With the recent concentration of urban populations, the constructions of large structures are increasing, along with the development of foundations for large structures. PHC Piles have been used in many structures ever since Japanese introduced the technology at the end of the 20th century. Recently, many studies on the use of the PHC Pile have been carried out as earth retaining using the merits of PHC piles. In this study, static axial compression tests were conducted on the PHC-W piles constructed as column-type in building underground additional wall using the PHC-W earth retaining wall. The end bearing capacity of pile was calculated using the axial load transfer measurement that was obtained from the static axial compression test result. Since end bearing capacity of the PHC-W pile embedded in weathered rock showed a different behaviour from the conventional PHC pile, the calculation method of end bearing capacity for column-type PHC-W piles would be proposed. The unit ultimate end bearing equation proposed for single and group PHC-W pile embedded in weathered rock is     and     .


Introduction: Geologically recent volcanism on Mars [1-4] can be well explained with mantle convection and plumes [5-7]. Most of these studies have assumed single layer convection in Martian mantle. However, a layered Martian mantle has been suggested in the model of magma ocean and mantle overturn [8]. The possible effects of such stratification on the early volcanism, magnetic dynamo, and thermal history of Mars were explored before [9-11]. We did preliminary exploration of the effect of a deep dense layer on mantle convection and magma production of Mars by fixing the core-mantle boundary temperature [12]. Here, we explore the effects of dense layer properties on mantle convection and magma production by fixing the layer interface temperature. Our focus is on the viscosity and radioactivity contrast between the two layers. Computational Approach: We use the spherical axi-symmetric version of CitCOM [13, 14] to simulate mantle convection on Mars. A particle ratio method [15] is used in the code to model thermochemical convection. The non-dimensional model domain (θ = 0-π/4, R = 1-2) is meshed with a 128×160 grid that has a typical mesh resolution of 13 km in the upper layer and 4 km in the lower layer. Each element is assigned with 16 particles to trace chemical composition. The upper and lower boundaries are constant in temperature. The side boundaries are thermally insulated. All four boundaries are free-slip. The mantle viscosity is temperature dependent, obeying the Arrhenius viscosity law [16]. The activation energy is 160 kJ/mole [5]. Half of the radioactive elements [17] are differentiated into the crust. The buoyancy number, B, is the ratio between the chemical density difference between the layers and the thermal buoyancy [18]. We assume B=1, corresponding to a density difference of about 200 kg m between the two layers. The actual density difference could be larger [8], but further increase in B does not modify the fluid dynamics [18]. The dimensional model parameters are the same as in [5]. An initial thermal perturbation is applied to generate a plume at the center of the model. The model has been run to reach a statistically steady-state for each model case. We use Katz's melt fraction calculation formula, in which melt fraction is a function of solidus, liquidus and the mantle temperature [19]. The Katz's dry solidus model coincides well with the experimental results of martian analog composition [20]. Magma production is calculated using the formalism of Kiefer [6]. In model parameters input and model results analysis, the core-mantle boundary temperature is set to dimensionalize the temperature fields. In our previous studies [12], we keep the core-mantle boundary temperature fixed among model cases. Since the upper layer behaves similar to a single layer convection when B>1 [21], we choose to fix the layer interface temperature here. This is accomplished through iteration. First, we give a try core-mantle boundary temperature. Second, we obtain a horizontally averaged interface temperature through model simulation. Third, we update the core-mantle boundary temperature to scale the layer interface temperature to be 1600 °C. These steps are iterated for 2-3 times to let the interface temperature be within 1600 °C ± 20°C among model cases. Results: The thickness of the dense layer is not well constrained and model dependent [22, 23], so we consider a range of bottom layer thickness (40-180 km). We also consider a range of convective vigor (thermal Rayleigh number of the upper layer defined using the volume average viscosity varies from 2.3×10 to 1.3×10), and viscosity and radioactivity contrast between the upper and lower layers. An example thermal field is shown in Figure 1. Model parameters for this example case are: thickness of the chemical layer is 180 km; the volume-averaged thermal Ra of the upper layer is 6.5×10; activation energy is 160 kJ/mole; half of the radioactivity is in the crust; and mantle viscosity and radioactivity are the same between the two layers.


List of tables List of illustrations Acknowledgements Note on abbreviations and conventions 1. Introduction 2. The 'Repartimiento' and the production of cochineal 3. The 'Repartimiento' and crown politics 4. Coerced or voluntary? Market participation of Indians 5. Informal credit institutions and cross-cultural trade 6. A risky business: credit and default in the dye trade 7. Indians and markets 8. Oaxaca to London: a balance sheet 9. Epilogue Appendixes Notes Bibliography Index.


A star cluster in a galactic nucleus sinks toward the galactic center because of dynamical friction. As it spirals inward, the cluster loses mass through stellar evolution, relaxation driven evaporation, and tidal stripping, eventually dissolving in the galactic tidal field. We model the in-spiral of dense young star clusters near the center of our Galaxy to study the extent of the region of parameter space in which the cluster can reach the inner parsec of the Galaxy within a few million years. Since we neglect changes in cluster structure due to internal evolution, the present study is most applicable to star clusters less than about one initial relaxation time old. We find that only star clusters with initial masses ≳105 M☉ can reach the Galactic center from an initial distance of ≳60 pc within one initial relaxation time or a few million years, whichever is smaller.


We present significant results in recent advances in the determination of neutron energy. Neutron energy measurements are a small but very significant part of radiological emergency response applications. Mission critical information can be obtained by analyzing the neutron energy given off from radioactive materials. In the case of searching for special nuclear materials, neutron energy information from an unknown source can be of paramount importance.


This research empirically investigates the pattern of employment change within the United States between 1940 and 1989 using an analysis of variance model to partition employment change into that accounted for by (1) national trends in employment, (2) place-independent, sector-specific restructuring of employment, (3) place-specific, sector-independent shifts of employment, and (4) local employment conditions. Because we are concerned with a national system of capitalism, we use regulation theory to inform our research. According to regulation theory, capitalism is marked by periodic shifts in the regime of accumulation, or periods of crisis, interspersed with periods of relative stability. Our expectation is that periods of economic crisis will be marked by high levels of sector-specific restructuring in employment, whereas spatial shifts in employment induced by diffusion and everyday competition among capitalists occur on a continuous basis. Results of the analysis indicate that, not surprisingly, significant restructuring in employment has taken place. In particular, there has been a continual increase in restructuring from the 1940s to the 1980s. A series of annual change models reveals that within this gradual increase, individual years in the 1940s and 1980s appear to play particularly important roles.


We propose that measures of wellbeing should assess not only the attainment of wellbeing, but also whether respondents have the necessary precursors for wellbeing. Using structural equation modeling, we present results from an ongoing effort to develop a measure that assesses wellbeing, its precursors, and its correlates. Running head: ASSESSING WELLBEING IN HIGHER EDUCATION 3 Assessing the Precursors and Attainment of Wellbeing in Higher Education The number of wellbeing measures for use in higher education settings is growing rapidly, as are theories about wellbeing content, assessment, and intervention. According to the Engine Model of Wellbeing1 (Jayawickreme, Forgeard, & Seligman, 2012), wellbeing attainment is dependent on the extent to which individuals have access to wellbeing precursors that cover a wide range of content, and include both resources outside the individual (e.g., money, social support) and resources within the individual (e.g., values, beliefs, knowledge, and social and behavioral skills). The benefit of measuring these wellbeing precursors is that end-users of the assessment will have more information with which to create targeted, evidence-based interventions to support wellbeing. Creating such a measure presents two psychometric challenges: (a) it is very large and is therefore prone to missing data, and (b) it requires full structural equation modeling rather than just factor analytic techniques. We start this paper by providing a brief conceptual review of the Engine Model of Well-being and its use in Wake Forest University's Wellbeing Assessment, a questionnaire designed to assess wellbeing in college undergraduate students. We then discuss our approach to evaluating the Wellbeing Assessment's reliability and validity before spending the bulk of the Methods and Results sections of this paper discussing our use of structural equation modeling as a method of establishing structural validity (using Messick, 1995). We conclude the paper with a summary of our structural validity evidence and next development steps for the Wellbeing Assessment. 1 Authors vary in their use of the terms well-being and wellbeing. We use the terms as they were used in the cited works. Running head: ASSESSING WELLBEING IN HIGHER EDUCATION 4 Introduction to Wake Forest University's Wellbeing Assessment Comparable measures The number of wellbeing measures for use in higher education settings is growing, as are theories about wellbeing content, assessment, and intervention. Reviewing those works is beyond the scope of this paper. To get a crude sense of the number of works in this field, we searched the online psychology research database PsycINFO for the term "well-being in college." That search returned 815 articles, the first of which was published in 1947. Of those 815 articles, 684 were published in the year 2000 or later. Our team is aware of five carefully researched wellbeing measures designed specifically for the higher education setting. One focuses solely on physical health (National College Health Assessment (NCHA), American College Health Association); one focuses solely on mental health (Healthy Minds Study (HMS), Healthy Minds Network); and three others cover multiple dimensions of wellbeing (Thriving Quotient (Schreiner); Gallup-Purdue Index (Gallup, 2014); The College Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (Renshaw & Bolognino, 2014)). Of these five measures, the three measures that cover multiple dimensions of wellbeing are closest in content to Wake Forest University's Wellbeing Assessment. However, all three of those models focus on the attainment of wellbeing across those multiple dimensions without an examination of what we would call precursors to wellbeing. In the next section, we discuss how we integrated wellbeing precursors into the Wellbeing Assessment. The Engine Model of Well-being Wake Forest University's Wellbeing Assessment was developed using the Engine Model of Wellbeing (Jayawickreme et al., 2012), which is a conceptual framework for wellbeing theories that advocates for the measurement of both wellbeing and its precursors. The potential precursors to wellbeing are broad in scope, and include both resources outside the individual (e.g., money, social Running head: ASSESSING WELLBEING IN HIGHER EDUCATION 5 support) as well as resources within the individual (e.g., values, beliefs, knowledge, and social and behavioral skills). In the Wellbeing Assessment, we have focused on precursors that we think university programming staff (i.e., staff who develop programs to support wellbeing or wellbeing correlates) will be able to address in some form or another. For instance, we have not asked questions about precursors that focus on students' home neighborhoods because university programming staff have no influence over home neighborhoods. However, we have asked questions about students' perceptions of campus resources and faculty and staff because those are resources that programming staff can directly alter, either by providing direct programming or by working with university policy-makers. We have also included items about students' relationships with their family and parents. Although university programming staff are unlikely to be able to address students' relationships with their parents, they can help students negotiate those relationships, and do on some occasions have the ability to interact directly with family. We hope that by including these precursors in a measure of wellbeing, end-users of the measure will have more information with which to develop targeted, evidence-based interventions. Stated differently, rather than trying to directly improve students' wellbeing, wellbeing might be more easily intervened upon if programming staff address the precursors to wellbeing. As an example, one of the dimensions in the Wellbeing Assessment is Meaning. Having meaning in life is a somewhat abstract concept, and programming staff without training in a clinical psychology approach that addresses meaning in life may not know how to improve meaning. The precursor items in the Meaning dimension include the presence of values-supporting people in the students' lives, opportunities to enact meaning, and self-awareness about meaning in life. In theory, these precursors are somewhat more concrete intervention targets than meaning in life, and interventions can be designed to improve these precursors. Potential examples include: helping students learn how to build conversations about Running head: ASSESSING WELLBEING IN HIGHER EDUCATION 6 meaning into their close relationships, encouraging university faculty or staff to acknowledge or support conversations about meaning in life, providing organized campus activities that are meaningful to students, and helping students learn how to continually maintain awareness of their values and meaning in life. Wake Forest University's Wellbeing Assessment The version of the Wellbeing Assessment that was used to generate the data analyzed in this study included the following 10 dimensions of wellbeing that we believe the higher education setting can and should support: Meaning, Purpose, Engagement in Activities, Positive Attitudes, Relationships (friendships and romantic relationships), Belonging, Identification with all Humanity, Standing up to Discriminatory Behavior, Volunteerism, and Intellectual Curiosity. Since these data were collected, we added an eleventh dimension: Commitment to Lifelong Service; we do not yet have data for that dimension. Of the original 10 dimensions, the methods described in this paper have been applied to all but the Relationships dimension. The Relationships dimension was not analyzed with the methods in this paper because it is being used to screen for a list of risky and healthy behaviors, and it does not include a set of items that measure the attainment of wellbeing in relationships. In keeping with the Engine Model of Well-being (Jayawickreme, et al., 2012), each wellbeing dimension is associated with a unique set of items that measures (a) the attainment of wellbeing in that dimension (called the outputs or output items) and (b) the precursors to wellbeing in that dimension. The output items are a small set of reflective indicators (Bollen & Bauldry, 2011) that are intended to measure distinct latent factor of wellbeing achievement in a given dimension. Most dimensions have between 3 and 4 output items. The precursors to wellbeing are measured with causal, single-item indicators (Bollen & Bauldry, 2011) that we treat as manifest variables. We had originally designed the dimensions to each have approximately six precursor items, but as we will see in the Results section, we are still working to identify viable precursor items for some of the dimensions. The Positive Attitudes Running head: ASSESSING WELLBEING IN HIGHER EDUCATION 7 dimension does not have any precursor items because it consists of a larger group of reflective items that measure multiple types of positive attitudes. In the Engine Model, precursors lead to the attainment of wellbeing. As such, in our statistical models the latent factor that is measured by the output items is regressed on the precursor items. The Meaning dimension items are presented in Table 1 as an example. The statistical modeling results presented later in this paper are based on this version of the items; these items were subsequently edited based on those statistical modeling results as well as results from cognitive process interviews. Table 1 Items from the Meaning dimension Precursors Intraand extrapersonal resources 1. School offers valued opportunities 2. Family supports meaningful activities 3. Able to talk to faculty/staff 4. Self-awareness of values 5. Family has influenced sense of meaning 6. Friends have influenced meaning Outputs Whether wellbeing has been achieved 7. Daily activities are meaningful 8. Life feels meaningful 9. Live life in a meaningful way Note: T


Objective To summarize the technique of Neuroform stent combined with Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) for wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. Methods Sixteen cases occluded by Neuroform stent combined with GDC were retrospectively analyzed. The ratio of the aneurysm neck/body was 0.5 to 1. Results Twelve aneurysms were completely occluded, and 4 incompletely (95%) occluded. Transient cerebral ischemia occurred in 1 case. Followed up of 7 cases ranged from 6 months to 1 year, with 1 case of recurrence. Conclusion Combining Neuroform stent with GDC for wide-necked intracranial aneurysm may prevent the herniation of GDC into the parent artery and improve the therapeutic effects.


A timely tome calls for more research on police killings and departmental training that emphasizes that "lives matter" On 19 August 2014, Michael Brown—an unarmed 18-year-old African American—was shot dead by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri. Together with subsequent police killings in other cities, Brown's death prompted demonstrations and civil unrest throughout the country and gave spark and fuel to what came to be known as the "Black Lives Matter" movement. Given these events, Franklin Zimring's When Police Kill, which offers the first thorough analysis of homicides committed by police in the United States, could not be timelier.


subparts of more general theoretical relationships. In both the Suez and Falkland cases, the importance of two-level games, bureaucratic politics, and transnational relations was part of the outcome, not part of the explanation. That observation suggests that both academics and policymakers might benefit by stressing theoretical approaches to policy choice and bargaining that are less tied to restrictive empirical assumptions than the ones reviewed by Richardson. For instance, since the key actors' preferences remained stable throughout these cases and the outcomes were clearly the result of variations in the compatibility of their preferences, relative power positions, and resolve, it would seem that Richardson's analysis is closer to a rational-choice, game-theoretic account of coalition building than it is to any of the approaches she reviews. Indeed, about the only change she would need to make in the theoretical structure of her argument—and it would be wise to make it whether or not she is comfortable with rational choice approaches—is in her treatment of power. In yet another example of one of the most perplexing mysteries in political science (how very smart and well-trained scholars can continue to ignore the insights of the social power literature), Richardson treats power as if it were an attribute of states and neglects to examine how it varies across different issues and actors. The suggestion that the United States had more power to manage alliance relations during the Suez than the Falklands crisis—in the 1950s the United States could "rely solely on the preponderance of its power to . . . prevail" (p. 1); "in 1956 the United States had unrivaled power" (p. 203)—struggles with the claim that Britain was capable of carrying out the Suez operation without U.S. help but needed it in the Falklands. Moreover, even the notion that the British had the power to prevail over Egypt does not seem to take into account their financial and energy vulnerability. As these cases demonstrate once again, the sources of power vary with the scope and domain of the influence attempt.


The objective of this review is to examine the reliability and measurement error of devices that measure transepidermal water loss (TEWL).


Active films coatings on porous silicon (PS) surface from semiconductors and dielectrics such as cadmium-mercury-telluride (CMT) narrow band semiconductors, oxide (Al2O3), chalcogenide materials (ZnS, CdTe), polymer and GaSe films were created. Possibility of optocouple creation for the wide spectral range (as light emitter and detector) from infrared to UV was considered. Photoluminescence, electroluminescence, photosensitivity of porous silicon (PS) were investigated. Light-emission and photosensitivity spectra such heterostructures in visible and infrared region were investigated. The principal properties of created grade-band heterostructure with monotonically increasing energy gap from 0.3-0.4 eV (CMT) to 2.8-3.0 eV (PS) showed the reaction of charge transferring on UV and visible light irradiation. The thermostimulated depolarization (TSD) spectra of PS in the range of temperatures 77-450 K were investigated.


Combining with the concept, characteristic and application of enterprise's safety evaluation, this paper describes the safety evaluation range and content, classification, step and function of construction enterprise, aims at introducing safety evaluation systematically to promote the level of safety management and try to offer some reference for safety management of similar construction project in the future.


Zamrzlova I., Doleželova D., Vacek O. (2015): Methodology of compositional assessment in the beech veg - etation zone and its application . Hort. Sci. (Prague), 42: 159-166. The visual impact of primary landscape is overwritten, historical references and spiritual ties to the current local popu - lation are losing. Rational planning and evaluation of the landscape must correspond to this situation. In the Czech Republic methodologies of landscape assessment (for its identification, typology) exist, but there is no finalizing mate - rial to specify procedures for creating landscape designs in accordance with a particular landscape type or vegetation zone. As a response, the new methodology of compositional preconditions assessment in the beech vegetation zone and the model etalon applying generally valid compositional principles on landscape designs were created. In a verification study the new methodology was applied in a specific micro region association - the Svidnik. For the worst evaluated units proposals according to the model etalon has been prepared to highlight the characteristics of the appropriate vegetation zone.


During the past decade, a rich literature emerged focusing on "psychological capital," a multidimensional concept encompassing self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience. So far psychological capital has been predominantly studied in the areas of work and organizational psychology, management, and organizational behavior. This paper argues that (1) the relevance of psychological capital is much broader than assumed so far and (2) that not only the outcomes but also the (social) origins and sources of psychological capital need to be studied. More specifically, the key questions that we address in this paper concern (1) how the notion of psychological capital can be integrated into a broader capital framework that allows studying (the reproduction of) social inequalities, (2) what such integration adds to disciplines such as psychology and sociology, (3) and which avenues for further research can be derived from such framework? Informed by the work of Pierre Bourdieu, we argue that psychological capital is the missing link to develop a comprehensive framework for studying (the reproduction of) social inequalities. Based on our theory building, we develop an interdisciplinary research agenda.


Informal irrigation is receiving increasing attention in West Africa. In particular, irrigated urban and peri‐urban agriculture (UPA) is thriving with significant benefits for farmers and the urban populations, though it is often handicapped by water pollution which threatens public health and prevents authorities from appreciating its advantages. To integrate UPA in sustainable urban development, a multi‐stakeholder (MS) process has been implemented since 2005 in a stepwise approach in six West African cities. Accra, Ghana, was the first Anglophone city where the MS process tried to facilitate strategic partnerships for an improved research‐policy dialogue. The process was supported by capacity building of local stakeholders, e.g. in participatory processes management, action planning and research, and monitoring and evaluation. These activities facilitated the official recognition of the role and benefits of UPA in Ghana in various ways. An internal lesson learnt was that there are many reasons why local partners might not give every project the expected priority and that related capacity‐building efforts might consequently not provide the expected incentive for partner commitment. Moreover, flexibility is required to link research, capacity building and policy dialogue through an MS process as its dynamic can vary from city to city and thus cannot follow set theoretical standards. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Some experiments were carried out to evaluate nifurprazine (HB-115) as a preventive agent for bacterial infectious diseases of fish. The results of those is as follows.1. Nifurprazine is highly active against fish pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas sp., Chondrococcus columnaris or Vibrio sp. isolated from marine organisms. It was found that the antibacterial activity of nifurprazine was twenty to three hundred times as high as nitrofurazone furazolidone, chloramphenicol or chlortetracycline. It inhibited the growth of those bacteria at the concentrations as low as 0.01 to 0.04mcg/ml.2. When eels were kept in the water containing nifurprazine at such a high level as 300 ppm for 30 minutes at 20°C, the treated eels did not show any toxic signs. 3. The results of experiments in which eels that had been previously infected with Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas sp. were treated by medicated bathing method with nifurprazine indicated that nifurprazine was highly effective in preventing eels from those bacterial infections. The preventive effect of nifurprazine is superior to those of the well known nitrofuran derivatives.


We would like to congratulate the authors for solving a complex, novel and stimulating problem of identification and estimation in a measurement error context. We also thank the Executive Editor for giving us the opportunity to discuss this work. Our main contribution to this discussion will be to try to develop the necessary insight into the methodology and its properties, with the aim of allowing other readers to better appreciate their highly original approach. We also raise a few points that the authors may wish to develop.


Rasayan chikitsa (Rejuvenation therapy) is a glorious part of ayurveda. It is beneficial to maintain the health and to treat the diseases. In ayurvedic classics plenty of rasayanas are explained for longevity as well as management of diseases. In present era the medical science has developed in various directions, newer technique, different diseases are being invented. The different researches have been conducted in the field of rasayan. So here an effort is made to review the classical knowledge and applicability of rasayan in healthy and diseased condition. Along with this the role of rasayan in succession of stem cell therapy, genome stability, tuberculosis, avoidance of hazards effect of radiation therapy in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, in social health etc. has been reviewed. In this way the different dimensions of rasayan has been reviewed in this article.


A different series of new polystyrene–clay nanocomposites have been prepared by grafting polymerization of styrene with vinyl-montmorillonite (MMT) clay. The synthesis was achieved through two steps. The first step is the modification of clay with the vinyl monomers, such as N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecyl-4-vinylbenzyl-ammonium chloride, n-octadecyl-4-vinylbenzyl-ammonium chloride, triphenyl-4-vinylbenzyl-phosphonium chloride, and tri-n-butyl-4-vinylbenzyl-phosphonium chloride. The second step is the polymerization of styrene with different ratios of vinyl-MMT clay. The materials produced were characterized by different physical and chemical methods: (1) IR spectra, confirming the intercalation of the vinyl-cation within the clay interlayers; (2) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), showing higher thermal stability for PS–nanocomposites than polystyrene (PS) and higher thermal stability of nanocomposites with of phosphonium moieties than nanocomposites with ammonium moieties; (3) swelling measurements in different organic solvents, showing that the swelling degree in hydrophobic solvents increases as the clay ratio decreases; (4) X-ray diffraction (XRD), illustrating that the nanocomposites were exfoliated at up to a 25 wt % of organoclay content; and (5) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a complete dispersion of PS into clay galleries. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed nanosize spherical particles of ∼ 150–400 nm appearing in the images. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3739–3750, 2007


The isotype specificity of Fc‐receptors for IgG (Fcγ‐Rs) on normal guinea pig splenic B and T cells was determined by a rosette assay using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with either homologous IgG1 or IgG2 anti‐sheep erythrocyte antibody [EA(IgG1) or EA(IgG2)]. Approximately 70% of the lymphocytes in the highly purified B‐cell fraction could form rosettes with EA(IgG2), and 55% of the cells with EA(IgG1). Inhibition experiments with soluble complexes of IgG1 or IgG2 antibody with ovalbumin demonstrated that approximately 20% of the EA(IgG2) rosette‐forming B cells bore the Fcγ‐R monospecific for IgG2, whereas 80% of the cells had two distinct Fcγ‐Rs simultaneously; one monospecific for IgG2 and the other bispecific for IgG1 and IgG2. The existence of a B cell bearing the Fcγ‐R monospecific for IgG1 was not definitively demonstrated in the B‐cell fraction. In the T cell‐enriched fraction, approximately 40% of the cells could form rosettes with EA(IgG2). The EA(IgG1)rosette‐forming cells, however, comprised only 6% of the total cells, indicating that most of the EA(IgG2) rosette‐forming T cells bear essentially the Fcγ‐R monspecific for IgG2 alone.


The cloud point is one of the characters for non-ionic surfactants and plays an important role in practical application.The cloud point of PAG was determined by a UV-VIS spectrometer equipped with a thermal cell.The results are more reliable,compared with the traditional method.


We consider the task of pixel-wise semantic segmentation given a small set of labeled training images. Among two of the most popular techniques to address this task are Decision Forests (DF) and Neural Networks (NN). In this work, we explore the relationship between two special forms of these techniques: stacked DFs (namely Auto-context) and deep Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNet). Our main contribution is to show that Auto-context can be mapped to a deep ConvNet with novel architecture, and thereby trained end-to-end. This mapping can be used as an initialization of a deep ConvNet, enabling training even in the face of very limited amounts of training data. We also demonstrate an approximate mapping back from the refined ConvNet to a second stacked DF, with improved performance over the original. We experimentally verify that these mappings outperform stacked DFs for two different applications in computer vision and biology: Kinect-based body part labeling from depth images, and somite segmentation in microscopy images of developing zebrafish. Finally, we revisit the core mapping from a Decision Tree (DT) to a NN, and show that it is also possible to map a fuzzy DT, with sigmoidal split decisions, to a NN. This addresses multiple limitations of the previous mapping, and yields new insights into the popular Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), and more recently proposed concatenated ReLU (CReLU), activation functions.


Statement of purpose: To study the biology of tendon – bone integration in human hamstring tendon autograft at the femoral tunnel interfaceMethods: A total of 70 patients undergoing revision anterior cruciate surgery for both traumatic and atraumatic injury were studied. All surgery was performed under the supervision of the senior author. At time of surgery tissue was taken from the residual graft and femoral tunnel. The demographics of the original surgery, mechanism of failure, patient characteristics were recorded. We have also recorded variables such as tunnel positioning, early rehabilitation, associated ligamentous laxity. Local ethical committee approval has been granted. The specimens were analysed for gross evidence of cell necrosis, macrophage and fibroblast ingrowth (H& E). Vascularity was quantified by multiple high powered field counting. The influence of makers of cell turnover and matrix degradation have been determined by cell staining for TIMP-1, -2 and –3 (Immunohistochemistry) and earl...


The level of agreement and the degree of linear correlation between nephelometer and photographic determinations of light extinction were examined from data obtained as part of the Eastern Fine Particle and Visibility Network (EFPVN). Information about the relative equivalence of the two methods was used (along with site-specific topographic features and meteorological factors affecting slide codes and visual range determinations) to assess the significance of various sources of inaccuracy affecting each method. For the EFPVN measurements, significant seasonal and inter-site variation were found in both the level of agreement between seasonal averages and the degree of correlation between short-term (hour to daily) nephelometer and photographic measurements. These differences are examined in terms of seasonal changes, intersite differences, and coding and treatment of photographic measurements for meteorological conditions.


With the massive application of Web services and streaming media, Web cluster deployment in a single physical area can no longer meet the network requirements. Currently, with a range of WAN Web cluster deployment, the delegation points can access the nearest Web cluster and reduce the average distance of data flow, thus reducing network latency. Therefore, it is particularly important for cluster load balancing to quickly obtain access node information and redirect Web clusters that need to be accessed by the nodes. At the same time, the power consumption of computers and the power consumption of multi-area deployment of Web clusters are huge, and more computer resources are wasted in the low-access period, so it is also essential to reduce the power consumption of the entire load balancing. In order to solve the above two problems, this paper proposes a web load balancing method which can reduce the energy consumption of the cluster and DNS collaboration. It provides information for accessing the nodes to the load balancing and uses the cosine distance to quickly locate the web clusters that the nodes need to access. Meanwhile, Cluster energy consumption strategy to reduce the energy consumption of the entire cluster.


The alteration between day and night, the succession of the seasons, and the observation of the celestial bodies and their movements in the sky introduced the notion of time. The first effort humans made to define time was to combine the notion of time and the movements of celestial bodies. We now know that we experience day and night because of Earth's rotation around itself and we experience seasons because of the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation as the Earth moves around the Sun in a year. However, the precise understanding of these phenomena came about through careful observations and gradual application of the scientific method across the world and over thousands of years. Astronomy has its roots in the work done by the Babylonian and Egyptian civilisations. Over a thousand years before the common era (BCE), the Babylonians already had extensive astronomical records, with good measurements of time and of the positions of the Moon, as well as stars and planets [1] in the sky (from which we inherit both our systems of angular and time measurement: the 360◦ circle and the time units of 24 hrs, 60 minutes, and 60 seconds).1 The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar based on the lunar phases which was used in Babylon and surrounding regions for administrative, commercial and ritualistic purposes. The Babylonian year consisted of twelve lunar months, each beginning on the evening (i.e. after sunset) of the first observed (or computed) lunar crescent after the astronomical new moon. The year began around the spring equinox and in order to keep the calendar in step with the seasons, an intercalary month was inserted at (semi-)regular intervals. At first the intercalary months were inserted at irregular intervals, based on the observed discrepancies between the calendar and the seasons, but after about 500 BCE a regular intercalation scheme consisting of seven intercalary months in a 19-year cycle was adopted. Just like Earth, the Moon rotates on its own axis and experiences daylight and dark cycles. The Moon's day and night cycles are a little longer than Earth's: the Moon spins on its axis once every 27.3 days. The Moon's period


A maintenance method for a discharging head, a maintenance device for the discharging head, a droplet discharging apparatus, a discharging head, and a computer program are provided to remove foreign material and influence of bubble from the discharging head by repeating operation of discharging droplet from a discharge unit in series. A maintenance method for a discharging head comprises: a step for continuously discharging droplet from one discharge unit or a plurality of discharge units which are not adjacent to each other; and a step for repeating operation in a predetermined direction to a previous discharge unit, one discharge unit which is adjacent to the previous discharge unit or a plurality of discharge units.


. Reading Skills courses for students in Higher Education, especially in the Indonesian Language Study Program at the University of Muhammadiyah Lampung are not easy to achieve in learning indicators. The measuring instrument used for the assessment is the manual assessment and it is not effective yet. The alternative to seeing the achievement of language learning outcomes is to use the right measuring instrument, namely the assessment instrument (assessment) of reading comprehension. This assessment is developed based on the concept / theory of reading comprehension. The objective of this study is: to develop an assessment instrument to measure students' reading comprehension skills for Indonesian Language Education students. The data collecting method is done through the Borg & Gall development method with five stages, 1) research and information collecting, 2) planning, 3) develop preliminary form of product, 4) preliminary field testing, and 5) final product. This research has limitations, namely the product in the form of an instrument as a new assessment tool until the validity test stage and the research can be developed again to be broader and more perfect.


Data from 42 rivers (including ones where dams have been built) that discharge into James, Hudson and Ungava Bays are analyzed in this study. The mean riverine input is of 23 mSv (or 714 km/yr) with peak discharge in mid-June and minimum discharge in mid-March. Linear trend analysis reveals a decrease in the discharge of 36 rivers (33 of which are not affected by dams) during the last 37 years. The decrease in the annual flow from 1964 to 2000 is of 96 km i.e. 13%. This is also associated with an advance (4 days) in the peak river discharge. The seasonal cycle in river discharge is correlated with changes in surface salinity observed at Station 27 on the Newfoundland shelf. Since the surface salinity at Station 27 has been increasing (over the same time period) the authors suggest that this may be related to the decrease in river runoff upstream in the HBS.


CO2 emission is an important parameter that indicates a country's development level and respect for nature. It's a well-known fact that a country's industrialization level and economic growth have a direct impact on CO2 emissions. We must prioritize the use of energy obtained from renewable sources and be mindful of our impact on the environment. This study analyses the industrial production index, economic growth, and the percentage of energy produced from renewable energy sources in energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Kazakhstan. The data are collected from the National Statistical Bureau of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Our World in Data, and the World Bank web pages. Research data were analyzed using the Johansen cointegration test, Vector Autoregressive (VAR) analysis, Granger causality analysis, and VECM model. In the study, we analyzed three key factors that impact CO2 emissions in Kazakhstan. Our findings revealed that these factors account for 16.1% of the variability in CO2 emissions, indicating the statistical accuracy of these variables. When deciding on renewable energy investments, it is very important to determine the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions. It seems that industrial development and economic growth can occur without any major concerns about CO2 emissions. This is based on the lack of statistical significance in the relationship between CO2 emissions and both the industrial production index and economic growth.


This policy brief reports on a research project Educating Daughters, Educating Sons: mothers and schooling in rural Kenya (Lukalo, 2010). It describes research findings about the conditions in which 32 mothers living in Bungoma District in Kenya make decisions about which child to educate, to what level and with what expectations. In this community, mothers have different levels of schooling, and different recollections of their struggles to be educated. They are raising many children with different kinship and legal relationships to them. The decisions they make about these different children's schooling highlight the complexities of the relational cultural world in which the mothers are positioned and signal the importance of bringing mothers and the family-education couple into the policy framework. Views expressed here are those of the authors and are not necessarily shared by DFID or any partner institution.


This case study navigates the complex issues that may have contributed to the water crisis that erupted in March 2019 in Metro Manila. The roles of the regulator, concessionaires and certain donors are discussed herein. Longstanding structural challenges – including ambiguity in the water concession agreements as well as the political economy of ODA-financed vs PPP water infrastructure – are some of the possible factors behind the delays in the development of infrastructure for raw water sources. In addition, as the actual water shortage developed in the immediate term, both the regulator and private sector concessionaires apparently did not deploy proper protocols to mitigate the crisis until it was too late.


IN SINGLE-COLUMN PYLONS HAVING CANTILEVERED ARMS SUPPORTING HIGHWAY SPANS, A LARGE TENSION MAY BE INDUCED IN THE COLUMN BARS FROM UNEQUAL LIVE LOADS ON OPPOSITE ARMS. THE UPPER ANCHORAGE OF SUCH LARGE COLUMN BARS, GENERALLY NO. 14S AND NO. 18S, CAN BE QUESTIONED BECAUSE OF THE VARYING STRESS FROM THE BENDING FORCES PERPENDICULAR TO THE BARS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE TENSILE CRACKS PARALLEL TO THE BAR IN THE TRANSVERSE BEAM. A SPECIFIC DETAIL CURRENTLY BEING USED IN TEXAS WAS TESTED IN FULL SIZE AND FOUND ADEQUATE. BASED ON THIS TEST AND REINFORCING STEEL STRAIN DATA COLLECTED, SOME CONSERVATISM IN THE ANCHORAGE LENGTH PROVIDED UNDER ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN SEEMS DESIRABLE. /AUTHOR/


Predistortion has been a promising technique to linearize power amplifiers. But the time-delay in transmission circuit affects the performance of predistortion. The paper does a research on the time-delay,and improves an algorithm of time-delay estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is effective,and could be used in predistortion linearization technology. The predistortion with time-delay estimation could overcome the disadvantages of time-delay,and improve linearization performances of power amplifier.


Abstract. Studies of subterranean habitats in Slovakia revealed two rare linyphiid spider species new to the country, Pseudomaro aenigmaticus Denis, 1966 and Pseudocarorita thaleri (Saaristo, 1971). Pseudomaro aenigmaticus was recorded in the Malé Karpaty Mountains in western Slovakia. A male was captured in the limestone Plavecká Cave and a female was found in a granitoid mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) in the Jajcajov jarok Valley. One pair of Pseudocarorita thaleri was found in the MSS in the Belinské skaly Nature Monument in the Cerová vrchovina Highland in southern Slovakia. This study also presents the characteristic habitus and habitats of the recorded spiders.


Mazur, Allan 1971 "The socialization of Jews into the academic subculture." Pp. 265-287 in The Professors, Charles Anderson and John Murray (Editors). Cambridge: Schenkman. Mueller, Charles and Weldon Johnson 1975 "Socioeconomic status and religious participation." American Sociological Review 40: 785-800. Pollack, George 1961 Graduates of Jewish Day Schools: A Follow-up Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Western Reserve University. Rosen, Bernard C. 1976 Adolescence and Religion. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman. Rosenthal, Eric 1963 "Studies of Jewish intermarriage in the United States." American Jewish Yearbook 64: 3-53.


A rotor dynamic grounding fault happened in test operation of No.2 hydraulic generator in Shilong hydropower station is described.Because it is difficult to find the fault location,traditional methods used are usually troublesome and time-consuming.A new effective and fast method to find fault location is introduced in the paper,and the reason causing the rotor dynamic grounding fault is analyzed.


The thermodynamic free-energy diagrams predict that MnPc/GQD is more active toward ORR than the isolated MnPc, clearly highlighting the effect of the GQD matrix on ORR activity from a thermodynamic perspective.


The current 2019 isotope and hydrochemical study of hot and cold springs in Sembalun - Rinjani area is a re-assessment of previous similar study in 2012. The aim of this study is to assess the isotope and hydrochemical characteristics of springs due to the earthquake events in 2018. After the earthquake events in 2018, the stable isotopes δ18O and δ2H composition of Sebau hot spring and most of cold springs is shifted into more depleted values which may indicate water-rock interaction or interaction with cold waters which has more depleted δ18O and δ2H values. Also, Sebau hot spring is still plotted at mixing line of meteoric and andesitic water, but still dominant meteoric water. The hydrochemical data of all cold springs and Orok river show the enrichment of Na, probably from silicates weathering or the cation exhchange. While hydrochemical composition of Sebau hot spring is significantly decreased, except SO4, probably due to dilution with cold waters before the thermal water reach the surface. The Piper diagram showed that cold springs and Orok river are Ca-Mg-HCO3 type before and after the earthquake events. While Sebau hot spring is shifted from Ca-Cl type into mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type after the earthquake events. The temperature of Sebau hot spring slightly decreased from 35.5 °C to 34.8 °C after the earthquake events, while Na/K geothermometer calculation also indicate decreasing of sub-surface temperature, i.e. from 146–165 °C to 130–150 °C.


John Clare: A Biography, by Jonathan Bate

W. B. Yeats: A Life, Volume 2: The Arch Poet, by R. F. Foster


The numerical solution of initial/boundary-value problems of the form \[ A(u,x,t)u_t + B(u,x,t)u_x = c(u,x,t)\] is considered. Particular emphasis is placed on the solution of problems with large gradients, e.g., shocks and boundary layers. A mesh-selection technique is described that accurately places points in regions where the solution is rapidly changing. This is accomplished by a transformation of the original equations to a new coordinate system. Finite difference solutions for two sample problems are calculated.


In order to discuss the age and the provenance of the Zhijin REE-bearing phosphorites in Guizhou,six small shell fossils and cellophane sampled from the phosphorites are dated by Sm-Nd isotopic dilution method.The results of mass spectrographic analysis show that the value of 147Sm/144Nd and 143Nd/144Nd formed an isochronal line.The test shows that the Sm-Nd isochronal dating of Zhijin REE-bearing phosphorites is 533±22 Ma(MSWD=1.1).The eNd(t) of the samples are about-2.44 to-2.77,and the Nd two-stage model ages(T2DM) are 1 313-1 338 Ma.This result suggests that the samples have the same genesis and the approximative age,and the age represents the true mineralogenetic epoch.Combined with the REE geochemistry the juvenile mantle is responsible to the provenance of the Zhijin REE-bearing phosphorites.


The effects of reaction conditions on the reaction rate and selectivity of the enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-propenyl)-cyclopent-2-enone (HMPC) acetate by Acinetobacter sp. strain YQ231 were investigated. The apparent activity of the resting cells increases with pH up to 11.0, but the non-selective simultaneous hydrolysis of the chiral ester becomes significant at pH9.0. Therefore, to prevent possible non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester and possible racemization of the product, the enzymatic resolution is carried out at pH 8.0. When the cells are preserved in buffers at pH ranging from 9.0 to 10.5 for 12 h, the residual activity of the resting cells increases. This is attributed to the possible permeabilizing effect on the cell membrane, which facilitates the trans-membrane transport of substrates and products. The highest activity of the cells is observed at 50 ℃, and the best stability at 30 ℃. Nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether is the most suitable emulsifier for the substrate and its optimal concentration is 15 g/L in regarding to the enantioselectivity of the esterase-catalyzed reaction. The enzymatic reaction is inhibited by the product HMPC, but not by the substrate HMPC acetate up to 1.0 mol/L. The esterase in the resting cells preferentially hydrolyzes the (R)-enantiomer of the racemic ester, producing enantiopure (R)-HMPC. The enantiomeric ratio (E-value) is 50 in the case of 250 mmol/L substrate.


Abstract Knowledge management is a powerful instrument. Areas where knowledge – based modelling can be applied are different from business, industry, government to education area. Companies engage in efforts to restructure the database held based on knowledge management principles as they recognize in it a guarantee of models characterized by the fact that they consist only from relevant and sustainable knowledge that can bring value to the companies. The proposed paper presents a theoretical model of what it means optimizing polyethylene pipes, thus bringing to attention two important engineering fields, the one of the metal cutting process and gas industry, who meet in order to optimize the butt fusion welding process - the polyethylene cutting part - of the polyethylene pipes. All approach is shaped on the principles of knowledge management. The study was made in collaboration with companies operating in the field.


on various economic aspects of the industry can also be found in the Hearings and Reports of Committees of Congress and in the numerous anti-trust cases brought before the courts. The more significant attempts to view the movie industry in economic terms since 1950 have been made by Conant, Hellmuth, Spraos, Balio, Guback, Cassady, Gordon, Bernstein, Whitney, Degand, and Mercillon. But even here, studies (Conant, Hellmuth, Balio, Whitney), tend for the most part to concentrate on the movie industry as it functioned between 1930 and 1948, the golden period of the industry. This was a period when the structure and practices of the industry were relatively discernible, characterized by monopoly and oligopoly features which lent themselves to an analysis within the framework of economic principles and theoretical models. It provided a classic opportunity to study oligopoly in action, although few writers formally identified it as such or termed the industry an oligopoly. Most of the basic economic studies of the industry have focussed on the structure of the industry and changes therein, its behaviour (particularly market-


The Russian Federation was the first to make a submission, on 20 December 2001, thus marking a new phase in the implementation of the Convention. This chapter addresses some of the main issues underlying the current practice. It states that answers to existing and future issues is found only by remaining true to the principles contained in the Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention provisions on the nature of the continental shelf and the role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). Most of the coastal states decided to make partial submissions. The sovereignty rights exercised by coastal states over the continental shelf for the purposes of exploration and exploitation of their natural resources are exclusive and do not depend on effective or notional occupation, or on any express proclamation. Keywords: CLCS; continental shelf; Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention; sovereignty rights


The author of the paper differentiates between three types of thinking literary (artistic), philosophical and ordinary, following the criteria of generalization, involvement in the creation of compact structures of knowledge and other features that have a special lexical and grammatical representation in texts. Some prospects of improving literary creativity are also sketched.


4 List of original papers 5 List of abbreviations 6 Introduction 7 Background 7 Right ventricle 7 Methods for RV evaluation 11 Echocardiography 11 CMR 15 Other methods for RV evaluation 16 Pulmonary embolism 17 Right ventricle in pulmonary embolism 22 Aims of the thesis 24 Patients and methods 25 Patients I-IV 25 Methods 26 Echocardiography Paper I 26 Echocardiography Paper II, III and IV 28 Pulmonary arteriography Paper II 29 D-dimer assay Paper III 29 PESI and Wells score Paper III 29 Lung scintigraphy Paper IV 31 Ethics considerations 32 Main results 33 Paper I 33 Paper II 36 Paper III 39 Paper IV 41 Statistics 43 Discussion 44 Conclusions 54 Sammanfattning pa svenska 55 Acknowledgements 57 References 59


A considerable amount of medical errors are indicated to occur during the diagnostic process. Various forms of faulty cognition on the part of the physicians have been identified as sources of diagnostic errors, including the susceptibility to several cognitive biases. It is therefore of interest to increase our knowledge of how biases may occur in diagnostic decision making. Our study aims to contribute to this knowledge by investigating the occurrence of anchoring bias, confirmation bias, and unwarranted confidence when making diagnostic decisions under uncertainty. For this purpose, we conducted two experiments on samples of Norwegian medical students (N = 128). The participants were presented with two hypothetical psychiatric cases. Anchoring bias was explored by manipulating presentation of the symptoms featured in the initial vignettes, investigating whether participants locked onto whichever symptoms were presented first when making a preliminary diagnosis. Confirmation bias and corresponding developments in diagnostic confidence were investigated through the participants' subsequent selections and interpretations of additional information. The results from each experiment did not indicate any occurrence of the three investigated phenomena. The non-findings are discussed in terms of the methodological aspects of the study, shedding light on challenges that may exist when investigating the different phenomena simultaneously. We also discuss the true prevalence and detectability of such biases. Based on our discussions, we make several proposals for how our design may be revised and expanded for future studies.


BACKGROUND
Optimal timing in the treatment of intracranial hemangioblastoma (HB) remains controversial, particularly for patients of von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) with multiple small lesions. We evaluated efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for intracranial HB based on the longer follow-up data with a larger number of patients and lesions.

METHODS
Twenty-one patients (11 men, 10 women) initially underwent SRS for 57 intracranial HBs. Seven patients had sporadic lesions and 14 had VHL-related lesions. During the follow-up, 40 lesions were additionally treated in VHL patients in 10 SRS treatments. Thus, a total of 97 lesions were included in this study. Median tumor volume was 0.13 cm(3) (range, 0.004-9.5 cm(3)), and median margin dose was 18 Gy (range, 14-20 Gy).

RESULTS
Median duration of follow-up was 96 months (range, 3-235 mo) after initial SRS treatment. Ten tumors in 7 patients showed progression after SRS. Actuarial tumor control rates after SRS at 5 and 10 years were 94% and 80%, respectively. Factors associated with longer control were solid lesion (P = .03), smaller volume (P = .01), and lesions associated with VHL (P = .0005) in univariate analysis. Five- and 10-year tumor control rates were 67% and 44% for sporadic patients and 97% and 83% for VHL patients.

CONCLUSION
SRS could be offered as an effective treatment for small, solid, and VHL-associated HBs. If the tumors show apparent enlargement in size or can possibly become symptomatic along with a slight increase in size, SRS should be recommended before they present with the clinical symptoms.


One of the 20th century Kazakh-Soviet literature is Azilkhan Nurshaykhov. The writer, who witnessed great events such as the famine period (1932–1933 ) and World War II, describes the reflections of these events on Kazakh lands in literary language in his works. Nurshaykhov participated in World War II from beginning to end. He wrote many works based on the notes he took at the front. Azilkhan Nurshaykhov's works were able to take any theme from everyday life, give it artistic power and instructively show the real situation of that time. His works have not lost their value as time and generations have changed. The author, who made a significant contribution to the formation of literary language, included proverbs and idioms in his works. With this study, it is aimed to contribute to making Azilkhan Nurshaykhov, the author of the famous novels "Mahabbat Qyzyq mol jyldar" (Years Full of Love) and "Aqıqat pen Ańyz" (Truth and Myth) in Kazakhstan, and his priceless works better known to everyone in Turkey. In this study, after summarizing Azilkhan's life, his literary direction, artistic life and the content of his works are emphasized. In addition, the author's novels, essays, translations, duties and awards are included. While writing this article, various sources, including books, newspapers and articles in Kazakh and Turkish languages, were used and the collected data were brought together.


According to one embodiment there is provided an overcurrent protection circuit, an output transistor connected between a power supply terminal and the output terminal is controlled. The overcurrent protection circuit includes: an overcurrent limiting circuit, the current-voltage control circuit and a first control circuit. Of the current through the voltage control circuit controls a gate voltage of said output transistor, said output transistor control, so that the output voltage of the output terminal and the output proportional to the current. When the first control circuit the output voltage at a preset threshold voltage, such that the execution of the current control circuit controls the voltage of said output transistor, so that the output voltage and the output current is proportional to, the output voltage exceeds the when the threshold voltage, the voltage control circuit stops the control of the current of said output transistor.


Information technology management is a strategic component of any business organization today. It is one of the driving forces behind globalization of world economies. Globalization and increased competition require that software products should be introduced to the market as early as possible. As a consequence, many companies try to achieve successful completion of software projects in order to place them ahead of competition. IT companies have several ongoing projects and these projects are typically executed in team settings that require team members and project managers to interact with each other. Poor leadership of a project manager can significantly contribute to or cause project failure. Previous research studies have identified different critical success factors which can be used to measure if a particular IT project is a successful one or not. After establishing leadership as one of the critical success factors in IT projects, this study identifies the most appropriate leadership style/styles at the project management level for the successful execution of IT projects in the Sri Lankan market. The sample for this research includes project managers and also developers from software companies. Data was gathered through a questionnaire. Two types of questionnaires were distributed respectively for managers and developers. Around 75 responses were received from developers and around 50 from project managers. Although it was deemed that formal interviews and forum discussions would greatly benefit the purpose of this research, such research methodology could not be performed due to the short time allocated to the research project. Transformational, Transactional and Laissez-Faire leadership styles are the main leadership styles which were considered in the analysis of this research. As perceived by both managers and subordinates, as the fi!1al research result the analysis revealed transformational leadership style as the most effective leadership style which gives high project success.


Some examples of heterogeneous covariance matrices in infraspecific paleontologic and neontologic material are discussed. A slightly modified form of the generalized statistical distance between two populations is suggested, which may be useful with heterogeneous samples from an interbreeding population, or otherwise on the infraspecific level. The presentation is based on material of ostracods, cephalopods and turtles.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene polymorphism and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP).

METHODS
The Xba I and Pvu II polymorphisms in intron 1 of ER alpha gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in 100 pregnant women with ICP (ICP group) and 100 normal pregnant women (control group).

RESULTS
(1) The frequencies of XX, Xx and xx genotypes of Xba I polymorphism were 6%, 33% and 61% respectively in control group, and were 2%, 33% and 65% respectively in ICP group. There was no significant difference in the distribution of Xba I genotypes between the two groups (P > 0.05). The frequencies of the two alleles X and x were 23% and 78% in control group, and were 19% and 82% in ICP group, respectively. There was also no significant difference in the frequency of Xba I alleles between the two groups (P > 0.05). (2) The frequencies of PP, Pp and pp genotypes of Pvu II polymorphism were 18%, 42% and 40% respectively in control group, and were 12%, 53% and 35% respectively in ICP group. There was no significant difference in the distribution of Pvu II genotypes between the two groups (P > 0.05). The frequencies of the two alleles P and p were 39% and 61% in control group, and were 39% and 62% in ICP group, respectively. There was also no significant difference in the frequency of Pvu II alleles between the two groups (P > 0.05). (3) There was also no significant difference in the distribution of Xba I and Pvu II combinative genotype between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION
The ERalpha gene polymorphism is not associated with the risk of ICP.


INTRODUCTION: Transgender individuals belong to one of the most stigmatized and discriminated groups in society. Despite the importance of this issue, few studies have been devoted to quantitatively examine knowledge and attitudes about transgender individuals. This study aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes about transgender individuals among Hispanic individuals living in Puerto Rico (HLPR) to help identify areas in need of educational interventions aimed at increasing knowledge and improving quality of life for those in the transgender community. METHODS: After institutional review board approval, a sample of HLPR were invited to complete a pre-tested self-administered online questionnaire aimed to address demographics, transgender knowledge, and attitudes. Responses were analyzed using STATA version 13 frequency analysis. RESULTS: To date, 413 participants have completed the questionnaire, of which 68.72% were female. Of the participants: 72.17% had at least a bachelor's degree, 57.39% knew a transgender person, and 62.20% were exposed to transgender-related topics throughout their education. Most respondents correctly defined sex (67.7%), sexual orientation (88.1%), and gender identity (62.8%). Moreover, 74.27% of participants strongly agreed that transgender individuals bring great value to their communities, and are a valuable part of society, and 89.95% even reported they strongly agreed with welcoming transgender people in the workplace. CONCLUSION: Consistent with the literature, younger individuals with higher levels of education and sensitivity towards the transgender community were more willing to participate in the study, displaying high levels of knowledge about and positive attitudes toward transgender individuals. Future studies with a larger and more diverse sample should be done to minimize sampling bias.


The article investigates the forms of reference to people in the context everyday communication based on the examples fromUzbek dramas. There is specially focused on lingua-cultural features of the forms of reference. The raised issues are explained with the example and extracts from the fiction in Uzbek Literature and the examples are interpreted through free translation trying to keep the local colour.


Calculations of 1 JNH, 1h JNH and 2h JNN spin–spin coupling constants of 27 complexes presenting N–H·N hydrogen bonds have allowed to analyze these through hydrogen‐bond coupling as a function of the hybridization of both nitrogen atoms and the charge (+1, 0, − 1) of the complex. The main conclusions are that the hybridization of N atom of the hydrogen bond donor is much more important than that of the hydrogen bond acceptor. Positive and negative charges (cationic and anionic complexes) exert opposite effects while the effect of the transition states 'proton‐in‐the‐middle' is considerable. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Nothofagus antarctica (Antarctic beech) is one of the main woody plants in the temperate deciduous forests and anti-boreal forests of the southern hemisphere. Since colonization of the Andean-Patagonian region by European settlers, however, stands of this species have been severely affected by fires caused by human activities, considerably reducing their area. To restore these forests to their area occupied before the fires, it is necessary to use artificial regeneration, relying on production of transplants in forest nurseries. Due to the low capacity for seed propagation, we focus on possibilities of producing seedlings by vegetative propagation. In a trial, we collected cuttings during three sets of dates, and attempted to root them using three combinations of substrate and ten combinations of stimulators. Using the most favorable combination of collection period, substrate and stimulator tested resulted in rooting of 23% of the cuttings, which exceeds the documented germination rates for this species.


&NA; We analyze the potential effects that a unique forest conservation regulation has on residential development, and assess the additionality in forest cover due to this regulation. We combine panel data on forest cover change from satellite imagery and parcel‐level modeling on residential development, including residential subdivisions occurring before and after the regulation is adopted. Our results suggest that after adoption, there was a 21% increase in forest cover within subdivisions relative to the amount without the regulation. The heterogeneous effects of this regulation suggest that on average, forest cover increased for parcels with lower levels of existing forest cover. However, parcels with the highest levels of forest cover continue to have significant decreases in forest cover, despite the regulation, thereby resulting in fragmentation in regions with the most intact forest cover.


In this research report three capacitated dynamic location problems with opening, closure and reopening of facilities are formulated and primal-dual heuristics are described that can solve those problems. In the first problem addressed, maximum capacity restrictions are considered and, in the second problem, both maximum and minimum capacity restrictions are considered. The last problem formulated considers the situation where a facility is open (or reopen) with a certain maximum capacity that decreases as clients are assigned to that facility during its operating periods. All problems formulated are NP-hard. Primal-dual heuristics were developed that can calculate admissible solutions for these location problems.


The purpose of the research is to develop a learning media in the form of question cards board game and to know the effect of its use on the changing of motivation and achievement level in building construction course of the 10th grade students of Building Engineering in SMK N 2 Wonosari. The research method used is research and development method using 4D model (Define, Design, Development, Dissemination). The final product of this research is a learning media in the form of question cards board game printed and used in groups each of containing 2-4 students. This learning media consists of 7 main components: board, question cards, answer cards, extra cards, pawns, dice, and answer key. The analysis of the model test result using t-test shows a significant improvement on the learning media.


To predict sound-absorbing performance of anechoic materials,the acoustic reflection problem of a viscoelastic layer backed with periodically rib-stiffened infinite double plates is studied in this paper.The reason why structural theories of plates are not applicable to viscoelastic plates is explained through comparing dispersion and attenuation curves of flexural waves with those of Lamb waves.As a result,(visco-)elastic theory is adopted to deal with(visco-)elastic plates,and ribs are treated by structural theories of plates.The coupling between ribs and plates are solved by Hull's method,and solution of the reflected field is obtained.The accuracy of present method is validated by comparing with the results by the structural theories of plates.The influence of a backing on the acoustic reflection of the viscoelatic layer is analyzed by computing reflection coefficients.Performances of different viscoelastic materials are evaluated by the average reflection coefficients.The computational results show that,influence of a backing on the acoustic reflection cannot be suppressed by the viscoelastic materials in low frequencies.The resonance is determined by the coupling of the fluid layer and the double plates.And ribs,which are coupled with the double plates,mainly reduce the acoustic reflection.


For use with a cardiac rhythm management device (CRM) and other implantable medical device (IMD), the biodegradable and absorbable polymer pouch (i.e., fixed in position, and inhibit or reduce bacterial growth, providing analgesia and / or CRM or other on or the purpose of suppressing the periphery of scarring IMD, encapsulating CRM or other IMD, surrounding, and / or holding can be a pouch, cover or described with respect to the other of the container). If necessary, the biodegradable and absorbable pouch of the present invention provides a preventive effect, and in order to reduce surgery or CRM, or other embedded and associated side effects or complications of IMD, the polymer matrix in to include one or more drugs.


The dynamic behavior in chain system is investigated. Numbers of test data are combined and the load frequency is altered to find the affect factor of the fatigue life of a round link,which offers the foundation of theory and test for improving the technique and increasing the fatigue life.


การพฒนารปแบบการจดการเรยนรคณตศาสตร ตามเทคนค KWDL โดยใชกระบวนการรวมมอ Think–Pair–Share เพอพฒนาทกษะกระบวนการคดแกปญหาชนประถมศกษาปท 3 โดยมวตถประสงค (1) เพอศกษาสภาพการจดการเรยนรคณตศาสตร (2) เพอสรางและพฒนา (3) เพอทดลองใช (4) เพอประเมนและปรบปรง รปแบบการจดการเรยนรคณตศาสตร ตามเทคนค KWDL โดยใชกระบวนการรวมมอ Think–Pair–Share เพอพฒนาทกษะกระบวนการคดแกปญหา ผลการวจยพบวา สภาพขอมลพนฐานการจดการเรยนรคณตศาสตร ควรปรบปรงดานกระบวนการจดการเรยนร เนองจากมนกเรยนอานหนงสอไมคลอง จงเปนอปสรรคในการเรยนรคณตศาสตร ควรสงเสรมนกเรยนโดยจดกจกรรมการเรยนรทเนนใหนกเรยนไดลงมอปฏบต จะชวยใหนกเรยนไดเรยนรและฝกทกษะกระบวนการคดอยางยงยน ผลการสรางและพฒนารปแบบการจดการเรยนรคณตศาสตร ตามเทคนค KWDL โดยใชกระบวนการรวมมอ Think–Pair–Share เพอพฒนาทกษะกระบวนการคดแกปญหา เปนการจดการเรยนรทเนนนกเรยนเปนศนยกลาง นกเรยนสามารถเรยนรจากการปฏบตงาน นกเรยนวางแผนการทำงาน คดแกปญหาทเกดจากการทำงาน ฝกการทำงานรวมกบผอนได ครผสอนเปนผเสนอแนะแนวทางการเรยนรเพมเตมดานเนอหา เพอใหนกเรยนเกดการพฒนาทกษะกระบวนการคดแกปญหา ประกอบดวย หลกการ วตถประสงค ขนตอนการจดการเรยนร กจกรรมการเรยนร การวดประเมนผล และประโยชน เรยกวา การจดการเรยนรแบบ STELE Model ผลการทดลองใชรปแบบ พบวา นกเรยน ชนประถมศกษาปท 3 ปการศกษา 2557 มผลการพฒนาทกษะกระบวนการคดแกปญหา สงกวากอนเรยน อยางมนยสำคญ .01 ผลการประเมนและปรบปรงรปแบบ พบวา นกเรยน ชนประถมศกษาปท 3 ปการศกษา 2558 มผลการพฒนาทกษะกระบวนการคด สงกวากอนเรยน อยางมนยสำคญ .01 และผลจากครคณตศาสตรทนำรปแบบการจดการเรยนรแบบ STELE Model ไปใชมผลการประเมนระดบมากทสด THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LEARNING MATHEMATIC MODEL BASED ON KWDL  TECHNIQUE USING THINK–PAIR–SHARE COOPERATIVE LEARNING TO DEVELOP  THINKING SKILL IN PROBLEM SOLVING AT THE PRATHOM SUKSA THREE In this research and development (R&D) inquiry, the researcher examines basic information concerning the learning of Mathematic in order to study the state of the underlying data of Mathematic learning management for creating and developing a model of KWDL technique using Think–Pair–Share cooperative learning for enhancing thinking skill in problem solving. Also, to try using, to assess and to improve a model of KWDL technique using Think–Pair–Share cooperative learning for enhancing thinking skill in problem solving, the findings showed that Findings are as follows: In examining the conditions under which basic Mathematic information is learned, the researcher found that learning organization should be improved because of struggling readers. It would be expedient to use authentic task in gathering accurate data collection for the sake of fostering awareness of the need for sustainable learning and thinking skills.   In constructing and developing the learning Mathematic model, the focus fell on student-centeredness. Learners can learn Mathematic through undertaking tasks. Learners planned their own work, solved problems resulting from striving to carry out work tasks, and directly practiced working with others.  Teachers can play a role by providing guidance in carrying out learning activities in addition to making suggestions concerning contents to the end of encouraging learners to develop their thinking skills in problem solving. The model consisted of principle, objectives, teaching methodology, activities, evaluations and benefits. It is called STELE Model. The results of the trial, assessment and improvement of KWDL Technique with Think – Pair – Share cooperative learning for enhancing thinking skills in problem solving of the Prathom Suksa Three students in 2014 and 2015 were as follows: Their thinking skills in problem solving were higher after the completion of the study than prior to the study at the statistically significant level of .01. The teachers who utilized this model in their classroom exhibited evaluation at the highest level.


Gender wage inequality has been studied for decades, applying highly standardized regression decomposition techniques. It is common to find that education and experience explain small parts of the wage gap while differences in occupation and sector are important. Using three different surveys, all from 2017, we analyse the gender wage gap for urban workers in Myanmar. We start from a standard Mincer-type wage equation in which we condition on the workers level of education and years of experience. Subsequently we control for differences in occupational choice and sector of employment. Finally, we compare wages for men and women with similar characteristics, working in the exact same manufacturing enterprises. Our results show that the urban labour markets in Myanmar stand out as remarkable. In Myanmar, selection into wage work leads to an urban workforce in which the female wage-workers have higher levels of education than their male counterparts. Thus, female workers should, on average, have higher wages than male workers. Even so, the observed gender wage gap is 14-35 percent, depending on the survey analysed. Differences in educational attainment and selection into occupations and sectors cannot account for this wage gap. Instead, it is associated with a lower base wage for women and lower remuneration of women's experience. Digging deeper, we go beyond the traditional standardized methods and utilize a matched employer-employee dataset to generate one-to-one comparisons of female and male production workers with the same level of education and experience who are employed in the same manufacturing enterprises. Even in this setting, in which the male and female workers are closely matched, we find an average wage gap of 13 percent. Our analysis thus indicates substantial discrimination against women in Myanmar's urban labour markets, with the situation being worst for uneducated women in low wage jobs.


Networks continue to grow as industries use both wired and wireless networks. Creating experiments to test those networks can be very expensive if conducted on production networks; therefore, the evaluation of networks and their performance is usually conducted using emulation. This growing reliance on simulation raises the risk of correctness and validation. Today, many network simulators have widely varying focuses and are employed in different fields of research. The trustworthiness of results produced from simulation models must be investigated. The goal of this work is first to compare and assess the performance of three prominent network simulators—NS-2, NS-3, and OMNet++—by considering the following qualitative characteristics: architectural design, correctness, performance, usability, features, and trends. Second, introduce the concept of mutation testing to design the appropriate network scenarios to be used for protocol evaluation. Many works still doubt if used scenarios can suit well to claim conclusions about protocol performance and effectiveness. A large-scale simulation model was implemented using ad hoc on-demand distance vector and destination-sequenced distance vector routing protocols to compare performance, correctness, and usability. This study addresses an interesting question about the validation process: "Are you building the right simulation model in the right environment?" In conclusion, network simulation alone cannot determine the correctness and usefulness of the implemented protocol. Software testing approaches should be considered to validate the quality of the network model and test scenarios being used.


Trees and paths: graph optimisation problems with industrial applications.- Mathematical models for polymer crystallization processes.- Differential equations in technology and medicine: Computational concepts, adaptive algorithms, and virtual labs.- Inverse problems and their regularization.- Aerodynamic shape optimization techniques based on control theory.- Complexity in industrial problems some remarks.- Flow and heat transfer in pressing of glass products.- Drag reduction by active control for flow past cylinders.- Signal processing for everyone.


Subsampling and block resampling methods have been suggested in the literature to
nonparametrically estimate the variance of some statistic computed from spatial data.
Usually stationary data are required. However, in empirical applications, the assump
tion of stationarity can often be rejected. This paper proposes nonparametric methods to
estimate the variance of sample means based on nonstationary spatial data using subsam
pling. It is assumed that data is observed on a rectangular lattice in some subregion of
R 2. The kind of data we consider is of the following type: The information in the different
picture elements (pixels) of the lattice are allowed to come from different distributions,
with smoothly varying expected values, or with expected values decomposed additively
into directional components. Furthermore, pixels are assumed to be locally dependent,
and the dependence structure is allowed to differ over the lattice. Consistent variance esti
mators for sample means, and convergence rates in mean square, are provided under these
assumptions. An example with applications to forestry, using satellite data, is discussed.


This research tries to answer to these following problems. (1) How is a natural illustration of structural poverty pressure forms of traditional fisherman family and community in urban area? How far is efforts of fishery sector can sustain accomplishment requirement of traditional fisherman family life? (2) What are the set of situation problems and constraints likely faced by traditional fisherman in urban area in regard to their efforts of improving the prosperity of their family?


The 1.2 kV-rated trench-gate SiC power MOSFET with thick trench bottom oxide is analyzed and compared with previous trench-gate SiC power MOSFET structures. Specific on-resistance (R<inf>on, sp</inf>), breakdown voltage (BV), threshold voltage (V<inf>TH</inf>), gate-drain capacitance (C<inf>gd, sp</inf>) and gate charge (Q<inf>gd</inf>) were extracted using numerical simulations for trench bottom oxide thickness between 500 A and 8000 A. It was found that the electric field in the trench bottom oxide was below 4 MV/cm for oxide thickness beyond 4000 A. An analytical model is proposed to allow estimation of the electric field in the trench bottom oxide. The R<inf>on, sp</inf> for the thick bottom oxide structure was 1.9 m Ω - cm2(at Vgs of 20 V), Cgd, sp (at Vds= 1000 V) was 417 pF/cm2 and Qgd, sp (at Vgs =20 V, R<inf>g</inf>=10 Ω, Vds=800V) was 671 nC / cm 2, which is significantly better than most planar-gate devices. This structure has superior specific on-resistance compared with previous trench-gate and planar-gate structures.


Facing upon the membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor,a novel aeration and filtration unit was developed,aiming at effectively enhancing flux as one factor and considerably providing the oxygen in the need of microorganism as the other one.The characteristics of filtration flux were studied by terms of tap water,kaolin solution and activated sludge.The quality of high flux with tap water and kaolin solution was obtained,and the reason of no high flux with activated sludge was analyzed.Optimum operation parameters of Unit 2 were determined in the experiment of kaolin solution:the pressure,015 MPa;the rate of surface scouring,9.26 m/s;the intensity of aeration,18 m\+3/(h·m\+2);the operation time,70 min;the aeration time,5 min.The comparison of aeration influence on filtration flux tentatively showed that air backwash was a remarkable way to enhance filtration flux.


The COVID-19 epidemic has accelerated the evolution of human artistic performance from the real environment to the virtual space. In this remediation process, the performance space has completed the transition from physical to virtual, and the body of both audience and performer has experienced the digital transformation. Furthermore, the development has led to a profound change in the audience-actor relationship. By multi-dimensional examination in theory and case study, this paper argues that the change of audience-actor relationship makes the audience freer to watch and participate in the performance; the traditional "fourth wall" formed by aesthetic distance also ceased to exist; simultaneously, the decentralization of power brought by digital justice makes the traditional theatre social class disintegrate.


athrm{y},$ Andrzej bybulec (アンジェイ・トリブレッッ) ABSTRACT. In this paper, we present the concept of a many sorted algebm and demonstrate its appli- cation in the modelling of digital circuits. The many sorted algebra is based on the notion of a many sorted signature which we can use to define the static struc- ture (operators, connections, etc.) of a circuit and the algebra defines the circuit logic. By defining such con- cepts as circuit state, depth, stability, etc. based on this type of model, we can study various static and dynamic characteristics of circuits mathematically.


As an important means of spatial data mining,spatial clustering has been applied in many fields at present. Spatial clustering is the key process of urban function partitioning. Based on the conception model of combination of coordinate and attribute,this paper brings spatial coordinate,spatial relationship and attribute features into the unitive model of spatial computation. Urban function is divided adopting means and ANN. This method fully mines the connotative spatial clustering information in spatial attribute data and spatial positions. The experiment shows that the unitive spatial clustering method based on ANN can provide a sufficient and reliable basis for urban function partitioning.


This article develops a theoretical framework of distributed representations to explore the representational properties in group problem solving. The basic principle of distributed representations is that the representational system of a group problem solving task is distributed across the representations of individuals, which together represent the abstract structure of the task. The framework was used to analyze the distributed representation of the Waitress and Orange task. From this analysis, an experiment was designed to examine group problem solving behaviors under different distributed representations. The experiment shows that (1) different distributed representations across two individuals produced dramatically different group problem solving behaviors, even if they had the same abstract structure; and (2) two minds could be better than, not different from, or even worse than one mind, depending on how representations were distributed across the two minds. These results further support the interactionist view of group problem solving, which is that the interactions among individuals can produce group cognitive properties that can neither be reduced to, nor be inferred from, the cognitive properties of individuals. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


By creatively expanding Deleuze's concept of the time-image crystal, I productively fold together and engineer an encounter between two comparable cinematic movements otherwise separated by huge vistas of time and space. Here, I work to plicate the post-war Italian neorealist movement which Deleuze saw inaugurating the modern cinema, with a 'postsocialist' mainland Chinese movement that I playfully call '(si)neo-realism'. The films of both historical moments formulate comparable break-away cinemas which are often considered moral or socially responsible art cinemas best approached through Andre Bazin's 'ontological' film philosophy lens. By using Deleuze, however, I hope to move beyond these realist discussions to explore how both movements are also fruitfully thought in terms of introducing distinct yet analogous mental relations into the image during historical junctures defined by radically transforming psycho-geographies. Like Deleuze's discussions of neorealism, (si)neo-realism is considered a loose ...


Electron correlation, the primordial reason why chemistry remains analytically intractable from a mathematical point of view, is explored using a two-particle-in-a-box example showing why solving even the simplest correlation problem remains beyond our abilities.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess relevance of the three dimensions (process strategy, market strategy, and information strategy) of the Bowersox and Daugherty typology to logistics strategy and organizational competitive outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – Empirical data gathered from US logistics managers were analyzed using second‐order factor analysis to examine the Bowersox/Daugherty typology's relevance to logistics strategy and organizational competitive responsiveness.Findings – The findings identify overall logistics strategy and its effect on logistics coordination effectiveness, customer service effectiveness and organizational competitive responsiveness. Implications for teachers and practitioners of logistics and supply chain management are discussed.Practical implications – The paper's findings expand the understanding of logistics strategy's role in organizational competitive responsiveness. In addition, the findings of this paper provide a foundation for future research i...


In this paper, a children's publication, 『Red Korean jacket』 was analyzed, which was published by Shinmungwan in 1912 as the foundation to discuss the...


The ability of different visible-band satellite imagers to detect subtle ice-sheet topographic features is examined by both qualitative and quantitative comparisons. The A V ~ 10-bit sensor is shown to have the best radiometric resolution, but its poorer spatial resolution limits this sensor's ability to discriminate smaller scale topography RESURS-01 is a lesswell known 8-bit sensor, but this instrument's higher noise and poorer radiometric resolution restrict its utility for ice-sheet research. Landsat TM applies 8-bit quantization over a narrower radiometric range, causing it to saturate for some conditions. This limitation allows TM to achieve a radiometric resolution half that of AVHRR while retaining a much higher spatial resolution. No SPOT imagery was compared, but the sensor is shown to have less radiometric resolution than i % . However, SPOT has better spatial resolution and is less likely to saturate. introductlon Satellite imagery has become an increasingly valuable tool in ice-sheet research. Surface topography, motion, temperature, and melting can all be detected from space (Bindschadler, 1998). Satellites orbiting to high latitudes exhibit extremely dense coverage to their maximum latitude and a coverage void poleward. Pointable imagers reduce this void. Wide-swath instruments eliminate it, but at the cost of reduced spatial resolution. Ground stations for direct downlinking of image data are expensive to operate and rare at high latitudes. Failures of data transmission links on some satellites have rendered Antarctica, site of the largest ice sheet on Earth, unviewable to the high-resolution imagers of Landsat and SPOT for years at a time. The case is generally not much better for radar imagers which, with one brief exception, face northward, limiting the areal coverage of Antarctica. Consequently, glaciological studies have employed image data from a variety of sources, determined as often by what data are available or affordable as by what imagery is most suitable. A review of image uses is given in Bindschadler (1998). Many uses require an ability to identify surface features contained within an otherwise homogeneous surface. Surface features provide glaciological clues to the underlying topography and to the mode of ice flow, and are used to coregister multiple images. Subtle topographic slopes, revealed by slight differences in image brightness, are the keys to feature identification. A sensor's ability to resolve a given feature depends on both the sensor's spatial resolution and its radiometric resolution. R. Bintischadlor is ~zrith the Oceails and Ice Branch, Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes. NASA Godtlard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (email@example.com). P. Vornberger is with SAIC General Sciences Corporation, 4600 Powder Hill Road, Beltsx~ille, MD 20705-2675. In this paper, we compare the spatial and radiometric resolutions of four satellite imagers. Coregistered sub-images are given for three of the sensors at an Antarctic site where surface topography is typical of much of the ice sheet. Based on these comparisons, the relative strengths and weaknesses of these sensors for detecting ice-sheet topography are discussed. Sensors Studied Three of the sensors are well known and have been employed previously for glaciological studies. Table 1 provides parameter values relevant to this study. Beginning with the poorest spatial resolution, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (A=) provides data in a broad swath (2250 km) at a spatial resolution of 1100 m at nadir and degrading to 4000 m at the swath edge. Multiple NOAA satellites have carried this instrument, providing frequent global coverage in a number of spectral bands. AVHRR imagery has been mosaicked to provide a complete view of the Antarctic continent (Merson, 1989; Ferrigno et al., 1996). Also well-used for ice-sheet research has been Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. Its multispectral data provide a narrower field of view (185 km), but at a much higher spatial resolution (28.5 m). These data have been mosaicked into maps of limited regions of Antarctica (Ferrigno et al., 1994). An even higher resolution sensor than TM is the SPOT imager. Both its 20-m resolution multispectral sensor and its 10-m resolution panchromatic sensor cover an image area 60 km on a side. SPOT sensors include the capability of a high-gain mode as well as the more commonly used standard gain. In this study, we have considered only the standard gain. Over ice sheets, SPOT data have been limited to more local studies than either AVHRR or TM data (e.g., Bindschadler, 1993; Merry and Whillans, 1993). The fourth image system is the little-known Russian RESURS-01. Its spatial resolution of 160 m and swath width of 600 krn places it between A= and either TM or SPOT. It also is multispectral, with its four bands located in the visible portion of the spectrum. To our knowledge, RESURS-01 data have never been used for glaciological studies, prompting the comparison study reported here. AVHRR and TM imagery, but not SPOT imagery, was available for our RESURS-01 study area. Radiometric Resolution Three of the sensors [RESURS-01, TM, and SPOT) use an 8-bit quantization of the satellite-received radiance. Only AVHRR differs, using 10-bit quantization. In all cases, the quantization is applied linearly over the corresponding radiometric range. Photogramllletric Engineering & lienlote Sensing Val. 66, No. 4 , April 2000, pp. 417-422. 0099-lll2100l6504-417S3.00/0 O 2000 American Society for Photogrammetry


Summary Active immunization of New Zealand White male rabbits with NIH-LH-S8 and S10 resulted in loss of libido and suppression of semen production. Testes and accessory gland weights were reduced by 80% and pituitary weights were elevated 35%. Histological examination of the testes revealed absence of spermatozoa and spermatids and degeneration of spermatocytes. One mg testosterone on alternate days restored libido but semen production remained suppressed. No significant repair of atrophied testes or accessory organs occurred. The antiserum, concentrated by repeated precipitation with ammonium sulfate, gave an antibody titer of 1:32,000 and reacted with ovine LH, FSH, TSH and possibly STH in the Ouchterlony gel diffusion test. The antiserum used at dosage levels of 3.0 cc to .075 cc blocked ovulation in 13 females mated immediately with a vasectomized male and in four females injected simultaneously with 25 üg exogenous LH. The minimum antiserum dosage required to inhibit ovulation was .075 cc. Results obtained were attributed to neutralization of endogenous gonadotropins. Inhibition of endogenous testosterone was suggested among males.