I n his now famous April 1997 speech to a gathering of American investors and leaders of the Southern African Development Community, Deputy President Thabo Mbeki predicted the rebirth of Africa in the 21st century. "Those who have eyes to see, let them see. The African Renaissance is upon us. As we peer through the looking glass darkly, this may not be obvious. But it is upon us." The optimistic picture he painted and the grounding he gave to that picture in Africa's unhappy past instantly captured the world's imagination, including the imagination of the ever-skeptical Western and South African mass media. "Hope is Africa's rarest commodity. Yet, buried though it is amid the despair that haunts the continent, there is more optimism today than in decades." This was how Time magazine described the coming, if not the arrival, of the African Renaissance. This message of hope about Africa's future was amplified by U.S. President Bill Clinton in his address to the South African Parliament on 26 March 1998:


The paper deals with regularities of uneven economical dynamics and problems of correlation between chaos and orderliness in self-organizing economical system.The material background of long-term economical growth and interconnection between long-wave cycles of economical activity and innovational process are defined,the causes of appearing of long-wave cyclic fluctations in economy are shown.


Dr. Alireza Kavianpour received his PH.D. Degree from University of Southern California (USC). He is currently Senior Professor at DeVry University, Pomona, CA. Dr. Kavianpour is the author and co-author of over forty technical papers all published in IEEE Journals or referred conferences. Before joining DeVry University he was a researcher at the University of California, Irvine and consultant at Qualcom Inc. His main interests are in the areas of embedded systems and computer architecture.


Soluble epidermal growth factor receptor is encoded by the human EGFR gene. This protein may be involved in the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. There are 3 described isoforms; all soluble forms lack the transmembrane and intracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor.


x ± sb y = c. to the generalized Pillai equation (−1) u ra x + (−1) v sb y = c (P) in nonnegative integers x, y and integers u, v ∈ {0, 1}. Note that the choice of x and y uniquely determines the choice of u and v, so we will usually refer to a solution (x, y). The Case (ra, sb) = 1 There are only a finite number of cases with N > 3 solutions to Equation (P) [14]. There are at least five infinite families of cases with N = 3 solutions to (P), as well as a number of anomalous cases with N = 3 (by 'anomalous case' we mean a case not a member of a known infinite family). Some of these anomalous cases are quite high, e. We have not been able to give a complete finite list of such anomalous solutions, so the question arises: what additional restrictions on the variables would make possible a proof which gives a complete list of anomalous solutions, thus improving the result to N = 2 except for completely designated exceptions? This question has been essentially answered with the additional restriction x > 0 and y > 0 (see [13], in which the problem is reduced to a finite search). But even if only one of the exponents (x y N) is equal to zero, the problem becomes more difficult: even with the further restriction rs = 1 the methods of [1] and [12] do not suffice without additional heavy restrictions such as placing an upper bound on one of b, c, or min(x 1 , x 2 ,. .. , x N) (when min(y 1 , y 2 ,. .. , y N) = 0). But if one adds the yet further restriction that a and b be prime, it is possible to give a complete list of infinite families and a complete list of anomalous solutions, thus obtaining N = 2 with completely designated exceptions (see [17]). The restriction that a and b be prime is perhaps not as artificial as it may seem: computer searches in [1] and [12] (supplemented with calculations on the second author's website) suggest that the list of exceptions in Theorem 3 of [17] would remain unchanged even if p and q were allowed to be any relatively prime integers (here of course we would be redefining …


The present invention has a dissolution rate which is excellent mechanically stable and have a completely novel appearance, relates to detergent or cleaning agent shaped body. The novel detergent or cleaning compacts solid, comprising gas and other detergent or cleaning moldings components if desired. Moldings, made of gas-filled cells which are defined by a solid partition wall (pores). Detergent or cleaning agent shaped body of solid foam form, 40 to 90 wt% one or more water-soluble polymers, builders, acidifying agents, chelating agents, from the scale inhibitor polymer and a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of, containing one or more substances, and one or more auxiliaries from 0 to 50% by weight and / or filler 10 to 60% by weight.


Damage to coastal ecosystems and shallow waters of the Bajo Pulau Village, Sape Sub-district, Bima District, West Nusa Tenggara Province is caused by the accumulation of household waste that is not managed by the community from year to year. It resulted in a reduction in the quality of seawater. This study examines the various factors behind it and synthesizes the solution to the problem by proposing a bulk store. The research method used is descriptive-analytic with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by observation, field studies, literature studies, and interviews. The results showed that Indonesia (as the largest archipelagic country) has a low interconnectivity level. It causes small islands to be vulnerable to environmental degradation. This vulnerability is also caused by the lack of a business system that considers sustainable environmental capabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the amount of household waste scattered on land and in the sea that threatens the surrounding ecosystem with the concept of a minimal garbage collection facility based on a cooperative system.


Research on HIV/AIDS in linguistics, linguistic anthropology, and literacy studies has followed the course of the pandemic from when it first became widely known in the United States, where early research focused on gay men and their communications with doctors, counselors, and each other in relation to risk and transmission. As time progressed, research shifted to sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to focus on the discourse of prevention campaigns and public responses to risk reduction strategies. More recently, researchers have examined how people communicate about HIV/AIDS, focusing on how individuals interact with public health discourse in participatory approaches that change the way that HIV/AIDS is framed in educational and institutional contexts. Decades of research has shown a recurring gap in health communication about HIV/AIDS due to the imposition of a biomedical understanding of HIV/AIDS (the "healthworld") on individuals' situated perspectives and lived experiences within particular sociocultural contexts (the "lifeworld").


The nanopowders of CoY_(0.1)Fe_(1.9)O_4 was prepared by sol-gel self-combustion. The burning process of amorphous gelatin was studied by TG/DTA. The structure and crystal size was detected by XRD. The morphology and crystallite was observed by SEM. The experiment reveals that spinel phase of powders can be formed at different heating temperature and the crystallite size from 16 nm to 20 nm.


The synthesis of vinyl ethers by vinyl transfer from vinyl esters to alcohols constitutes the basis for much useful methodology. The originally reported iridium-catalyzed process provides a versatile and practical route to access vinyl alcohols. 2 This methodology was successfully expanded to facilitate allyl transfer from allyl acetates to alkyl alcohols, providing allyl ethers as products. 3 In addition, as a successful application of this protocol, the one-pot synthesis of , -unsaturated carbonyl compounds from allyl alcohols and vinyl acetates was achieved through in situ iridium-catalyzed formation of allylic vinyl ethers followed by Claisen rearrangement. 4 The above-mentioned advances will be summarized here.


In this paper, a new approach is proposed based on the Adomian Decomposition Method(ADM) with Green's function in order to find a solution for the second-order fuzzy boundar y value problem under generalized H-differentiability. The proposed technique divides the domain and builds on Green's function before installing the modified recursive scheme. Some examp les are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed techn ique.


Screens may be utilized efficiently for dissipati ng energy of water. In this study, water flowing beneath a gate is used to simulate the flow downstream of a hydraulic structure and screens are used as an alternative tool for energy dissipation. Investigations are done conducting a series of experiments. The porosity, thickness, and the location of the screens are the major parameters together with the Froude number of the upstream flow. The experiments covered a range of Froude numbers between 5 and 18, porosities between 20% and 60%, and location of the screen up to 100 times of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The thicknesses of the screens used are in the order of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The results show the importance of each parameter on the energy dissipating performance of the scre ens and the system. It is observed that screens dissipate more energy than a jump within the Froude number range covered in the present study.


Zirconium dioxide nanomaterials, including nanoparticles and their derived films, were synthesized using a new surfactant self-assembling sol–gel route, which involves complexation of zirconium alkoxide precursor with acetylacetone as a chelating agent and Tween 20 as a structural directing agent. The properties of the synthesized material were studied using XRD, SEM, SAXS, HRTEM and N2 adsorption and desorption analysis. It was found that Tween 20 can greatly increase the BET surface area and pore volume, inhibit crack formation in the derived film and retard particle growth at some extent. There exists tetragonal crystalline network with narrow pore size distribution in the ZrO2 nano-materials prepared with Tween 20 in the sol. Furthermore, a mechanism on the formation of mesopore ZrO2 structure via the Tween 20 self-assembling sol–gel process is presented. With the selection of the sono-gel carbon elec-


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a new kind of conductive grease which possesses a prominent conductive capacity and good tribological properties.

Design/methodology/approach

A two-step method was used to prepare complex lithium-based grease. Ketjen black (KB), acetylene black (AB) and carbon black (CB) were characterized by transmission electron microscope and used as lubricant additives to prepare conductive greases. Conductive capacity was evaluated by a conductivity meter, a surface volume resistivity meter and a circuit resistance meter. Tribological properties were investigated by a reciprocating friction and wear tester (MFT-R4000). The worn surfaces were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope.

Findings

The conductive grease prepared with KB has a prominent conductive capacity at room temperature, 100°C and 150°C. Further, this conductive grease also possesses better tribological properties than AB and KB greases. When the concentration of KB is 1.8 Wt.%, the coefficient of friction and wear width reduced by 11 and 14 per cent, respectively.

Originality/value

This work is a new application of nanometer KB as a lubricant additive in grease, which provides a direction for preparing conductive grease. The conductivity and tribology experiments have been carried out though the variation of experiment conductions.


Next to drinking water, rice consumption is a major source of arsenic that concerns approximately 3 billion people. World rice consumption has risen from 156 million in 1960 to 496.6 million metric tons in 2013. Moreover, studies show that arsenic exposure is more critical in rice than in any other food stuff. For example, the arsenic level in rice is 10 times higher than in wheat and barley. In addition to direct ingestion, using rice straw for cattle feed increases the risk of arsenic exposure.


Education prompts certain fundamental questions about itself: who is (or should be) educated? By whom? By what means? About what should people be educated, and to what end? In the history of Christianity, these questions have been given a particular colour due to the fact that Christians trace their faith back to a teacher (rabbi), Jesus, and his disciples (mathētai).1 Questions about who should be educated and how have become inextricable from the question of how the original teachings of Jesus were transmitted to later generations. This immediately brings to the fore problems regarding authority, interpretation and inclusivity (or exclusivity). As the articles in this volume show, Christians have responded to these issues in a wide variety of ways. Besides internal disagreements about the scope, form and purpose of Christian teaching and about the authority of Christian teachers, questions about education have also been provoked by the complex relationship between Christianity and its various contexts. Some of these concern specific cultural influences: how have Christian approaches to education changed according to the use of different languages, different literary traditions and different modes of teaching? How have the churches responded to technical changes surrounding writing, book-making and communication? And to what extent has Christianity been interested in education towards ends which are not directly religious? Some of these questions reflect the complex relationship between Christianity, culture and political power. Most of our evidence of early Christianity, for example, relates to Christians in the Roman empire, where specifically Christian modes of education (catechetical, pastoral and ascetic) coexisted for a surprisingly long time alongside the traditional educational systems of Greek and Latin culture. Long after Constantine's reign, Christian parents continued to send their sons to schools which taught literacy and rhetoric through prolonged engagement with texts whose


Abstract : The effect of F layer irregularities on trans-ionospheric transmissions and fading at HF at equatorial, auroral, and polar latitudes has been documented. Little has been done on morphology and physics of irregularities noted at sub-auroral latitudes, in the vicinity of the plasmapause. The intensities of the irregularities are considerably less than those observed at equatorial and high latitude regions. The scatterers in this region are at times correlated with magnetic activity and at other times present during periods of low magnetic activity, including the recovery phase of magnetic storms.


Firstly,this paper introduces something about Zhou Enai in france when he was yuong,he study hard and do some part-time job in france.in that time,he started to kown the marxsim and fainth it gradully.Secondly,the paper discribe that the founded of Chi-nese Communist Youth League in Europe.it mian introduces the process of the department established and developed.Zhou Enlai playsed a very import role and make a great contribution for it.


This paper documents the information received from the conference participants regarding the quality and use of the Urban Transportation Planning Package (UTPP) and compares these responses with similar information presented by Robert C. Stuart and Michael R. Hauck in The Census and Transportation Planning: Survey of Evaluations and Recommendations as to the Usefulness of the 1970 Census Data in Urban Transportation Planning. The 25 participants who provided information at the conference represented both states and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). Of the MPOs, some were from small areas such as Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. Large metropolitan areas were well represented by New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, St. Louis, and Dallas-Fort Worth. States were represented by Florida, Michigan, Arkansas, and Alabama.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the association of adults' attachment styles with mental disorders in Lebanon.

DESIGN/METHODS
A cross-sectional observational study enrolled 789 participants between November 2017 and March 2018.

FINDINGS
People with distress (with dismissing- and fearful-dominant relationship styles) and people with instability (preoccupied-dominant relationship style with equal presence of the secured, fearful, and dismissing styles) had higher alcohol use disorder, alexithymia, depression, anxiety, stress, decreased emotional intelligence (emotional awareness, emotional management, and social-emotional awareness), burnout scores and suicidal ideation compared people with wellbeing, with a secure-dominant relationship style.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
It is very important to assess bonding traits in disease prevention centers, caregiver institutions, employment assessments, and then coaching might help those individuals under risk to prevent mental health problems.


In a remote mHealth observing framework a customer could mastermind compact sensors in remote body sensor systems to gather different physiological information, for example, circulatory strain (BP), breathing rate (BR), Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), fringe oxygen immersion (SpO2) and blood glucose. Such physiological information could then be sent to a focal server which could then run a mixture of web therapeutic applications on these information to return opportune guidance to the customer. Cloud-helped mHealth observing could offer an incredible prospect to liven up the nature of social insurance administrations and conceivably decrease human services costs there is a reluctant square in making this innovation a reality. It is taking into account another option of key private intermediary re-encryption plan in which the organization just needs to accomplish encryption once at the setup stage while moving the rest computational errands to the cloud without bargaining security in addition diminishing the computational and correspondence load on customers and the cloud.


In support of pacific Northwest Laboratory`s (PNL) preliminary total system performance assessment of the proposed high-level nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, transport of carbon-14 (C{sup 14}) in the unsaturated zone was numerically modeled with the Multiphase Subsurface Transport Simulator (MSTS). Total system performance assessments are being conducted to estimate potential cumulative releases and doses from radionuclides being transported through different pathways to the accessible environment from the proposed waste repository. Transport of radionuclides in the gaseous and liquid phases are pathways through which some of the inventory in the proposed repository could reach the accessible environment. Carbon-14 transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain was estimated with MSTS by considering two-phase diffusion, advection, phase petitioning, and radioactive decay.Transport results were based on a two-dimensional physical and hydrogeological system that represented an east-west cross section through Yucca Mountain. Carbon-14 source rates from failed repository waste canisters were estimated from the source term modeling subtasks associated with PNL`s total system performance assessment of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. Simulation results included estimates of liquid, gas, heat, and C{sup 14} transport within the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. Predictions of C{sup 14} distributions surrounding the proposed nuclear waste repository within Yucca Mountain and a brief description of the thermal-hydrogeologic computer code MSTS are presented.


Nowadays many facial retouching applications are applicable. The best photo editing software will have an almost bottomless toolbox full of editing tools and options. Features like red-eye correction, lighting and contrast adjustment, color management,layers,cloning,touch-up tools, get rid of skin blemishes and whiten teeth. Fortunately, editing software has come a long way, becoming even more user friendly over the past few years. Now it is easy to edit the pictures even without any previous experience.The widely used photo editors in smart phones are Shift, Rage Comics Photo Editor, PicsArt, Photo Studio, Photoshop Touch for phone, Photo Mate R2etc…These photo editing softwares can take some time to learn and get used to. But those applications doesnot produce efficient results. Here we are detecting and removing the facial wrinkles by using the MRF,GMM and Gabor filter algorithms.We present results conducted on images downloaded from the Internet to show the efficiency and easy use of our algorithms.


In a Power station, with multiple units and variety of control systems, management of alarms is the biggest challenge. The operator of each unit will be able to act upon the alarm depending upon the priority of the alarm message. There are two kinds of alarms. One process related alarms on which operator needs to act upon the disturbance. Second the equipment or system related alarm on which the operator needs to inform expertise maintenance person to act upon. But the appropriate corrective action depends upon the process experts who analyses the combination of alarms over time. The so called experts are different for each process, system and equipment and also they are distributed over different areas and locations. NTPC Simhadri is coastal based STPS in India having a capacity of 4×500MW units. This paper discusses about, how to capture expert's knowledge and integrate with the process alarm system for an expert advice and solution. This paper explains about designing and development of a common Expert alarm system integrating various platforms of Data acquisition systems of all four units. The expert's knowledge in the form of decision tree is used as the acquisition of structured knowledge in the form of concepts is introduced to build a knowledge base. This system enables the operator to take preventive measures in time, avoiding costly outages, in turn increasing the plant availability and efficiency. This system is user configurable, designed for continuous improvement and also available to any user in office LAN. The proposed system has been successfully implemented on visualization application environment and is written in Microsoft Visual Basic.


The orbit is an essential anatomic landmark and orbital measurements are one of the craniofacial parameters that could be used in sexual and ethnic estimation in terms of anthropologic studies. The aim of this study is to obtain and analyze data regarding the computed scans of orbital aperture measurements in Turkish population for sex estimation and for comparing with other populations. A total of 112 Three-Dimensional Angiography Computed Tomography scans of 52 female and 60 male subjects aged between 13 and 86 years were examined in terms of Orbital Width (OW) and Orbital Height (OH). Sexual dimorphism was analyzed using by discriminant function models. It was determined that both left and right OW and OH of males were significantly larger than females. While single variable used for sexual dimorphism, the most confidential variable was the left OW for males (71.7%) and the left OH for females (69.2%). When combined models were used, the left OW and OH model was the best one for both males (80.0%) and females (69.2%). Data obtained from this study showed that orbital measurements could be used to create a new data collection for Turkish population. However, it was seen that these measurements are not reliable parameters for sex discrimination. It should be better, if they are combined with other methods for sex estimation.


Executive Summary Robust job growth amidst weak GDP growth may not make sense, but it has been the reality the past few years. The mismatch has already changed the way the Fed sees the world in terms of potential growth and the appropriate fed funds rate for the longer term. In this special report, we discuss how this dynamic will remain a key issue for interest rates and monetary policy and we identify what to watch to gain a better understanding of implications for both.


The invention chip board according to the present invention relates to a chip substrate is electrically conductive section constituting the chip substrate; It is joined to the conductive parts and insulating parts alternately and electrically separated from the conductive portion; Jidoe made in the upper surface of the chip substrate to the home up to a predetermined depth with respect to the region including the insulating portion, having a predetermined number of sides on the upper surface of the lens insertion portion to form the arc in the side hypervariable region meet; A cavity formed by grooves up to a predetermined depth with respect to the region including the insulating parts in the inner region of the lens insertion portion; And a heat radiating portion is joined to a lower surface of the chip substrate. According to the present invention can be formed into a shape including a linear space in which the lens is inserted, can be produced by the insertion shape including the lens is also a straight line that it is possible to simplify the manufacturing process of the lens to be inserted into the chip substrate.


Josephus Daniels: His Life and Times. By Lee A. Craig. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. 474 pp. In recent years, the Progressive Era has become fertile ground for biographers. Doris Kearns Goodwin's The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism (Simon and Schuster, 2013) considers the Republican presidents of that age while Douglas B. Craig's Progressives at War: William G. McAdoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) examines the lives of two key members of Woodrow Wilson's cabinet. The focus on the Wilson administration continues with Lee A. Craig's biography of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. Born in 1862 and reared in Reconstruction-Era North Carolina, Daniels was an important figure who played a number of roles on the state, national, and international stage: editor of the Raleigh News and Observer (N&O), spokesperson for the New South, partisan Democrat and political kingmaker, white supremacist, secretary of the navy, and ambassador to Mexico (under Franklin D. Roosevelt {FDR}). Daniels influenced the direction of politics in North Carolina and the careers of William Jennings Bryan, Wilson, and FDR, making him a worthy of a full-length biography. Craig depicts Daniels as an adept "backstage manipulator" (p. 367) who, through hard work, intelligence, and resourcefulness, rose from modest origins to become "the most powerful man in North Carolina" between 1898 and 1933 (p. ix). By age 21, Daniels owned three newspapers, and he acquired the marque N&O when he was 32. As a scholar of economic history, Craig details how Daniels took over the paper and made it a voice for New South progressivism, that is, a program based on industrial development, improved transportation, public education, and white supremacy. Political historians will be interested in the electoral impact of Daniels and his N&O, and Craig does not disappoint. Daniels was a diehard Democrat who became angry over how effectively his state's Fusion Party had aligned with the Populist movement, which originated among financially dispossessed whites, with Republican voters, most of them African American. For Daniels, economic progress in the South rested on solving the "Negro question" (p. 414). And the restoration of Democratic Party dominance in North Carolina required a reduction in Republican votes. The solution to both problems was the disenfranchisement of African Americans, which Daniels campaigned for--vigorously, viciously, and successfully--as editor of the N&O. Craig's vivid account of the white supremacist movement is the most compelling part of this book. At his core, Daniels was a man of contradictions. …


PAGE 1 When working outdoors in hot weather, workers who do not take precautions can suffer from heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Heat exhaustion is caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures and inadequate fluid replacement. Heat stroke is the most severe of heat-related problems. It is potentially life threatening because the body's normal mechanisms for dealing with heat stress, such as sweating and temperature control are lost. The following are the symptoms of these diseases and the steps needed to help the victim.


Recent advances in self-supervised learning (SSL) have remarkably improved speech recognition performance for low-resource languages. On the other hand, with data of an increasingly larger scale required for SSL, the pre-training process has become extremely time-consuming. To address this problem, we propose an unsupervised data selection method based on utterance-level language similarity and a curriculum learning strategy to boost the efficiency of multilingual SSL pretraining while maintaining performance. We conduct experiments on five languages in C OMMON V OICE dataset. Compared to the baseline with all data for pretraining, we pretrained on only 25% of the data and saved 60% of the training steps with even better performance on the target low-resource language.


Modern mathematical techniques have been applied to analyze a simple discontinuous force equation; the results of which are applicable to general friction problems containing discontinuities


Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare skin disease that causes widespread redness, itching and scaling of the skin. Little is known about what causes this disease, but it is thought to be similar to psoriasis. PRP is difficult to treat. Patients with PRP often must try multiple medications before finding one that works, and sometimes their disease will not respond to any treatments. Addi-tional treatments and a better understanding of PRP are needed. To address this, we conducted a trial of a drug called secukinumab for the treatment of PRP and the trial included an analysis of genetic changes. Secukinumab works by blocking a component of the immune system that causes many of the skin changes that are seen in psoriasis and PRP. We gave the medication to 12 patients over a 24-week period. We took biopsy samples (where a small section of skin is removed for testing) from normal and diseased skin at baseline and week 2 to analyse gene expression pat-terns of disease and changes caused by treatment. We considered the medication effective if there was a 75% improvement in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score, which is a commonly used system to evaluate the severity of psoriasis in clinical studies. At week 28 of clinical assessment, the medication was effective for 55% of patients. Patients' scores on a quality-of-life assessment tool also improved. Our gene expression data showed that abnormalities present in diseased skin at baseline resolved after receiv-ing secukinumab. When we compared the patients who responded well to those who did not, we found that changes of genes involved in the adaptive immune system were associated with a favourable response to secukinumab, whereas greater expression of genes involved in the innate immune system was associated with a poor response. These findings can help identify which drugs to investigate in future clinical trials.


Long‐term stimulation of α1A adrenergic receptors (α1AARs) increases the number of proliferating cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the adult dentate gyrus and enhances learning and memory in the mouse. The creation of new neurons in the SGZ of the adult brain has been linked with improved learning and memory in mouse, rat, and primate models. The role of the new neurons in learning and memory has not been fully examined though some studies show that the new cells play different roles as immature and mature cells. We used transgenic mouse models to determine the effect of chronic α1AAR activation on differentiation and survival of the adult‐generated cells in the hippocampus. Animals were injected with BrdU to label dividing cells and perfused 4 weeks later to allow time for the new cells to differentiate. Immunohistochemical markers were used to identify the new cells which included excitatory granule cells, astrocytes, and a very small number of the interneurons. Supported by North Dakota EPSCoR IIP Seed Award Grant EPS‐081442, National Center for Research Resources Grant P20RR016741 and National Institute of General Medical Sciences Grant P20GM103442 from the NIH, NHLBI Grant RO1HL61438, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and NSF MRI Grant 0619688.


A star triangular fractal antenna with semi elliptical ground plane is presented for SWB application. A fractal is a recursively generated object having a fractional dimension. Many objects, including antennas can be designed using the recursive nature of a fractal. The fractal antennas that have the multiband operation due to the self-similar property in fractal geometry, which plays a key role to create a star triangular fractal antenna. The other important property is space filling property which determines the reduction in the size of the antenna. The design process of the proposed structure for improving of the impedance bandwidth and improve the efficiency of the antenna. The antenna is designed up to 5th iteration. The antenna operates over a frequency range between 1-30 GHz. We have studied the effect of iteration and making it for different wide band application. Iteration is done by using IFS. IFS used to generate the fractal structure.


3-Iodo-1-trimethylsiloxypropenes, which were derived by the reaction of α,β-unsaturated ketones and esters with iodotrimethylsilane, gave (η3-1-trimethylsiloxyallylic)Fe(CO)2NO complexes upon treatment with tetrabutylammonium tricarbonylnitrosylferrate. These allylic iron complexes reacted regioselectively with 2-propynyl bromide, giving the corresponding 4-pentynyl ketone and 5-hexynoic ester derivatives.


Synthesis and Properties of Macrocycles from Resorcinol, Corresponding Derivatives and Host-Guest Complexes

Structural variations of the metacyclophanes obtained from the condensation of resorcinol with aldehydes RCHO are described, mostly based on the stereoisomer with all R in cis configuration. The basic tetraphenolate (with R = CH3, 1a) shows a cone-conformation as evident e.g. from vicinal 13C–C–C–1H coupling constants. Substituents R′ in the 2-position of the phenyl rings at the upper rim of the macro-cycle are either introduced with the resorcinol derivative used (R′ = CH3, COOH), or by Mannich reactions after cyclization (R′ = CH2NR″2), which partially lead to intermediate oxacine formation. Acid-base properties are evaluated with potentiometric and NMR-shift titrations. Mannich products from amino acids such as proline, which are formed without racemization, show no pK differences for the groups at the four equivalent phenyl rings, but three distinct pK values for the deprotonation of OH, COOH, and +NH3 substituents; the pK of the latter is two units lower than in proline itself as it is involved in hydrogen bridging. Complexation constants K of such derivatives with Fe3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ show the expected increase with metal ion acidity; they are increased by a power of 5 in comparison to proline. Complexation constants and complexation-induced NMR shifts (CIS values) are determined for 51 complexes, with positively charged organic guest molecules for the basic tetraphenolate skeleton as well as for the aminomethylation derivatives. A temperature dependence study shows that the corresponding equilibrium is driven by ΔH with negligible ΔS contributions. No chiral discrimation is observed upon complexation of e.g. carnitine with the optically active amino acid derivatives. This is in line with CIS and K values obtained with several complexes showing an orientation of the NR″2 groups away from the cavity. The COOH substituents R′ form strong hydrogen bonds with the adjacent phenolic groups, leading to alternating pseudo-eq and -ax positions of the phenyl rings. Their interconversion barrier, determined by NMR spectroscopy, is 72 kJ mol-1; they bind mono- and bis-ammonium ions as function of distance matching. The presence of lipophilic substituents (R = phenyl, benzyl, biphenyl, n-hexyl, n-undecyl) at the bottom of the macrocycle furnishes a second binding center which allows to complex e.g. diethyl ether in water. Coordination of zinc to the proline derivative still allows co-complexation of choline acetate, the hydrolysis of which is not inhibited anymore as it is by the zinc-free macrocycle.


The large contribution of connectors to electronic systems unreliability is widely recognized. On the other hand there is even uncertainty about how best to define contact failure. However since connnector reliability test must ultimately match the needs of the electronics which will use these connectors. Testing methods can be meaningfully viewed from the electronics perspective, treating the connectors as 'black box". In this sense a research has been developed based on the contact resistance measurements and on the spectral analysis of the voltage drops while passing d.c. current when the contact is activated in its typical working conditions that is subjected to mechanical vibrations and to thermal fatiques.


On the basis of introducing forest information portrayal and objects,rules and methods for forest information portrayal were put forward,including portrayal service,portrayal catalogue and specification. These rules and methods will be used as uniform methods and standards to forest information portrayal and data communication,and may contribute to enhance forest information sharing degree,and thus improve efficiency of forest information applications.


Introduction Language and media are closely associated with each other. Any language needs a medium for its spread, continuation and survival. Language teachers and researchers no doubt play an important role in this regard, yet the number of learners, the allotted time, lack of teacher training and updating of teaching methodologies and curriculum are some of the concerns which pose serious threats to language learning. Media, if carefully handled, can become an excellent tool in language learning. With a rapid boom in technology, electronic media has risen as a very powerful medium for the spread of information and entertainment. Of the most popular electronic media is the television because of its availability, affordability and its access to the literate as well as illiterate people. Even children are constantly exposed to television from quite early in their lives and their language is greatly influenced by it. It helps in developing a sense of being self connected to a larger social world through learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of one's culture. We are dependent on television for what we know and how we relate ourselves to the world. In Pakistan, media has always been the monopoly of government and a few influential people. Whether it is print or electronic media, it has always been a means to certain ends. Increasing globalization and market forces ultimately prevailed and in January 2002, the Musharraf government (Oct 1999-Aug 2008) approved an ordinance allowing independent electronic media. A decision to lift the ban on media ownership by Musharraf government resulted in media explosion and tremendous proliferation of television channels in Pakistan. There were approximately 90 channels providing programmes to their viewers related to business, children, education, entertainment, information, fashion, health, cooking, music, news and current affairs, religion, shopping, sports etc. Then there were regional channels in Pashto, Punjabi, Seraiki and Sindhi. Due to uncertainty and constantly changing political situation in Pakistan during the last five years, a number of news channels appeared on the screen. Most of these channels aired talk shows in which the political leadership of the country and the important/popular personalities were invited. These figures because of their experience and insight into the social, political and economic condition of Pakistan geared useful discussions. Consequently, these programmes gained a lot of popularity in no time. One main reason behind this popularity was the fact that there was an open discussion, often a hot debate among the participants, and the members of the ruling party or opposition were held answerable to the decisions they or their government had taken. For the first time, television viewers felt the emergence of a system of check and balance in the country, and their interest increased. The ratings were also carried from time to by the website pkpolitics.com. It was found that the channels AAJ, ARY ONE World, GEO and Express News constantly remained in the first four positions among the rest of the current affairs channels. Their most popular discussion programmes were/are Live with Talat from AAJ, Off the Record from ARY ONE, Capital Talk from Geo, and Siyasi Log from Express News. The programme Siyasi Log is especially different because it is hosted by a female anchor person. These programmes were closely observed to study the peculiar behaviour of schwa. Literature Review Language is a vital tool which not only helps in communicating thoughts and ideas, but human relations, cultural and economic ties, scientific progress and many systems of human development rest on language. Language shapes the way people perceive the world. Language is knowledge and today knowledge is one of the key factors in this world of competition. The significance of language can be understood from the extract taken from Jean Aitchison's Linguistics: The average person spends an immense amount of his life talking, listening, and (in advanced societies) reading and writing. Normal conversation uses 4,000 or 5,000 words an hour. A radio talk (where there are fewer pauses) uses as many as 8,000 or 9,000 words per hour. A man reading at a normal


In this article the author continues a series of explorations devoted to the analysis of Bolshevik literature of the first decade of Soviet power. This article focuses on the genre of "Bolshevik non-fiction", extended since the inception of the Soviet republic in Ukraine (1919) and especially actualized in honor of the fifth and tenth anniversaries of the Great October Revolution of 1917. The author is characterized by unique qualitative characteristics, namely: a synergistic presentation of revolutionary events, which makes it possible to simultaneously and comprehensively consider different episodes of complex political application; a chronicle detailing the revolutionary processes, while subsequently the details were either forgotten or consciously concealed; active use of personalization to the broad circles of the revolutionary participants, whereas in the future historical memory was sung only by individual, power-determined heroes. In addition, much of this literature was written shortly by repressed authors and therefore had a rather unfortunate fate: first it was sent to special funds (as it was done, in particular, in the Book Chamber of Ukraine), and then to catalog Stalin's confusions, catalog cards to particularly dangerous literature were noticed. rectangular ink stamp in blue with the words "removed". Even now, this inscription gives the impression of a speedy three-year sentence from the NKVD bodies. Given these circumstances, the author seeks to actualize the little-known Bolshevik memoirs, which are early books of Soviet Ukraine.


PURPOSE: STDs are a major health problem for young adults. While frequently asymptomatic, they can cause serious complications if not detected and treated. To measure the local prevalence of Chlamydia (Ch) and Gonorrhea (GC), and to determine factors predictive of positive Ch and GC tests, we screened patients attending a multi-disciplinary primary care clinic (Pediatrics, Ob/Gyn, General and Specialty Medicine, Podiatry, General Surgery) serving a primarily minority, low-income population in Hartford CT.

METHODS: Patients aged 13 to 30 were enrolled from the clinic waiting area. After providing informed consent, they completed a questionnaire (symptoms, risk behaviors, demographics) and provided a urine specimen for Ch and GC Ligase Chain Reaction testing.

RESULTS: During 1998 and 1999, 732 patients (64% of eligible patients contacted) were enrolled. 46 failed to provide a urine specimen, leaving a final sample of 550 females (F) and 136 males (M), including 234 adolescents (age 13–19) (184 F, 50 M) and 166 pregnant F. Overall prevalence of Ch or GC was 10.8%, and was similar by gender (F 10.9%, M 10.3%), and age group (adolescent 12.0%, adult 10.2%). 9.6% of pregnant F were infected. Infections were most prevalent among adolescent F (13.0%), and adult M (11.6%). Among patients who reported symptoms (discharge, pain, dysuria, spotting or genital lesions in the past month) prevalence was 20.7% in M, and 12.3% in F. 57.1% of M cases and 56.6% of F cases occurred without reported symptoms. Among adolescents who reported previous sexual intercourse, prevalence was 16% (F 16.9%, M 11.5%). Among adults who reported one or more risky behaviors (new or multiple partners in last 3 months, inconsistent use of barrier contraception) prevalence was 13.7% (F 13.5%; M 15%). Variables associated with positive test results included having a new partner in the last 90 days, and being single. Composite variables combining several risk behaviors also predicted positive results, but these were more sensitive for females. Other individual variables such as inconsistent condom use, number of partners, and previous STD diagnosis were not reliable predictors of positive test results.

CONCLUSION: STD prevalence is high in this population. Most individual risk behaviors were not reliable predictors of positive test results. Variables combining several risk factors were better predictors, but still missed many cases. In this high prevalence population, universal screening may be a better strategy than risk stratification.


In this paper, we propose a method of cell assembly on microstructures of a biodegradable material for the regeneration of living tissue. The adhesion of fabricated biodegradable structures on the substrate was one of the important challenges. 5 different surface conditions were tested to prevent the adhesion: glass, 1.5 % agar, 1.5 % dried agar, mineral oil and glass treated by waterproof coating. The results show that the movable structure made of GelMA was not achieved in the conditions and require other materials to realize movable structures.


Residential buildings from different eras constitute a large part of the urban architectural heritagein Kurzeme and Zemgale. The architecture of residential buildings at the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century was in fluenced by the classicism style. Buildings with a relatively simple structural design had a clear spatial structure. Special attention was paid to the overall image and the design of the central part of the facade and the main entrance. Entrance doors made by local craftsmen were a special accent of the facade of residential buildings. They characterized its residents and in dicated that the house belongs to a particular era. The goal of this work is to collect and systematize materials related to exterior doors of residential buildings, analyze the structure and proportions of door hinges and, as well as determine regional differences in their decorations. The basic methods to reach the goals are: inspection of exterior doors of residential buildings and their comparative analysis.


【Objective】To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei so as to enhance the levels in diagnosis and treatment of the infections.【Methods】The clinical symptom and methods in diagnosis and treatment methods of 63 cases with Burkholderia pseudomallei from 1996 to 2009 in the Hainan Provincial People's Hospital were analyzed.【Results】The symptoms of this disease were not specific and the misdiagnositc rate was high.The patients infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei were prone to be infected with diabetes.Only few effective and sensitive drugs were chosen.Usually,meropenem or imipenem was effective,but lots of patients could be chosen some drugs,for example,ceftazidime,compound-sulfamethoxade and chlormycetin,etc.【Conclusion】The priority measures are to enhance laboratory diagnosis rate of Burkholderia pseudomallei and chosen effective drugs for treatment of the infection as early as possible.


In view of the emergence of new informational demands and configurations
and of sociotechnical interactions and ties, the "information" and "agency"
constructs are associated in order to obtain subsidies for a reflection on the
perspectives of "subject" in the field of information . To this goal, aspects
such as the transversality of knowledge production, the historical trajectory
of concepts and the creation of objects are considered, which allowed to
identify that the study of subjects and informational agencies can permit the
coexistence of traditional approaches, in the field of information science, with
those involving transversal readings in connection with information philosophy
and with the knowledge from fields within human and social sciences. In the
case of the first approach - intertwined in the light of the idea of disciplinarity -
aspects were presented that involve objective, subjective and social dimensions
of information, taking as guiding agencies the search and use of information.
In the second, the information and the agencies were thought from the notion
of context beyond the limits of a single field, in a transversality of readings
that can consider the politics, the ethics, the economy, in fact, not only the
relation of the subjects with Institutions and with information technologies
and resources, but with the assemblages present in daily life, in networks and
multiple regimes.


This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Journal of Public Trasportation and the definite version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.10.1.1


Many strains of E. coli have been identified as food borne pathogens inducing serious gastrointestinal diseases and even causing death in humans. Amongst these are those referred to as Shiga or Vero toxin producing E. coli . Bobozi is an Indigenous Nigerian ready to eat snack food made from cassava and is widely consumed in most parts of the country. The objective of this study was to Isolate and Identify E. coli from Bobozi, analyze their Shiga toxin ( stx ) gene profile and thereafter determine their verotoxin capabilities. A total of 248 samples of Bobozi were purchased from hawkers in the metropolis of Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. Isolation and Identification was done using standard microbiological methods. Analysis for the presence of Shiga toxin ( stx1 and stx2 ) genes was done using PCR technique and for their verotoxigenic potentials using tissue culture assay on Vero cells. Result of the investigation reveals that of the total 248 samples collected, 107(43.15%) had E. coli isolated from them. Total number of E. coli isolated from the 107 samples was 386.Shiga toxin gene analysis of the isolates reveal that 169(43.78%) had stx1 gene alone, 112 (29.02%) had stx2 gene alone, 3(0.78%) had both stx 1 and stx 2 genes while 102 (26.42%) had none of the two genes. Tissue culture assay on Vero cells indicate that there is a strong relationship between the presence of stx genes and their degree of cytotoxic effect on vero cells as over 80% isolates without the genes exhibited weak cytotoxic effect whereas over 80% of those with the genes exhibited more than strong cytotoxic effect.


Matched beam loading in laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), characterizing the state of flattening of the acceleration electric field along the bunch, leads to the minimization of energy spread at high bunch charges. Here, we demonstrate by independently controlling injected charge and acceleration gradients, using the self-truncated ionization injection scheme, that minimal energy spread coincides with a reduction of the normalized beam divergence. With the simultaneous confirmation of a constant beam radius at the plasma exit, deduced from betatron radiation spectroscopy, we attribute this effect to the reduction of chromatic betatron decoherence. Thus, beam loaded LWFA enables highest longitudinal and transverse phase space densities.


A monodisperse truncation mutant of MxiH, the subunit of the S. flexneri type III secretion system needle, has been crystallized. SeMet derivatives and a uranyl derivative have undergone preliminary crystallographic analysis.


The paper presents computational studies of working medium dynamics in a coaxial accelerator used in the surface engineering for impulse plasma deposition (IPD). Plasma discharge has been investigated with a two-dimensional mono-fluidic snow plow model and a two-dimensional two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic code. Numerical simulations have significantly increased the understanding of phenomena during the process. Analysis of the computational results indicates the direction of the optimization changes in the device design.


In this talk we discuss the effect upon the di-proton, di-neutron and deuteron of a time variation of the QCD gauge coupling. We describe how a time evolution of the size of extra dimensions can give rise to such a variation and show how this is related to the recent results on possible time variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant. Based on work in collaboration with Tom Dent.


Processor having a first mode of operation, which is a compatibility mode in which the processor provides the functionality of another processor, and a second operating mode, wherein a state of the processor has a plurality of first variable in the first mode of operation, wherein the plurality of first variables include a return address, and wherein a state of the processor in the second mode of operation in addition to the first plurality of variables having a second plurality of variables; wherein representing the first plurality of variable contents plurality of first registers of the processor, which correspond to the registers of the other processor, and the return address is in one of a plurality of first registers; wherein the processor in the first operating mode provides a set of instructions corresponding to the instruction set of the other processor; wherein constitute the plurality of second variable contents plurality of second registers of the processor and / or a state of a coupled to the processor means; wherein the processor includes a read-jump instruction; wherein the processor is configured upon the occurrence of ...


Objective: We compared the usefulness of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) vs. the endotracheal tube (ETT) for the management of the upper respiratory tract in patients subjected to mastectomy. Material and methods: It was studied a total amount of 207 patients subjected to modified radical mastectomy, with a physical condition ranging from ASA I to III. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I, LMA, 104 patients and Group II, ETT, 103 patients. Both groups were managed through general anesthesia balanced with sevoflurane, fentanyl, and vecuronium. The ventilation was kept by a semi-closed circuit with controlled mechanical ventilation. Results from the 104 patients of the Group I (LMA): in 7 patients the placing of the LM was very difficult, and it was impossible in another one, due to escapes in ventilation. Therefore, it was necessary to practice tracheal intubation; the pharyngeal pain was present in the 10% of the patients. In the Group II (ETT), with 103 patients, intubation was found difficult in 17 patients, and it was necessary to use fibrolaryngoscopy in 2 of the patients; pharynx pain was present in the 55% of the patients (p < 0.05). In the ETT placing, it was found an increase in cardiac frequency with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). The medicine (drugs) consumption was lower for the LMA Group with a significant statistical difference for vacuronium (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of LMA in patients subjected to mastectomy is safe and useful. It presents advantages over ETT. We noticed a great usefulness in the use of LMA in this kind of surgeries, where the complication possibility is reduced to a minimum and the patients go home with fewer problems in the upper respiratory tract.


To deal with the communication problem between the SCM and main computers , a network of communication protocol in minicontrol system used in SCM has been established. The principle of protocol has been given. On the other hand, the problem of a checkoutcode has been analysed. A checkoutcode used for minicontrol system of communication protocol, the NonZero CheckoutCode, was brought out, which has been realized in SCM. Final checkup proved its stabilty and validity.


The decade following the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) reinvigorated co-operation in international river basins once prone to considerable rancour. Israeli–Jordanian and Indo–Bangladeshi water-sharing agreements were concluded, and in 1993 the 'Nile 2002 Conferences' were inaugurated to cultivate, via informal dialogue, the trust needed to negotiate a comprehensive accord among 10 Nile Basin countries. In 1997 these countries began drafting a co-operative framework for determining 'net equitable entitlements' and undertaking 'integrated water resources planning and management'; yet, as a Nile Basin Initiative report understates, 'some key issues remain to be resolved'. Indeed, rivalry among Egypt, Ethiopia and the Sudan, and the need to co-ordinate numerous actors to augment the Nile's water supply, generate the vexing collective action problematic characteristic of what Elinor Ostrom terms 'common property resources' (CPRs), from which excluding users is costly but uses are competitive and potentially deleterious to resource renewal. Neither of the featured works shirks from engaging with CPR problems meriting further analysis if barriers to multilateral Nile Basin co-operation are to be meaningfully dismantled. The Waterbury book explicitly generalises Ostrom's paradigm from a setting which the latter author restricted to symmetrically accessible domestic CPRs FEATURE REVIEW


Commercial ratings assist parents in monitoring their children's media experiences. Exposure to media violence may affect attitudes and behavior, and rating systems should accurately reflect the presence of violent content. Validity indicators for commercial rating systems are examined, including consistency with consumer perceptions. Violent electronic games are a contemporary media phenomenon. A comparison of commercial ratings for popular electronic games with consumer perceptions of game content indicates that, for games with obviously nonviolent or very violent content, there is agreement between consumers and the commercial system. However, there is considerable disagreement about notable violent content in games with cartoon-type violence. Recommendations include incorporating consumer perceptions into a comprehensive, content-based, informational rating system for all entertainment media.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a telephone support program by medical practitioners to reduce hand foot syndrome (HFS), an important adverse event of Capecitabine + Oxaliplatin (CapeOx) therapy. Methods: For post-operative patients with colon cancer, medical staff provided telephone support five times during the initial three courses of CapeOX therapy. The primary endpoint was an HFS rate of Grade 3 or higher. Results: Out of the 56 enrollments, 49 were considered, excluding 7 non-eligible cases. There was only 1 case (2%) of Grade 3 HFS, and 11 cases (22.4%) of Grade 2 or higher. There was no decrease in QOL in the comprehensive evaluation of the skin disease-specific scale. Finally, 33 patients (67.3%) were able to complete CapeOX therapy, with a 3-year recur-rence-free survival rate of 93.9%. Conclusion: Telephone support by medical practitioners was considered to be a promising tool for reducing the inci-dence of HFS and performing CapeOx therapy.


Genetic variation and productivity of Populus trichocarpa T.& G. and its hybrids. VI. Field susceptibility of seedlings to Melampsora occidentalis Jacks. leaf rust Abstract A three-year study on the incidence and severity of Melampsora rust on hybrid poplars began in 1987 when inter-and intra-specific crosses were made with 20 P. trichocarpa (T), eight P. maximowiczii (M), and three P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides (TD) parents. A total of 5100 seedlings from 67 families were initially surveyed for rust in 1988; however, this number declined to less than 3700 by 1990, and rust infection likely contributed to seedling mortality. There was significantly greater rust incidence and severity in T×T crosses compared to T×M, M×TD, TD×M, or M×M crosses. For the 12 M×M crosses, and the six three-way crosses (M×TD, TD×M) less than 1% of the seedlings had any rust in the three years. In the 20 T×M crosses, over 65% of the seedlings showed no rust and less than 1% showed heavy rust. For T×T seedlings from 29 crosses, less than 3% had no rust. Reciprocal crosses of P. trichocarpa from east or west of the Cascade Mountains in Washington showed that the female parent contributes more to rust susceptibility than the male parent. In regression analyses, P. trichocarpa midparent rust ratings were negatively correlated with family survival, and positively correlated with the mean progeny rust rating. Narrow-sense family heritabilities were moderate to high for rust susceptibility (h 2 : 0. Introduction The use of hybrid poplars for fibre is increasing in the Pacific Northwest. Their rapid growth, easy propagation, and clonal reproductive capacity make them ideal for short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC). Historically, most of the fibre in the Pacific Northwest has been supplied from byproducts of the solid wood industry, and it availability has been directly dependent on the demand for lumber. To alleviate the cyclic nature of supply, pulp companies began using red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) in the mid-1970's, and more recently they have begun to experiment with large-scale poplar plantations on marginal farmlands, taking advantage of their growth capacity as well as their suitability for high-grade paper, towels, and tissue. Hybrid poplars in the Pacific Northwest have been developed primarily from breeding native P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray with nonnative P. deltoides Bartr. High biomass yields have been recorded under short rotation intensive culture (Heilman and Stettler 1985; Ranney et al. 1987; Stettler et al. 1988), and …


In most cases, the failure or fracture of machines and structures are brought by the stress concentration due to the existence of a crack or a notch. On the other hand, it is well known that the elastic maximum stress is not enough to predict the failure or fracture. Concerning a crack, linear fracture mechanics can play an important role to predict the fracture or yield in the neighborhood of a crack tip. However, concerning a notch, the concept corresponding to the linear fracture mechanics is not discussed fully until now. Originally, linear fracture mechanics should be called as linear crack mechanics. If we call linear fracture mechanics as linear crack mechanics, we will notice easily that linear notch mechanics is necessary. In this paper, it has been shown that the fatigue strength of a notched or a shouldered specimen having an arbitrary size can be predicted systematically by using a master-curve derived from the concept of linear notch mechanics.


We present a Gaussian-state analysis of the entanglement generation between two macroscopic atomic ensembles due the continuous probing of collective spin variables by optical Faraday rotation. The evolution of the mean values and the variances of the atomic variables is determined, and the entanglement is characterized by the Gaussian entanglement of formation and the logarithmic negativity. The effects of induced opposite Larmor rotation of the samples and of light absorption and atomic decay are analyzed in detail.


The decomposition of a one-dimensional composition wave in Cu-Ni(Fe) nanolaminate structures is quantified using X-ray diffraction to assess kinetics of the interdiffusion process for samples aged at room temperature for 30 years. Definitive evidence for growth to the composition modulation within the chemical spinodal is found through measurement of a negative interdiffusivity for each of sixteen different nanolaminate samples over a composition wavelength range of 2.1–10.6 nm. A diffusivity value Ď of 1.77 × 10−24 cm2·s−1 is determined for the Cu-Ni(Fe) alloy system, perhaps the first such measurement at a ratio of melt temperature to test temperature that is greater than 5. The anomalously high diffusivity value with respect to bulk diffusion is attributed to the nanolaminate structure that features paths for short-circuit diffusion through interlayer grain boundaries.


The present invention proposes a method for traffic load control in a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one radio terminal (MS) and at least one radio transceiver device (BS), each radio transceiver device (BS) is defined by network control device (RNC) of a cell of said network controlled; the method comprising the steps of: for each load cell a first reference load value; monitoring the load of each cell, and in response to the load exceeding the first reference value load actuating power control to reduce the transmission power value of the cell. Thus, the present invention proposes a fast load control method in which a certain reference load value is exceeded, by performing, for example, the transmission power control command, load control at each base station sector. In addition, this power reduction may be supplemented by, for example, the bit rate renegotiation. Using the proposed method, the necessary load limit can be reduced, advantageously to increase system capacity.


In this study we have isolated and identified a progenitor cell population located in murine pancreatic tissue. This cell population has specific properties that make it different from previously described candidate pancreatic progenytor cell populations. It is located in the periductal region outside the islet architecture yet the cells have features consistent with endodermal development and endocrine functions within the islet. Cells are proliferative and capable of differentiation into pancreatic lineages expressing pancreatic associated transcription factors and proteins and maintaining the ability to produce insulin.


We propose a method for recovering the structure of a sparse undirected graphical model when very few samples are available. The method decides about the presence or absence of bonds between pairs of variable by considering one pair at a time and using a closed form formula, analytically derived by calculating the posterior probability for every possible model explaining a two body system using Jeffreys prior. The approach does not rely on the optimization of any cost functions and consequently is much faster than existing algorithms. Despite this time and computational advantage, numerical results show that for several sparse topologies the algorithm is comparable to the best existing algorithms, and is more accurate in the presence of hidden variables. We apply this approach to the analysis of US stock market data and to neural data, in order to show its efficiency in recovering robust statistical dependencies in real data with non-stationary correlations in time and/or space.


From the view of equal employment the paper analyzed the status of diploma discrimination faced by college students in employment,discussed the reasons of three aspects i.e.the law,the economics and the sociology,and accordingly brought forward some suggestions to systematically solve the problem thereof from three layers,i.e.the idea,the law and the institution.


Objectives of the study: To estimate patient dose (DLP) during CT examination for, abdomen bysixteen and sixty four sliceCT machines. Materials and Methods: CT scanner that used in this study was helical CT scanners. The three scanners displayed Dose Length Product (DLP). The data were collected from each CTscanner. Results and Discussion: researchers found that, for the abdominal procedure in the two hospitals using three machines, there was directproportionality between the DLP and the scan time.The findings of this study agreedwith the results found in the literature. Conclusion: The researchers concluded thatDLP & scan timein CT abdominal procedure are directly proportional to each other.


The synthesis of the unusual pseudo-depsidone epiphorellic acid 2 (2){6-hydroxy-3-[5-hydroxy-2-methoxycarbonyl-3-(3-oxopentylphenoxy]-4-methoxy-2-pentylbenzoic acid} by a route involving grisadienedione-depsidone rearrangement and subsequent steps is described. The stereospecific epoxidation of grisadienediones, as proved by X-ray crystallography, is discussed.


The KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) superconducting magnet system adopts a superconducting CICC(Cable-In-Conduit Conductor) type conductor. It consists of 16 TF (Toroidal Field) coils and 14 PF (Poroidal Field) coils and it also uses two different types of CICCs-Nb3Sn cable with Incoloy 908 conduit and NbTi cable with 316LN stainless-steel conduit. A special CICC jacketing system is developed for the KSTAR CICC fabrication: the tube-mill process, which consists of forming, welding, sizing and squaring procedure. The cabling process for TF and PF superconducting cable and the fabrication process of each CICCs (TF CICC and PF CICC) is described. The welding of conduit materials are also discussed. The fabrication results such as the geometrical specification, micro structure and the void fraction will be discussed


The degree of involvement of amyloid and tau on cognitive decline in the pre‐symptomatic phase of AD remains unresolved. This study examines whether duration of amyloid positivity and entorhinal tau individually contribute or interact to influence longitudinal cognitive decline in initially unimpaired older individuals.


Application of the piezoceramics produced on the base of the PZT-type s olid solution in modern electroacoustics depends primary on its mechanical and electr ica pa ameters. Multicomponent ceramic materials of the PZT-type are characterized by the occurrence of the morphotrophy area, it means the area of the rhombohedral and tetragonal phase coexistence. T he position and width of the area depends on the solid chemical solution and the technology used for obtai ning it. Therefore, selecting the suitable methods and conditions for producing piezoceramics is very impo tant since it has a direct influence on its properties. This work presents results of the investigations of the piezocerami c samples of the PZT-type received by the hot pressing method and the conventional sintering in different condi ions. The results obtained will be used to optimize the technological process and will indicate possibilities of wider applications of PZT-type piezoceramics in modern technology. Introduction Apart from the chemical composition and microstructure of ferroelec tric eramics temporary and temperature stability of their mechanical and dielectric param eters constitute important factors influencing their range of application. This has been confirmed by invest gations of the multicomponent solid state solutions of the PZT-type, conducted by differ ent methods [1 6]. Mechanical spectroscopy due to its high sensitivity to changes taking place in the real structure of materials has been more often used in recent investigations [6]. To observe changes occurring in the domain structure and to determine the stability of mechanical and die lectric parameters, the application of mechanical spectroscopy and the resonance-anti-resonance method is used. The influence of the conditions of the technological process on the stabil ity of temperature, on the mechanical properties and on the basic dielectric parameters of t he multicomponent piezoelectric ceramics of the PZT-type is shown. These investigations were ai m d at controlling the manufacturing process of ceramics to be used in ultrasound generators of high power e ngines and in piezoelectric transformers. Experimental The material used in this study was the ceramics belonging to te rnary solid solutions of the PZT-type with the following chemical composition: Pb (Zr 0.51 Ti0.49) O3 + Pb (Nb0.5 Mn0.5) O3 + 2.15 wt % Bi 2O3; its dielectric parameters show that it belongs to ceramics of medium ferroe lect ic hardness. The ceramics was obtained in different technological conditions by the hot pressing method in nitrogen or in argon atmosphere, and by the classical sintering method. A synthesized powder of the Solid State Phenomena Online: 2003-02-13 ISSN: 1662-9779, Vol. 89, pp 303-308 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.89.303 © 2003 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (Semanticscholar.org-18/03/20,14:08:25) ceramics was used to manufacture the investigated ceramics. In the hot pressing technology 25 MPa pressure was used and moulded pieces were sintered for 1h at 1473 K. In the classical sintering method the sintering temperature was 1523 K while the sintering time was 2 h. After completing the technological process all specimens were ground and polished. Electrodes on all specimens were formed by the silver paste burning method. The obtained samples were subjected to polarization using the low te mperature method at 432 K for 30 min; the intensity of the polarization field was E p = 35 kV/cm. After completing the polarization process measurements of dielectric values in the temperature depe ndenc function were performed by an automatic capacity bridge of a Tesla BM 595 type at the meas urement field frequency of 1 kHz. Stability tests of dielectric parameters were carried out in the temper atur range from 273 K to 423 K. Measurements of mechanical properties performed by a rezonant mecha nical spectrometer of the RAK-2 type, enabled us to measure the temperature dependences of the i nternal friction and of the dynamic Young's modulus [7]. Young's modulus, the transverse elasticity m odulus, and Poisson's' coefficient (ν) were determined by the UMT-11 ultrasonic flaw detector [8]. The phase analysis of the investigated ceramics was carried out in an X-ray diffractome er (H2G-4B type). It was found that at room temperature the ceramics had a tetragonal structure with t he following lattice constants: a o = 4.076 Å, co = 4.114 Å, and an elementary cell deformation parameter sigma δT = 0.9 %. Results and Discussion Figure 1 presents selected examples of temperature dependence of t he electric permittivity ε and the dielectric loss tg δ for the ceramics formed in different technological conditions. It c an be seen that the ceramics obtained by the classical method exhibits a phase transf ormation from the ferroelectric phase into the paraelectric phase at 648 K. It is also characterized by low values of dielectric losses, which do not exceed 0.1 (Fig. 1b). For the ceramics obtained by the hot pressing me thod in the nitrogen and in argon atmosphere an increase in both the Curie temperature and the dielectric losse s was observed. Figures 2 and 3 show temperature dependence of the internal friction and the dynamic Young's modulus for the ceramics obtained by classical sintering and by hot s intering in different atmospheres. Four internal friction peaks at T 1= 270 K, T2= 330 K, T3= 540 K, and T4= 635 K were observed for the ceramics obtained by the classical sintering method. The temperat ure position of those peaks undergoes small changes during the heating-cooling cycle, which confirms a good temperature-stability of the investigated ceramics. In ceramics with the tetragonal phase t he complex domain structure with prevailing 90 domain boundaries is observed [1]. Such a domain structure ensures maximum compensation of mechanical stresses caused by the deformation growth of the elementary cell. Internal friction peaks occur in the temperature range preceding the phase transformation induc ed by phase transition from the ferroelectric to the paraelectric phase. Pe ak P4 is probably associated with the changes in the domain wall mobility and with the domain reorientation pr cess. Therefore, the P1 and P2 peaks originate from the change of the unstable 90 o domain structure into a more stable 180 o structure. With an increase in temperature the mobility of domain w lls increases, causing formation of the P3 peak. Changes in the domain structure near the Curie temperatur e are so strong that well developed P3 peak can be seen. The phase transition at T C is also well seen in the temperature variation of dynamic Young's modulus (see Fig. 3). 304 Mechanical Spectroscopy II


The YT 1000 type automatic governor controlled by the oil pressure in running cannot maintain the normal oil pressure. Not to add any facility, we only change the treatment method of secondary wiring in order to work out this problem.


The social, political, economic and technological changes in the world today (globalization) have revolutionized education, calling for radical changes to meet the current demands of the society. Internet is a window to the world; it opens a vast store of information and communications. Connectivity has become important as building a new school for community advancement. This paper therefore discusses the challenges and opportunities of globalization through application of information and communication technologies to Nigerian Educational system. It is concluded that schools and universities should integrate new technologies into their teaching methods. Teachers and students also should learn how to use and integrate the new technologies and they should be encouraged to develop curiosity in them. Introduction Globalization has been a celebrated concept since the turn of 21st century. As an abstract concept, concretizing its definitions is somehow difficult. It is a new phenomenon and multi-dimensional but dimly understood. It affects all facets of life universally science and technology, culture, economic, environmental, social and political. It is applied to all aspects of human discipline. In its broadest sense, globalization refers to the existence or relations between the different regions of the world and the reciprocal influence that societies exert upon one another. According to Marwa (1999) globalization is the latest technological effort in reducing the physical distance among nations and societies of the world through information transfer at speed that is hitherto unknown in information technology. Globalization involves a new consciousness of the world as a single place; the world is hence described as a 'global village'. It has been described as "the concrete structuration of the world as a whole that is, a glowing awareness at a global level that the world is a continuously constructed environment (Marshall, 1998). The world has therefore become borderless taking into cognizance the flow of information through modern technologies. It is pertinent to state that a central component and the major fuelling-force behind globalization is information and communication technology. In similar vein, it has been contended, and with much justification, that the current worldwide infrastructure driving force is information technology, empowered by those who control capital. We live in a continuously shifting state of realities in which the only predictable constant is the inevitability of more change. This is the basic element of our Information Technology Era, International Journal of African & African American Studies Vol. V, No. 2, Jul 2006 which commenced with the development of the microprocessor in 1973 and proceeds into the foreseeable future. With the increasing capacity of information and communication technologies, there is a rise in new learning opportunities beyond the traditional "bookteacher" model. Globally, the nature of learning and teaching is changing rapidly due, in part, to increasing interaction from more accessible global telecommunication networks driven by the content of the Internet. New options for distance education are driving the shift from traditional learning communities (schools, universities and colleges) towards unrestricted lifelong learning possibilities. The shift from teacher-centered to learnercentered learning means that teachers at all levels need to embrace new information and communication technologies and education and training need to keep up with the advances of new technologies. As new technology is being accepted as the catalyst for new learning environments, access to communication has become crucial. Access to communication and information is indeed a fundamental human right. Undoubtedly, this is not an easy task in developing countries like Nigeria. The challenges to access to information and communication are tremendous. According to Castells (1996), a substantive progress in implementation of information and communications and for that matter progress in quality of life and development cannot be achieved without preparing people for a knowledge society. This partially involves making an environment amenable for using computers in schools training the population in computer application and a building solid national computer and communication science education. Advanced university training in computer communication systems, computer systems, information science, parallel and distributed systems, software engineering, simulation techniques and tools, telecommunication systems, creation of campus and nationwide network and information systems in education have no substitute for national development. This paper therefore discusses some key opportunities and challenges of globalization of education in Nigeria. • Strive to eradicate illiteracy and to this end Government shall as and when practicable provide: (a) free, compulsory and universal primary education; (b) free secondary education; (c) free university education, and (d) free adult literacy programme. • Promote the learning of indigenous languages. From the efficiency point of view, decision-makers are required to ensure quality education and better job prospects, based on future workforce requirements of the economy. Well-educated, well-trained, motivated workers can produce high-quality goods and services at low cost, enhance productivity and competitiveness, and sustain high living standards. However, striking a balance between educational efficiency and social and political pressure is not that easy. The consequence of political and social pressure on education in Nigeria has led to a declining quality. Under the pressure to educate all and at the expense of limited financial resources, many schools have continued to operate badly managed infrastructure, low quality standards in teaching and learning resulting in ineffective and 41 International Journal of African & African American Studies Vol. V, No. 2, Jul 2006 often less motivated workforce. As this conflict between public access to education and need for efficiency deepens, the gap between quantity and quality will continue to widen. Unless all stakeholders take actions, Nigeria will continue to suffer from such a vicious circle. This vicious circle is characterized by low numbers of qualified teachers and large numbers of students per class inaccessibility and inflexibility of schools and universities; outdated and irrelevant curricula and lack of quality educational materials. Challenges of Globalization of Education Education, being viewed from different perspectives is full of challenges, be it social, political, or efficiency point of view. The stakeholders in nation's educational system are faced by the conflicting political and social objectives. In accordance with the provision of Nigerian Constitution of 1989 Section 19, the Government (decision-makers) shall: • Direct its policy toward ensuring that there are equal and adequate educational opportunities at all levels. • Promote science and technology Already there are symptoms of lack of innovativeness in the current educational system. Schools and universities have remained conservative institutions slow to adopt new practice and technology. They have remained less responsive to actual needs of the society. The education system is largely textbook driven. Absorption of textbook contents tends to be the measure of educational success. Teachers and instructors use "chalk and talk" to convey information. Students have remained bucket recipients of instruction rather than active participants in learning. Obviously, these cannot be problem solvers or troubleshooters in a real life. There is limited link among schoolteachers except in a few cases. Although distance learning tools such as radios and television have been introduced, these have not been used effectively. There is virtually no school with an elaborate network in the country computers have not been used by over half of the countries' students. Information and communication technologies have a major role not only in improving existing learning but also extending opportunities for lifelong learning. In Nigeria, and many other countries in Africa, there are few opportunities for second chances, and learning is conceived of as a discrete activity that one engages in only during the early years of life. Very little provision exists for lifelong learning opportunities. Many learners are not reached by the system. Today, there are 900 million illiterates in the world and 130 million children unable to attend primary school. Their access to education is limited by time and space, age, socio-cultural environment, work schedules and physical or mental handicaps (UNCSTD working group on information technology and development, 1996). Information and communications opportunities for students to broaden their learning skills and for teachers to develop better multimedia and interactive courseware. Studies indicate that learning takes place through communication. This is generally poor in the classroom model. Classroom models are largely "one-way teaching models" in which the teacher plays the acting part whereas pupils and students are merely reacting. Computer assisted instructions can greatly complement traditional teaching techniques to help students to learn much more much faster. (b) Access to information and communication via the Internet / Intranet 42 International Journal of African & African American Studies Vol. V, No. 2, Jul 2006 Internet and Intranet have become a source of vast amount of information and interactive tools. Intranet is a closed user-group Internet. An example of Intranet could be a school campus network where students and teachers share local information such as teaching materials and course schedules while at the same time accessing the Internet. The Internet is a set of linked computers characterized by protocols


INTRODUCTION Approximately 50% of all sports injuries are secondary to overuse.[1] One of the most common overuse injuries is exertional medial tibial pain(EMTP),[2] especially in female athletes.[3-4] EMTP is characterised by exertional pain along the posteromedial border of the middle and distal thirds of the tibia [5] and can include various diagnostic entities. [6, 7] As generally described in literature, EMTP results from repetitive microtraumata which cause local tissue damage,[1] and commonly this mechanism occurs during regular physical activity. The development of prevention and rehabilitation strategies for lower extremity (LE) injuries including EMTP therefore is of great concern for researchers and health care professionals. Current literature has pointed out influences of both distal and proximal factors in the development of EMTP,[3, 8-10] suggesting that potential contributors can be found from the ground up and/or from the pelvis down. In contrast to the well identified distal contribution of an excessive or prolonged pronation pattern in EMTP,[3-4, 8] no consensus on the specific contribution of proximal kinematic factors in LE overuse injuries can be found in current literature.[11,12] This inconsistency can be interpreted as an indication that it may be important to evaluate functional output measures like the ability to maintain dynamic joint stability (DJS) during functional activities, besides evaluating point output measures like peak kinematic parameters.[11, 12] DJS may operationally be defined as the ability of the joint to maintain position or intended trajectory.[13-14] The maintenance of DJS along the entire kinetic chain seems to be important in the prevention of injuries. [15] For the purposes of this study, a functional test was chosen to evaluate this ability to maintain DJS. The role of both distal and proximal DJS factors in EMTP remains unclear since no comprehensive and prospective research has been done on these parameters.[3, 13, 14] Therefore, the purpose of this prospective cohort investigation was to determine parameters associated to DJS of ankle, knee, hip, and lumbo-pelvic joints in both frontal and transverse plane during a Single Leg Drop Jump (SLDJ). We hypothesized that female athletes with less ability to control the LE movement, which results in reduced DJS of the evaluated joints, are at risk of developing EMTP. METHODS


This is the third in a series of six papers presenting key findings from a national study that was undertaken to investigate the role and responsibilities of midwives and to identify continuing educational need. The background to the study and the titles of the other papers in the series have been outlined in the first paper. Issues related to the way midwifery care is organized nationally are discussed in this paper. Midwives and supervisors indicated a strong commitment to providing woman-centred care in a caring and sensitive manner, often in the face of enormous structural and organizational change. This paper addresses key issues that arose for midwives and supervisors when planning and providing an optimum quality service.


This paper describes and analyzes two low-noise amplifier (LNA) optimization techniques which are applied to the common-source MOS topology with inductive degeneration. The optimization techniques are consisted of the inductive-specified and the current-specified technique. The purpose of the paper is to provide clear understanding of the design guidelines, limitations and the pros and cons regarding each design technique. LNA examples are designed following the guidelines of each technique using standard CMOS 0.18um process.


Directional Couplers (DCs) play an important role in the majority of electrical circuits, especially in microwave circuit applications. Careful study, analysis, and design try to attain the best in field. It is well known that structural organization of a DC determines its characteristic performance. In this paper a hybrid structural composition and an optimal design are introduced to obtain the best performance (3 dB bandwidth, lumped elements frequency response and scattering parameters).The study concerns two Microwave-Lumped Element Backward and Branch Line (BW and BL) DCs. For this purpose a hybrid structure organization is to be deduced, an improvement of connections among these sections; using an inserted metamaterial interconnection TL section(s) ; is introduced and an optimum circuit elements selection is implemented. The Lumped Element (LE) circuits are simulated and conversion topologies have been developed from distributed microwave circuits using the adaptive sweep optimization of the (ADS) simulator.


This part considers the diagnosis and medical treatment for cervical and lumbar spinal lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The author has developed an original procedure for medical measures for patients with RA and OA with cervical spinal lesion and a modified procedure for the management of lower back pain (LBP). The help-himself principle is used to prevent recurrent LBP


Reaction mechanisms involved in the oxidation and reduction of hemoproteins by ultraviolet irradiation are discussed. The chemtcal processes leading to both anaerobic and aerobic ultraviolet reactions are considered. Data are included from a series of studies of ultraviolet effects on myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome c, and hemoproteins. The conversion of trivalent Fe to divalent Fe in hemoproteins exposed to ultraviolet light was demonstrated. It was concluded that the primary reaction in ultravtolet-reduction of hemoproteins is restricted to the protein part, and in all probability to one or more of the aromatic amino acid rcsidues. This primary reaction does not produce any irreversible change in the protein. The primary reaction in ultraviolet- oxidation of hemoproteins is also probably restricted to the aromatic amino acids of the protein part. The participation of water in the reaction with the formation of OH-radicals is probably a condition for a reversible change in the protein. (C.H.)


Leukocyte trafficking is a therapeutic target in IBD. The integrins α4β7 and α4β1 regulate leukocyte migration into tissues and lymphoid organs. Current strategies rely on biologics, such as mAb, to inhibit leukocyte recruitment. Here we show the in vivo therapeutic effects of a small molecule α4‐integrin antagonist (GSK223618A) in a leukocyte‐trafficking model and a murine model of colitis. Leukocytes isolated from MLNs of transgenic β‐actin‐luc+ mice were injected i.v. into recipients with DSS‐induced colitis. Recipient mice were orally gavaged with vehicle or an α4‐integrin antagonist 1 h pre‐adoptive transfer, followed by bioluminescence whole body and ex vivo organ imaging 4 h post‐transfer. To confirm its therapeutic effect, the α4‐integrin antagonist was given orally twice daily for 6 days to mice with DSS‐induced colitis, starting on Day 3. Clinical, macroscopic, and histological signs of inflammation were assessed and gene‐expression profiles analyzed. Using bioluminescence imaging, we tracked and quantified leukocyte migration to the inflamed gut and demonstrated its inhibition by a small molecule α4‐integrin antagonist. Additionally, the therapeutic effect of the antagonist was confirmed in DSS‐induced colitis in terms of clinical, macroscopic, and histological signs of inflammation. Gene expression analysis suggested enhancement of tissue healing in compound‐treated animals. Inhibition of leukocyte trafficking using small molecule integrin antagonists is a promising alternative to large molecule biologics. Furthermore, in vivo bioluminescence imaging is a valuable strategy for preclinical evaluation of potential therapeutics that target leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory diseases.


Joao Capistrano de Abreu was a Brazilian historian whose work continues to shape our understanding of Brazilian colonial history today. This work is Capistrano de Abreu's single integrated attempt to lay out the history of Brazil. This new translation includes an introduction by Stuart Schwartz and a preface by Fernando Novais.


In the western Sichuan(100°~105°E,26°~32°N),a mobile array consisting of 297 broadband seismic stations has been deployed by the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration since October of 2006.Until June of 2008,a total of 690 teleseismic events(mb﹥5.0,30°≤Δ≤90°)have been recorded.The May 12 Wenchuan earthquake(MS8.0)provides an opportunity to test the western Sichuan array.The preliminary data analysis of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake and its larger aftershocks has been carried out in this study.Our results show: 1)The event parameters of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake sequence need to be modified and their location error reaches to 8~24km.A more reasonable estimation of the location of the main shock is possibly at the depth of 19km.2)the wavefield analysis of the Lixian earthquake(MS5.9)of May 16,2008 manifests that the surface waves of this event are not fully developed,and thus its source depth should not be very shallow.The peak values of the ground-motion velocity on the vertical and horizontal component have an abnormal increase by 4 times and more of the normal attenuation,which is related closely to the faults within the range of 200~250km,when the topography and site effects are not considered.3)The preliminary analysis of the crustal and upper mantle structure beneath the Sichuan basin and the Songpan-Ganzi block manifests that the crust beneath the Sichuan basin thickens along the western direction and its lower crust displays the hard structure.The crustal thickness in the northeast of Chengdu City reaches 46km.The crustal structure beneath the Songpan-Ganzi block has complex lateral variations.The crustal thickness in the Wenchuan earthquake source region reaches 52km.In the depth range of 14~20km,its crust has a complex high-velocity structure with the averaged velocity larger than 4.0km/s.The Wenchuan earthquake should be located within the area with high-velocity medium.In the lower middle crust,a low-velocity layer exists with the S-wave velocity of~3.6km/s,which could provide a relaxed boundary condition for the upper crust movement-deformation.This observation is consistent with the abnormal attenuation of ground motion with the epicenter distance obtained from the wavefield measurements.


Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of uniquely identifiable smart devices which enables them to participate more actively in everyday life. Among large-scale applications, machi ...