In this paper, the effect of the perception of corruption on economic development will be explored. The research question addressed in this paper is: how does the perception of political corruption in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile affect their economic development? Economic development has increased significantly for all three states since 1990s, but for two of them it has been coupled with rampant corruption. The research question will be explored through a review of the current literature, a discussion of the methods, the presentation of the data and results, and finally a discussion about the results. In order to assess whether frequent corruption scandals affect economic development, the perception of corruption data was be collected from Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index on all three countries spanning from 1995 to 2017. To measure its effect on economic development, bivariate correlations between the perception of corruption, GDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI) scores, and FDI in-flows were run to first test to see if there are relationships between the variables at all. Following this, two linear regressions were run, one with GDP per capita as the dependent variable and the other had HDI. The results showed mixed results, as it found a strong positive relationship between the perception of corruption and HDI yet found a strong negative relationship between the perception of corruption and GDP per capita. Corruption is the misuse or abuse of authority for personal gain, which do not need to be about monetary gain (Rothstein and Varraich 2017, 12; Lash 2004). Although it can both public or private, political corruption is often thought about through its public examples where it is a collective action problem. It can also be private, however, and an example of private corruption would be the 2008 financial crisis where the private banking sector's actions affected all of the taxpayers (Rothstein and Varraich 2017, 14). Corruption that occurs in the 'gray zone' where the public and private spheres meet, for example lobbying, is sometimes referred to as institutional corruption, where the basic rules of a democracy systematically favor any interest but the public's (Rothstein and Varraich 2017, 14-15). Political corruption, more specifically, is the focus on corruption within the public sphere, or in the gray area where public and private spheres interact. For some states, it is easy to distinguish private sphere corruption from political corruption, while in others it is indistinguishable due to the close connection between private and public corruption. For example, in Italy, Russia, and Mexico, the relations between organized crime and political corruption are incredibly close (Heywood 1997, 5). The proponents of this definition of political corruption have noted that it is based on the accountability aspect of a democracy the assumption that citizens have a right to hold their government officials accountable for their actions. While laws may differ from state to state, the view of a decision by an official as corrupt does not rest on whether it is legal or illegal. It takes a more holistic view (Heywood 1997, 7). Other views on political corruption rest on the perception of corruption by the state's citizens. If an action or policy from their government as corruption, then it is. Transparency International builds on that by compiling various reports on the perceptions of corruption from country experts and businesspeople within countries. They define corruption as the 'misuse of public power for private benefits,' but do not specify whether those who were polled for the original reports see corruption in the same way. Regardless of the debate over the definition of political corruption, the data gathered by Transparency International are seen as important and influential (Heywood 1997, 9). Overall, the debate over political corruption and its effects on economic development is separated into two different camps. One argues that corruption is detrimental to economic development in the long-run, while the other side of the debate argues that it is beneficial to developing countries' economic development. This paper will analyze whether the effects of political corruption on economic development in three specific countries in Latin America: Chile, Mexico, and Brazil. The paper will delve into the literature and past studies on the effects of corruption on economic development and any specific past studies on the subject in Latin America. By collecting data from 1995 and up until the most recent year available on FDI and GDP per capita, the effects on economic development can be seen when coupled with Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores. After the compilation of the data, several statistical analyses will be run to see if there are any relationships between the variables. These analyses will be bivariate correlations and linear regressions. Two separate linear regressions will be run in order to test two facets of economic development. The first regression will hold GDP per capita as its dependent variable, in order to measure the effect of the perception of corruption solely on economic measures. The second regression will hold the Human Development Index data as the dependent variable in order to assess the effect of the perception of corruption on other indicators that can measure economic development, such as educational attainment and length of life expectancy (Human Development Index).


We report the case of a 61-year-old female patient with intracranial bleeding in left parietal and parieto-temporal regions and a history of epilepsy and migraine. MR images showed lesions of the optic radiation, but primary visual cortical areas were intact. Perimetric testing revealed an incomplete right hemianopia. The patient claimed that visual percepts from her intact field were projected as "mirror images" into the hemianopic field. The illusory images were weak and sometimes difficult to detect, but focusing spatial attention on the "mirror" image increased its saliency. Drawings the patient made of her pseudo-hallucinations revealed that the illusions were lateral transpositions instead of mirror images of real objects. The illusions were tilted in clockwise direction and were never colored, although color discrimination was unimpaired in the patient's left hemifield. We quantified the characteristics of the pseudohallucinations in several experiments: The patient was asked to adjust the position, rotation angle, and size of a white test card in her blind field so that it corresponded with the illusory projection of a card of standard size and position that was presented in the intact field. The test card was compressed in horizontal size by 20% and positioned 17° visual angle to the right of the standard, shifted 1.5° upward or downward, and rotated in clockwise direction by 22.6° on average. Large objects in the intact field were projected incompletely into the blind area. Our patient's symptoms are similar to those reported in earlier case studies of visual allaesthesia. We hypothesize that the "mirror image" is induced by sparse input from contralesional V1 via the corpus callosum upstream of the lesion site and a lack of inhibition or hyperexcitability of ipsilesional early visual areas after deafferentation. The rotation of the illusions may be induced by the parietal lesions causing faulty co-ordinate computations, e.g., an inability to integrate visual and otholitic input. We would like to thank Prof. Dr. H. Schwegler (Department of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany) for his support in finding the anatomical information, Prof. Dr. D. Petersen (Radiology UKSH, Luebeck, Germany) for the MRT scans, Dr. E. Schreier (Ophthalmologist, Luebeck, Germany) for performing the perimetry and Imelda Pasley as English speaker for her corrections of this article.


As a design progresses through the development cycle the ultimate question for the EMC engineer is "Will it meet the required EMC specifications?". All to often the answer to this question is no, and regardless of the reasons why a design is failing, intense pressure to bring the design into compliance enwes. In the heat of battle it's important to know what tools are available to you, arid how to use the tools to isolate and implement a fix that will bring your product into compliance without causing schedule slips or cost overxuns.


BACKGROUND
Nitrogen (N) fertilization influences plant growth and yield, and may also affect fruit quality. For two consecutive seasons, we examined the effects of different N-fertilization levels-5 to 200 mg L-1 -on pomegranate fruit, aril and juice quality. Evaluations included fruit and aril weight, size and color, appearance of peel blemishes, internal black rot, and nutritional composition of extracted juices.

RESULTS
Nitrogen-fertilization affected pomegranate fruit, aril and juice quality. The most pronounced effects were observed in trees grown under the lowest N-fertilization level, which bore smaller fruit and arils, the latter with lighter color; the fruit suffered from sunburn, and their juice had lower total soluble solid, acidity and anthocyanin contents. The proportion of edible aril weight per total fruit weight gradually increased with the increase in N-fertilization concentration. In contrast, N fertilization did not affect peel color, roughness or cracking incidence. Black rot incidence increased with increasing N concentration.

CONCLUSION
Nitrgen-fertilization affected pomegranate fruit, arils and juice quality, and the total number of marketable fruit per tree. The optimal N-fertilization levels, which were most beneficial for achieving high-quality marketable fruit, were between 40 and 100 mg L-1 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Using the new version of the SOLPS plasma boundary code package, SOLPS-ITER, this paper presents the first ever simulations of the ITER burning baseline H-mode edge plasma with drifts and currents activated. Neon (Ne) seeded discharges for divertor power dissipation are considered. The results for divertor and scrape-off layer (SOL) parameters with and without drifts are compared, both for the SOLPS-ITER simulations and against the earlier SOLPS-4.3 modelling (which did not include a drift description) constituting the bulk of the existing ITER divertor simulation database. Whereas the drift effect on the equatorial midplane (main chamber) density and temperature profiles is moderate, drifts increase the peak heat flow to the outer divertor target. This effect is more pronounced for regimes with low sub-divertor neutral pressure, when even drift-free SOLPS4.3 simulations find strong out-in target power asymmetries. An important conclusion is thus that if ITER operates as expected with partially detached divertor targets, drifts should not influence the power handling, but that in the case of divertor reattachment, they will act to worsen the target loading, increasing the need for development of reliable schemes for detachment control. Comparing SOLPS-4.3 and SOLPS-ITER results for the key peak target heat flux versus sub-divertor neutral pressure operating domain, SOLPS-ITER with drifts predicts a narrower operational window for the divertor pressure.


2. How is IGS's single-step approach different from blending for genomic evaluation? The blending approach uses separate steps to calculate genomically enhanced EPDs. This approach requires two steps. The first step is to estimate the effects of DNA markers through a process called "training" or "calibration". These effects are then used to calculate molecular breeding values (MBVs) on genotyped animals. The MBVs are then combined with traditionally calculated EPDs to enhance the accuracy of the traditionally calculated EPDs. The blending process is only performed on genotyped animals. Befitting its name, the single-step approach calculates genomically enhanced EPDs in one step — using DNA, pedigree information, and phenotypes simultaneously. As a result, the DNA information not only improves the accuracy of prediction on genotyped animals, but also on the relatives and contemporaries of the genotyped animals. In a sense, all animals are genomically enhanced under the single-step approach. There are also issues inherent in the blending process that are solved with single-step. Similar to the fact that only reporting phenotypes on a selected group of animals in your herd can lead to less informative (and more biased) EPDs with traditional evaluation, problems can exist with blending as it only involves genotyped animals — and genotyped animals tend to be highly selected. However, because single-step includes information from nongenotyped as well as genotyped animals, the issues are corrected. 3. How is the Multi-breed Genetic Evaluation powered by BOLT different than other singlestep models used in other genetic evaluations? It is well established that DNA markers vary greatly in their effect on traits — ranging from a large to no impact. To leverage this biological fact in a statistically advantageous manner, the BOLT single-step method only utilizes markers that have a meaningful impact on the traits of interest, while ignoring those that have little to no effect. By using this approach, BOLT reduces the statistical "noise" and thereby increases the accuracy of prediction. By circumventing the "noise," BOLT-generated EPDs tend to be more accurate than EPDs generated by organizations that are relegated to using all markers in their single-step evaluation.


A statistical analysis is made of the main measuring index of the journals of biology category col-lected by editions from 2003 to 2007 of Cited Report of Chinese Science and Technology Journals for the evalua-tion of their quality and influence.The influential factors of the journals of biology category from 2002 to 2006 are increasing remarkably with total quoted frequency conspicuously on rise,the number of references and bibliogra-phy increased dramatically,the average number of references and bibliography promoted to a certain extent,and the number of papers funded considerably more and also on rise.It is concluded that the quality and influence of the journals of biology category are rising year by year with a comparatively high level of total biology research.


ABSTRACT FAST-DRYING macerated forage mats must have adequate wet strength to allow placing them intact on the stubble. The effect on wet strength of variables including pressure and time of formation, degree of maceration, dry matter density, and fiber orientation is studied. Energy of formation is also given.


The following six diary entries and journaling pieces were written in the months after the 2019 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) hit Canada. They express my attempts to pinpoint causes of my personal unhappiness and how overwhelming expectations of productivity affected my mental health and relationships during quarantine. My diary entries are in chronological order, containing reflections on my birthday in quarantine, notes about racial injustice, and reminders of self love. I delve into how isolation and social distancing shifted my perspective, creating unexpected goals, and new hobbies. These reflections reveal thoughts of uncertainty about my career and concerns about my friendships. As the entries continue, themes of self-acceptance and confidence emerge. I encourage readers to empathize with these conflicting feelings of what is "normal" or "expected" during adulthood; challenge destructive behaviour, including excessive self doubt and self-sabotage; and form uplifting habits for a better sense of self. My words have been taken directly from my personal journal and left as they are, no editing, no revising, no polishing. This composition creates an open space that acknowledges how emotions of guilt, anxiety, low self-image, sadness, and hope defined so much of our post-COVID-19 reality.


In this work three important aromatic transformations, namely: toluene disproportionation, toluene methylation and m -xylene isomerization, were investigated in a riser simulator which closely mimics the operation of commercial fluidized bed reactors. The transformations were studied over a ZSM-5 based catalyst with medium acidity of 0.23 mmol/g and a series of Y zeolites of acidities between 0.55 and 0.03 mmol/g. For pure toluene feed, it was observed that conversion over the ZSM-5 based catalyst and the weakly acidic Y zeolite (USY-1) was very low. However, with the highly acidic Y zeolite (H-Y), significant toluene conversion was observed with paring reaction more prominent than disproportionation. On the other hand, when toluene was alkylated with methanol, higher toluene conversions were achieved over both the ZSM-5 based and the weakly acidic USY-1 catalysts as compared to when pure toluene feed was used. In addition, p -xylene/ o -xylene (P/O) ratios higher than the equilibrium values were obtained in the reaction product over both catalysts. Finally, for  m -xylene isomerization it was found that m -xylene conversion increased initially as the acidity of the catalyst increased up to 0.1 mmol/g beyond which any further increase in acidity resulted in a slight decrease in the m -xylene conversion.


Bourdieu's analysis of social classification is to expand its interpretation based on understanding of the duality of social world.Using his unique analysis tools: habitus,practice,capital,field,he gives a detailed explanation on formation,screening and practice effected on the actors from the perspective of the political operation.Bourdieu used generative structuralism thinking,getting rid of the fog of "how the social order may be".For him,any sociology of knowledge or cultural theory must be a kind of political sociology about social classification.


In the United States, almost one in nine people are foreign born (2010 U.S. Census). While diversity brings incredible richness, it also belies responsibility for helping immigrants participate fully in American life and culture versus isolating themselves within ethnic communities. Our past work funded by the U. S. Institute of Museum and Library Services and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation shows two-thirds of people use library computers to search for information on behalf of someone else (US Impact Study, 2011). These Information Mediaries (Infomediaries) tend to be young, non-white, non-native English speakers, suggesting ethnic minority youth are key for understanding the information needs of their respective populations, passing on needed information to otherwise hidden users (especially non-English speaking, non-library users). Our current research is over two phases supported by Microsoft and the Institute of Museum and Library Services we are employing design thinking (Brown, 2008, HBR, 2008), to study how ethnic minority youth serve as technology and information mediaries within their social networks. Our approach brings in perspectives from computer science, information science, design, information behavior, and uses research methods such as participatory design, action research, social networking analysis, rapid prototyping, and engineering. Our method integrates these perspectives and methods into a multi-day workshop format called "teen design days."


To make the most of plant genetic potential and save phosphorus(P)mineral resources,the effects of high and low P levels on plant growth,root morphology,soil physiological characters in rhziosphere and non-rhziosphere and numbers of microorganisms were studied under conditions of pot culture with root-bag.Two maize(Zea mays L.) hybrids,'Liyu 16' and 'Jidan 28',were used as the testing materials.The results showed that compared with the high-P level,the height,total green leaf areas,shoot and root dry weight of two maize in low P level were reduced,while the ratio of root to shoot in dry weight increased.Moreover,soil pH was reduced,the phosphatase activity increased,numbers of bacteria and available P content lessened.Compared with non-rhziosphere,pH,phosphatase activity and available P content in rhziosphere were reduced while numbers of bacteria and actinomycete increased,but not related with P levels.Plant biomass and P content were positively related with root length,root surface area and bacteria number,but had no correlation with dry weight of root.Therefore,root morphology,pH and bacteria number in rhziosphere were the main factors affecting plant growth.Compared with 'Jidan28' cultivar,'Liyu 16' had higher height,total green leaf areas,dry weight and P content.Larger root length,root surface area,ratio of root to shoot,and more bacteria number may be the primary physiological mechanism leading 'Liyu16' to possess the capacity of higher-efficient-uptake-P.


Background: The causal therapy of a venous leg ulcer is a therapeutic challenge in obese patients. Method: Based on a case report, the procedure is demonstrated: Sourcing can be used to detect ulcer-relevant varices even in severe obesity and to successfully foam-sclerose them. Results: The successful sclerotherapy of the sourcing-relevant varices has no effect on ulcer healing. Conclusion: Stigmata of chronic venous insufficiency are found in obese patients as a result of obesity, so that weight loss can be considered a causal therapy. In our case, one can speak of an ulcer adiposo-venosum. Schlüsselwörter Adipositas, Ulcus cruris, chronische venöse Insuffizienz, Schaumsklerosierung


A throe dimensional variable dimensioned computer model of a man has been developed which can be used as a conversational mode design tool. This paper illustrates the use of this model for equipment design, in particular to determine whether controls can be reached and whether equipment dimensions are suitable to match different members of the population. The equipment may be described cither by special purpose or general purpose environmental modelling systems. The modules of the general purpose system may be assembled into a model of the equipment and then evaluated by taking the operator, represented by the computer man, through a typical work sequence. If the dimensions or positions of the modules are unsatisfactory they may be altered conversationally and the new design retested.


ABSTRACT Composition of pioneer tree species was recorded for 23 to 76 treefalls in the forests of La Selva (LS), Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Cocha Cashu Research Station (CC), and KM41 to evaluate the hypothesis that distance to secondary forests influences the composition of pioneer tree species at scales of thousands of hectares and to assess the relative importance of distance to seed sources compared to two microenvironmental factors: soil and gap size. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to assess the relative importance of the landscape and environmental factors in controlling the presence in gaps of Cecropia species that are typical of secondary forests regenerating after large-scale disturbances. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as an ordination technique based on pioneer species composition of each gap. The PCA ordination axes were regressed against soil type, gap size, forest type, and distance values of each site to explore the relationship between composition and control factors. At the four sites, the variable best correlated to the discriminant function of gaps with and without Cecropia was the distance to secondary forests, although such discriminant function was statistically significant at only one site. In three of the four sites (with the exception of BCI, where there are no typical young secondary forests), distance to secondary forests was correlated with at least one axis of the PCA (P < 0.06). Other significant correlations included soil variables (CC and KM41), gap size (KM41), and forest type (secondary vs. primary; BCI). Overall, the results provide some support for the hypothesis that at the spatial scale of this study, distance to young secondary forests (both natural and anthropogenic) influences treefall gap composition at a level comparable to endogenous and exogenous microenvironmental factors.


Objective To investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and TCD in elderly patients. Methods The mini mental state (MMSE) scale was used to assess intelligence,CI (cognitive impairment,CI) group and control group (normal cognitive function) with TCD examination. Results CI performance of the elderly in the orientation,immediate memory,attention and calculation,memory,verbal expression,graphical representation of ability decline significantly,while no significant decline was observed in the object naming,rehearsal,and reading comprehension; the number of abnormal blood vessels is more than in the total carotid blood flow of CI group control group; orientation,immediate memory,attention and calculation,memory,verbal expression,graphical representation of score and carotid artery blood flow was negatively correlated with the number of abnormal blood velocity.Conclusion Despite of the widespread intellectual impairment,the damage is not fully homogeneous in CI elderly patients. There is correlation between cognitive dysfunction and cerebral blood flow velocity.


BACKGROUND
Allergy to cow's milk is common in early childhood, and no therapy other than avoidance exists. In murine models of peanut allergy, immunotherapy with mutated, engineered, proteins appears promising.

OBJECTIVE
We sought to identify the critical amino acids (AAs) for immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding within the major B-cell epitopes of alpha(s1)-casein, a major cow's milk allergen. This will provide the necessary information to alter the cDNA to encode a protein capable of activating milk-specific T cells, but with reduced IgE-binding capacity.

METHODS
For mutational analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes, peptides of 10-14 AAs in length were synthesized on a derivatized cellulose membrane with single or multiple AA substitutions. Membranes were immunolabeled with pooled sera from 15 cow's-milk-allergic patients and with 8 individual sera.

RESULTS
With the pooled sera, substitution of a single AA led to complete abrogation of IgE binding to 2 of 8 peptides and diminished binding in the remainder. Substitution of multiple AAs led to an abrogation of binding in the remaining peptides. In 4 of the 8 peptides, the critical AA identified with pooled sera did not result in significant reduction of IgE binding with 1 or more individual patients. For these patients, other critical AAs were identified, indicating a more heterogeneous pattern in IgE recognition.

CONCLUSION
This study indicates that single or multiple AA substitutions within IgE-binding epitopes result in reduced binding of milk-specific IgE antibodies by patients' sera. However, for future immunotherapeutic interventions with mutated peptides, critical AAs should be evaluated with individual patient sera to determine B-cell-epitope heterogeneity.


This paper contains a report on a collection of parasitic protozoa from the blood of some vertebrate animals of Uganda. Seven new species and a number of parasites recorded for new hosts are described. New observations on some known parasites are also recorded. An account is given of the life history of the crocodile haemogregarine. It is shown that the schizogony of Hepatozoon pettiti (nomen novum for Haemogregarina pettiti) occurs in the liver of the crocodile, while the sporogony takes place in Glossina palpalis, its intermediate host. A list of all the blood parasites found, together with their hosts, is given.


This paper examines the Romanian economy and its version of capitalism from a long-term perspective and in a broad context. It focuses on economic prospects in the face of a legacy of backwardness and the endurance of domestic weaknesses, in the context of the Great Recession and the eurozone crisis.Romania has a pressing need to mobilize its internal resources and absorb EU funds on a much greater scale so that it can enhance economic growth and mitigate external shocks. To this end, Romania needs to undertake thorough reforms in the public sector, combat rent-seeking and waste, foster domestic savings. The functioning of institutions and of taxation should convey a sense of fairness to citizens. Romania needs to rethink its growth model. Romania must improve its education system by increasing the level of resources assigned to education and creating coherent policies to strengthen institutional capacities and to improve quality standards. The Romanian economy would benefit significantly from EU policies that are more responsive to the economic and social fractures revealed by the current crisis. Not least, financial markets have to be tamed in Europe and elsewhere if they are to serve economies.


The HSCT Flight Controls Group is developing a longitudinal control law, known as Gamma-dot / V, for the NASA HSR program. Currently, this control law is based on a quasi-steady aeroelastic (QSAE) model of the vehicle. This control law was implemented into the p-k flutter analysis process for closed loop aeroservoelastic analysis. The available flexible models, developed for the TCA aeroelastic analysis, were used to assess the effect of control laws on flutter at several different Mach numbers and mass conditions. Significant structures and flight control system interaction was observed during the initial assessment. Figures 1 and 2 present a summary of the effect of total closed loop gain and phase on flutter mechanisms, based on ideal sensors and real sensors, for Mach 0.95 and mass M02 condition. Control laws based on ideal sensors gave rise to increased coupling between the rigid body short period mode and the first symmetric elastic mode. This reduced the stability margins for the first elastic mode and does not meet the required 6 dB gain margin requirement. The effect of "real" sensors significantly increased the structures and control system interactions. This caused the elastic,modes to be highly unstable throughout most of the flight envelope. State-space models were developed for several conditions and then MATLAB program was used for the aeroservoelastic stability analysis. These results provided an independent verification of the p-k flutter analysis findings. Good overall agreement was observed between the p-k flutter analysis and state-space model results for both damping and frequency comparisons. These results are also included in this document.


Muh. Aryan R Suci. Growth of Baronang Fish (Siganus canaliculatus) in Basic Net Cages in Different Seagrass Conditions on Lantang Peo Island, Takalar Regency. Lantang Peo Island which is one of the islands which is covered by several types of seagrass. Data collection was carried out from September to October 2016 at the Lantang Peo estuary. The first treatment is observation of density, cover and identification of seagrass. The second treatment is measuring water quality and the last one is measuring the weight and length of the baronang fish. Observation of seagrass species obtained Enhalus accoroides and Thalassia hempichii species. The total density of seagrass at Station I was 47 (teg / m2) 10.03% cover of seagrass, 70 (teg / m2) density of seagrass at Station II was 17.12% and the total density of seagrass at Station III was 90 (teg / m2) 18.13%. Observation of the absolute growth of baronang fish weight at station I of 1 gr. At station II the absolute weight growth of fish is 3 gr and at station III the absolute weight growth of fish is 5 gr. Observations of the absolute length increase of fish at Station I were 1 cm, the absolute length increase of fish at Station II was 2 cm and the absolute length increase of fish at Station III was 3 cm. This difference occurs due to the different density structure of the seagrass at each station.


The authors focused on one parent's struggles in finding a diagnosis and intervention for a child who had bipolar disorder. The authors explain the process of identification, diagnosis, and intervention of a child who had bipolar disorder. In addition to the personal story, the authors provide information on the disorder and outline strategies that have worked with one child both at home and school. They call attention to a little-known disability and provide some insight on the disorder for educators and families. Also, they provide a list of resources for further reading.


The original authors (see ibid., vol.7, no.3, p.424 (1989)) describe some results from a simulation study of ENET II and Ethernet. ENET II is a method, proposed by the commenter (Comput. Networks ISDN Syst., vol.9, no.3, p.209-14, Mar. 1985), to implement several variants of well-known collisions-resolution protocols in an asynchronous environment in a manner upwardly compatible with Ethernet. The original authors concluded that the ENET II protocol is inferior to the standard Ethernet. The commenter compares the assumptions in the simulation whose results were expressed in the original paper to their assumptions and makes several points about the analysis they described. The thrust of the comment is not to negate the results but to make the reader aware of the subtle differences in the representation of the results that make it difficult to conclude that ENET II is either inferior or superior to Ethernet. >


whatsoever. But it is clear that, whether the premises are true or not, is a matter to be decided in principle by private, cognitio'nal experience, and if one person (e.g. Mr. Cane, evidently) has no experiences of a certain kind, others are not thereby precluded from having them. Mr. Carre would hardly commit such a blunder in full consciousness. The explanation is that he rejects the premises not directly, but by first confusing them, with the argument ("generalisation"), and then taking himself to be rejecting the argument. It would be a mistake to suggest that more than a small proportion of Mr. •.Carre's examples are open to question. Most will repay analysis along the lines he suggests. All are interesting, especially the ten long ones in Part IV, which have as their subject-matter topics of moment both to popular and intellectual thought. . E. TOMS.


Provenance systems automate record keeping so that humans and/or machines can determine how a given result was obtained. In so doing, they enable a variety of reproducibility and reconstruction capabilities, while tracking the impact of older artifacts on newer ones. Large-scale scientific experiments are increasingly relying on workflows and other automation techniques to keep up with data-rates and perform on-line computation, notably training of machine learning models, and to provide rapid feedback to experimentalists. However, these workflows pose the challenges of: 1) adapting to errors in the experimental process both at the experiment site as well as in computation and 2) complex data provenance patterns that can result from the use machine learning and other methods that can arise from a feedback pattern in which initial experimental results drive the creation of new experimental parameters. The Braid Provenance Engine (Braid-DB) addresses this domain by integrating with workflow systems used in large-scale science and providing the additional capability to drive additional workflows or other automation in response to errors or other causes for elements of the workflow to be considered invalid. In this paper, we describe how Braid-DB responds to data marked as invalid, a common case in experimental science, and demonstrate its ability to retain artifacts unaffected by the invalid data.


Hypertension, chronic and silent disease, is a public health problem. The objective of this survey was to assess the prevalence of hypertension in population in the city of Koudougou. This deals with a population survey held in one day consisting of controlling blood pressure and glycaemia among patients having values above the normal ones. All volunteering patients were included in the study. We screened 497 patients during the survey. The average age of patients was 36 ± 12.4 years with extreme of 18 and 75 years. The sex ratio was 1.1. The average systolic blood pressure was 118 ± 21.5 mmHg with extreme of 90 and 200 and the average diastolic blood pressure was 70.8 ± 11 mmHg with extreme of 50 and 100. The frequency of patients suffering from hypertension was 21.6% and that of the diabetic patients was 19%. The average age of patients suffering from hypertension was 43.9 ± 14 years against 37.5 ± 12.8 years for patients suffering from diabetes. During the previous year, 49% (n = 244) had controlled their blood pressure against 51% of cases who controlled theirs during a consultation. 16.3% of patients had their blood sugar controlled (n = 81) against 43.4% who had theirs controlled during a consultation. Hypertension is an under-diagnosed disease despite the available diagnostic tools such as self-measurement. Screening programs should be set up to establish early diagnosis of high blood pressure.


Abstract. To further reveal the structural characteristics of moss mitochondrial genomes from the still unexplored orders, we sequenced and assembled the mitogenome from the granite moss Andreaea wangiana (Andreaeaceae, Andreaeales). The newly generated genome consisted of 117,857 base pairs with an average GC content of 42%. The gene contents and gene order were found to be identical to those previously published from mosses, reconfirming the hypothesis of structural conservatism in this lineage. Comparison of the newly generated mitogenome with those published suggested an evolutionary trend towards size reduction of mitogenomes across the tree of mosses. The pattern was largely caused by hierarchical loss of introns and/or shortening of intergenic spacers. We found evidence to support a positive correlation between GC content and genome size in bryophytes. Furthermore, we identified 233 putative RNA editing sites for all protein-coding genes and 60 simple sequence repeats in this mitogenome. By reporting the complete mitogenome from an important early diverging lineage of mosses, this study provided valuable data for further studies to explore the mechanisms maintaining the stability of genome structure during nearly 400 Ma of independent adaptation to changing terrestrial environments. The study further identified a few highly variable regions that could be used as DNA markers to clarify the genetic diversity of granite moss populations.


This paper presents results from a study examining emotional speech using acoustic features and their use in automatic machine learning classification. In addition, we propose a classification scheme for the labeling of emotions on continuous scales. Our findings support those of previous research as well as indicate possible future directions utilizing spectral tilt and pitch contour to distinguish emotions in the valence dimension. Speech is a rich source of information, not only about what a speaker says, but also about what the speaker's attitude is toward the listener and toward the topic under discussion — as well as the speaker's own current state of mind. Until recently, most research on spoken language systems has focused on propositional content: what words is the speaker producing? Currently there is considerable interest in going beyond mere words to discover the semantic content of utterances. However, we believe it is important to go beyond semantic content as well, in order to fully interpret what human listeners infer from listening to other humans. In this paper we present results from some recent and ongoing experiments in the study of emotional speech, designed to elicit subjective judgments of tokens of emotional speech and to identify acoustic and prosodic correlates of such speech based on these classifications. We discuss previous research as well as show results from correlation and machine learning experiments, and conclude with the implications of this study 1 .


The quantity of the words of marriage funeral on the stone tablet of Han(汉)are considerable, the ages make sure, The scholarship value is very high, and they are important datum to the study of language.By explaining ?analyzing?citing of the words of marriage funeral on the stone tablet of Han(汉),the text is planned to open out the basic visage of this kind of words, at the same time, review the influence of the factor of social history and culture on this kind of words.


Purpose – This paper aims at assessing the actual use of interregional transmission lines and the opportunity cost of unused capacity. The 13 electric power lines connecting the province of Quebec (Canada) to its neighbours (New Brunswick, New England, New York, Ontario) are analysed for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008.Design/methodology/approach – Hourly electricity transmission data from the Quebec Open Access Same‐Time Information System (OASIS) are analysed and matched with hourly market prices in New Brunswick, New England, New York and Ontario, for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008.Findings – Capacity factors of about 50 per cent are found for these lines. Although increasing from 2006 to 2008, this finding shows that interregional lines are far from being heavily congested. Furthermore, about 25 TWh of additional profitable exports could have taken place every year, given the market conditions and the availability of transmission lines. These exports represented an opportunity cost of about $1 billion pe...


Formal methods refer to the use of mathematically based techniques in software and system engineering. The authors summarize observations on their use in a dozen applications in industrial settings. Application goals ranged from reengineering to system certification. The purpose is to extract some of the key observations about practice in software engineering terms with minimal reference to formal methods terminology and glossing over distinctions among methods. The methodology of the study is described. Applications include oscilloscopes, nuclear reactors, trains, planes, ships, satellites, smartcards, transaction processing, arithmetic units, networks, medical instruments, and language processors. The observations follow from a systematic survey of these applications using a structured interview process and analysis of results using a set of features covering various aspects of practice: process, methods, tools, and technology transfer.<<ETX>>


The development hiStory of sports of Chinese women is closely related to the emancipation movement of Chinese woment in different time.Under the socialism system,Chinese women have equal right in sports as men do.Discarding discrimination in sex is the main reason why women started later in athletics, and its development marched slowly but rise up now.


Carbon emissions have recently been put under the spotlight since it is widely accepted that global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, of which carbon dioxide is the main component. One of the fastest rising sources of emissions from carbon emissions is the transport sector, with emissions often rising faster than the GDP growth rates of developing countries. The estimated share of carbon emissions coming from the developing world is currently low, however it is expected to rapidly increase in the next 30 years. It is more often that the developing countries are the most heavily affected from the externalities caused by the increase in global carbon emissions, hence there is an increasing interest in achieving a 'low-carbon' society in both the developed and the developing worlds. Using a visioning-backcasting approach and the ASIF formula, the carbon emissions for the four Latin American countries chosen for this study – Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico – have been estimated. Two images of the future have been created. This paper's results show that for both images envisioned for the backcast, the target reduction of 50 per cent of carbon emissions by 2050 or bring it back to levels of the base year of 2000 can be achieved through a mixture of policy packages targeting road transport management.


I. An increasingly important element in international politics is the industrialization of underdeveloped countries. While significant progress has been made in many of these countries, the existing gap of per capita income between them and so-called advanced countries is not decreasing. In fact, there is much evidence that it is widening. At the same time popular pressure is becoming so acute on this subject that in an increasing number of underdeveloped countries national and local elections


This article proposes a cost–benefit analysis of argumentation, with the aim of highlighting the strategic considerations that govern the agent's decision to argue or not. In spite of its paramount importance, the topic of argumentative decision-making has not received substantial attention in argumentation theories so far. We offer an explanation for this lack of consideration and propose a tripartite taxonomy and detailed description of the strategic reasons considered by arguers in their decision-making: benefits, costs, and dangers. We insist that the implications of acknowledging the strategic dimension of arguing are far-reaching, including promising insights on how to develop better argumentation technologies.


The crystal‐state conformations of three protected tripeptides, four tetrapeptides, and one pentapeptide, heavily based on the chiral Cα‐methylated α‐amino acids Iva, (αMe)Nva, and (Me)Val, were assessed by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The eight peptide sequences are as follows: Z(DIva)2DValOMe, ZDIvaLIvaGlyOtBu, ZLProDIvaLIvaGlyOtBu, ZLProLIvaDIvaGlyOtBu, ZAib[L(αMe)Nva]2OtBu, Ac[L(αMe)Val]3D(αMe)ValOtBu, Z[L(αMe)Val]4OH, and ZLAla[L(αMe)Nva]4OtBu. Two independent molecules were observed in the asymmetric units of ZDIvaLIvaGlyOtBu and ZAib[L(αMe)Nva]2OtBu, while three independent molecules were seen in ZLAla[L(αMe)Nva]4OtBu. All peptides are folded in a single or multiple β‐turn conformations. Interestingly: (i) a water bridge within the N‐terminal β‐turn is seen in ZLProLIvaDIvaGlyOtBu (dihydrate), and (ii) the hydroxyl group of the C‐terminal carboxyl functionality of Z[L(αMe)Val]4OH generates an oxy‐analogue of a β‐turn. The N‐terminal β‐turn is missing in molecules A and B, but it does occur, although poorly stabilized, in molecule C, of ZLAla[L(αMe)Nva]4OtBu. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005


This paper studies horizontal mergers in vertically related markets. In a two-level Cournot model, with an intermediate and a final market, we show that downstream mergers inducing size effects are, ceteris paribus, more profitable than upstream ones. Moreover, a merger at one level reduces the incentives to merge at the other level. Endogenizing the firms' decisions to merge by considering a merger game supports the previous results.


During the industrial production of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) biofuel, this ether forms an azeotropic mixture containing 20 wt% of ethanol. Compared to the ternary distillation currently used for ETBE purification, the pervaporation membrane process could offer an interesting alternative and important energy savings. Cellulosic membranes have been mainly reported for this application. In particular, the selectivity of cellulose acetate (CA) was outstanding but its flux was too low. In this work, different grafting strategies were developed for improving the CA membrane properties for ETBE purification. The first strategy used "click" chemistry to graft CA with polylactide oligomers leading to original bio-based membranes for the targeted application. The grafting of ionic liquids onto CA was then investigated first by "click" chemistry (unsuccessful due to side reactions) and then by another two-step strategy implying simple nucleophilic substitution. A second series of cellulosic materials was obtained by grafting different ionic liquids containing the same bromide anion and different cations (imidazolium, pyridinium or ammonium) with increasing polar feature. A third series of new membrane materials was finally developed by exchanging the bromide anion with different anions Tf2N-, BF4-, and AcO-. The membrane properties of all grafted CA membranes were finally assessed on the basis of the sorption-diffusion model, which revealed that both sorption and pervaporation properties were improved by the different grafting strategies


This paper proposes a convolution model of fecundability, controling for the effects of postpartum amenorrhea and unobserved heterogeneity in fecundability. Simulation analysis was used to assess the validity and reliability of estimates derived from the model. Analysis showed that the model captured the mean and standard deviation of age at the onset of sterility in simulated populations where sterility followed either a Gompertz, a gamma, or a lognormal distribution. The model performed well when sterility was specified by either a lognormal or a gamma distribution. The model also accurately estimated fecundability and postpartum amenorrhea. Next, the model was found to fit data from 17th and 18th century French Canadian birth histories. In this French Canadian sample the mean age at sterility was found to be 46.3 years using a gamma model. The decline in fecundability was almost linear after age 30. Thus, fecundability at age 40 had declined to about one‐third of that observed at age 30. Variability in individual fecundability was quite high. For example, women with fecundability one standard deviation above the mean had about 2.3 times as high fecundability as women one standard deviation below the mean.


Abstract Properly selected literary works can spark student interest in regional geography. Since evidence is mounting that reading levels of students are continuously declining, special attention may be needed to draw students to books. Whereas a textbook, even a well-written one, may fail to hold a student's attention or stimulate him to attempt further reading, an exciting and informative novel may produce the desired response. Students can learn to appreciate the practical application of traditional geographic writing and instruction through the instructor's careful integration of course themes with the pseudo-real-life plots of fiction or the true-life situations recounted in biographical works or travel accounts.


Observations of the two M-dwarf are stars (AD Leonis and EV Lacertae), which were carried out with the radio telescope UTR-2 (Kharkiv, Ukraine) in the range of 16.5 − 33MHz, are presented. 167 events of radio emission from ADLeo and 73 events from EVLac were detected in the period of 201


Objectives: Electronic health records enable automated data capture for risk models but may introduce bias. We present the Philips Critical Care Outcome Prediction Model (CCOPM) focused on addressing model features sensitive to data drift to improve benchmarking ICUs on mortality performance. Design: Retrospective, multicenter study of ICU patients randomized in 3:2 fashion into development and validation cohorts. Generalized additive models (GAM) with features designed to mitigate biases introduced from documentation of admission diagnosis, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and extreme vital signs were developed using clinical features representing the first 24 hours of ICU admission. Setting: eICU Research Institute database derived from ICUs participating in the Philips eICU telecritical care program. Patients: A total of 572,985 adult ICU stays discharged from the hospital between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018, were included, yielding 509,586 stays in the final cohort; 305,590 and 203,996 in development and validation cohorts, respectively. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Model discrimination was compared against Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IVa/IVb models on the validation cohort using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. Calibration assessed by actual/predicted ratios, calibration-in-the-large statistics, and visual analysis. Performance metrics were further stratified by subgroups of admission diagnosis and ICU characteristics. Historic data from two health systems with abrupt changes in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) documentation were assessed in the year prior to and after data shift. CCOPM outperformed APACHE IVa/IVb for ICU mortality (AUROC, 0.925 vs 0.88) and hospital mortality (AUROC, 0.90 vs 0.86). Better calibration performance was also attained among subgroups of different admission diagnoses, ICU types, and over unique ICU-years. The CCOPM provided more stable predictions compared with APACHE IVa within an external cohort of greater than 120,000 patients from two health systems with known changes in GCS documentation. Conclusions: These mortality risk models demonstrated excellent performance compared with APACHE while appearing to mitigate bias introduced through major shifts in GCS documentation at two large health systems. This provides evidence to support using automated capture rather than trained personnel for capture of GCS data used in benchmarking ICUs on mortality performance.


perature range of 77 to 700°K. It was found that grain size primarily influences the athermal component of the flow stress, the thermal component being independent of grain size and the same as that of unalloyed titanium of the same interstitial solute content. The deformation kinetics obey an Arrhenius-type rate equation with a Gibbs free energy of activation at σ*=0 and 0°K equal to~1.4eV(~0.2μ0b3). It was concluded the thermal activation parameters for the plastic deformation of the alloy are the same as those of unalloyed titanium and the rate controlling mechanism is the thermally activated overcoming of interstitial solute atoms by moving dislocations.


Uniform quality drying throughout the drying chamber of a dryer is important for a quality oriented drying process. The final quality of dried products significantly depends upon the drying temperature. A batch type food dryer was developed for spatial drying uniformity. ANSYS-fluent was used to analyse the temperature distribution in the dryer. In order to assess the effect of drying temperature homogeneity on colour and shrinkage of potato slices, these parameters were measured for 6 mm thick slices dried at 60° C. The colour parameters were quantified in CIELAB colour space system. The shrinkage of 20 mm roundslices was measured by analysing their captured images using image analysis software (Image J). The rate of colour change was found uniform at all sections of the drying chamber with high value of R2 (0.99). The kinetics of colour change showed that changes in values of L*and b* fitted well to the first-order kinetic model while values of a* and ∆E followed zero order kinetic model for all sections of the drying chamber. The rate of shrinkage was found to be uniform with an average area reduction of 43% for all sections of the drying chamber. These results show that drying temperature is important for product quality, therefore uniform distribution of drying temperature is important to get spatial uniform quality of dried product. The study is of immense benefits to the researchers involved in control of quality attributes problems especially in medium scale batch food dryers.


The present invention, the solids content of the slurry suspension being processed in a bath, filtered through a washing or other purposes, then reslurry, dissolve, or practicing the dispersing operation, the bath a slurry suspension to provide a method for efficiently filtered in the tank including the vicinity of the nozzle flange. After separation of the solids content of the slurry suspension, a solvent was added and the slurry solids again reduction in dissolved or dispersed method for the same as that performed an operation to obtain the slurry suspensions inside the flanges directly in and / or on the same tank vessel, characterized in that separation of the solids is carried out, the suspension method of solution or dispersion.


According to the experimental analysis, this work found out the defect of the formula for similarity measure between current Vague values, and redefined the similarity measure between Vague values. Therefore, a new formula subject to the new definition was put forward according to data mining and uncertainty of Vague value.


Perovskite manganites, which have the the general formula R1-xAxMnO3 (R = La, Pr, or Nd and A = Ca, Sr, Ba, or Pb), have generated much recent interest because they exhibit "colossal magnetoresistance" (CMR), i.e. a small change in an applied magnetic field dramatically changes the electrical resistance of the material. Materials that exhibit this effect are being developed for various field-sensing applications but currently, the mechanism by which CMR occurs is not known. Conduction in these materials is explained by the "double exchange" mechanism, where the conductivity is attributed to electrons hopping back and forth between neighboring manganes ions. Such hopping is a maximum when the magnetic moments of the magnese ions are aligned parallel and a minimum when they are aligned antiparallel. In short, these materials show metallic conductivity when they are ferromagnetic and insulating behavior when they are antiferromagnetic. Moreover, they change from metallic to insulating behavior as a function of temperature.


We have explored the two combinations of tristate antiferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon, and thresholdless antiferroelectric (or V-shaped) liquid crystal on silicon. The primary aim of our work has been to characterise the suitability of such materials for use on reflective silicon backplanes and to design and evaluate an AFLCoS microdisplay.


Background and purpose:  First‐line immunomodulatory treatment with interferon‐beta or glatiramer acetate is accepted as effective basic therapy in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). However, a considerable portion of patients does not benefit from treatment.


This paper presents a high-efficiency bow-tie antenna for ambient RF energy harvesting at the 2.4 GHz band. Moreover, a rectifier circuit that converts the AC into DC is proposed. The antenna is fed via a CPW transmission line where a quarter wavelength transformer is inserted to match the slot bow-tie with the 50-ohm transmission line. The structure is simulated using CST software, and results are validated using HFSS. The antenna's directivity, efficiency, and bandwidth are 6.63 dBi, 89.9 %, and 0.946 GHz respectively, as simulated using CST. The antenna is fabricated on a single-layer printed circuit board, and the reflection coefficient of the antenna is measured, demonstrating excellent agreement with simulations. Through meticulous impedance matching with the rectifying circuit, the RF energy harvesting system does not require a matching impedance network.


in interstate or foreign commerce, and which the State is without power to tax, by reason of constitutional provisions. Receipts from sales and services include charges for the ordinary services, such as sales of gas, electricity, steam, water, refrigeration, telephony, telegraphy and transportation, and also receipts from sales of merchandise which are part of stock in trade of the utility. The entire receipts from such sales or services are taxable without any deduction regardless of the cost of the property, cost of materials, or any other expenses. In addition, such utilities must also include in their gross income, profits from the sale of securities, profits from the sale of real property, profits from the sale of personal property (other than that included in merchandise inventory referred to above) as well as profits from any transaction within this State. Receipts from interest, dividends and royalties from sources within New York State are also taxable. Utilities in the second class, i. e., resellers of utility services are taxable on * gross operating income ' only, which is defined as including receipts from sales of gas, electricity, steam, water, refrigeration, telephony or telegraphy. Similar to true public utilities, entire receipts from such sales, without any deduction on account of the case of the property, cost or materials, or any other expenses, are taxable. Profits made by such utilities from the sale of securities, personal property, real property and other transactions, as well as receipts from interest, dividends and royalties are not subject to tax. To avoid duplication, the law provides that receipts from sales made or services rendered are taxable only if they are made for ultimate consumption or use. This means that if an electric company sells electricity to an apartment house, which, in turn, resells it to its tenants, the apartment house pays the tax on its receipts from sales made to the tenants, since sales to tenants are for ultimate consumption or use, while the electric company d es not pay the tax on its receipts from the sale to the apartment house of the quantity resold to the tenants. In the same way, sales for resale of gas, steam, water and refrigeration are not taxable. The tax imposed is charged against and paid by the utility and cannot be added as a separate item to bills rendered by the utility to customers or others but constitutes a part of the operating cost of the utility. Monthly returns and payments of tax are required to be made. Penalties are provided in the case of failure to file returns or pay the tax. In addition to providing for a State tax at the rate of two per cent, the statute authorizes any city of the State to enact a local law imposing a similar tax at the rate of one per cent for the period from July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938. The State Tax Commission of the State of New York prepared a model local law for use by the cities exercising the authority. Approximately forty-seven cities, including all the larger municipalities, have enacted local laws imposing the tax within their jurisdiction. The model local law was adopted in the majority of instances. Where the Welfare Department is not directly under a city, but a unit of the county government, a municipality cannot impose the one per cent utility tax. Provisions of the local laws conform, in general, to those of the State law, but they have application within the territorial limits of the city only. Local utility tax laws are administered by the chief fiscal city officers. Revenues derived from the local taxes are required to be used solely and exclusively for the purposes of emergency relief." Again this great state comes through with a new variety of tax


Fragility fractures (FF) are fractures that result from mechanical forces that would not ordinarily result in fracture, known as low-level (or 'low energy') trauma.1 Studies have shown that history of wrist fracture increases the risk for subsequent FF.2To assess predictive factors of FF occurring after a wrist fracture.Retrospective monocentric study that included patients with a wrist FF observed at the emergency department (ED) in a tertiary center, between 1st January 2017 and 31st December 2018. Wrist fractures were identified through the 10th International Classification of Diseases and FF were identified after revision of the clinical record. Patients with relevant missing data were excluded. Seven hundred thirty-three wrist FF were identified. After calculating a representative sample (90% confidence interval), 188 patients were included. Their clinical records until 31th December 2020 (2 to 3 years after FF) were reviewed. SPSS was used for statistical analysis and significance level was defined as 2-sided p<0.05. In multivariate analysis we included variables with a significant association in univariate analysis and those with clinical relevance (reported in others studies).Wrist fractures represented 44.3% of the FF observed at the ED.Most patients were woman (83.5%) with a mean age of 70.7 (SD=11.2) years-old at the time of their wrist fracture. A previous FF was seen in 22.9% of patients and 13.3% had a new FF during the follow-up period.We found an association between the occurrence of a new FF and the number of comorbidities (p=0.012), number of visits to the ED due to falls (p<0.001), previous diagnosis of chronic pulmonary disease (p=0.029) and hematologic pathologies (p=0.047), and the need for hospitalization at time of the wrist FF (p=0.018).No associations were found between the age at the wrist fracture time, number of drugs taken daily nor its type (anxiolytics, antiepileptics, corticoids), previous fractures (and localization), overweight/obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors, endocrinopathies, psychiatric or neurologic disease or other comorbidities.After adjustment for age, gender, anti-osteoporotic treatment and comorbidities, the main predictors of a new FF were visits to the ED for falls (p=0.005), chronic pulmonary disease (p=0.040), hematologic pathologies (p=0.004) and need for hospitalization (p=0.040) (table 1).Table 1.Multivariate analyses: linear multiple regression for predictive factors of new fragility fracture.DeterminantsUnstandardized CoefficientsBStandardized Coefficients Beta95.0% CIp-valueAge-0.0250.9750.924 – 1.030NSGender2.0657.8890.757 – 82.165NSNumber of comorbidities0.1861.2040.846 – 1.713NSVisits to the emergency service for falls-2.1360.1180.026 – 0.5290.005Chronic pulmonary disease-1.3260.2660.075 – 0.9400.040Hematologic pathologies-4.2960.0140.001 – 0.2550.004Need for hospitalization-2.7640.0630.004 – 0.8870.040Anti-osteoporotic treatment0.1571.1700.227 – 6.017NSCI: Confidence Interval; NS: non-significant;Certain comorbidities seem to be associated with new FF. Patients with visits to the emergency service after falls and those who needed hospitalization due to the wrist fracture were more prone to have a new FF. There might be a substantial missed opportunity for intervention in these patients.[1]Osteoporosis: assessing the risk of fragility fracture. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK); 2017 Feb. PMID: 32186835.[2]Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Cauley JA, Andrews CA, Curtis JR, Wactawski-Wende J, Wright NC, Li W, LeBoff MS. Wrist Fracture and Risk of Subsequent Fracture: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Study. Journal of bone and mineral research: the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2015;30(11):2086–2095. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2559.None declared


Natural Language Interface to Database (NLITDB) system is an interface to a database where an user submits his/her request to retrieve some information from a database in natural language like English. A NLITDB system accepts questions in natural language and generates results. Generally, users have to learn a Query Language such as Structured Query Language (SQL) to formulate a query and to retrieve information from a database. Learning a Query Language such as Structured Query Language (SQL) is difficult for many non-technical database users. A solution for this problem is to make use of NLITDB to retrieve information from database. Nowadays, the importance of NLITDB system is gained because of the increasing interaction of non-technical users with databases. Many NLITDB systems were developed since 1960's. Each NLITDB system used an architecture to process the natural language question submitted by the user. In this paper, We classify and review the existing NLITDB systems based on the architectures adopted by them. However, the outcomes of this classification are dedicated to the researchers in NILITDB systems to know which architectures were used more in the development of NLITDB systems. KeywordsDatabases, Natural Language Interface to Database (NLITDB), Architecture, Structured Query language (SQL). S.AQUTER BABU Asst. Professor Dept. of Computer Science Dravidian University Kuppam, India firstname.lastname@example.com D. MABUNI Asst. Professor Dept. of Computer Science Dravidian University Kuppam, India email@example.com Prof. C. LOKANATHA REDDY Professor Dept. of Computer Science Dravidian University Kuppam, India S.AQUTER BABU, D. MABUNI, Prof. C. LOKANATHA REDDY, The International Journal of Computer Science & Applications (TIJCSA) ISSN – 2278-1080, Vol. 1 No. 11 January 2013 © 2012, http://www.journalofcomputerscience.com TIJCSA All Rights Reserved 52


This contribution deals with the investigation of the bovine collagen flow in the rectangular slit. The slightly compressible collagen liquid (9.5% mass fraction of native bovine collagen in water) was extruded by capillary rheometer of given geometry. A piston pushed the collagen sample from a container to the rectangular capillary. The extrusion rheometer is equipped by pressure sensors mounted at wall of capillary and manually adjusted hydraulic drive enables continuous variation of the piston velocity. The pressure profiles are measured in five places along the capillary simultaneously with increasing shear rate within the range from 1500 to 5000 s−1. It is possible to identify non-elastic shear flow characteristic and the compressibility of collagen matter.


The phase behavior of organically passivated 20−75 A diameter Ag and Au nanocrystals is investigated by examining surface−area isotherms of Langmuir monolayers and transmission electron micrographs of Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films. The effects of temperature, organic passivant chain length, and nanocrystal size and composition are studied. Three distinct types of phase behavior are observed and may be classified in terms of the extra (conical) volume (Ve) available to the alkyl capping group as it extends from a nearly spherical metal core. For Ve > 350 A3, the phase diagram is dominated by extended, low-dimensional structures that, at high pressures, compress into a two-dimensional foamlike phase. This behavior is rationalized as originating from the interpenetration of the ligand shells of adjacent particles. For Ve Ve > 150 A3, the particles condense to form closest packed structures, which, for suffici...


We read with interest the recent paper by Ball et al. (1). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an important topic; we commend the authors for analyzing the largest cohort with resting obstructive HCM. However, we question some key points. First, significant differences exist between the conservative group (CG) and the invasive group (IG). The CG was older (CG age 57 16 years vs. IG age 47 15 years; p 0.0001), had more women (50% vs. 40%, respectively; p 0.0006), and had a higher burden of major comorbidities than the IG (18.3% vs. 8.4%, respectively; p 0.0002). Although age and sex were covariates in the multivariable analysis (MVA), the interaction of age and sex was not evaluated. Therefore, it cannot be determined whether the difference in follow-up year survival results from differences in age, sex, or a combination thereof. Moreover, for unspecified reasons, the MVA dichotomized age at 50 years. Based on the age distributions, it appears that age older than 50 years and treatment classification will be correlated, as approximately 70% of the CG was older than 50 years. Conversely, disease burden was not included in the MVA. In a group with a higher burden of diseases that shorten survival, shorter survival is expected. With 81 deaths (or equivalents of death) observed, the MVA could have, by convention, included up to 8 explanatory variables. The disease burden should have been accounted for in the MVA because disease burden could greatly affect the survival results. Because of the group differences and the time-varying covariate of follow-up years in the MVA, the use of Kaplan-Meier analysis is inappropriate, even as a secondary analysis. We recommend using plot-predicted values based on multivariable models. Additionally, when using Kaplan-Meier to analyze death for any reason, as opposed to death due to HCM, it is more appropriate to analyze overall survival as a function of age and not follow-up years. The Kaplan-Meier analysis suggests that survival length was approximately 5 years less in the CG. The authors' conclusion and the overarching premise of the paper are that "patients treated invasively have an overall survival advantage compared with conservatively treated patients." If age is considered, as opposed to follow-up years, the authors' conclusion may not be valid; Table 1 and Figure 1 in the paper by Ball et al. (1) indicate that, on average, the CG actually lived to an older age (approximately 5 years older than the IG). Although the authors' findings do demonstrate that younger patients with resting obstructive HCM in this cohort study lived longer during follow-up, their other conclusions are in question. The results of the MVA, details on the methods used to select the variables in the model, and lack of appropriate disease severity accounting lead to weaknesses too significant to overlook. As a result, we are not convinced that, based on the results at hand, there is any scientific evidence that invasive therapy in the setting of resting obstructive HCM is associated with any benefit.


Abstract A scheme using the concepts of serial and parallel resistors has been introduced to describe the bent-Arrhenius temperature dependence of electrical conductivities for amorphous systems such as polymer electrolytes and granular metal conduc-tors. It was found that the ionic transport in the former may be characterized by holes jumping in the direction opposite to ionic motion and the electronic current in the latter is featured by the multiple hopping passages. If each jumping step is considered as a micro resistor obeying Arrhenius temperature dependence exp (–E/T), the overall resistance of jumping holes is evaluated by adding the micro resistors in series to generate convex-bent Arrhenius curves such as given by exp [–Q/(T- To)], while the conductance of hopping electrons may be calculated by the micro resistors in parallel to produce concave-bent Arrhenius curves such as exp(-Q/T1/2).


This paper proposes an "Information Orchestration System" that enables the closing of the information retrieval capability gap. In this proposed system, users can automatically pull up relevant information one after another just by tapping the desired information listed on screen devices. Users can also simultaneously distribute relevant information to different screen devices around users by tapping or motion operation. In this way, this proposed system realizes information orchestration in a way just like conducting a symphony orchestra.


Research purposes:With the rapid construction of the Kunming metro,the shield construction begins to the sectional tunnel.How to make the lectotype of the main shield system to reduce the impact of the shield construction on the environment under the complicated hydrological condition of the sedimentary deposit of the Dianchi Lake and the special construction conditions is an urgent problem to be solved.According to the situation of shield excavation and based on the experience of the shield construction of the metro in other cities,this paper analyzes and discusses the tectotype of the main shield system to be used under the special geological conditions of the Kunming metro. Research conclusions:The adaptabilities of the lectotype designs of the main shield system to the construction condition,such as physical structure,cutter head,drilling and excavation of shield machine,should be ensured to reduce the excavation risk except the necessary measures should be taken.


3la,r-Plancl,-lnslihtt ]iir l'bysi],"-(;dllingen, In the last few years the theory of hyperons and heavy ll.esons made a great progress and it became clear that the invarianee of the theory against rotalions in isotopic space plays a, important r61e. In this p~per we wmlld like to discuss a new invarianee principle upon which many properties of leptons can be explained. According to the well-known classification of interactions, all interactions ale divided into three classes: (a) charge independent interactions, (b) eleetrolnagnetie interactions, and (c) weak interactions. Since leptons have no interactions of the type (a), let us first study if there is any invarianee property in the electromagnetic interaction of leptons. We start with stating the following theorem: Theorem I. The t'ollowin~" two sets, of field equations (1) and (2) lead ~o the same N lnatrix: (1) (Proof.) It, is ('le~u' |hat the set (1) is transformed into (2) undeJ l!w ~rans. formation


Islet cell cultures obtained from the pancreas of human embryos were transplanted to the spleen pulp of rats with alloxan diabetes mellitus. During 1-2 weeks after transplantation, 6 of the 8 recipients manifested a decrease in glycemia to normal or almost normal. The antidiabetic effect of xenotransplantation of islet cell cultures was well preserved throughout the entire observation period (up to 4 months). Two recipient rats with stable normoglycemia were subjected to splenectomy. One week after operation the animals manifested the recurrent grave diabetic status. Histological study of the removed spleen has shown the red pulp to contain the accumulations of implanted islet cells.


In most hearing-aid fittings, amplification is prescribed by a fitting rationale that uses the audiogram as the main input. This approach may fail in situations where the user's listening intention deviates from that assumed by the rationale. This shortcoming motivated a new commercially available method to self-adjust hearing-aid parameters while in a specific situation. The method is based on machine-learning algorithms that estimate the setting that optimizes user satisfaction based on user preferences in paired comparisons of parameter settings. We present results from a lab study where 20 participants with hearing loss used the method to adjust hearing-aid gain in 12 different sound scenarios with respect to three different sound attributes, and subsequently, in a double-blind assessment, compared the adjusted settings with the prescribed settings. The results showed a benefit of the method on basic audio quality. A large spread in the gain adjustments was observed, suggesting the need for more personalized settings of hearing aids. We also present anonymous user data gathered during real-life use of the method, which indicate when and why the method is used. We compare these data to general investigations of listeners' auditory reality and suggest clinical and rehabilitative implications of using the method.


This paper introduces kinematics positive reverse solution for the 5 degree-of-freedom serial-link robot based on ADAMS.A kind of effective structure method of drive function for the reverse solution of the simulation DOF serial-link robot is given.Using the functions of ADAMS such as motion simulation,function,function,measure and PostProcessor,this paper introduces the results of kinematics positive reverses solution simulation of the 5-DOF robot.It provides a reference basis for the robot's motion control and optimization design.


Tenochtitlan. At the back of the volume are 15 photographic plates of important Aztec sculptured objects. Footnotes and bibliography are completely lacking and this will be a handicap for the beginning student who would like to use this book for an introduction to further reading on Aztec religion. There was good reason to exclude them, perhaps,, for the adequate documentation of any statement on Aztec religion must be terribly complex and this would have made the book something other than a simple and interesting account of the subject.


Firstly the complexity,discreteness,randomicity and subsequentness of military electronic information system were anylysed.Then the integrated modeling method of military electronic information system with combination of UML and OCPN was put forward in detail through the comparison between formal and informal modeling method.At last,an example of air defense electronic information system was given.The analysis and verification showed that this paper provided a good modeling method which overcame the limitation of single modeling technique for military electronic information system.


Markers such as QR-codes is increasingly employed in information and entertainment media due to its ability to link the physical and virtual world offering new communication alternatives and interaction experience. Most types of markers are matrix forms which do not offer visual meaning - they are non-expressive limiting inference to the embedded content. d-touch overcame this issue by allowing users to design their own markers and control the aesthetic expression. However, to do this, a set of rules subscribing to the algorithm needs to be followed. We set to observe if children could grasp the rules through written instructions. We report a user study which demonstrate iterative attempts from children demonstrating that reliance on written instructions can be a frustrating process.


The Zaporizhzhia oblast was created on 10 January 1939 as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. As is generally known territories of this province were previously belonged to the Golden Horde and from 1554 year to the Crimean Khanate. From the XV to the XVII century northern part of Zaporozhzhia was the Zaporozhian Sich. The presence of the Bulgarian minority living today on the territory of the Zaporizhzhia oblast dates back to the second half of the XIX century. In the years 1861–1862 the Bessarabian Bulgarians established in these areas 34 villages and the Bulgarians from Vidin established 2. There were established 36 Bulgarian villages, now remained 30. After 1990 the Bulgarian cultural societies were created, there are Bulgarian language courses on various levels, the Bulgarian-language press, the folk groups. Bulgaria educates in its universities Ukrainian students of Bulgarian origin, as well as delegates teachers of Bulgarian language to work here. Leaders of the Bulgarian associations are visible in the region and actively participate in the promotion of their own culture .


Intense terahetz (THz) pulses induce a photoluminescence (PL) flash from undoped high-quality GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells under continuous wave laser excitation. The number of excitons increases 10000-fold from that of the steady state under only laser excitation. The THz electric field dependence and the relaxation dynamics of the PL flash intensity suggest that the strong electric field of the THz pulse ionizes impurity states during the one-picosecond period of the THz pulse and release carriers from a giant reservoir containing impurity states in the AlGaAs layers.


The topological index is a numerical quantity based on the characteristics of various invariants or molecular graph. For ease of discussion, these indices are classified according to their logical derivation from topological invariants rather than their temporal development. Degree based topological indices depends upon the degree of vertices. This paper computes degree based topological indices of Bismuth Tri-Iodide chains and sheets with the help of M-polynomial.


Betok fish is very popular with the people because of the delicious and tasty taste of the meat, therefore this type of fish is quite potential for cultivation. (Muslim 2008) in (Anggara et al 2013). Most people who cultivate betok fish (A.testudineus, Bloch) do not understand their character or behavior, so that many farmers experience complaints in maintenance, especially in their growth and survival. As an alternative to the maintenance of Betok fish (A. testudineus, Bloch), the growth rates and viability of the Betok (A. testudineus, Bloch) fry were reared in a container using a shellter. The research design used was an environmental design RAL (completely randomized design) consisting of 4 (four) treatments and 3 (three) replications. The treatments were as follows: Treatment A: Betok fish seeds (A. testudineus, Bloch) without treatment (control), Treatment B: Betok fish seeds (A. testudineus, Bloch) were given a bamboo shellter ,, Treatment C; Betok fish (A. testudineusBloch) was given a coconut shell shellter, Treatment D: Betok fish (A.testudineusBloch) was given a paralon shellter. The results showed that betok (A. tetstudineus, Bloch) seeds were maintained using a shelter (Treatment C and B) resulted in better survival rates (99.35% & 98.07%) than treatments A and D (96.15% & 96.79%).


In this project, the cliched 'student-centred' versus 'teacher-centred' dichotomy has been reconceptualized in terms of the distribution of responsibility for knowledge generation in the classroom and applied in the analysis of 'well-taught' mathematics classrooms in Melbourne, Hong Kong, San Diego and Shanghai. This analytical approach enabled the practices of competent teachers in two 'Asian' and two 'Western' settings to be compared in a more meaningful and insightful fashion than previously possible. This analysis was able to distinguish one classroom from another on the basis of the process whereby mathematical ideas are introduced into classroom discussion and subsequently revoiced and accorded authority. In particular, the methodology and analytical technique employed provided the opportunity to track the movement of mathematical ideas in either direction across the public/personal interface. Critical similarities and differences were identified between and within the classroom practices documented in each country with respect to the distribution of responsibility for knowledge generation.


The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique is considered by many researchers as a very attractive approach for immunosensor development. By proper chemical modification of the gold surface, this technique avoids the use of a tracer material, such as a radioisotope, fluorophore, or enzyme, to identify the specific analyte, thus allowing kinetic analysis of biointeracting systems. However, the technique has found limited applications for the direct assay of complex biological samples due to the variable degree of non-specific binding that may occur along with the primary antigen-antibody reaction. This work describes a possible approach for the development of a new class of SPR based assays where non-specific binding effects could be minimized. The principle relies on selective UV inactivation of a gold surface coated with either antibody or antigen molecules. It is shown that under proper conditions it is possible to synthesize a surface with a pre-defined 2D variation of immunoactivity. Following exposure to a positive sample, image contrast under SPR illumination of the immunoactivated surface would be indicative of a positive reaction. The degree of SPR image contrast can be quantified and is a measure of the analyte concentration in solution. The approach minimizes non-specific binding effects, and the principle can be extended for the development of immunoassays for large scale testing of complex biological samples.


Knowledge of the types of diseases and their clinical presentations would be the basis for making correct diagnosis and selecting treatment modalities. The malignant lesions in the pancreatic head were more common than the benign lesions, so the delay of diagnosis would leave the patients in a serious situation of losing the possibility of cure. For the reason that the incidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis of tumor cells results from pre-operative traumatic biopsy, the intra-operative puncture biopsy would hold advantages. Even if no accurate diagnosis achieved, on the premise of extensively communicating with patients and families, actively removing the lesions through different procedures should be a trend of the managements for this kind of diseases in the future. Although the masses in the pancreatic head originate from various etiology, in the clinical practice we should employ the diagnostic and management modalities for the common diseases with comprehensive judgment and correct disposal.


ABSTRACT Transportation governance is an understudied topic, despite its potential to have significant influences on the quality of transit service, and integration of services across transit agencies. Past research has usually tackled this topic obliquely, or through studies focused on a single region or multiple regions in a single state. The present study builds on this foundation through the systemic analysis of data measuring jurisdictional fragmentation and cross-jurisdictional formal institutions facilitating ties across transit agency and local government jurisdictional boundaries (defined here as regionalization), for example, via state government involvement, multi-jurisdictional organizations, multi-jurisdictional funding, shared board memberships across agencies (conjunctions) and interagency agreements. The authors use comparative case study analysis to examine four highly fragmented metropolitan statistical areas, two with strong cross-jurisdictional institutions, and two where such institutions are comparatively weak, or nonexistent. The objective is to use a cohesive research strategy for measuring different cross-jurisdictional, regionalizing governance strategies with a single indexed measure, and trace narratively how differences in the indexed measure and the institutions it represents correspond to differences in transit system outcomes.


Mike Cattermole, consultant to Media Point and James Hutchinson, managing director of Ripon Racecourse, at the official launch of the course's new ...


Smart cell-phones include many advanced applications and services that allow their users to achieve various useful goals. However, many users face difficulties when upgrading their cell-phone devices to more advanced ones, partially because their applications include more complex patterns of use for achieving the users' goals. We present a conceptual framework that aims to help overcoming usage barrier by providing smart cell-phone users a personalized knowledge service. The framework is based on the utilization of task models and on the tracking and analyzing the usage of the applications included in the smart cell-phone, that enable to construct user stereotypes and suggest personalized help according to their usage patterns. It is assumed that the system monitors the usage patterns of the user, thus enabling dynamic update of his/her belonging to a stereotype. The user can override the suggestions and navigate independently in order to find the required knowledge. This paper describes a method to model smart cell-phone applications, a software tool that enables a modeler to create task models for such applications, and an algorithm for analyzing the usage of mobile phone applications.


This paper presents a very compact band-pass waveguide resonator using second resonance of complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). Analytical equations are used to calculate the resonance frequency of the CSRR. It has been predicted and verified experimentally that second resonance of the CSRRs has lower loss and larger bandwidth rather than first one.


Aimed at the problem of strong background interference introduced in digital image processing from complex surfaces under industrial defect detection, a method for complex surface defect detection based on human visual characteristics and feature extracting is proposed. Inspired by the visual attention mechanism, defect areas can be identified from the background noise conveniently by human eyes. We introduce the improved grayscale adjustment and frequency-tuned saliency algorithm combined with the salient region mask obtained by dilation and differential operation to eliminate the background noise and extract defect areas. Meanwhile the directional feature matching and merging algorithm is applied to enhance directional features and retain details of defects. Testing images are captured by our established detecting system. Experimental results show that our method can retain defect information completely and achieve considerable extracting efficiency and detecting accuracy.


Rating: Teen And Up Audiences Archive Warning: Choose Not To Use Archive Warnings Category: F/M Fandom: Once Upon a Time (TV) Relationship: Belle/Rumplestiltskin | Mr. Gold, Belle/Rumplestiltskin | Mr. Gold/Rumplestiltskin | Mr. Gold Character: Belle (Once Upon a Time), Rumplestiltskin | Mr. Gold, Evil Queen | Regina Mills, Emma Swan Stats: Published: 2015-12-20 Updated: 2016-01-25 Chapters: 11/? Words: 13324


In this paper we define $u_\infty$-quasisimilarity in order to unify
$t_\infty$-quasisimilarity and $n_\infty$-quasisimilarity and then
study the stability for solutions of linear dynamic equations on
time scales by using the concept of $u_\infty$-quasisimilarity and
dynamic inequality.


The title of this final report is " Analysis Of service Quality In jakarta pavilion Taman Mini Indonesia Indah". The background of this research is the decrease of service provide to tourist . Tourist destination should be able to give good service to the tourist. by giving good service, will creating satisfaction for tourist enjoying attraction and culture in the Jakarta pavilion Taman Mini Indonesia Indah The target of this research is to know about perception of tourist to the service quality of staff or guide in the pavilion Jakarta . Kinds of that are used are qualitative and quantitative, data source are primary data and secondary data, data collection by observation, deep interview, questionnaire and literary study. Technic of data analysis that is used descriptive qualitative and likert scale analysis. The result of the study is perception of tourist to the service quality of staff and guide in the Jakarta pavilion is netral which means is not good or not bad with average of all is 3,45 from 50 respondents. The suggestion that can be given to the management of pavilion Jakarta the effort to the quality of service to improve the staff and guides quality in Jakarta pavilion.


In this paper a low-noise low-power CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) using dynamic threshold voltage MOSFET (DTMOS) technique is presented. The OTA is designed and simulated using 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The performed simulation results show an input-referred noise of 520.2 nV/√Hz at 1 mHz so reduces to 115.8 pV/√Hz at 1 Hz, and a power consumption of 191.9 nW under 5 pF loads. The dc open loop gain is 53.13 dB, a phase margin of 50 o and a unity gain-bandwidth (UGB) of 572.9 kHz while operating at 0.8 V supply voltage. The proposed OTA is suitable for low noise and low-power application such as medical application


There are several methods to control the criminal search,and the procedural law control is one of them.The procedural law control is also a control mode,which not only has been adopted by many countries of the world but also has shown outstanding effect.This paper tries to examine the characters of some of the major developed countries or regions when they apply procedural law to rule criminal search from an international legal perspective,and also do a research of comparative law,with an aim that to reveal the jurisprudence which concealed in these countries or regions whey they use this control method.


We generalize the classical theory of periodic continued fractions (PCFs) over ${\mathbf Z}$ to rings ${\mathcal O}$ of $S$-integers in a number field. Let ${\mathcal B}=\{\beta, {\beta^*}\}$ be the multi-set of roots of a quadratic polynomial in ${\mathcal O}[x]$. We show that PCFs $P=[b_1,\ldots,b_N,\bar{a_1\ldots ,a_k}]$ of type $(N,k)$ potentially converging to a limit in ${\mathcal B}$ are given by ${\mathcal O}$-points on an affine variety $V:=V({\mathcal B})_{N,k}$ generically of dimension $N+k-2$. We give the equations of $V$ in terms of the continuant polynomials of Wallis and Euler. The integral points $V({\mathcal O})$ are related to writing matrices in $\textrm{SL}_2({\mathcal O})$ as products of elementary matrices. We give an algorithm to determine if a PCF converges and, if so, to compute its limit.
Our standard example generalizes the PCF $\sqrt{2}=[1,\bar{2}]$ to the ${\mathbf Z}_2$-extension of ${\mathbf Q}$: $F_n={\mathbf Q}(\alpha_n)$, $\alpha_{n}:=2\cos(2\pi/2^{n+2})$, with integers ${\mathcal O}_n={\mathbf Z}[\alpha_n]$. We want to find the PCFs of $\alpha_{n+1}$ over ${\mathcal O}_{n}$ of type $(N,k)$ by finding the ${\mathcal O}_{n}$-points on $V({\mathcal B}_{n+1})_{N,k}$ for ${\mathcal B}_{n+1}:=\{\alpha_{n+1}, -\alpha_{n+1}\}$. There are three types $(N,k)=(0,3), (1,2), (2,1)$ such that the associated PCF variety $V({\mathcal B})_{N,k}$ is a curve; we analyze these curves. For generic ${\mathcal B}$, Siegel's theorem implies that each of these three $V({\mathcal B})_{N,k}({\mathcal O})$ is finite. We find all the ${\mathcal O}_n$-points on these PCF curves $V({\mathcal B}_{n+1})_{N,k}$ for $n=0,1$. When $n=1$ we make extensive use of Skolem's $p$-adic method for $p=2$, including its application to Ljunggren's equation $x^2 + 1 =2y^4$.


SYSTEM FOR CENTRAL CONTROL 3.1 TWO GROUPS AND 3.2 OF RADIO EQUIPMENT AND TWO 4.1 4.2 GROUPS AND DEVICES RADIONAVIGATION MOUNTED ON BOARD AN AIRCRAFT WITH TWO FLIGHT MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTERS 1.1 1.2 EACH SUCH COMPUTERS MANAGEMENT MANAGER FLIGHT OPERATION OF RADIO NAVIGATION DEVICES ONE OF THE GROUP 4.1 AND 4.2. INVENTION THIS SYSTEM HAS TWO CONTROL SYSTEM 5.1 AND 5.2 dialoguing with each other, RESPECTIVELY WITH THOSE GROUPS AND 3.1 3.2 OF RADIO EQUIPMENT AND WITH EACH OF CALCULATING MEANS 16 17 MEANS FOR SELECTING RADIO EQUIPMENT, MEANS 18 SELECTION OF APPLIANCES RADIONAVIGATION, MEANS 19 FREQUENCY CONTROL SWITCHING AND MEANS 26, 27, 28. THESE TWO CONTROL DEVICES ARE SUITABLE FOR CONTROLLING RADIO COMMUNICATION DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH THE OTHER AND THE NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS ASSOCIATED UN DESD COMPUTERS ITS FLIGHT MANAGEMENT.


We analyze theoretically the electronic properties of Aharonov-Bohm rings made of graphene. We show that the combined effect of the ring confinement and applied magnetic flux offers a controllable way to lift the orbital degeneracy originating from the two valleys, even in the absence of intervalley scattering. The phenomenon has observable consequences on the persistent current circulating around the closed graphene ring, as well as on the ring conductance. We explicitly confirm this prediction analytically for a circular ring with a smooth boundary modeled by a space-dependent mass term in the Dirac equation. This model describes rings with zero or weak intervalley scattering so that the valley isospin is a good quantum number. The tunable breaking of the valley degeneracy by the flux allows for the controlled manipulation of valley isospins. We compare our analytical model to another type of ring with strong intervalley scattering. For the latter case, we study a ring of hexagonal form with lattice-terminated zigzag edges numerically. We find for the hexagonal ring that the orbital degeneracy can still be controlled via the flux, similar to the ring with the mass confinement.