family or to gift the daughter during her nuptial ceremony. The designs and motifs are innumerable. This study will focus on the historical background of Phulkari and the variety of Bagh's.


The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine what cognitive processes differentiate between gifted readers and controls, and (b) to examine the individual profiles of gifted readers. One hundred forty-four grade 4 to 6 elementary school children (54 grade 4, 55 grade 5, and 35 grade 6) attending enrichment programs in Edmonton (Canada) were assessed on three measures of Broad Reading (Letter-Word Identification, Reading Fluency, and Passage Comprehension), and on measures of Planning (Matching Numbers, Planned Codes), Attention (Expressive Attention, Number Detection), Simultaneous (Nonverbal Matrices, Verbal-Spatial Relations), and Successive (Word Series, Sentence Repetition) processing. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that the gifted readers performed significantly better than controls in planning, simultaneous, and successive processing, and the differences were independent from the reading task used to select them. In addition, the gifted readers exhibited diverse individual profiles of cognitive assets. The most dominant type of cognitive asset was in simultaneous processing, followed by successive processing. The psychoeducational implications of these findings are discussed.


Objective To explore the impacts of family history on allergic diseases,and to provide evidence for preventing children's asthma. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on the school children in Wilhelmshaven and Delmenhorst in Germany.Association between family history of allergic diseases and childhood asthma was calculated in univariate and multivariate logistic regression model.Results Family history of allergic diseases,especially allergic asthma had statistic influence on childhood asthma;in addition,maternal asthma had more influence than paternal asthma,paternal eczema had more influence than maternal eczema,both of them with rhinitis had similar influence on childhood asthma;the more allergic patients in family,the more chances of asthma infection the children had.The tendency still existed after excluding all the possible confounding factors in the multivariate logistic regression model.Conclusion Family history of allergic diseases have influences on childhood asthma,and different kinds of diseases and relatives have different influences.


A communication system comprising: a first handheld device (100) comprising a first communication device and a first short-range radio transmitting / receiving apparatus, the first handheld device (100) via a first connection to a communication network (120) (125) connected to the network services; a second handheld device (130) comprising a second near field communication device and a second radio frequency transmitting / receiving apparatus, said first and second near field communication device is adapted adjacent to each other the exchange of identification information is held, and the handheld device to initiate a second connection between the second communication network (120) (128), so that the second handheld device to join the network service. According to such a communication system of the present invention may be an online gaming service between the parties or a conference call service provided by the mobile network.


Children who are under the age of five in underdeveloped and developing countries, including China, exhibit developmental delays due to their exposure to risks such as impoverishment, deprived health conditions, parental punishment, neglect, and poor psychosocial stimulation. Adverse experiences during the formative years of life, such as harsh parental discipline, may put them at risk for poor physical and mental well-being. The aim of this research is to explore the pervasiveness and developmental outcomes of different forms of discipline practices in the underdeveloped rural areas of China. To do this, we used cross-sectional data on child–caregiver dyads from a large survey held in 22 poor counties in the QinBa Mountain Region. The sample included 1622 children aged 12–36 months. Partakers were requested to respond to a general survey on parenting which included basic demographic questions, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE), the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III), and questions on exposure of children to different discipline practices. Our findings from OLS estimates reveal that aversive discipline methods adversely affect cognitive, language, and socio-emotional development, whereas, non-aversive discipline practices have constructive effects on cognitive, language, and motor development of children.


When systems are far from equilibrium, the temperature, the entropy and the thermodynamic entropy production are not defined and the Gibbs entropy does not provide useful information about the physical properties of a system. Furthermore, far from equilibrium, or if the dissipative field changes in time, the spontaneous entropy production of linear irreversible thermodynamics becomes irrelevant. In 2000 we introduced a definition for the dissipation function and showed that for systems of arbitrary size, arbitrarily near or far from equilibrium, the time integral of the ensemble average of this quantity can never decrease. In the low-field limit, its ensemble average becomes equal to the spontaneous entropy production of linear irreversible thermodynamics. We discuss how these quantities are related and why one should use dissipation rather than entropy or entropy production for non-equilibrium systems.


Reports unraveling the beneficial effects of Viscum album (VA) preparations as complementary therapies for cancer have increasingly revealed the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, which encompass cytotoxic properties, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and several other immunomodulatory mechanisms. In addition to their propitious relevance to cancer therapy, VA preparations are also relevant for the treatment of several inflammatory pathologies. In view of the intricate association of inflammation and cancer and the fact that several anti-tumor phytotherapeutics exert potent anti-inflammatory effects, we believe that an anti-inflammatory effect is responsible for the therapeutic benefits of VA preparations. One of the underlying molecular mechanisms of this inflammatory response is the selective down-regulation of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2-mediated cytokine-induced secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This inhibitory action has been associated with reduced expression of COX-2, without modulating COX-1 expression. This mechanism is associated with VA-induced destabilization of COX-2 mRNA, thereby depleting the functional COX-2 mRNA available for protein synthesis and for subsequent induction of secretion of PGE2. Together, these results demonstrate a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of VA preparation, wherein VAQUSpez an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting cytokine-induced PGE2 via selective inhibition of COX-2 and destabilization of COX-2 mRNA.


Amino acids were first acylated with pivaloyl chloride and then esterified with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in order to form volatile derivatives for enantiomer separation by gas chromatography using capillary column coated with chiral stationary phase. All the derivatives showed complete separation of their enantiomeric pair, especially in the case of Pro which is difficult to separate completely as in conventional N-perfluoroacyl alkyl ester derivatives.


Air cut valve for transporting fuel is a control device for auxiliary fuel tank of an aircraft.According to the working principle and the test requirements,from the viewpoints of practicability and reliability,a new test device for air cut valve of fuel transporting is devised.Based on fuzzy and PID control theory as well as modularized design,by applying PLC,frequency converter and touch panel monitor,the control system for the device is designed,which improves the static accuracy and dynamic performance of the system.The design idea,constitution and working principle of the device are outlined,and key technology,implementation method and function are presented as well,which result shows that integration of mechnical-electro hydraulic system is achieved with advantages such as:high precision,low cost,high quality of anti-interfering,high efficiency and convenient manipulating.


This study explores the perception of employees working at managerial level of textile industry of Lahore (Pakistan) about corporate governance as whole and also about its some major elements separately, namely Ownership Structure, Accountability, Director's Remuneration, Risk Management and Internal Audit. For this purpose questionnaires were used as data collection tool. Listed Textile Companies of Lahore were chosen as population, which were 38 in numbers. 5 companies were selected as sample using simple random number table. 35 questionnaires were distributed to managerial level employees, out of which 25 questionnaires were returned as response rate of the study was 71%. SPSS 17.0 had been used for analyses purpose. Findings of the study lead to conclude that according to the employees' perceptions, corporate governance as whole and also some of its major elements separately, namely ownership structure, accountability, director's remuneration, risk management and internal audit are being implemented in the textile industry of Lahore (Pakistan).


A terahertz imaging method based on aperture coding is proposed to solve the problems of large pixel size and low resolution of the terahertz imaging detector. The forward model of the terahertz coded incoherent imaging system is established, and the optimal coding imaging strategy is discussed. By adding coded modulation to the aperture, the image detected by the imaging detector can generate pixel-level light intensity conversion. Through the multi-frame aperture coding simulation experiment, the pixel aliasing problem caused by the detector pixel size is effectively solved, and the imaging resolution is improved to the diffraction limit of the approximate lens, so as to guide the future experiments.


Medium Neural Networks (MNN), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WAO), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods are frequently used in the literature for estimating electricity demand. The objective of this study was to make an estimation of the electricity demand for Turkey's mainland with the use of mixed methods of MNN, WAO, and SVM. Imports, exports, gross domestic product (GDP), and population data are used based on input data from 1980 to 2019 for mainland Turkey, and the electricity demands up to 2040 are forecasted as an output value. The performance of methods was analyzed using statistical error metrics Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), R-squared, and Mean Square Error (MSE). The correlation matrix was utilized to demonstrate the relationship between the actual data and calculated values and the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The p-value and confidence interval analysis of statistical methods was performed to determine which method was more effective. It was observed that the minimum RMSE, MSE, and MAE statistical errors are 5.325 × 10−14, 28.35 × 10−28, and 2.5 × 10−14, respectively. The MNN methods showed the strongest correlation between electricity demand forecasting and real data among all the applications tested.


A Catholic priest by the name of Martin Crowe wrote a doctoral dissertation titled The Moral Obligation of Paying Just Taxes in 1944. In it he summarized and analyzed 500 years of theological and philosophical debate on this topic, which identified three basic philosophical positions on the issue. Since then, not much has been written on the topic of tax evasion from an ethical perspective (McGee, 2006a). The present paper is an empirical study, the goal of which is to determine the strength of the 15 arguments justifying tax evasion that Crowe identified plus 3 more recent arguments. A survey was constructed using a seven-point Likert scale that included all three positions and all 18 arguments and distributed to 161 students at two universities in Odessa, Ukraine. The 18 arguments were ranked in terms of strength, from strongest to weakest. Comparisons were also made between various categories of statement to determine whether some reasons used to justify tax evasion were significantly stronger or weaker than others. Comparisons were also made with other studies that used a similar survey instrument.


Objective To measure the serum leptin levels in chronic renal failure and to demonstrate the relationship between hyperleptinemia and malnutrition. Methods One hundred and twelve patients with chronic renal failure and 13 healthy subjects for control were enrolled in this study. Serum leptin was detected by ELISA with simultaneous, determination of the proalbumin, albumin, transferrin and lipoprotein. Body composition was assessed by dual energy x ray absorption method (DEXA). The nutritional status was determined by subjective global assessment (SGA). Results Serum concentrations of leptin in CRF group were significantly higher than that in healthy control group, (8.49±0.97) μg/L vs (7.63±0.16) μg/L (natural logarithmic, P 0.01), especially in the peritoneal dialysis group. In hemodialysis group, serum leptin was negatively correlated with serum albumin significantly, P 0.01. Assessment by SGA demonstrated presence of malnutrition in CRF patients. No obvious difference in the amount of body fat as comparing with the control, but in the hemodialysis group, peritoneal dialysis group and non dialysis group, the percentage of body fat were positively related with leptin level significantly ( P 0.05), especially in peritoneal dialysis group ( P 0.01). Conclusion CRF patients usually have hyperleptinemia which may be responsible for malnutrition.


Refugee camps may be more like cities than rural areas in terms of their demand for volumes of drinking water. When conducting a rapid assessment of groundwater, designers should consider how much is needed and how it will be delivered. An integrated approach is required to take into account the needs of pre-existing local populations as well as future operation and maintenance.


In 1929 the Royal Aberdeen Hospital for Sick Children moved from a cramped Victorian building in the city centre to a new hospital on a greenfield site in the suburbs, constructed in the then fashionable pavilion style with tiny wards whose glass fronted verandas entrained draughts more often than they caught the sun. Linked by endless corridors, these wards which were 'lightly built to last for thirty years or so' remain the nucleus of the present Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, which has been awarded the accolades 'Best teaching hospital' and 'Hospital of the year' in the Sunday Times Best of Health Competition for 1989. This competition between NHS hospital managers 'to find Britain's finest hospitals' attracted 212 entries, the diversity of which was reflected in the submissions reaching the final round. The entry from Argyle and Bute Hospital described a five year plan to improve the quality of life for its psychiatric inpatients, the development of a community outreach programme, and the stimulating effects of an active teaching and research programme. Bolingbroke Hospital reported a quality initiative in a geriatric inpatient unit, with changes including new uniform design, the reintroduction of the post of 'matron' (who says we can't learn from the past?) and the daily hoisting of the hospital flag. The submission from the Royal Earlswood Hospital described the interaction between hospital and community in a mental handicap hospital, and that from Withybush Hospital described the impact of an 'Aspiring to excellence' programme on the care of patients in a district general hospital and the community it serves. The winning Aberdeen submission described the organisation development initiative and the quality enhancement programme which were central to the introduction of general management in the maternity and child health unit. The Griffiths report was implemented late in Scotland and a general manager was appointed to our unit only in 1987. He came from a nonmedical services background and his plan of campaign was awaited with some trepidation. In the event, the nearest military analogy was that of the 'hundred days,' spent not in frenetic activity culminating in disaster but in listening, observing, and evaluating; the frenetic activity was to come later and the disaster (fingers crossed) has yet to appear. An early product of general management in Grampian was the establishment, with the help of management consultants, of an organisation development initiative, designed to resolve numerous problems identified in questionnaires completed by over 1000 staff members from all grades in all disciplines. The problem list included poor internal communications, a defensive management style, resistance to change, the lack of a cohesive strategy, and a planning process that was opaque and secretive. These and other deficiencies were tackled by holding regular management briefings and seminars, by appointing a 'change agent' with specific responsibility for promoting innovation, by inviting a clinician, with the help of senior medical, nursing, and paramedical staff, to write a 10 year strategic plan for the hospital, and by appointing a clinician to a part time management role as 'clinical services coordinator' (that's me, folks). Two years later a repeat survey showed that the staff now felt much less isolated from management and that they belonged to an organisation that was (in the optimistic words of one of the questions) 'going places', even if (after the white paper) no-one knew quite where. As elsewhere in the acute sector, it was departmental policy that developments had to be paid for by efficiency savings. The first task of this 'new improved' management team was therefore to develop a strategy that would generate savings to pay for essential developments. Substantial savings resulted from competitive tendering (the in house team beat all comers), energy saving and so forth, but our area of greatest inefficiency lay in a permanantly low bed occupancy. This was addressed by a team of clinicians chaired by the manager, and the results of our deliberations radically altered the disposition of our patient and parent accommodation. The Children's Hospital had long been proud of its mother and baby unit, the first purpose built unit of its kind in the UK, opened in 1950 after a devastating epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis two years previously. Designed to allow hospitalised babies the protective effect of breast feeding, the unit had declined in popularity over the years, and attempts to resurrect it were never entirely successful. The function of the unit was therefore changed from that of a fully staffed ward for 12 parent-child pairs to a hostel staffed by a part time receptionist and catering for 24 parents. The demand for this accommodation is now almost insatiable. Surgical activity was shared between three wards, two of which were consistently under utilised. A small dermatology ward was conRoyal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB9 2ZG


High resolution limb emission spectra were measured by the balloon-borne FTIR spectrometer MIPAS-B in the Arctic vortex in March 1992. These spectra are significantly affected by the Mt. Pinatubo stratospheric aerosol. A method has been developed for separating the radiance signal of emission lines of trace gases from the aerosol continuum. By applying this method to the MIPAS-B spectra aerosol extinction coefficients have been retrieved at approximately 60 spectral positions in the 750-980 cm-1 and 1180-1380 cm-1 spectral ranges. The spectral shape of the mid- IR aerosol extinction has been derived for the tangent altitudes 11.3 km, 14.5 km and 16.1 km. On the basis of Mie- calculations it has been demonstrated that the spectral aerosol extinction coefficient is sensitive to the aerosol composition as well as to the particle size distribution. An algorithm has been developed to retrieve microphysical parameters by least-squares fitting of the derived spectral extinction coefficients to Mie-generated extinction coefficients. The retrieved aerosol parameters indicate the significance of scattering even in the mid-IR. Related corrections on the basis of multiple scattering calculations were performed. Retrieved compositions and effective volume densities of the Pinatubo aerosol in the Arctic vortex are presented.


This work stems from an ongoing investigation into the distribution of rational points lying on particular sets in R. This is a question within transcendental number theory, but it appears that the model theory of o-minimal structures is a very suitable context in which to consider it. The origins of this current research lie in work of Bombieri and Pila ([1]), which established various estimates on the number of integral points on planar curves. The main theorem of this paper was recast by Pila, in [5], as a bound on the number of rational points with less than a certain height:


The relationship between the chemical composition of lead halide perovskite materials and their crystal and electronic structure is not yet sufficiently understood, despite its fundamental importan...


This essay expounds the thought and practice of private entrepreneusrs in making use of foreign capital in modern China For the sake of developing our national economy and being lifted out of poverty and backwardness , they advocated and imported foreign capital actively to their enterprises Their cardinal principals and activities of making use of foreign capital expelled the development of modern economy It gives us important , practical or immediate guiding significance for our making use of foreign capital in nowdays


A paging method for minimizing power consumption of a terminal in heterogeneous wireless network environments and an apparatus therefor are provided to prevent unnecessary power consumption caused by opening every network interface. An HA(Home Agent)(100) receives a packet from the first terminal(240), maps destination IP address of the packet and a binding list, and requests paging to the destination IP address of the packet(S100,S110). A heterogeneous network controller(110) maps an IMSI(International Mobile Station Identity) home address table and the IP address in response to the request of paging, and outputs a paging request message(S130). An HLR(Home Location Register)(120) transfers a page message to an MS(Mobile Station)(230) in response to the paging request message(S140).


Wind energy has been one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources in the past decade. This surge of wind energy development has been driven by many factors. In this paper the factors that affected the sustainable development of the wind power plant are analyzed from the aspects of internal factor, environmental factor and social factor. The indicator system of evaluation for the wind power plant as established through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation based on the characteristics of the wind power plant. Finally, an example was taken to calculate the value of sustainable development ability and the cause analysis was further conducted.


This paper addresses an adaptive control problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear multi-agent systems with quantized input. By using the backstepping design method, the distributed controller is designed for each of the agents, which only uses the agent's local state and the states of its neighbors. According to the graph theory and the stochastic analysis, it is proved that the proposed method can drive the agents to achieve consensus while all of the closed-loop systems remain bounded in probability. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Mary Ella Mascia Pierpont, MD, PhD (Figure 1), died peacefully surrounded by family in her home in Roseville, Minnesota on August 01, 2020. With her passing, the Department of Pediatrics and University of Minnesota community lost a friend and colleague, and one of the most astute and dedicated geneticists in the country. Mary Ella was born and raised in Tarrytown, NY, a short distance north of New York City on the east bank of the Hudson River. She spent her undergraduate years studying at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, and from there completed graduate work in Genetics at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and Medical School at the University of Miami where she met her husband, Dr Gordon L. Pierpont. She received her PhD in 1971 and MD in 1973.


Abstract:This study aims to determinelegal review of the transfer of land rights (sale and purchase) to minors.The research method used by the author in this study is normative research. The research approach uses analytical descriptive and uses qualitative analysis techniques. The results of this study showThe process of transferring rights to the owner or seller of underage land must basically meet the conditions for buying and selling land, where the conditions are material and formal. The material requirement is that the land to be traded is the land owned by the seller and the land is not in dispute. While the formal requirements are related to the administration and the deed of sale and purchase of land. So, legally minors in terms of the process of buying and selling land are basically not and are not regulated in the laws in force in Indonesia, unless the minor has a companion or in this case is his guardian, so that the process of land transfer or the process of buying and selling land This can be done by a child who is still under age through his guardian according to a court order.


The Clifford hierarchy is a set of gates that appears in the theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation, but its precise structure remains elusive. We give a complete characterization of the diagonal gates in the Clifford hierarchy for prime-dimensional qudits. They turn out to be $p^{m}$-th roots of unity raised to polynomial functions of the basis state to which they are applied, and we determine which level of the Clifford hierarchy a given gate sits in based on $m$ and the degree of the polynomial.


Introduction: Lower back pain is one of the most common work-related problems among teaching professionals in both developed and developing nations and it often leads to absenteeism or early retirement of workers. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of low back pain among academic staff.
Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was adopted. Five faculties were randomly selected in Ekiti State University, Nigeria and a self-structured questionnaire was purposively administered; depending on interest and availability of the respondents. The data was explored and Chi-square analysis alongside binary logistic regression was applied in order to evaluate the relationship between low back pain and some associated factors. Analysis was carried out in SPSS version 20.
Results: This study comprises 127 lecturers with a mean age of (41.95±9.42). There were more males (55.9%) than females. More than thirty six percent of the lecturers had teaching experience below 5 years while 44.9% had 5 to 10 years and 18.9% had above 10 years of teaching experience. The results show that age, gender, prolonged sitting and prolonged standing significantly (p-value <.05) associated with occurrence of low back pain among lecturers while mixed teaching posture serves a protective against low back pain.
Conclusion: The results reveal a very high prevalence of low back pain. Findings show that female gender, old age and inappropriate work postures are the risk factors of low back pain. It is suggested that effort should be to ameliorate occupational stress among academic staff.


A properly designed steering system has direct correlation with the stability and safety of the automobile. This paper presents a kinematic design example of a rack and pinion steering system combined with an independent front suspension. The design considered the available space and cross-coupling with the vehicle suspension. Virtual models were created and further updated as the design progressed. A simplified geometrical model has been created first, and was corrected and improved within Catia CAE package.


Dear Editor, I read the paper on abdominal onadmission pain in patients with acute pancreatitis (Földi et al., 2022) with interest. In our singlecentre series of 541 admissions (Perera et al., 2014), 93% patients presented with abdominal pain which was slightly lower than 97% in this paper. Likewise, pain was severe (Visual Analogue Scale 7– 10) in 81% in our group and only 70% in the recent paper (Földi et al., 2022). Despite these lower numbers, it was surprising that relatively few patients (17%) received opiates— compared to 83% of our patients— perhaps the authors could comment? We also found patients with alcoholrelated pancreatitis received more morphineequivalent analgesia than those with a biliary cause: both in frequency and in absolute dose on day 1 and over the first 3 days of admission (Perera et al., 2014). The current paper supports our observation that the majority of analgesia is required/administered early during the course of illness (admission to day 1). The current paper also reiterates our concern, namely that an analgesic strategy for the real world is lacking. The authors have not specifically commented on the use of acetaminophen and NonSteroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs (NSAID). In our study, these complimentary analgesics were underutilized (26% and 81% did not receive any respectively). Patients with acute pancreatitis typically present with severe abdominal pain and one of our roles as doctors is to manage this— the real world is still crying out for an informed strategy. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Arkadiusz Peter Wysocki has nothing to declare. The author has no financial relationship with any pharmaceutical or device company.


Political theorists have long argued that low information levels among average citizens provide the rationale for public policy to be guided by experts and elites. Other scholars counter that deference to elites perpetuates and even exacerbates the problem. Here we look at school choice programs as an environment to elucidate this important debate. Theories of school choice suggest that parents need to and can make informed decisions. Choice parents should have more incentives to gather information about their child's schools than parents without schooling options. Alternatively, a lack of any increase in information levels among school choosers would suggest that having choices per se is not sufficient motivation to overcome the costs of information gathering. Analyzing data from an experimental evaluation of the Washington Scholarship Fund, we find that presenting parents with choices does lead to significantly higher levels of accurate information on measures of important school characteristics.


© 2012 Tkachev and Timofeev, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uniform EPR Spectra Analysis of Spin-Labeled Macromolecules by Temperature and Viscosity Dependences