Vegetative Filter Strip (VFS) is one of effective Best Management Practices (BMPs) to prevent sediment-laden water problem, is installed at the edge of source area such agricultural area so that sediment occurred in source area is trapped by VFS before it flow into stream or river. Appropriate scale of it needs to be simulated before it is installed, considering various field conditions. In this study, a model using VFSMOD-w model and Genetic Algorithm to determine effective VFS length was developed, it is available to calibrate input parameter related to source area sediment yield through thousands of VFSMOD-w simulations. Useful DBs, moreover, are stored in the model so that very specific input parameters can be used with reasonable values. Compared simulated values to observed data values for calibration, R2 and Nash-Stucliffe model efficiency coefficient were 0.74 and 0.65 in flow comparison, and 0.89 and 0.79 in sediment comparison. The model determined 1.0 m of Filter Length, 0.18 of Filter Slope, and 0.2 cm of Filter Media Spacing to reduce 80% of sediment by VFS. The model has not only Auto-Calibration module also DBs for specific input parameters, thus, the model is expected to be used for effective VFS scale.


Summary The emergence and persistence of Gram-positive cocci, lactobacilli and coli-form organisms in the gastrointestinal tracts of Swiss mice from birth to weaning were investigated. Changes in normal bacterial ecology due to oral feedings with both normal and abnormal organisms were described. Proteus vulgaris and to a lesser extent Pseu-domonas aeruginosa delayed the emergence and decreased the quantity of both lactobacilli and Escherichia coli. These mice had moderate increases in growth rates over those of the control groups. Recently isolated Shi-gella species when fed to newborn mice survived passage through the stomach. They did not persist in the G. I. tract nor cause changes in the mice.


Archaeological expedition of a museum of the Siberian federal university (Krasnoyarsk) under the direction of the author of article in 2010 the settlement-burial ground Skorodumnyj bik located in Motyginsky area of Krasnoyarsk region on Angara has been opened. As a result of researches 2010 2011 on a monument have been revealed materials from a neolith till ethnographic time among which the greatest attention deserve four burials, concerning an iron epoch. All burials are executed on a ceremony cremation on the party. Burial №1 represents an oval hole in which two holes of the smaller sizes have been dug. In one of them ashes died with a bronze knife and a figure of a lion have been buried. In the second on a place the head of the died has been burned. With it the diadem and a beads are found bronze. Over burial two large stones have been put. All bronze products find analogies in materials tagarsky cultures. The exception is made by a diadem. The analysis of an archaeological material and presence of radio carbon date allow to date confidently burial of VI century BC other. Three burials concern the Middle Ages. Burial №2 lay in an oval hole and was blocked by a stone. The accompanying stock is presented iron by a belt buckle and a knife fragment. Dating subject is the buckle on which burial is dated second half I thousand AD. Burial №3 is a burial place war because includes a set of iron tips of arrows, a hatchet, teslo, knifes and «Y» a-shaped subject. All subjects have secondary training. Tips of arrows, a hatchet and «Y» a-shaped subject are original artifacts and are characteristic for a taiga zone of Yenisei and the bottom Angara. The tips of arrows having thorns are especially interesting. But the small level of scrutiny of medieval time in the specified territories doesn't allow to date precisely, the listed subjects of accompanying stock. Ashes of the died have been buried in an oval hole over which it was necessary two small stones. Burial is dated XI XIV centuries. Burial №4 was in a square hole. Any constructions over a tomb or stones it is not revealed. The accompanying stock is presented by iron subjects of a zone set: rectangular buckle, panel board buckle and two plates. Burial is dated X XI centuries. Dating of all burials of the Middle Ages is preliminary.


Abstract : Research on three topics in nonlinear acoustics is described. (1) Nonlinear effects in long range underwater propagation. The equations of nonlinear geometrical acoustics have been derived from the general equations of fluid mechanics for and inhomogeneous fluid. And analytical solution for the waveform of an arbitrary pressure signal traveling along a ray path has been implemented by a computer program. Not included in the program are effects of reflection and focusing. (2) Nonlinear effects in air-filled bulk porous materials. Theory and experiments on the propagation of intense airborne sound in bulk porous materials are described. The primary source of nonlinearity is the velocity dependent resistivity of the materials. (3) Nonlinear interaction in rectangular waveguide. Two problems are considered, (a) distortion of a wave launched as a single tone in the 1,0 mode of the waveguide, and (b) noncollinear interaction of two noncollinear tones, one a low frequency wave in the 0,0 mode, the other a high frequency wave in the 1,0 mode. Keywords include: Nonlinear acoustics; Long range propagation; Inhomogeneous fluid; Porous materials (air-filled); Waveform distortion; Rectangular waveguide; Noncollinear interaction; and Coefficient of nonlinearity.


Several nations around the world have been concentrating on a survey of another energy resources for exhausting fossil fuel which those are concerned for essential resources necessary for manufacturing hi-tech products. In the present time, these hi-tech and aerospace industrial products are being manufactured aggressively focusing on poly-metallic contents such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Li, and etc., which are all contained within the manganese nodules. Today, the highly soaring of gold price is continuously instigating the price of manganese nodules. In order to lift the manganese nodules from the deep seabed, it is necessarily important to steadily check the stable buoyancy state of manganese nodules by following the flow attraction of seawater causing the velocity difference between seawater and nodules. Therefore, it is planned and executed to develop and collect the deep ocean manganese nodules and sooner or later, the actual system will be hopefully operated in deep-sea bed depth for optimized lifting potency of the nodules.


Family therapy takes a special position in the therapeutic community for substance abusers (TC). In the early therapeutic communities, the family of origin was not considered as important for the substance abuser's recovery process, and was even labelled as part of the problem. It was only in the 1970s that the TC acknowledged the significance of family involvement in treatment. Nowadays, the contextual vision of Ivan-Boszormenyi-Nagy seems to have a strong impact on family counselling activities in Belgian TCs.

In this article, the integration of contextual thinking in the TC is discussed. By means of a case study, it is shown that there are some clear parallels between the treatment evolutions in family counselling and the peer group community. The central position of trust both in contextual therapy and the TC treatment model is an important common ground for stimulating integration. Some obstacles that can disrupt this integration process are discussed.


The results of the holographic recording and reconstruction of the time-domain profile of femtosecond laser pulses in the polymer volume medium named Reoxan are presented. The experimental data show the possibility of the effective spectral filtering to control the shape of ultrashort pulses.


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This paper analyzes the fundamental reasons which lead to some of the most serious problems widely existing in college students' vocabulary acquisition.It argues that the low demand of the vocabulary curriculum is mainly responsible for the inadequacy in vocabulary quantity while the adoption of improper acquisition methods and the negative transfer of language ability are the major causes of fragmentary word meanings and spelling mistakes.It maintains,through analysis,that two cuntermeasures should be taken if the problems are to be solved.They are the increase in the vocabulary quantity in the curriculum and the improvement of the teaching methods.


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic compounds of widespread presence in the environment. They are recalcitrant, ubiquitous, prone to bioaccumulation, and potentially carcinogenic. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) constitutes a major source of PAHs into water bodies, and their presence should be closely monitored, especially considering the increasing applications of potable and non-potable reuse of treated wastewater worldwide. Modeling the fate and distribution of PAHs in WWTPs is a valuable tool to overcome the complexity and cost of monitoring and quantifying PAHs. A mechanistic model was built to evaluate the fate of PAHs in both water and sludge lines of a Chilean WWTP. Naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene were used as models of low-MW and high-MW PAHs. As there were no reported experimental data available for the case study, the influent load was determined through a statistical approach based on reported values worldwide. For both naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene, the predominant mechanism in the water line was sorption to sludge, while that in the sludge line was desorption. Compared to other studies in the literature, the model satisfactorily describes the mechanisms involved in the fate and distribution of PAHs in a conventional activated sludge WWTP. Even though there is evidence of the presence of PAHs in urban centers in Chile, local regulatory standards do not consider PAHs in the disposal of WWTP effluents. Monitoring of PAHs in both treated effluents and biosolids is imperative, especially when considering de facto reuse and soil amendment in agricultural activities are currently practiced downstream of the studied WWTP.


By integrating the white light photoelasticity and spectrometry, a novel method called transmissivity extremities theory of photoelasticity to determine the state of stress has been recently developed. The key of transmissivity extremities theory of photoelasticity is to establish the systematic relationship of transmissivity with stress and wavelength and further derive the stress quantifying formula. Based on the high resolution and sensitivity of the spectrometer and the high measurement accuracy of the white light photoelasticity, transmissivity extremities theory of photoelasticity can determine the low-level stress even in low birefringence materials. Before extending the application of transmissivity extremities theory of photoelasticity to determine the higher level stress, the correlation between different transmissivity extremities linear equations in the systematic relationship and the relationship between parameters in the stress quantifying formula and thicknesses of specimens need to be derived and investigated. Therefore, in this article, a regression analysis of the constant term and first-order harmonic terms of the Fourier series function was employed to obtain the transmissivity extremities linear equations and parameters in the stress quantifying formula from the database. Both PSM-1 and glass were used to confirm the derived correlation and relationship. The effectiveness and merits of transmissivity extremities theory of photoelasticity were demonstrated by comparing simulation results obtained by transmissivity extremities theory of photoelasticity and the conventional white light photoelasticity, comparison between theoretical and experimental results of a diametrically loaded circular disk as well as the determination of the residual stress distribution of a thin glass substrate used for liquid crystal display.


Drawing on resources from pragmatist thought allows religious ethicists to take account of the central role traditions play in the formation and development of moral concepts without thereby espousing moral relativism or becoming traditionalists. After giving an account of this understanding of the concept of tradition, I examine the ways in which understandings of tradition play out in two contemporary examples of tradition-based ethics: works in comparative ethics of war by James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay. I argue that a pragmatist approach to tradition-based ethics allows for a nuanced and flexible understanding of moral traditions, and one that holds great promise for international consensus-building around shared ethical norms for the use of armed force.


Lewis and Pickering reported in 1933 that warming occurred later in cool than in warm fingers in response to body heating. Factors which may be responsible were investigated. Measurement of rate of blood flow in the feet by venous occlusion plethysmography during body heating showed that vasodilatation in the feet occurred at the same time in a cool foot (18 to 23 °C) as in a warm (30 to 35 °C) but that warming of the cooler foot might be delayed for some time until the increase in flow was 0.5 ml/100 ml of foot per minute or more. In control experiments, with both feet in cool water or both in warm, the increase in blood flow during body heating started at the same time in both feet. Warming also began at the same time in both feet, but in the cool control experiments, warming often began later than did increase in flow. It is suggested that precooling of arterial blood may account for the delay in warming when the extremity is initially cool and the increase in blood flow is at first small during indire...


The sensitivity to error of a video bitstream often changes as the amount of motion within a scene changes. Taking this into account, a scheme that attempts to optimise error robustness by varying the amount of adaptive intra refresh blocks is presented. Simulation results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed technique.


A kind of low dielectric high tenacity cyanate ester adhesive and preparation method thereof, belongs to polymeric material field.With bisphenol AF type epoxy resin(DGEBHF)With the common modified cyanic acid ester of organometallic salt catalysts, solve the problems, such as that bad its dielectricity, poor toughness, cementability are not enough, for the bonding of electronic product.It is characterized in that it is comprised the following steps:(1)Cyanate ester resin is weighed in 70~95% ratio, 75~90 DEG C are cooled to after being melted at 100~120 DEG C, add 4.9~29.975% DGEBHF to stir to transparent, obtain premixing adhesive;(2)In step(1)After adding 0.25~1 ‰ organometallic salt catalysts well mixed at 75~90 DEG C in the premix adhesive of preparation, low dielectric high tenacity cyanate ester adhesive is obtained.The present invention has excellent dielectricity, toughness, cementability, curability, and preparation process is simple, equipment requirement be low, environmental protection.


• In our study, we collected 19,313 spontaneous patient reports about antibiotic treatment experiences from medical forums. We annotated 760 sentences containing different types of medical conditions, and classified 5,179 unique conditions into indications and side effects across the set of reports using natural language processing and machine learning techniques. • Each of the 760 annotated sentences were given a binary label indicating whether the condition played the role of an "indication" or "side effect" of the given treatment. Specific treatment and condition mentions in text were replaced by generic text labels (i.e. _TREATMENT, _CONDITION) to prevent overfitting to the antibiotic drug class. • We used an SVM classifier with 5-fold cross validation and averaged the outcomes of the folds to determine the F1 scores (see Figure 2).


Sclerotinia pirolae Grosse (Ascomycetes: Helotiales), an ovaricolous, sclerotiaforming fungus, is reported as new to Finland on Pyrola chlorantha Swartz, P. media Swartz, P. minor L., P. minor x norvegica, P. minor x rotundifolia, P. norvegica Knaben and P. rotundifolia L. It has also been found on P. minor x norvegica and P. norvegica from the adjacent Soviet Karelia. No ascocarps were discovered, but its sclerotia! morphology suggests that the species probably belongs to the genus Monilinia Honey. The sclerotia! stroma includes suscept tissues of the host and is of the hollowspheroid type characteristic of Monilinia . The sclerotia! ontogeny of the species is described and illustrated .


The reliable design of modern satellite communication networks requires the exact evaluation of the interference effects on the availability and performance of both the uplink and downlink. In this paper, the impact of uplink power control as fade mitigation technique in the adjacent satellite network interference is examined. Here, we present a novel physical-propagation model to predict the co-channel interference statistical distribution taking into account correlated fading channels. Additionally, the sensitivity of the operational and the geometrical parameters of the system under consideration are investigated through extended numerical results. Some useful conclusions are drawn.


The chemical stability for optical glass is one of the problems that be cared for by people very long time. The glass is eroded and form erosion spot on the surface because glass often touch with the solution of acid alkali salt during fabricating using and storing. Optical instrument eroded by dump also form spot and watermark because of long time using. So the imaging quality of optical instrument is influenced in different degree. Especially various flint glass used in export camera lens, its bad chemical stability reduce competitiveness at international market. It is necessary that the chemical stability of flint glass be improved.


In this paper,general features,curing characteristics and application process of epoxy resin for APG and the relation between property and curing shrinkage or processing condition were discussed.


The invention provides a new application of gallic acid. The gallic acid has the effect of treating joint diseases. The joint diseases include joint inflammation, sprains and bone spurs. The gallic acid is dissolved through water or ethyl alcohol and then applied to an affected part; or the gallic acid is prepared into a plaster to be pasted to the affected part. The gallic acid is mainly used for treating joint inflammation, sprains and bone spurs, is good in medicine effect and remarkable in curative effect, and has the effects of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, dispelling wind, rejecting heat, diminishing swelling and relieving pain. The gallic acid is rapidly absorbed through the skin and the mucosa, the effect taking speed is high, and the compliance of a patient is good.


A gravimetric surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensor, based on the biotin-streptavidin and antistreptavidin-streptavidin recognitions, has been carried out. A network analyser and a pulse excitation technique were used to monitor both amplitude and phase changes. The SAW biosensor presented a total selective recognition of streptavidin-antistreptavidin and HRPstreptavidin-antistreptavidin. The presence of HRP (Horseradish peroxidase) affects neither the selectivity nor the sensitivity (of order of 0.25°/nM) of the biosensor, nevertheless, it causes a reduction of binding kinetics by a factor ranging between 2 to 5, as well as a diminution of antistreptavidin saturation concentration (of 40%). Results showed that equilibrium constants can be different, depending on evaluation method (from saturation values or from linear part of the output signal variation according to solution concentration).


Confucianism and the Bahaist faith have emerged and developed in different cultures,but both have engaged in the pursuit of a harmonious society.It is beneficial for us to explore these cultural resources to serve to help the realization of a harmonious world,as we are now in such a situation of building harmonious societies,regions and the world as well.


This paper opens with a presentation of the philosophical underpinning and rationale of the concept of physical literacy. This is followed by an articulation of the concept of physical literacy. Three subsequent sections then consider aspects of the concept in a little more detail. The first investigates the relationship of the physical literacy to the development of a sense of self and to establishing interaction with others. Here the philosophical approach is informed by writings on cognitive development and recent neurological insights. The second considers the universality of the concept and looks briefly at the views of existentialists and of contemporary sociologists. The third section addresses the place of propositional knowledge in being physically literate. The implications of objectifying the body in descriptive language are weighed against the fact that verbally expressed understanding and knowledge are an integral part of Western culture. The debate presented is one of a series that has, over the last five years, mapped the author's work on developing the concept of physical literacy. The aspects chosen to be discussed here are three that have generated considerable interest and debate. In conclusion, there is a short reflection on the implications of the views discussed for education and physical education.


Using the modified homogeneous balance principle(HBP) and with the help of Mathematica 4.0,more kinds of exact solutions to the general B-BBM equation are obtained,which modifies,perfects and contains the known results.


By using Input Occupancy Output techniques, this paper has built up an Input Occupancy Output table for New Economy, and studied some important coefficients. Firstly, the paper classifies the new economy industry; Secondly, the paper has built up an Input Occupancy Output table for New Economy and the related equations; Finally, the paper studies total input coefficients with the input of fixed assets, value and theoretical price for an enterprise's product for New Economy respectively.


A rigorous molecular statistical model of filled polymer network with quenched structural disorder coming from the conventional chemical crow-link between polymers end from an ensemble of rigid and highly dispersed multifunctional filler domains is presented. Specific surface end structure of the filler and its effect of «hydrodynamic» disturbance of intrinsic strain distribution are explicitly taken into account.The conformational constraints (entanglements, packing effects) of polymer chains in the mobile rubber phase ere described by a mean-field-like tube model


This is the companion text to The Tyranny of the Normal: An Anthology. It examines the issues of abnormalities in mental health, intelligence, and sexual behaviour. Both books are comprised of literary and fictional readings and commentary by health care professionals and medical ethicists.


A preparation of vaccinia virus inactivated by ultra-violet irradiation under strictly controlled conditions, and shown to produce neutralizing antibody and resistance to challenge in rabbits, was active in only about half of 37 human volunteers. It was not, therefore, likely to be usefully immunogenic in man. In the largest single test, 15 of 25 men had unmodified primary skin reactions when challenged with living virus, although five of these had circulating antibody. On the other hand, only three of 10 men who responded to challenge with modified or negative reactions, had no circulating antibody. In man the presence of circulating antibody does not necessarily indicate resistance to infection in the skin, nor does skin immunity always indicate the presence of circulating antibody.


Abstract This paper is a narrative inquiry into the experiences of two recreation practitioners, as well as the author, as they each learned how to live in relationally ethical ways in recreation practice. By drawing on the field texts of the author as he participated in a community garden project as a researcher-practitioner over two years, this paper shows that place matters when contemplating how lives come together in recreation practice. The purpose of this paper is to show that place is part of the fabric of our relational space as practitioner and participants lives come together in the meeting place of a recreation program. Place shapes who we are and are becoming, particularly when it is understood simultaneously with temporality and sociality (i.e., a narrative understanding of place).


When a spotwelding gun homes in to its target, a precise control of its position and pressure is vital. Such a control system must compensate for the gun arm deflection under the effects of the pressure it applies. The electrode tips (one on either size of the sheet) must contact the sheet at precisely the same moment to prevent bending of the sheet. Once in the right position they must apply the right pressure to weld, again, without deforming the sheet. Additionally, the wear of the electrodes must be taken into account.


Continuum poroelasticity theories provide a macroscopic description of fluid-saturated porous media so that pore-scale features only emerge in some averaged form.However, therein the specific signature of the underpinning micro-structure is not transparent in the constitutive material equations.For a regular lattice-type micromechanical model, we derive an exact formula for the Biot coefficient.As anticipated by experimental and numerical studies, the Biot coefficient embodies a nonlinear combination of the elasticity of the solid phase material and the geometry characterizing the pore space.This result allows us to exemplify the abstract concept of pore boundary deformation appearing in the continuum description of porous media including the ramifications of a geometrical self-similar deformation.Although this is certainly an oversimplified model for most porous rocks, our analysis may serve as benchmark for numerical upscaling based on digitized images to infer the poroelastic material parameters and thus to support ongoing experimental efforts to measure poroelasticity coefficients.


Traditional navigation methods tend to design and train navigation skills based on the consideration of multi-scenario applicability and perform well in general scenarios. However, this results in sub-optimal navigation performance in some context-specific scenarios, such as navigating through open or crowded scenarios. While some existing navigation skills can achieve satisfactory performance in context-specific scenarios, e.g., using PID in open scenarios and reinforcement learning-based training methods in crowded scenarios. Most methods currently do without consideration of the integration of navigation skills and contextual understanding. To address this gap, we propose an adaptive mapless navigation method to utilize the optimal capabilities of each skill corresponding to the context-specific scenario. Specifically, we package several existing navigation skills and train a scenario classifier to enable the agent to automatically select the most appropriate skill based on the current scenario. Furthermore, we incorporate evidential deep learning (EDL) to assess classification uncertainty and ensure the safe switching of navigation skills. Our method was tested in both simulated and real scenarios, and the results of the experiments confirmed the effectiveness and generalization of our method. Moreover, the proposed method exhibits notably enhanced, context-sensitive efficiency within a hybrid multi-scenario setting, in comparison to a single navigation skill.


Effect of dosage of chitosan,p H and temperature of extracting solution on flocculation impurity removal of extracting solution from houttuynia were studied. Then the clarification process was optimized by orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the optimum process condition was that dosage of chitosan was 0.04 g /100 m L,p H of extracting solution was 6.0,temperature of extracting solution was 30℃. Under this condition,the flavones retention rate was 80.0%,the light transmittance was 68.1%,which indicated that using this method the active ingredients was well- preserved and the clarity was good.This method had good application prospect.


Contradictions often emerge between how adult family members would like to spend their time and how time in their daily lives is actually spent. Prior research indicates that individuals desire more quality time spent with loved ones, but that finding the time to do so in our fast-paced American society is challenging (Robinson & Godbey, 1999). Time demands from external obligations (e.g., participation in paid labor) limit the amount of available time to spend in more meaningful activities, such as contact with older family members. Because family time is compromised, adults experience feelings of guilt and regret over the lack of time spent with their aging family members (Peters, Hooker, & Zvonkovic, 2006). As a result, many try to manage the experience of guilt rather than make actual behavioral changes. Feelings of guilt and regret about how time is spent are further complicated when family members are elderly, ill, or die.As families age, it may become more challenging to experience quality, meaningful time with each other (in light of competing life demands); however, it is the perception of quality of time spent together (rather than quantity of time or proximity) that more likely enhances well-being (Roberto, Allen, & Blieszner, 1999). To date, there are no psychometrically sound measures that adequately capture the depth of meaningful time experiences between older parents and their family members.A new measurement instrument was developed by examining the intergenerational ambivalence theoretical framework (Luescher & Pillemer, 1998) and family gerontology literature related to emotional outcomes from interactions, studies of shared time, debating family time verses family leisure activities, and older parents' perceptions of time. The survey proposed is called Meaningful Time Experiences in Intergenerational Relationships. The ten items represent the four categories in the literature listed above. The purpose of this measure is to capture how older adults value shared time experiences with family. This measure would be particularly useful to integrate with other research surveys or along side qualitative interviews. Questions are based on micro events of interactions such as conversations, visits, exchanges of help, and memories of the past that are still relevant to the relationship in present time.The survey is designed for asking about a family relationship with someone from a different generation, older than 18 years (adults). Other short introduction questions assess the respondent's family relationship type (e.g., biological, legal), parent or grandparent status, and age or cohort membership (Willson, Shuey, & Elder, 2003). As an alternative of asking the respondents' age and the age of the corresponding family member, the age could be exchanged for year born for cohort analyses of family relationships. All ten survey items are presented with an example quote from an older parent who participated in the qualitative study that was the research source for the development and theoretic work behind this measure. The shortness of the scale is suitable for research with the older population and could even be asked verbally in future studies.Older Parent StudyIn the present study we conducted semi-structured interviews with older parents (M = 76 years) to examine the perspectives of mothers and fathers discussing relationship experiences with their adult children. Relationship dynamics and experiences with 75 adult children were the focus of the interviews, however, additional ties with grandchildren and in-laws were also discussed. Participants were interviewed in their homes, so field observations became an additional data source, particularly for the assessment of socio-economic status. The sample ranged with older parents from working class to upper-middle class backgrounds. Socio-economic status depended on current household characteristics, occupational history, and lifestyle conditions including sources of income, levels of assistance, and ability to financially assist other people. …


Triorganotin, triorganolead and tetraphenylantimony derivatives of acetylenedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC), terephthalic acid (H2TER) and dithioterephthalic acid (H2DTT) (R3M)2X (M = Sn, Pb; R = Me, Ph; X = ADC, TER, DTT) and (Ph4Sb)2X (X = ADC, TER) were prepared by neutralization of R3MOH or Ph4SbOH with the appropriate acid (X = ADC, DTT) or by reaction of R3MCl or Ph4SbCl with K2TER. The crystal structures of (Me3Sn)2ADC and (Me3Sn)2TER were determined by X-ray diffraction. The Sn atoms are in slightly distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environments, with C(Me) in the equatorial plane and O(carboxyl) in apical positions. The carboxylate groups are bridging, leading to the formation of a two-dimensional polymer of puckered 22-membered [(Me3Sn)2ADC] and 26-membered [(Me3Sn)2TER] rings. From vibrational spectra, analogous structures are inferred for solid (Ph3Sn)2ADC, (R3Pb)2ADC (R = Me, Ph), and (Me3Pb)2TER, but structures with unidentate - COO and - COS groups and tetracoordinated Sn or Pb and pentacoordinated Sb are proposed for the other compounds. The DTT ligands are linked by S bonds to M. According to IR and 1H NMR studies the polymeric species dissociate on dissolution so that generally species with unidentate carboxylate groups are present. Sn and Pb in (R3M)2X (X = ADC, TER) are apparently tetracoordinated in CHCl3, but pentacoordinated in DMSO by addition of a solvent molecule.


This paper presents the experimental evaluation of harmonic and intermodulation distortions in a SCM-WDM RoF scheme based on spectral slicing of an optical broadband source. The insertion of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer suppresses significantly nonlinear terms.


Context: The aim of this study is to evaluate the various determinants of the preanalytic phase of surgical pathology (SP) in Uyo. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study (prospective) of all SP specimens that were sent to the histopathology laboratory of University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo. A special pro forma/questionnaire was designed taking into account the various determinants of the preanalytic phase of SP. Results: The request form had the patients' name and sex in all cases reviewed. In all but 3%, the age was stated while the hospital number and site of biopsy or tissue were stated in 89% and 95%, respectively. Only 49% of cases had an adequate history. In majority of cases, the examination findings (63%) and previous investigations (83%) were not stated. The provisional diagnosis was indicated in 92% of cases while the requesting/managing clinicians' name was indicated in 94% of cases. Seventy percent of the request forms were written on behalf of the consultant by the resident doctors. The fixative was adequate in 92% of cases and all specimens came in formalin (though it was of different concentrations). Majority (92%) of the specimens came in plastic containers, which was adequate (large enough) for the size of the specimen. The provisional diagnosis was same with the histological diagnosis in 66% of cases. Conclusion: An adequately filled request form well labeled adequate specimen container containing the right amount of fixative will positively affect the preanalytic stage of SP.


Gait symmetry is commonly used as an informal measure to assess functional gait recovery. As other outcome measures used for the evaluation of clinical change over time, gait symmetry indices must be reliable. However, studies assessing the reliability of symmetry indices are scarce and focused on discrete and local indices (i.e., peak joint angle, step length), which fail to assess overall gait symmetry. On the other hand, the repeatability of global symmetry indices (using multiple continuous waveforms) based on joint angles may be hampered by the sensitivity of these variables to marker placement imprecision. The aim of this study is to evaluate the test–retest intra-rater reliability and measurement error of an alternative global symmetry index. Two 3D gait analyses were performed on separate days (a week interval) on twenty-three healthy adults. Reliability and measurement error were assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient and the 95% limits of agreement, standard error of measurement and smallest detectable change, respectively. The new symmetry index presented acceptable results in terms of reliability (ICC = 0.71, 95% CI 0.33–0.88) and measurement error (95% LOA between −30.2% and 29.1%, SEM = 10.7% and SDC = 29.7%), thus being a more promising tool to assess overall gait symmetry.


The behaviorism pattern and the structuralism pattern are the basic types in the system of controlling monopoly in an-titrust law.According to the status quo of Chinas' economy and the value and characteristics of structuralism pattern,the passage draws a conclusion that taking structuralism pattern is advantageous to perfect the antimonopoly legislation in China.


Bromine anions from polybrominated biphenyls and bromobenzenes form in great abundance by dissociative electron capture. Nitrogen reagent gas moderates bromine expulsion more than does methane. The relationship between bromine anion to molecular anion ratio and the number of bromine atoms in the molecule is logarithmic. Asymmetric arrangement of bromine atoms favors decreased bromine anion formation. Increased source temperature favors dissociative electron capture, but also decreases sensitivity. The apparent composition of polybrominated biphenyl mixtures is strongly influenced by the range of masses scanned if bromine anions are excluded.


In Sweden most doctors work in public hospitals run by country councils. They were put on salary in 1970. Their union is very stong and could have fought it but did not. The union and the employers agreed on the levels and the union emerged with the same very high membership as before. How was this possible?


The description of the larger frieze cannot at present be completely methodical, as the task of arrangement and reconstruction is not yet near its end, and skill or accident may discover the relative position in the whole work of many fragments and slabs that are at present isolated, and through their isolation lose much of their significance. It is certain at least that the artists have been guided in their grouping of the figures bya higher principle than that of mere decoration. The natural affinity of personages has been to some extent respected: thus there is reason to believe, as has been shown, that Heracles stands near to Zeus; and we see engaged in one common action a family of deities that belong to the nether world; we see a group of sea-divinities, and around Cybele the nymphs that are attached to the Magna Dea, while before the Sungod the goddess of the dawnis riding. Yet such connections as one might suggest will not give a certain clue in the arrangement of the slabs. Thus the fragment upon which the figure of Dionysos is preserved might be supposed to belong to the part of the frieze containing Hekate; to whom, because of his Chthonian character, his affinity in myth is close. The tradition and probably also the art of the sixth century B.C. had taken notice of this aspect of the many-natured god, for in many of the black-figured vases published by Gerhard we see Dionysos in close connection with Persephone, prominent in the representations of her return to the upper world: and an allusion is conveyed of their mysterious marriage: while according to more than one authority Hades and Dionysos had been identified by Heraclitus.


Summary
Scaffolding is an important step in every genome assembly pipeline, which allows to order contigs into longer sequences using various types of linkage information, such as mate-pair libraries and long reads. In this work we operate with a notion of a scaffold graph - a graph, vertices of which correspond to the assembled contigs, and edges represent connections between them. We present a software package called Scaffold Graph ToolKit (SGTK) that allows to construct and visualize scaffold graphs using different kinds of sequencing data. We show that the scaffold graph appears to be useful for analyzing and assessing genome assemblies, and demonstrate several use cases that can be helpful for both assembly software developers and their users.

Availability and implementation
SGTK is implemented in C++, Python and JavaScript and is freely available at https://github.com/olga24912/SGTK.

Supplementary material
To be posted on-line.


A recognition network is a multilayer perception (MLP) trained to predict posterior maxginals given observed evidence in a particulax Bayesian network. The input to the MLP is a vector of the states of the evidential nodes. The activity of an output unit is interpreted as a prediction of the posterior marginal of the corresponding variable. The MLP is trained using samples generated from the corresponding Bayesian network.

We evaluate a recognition network that was trained to do inference in a large Bayesian network, similax in structure and complexity to the Quick Medical Reference, Decision Theoretic (QMR-DT) network. Our network is a binary, two-layer, noisy-OR (BN20) network containing over 4000 potentially observable nodes and over 600 unobservable, hidden nodes. In real medical diagnosis, most observables are unavailable, and there is a complex and unknown process that selects which ones axe provided. We incorporate a very basic type of selection bias in our network: a known preference that available observables are positive rather than negative. Even this simple bias has a significant effect on the posterior.

We compare the performance of our recognition network to state-of-the-art approximate inference algorithms on a large set of test cases. In order to evaluate the effect of our simplistic model of the selection bias, we evaluate algorithms using a variety of incorrectly modelled selection biases. Recognition networks perform well using both correct and incorrect selection biases.


Natural disasters claim thousands of lives each year and can be a heavy burden for already vulnerable societies. Are natural disasters also a cause of violent conflict? While most studies based on systematic empirical research do find this to be the case, there are also known cases where natural disasters have contributed to a de-escalation of fighting. This paper shows, theoretically and empirically, that moderate earthquakes increase the risk of civil wars, but that stronger (and therefore more rare) earthquakes instead reduce the risk of civil wars. We use an exhaustive dataset on earthquakes from 1947 to 2001 collected by seismologists. The association between earthquakes and the incidence of civil war is decomposed into two separate effects: they affect the risk that new civil wars are started and they affect the chance that existing civil wars are terminated.


During the foreseeable future, Canadian roadway authorities will be faced with significant challenges, if the safety of our roadway system is to be maintained. Travel demand on our existing facilities is expected to increase by 3 per cent annually, with less resources available for major road construction and capacity improvements. At the same time, motor vehicles will be changing significantly in size and performance in response to demands for better fuel efficiency - passenger vehicles will decrease in size and performance, whereas commercial trucking is under pressure to increase payloads, resulting in increased size and performance. Design standards for roadways and roadside features are being reviewed and will be modified as necessary. Increased attention will be given to systematic identification and elimination of hazardous roadway locations. The increased costs of owning and operating roadway illumination systems has resulted in improved design standards and techniques. Finally, past experience in roadway signing and traffic control has demonstrated the importance of consistency in design and installation of these devices, and objective methods for sign design and evaluation are being implemented nationally. (Author/TRRL)


The role of the adrenergic muscle receptors in the function of the urinary bladder was studied in 5 children with myelomeningocele. The outflow resistance was estimated from simultaneous registration of the intra-vesical pressure and of the urinary flow. The results indicate that the resistance to flow increases during stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic muscle receptors, and decreases during stimulation of the beta receptors. The sympatomimetic drugs are effective when applied locally on the mucous membrane.


In 2018 an excavation of 20 × 20 m large and up to 5 m thick calcareous clays of the Langhian age was found. Rich and diversified assemblages of foraminifers with species Orbulina suturalis Bron. and Martinotiella karreri (Cush.) indicate early Badenian (in sense of the Central Paratethys regional stratigraphy) age of the sediments, zone M5b sensu Berggren et al. (1995). Variously deformed lenses and layers of fine-grained sand with several blocks of white calcareous silts and with two layers of clayey sediments with pebbles were found. The identified outcrop is part of a large landslide situated at the western margin of the Carpathian Foredeep. Samples determining the age of the landslide movements were taken from Badenian clays and from slope sediments with pebbles for study of palynomorphs. Very rich and diversified fauna was described mainly from the fine-grained sand creating layers in calcareous clays. The assemblage contained tests of foraminifers, spines of the echinoids, fragments of sponge spicules, rich fragments of molluscs and zoarias of bryozoas, worms – Ditrupa cornea (Linnaeus, 1758), Serpula sp., ?Serpulidae indet., fragments of brachiopods, arthropods, coral, ostracods, teleostei etc. The findings from the Badenian and Quaternary periods were mixed by slope movements. Large landslide in the Middle Pleistocene was the terminal gravity proces in the area of Vinicne Sumice.


Excerpt To the Editors: The editorial by Schilling (1) was very stimulating. Chronic inflammation is very often the underlying mechanism of hypoferric anemia in patients. Chronic immune stimulation...


on technical assistance programs. Considerable sums of money have been invested by the United States, the United Nations, most recently the Soviet Union and other nations in such programs, and tens of thousands of persons have participated in the implementation of these programs. In spite of the energy and effort given over to technical assistance, frequently the accomplishments have left much to be desired.


Background of study: Processing methods have been known to influence the nutrients and anti-nutrients present in food substances. Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) of the family Maraceae; contains edible seeds which is added to various food recipes. Aim: This study was aimed at determining the effect of processing on the proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors in the raw, roasted and fermented samples of Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds. Methodology: The raw seeds were subjected to fermentation and roasting respectively. The samples were then later dried and milled. The proximate analysis of the raw, roasted and fermented samples was done using standard methods. The levels of the following anti-nutrients: tannin, phytic acid, oxalate, and saponin were determined from the raw, roasted and fermented samples respectively using standard methods. Result: Proximate analysis revealed that the raw sample had the highest CHO (65.31%), followed by fermented (62.75%) and the roasted (61.44%). The roasted sample had the highest protein value of (29.59%) followed by the fermented (26.92%) and the raw (24.90%). Crude fat was highest in roasted (1.68%), followed by the raw (1.63%) and the fermented (1.28%). Ash content was highest in the roasted (3.67%) followed by raw (3.56%) and the fermented (3.35%). However, the moisture content was highest in the fermented sample (3.48%) followed by raw (2.56%) and roasted (2.48%). The roasted samples had the highest percentage reduction in all the anti-nutrients (tannin, phytate, oxalate, saponin) as compared to the fermented sample. Conclusion: Roasted jack fruit seed contains the lowest anti-nutrients and can therefore be incorporated into the diet as a safer nutritional supplement.


The invention provides a method for rapidly constructing a three-dimensional building scene through an actual projective image, which concretely comprises following steps of: firstly, extracting the top surface of a building through the actual projective image, obtaining a plane vector diagram, and simultaneously obtaining a vector plane coordinate; secondly, respectively carrying out building top surface triangularization process and ground polygonal triangularization process for the plane vector diagram obtained from the first step and generating a building model and a ground model through combining digital surface model data and digital height model data; thirdly, combining the building model and the ground model to form a three-dimensional scene model; fourthly, carrying out veining mapping superposition for the three-dimensional scene model and the actual projective image and generating the three-dimensional building scene. The method accelerates the modeling speed of the three-dimensional building scene and reduces the manual operation time of modeling mapping design. When the method is used, once modeling and vein mapping can be carried out to a specific zone; true and effective three-dimensional visual effect is obtained; and the working capacity of scene modeling is greatly lowered.


In order to investigate the effect of Si on the development of the rolling and recrystallization textures in Al, Al-Si alloys containing Si in the range between 0 and 0.6% were cold rolled 95% and subsequently annealed at 450°C up to complete recrystallization. Their textures were investigated with orientation distribution function analysis. In the rolling texture of Al-Si alloys, it was found that, although the {123} and {112} orientations were strong at the Si content below 0.2%, they decreased rapidly with increasing Si content above 0.2%. On the other hand, the {110} orientation increased with increasing Si content up to 0.4%. In the recrystallization texture, {100} orientation was very strong in pure Al. However, it was weak in the specimen containing 0.1%Si, while the {123} orientation developed remarkably. With increasing Si content, the {100} orientation became strong again at the Si content of 0.2%. However, it decreased rapidly at the Si content above 0.4%. In this region, the {123} orientation also decreased linearly with increasing Si content.


DISEASE HISTORY Sixty-five year-old female, brown skin, married, housewife, natural of Paraíba and coming from Praia Grande, SP, sought a Dermatology outpatient clinic with the complaint of a "nodule on the tip of the nose" for six months, which presented with rapid and progressive growth. Personal and familar history: Virchowian Leprosy in the 15 month of treatment with Multibacillary Multidrug Therapy. Denied neoplasms or other relevant diseases in family history. At the dermatological examination, the patient displayed a bright, infiltrated, skin-colored nodule, of hard consistency and granulous bleeding central ulceration, measuring 1.3 cm of diameter, located at the nasal dorsum. The patient had no cervical lymphadenomegalies (Figure 1). A biopsy was performed for histopathological examination (Figure 2), which revealed tumoral cells with nuclear pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli and multilobuled cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry (Figure 3) revealed strong expression of Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA). Twenty days after the first visit, the pacient underwent surgery and a complete investigation in order to exclude systemic diseases. DIAGNOSIS AND COMMENTS Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma Sebaceous carcinoma is a malignant tumor derived from sebaceous glands anexial epithelium. Its most frequent locations are head and neck, especially in sebaceous glands of the ocular anexa. It can be classified as either ocular or extraocular, being roughly 25% extraocularly located. The tumor incides more in females (2:1) who are in ave-


A truncated binary squarer is a squarer with a n bit input that produces a n bit output. The proposed design minimizes the mean square error of the squarer and results in a very simple and fast circuital implementation. The squarer, compared against state of the art circuits, provides a reduction of the mean square error ranging from 20% to 5%. At the same time, the proposed squarer is able to reduce the power dissipation, reduce the silicon area occupation, and increase the maximum working frequency. Implementations results are provided for a 0.18µm technology.


The present invention relates to a method for establishing an image using the standard working speed of the working step, said working step includes a plurality of different moving elements, and relates to a method, it is an object, and the same working step by a different work workers, working steps in order to obtain the image to be evaluated, and the evaluation is represented as a numerical value representing the standard image with respect to the operating speed established, evaluated how fast the operating speed of the object. To achieve this object, according to the method, the step of the sample relative to the working configuration, a selected number of acceleration is multiplied, so as to obtain an image of the work steps to be accelerated, the accelerator is adjusted until the image becomes maximum, and after the confirmed deceleration constant is multiplied by the previously set times, in order to obtain an image of the person standardization step movement. In another aspect, an image can be observed by an image normalized with respect to the working steps of the previously temporarily set multiplication number previously determined acceleration obtained. Are you sure the image at a maximum speed of movement of people, and an image is standardized working steps is temporarily set correctly. Finally, the image is determined in the case of the standard working speed, displaying two images on the same display, the operation speed is determined to evaluate the extent of the workers with respect to the speed of the standard working speed, and to control the speed of reproduction, the moving image until two consistent, making it possible to obtain than the standard operating speed.


Reconfigurable hardware platforms are the key to extensible high speed networks. They provide flexibility without hindering performance through the internet. Current development of the Field-programmable Port Extender (FPX), a reconfigurable hardware platform allows reconfiguration through an ATM network. However, majority of the internet today is based on the highly popular TCP/IP protocol. The contribution of this work will allow modular components to be reprogrammed via TCP/IP


Abstract Huhu beetle larvae, Prionoplus reticularis White, were successfully reared in the laboratory at 20°C L:D 0:24 h on an artificial diet containing pine sawdust. The larval period was reduced to c. 250 days compared with at least 2 years in the field. Mean larval weight increased from 1.38 mg (neonate) to 3639 mg (mature larvae) after 230 days on artificial diet. Most larvae entered diapause, which was successfully terminated by ambient field conditions in season but not by laboratory chilling regimes. The diet used may be suitable for other cerambycids, and especially useful for rearing field‐collected larvae to provide adult beetles for taxonomic studies.


Concentration in Human-Centered Design will provide a framework within which students can learn and apply design thinking to problems across disciplines. Design thinking involves methods and approaches that increase intellectual flexibility and comfort with ambiguity and define and frame issues in ways that allow for a broad array of solutions. Students of human-centered design will experiment with prototypes and artifacts, create iteratively, collaborate within teams, interpret and respond to many forms of data and above all attend to the process of design as well as the end product


This study's primary objective is clarified with meaning and duration of time quantity complement structure. First of all, verb's types are composed of non-persistent verb, strong persistent verb, weakly persistent verb, and state persistent verb based on characteristic of persistence. After then, I analyze the meaning of time in the 'V+C t' structure. Second, definition of '了₁' is consistent with 'temporary action complete' in the 'V+了₁+C t' structure and then, I also identify meaning and duration of time using four verb's types in the 'V+了₁+C t' structure. In fact, I assure that the 'V+了₁+C t' structure does not represent the completion of the entire activity. Last, in the 'V+了₁+C t+了₂' structure, the meaning of the '了₂' defines 'emphasize the current time' and then, I figure out what meaning and duration of time is using four verb's types in the 'V+了₁+C t+了₂' structure. In fact, subsequent sentence was very important in the structure of weakly persistent verb, because it is possible to occur a two meanings. Also, I convince that most cases indicate the state of the duration in structure of the state persistent verb.


A new fiber optic glucose biosensor based on oxygen fluorescence quenching using lock-in technology has been presented. Ruthenium(II) complex, Ru(bpy)3Cl2, were used as the fluorescence indicator and cellulose acetate(CA) were used as the matrix membrane to immobilize the indicator and GOD, and the optimal conditions for the preparation of CA membrane has been studied. For the immobilization of GOD to CA membrane, albumin of bovine serum(BSA) and glutaraldehyde(GA) were used through covalence—cross bonding process. The relationship between the concentration of glucose and the phase delay??? has been studied, the results show that ??? has good relationship within the range of 50mg/dl—500mg/dl and the response time is less than 30 sec. Several factors to influence the sensor such as pH of the medium, the additional membrane layers, the properties of CA membrane have also been studied. The results indicate that its best pH range is between pH6.0 and 7.0, and the thickness of the additional membrane layers on the sensor head will influence the response time greatly, that is, the response time is controlled by the speed of dispersion of the dissolved oxygen into the fluorescence dye layer.


Research on mild gasification is discussed. The report is divided into three sections: literature survey of mild gasification processes; literature survey of char, condensibles, and gas upgrading and utilization methods; and industrial market assessment of products of mild gasification. Recommendations are included in each section. (CBS) 248 refs., 58 figs., 62 tabs.


Cleistogenes songorica and Plantago lessingii are important native plant species in the north-west desert grassland of China, and play a significant role in pasture production and vegetation restoration. Research on factors affecting germination of these species has not been reported previously. A series of laboratory tests were therefore conducted to study germination response of the two species to temperature and osmotic potential. The temperature regime for both species included 5 constant temperatures(10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ℃) and 3 alternating temperature regimes(25/10, 25/15, 30/20℃). Additional regimes were also used: 35/20, 40/20 and 50/20℃ for C. songorica, and 20/10℃ for P. lessingii. Ten osmotic potentials ranging from 0 to -1.8MPa were implemented by moistening germination paper with PEG (6000) solutions. Results showed that almost all seeds enclosed in the leaf sheath of C. songorica were viable. The germination temperature range of C. songorica was very wide and ranged from 10℃ to 50/20℃, and higher temperature promoted germination. On the other hand, P. lessingii seed had a narrow range of germination temperatures, from 10℃ to 30℃, and lower temperature promoted germination. The optimal germination temperature was 35/20℃ for C. songorica and 20℃ for P. lessingii, at which germination percentages were 94% and 61%, respectively. The reason for the low germination of P. lessingii is that some of the seeds were in dormancy. Germination declined as osmotic potential decreased from 0 to -1.6MPa, and the declining tendency in C. songorica was faster than that in P. lessingii. Regression analysis indicated that germination percentages (y) of both species were highly related to osmotic potential (x), which can be expressed by: y_1=-10.976x_1+98.4 (r~2=0.954) for C. songorica, and y_2=-5.909x_2+60.2(r~2=0.964) for P. lessingii. Plumule growth was inhibited as the osmotic potential decreased; however radical growth was promoted as osmotic potential changed from 0MPa to -0.6MPa in C. songorica, and to -0.4MPa in P. lessingii, and thereafter decreased. The ecological significance of the germination response to different temperatures and osmotic potentials is discussed.


The avermectins were initially detected in a program in which thousands of microbial fermentation products were tested in mice for activity against the nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. Among the few preparations showing activity in this assay, was the product of a microorganism isolated from soil by workers at The Kitasato Institute. The microorganism was classified as a new species of actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. Its anthelmintic activity was shown to reside in 8 closely related macrocyclic lactones, named avermectins, which were also found to possess activity against free-living and parasitic arthropods. One of the natural components, avermectin B1, is now being evaluated as a pesticide for the control of mites of citrus and cotton crops and control of the Red Imported Fire Ant. A chemical derivative, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1, or ivermectin, has been developed as an antiparasitic agent. It is being marketed for use in cattle, horses and sheep and is expected to become available for swine and dogs.


Traditional planning deals with the problem of finding activities to satisfy a given goal while traditional scheduling solves the problem of allocation known activities to limited resources and to limited time. In many real-life problems both tasks should be accomplished together. In the paper we describe a scheduling engine of the Visopt ShopFloor system that integrates planning and scheduling component in a unified framework.


ABSTRACT This systematic review aimed to synthesize the research of peer mentor models for families involved in the child welfare system. Twelve studies were examined. Most interventions targeted birth parents to facilitate reunification and support the family, with outcomes being mainly favorable particularly for engagement in treatment and reunification outcomes. However, few studies employed rigorous research designs, suggesting several avenues for future practice and research such as advancing the rigor of the evidence and collaborating with peers to provide comprehensive services and enhance family outcomes.


Thyroid nodules are considered as most common disease found in adults and thyroid cancer has increased over the years rapidly. Further automatic segmentation for ultrasound image is quite difficult due to the image poor quality, hence several researcher have focused and observed that U-Net achieves significant performance in medical image segmentation. However U-net faces the problem of low resolution which causes smoothness in image, hence in this research work we have proposed improvised U-Net which helps in achieving the better performance. The main aim of this research work is to achieve the probable Region of Interest through segmentation with better efficiency. In order to achieve that Improvised U-Net develops two distinctive feature map i.e. High level feature Map and low level feature map to avoid the problem of low resolution. Further proposed model is evaluated considering the standard dataset based on performance metrics such as Dice Coefficient and True positive Rate. Moreover our model achieves better performance than the existing model.


Sexual-selection theory makes two predictions. (1) Males usually vary more in mating success than do females (the Bateman principle), and this difference should be more pronounced in sexually dimorphic, polygamous species than in non-dimorphic, monogamous ones. (2) Brightly colored males trade an increased risk of predation for greater mating success and experience higher mortality than cryptically colored females. We tested these predictions by comparing lifetime mating success and mortality rates between males and females of Ischnura gemina, a sexually dimorphic, polygamous damselfly. Contrary to prediction, we found no significant differences between the sexes in variance in mating success, evenness of mating success, mean number of matings per lifetime, or mean life span. Comparison of the potential for sexual selection in I. gemina with that in other species for which lifetime mating success has been measured shows values for I. gemina most similar to those of the monogamous, non-dimorphic kittiwake, suggesting that sexual dimorphism in I. gemina is not the result of sexual selection. It is possible, however, that sexual selection was important in past evolutionary change in I. gemina but is not currently important, perhaps because of a lack of genetic variance in genes controlling color pattern and mating behavior. A number of characteristics of its mating system could be responsible for the apparently low potential for sexual selection in the I. gemina population we studied. These include habitat structure, non-territoriality of males, and contact guarding of females by males. The unprofitable-prey hypothesis of Baker and Parker (1979) provides an alternative explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism and predicts a higher mortality for cryptically colored females than for brightly colored males. Current data do not support this hypothesis as an explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism in I. gemina.


In this study, the search convergence properties of a recently developed Bi-Attempted Based Optimization Algorithm (ABaOA) on a six-hump camel function are demonstrated. The six-hump camel function, with its six local minima and two global minima, is one of the well-known fixed-dimension multimodal benchmark functions used to assess the effectiveness of optimization techniques. The ABaOA is intended to be tested on this benchmark function because real-world numerical optimization problems necessitate quick processing times. Results that are obtained from experiments are promising in terms of speed and viability. The highly effective search algorithm ABaOA ensures a workable solution while also quickly arriving at the global optimal solution.


Abstract Homeschooling research to date has focused mainly on the perspective of homeschool educators. However, heeding the voices of homeschool learners is essential for a reliable understanding of the homeschool context. This article focuses on findings regarding one homeschool learner who was a participant in a qualitative, multiple case-study of four homeschools. Homeschool educators and learners were interviewed concerning their discourses and perspectives regarding their respective homeschools. Projections were used that explored participants' meanings at a deeper level, and there were three sessions of non-participating observation in each homeschool. The views of the homeschool learners corresponded, to a certain extent, with those of the homeschool educators, but also indicated some significant differences. Although the limited scope of the investigation prohibits generalisation, the homeschool educators all appeared to be convinced that they were acting in their children's best interests, and ye...


An X-ray micro-tomography system called SP-μCT, which has a spatial resolution of 1 μm, has been developed in SPring-8, the largest synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. In this work, SP-μCT was applied to the nondestructive evaluation of micro-crack propagation appearing as thermal fatigue damage in lead-free solder joints. The observed specimens include two typical micro-joint structures by Sn-3.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu lead-free solder. The first is an FBGA (Fine pitch Ball Grid Array) joint specimen in which an LSI package is connected to a substrate by solder bumps 360 μm in diameter, while the second is a chip joint specimen in which chip type resistors 1.6 mm in length and 0.8 mm. in width are mounted on a substrate. A thermal cycle test was carried out, and the specimens were picked up at fixed cycle numbers. The same solder joints were observed repeatedly using SP-μCT at beamline BL20XU in SPring-8. An X-ray energy of 29.0 keV was selected to obtain CT (Computed Tomography) images with high contrast among some components, and a refraction-contrast imaging technique was also applied to the visualization of fatigue cracks in the solder joints. In the FBGA type specimens, fatigue cracks appeared at the periphery of the interfaces between the solder and the UBM (Under Bump Metallization) on the LSI package. As the thermal cycle proceeds, the cracks propagate gradually to the inner region of the solder bumps in the vicinity of the interface. On the basis of the three-dimensional crack images, the fatigue crack propagation lifetime was accurately estimated by means of the average crack propagation rate. On the other hand, in the chip joint specimens, fatigue cracks appeared and propagated through the thin solder layer between the chip and substrate. In contrast to the FBGA specimen, many small voids roughly 5 to 10 μm in length were formed in the solder layer. The important observed fact is that these voids deform and connect to each other due to the thermal cyclic loading prior to crack propagation. Consequently, the obtained CT images clearly show the process of crack propagation due to the thermal cyclic loading of the same solder joint. In contrast, such information has not been obtained, whatsoever by industrially employed X-ray CT systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This study aims to find out students' responses through the use of Edpuzzleas an application in achieving listening comprehension. As a foreign language in Indonesia, sometimes students will face some obstacles and difficulties in learning the English language; the obstacles that must be faced by the first-year students, where else there are some skills to learn at the same time which will worsen their learning process as it will be hard to be understood with low competence in the first place. The use of Edpuzzle here is expected to help to get through the initial problem related to the achievement of listening comprehension. Edpuzzle is a platform that helps teachers invite students to have fun learning using videos. These videos can be edited and adjusted to the goal of the teachers in the class activity on a particular subject; they can be cut, recorded new voice, and add some more questions if it is needed. In this study, the participants are first-year students in English Literature of the University of Pamulang (UNPAM) with 54 students in the subject of listening. The data were collected by using a questionnaire and the discussion in the e-learning forum of UNPAM in listening subjects. The results of the study revealed that the students were interested in learning the English language of the subject listening using Edpuzzle as it lifts their consciousness so that they can overwhelmingly enjoy the process of learning. They also found out that the subject listening is becoming entertaining to learn and can be a fun learning too even with the task that is difficult for them, alongside their thought that learning English using Edpuzzle can help them improve their listening comprehension in a fun way possible.


The paper considers whether, and if so how, research evidence can permeate the world of higher education (HE) management in publicly funded institutions. The paper explores the author's experience of two recent research projects (1998–2000 and 2004) on aspects of managing UK HE institutions and issues arising from the preparation of the HE element of a third study of leadership and public service change agendas in education and health during 2004. Despite the topicality in education and other public services of debates about evidence-based practice, there is little indication that this debate has permeated HE management qua management. The paper utilises Bourdieu's work on academics and social and cultural capital to explore why manager-academics may resist taking the findings of research seriously in relation to their own work. It is suggested that, where there is reluctance to learn from research, this may reflect the changing nature of HE, the status of HE research as an academic field and form of academic capital and the relative paucity until recently of training in management for most UK manager-academics.


Objectives: The main objective of the study is to clinically audit and analyse the acute asthma exacerbations in children younger than 12 years regarding management of emergency department.
Methods: This clinical audit was done in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur during January 2020 till June 2020. We retrospectively revised all the files of children aged 0–12 years who were visited for acute asthma in the Paediatric ED of Hospital. All the patients with a diagnosis of "acute asthma," "wheezing bronchitis," and "bronchospasm" were included.
Results: A total of 864 patients were seen in the Emergency Department during the study. Of these, a total of 293 patients were seen for a presentation of acute asthma. As some patients had multiple visits, the 293 records represented 278 unique patients. For assessing age and gender distribution of the patients, only data from the first visit were used. Otherwise, each record was treated independently for the purpose of analyses.
Conclusion: It is concluded that acute asthma management still remains an area of medical practice that continues to have long-standing difficulties.


Asthma is a chronic health condition that can have a negative impact on children's quality of life, social and emotional functioning and health [1–3]. Children with asthma may feel conspicuous or isolated in school and in other community settings when they need to administer inhalers to control asthma symptoms [4]. If children are not around peers with asthma they may experience feelings of isolation related to feeling different from other children in their classroom or neighborhood [5]. Some also may experience low self-esteem related to feelings of isolation and sadness due to coping with asthma. Therefore, asthma camps are an excellent venue for addressing feelings of isolation and anxiety experienced by children with asthma through education and support programs designed to improve asthma self-management, reduce feelings of illness-related anxiety and enhance coping skills. The recent article by Elliott et al. [6] published in the Journal of Asthma addresses the important issue of using sports camps to identify children with asthma. Once asthma is identified, children can then benefit from education and other support programs provided at the camps. We agree that these settings as well as summer camps in general are ideal for identifying ways to improve medication use and overall asthma management [2,3]. Participating in educational and peer sessions at camp has the potential to improve children's self-confidence in their abilities to manage their asthma. Alaniz and Nordstrand examined an educational program for adolescents attending a camp [7]. Their intervention was a 6-h educational program, aimed at improving knowledge about asthma. Adolescents reported increased efficacy for asthma management in several situations at the end of camp. Specifically, they reported better asthma self-management skills if they felt angry or afraid or were experiencing problems while exercising or visiting the doctor's office. Nicholas and colleagues found that children and adolescents (ages 7–15 years) indicated improved coping with their asthma after camp [8]. In this study, camp members who received asthma education included children with and without asthma. Interestingly, children with asthma reported they received improved support from their peers without asthma who had developed a greater understanding of asthma by the end of camp. Other researchers have reported that children with asthma experienced greater peer support after attending summer camps with other children who also have asthma [9,10]. Thus, cultivating a positive atmosphere where there is ample opportunity for peer contact is an excellent avenue for children with asthma to gain support from peers at camp regardless of whether or not they also have asthma [9]. Berry and Rabian [11] assessed the impact of asthma camps on children with asthma, where there were educational groups on disease management, and found that these children reported lower anxiety levels after attending camp. These findings are consistent with other studies that reported reduced feelings of worry related to having asthma after participating in asthma camps [8,10]. In addition to providing support for youth, medical education sessions at camps may be a good forum for collecting information on children's ideas about ways to improve their asthma management. Penza-Clyve, Mansell and McQuaid assessed children's (ages 9–15) views about barriers to adhering to their medical regimen and ideas for improving their asthma management during focus groups conducted at a camp [12]. Children reported several barriers to asthma management including being embarrassed when using inhalers around friends and limited accessibility to their medications during the school day. Children also generated ideas for improving their asthma management, such as using reminder notes (e.g. sticky notes), keeping their inhalers with them at all times, and having a ''just do it'' attitude to realize that asthma management was a critical component of their daily activities. Medical staff could then utilize this information to develop interventions to improve medical education to directly address children's needs and build upon successful strategies that were currently being implemented to optimize their asthma management. Through observation and practice, the physician can also gain important knowledge on how to improve the child's medication adherence over the course of camp. Sharing this information with the child's primary care physician can potentially yield long-term health benefits for the child. Correspondence: Laura Nabors, Mail Location 0068, Health Education and Promotion Program, School of Human Services, College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0068, USA. E-mail: naborsla@ ucmail.uc.edu J A st hm a D ow nl oa de d fr om in fo rm ah ea lth ca re .c om b y U ni ve rs ity o f C in ci nn at i o n 03 /1 0/ 15


The fast adoption of new digital technologies (e.g. smartphones, tablets) enables consumers to ubiquitously access the Internet and switch between online and offline channels when shopping (Neslin & Shankar, 2009). In order to keep up with this development, multichannel incumbents need to better integrate their store business with their online business. For most retailers, this transition from multichannel management to cross-channel management entails a strategic renewal process, which is usually initiated from the top. However, the success of such a transformation process heavily depends on an effec-tive interplay between Top Management (TM) and Middle Management (MM) (Floyd & Lane, 2000). Therefore, we look at how TMs empower (disempower) MMs strategizing in the context of top-driven strategic renewal. We approach this research question with a comparative case design (Eisenhardt, 1989). Our case studies are informed by 73 interviews with TMs and MMs from six major Euro-pean multichannel retail firms. This paper combines two so far rather separate streams of literature - Empowering Leadership (e.g. Spreitzer, 2008) and MM Involvement in Strategy Process (e.g. Wooldridge, Schmid & Floyd, 2008). As a result, we map out TMs day-to-day leadership practices aimed at empowering their MMs for strategic contributions during the organizational transformation towards cross-channel management. We also offer a novel theoretical perspective on strategic leadership and in particular on MMs organizational strategizing in the context of strategic re-newal.


At present, foolproof methods are needed for control of low-power light biomedical effects. Transmission spectra of whole blood from 108 patients were recorded before and after action of low-intensity He-Ne laser and extracorporal UV irradiation. We have observed changes in the blood transmission spectrum caused by oxygen saturation changes in venous blood. It has shown that He-Ne laser irradiation more selectively acts to venous blood than extracorporal UV irradiation.


Rohner's Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) were administered to 228 elementary school children in South Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Results of this study are com pared with findings obtained using the same tests on elementary school children in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area, and in Monterrey, Mexico. Results of this comparison conform with the expectations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. That is, since Czech children score highest in parental warmth and affection, and lowest in parental hostility, neglect and undifferentiated rejection, they also score lowest in unfavorable personality traits. Comparisons of the three cultural groups make us hypothesize that the negative self-perception of school-age children is in fluenced primarily by parental rejection. Children's dependency seems to be related primarily to parental warmth whereas children's (defensive) independence seems to be influenced largely by parental hostility, neglect, and undifferentiated rejection. However, the nature of "self-protecting independence" (i.e. "defensive inde pendence") is not quite evident and needs further investigation.


flection on other passages which I do not mention. These passages are: Cazelles on the criticism of the Pentateuch (pp. 290-342), although I would have liked to see a fuller treatment of the traditionsgeschichtliche school; Feuillet and Grelot on literary genres (pp. 123-51); Cazelles and Grelot on historical criticism (pp. 152-64) ; Delorme on Kings (pp. 435-64) ; Grelot on midrash (pp. 173-76, 722-26); Lefèvre on the deuterocanonical books (pp. 731-81). The concluding section of the book, "La formation de l'Ancien Testament" (Grelot), is an excellent and original sketch of the growth of the OT from its primitive detached and uncollected elements to collections and books against the development of history and theology in Israel and in Judaism. One must read this essay to see how much has been packed into it. In particular, the description of the early traditions of Israel, oral and written (pp. 789-91), is splendid. But the high tone of the work is maintained throughout to a degree which is extraordinary in a work of collaboration. The use of the work is facilitated by a full analytical table of contents, an index of biblical passages, and a general alphabetical index correctly described as sommaire. A separate insert contains nine maps.


Introduction: A close relationship between thyroid status and cardiac function has been well established in adult mammals and humans. Several studies have been carried out to pinpoint those important variables whose manipulation in early postnatal life result in long-lasting effects upon cardiovascular function. In this context, induction of hypothyroidism in rats during the perinatal period leads to hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic disturbances that may influence heart function in adult life. The mechanisms underlying the repercussions of early events during the postnatal period on adult life are not fully known. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine: (1) whether postnatal hypothyroidism affects cardiac function during the second month of life in rats and (2) whether postnatal hypothyroidism alters cardiac calcium handling. Material and Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing approximately 50 g were used in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups: (1) euthyroid rats (received SC injections of 0.9 NaCl (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) or (2) hipothyroid rats (received 0.02% methimazole in drinking water during 60 days. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and hearts were rapidly excised. Cardiac myocytes were isolated by collagenase-based enzymatic digestion. Ca2+ transient and cardiomyocyte shortening measurements were performed. Results: Perinatal hypothyroidism showed a reduced cardiac contractillity measuring by cell shortening and a reduced Ca2+ transient amplitude in isolated cardiomyocytes. Sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+ content was reduced in hypothyroid animals. Hormonal deficit did not change its time to 50% Ca2+ decay. This negative inotropic effect was associated with an increase cardiomyocyte relaxation as revealed by a reduction in the time to 50% relengthening. Conclusions: The number of spontaneous releases per minute was significantly increased in the cardiomyocytes of the hypo rats. Keywords : Hypothyroidism, cardiac function, hypothyroid rats, inotropic effect, hormonal defficiency


Efforts that can be made to reduce unemployment are by creating jobs. In creating jobs, it must be accompanied by an entrepreneurial spirit. The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence entrepreneurial knowledge, motivation, family environment and social media on entrepreneurial interest in FEBI UINSU Medan students. The method used in this research is a quantitative method with a descriptive analysis approach and a sample size of 372 people. The data obtained from distributing questionnaires will be tested with the SmartPLS 3.2 application tool. This study obtained the results of the t-value of the entrepreneurial knowledge variable of 3.873, motivation of 5.206, family environment of 5.398 and social media of 0.403 with a t-table value of 2.25. So it can be concluded that the variables of entrepreneurial knowledge, motivation and family environment have an effect while social media has no effect on the entrepreneurial interest of FEBI UINSU Medan students.


SiO2 based on silica sand material was successfully introduced as hydrophobic material. Polyethylene/SiO2 modified were prepared by dip-coating methods for self-cleaning material. SiO2 has made from silica sand will be achieved by a simple and efficient way. Polyethylene/SiO2 modified coating is applied to ITO glass at a different phase of SiO2 quartz, amorphous, and cristobalite. The effects of different phase on the hydrophobic property of SiO2 were studied, and the performances were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Particle size analyzer (PSA), UV-Vis, and Water contact angle (WCA) to investigate the element composition, crystal structure, size of particles, transparency, and hydrophobicity of the prepared samples respectively. The results showed that the contact angle of polyethylene/SiO2 modified coatings was more than 90° when applied at ITO glass. The maximum hydrophobicity properties of polyethylene/SiO2 modified coating was about 116°.


English language learners (ELLs) in classrooms is becoming a common occurrence with Ontario's escalating immigration trends. This influx pressures teachers who encounter barriers and indadequate training for linguistically diverse needs. Teacher education has the potential to overcome these barriers through effective ELL training. This qualitative study explores current teacher preparation practices through pre-service teachers' (PT)perspectives. This study aims to address a Canadain literature void by exploring how prepared primary-junior PTs are to teach ELLs in Southwestern Ontario. Using a structured interview, six certified graduates shared descriptive experiences, knowledge and beliefs. The findings are organized as; 1)Faculties of Education. 2)PTs' Beliefs, 3)In Future Classrooms and 4)Beyond the Classroom. Although moving towards greater ELL awareness and inclusive mindsets, there is a good indication that well-intentioned teachers lack the competence necessary for effective classroom practice. This exploration is an initial step towards a better understanding of teacher preparation.


A novel partly shielded-finite ground coplanar waveguide (PS-FGCPW) has been proposed and simulated by using CST Microwave Studio 4.0. Simulation results in terms of scattering parameters S/sub 11/ and S/sub 21/ are provided, showing the advantage of the PS-FGCPW. The novel PS-FGCPW can provide high-density and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) arrangement of interconnects in high performance multilayer integrated-circuits.


Extensive experimental and clinical investigations which we recently reviewed 1 failed to produce a satisfactory tracheal replacement. This study was made to evaluate tracheal prostheses composed of 3 different types of materials for "sleeve" reconstruction of the trachea and to observe regeneration of the respiratory epithelium. Furthermore, since continuous movement of the mucus in the tracheobronchial tree by the ciliated respiratory epithelium is of prime importance in cleansing the air passages, in vitro studies were made using graphite particles to evaluate the function of the regenerated epithelium. Method We selected 21 large dogs weighing 12 kg. or more because the diameter of their tracheas approximates that of man. The operations were performed under intravenous anesthesia, using pentobarbital (Nembutal), 30 mg. per kilogram. Group 1.—In eleven dogs, celiotomy was performed, and a portion of polyethylene plastic (Marlex) mesh, 6×6 cm., was sutured into the greater omentum. The Marlex mesh was removed


A generalized sequential probability ratio test (GSPRT) is a classical algorithm for binary sequential hypothesis testing. Though it is well-studied in the literature, there has been no optimal design of this test due to the difficulty of choosing its thresholds. In this paper we formulate the binary sequential hypothesis testing as an optimization problem. The latter is non-convex, and finding a global minimizer of the objective is combinatorially complex in the number of stages of the sequential test. On the other hand, greedily minimizing the objective has linear complexity but achieves sub-optimal results. We propose a generalization of the greedy approach that allows the designer to trade off complexity for closeness of the thresholds to their optimal values. Simulation results show that the proposed method gives arbitrarily close solution to optimal by increasing the window span of future sample distributions that are utilized to set a current test threshold. The window span is a hyper-parameter that is optimized for the target application.


The problem of finding central and L2‐dependent potentials, acting among spinless particles, from the knowledge of the S matrix as a function of angular momentum at a fixed energy is studied. The Newton method for central potentials is generalized to this case, and it is shown that phase shift information at fixed energy is not enough to give us both the central and the L2‐dependent potential.


A recent article has suggested that Bernardino Orsi da Collecchio was the author of six small-scale panels, survivivng elements of a cycle dedicated to the Stories of the Stories of the Argonauts; these were originally set into a pair of bridal cassoni and are now housed invarious public and private collections. It is proposed here that the execution of the cassone decoration was divided between two painters: Orsi can be accepted as one of them, while the other attribution confirms Roberto Longhi's belief in the authorship of Lorenzo Costa during his youthful phase in Bologna. Defining Orsi's participation in this cassone commission provides an opportunity to reconsider other works recently ascribed to him by scholars, and to clarify his role in the multi-faceted Bolognese artistic milieu of the end of the fifteenth century.


The application describes a solid fabric softening composition comprising a matrix of soap as well as dispersed therein, a fabric softening compound and a perfume. Furthermore, textile softening detergent or cleaning agent, comprising the described fabric softening composition.


2. As mentioned in the conference report, there is still disagreement in the effect of surface condition. While the Argonne group have observed considerable variation in chunk emission with surface roughness, the Battelie group, for example, have observed no chunks under any condition of surface roughness or s tress . 3. It is regretted that in the conference report the impression is given that the results mentioned in the section on neutron sputtering were those of a co-ordinated series of measurements of neutron sputtering yields by several different laboratories. Only measurements discussed at the surface conference are reported. The co-ordinated programme results were presented at an independent neutron workshop and are to be published separately.


An electric steering locker, includes: a lock member moved by means of a drive source between: a locking position preventing a rotation of a steering shaft, and an unlocking position allowing the rotation of the steering shaft; a position sensor sensing that: the lock member moves from the locking position to the unlocking position, and the lock member moves from the unlocking position to the locking position, the position sensor, including: a plurality of pressers moving with the lock member, and a single switch having a contact point turned on and off by the pressers; and a controller sensing the locking position and the unlocking position of the lock member based on the number of ons-offs of the single switch.


Growth and economic development are the primary goals of all economies and proper trade policy is one of the essential tools to achieve this goal. Economic analysts emphasize on promoting Non - Oil Exports as a successful strategy to achieve high economic growth rates. For this reason, in economic development plans, increasing of exports is emphasized as one of the basic instruments to achieve growth and economic development. Positive effects of exports on economic growth in developed and developing countries are proved in empirical studies and it is argued that countries who have adopted export orientation have enjoyed efficient resource allocation and higher growth. In this research using Iranian statistical data for the period 1959-2003 and applying a production function model, we try to examine the impact of non - oil exports on economic growth. Estimating econometric models in the case of Iran resulted in conclusions which are rooted in inherent facts of society and economy, and reveals considerable facts of Iranian economy. Results show too weak impact on gross domestic product growth of non - oil exports and also low factor productivity in export sector relative to non - export sector . It seems that small share of non oil exports in GDP and inept combination of non - oil exports and high portion of traditional and agricultural products in total exports are the main reasons. High dependency on oil and lack of basic and reasonable planning toward non - oil exports promotion is among the other problems that non - oil export sector is facing.


The need for effective and efficient techniques for detection of microorganisms in water samples is as strong as ever because the health risk posed by consumption of pathogen contaminated water remains to be a serious threat to the population. The techniques which are currently and commonly used for water-quality monitoring rely on lengthy and time-consuming culturing procedures which do not allow for rapid decision making process. PCR-based methods, DNA sequencing-based methods and Immunofluorescence tests are recently being introduced by different researchers as promising pathogen detection techniques however, these techniques are complex, expensive and can also be time-consuming. One of the research streams focused on for the purpose of pathogen detection in water is biosensor technology. One of the integral properties of biosensors is their high specificity towards their analyte of interest. Although for many applications such a high specificity is a necessity, for some applications such as pathogen detection in water, it can be restrictive and will be considered a limitation. As such a highly specific biosensor will only detect one pathogenic agent and miss the other possible pathogens.