Reduction tillage, in modifying the soil microorganisms' environment, modifies their potential to supply plants nutrients. This is of primary importance in organic farming as the nutrients availability is mainly dependent on the organic matter degradation by microorganisms. To study the effect of tillage on soil physical and microbiological properties, we compare 4 tillage practises (deep and shallow ploughing, chisel and no tillage) in an experimental field near Lyon. Our objective is to link a structural statement with a microbiological functioning in order to study the microorganisms' abilities to supply nitrogen and phosphorus. For such studies, it is of primary importance to use a convenient sampling design as the microbiological properties are highly variable in space and time. So, we first studied, before the treatments differentiation, the spatial variability of some microbiological properties. We first present this study briefly and its utilities for the future assessment of the tillage practises on the soil microbiological functioning.


A tilting module suspension (1) for a wheeled vehicle (200) including at least two wheels (2, 3) arranged on a common axle, said module comprising a suspension system adapted to support said at least two wheels allowing tilting said at least two wheels, said module comprising a rigid frame (17) adapted to be attached firmly to the chassis of said vehicle (200) and pivotally supporting a tilting arm (14) further including said means module hydraulic actuator (101, 102) interposed pivotally between said rigid frame (17) and said swing arm (14) so that actuation of said hydraulic actuating means to place a force on said swing arm (14) is exercised and basculandose said rigid frame (17) together with said at least two wheels, characterized in that said rocker arm (14) includes at least a first and a second arm portion (14l, 14r) and in that said hydraulic actuating means comprise at least one first hydraulic actuator (102) adapted to exert a force on said first arm portion (14l), and a second hydraulic actuator (101) adapted to exert a force on said second arm portion (14r).


After a review of the idealizations usually made in theories of space-charge polarization in liquids and solids, published theoretical and experimental work dealing with the a.c. response of two-electrode systems is discussed and various corrections pointed out. A calculation of the equilibrium space charge capacitance of two blocking electrodes separated by material containing mobile positive and negative charge of arbitrary valences is presented for the limit of vanishingly small applied static potential. The result of this calculation may be used to obtain the frequency dependence of diffuse layer parallel capacitance and conductance in the Debye dispersion frequency range, where the motion of charges in space charge regions leads to an admittance involving only a single time constant. Expression given previously by Baker and Buckle for this time constant and for the low-frequency limiting capacitance are corrected, along with their conditions for the extent of the Debye dispersion range.
 The relaxation time constant is G∞(r–1)τD/G0, where G0 and G∞ are the low-and high-frequency limiting values of the series conductance, τD is the dielectric relaxation time of the material containing mobile charges, rM cotanh M, and M is the ratio of the separation between electrodes to twice the Debye length. Finally, deviations from Debye dispersion behaviour for various 1 : 1 valence theories are calculated and compared; for the two-blocking-electrodes situation, Debye behaviour and a simple equivalent circuit of frequency-independent elements extend up to nearly ωτD∼1. Beyond this range, the parallel space-charge capacitance shows ω– limiting behaviour, similar to that previously found only with partly blocking electrodes, and the equivalent series space-charge capacitance eventually decreases as ω–½.


Objective To study the process of the ultrasonic extraction of Heteropappus altaicus(Willd.) Novopokr polysaccharide. Methods Based on extraction rate of Heteropappus altaicus(Willd.) Novopokr polysaccharide, the best extracting conditions were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. Results The best extracting conditions by ultrasonic extraction were as follows:extraction time for 40 min, extracting at 50℃,ultrasonic power 140 W,material-liquid ratio:1:40. RSD of process validation test is 0.65%, RSD of process amplification experiment is 0.95%. Conclusion The extraction of Heteropappus altaicus(Willd.) Novopokr polysaccharide was done by ultrasonic extraction and the method is saving time and economy with a high rate of extraction and a good repeatability,which is worthy of further promotion.


The traffic data collection mechanisms have relied on fixed sensor networks, including inductive loop detectors, wireless magnetometer sensors, and microwave radar sensors. Because these dedicated sensing systems are expensive to install and maintain, their deployment has been limited largely to highways. As a result, traffic information on many of the major arterial roads is sorely lacking. At present a vehicular for the city road scenario with an assumption that each safety message carries the location information of the sending vehicle. Verifiers of each message are defined according to their locations in relation to the sender. Only the selected verifiers check the validity of the message while non-verifiers of the message rely on verification results from these verifiers. A brand new research issue of the VPKI is how to select verifiers in the city road scenario. For security purpose the RSA three key generation techniques. The authentication is a key barrier in the network information system security field. RSA is an open network environment technology, using public key cryptogram system theory has implemented and supplied a universal security infrastructure for security services, it has two main applications, include encryption and digital signature. R.Logapriya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.11, November2014, pg. 713-723 © 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 714 NOVEL TRAFFIC MONITORING SYSTEM Introduction Proposed a novel traffic monitoring system design based on the concept of virtual trip lines (VTLs) and experimentally evaluate its feasibility. Virtual trip lines are geographic markers stored in the mobile phone client, which trigger a position and speed update when a probe vehicle trajectory intersects a trip line. Through privacy-aware placement of these trip lines, clients need not rely on a trustworthy server. The system is designed for GPS-enabled cell phones to enable rapid software deployment to a large and increasing number of programmable smart phones. Here present a cooperative message authentication protocol (VPKI) for the city road scenario with an assumption that each safety message carries the location information of the sending vehicle. Verifiers of each message are defined according to their locations in relation to the sender. Only the selected verifiers check the validity of the message while non-verifiers of the message rely on verification results from these verifiers. The security purpose it provide triple key generation techniques. The authentication is a key barrier in the network information system security field. That Crypto technique is an open network environment technology, using public key cryptogram system theory has implemented and supplied a universal security infrastructure for security services, it has two main applications, include encryption and digital signature. Along with the modern times autoimmunization improvements, a great deal of no face-to-face electronic trades are increasing. A veracity, and security, and practicable automatic personal identification are even more highly demanded and required in our life. Traffic monitoring using GPS-equipped vehicles raises significant privacy concerns, because the external traffic monitoring entity acquires fine-grained movement traces of the probe vehicle drivers. These location traces might reveal sensitive places that drivers have visited, from which, for example, medical conditions, political affiliations, traffic violations, or potential involvement in traffic accidents could be inferred. Traffic monitoring does not need to rely on individuals or personal information, only on the aggregated statistics from a large number of probe vehicles. R.Logapriya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.11, November2014, pg. 713-723 © 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 715 VIRTUAL TRIP LINE CONCEPT The traffic monitoring system builds on the novel concept of virtual trip lines and the notion of separating the communication and traffic monitoring responsibilities. A virtual trip line (VTL) is a line in geographic space that, when crossed, triggers a client's location update to the traffic monitoring server. More specifically, it is defined by [id; x1; y 1; x2; y 2; d]: Where id, is the trip line ID, x1, y1, x2, and y2 are the (x; y) coordinates of two line endpoints, and d is a default direction vector(e.g., N-S or E-W). When a vehicle traverses the trip line its location update comprises time, trip line ID, speed, and the direction of crossing. The trip lines are regenerated and stored in clients. To check any crossings, here set the sampling period of a single-chip GPS/A-GPS module in each Smartphone and retrieve the position readings. Virtual trip lines control disclosure of location updates by sampling in space rather than sampling in time, since clients generate updates at predefined geographic locations, compared to sending updates at periodic time intervals. Through careful placement of trip lines the system can thus better manage data quality and privacy than through a uniform sampling interval. In addition, the ability to store trip lines on the clients can reduce the dependency on trustworthy infrastructure for coordination. TRAFFIC MONITORING WITH VIRTUAL TRIP LINES Here introduce the concept of virtual trip lines for privacy-preserving monitoring and describe two architectures that embody it. The first architecture seeks to provide probabilistic privacy guarantees with virtual trip lines. Design Goals To achieve both high quality traffic information and strong privacy protection in this traffic monitoring system. There exists an inherent tradeoff between these requirements, since privacy-enhancing technologies such as spatial cloaking reduce accuracy of traffic monitoring. Privacy The privacy protection by design so that the compromise of a single entity, even by an insider at the service provider, does not allow identifying or tracking users. Data Integrity. The system should not allow adversaries to insert spoofed data, which would reduce the data quality of traffic information. This is especially challenging because it conflicts with the desire for anonymity. R.Logapriya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.11, November2014, pg. 713-723 © 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 716 Smartphone Client The client software must cope with the resource constraints of current smart phone platforms. One may expect, however, that a privacy-preserving design motivates more users to participate in such a system, which would improve the quality of traffic information.


. We develop the notion of discrete degrees of freedom of a log-concave sequence and use it to prove that the quantity P ( X = E X ) is maximized, under fixed integral mean, for a Poisson distribution. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 60E15; Secondary 94A17.


Objective
To investigate the effects of fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) on diabetic kidney disease in db/db mice and its possible mechanisms.

Methods
(1) Fifty-six mice aged 8 weeks (half male and half female), including 42 db/db mice and 14 wild-type mice were studied. Forty-two db/db mice randomly were divided into model group (mock-treated diabetic db/db mice), AKF-PD (250 mg·kg-1·d-1) treatment group and losartan (20 mg·kg-1·d-1) treatment group. Wild-type mice and model mice were treated with vehicle (0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose), while the treatment groups received either AKF-PD or losartan. After 18 weeks, the blood glucose and urinary albumin were measured, the pathological changes of kidney were observed by PAS staining. The protein expressions of type Ⅳ collagen and fibronectin (FN) in kidney tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. (2) Mouse glomerular mesangial cells (MES-13 cells) were divided into six groups: normal glucose group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), hypertonic group (5.5 mmol/L glucose+19.5 mmol/L mannitol), high glucose group (25.0 mmol/L glucose), AKF-PD group (25.0 mmol/L glucose+400 mg/L AKF-PD) and losartan group (25.0 mmol/L glucose+2 μmol/L losartan). After 72 h treatment, the expressions of type Ⅰ collagen, type Ⅳ collagen and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA were detected by real-time PCR, and the content of TGF-β1 protein in the culture supernatant was detected by ELISA.

Results
(1) Compared with the wild type mice, model mice had increased weight, blood glucose and glomerulosclerosis index (all P<0.01), accompanied with heavy albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial area expansion and deposition of collagen type Ⅳ and FN (all P<0.01). Compared with model mice, in AKF-PD and losartan groups 24 h urinary albumin and glomerulosclerosis index decreased (all P<0.01), glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial area expansion alleviated, and the protein expressions of collagen type Ⅳ and FN were inhibited (all P<0.01). (2) Compared with the normal glucose group, the mRNA expressions of type Ⅰ collagen and type Ⅳ collagen increased in high glucose group, meanwhile the mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1 increased (all P<0.01). In AKF-PD and losartan groups the expressions of type Ⅰ collagen, type Ⅳ collagen and TGF-β1 were inhibited as compared with high glucose group (all P<0.05).

Conclusion
Fluorofenidone may play an anti-fibrotic effect in db/db mice by reducing the expression of TGF-β1 and inhibiting collagen synthesis in glomerular mesangial cells.

Key words:
Diabetic nephropathies; Fibrosis; Transforming growth factor beta1; Pyridones


This study purpose to the determine the influence of Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Earning Per Share, and Return On Assets to the Dividend Policy (Dividend Payout Ratio) for companies included Daftar Efek Syariah period 2008-2010 simultaneously and partial. The population in this study all companies included Daftar Efek Syariah period 2008-2010 amount to 286 companies. The sample selection procedure used was a purposive sampling so that it produced 44 companies. Secondary data was collected by the documentation technique were obtained from the fundamental annual report 2011. The analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis using the tools of SPSS. The research found that four variables of kind of CR, DER, EPS and ROA simultaneously influence to DPR for companies included Daftar Efek Syariah period 2008-2010. The three variables of kind of CR, EPS, and ROA partially influence positive significant to DPR, while variable DER influence negative but insignificant to DPR for companies included Daftar Efek Syariah period 2008-2010.


Analyzing the variations in the stream flow of a river over a period of time is important from water resources management point of view and effects of climate change in the basin. Statistical trend analysis determines the positive and negative variations in a data group; accordingly, future projections and predictions can be made. In this study, the Seasonal Mann-Kendall trend analysis test and Sen's slope estimating method were applied to the stream flow data of the part of the Tigris River Basin located within the borders of Turkey. A total of 21 flow measuring stations' data (FMS) were processed and their trends were determined. The trend parameters of FMS's were described and the Sen's slopes of the trend for all stations were presented. In ten stations no trend was detected while in seven stations decreasing and in four stations increasing trends were detected. The level of significance was taken as 0.96, which is the most commonly used value. No trend was detected in the discharge values of the stations located on the main river, namely 2605, 2606 and 2611. The maximum decreasing and increasing slopes obtained by the Sen's slope estimating method were -0.209 and 0.093 for the stations 2602 and 2604, respectively.


In his Genealogy of Morais Nietzsche located the weak's resentment on the origin of the moralization of the strong's genuine values -among them the inherent cruelty of life's strengthening- wich transformed in negative values. In Beyond guilt and expiation (1966) Jean Amery, a victim of nazi's violence, opposes to this idea of


This paper focused on conflict detection and processing in spatial data dynamic updating,based on the analysis of the manifestation of spatial conflict,geographic entities and database space oriented mapping as the starting point,explored a detection method of spatial conflict and made a conflict detection model.Considering different types of space conflict,targeted treatment was given.Finally,a verification making by independent development system achieved good results and confirmed that the method of conflict detection and processing in this article was reliable.


In this paper we report a case study where two versions of the same outdoor pervasive game were compared: one featuring a virtual game object and the other with a tangible representation of it. Our aim was to explore the effect on social interaction and physical activity; two characteristics of Head-Up Games. Based on evaluation with 27 children we can conclude that both approaches support Head-Up Games well, and offer different design opportunities that should be explored further.


The effect of accompanying anions on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb added in soils was studied by using bach equilibria and incubation-extraction mothods.Pb concentration ranged between 0.48-2.41 mM in the adsorption experiment,and Pb added to soil from 2.14 to 19.31mM Pb/kg with an incubation time of 2-16 weeks in the incubation-extraction test in which 1M NH4OAc(pH 7) was taken as an extraction agent,and the Pb compounds used are PbCl2,Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(OAc)2.The values of pH50 for Pb retention and the parameters,b and k values,of Langmuir equation were used to distinguish the difference of adsorbability and extractability of Pb affected by anions,respectively.Judging from the results of either pH50 value or b value,the influences of Cl^- and NO3^- on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb in soils were similar but quite different from those of OAc^-.The relative loading capacities of soils to Pb calculated according to the extraction rate showed that the values of Pb(OAc)2 were higher than those of PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2.


The paper is interdisciplinary in nature: it is written at the intersection of legal theory and neuroscience. In legal science, the study of the causes of illegal behavior is carried out at different levels (psychological, sociological and philosophical). The novelty that this paper introduces is that it is proposed to conduct research on the causes of illegal behavior at the neurobiological level, which is almost more powerful than those mentioned above. The paper is aimed at solving the problem of using a neurobiological portrait of a person or a social group to prevent offenses. According to neurobiological features, people are divided into 4 categories: visual, auditory, kinesthetic and digital, which implies a different characteristic of them in terms of law abidance/delinquency. Knowledge of the neurobiological features of the subjects of law will allow the state to act "ahead of the curve", and not wait for the commission of illegal actions to begin the fight against them. The question of the gender brain (or the features of the female and male brains) and its influence on the nature of delinquency is being investigated. The features of the adolescent brain are considered, which are able to activate not only prosocial behavior, but also antisocial. The use of neuroscience to explain the antisocial behavior of adolescents allows a deeper understanding of juvenile delinquency. The understanding of the peculiarities of the adolescent brain, it seems possible to develop many different measures in advance to direct their energy in the right way. Finally, neurobiological knowledge is also used to study the legal behavior of older people. The gerontological brain has both advantages and disadvantages. Despite the fact that older people are law-abiding, and the level of delinquency among them is law, it is extremely shortsighted to abandon the behavior of older people in the field of law, especially in the light of demographic problems existing in Russia.


e16059 Background: Previous studies have shown that the acquired resistance to anti-cancer therapy is largely due to intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH), thus leading to unfavourable prognosis. As known, there is no comprehensive research using ITH as a biomarker to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in advanced esophageal cancer (ESCA) patients. Methods: Bioconductor R package Maftools was used to analyze somatic variants of advanced ESCA from MSK-IMPACT-1611 study cohort (PMID: 30643254) with data from 39 patients. We then used a mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH) algorithm to measure ITH score and analyzed the difference in the genetic profile between the ITH score high (ITH-H) and ITH score low (ITH-L) groups, the association with tumor mutational burden (TMB), and the effect of ITH on the prognosis of immunotherapy. Results: There were significant differences in gene mutation spectrum between ITH-H and ITH-L groups. The genes with the highest mutation frequency in ITH-H group were TP53 (93.75%), CDKN2A (37.5%), PREX2 (31.25%), PTPRD (25%), ALK (18.75%), ERBB4 (18.75%), and KMT2D (18.75%), while the genes with the highest mutation frequency in ITH-L group were TP53 (69.57%), CDKN2A (21.74%), PIK3CA (21.74%), APC (17.39%), ARID1A (17.39%), LATS1 (17.39%), and RNF43 (17.39%).There was significant difference in median overall survival (mOS) between ITH-L and ITH-H groups (not reach versus 5 months, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.96, 95%CI 1.02−15.39, P = 0.034). There was no significant difference in median TMB levels between ITH-L and ITH-H groups (7 Muts/Mb versus 8 Muts/Mb, P = 0.09). The TMB high (TMB-H) patients had no significantly better mOS than the TMB low (TMB-L) group (HR = 0.27, 95%CI 0.06−1.26, P = 0.072). A pooled analysis of ITH and TMB show that mOS in the ITH-L+ TMB-H group was significantly better than that in the ITH-L+TMB-L, ITH-H+TMB-H, and ITH-H+TMB-L group (HR = 2.03, 95%CI 0.06−7.69, P = 0.002). Conclusions: The results suggest ITH is a predictor of ESCA immunotherapy efficacy independent of TMB.


Combined control variates and importance sampling variance reduction and its two-fold optimality are investigated. Two-time-scale stochastic approximation algorithm is applied in parameter search for the combination and almost sure convergence of the algorithm to the unique optimum is proved. The parameter search procedure is further incorporated into adaptive Monte Carlo simulation, and its law of large numbers and central limit theorem are proved to hold. An numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.


Despite numerous criticisms in the literature on the ethics and sustainable outcomes of shortterm international mission trips, there can be positive outcomes for volunteers and for recipients of short-term mission care efforts. Utilizing a theoretical framework that addresses efforts to promote sustainability can lead to a structured, productive, and satisfying experience. With effective host country partnerships and an organized model of care delivery, international mission volunteers can provide highly effective health care services that are specific to the health and cultural needs of the host community. Does Theory Translate in the Trenches of Short Term Mission Work? Authors: Rhonda D. Hensley (University of Louisiana at Monroe) In the last ten years, there have been increasingly larger numbers of Americans who are engaging in short-term mission (STM) trips to remote and often very under-served and underdeveloped countries, particularly in Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia. With easier travel and the growth of agencies who sponsor and direct short-term missions, this has become a popular venture for health care workers, church workers, college and high school students, construction workers, and many others. A STM is typically a trip to another country or area which lasts an average of 5 to 14 days with a variety of health and humanitarian services provided for local residents. The universal intent of STM trips is generally to provide goods and/or services that will improve the quality of life for locals. There are more than 500 American groups who organize and lead more than 6,000 STM annually from the U. S. (Bartelme, 2015, Niujokas, 2013). Medical mission trip participants include physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, ministers, community leaders, and college and high school students. Participant expenses for the STM range from $1,500 to $4,000 per person, depending on the area of travel and the travel organization. Annually, U. S. citizens spend in excess of $250 million on these STM. It is not uncommon to embark on a STM and meet other teams in the same international airport headed to the same general region to provide helpful services somewhere in that same country. I have been in hub airports waiting on my flight headed to Guatemala or Haiti and observed 3 to 4 groups, each dressed in their identical team T-shirts eagerly awaiting their flights to serve in their assigned areas. One group of short-term mission goers are those enrolled in university professional programs such as medicine, nursing and pharmacy. These professional programs utilize the STM trips as part of an educational offering to enhance and foster a greater appreciation for global health; in some cases students enroll in an actual credit course with the STM project as the course activity. My own university just recently sponsored a trip for pharmaceutical students to Nicaragua during their Spring break period (ULM, 2016). Pharmacy and medical programs report STM with students as a cultural learning experience (Brown, Faircloth, & Ferrill, 2012; Chuang et al. 2015; Scopelliti, Kim, & Falter, 2012; and Werremeyer & Skoy, 2012). Nursing schools have taken groups of undergraduate nursing students and groups of graduate nursing students to various international sites for short-term mission assignments (Arseno, ReimerKirkham, & Astle, 2013; Burgess, Reimer-Kirkham, & Astle, 2014; and Green, Comber, Elliott, & Neubrander,2009). Critics of short-term missions cite many objections and ethical concerns to the STM impact on local communities, including: 1. STM groups spend an average of $25,000-$50,000 per group for a one-week STM; this covers expenses for lodging, airfare, and food for the group. If this money were made available to local clinics, it would more than adequately support the work of that local clinic for a full year (Bartelme, 2015). 2. STM, especially medical teams, take business away from local providers. Some local residents actually prefer the foreign medical teams who they feel are more qualified than their local care providers (Suchdev et al. 2007). 3. The "feel good" reward that STM participants get after working on the mission does not justify the total costs expended (Caldron, Impens, Pavlova, & Greet, 2015). 4. STM provide temporary, short-term assistance, but fail to address the root causes of health problems of the community (Suchdev et al. 2007). 5. There is often a lack of follow up or sustainability for the work that was started by the STM teams (Suchdev et al. 2007; Leffers & Mitchell, 2010). 6. There are unmet expectations when STM teams send unprepared workers to meet health care needs. The workers have limited knowledge of culturally relevant care needs and often are unprepared for the communication barriers that exist. Despite criticisms, global health remains a significant health care issue with some problems that can be addressed by short-term medical mission teams and humanitarian aid groups. The World Health Organization (WHO) has targets for health related millennium developmental goals which they have trended since 2000. Currently there are 17 Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG) in the World Health Organization directed toward eradication of poverty and hunger, economic growth, and population health. The 2016-2030 SDG for health still focuses on improvements in economic and social conditions in developing countries, including poverty reduction, nutritional health improvements and prevention of communicable disease; but now also focus on non-communicable diseases which are rising as morbidity issues internationally. Due to longer longevity, there is a shift in occurrence from infectious diseases and communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung diseases which are becoming more prevalent in world health statistics. Sustainable health efforts imply that treatments and services provided will reach at least 65% of the population at risk and that the interventions will become an integral part of the national or local health care services and continue to function through a strong sense of community and national government ownership (WHO). Substantial hunger and poverty exists globally, but most significantly in the sub-Saharan areas, Southeast Asia and in Central American countries, including Haiti (2015). The United Nations World Food Program (2015) hunger statistics indicate that 795 million people in the world do not have adequate food to eat; most of these are living in one of the three areas identified and most living on less than $1.90 per day. Poor nutrition is the primary cause of under-five deaths for 3.1 million children annually; and it is related to growth and developmental stunting in many others. Globally the four major causes of under-five deaths are pneumonia, diarrhea-related diseases, pre-term birth complications, and birth asphyxia; but poor nutrition was the underlying cause in more than one-third of the under-five deaths (UN Interagency Group, 2011). Lack of potable water sources affects 663 million people globally and lack of sanitation (particularly toileting facilities) affects as many as 2.4 billion people. Both of these factors contribute heavily to sanitation-related diarrhea diseases and deaths (WHO, 2015). Efforts by the WHO have demonstrated improvements in mortality statistics over the previous twenty years, but many of the 2015 target goals are only partially met, much work is still needed. Can short-term mission goers make a sustainable difference with these overwhelming health burdens? Mother Theresa was quoted to say "In this life we cannot do great things, we can only do small things with great love.....If you can't feed 100 people, feed just one." Random short-term mission trips can have a short term affect leaving a "feel good" reward for both provider and recipient of care. There is no way to measure the impact of caring, sharing a hug or a smile with a child. In Canaan, Haiti in addition to providing a hot meal daily and some fun activities for the local children, it was very evident that the children we served were very eager to be hugged and cared about. It was a common sight for each American worker to be holding 3-4 children in their lap at any given point in time, sharing smiles and positive affirmations. Some STM trips do leave behind sustainable impacts, particularly those who deliver surgical interventions such as facial reconstruction surgery, hip and knee replacements, cataract removal, and dental extractions, among others. Humanitarian aid groups who provide food, rebuilding after disasters, such as the Haiti earthquake, and sanitary water wells for clean water all generate sustainable work that can and does improve the quality of life. On a recent trip to Nicaragua, members of the team that I led constructed a steel frame house for a family in the community to provide them with a better home; that was clearly a sustainable difference for that family. Travelers with the Nicaraguan Christian Outreach program (Louisiana based, faith-based organization) often include a house building project for a local family with each group that travels to that mission site. For the future mission trip participant, the first question to ask should be "will this trip make/create a sustainable difference in the lives of those I will serve?" Sustainable impacts may be in the form of improved quality of health/life, improved access to sanitation and potable water sources, education to promote better health practices, humanitarian aid for specific needs, and faith-related changes. What is the purpose of the STM? Is there a mission statement for the group which is designed to keep the mission on course and addresses the public health needs of the community? What type of activities will the STM workers be engaged in doing? There is a distinct advantage in making STM trips with est


People think that gold recovery is limited up to computer chips only. Every electronic device has a motherboard and that motherboard has some chips mounted on it. It could be a DVD or a mobile or just any electronic device. We get gold from all the chips. Gold is an essential part of a chip. It is in the form of very thin wires inside a chip. Undoubtedly, extracting gold from chips is a very profitable business. I receive numerous calls every day and most of the people ask me how to recover gold from computer chips. Before starting the business of gold recovery from chips one must have the correct knowledge of the precious metals content from one pound/kilo of chips or integrated circuits so that we make the right purchase. Well, no one can obtain the same quantity of gold from all the chips. There are many factors behind it. Chip manufacturing companies used a lot of gold at the early stage of chip manufacturing because at that time gold was very cheap.


We show that two-dimensional rod-type photonic crystals can have very low Fresnel losses for a wide range of incident angles at a wavelength in the second band. We use this to design an efficient beam combiner. Introduction-Photonic crystals (PCs), structures in which the refractive index is a periodic function of position, broadly have two types of applications. The first of these apply for wavelengths within a photonic bandgap where the PC is strongly reflecting. Applications of this type include PC-based waveguides, cavities and lasers, where the strong reflection leads to confinement of the light. 1 The second type of applications apply for wavelengths in one of the PC's bands. These applications rely on the unusual propagation behavior of light at these wavelengths, including a weak or strong dependence of the direction of the energy flow on wavelength and incident angle, leading to selfcollimatiorr'" and to the superprism effect," respectively. Any practical application of the second type requires efficient coupling of the light into and out of the PC; we refer to the reflection losses between the PC and free space as Fresnel losses. While any losses are undesirable, Fresnel losses also lead to stray light in the optical system. In this paper we demonstrate that the Fresnel losses in realistic rodtype PCs without surface modifications can be surprisingly small at incident angles up to approximately 30°. We explain this behaviour in terms of the scattering properties of the individual inclusions and apply it to the design of a beam collimator with low losses. Because ofthe difficulty of fabricating three-dimensional PCs, structures in which the refractive index varies periodically in three dimensions, most papers in the literature deal with two-dimensional PCs. We do so here as well. There are two types of two-dimensional pc. The first, and most common of these, air-hole type PCs, consists of a thin-membrane in which a periodic array of holes has been fabricated. The second type, rod-type PCs, consist of a periodic array of high-index rods in air. Strictly two-dimensional geometries-Fig. I shows the reflection spectrum versus wavelength and incident angle of a rod-type PC. This is an idealized structure in which the rods have been taken to be infinitely long so that the geometry is strictly two-dimensional. The rods have a refractive index n = 3, and a radius r / d = 0.34, where d is the lattice constant of the square lattice, and the electric field is polarized along the rods. The background is air, with refractive index n = 1. Note the very high transmission when d / A :::0 0.34 in the second band, which extends to incident angles exceeding 70°. Note also that another high-transmission frequency exists in the third band atd / J, ~ 0.58, but we do not discuss it here. Our calculations show that the wide-angle, high transmission is quite robust and that the associated wavelength depends weakly on the PC period or even on the lattice type. It also occurs in gratings, i.e., structures consisting of a one-dimensional array of rods. In contrast, it depends strongly on the properties of the rods (radius, refractive index). This implies that the high transmission is associated with the individual rods, rather than with a lattice property. This is illustrated in Fig.2, which shows three sets of information. The first of these is the normal incidence transmission (solid curve). The dashed curve shows the scattering cross section per unit length of the rod." Note that it has a number of features, the strongest of which is close to the high-transmission frequency of d / J. :::0 0.34. Finally, the dashed-dotted curve shows the asymmetry parameter g = (cos rp) , where rp is the scattering angle of the incident radiation;" here tp = 0 corresponds to forward scattering, whereas rp = ;rr corresponds to backward scanering. Thus, if g = 1(g = -1) then all light is scanered strictly in the forward (backward) direction. Notice from Fig. 2 that the high-transmission wavelength also coincides with a strong peak in the asymmetry parameter, where essentially all light is scanered forward. Fig. 2 Normal incidence transmission (solid curve), asymmetry parameter g (dasheddotted), and scattering cross section (dashed), versus dimensionless frequency d/): We have found that for high transmission into the PC to occur. two conditions need to be satisfied simultaneously. The first of these is the occurrence of peaks in both the scanering cross section and the asymmetry parameter of the individual rods. The second is that A > d / 2; this means that if the light was incident on a grating of period d. the type of grating that comprises the PC then there is only a single propagating diffracted order (the spec ular or undiffracted order) for any incident angle. Low-loss beam combiner-One of the most compelling applications of photonic crystals for in-band frequencies is that of beam collimation.r' In this case the diffraction of a beam propagating in a PC is significantly reduced so that a narrow beam can propagate without significantly widening. This property is quantified by the parameter p = 3el/1 / aeOlif II"' introduced by Baba et al.J, Here elll is the incident angle and elllil is the propagation angle of the energy flow in the PC When p=O then for a range of incident angles, the direction of energy propagation in the PC is constant, thus leading to reduced diffraction. Some of us recently proved that every photonic band of a two-dimensional PC has curves on which p=O.7 We now combine this property with that of high-transmission discussed earlier, as in the structure shown in Fig. 3. It consists of a two-dimensional hexagonal array of rods with refractive index n=3.4 and height h=3d. in a uniform medium with refractive index n=1.46, sandwiched between two uniform ~edia with refractive index n=1.458. The planar waveguide geometry provides vertical confinement due to total internal reflection at the wavelength of operation. Incident on this structure are two Gaussian beams propagating in the horizontal plane at angles of e, = ±22.5° to the Flvl-direction. These beams each have vertical widths of 2.5d, and a horizontal width of 5d. This is indicated schematically in Fig 4, which also shows the field strength in the incident plane on the left-hand side by the solid curve. The field envelope indicated by the dashed curve exhibits the Gaussian shape. The associated outgoing field, calculated using a threedimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) calculation. is shown on the right-hand side of Fig 4. Note that it has a similar width and field strength to the incident beam in spite of the propagation through the photonic crystal, confirming the absence of Fresnel losses and the Fig. 1 Transmission versus dimensionless frequency d/r; and the incident angle (),for the 'strictly two-dimensional geometry discussed in the text. suppression of diffraction. Using calculations not shown here the reflection losses were confirmed to be less than I %. The central part of Fig. 4 shows the field inside the PC-note that the self-collimation effect is so strong that, even with the substantial incident angles. in the PC the field propagates in the Flvl-direction. The field distribution in the PC also does not depend on the propagation distance, confirming the absence of diffraction. Since the beams overlap strongly in the PC, they would interact very strongly if at least one of the PC constituents has an optical nonlinearity. Nonetheless, the beams are easily launched into the structure because their incident angles differ by 45°. Fig. 3 Rod-type PC that we consider. The rods are embedded in a planar waveguide to provide vertical confinement. Fig. 4 Result of a full 3-dimensional simulation of the structure in Fig. 3. Shown on the left and right are incident and exiting Gaussian beams. Discussion and ConclusionThe high-transmission property discussed here does not seem to occur for air-hole type PCs. This can be understood from the conditions for low-loss transmission. As already mentioned, the condition for this to occur is the coincidence of the strong rod resonance shown in Fig. 2. and absence of non-specular orders in the diffraction off the gratings that constitute the Pc. In air-hole type PCs, these conditions can simply not be simultaneously satisfied. Indeed, to achieve low Fresnel losses in air-hole type PC significant interface modification is required.I" by which high transmission at only a limited range of incident angles can be achieved. We have shown that two-dimensional rod-type PCs can exhibit very high transmission in the second band. This property is strongest in strictly two-dimensional calculations, in which the rods have infinite length. However. even for the short rods considered here. high transmission (>99%) is obtained for incident angles up to 30°. This allowed us to design a structure in which narrow Gaussian beams are incident at a relative angle of 45°, while still overlapping completely in the PC. This work was produced with the assistance of the Australian Research council under the ARC Centres of Excellence program. References I J.D. Joannopoulos. R.D. Meade. and J.N. Winn, Photonie Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton CP. Princeton. 1995). 21. Witzens. M. Loncar.A. Scherer. IEEE J. Se!. Top. Quant. Electron 8 1246-1257 (2002). 3 X. Yu and S. Fan. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83. 3251-3253 (2003). " T. Baba and T. Matsumoto, App!. Phys. Len. 81. 2325-2327 (2002). , L.C. Botten. T.P. White. A.A. Asatryan. T.:\. Langtry. C.M. de Sterke, and R.C. McPhedran. Phys. Rev. E 70. 056606 (2004). 6 H.C. van de Hulst. Light scattering by small particles (Wiley. New York. 1957). Ch. 15. 7 M. J. Stee!. R. Zoli. C. Grillet. R. C. Mcf'hedran, C. M. de Sterke. A. :\onon. P. Bassi. and B. J. Eggleton. "Analytic properties of photonic crystal superprism parameters:' in press. Phys. Rev, E. A. Martinez. 1. Garcia. G. Sanchez. and J. Marti.


The disaster of water gushing is very liable to occur when tunnels are built in the water-rich fracture structures in igneous rock areas. Different sources of water gushing result in different sizes of disaster. The safety of human life and property are in danger. For the prediction of water gushing in tunnels, the fuzzy clustering method was used to determine the source of the water gushing in this paper. The problem of subjectivity in traditional identification methods was solved by this method. On the basis of the fuzzy clustering method, dynamically changing parameters of the effective radius of the water gushing were introduced and regressed with the dynamic monitoring data and the hydrogeological survey results in an improved method for predicting water gushing. Then, an improved method for predicting water gushing, considering the source, was proposed. A deep underground, extra-long tunnel under construction in the igneous region of southern China was used to verify the soundness of this improved method. Research results showed that the water gushing into the tunnel had a low correlation with surface water with a similarity index of λmin=0.3967 in the results of the second test. The water came mainly from within the rock mass. The effective radius were jointly determined by the average thickness of the rock aquifer and water gushing time, together with a positive correlation. The period of water gushing was divided into three stages. The predictions had a good accuracy rate with an error of 10% or less. These results could provide a reference and theoretical support for site construction.


Manmohan Singh's doctoral thesis at Oxford on India's export trends and prospects in 1966 opened for him the doors of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and then the Delhi School of Economics which then had a global prominence with its faculty on board including Amartya Sen, Jagadish Bhagawati and Sukhamay Chakravarti. The prominence of this institution made him accept the invitation of K. N. Raj and decline the insistence of the head of UNCTAD Raul Prebisch to stay back. The book is useful to any ambitious scholar in building his/her prospective career to learn through Singh's ladder climbing and handling different positions with patience and unvocal efficiency. One can learn from the book how Singh got many different administrative posts in the government and finally made a direct entry into politics in 1991. The subsequent story is known to everyone. Equally importantly Baru attempts to present to the readers Singh's voracious readership and his belief in the correctness of his economic policies.


INTRODUCTION Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI or HARDI) offers the unique possibility to detect brain microstructure in vivo. However, diffusion weighting requires strong and long gradient pulses that, in addition to strong T2 weighting, reduce the signal significantly to encode the directional information. Therefore, DTI is notoriously SNR hungry and the use of very high field strength has been proposed to increase sensitivity. Despite the introduction of 7T, it is still not clear from first demonstrations if 7T results in data quality improvement [1]. In this study, the SNR gain in DTI measurements at 7T is estimated based on realistic tissue and imaging parameters. In addition, large volume coverage DTI data have been acquired at 3T and at 7T and were compared.


The Bayes' formula provides the relationship between conditional expectations with respect to absolutely continuous measures. The conditional expectation is in the context of the Wiener space — an example of second quantization operator. In this note we obtain a formula that generalizes the above-mentioned Bayes' rule to general second quantization operators.


A challenge that many video providers face is the heterogeneity of networks and display devices for streaming, as well as dealing with a wide variety of content with different encoding performance. In the past, a fixed bit rate ladder solution based on a "fitting all" approach has been employed. However, such a content-tailored solution is highly demanding; the computational and financial cost of constructing the convex hull per video by encoding at all resolutions and quantization levels is huge. In this paper, we propose a content-gnostic approach that exploits machine learning to predict the bit rate ranges for different resolutions. This has the advantage of significantly reducing the number of encodes required. The first results, based on over 100 HEVC-encoded sequences demonstrate the potential, showing an average Bjøntegaard Delta Rate (BDRate) loss of 0.51% and an average BDPSNR loss of 0.01 dB compared to the ground truth, while significantly reducing the number of pre-encodes required when compared to two other methods (by 81%-94%).


The X-ray crystal structure analysis of the antibiotic elaiophylin (1), monoclinic, a = 9.927, b = 10.105, c = 31.183 A, β = 93.20°, space group P21, confirms the constitution elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation. In the crystal the two chemically equivalent halves of the molecule are related by an approximate twofold rotation axis.


As software systems have become increasingly complex and sophisticated, the process of defining requirements for software development has become increasingly demanding and challenging. Still, requirements elicitation is a necessity in any software development project that aims to create solution that will satisfy human and technical needs. There is no unique approach to requirements engineering, and project team should define methodology for requirements elicitation and management, and accordingly choose the right requirement engineering techniques. Requirements elicitation is especially challenging when software users originate from countries with different culturally and technology diverse conditions. Often, socio-cultural factors appear as the core constrains to use software across different countries. In this paper authors as a part of project team present requirements elicitation methodology used in FP7 project Enhanced Government Learning (EAGLE). EAGLE project aims to introduce e-learning and open educational resources in public administration institutions in culturally and technologically diverse European countries.


With the popularity of Sensor‐Cloud, its security issues get more attention from industry and academia. Especially, Sensor‐Cloud underlying network is very vulnerable to internal attacks due to its limitations in computing, storage, and analysis. Most existing trust evaluation mechanisms are proposed to detect internal attack issues from the behavior level. However, there are some special internal attacks in the data level such as hidden data attacks, which are normal in the behavior level but generate malicious data to lead user to make wrong decisions. To detect this type of attacks, we design a fog‐based detection system (FDS), which is based on the trust evaluation mechanism in the behavior level. In this paper, three types of scenes (the redundant data, the parameter curve characteristic, and the data validation) are defined, and three detection schemes are given. Some experiments are conducted, which manifest that FDS has certain advantages in detecting hidden data attacks.


In the past, most people thought "the Originator of Taiwan Literature" was Guang-wen Shen. However, now this issue is facing challenges. The author of this paper tries to discuss whether Shen-guang-wen is worthy of the name from the aspect of literature. In the Southern Ming Dynasty, the famous poets included Zhong-xian Wan, Fu-yuan Xu and Ruo-teng Lu. Wan and Xu had been to Taiwan, but they didn't have chance to become "the Originator of Taiwan Literature". Ruo-teng Lu lived in Jin-Men for a long time, if he could have a great chance to be "the Originator of Taiwan Literature". Therefore, this paper focuses on the comparison between Guang-wen Shen and Ruo-teng Lu, inclusive of the contributions and the values.


The scientific article is devoted to the juvenile's right to education. Considered offsetting law, duties of parents to ensure the child's right. As an example of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the rules of international and Russian law defining the standards and general education requirements of the minor. Author presented findings on the legality of the court's decision on the duty of parents to ensure the juvenile's right to education.


The article deals with an urgent issue related to the establishment of types of enforcement of obligations to pay taxes and fees. Legal aspects and features of each type of security are also analyzed


This article presents a project that contributed to the computerization of the obsolete measurement an d co trol cabinet SPS1, which is part of a test stand designed to determ ine the parameters of the engine in wheeled tractor s. The test stand is located in the Department of Energy Systems Engineeri g at the University of Life Sciences in Pozna ń. Arduino platform was used as a built-in system, which enabled the exchan ge of information between the computer and the meas ur ment and control cabinet along with the readout of analogue met er readings and the control of the engine dynamomet er brake load. In order to clearly display measured parameters, propr ietary applications were developed in the .NET envi ronment, which in real time presents the results and graphs the speed characteristics of the engine. The implementation was carried out without violating the design of the test station.


The object of the jeopardy dice game Pig is to be the first player to reach 100 points. Each turn, a player repeatedly rolls a die until either a 1 is rolled or the player holds and scores the sum of the rolls (i.e., the turn total). At any time during a player's turn, the player is faced with two choices: roll or hold. If the player rolls a 1, the player scores nothing and it becomes the opponent's turn. If the player rolls a number other than 1, the number is added to the player's turn total and the player's turn continues. If the player instead chooses to hold, the turn total is added to the player's score and it becomes the opponent's turn. In our original article [Neller and Presser 2004], we described a means to compute optimal play for Pig. However, optimal play is surprisingly complex and beyond human potential to memorize and apply. In this paper, we mathematically explore a more subjective question:


The induction of neurite extension by mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro can be reversed by adding colchicine or cytochalasin B (CB) to the culture medium. The relative sensitivity of the neurites to retraction is a function of the method used to induce extension. Cells incubated in the absence of serum or in the presence of serum and dibutyryl cyclic-AMP are sensitive to both colchicine and CB; cells incubated in serum-free medium containing either cycloheximide or dimethylsulphoxide are sensitive only to colchicine.


It is an unknown fact that many skin diseases have similar type of shape, size and symptoms. Hence, it is a cumbersome task to recognize and classify these diseases by the doctors. So, for the correct identification of skin disorders, doctors need to check the patient's history alongside certain laboratory testing and physical examinations. But all these processes are time consuming and also costlier for a common man. Hence, this paper discusses a MATLAB based software system introduced to reduce the complexity and thereby providing accurate results. This system includes image preprocessing, features extraction and classification for prediction of the type of skin disorders. Besides feature extraction, the paper mainly focusses on the classification based on three classifiers—SVM (Support vector machine), KNN (K- nearest neighborhood) and NB (Naïve Bias classifier)—and provides a comparative result based on various parameters. It can be concluded from the comparison tables that among the three classifiers, SVM provides the highest accuracy of 98.73% while KNN with 93.67and and NB with 84.81%. This classification helps a doctor to achieve the exactness of the type of skin disorder. In this system the patient needs to provide the image of the infected portion as input and the proposed system shall detect the disease.


An operator R is reflexive if every operator which leaves invariant all R-invariant subspaces belongs to R. The notion of reflexivity can be extended to linear spaces of operators. An operator algebra is said to be hereditarily reflexive if all its weakly closed subspaces are reflexive. This article presents a criterion for the hereditary reflexivity of a W*-algebra, and also examines the more general problem of conditions for the intermediate reflexivity of a pair of W*-algebras. A number of necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for intermediate reflexivity are also obtained.Bibliography: 20 titles.


Wearable devices have strict power and memory limitations. As a result, there is a need to optimize the power consumption on those devices without sacrificing the accuracy. This paper presents AdaSense: a sensing, feature extraction and classification co-optimized framework for Human Activity Recognition. The proposed techniques reduce the power consumption by dynamically switching among different sensor configurations as a function of the user activity. The framework selects configurations that represent the pareto-frontier of the accuracy and energy trade-off. AdaSense also uses low-overhead processing and classification methodologies. The introduced approach achieves 69% reduction in the power consumption of the sensor with less than 1.5% decrease in the activity recognition accuracy.


Providing stacking apparatus and manufacturing apparatus for flattened tube fins. Provide a stacking apparatus capable of effectively stacked flattened tube fins. Each flattened tube fins each having a cutout portion for insertion through the flat tubes of the heat exchanger, the notched portion formed on the side in the width direction toward the other side, the stacking means comprising a pin for insertion into the notched portion of the stack, the stack having a pivot pin preventing structure.


− The reduction of SO2 by CO over supported lanthanum catalysts was studied at the temperature range of 350550C, with initial SO2 concentration of 1,000-10,000 ppm, [CO]/[SO 2] molar ratio of 1.0-3.0 and space velocity of 4,00012,000 h−1. We used γ-Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and NaY as the lanthanum carrier. We investigated the reaction activity and selectivity using a differential fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. Results showed that γ-Al2O3 is the most effective carrier for the lanthanum catalyst. Over the catalyst prepared by impregnating the γ-Al2O3 with 10 wt% lanthanum, SO 2 conversion of higher than 95% and COS yield of lower than 3% were obtained at temperatures above 450 C. The optimum [CO]/[SO2] molar ratio was found to be 2.0. At the [CO]/[SO 2] molar ratios higher than 2.0, the SO 2 conversion was highly increased but the main product was COS. The variation of SO 2 concentration and space velocity in the experimental range did not affect appreciably on SO2 conversion and COS yield. X-ray diffraction results revealed that mixtures of La 2O2S and La2O2S2 was observed after activation, and that the crystal phases were unchanged after reaction.


Introduction: Food is a right ensured by law, and foster care institutions must ensure it to the children they admit by providing healthy food to avoid nutritional disorders and non-communicable diseases. Aim: To assess food consumption in institutionalized children. Method: a study was carried out in five foster care institutions in the city of Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, with 62 children aged 0-5 years between May and August 2017. The variables studied were sex, age, age at admission to the institution, duration of foster care and food consumption. Food consumption was assessed using the "Food Consumption Markers" form designed by the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, which considers the consumption of fruits, vegetables and beans as markers of healthy eating and the consumption of ultra-processed foods as a marker of unhealthy eating. Food consumption data were analyzed based on the recommendations of the Guidelines for the Assessment of Food Consumption Markers in Primary Care. Data were collected by a nutritionist in face-to-face interviews. Results: There was a predominance of female children, with a mean age of 30.19±16.67 months. In all, 92.7% of the children exhibited some indicator of unhealthy food consumption for their age group. The consumption of ultra-processed foods and sweetened beverages by children aged 6-23 months and 29 days was high (83.33%). Conclusion: Most children exhibited some indicator of unhealthy food consumption for their age group in addition to the high frequency of consumption of ultra-processed foods, especially sweetened beverages, in all institutions.


This paper aims to explore how Strategic Planning (SP) and Life Cycle Management (LCM) could be worked together, since both have similar concepts but they are not seen in an integrated way. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify researches that bring the integration of LCM and SP, and then SP activities and LCM practices were included in a relationship matrix to analyze where integration opportunities can be found. The results show that academic literature which brings business SP and LCM concepts together is still far away from maturity and new approaches need to be developed.


The aim of the article is to modify our understanding of the history of middle‐class marriage. It draws upon the detailed examination of one Wolverhampton couple's marriage to explore relationships between husbands and wives—and between ex‐husbands and ex‐wives—in early twentieth‐century provincial England. It argues that patriarchal and companionate marriages co‐existed alongside one another; that even in patriarchal marriages wives were prepared to seek legal redress for their grievances; and that even in insular and unfashionable regions of the country such as the Black Country the courts, both civil and criminal, policed masculinity and femininity in their assessment of where fault lay.


Public transit plays a vital role in economic development for access to the commuters/ travelers to the city centers of metropolitan cities of developing countries. Accessibility of public transit system is a prime factor faced by developing countries due to the lack of feeder services. Therefore, an attempt to improve the feeder services (with different modes i.e. as walking, bicycle, mini bus) is major importance. The present research focuses on new innovative ideas of bicycle as feeder mode with its three services i.e. Exclusive Bicycle Lane, Bicycle operation in mixed traffic with park & ride facility and Bicycle Sharing Service for Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) corridor of Ahmedabad city. The multinomial logit model was applied to develop the models. The findings from the study revealed that as income increases the preference to BMT-PR service increases over BSS and EBL service for their commuting purpose. The observations of age distribution shows with increase in age, the choice of EBL service over BSS and decrease BMT-PR service over BSS. Gender wise distribution indicated that preference to EBL service as well as BMT-PR service are higher among male groups compared with female groups. The observation of the study revealed that with increase in travel time, the respondents are more preferring BSS service over both EBL service and BMTPR service. Same as travel distance increases will be more preference of BSS over EBL service and BMT-PR service by commuters. The output of this research can be extremely useful to increase ridership of public transit by integrating feeder service.


It is important for the development of hearing aids and other audio devices to make accurate estimates of the frequency selectivity and compression of the auditory filter. Previously, we reported a technique for estimating the compression of the auditory filter that combined data from a simultaneous notched-noise experiment and a temporal masking curve (TMC) experiment. Unfortunately, the TMC data derived for individual listeners in forward masking is not stable; the cue to the presence of the signal is not entirely clear in forward masking. In this paper, we report attempts to make the traditional simultaneous notched-noise technique more sensitive to the effects of cochlear compression by varying the relative levels of the noise bands. Asymmetric-level maskers (ALMs) make it possible to estimate the filter shape and compression of the auditory filter simultaneously and reliably; the slope of the input–output function is substantially lower than with symmetric-level maskers. We also describe a procedure ...


PT. Penjalindo Nusantara is a manufacturing company in the packaging field where production depends on customer demand or what is commonly known as job orders so that timely production work and availability of sufficient materials are mandatory for the company. There was a problem in the implementation of the raw material supply strategy by PT. Penjalindo Nusantara caused delays in the supply of raw material stocks. The solution to this problem is to apply the Apriori algorithm to find out what raw materials are being purchased simultaneously so that it can be the basis for implementing a purchasing strategy in supporting the effectiveness of procurement of raw material stocks and also saving time in sending raw materials by suppliers. This research uses a Web-based data mining application to find the raw material purchase pattern. The result of this research is obtained 11 patterns of purchasing raw materials using a minimum value of 90% support and a minimum of 100% confidence with a lift ratio of 1 as a reference for determining which raw materials will be purchased at the same time.


Background: The principal objective of this study was to assess clinical outcomes by breast cancer subtype in patients with brain metastases. Methods: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status was evaluated via immunohistochemical staining. Four survival time intervals were compared according to the subtype (ER+/HER2–, HER2+, triple negative (TN)). Results: 20 (30.3%) of the 66 patients in this study were ER+/HER2–, 20 (30.3%) were HER2+, and 26 (39.4%) were TN. The disease-free survival rates of ER+/HER2–, HER2+, and TN patients were 30.0, 17.0, and 17.9 months, respectively (p = 0.040). The median time intervals from distant metastasis to brain metastasis were 20.6, 19.5, and 9.0 months, respectively (p = 0.012). The times from initial diagnosis to brain metastasis were 52.9, 33.6, and 25.5 months, respectively (p = 0.026). However, the overall survival rates did not differ significantly (p = 0.276). Conclusions: Patients with TN breast cancer were more likely to develop distant metastasis earlier, and also evidenced poor overall survival. Triple receptor status may be employed as a prognostic marker for breast cancer patients with brain metastases.


This Paper describes a one dimensional Silicon Solar Cell using Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. The model is developed using Comsol Software. The maximum power generated is 6.8 mw. Presently Photovoltaic Cells are the core component for manufacturing a solar Cell. The high demand of solar energy needs high efficiency of photovoltaic Cells which is a common problem in modern one. In this paper the problem in the design of photovoltaic cells in case to increase the efficiency is sorted out in terms of formulation and Optimization.


Using hail radar echo data of three types of Hail Cloud in Liangshan Prefecture,it analyzed the radar echo intensity,echo ceiling height,height of strong echo center and vertical integrated liquid water content the main characteristics of parameter values and changes over time of au types hail processe were analyzed.The results show that,hail cloud echo intensity,echo top height and vertically integrated liquid water content and other parameters of the jump,drop are the important reference index to artificial hail warning,echo intensity and vertical integrated liquid water content appear decrease,which last general 2 individual about 12 minutes,the hail occured.The results apply a preliminary study of the bast operation opportuuity and the choice of radar echo criteria for artificial hail suppression in local area.


The study examines the performance of banks after acquisition. Operating profits have been analyzed for Indian Private and Public sector banks The results from the analysis of Pre and post-merger operating performance ratios for the acquiring banks show that operating profit margins were increased in post merger period and there was a marginal decline in return on net worth and capital employed. The sample consists of 16 banks. Data from Prowess database has been collected for three years before and after the acquisition has taken place. The results show that most of the banks had performed well in post merger period. The profitability margin such as gross profit margin, net profit margins are very high in the post merger period which signifies that after acquiring the target bank their performance was well appraised. The returns on investment and capital employed were increased after acquisition. Some of the Indian public sector banks showed a decline in the post merger period which may be attributed to the inefficiency and the increase of Non Performing Assets (NPAs) with the target banks. Private sector banks have shown a rising trend in the profit margins after the acquisition.


The national Conference of the Fuci (Vicenza, April 27-30th 2007), Multiversity, Italy in the process of internationalization and the migrations of students and researchers, delineates the opportunities that the integration of the knowledge can offer to the process of European unification. In this direction, an engagement for the European citizenship to cultural and formative level is needed. This challenge must be set in the ambit of «education to the complexity», where the individual grants the application of its local identity, acting on the territory but integrating transnational and global knowledge.


Species flow regulator, systems and methods, such as but not only during the brazing operation allows to adjust the gas flow during the purge operation of purging oxygen line so as to maintain during the brazing operation of the pipeline no or substantially no oxygen . The system includes a source of gas such as a nitrogen tank fitted with a nitrogen source; in fluid communication with the gas source to adjust the delivery pressure of a gas from a gas source actuator; and a gas source in fluid communication with the purge and thereby brazing flow regulators regulating the gas flow during operation. Flow regulator provides a visual indication of the flow rate of the specific gas flow and a visual indication of gas flow.


In order to improve the performance of muti-digital rights protection, a multiple watermarking algorithm based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and spread-spectrum technique is proposed. First, the host image is divided into subblock and each block is manipulated by DCT. Second, two watermarks are encrypted by Arnold scrambling. Third, the watermarks are modulated by by utilizing two kinds of strategies, and then are embedded in middle frequency coefficients of DCT domain. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient to resist traditional signal processing attacks and has better security and robustness, higher capacity.


−This dissertation is focused on a general purpose new framework for machine intelligence based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) design. This research is significantly important for developing


Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) or histiocytosis X is considered as a rare disease that may have effect on multiple organs. The initial presentation of LCH is varied. The signs and symptoms of otologic histiocytosis can be the same as the acute or chronic infectious ear diseases. Definitive diagnosis of LCH is confirmed by biopsy and immunohistochemically staining of S-100 protein and CD1a antigen. Chemotherapy is the main mode of treatment. Case presentation: In this report, we explained the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of a case of 15 month-old girl with diagnosed of LCH that initially presented with otitis media with effusion (OME). Conclusion: LCH is a rare disease that presented with variable sign and symptoms and have an effect on multiple organs. LCH should be regarded in cases with recurrent ear infection without response to medical treatments. Moreover, biopsy with IHC is the gold standard of diagnosis and chemotherapy is the main form of treatment.


Evolutionary transitions in data science, as elucidated by the Generalised Theory of Evolution (GTE), are under development by the author, which treats collectively data contexts encompassing: cognitive learning, communal mindset and institutions. GTE postulates that every area of complexity including data science evolves but a sense of evolution only emerges at a certain resolution through using four feedback complexes: (i) Zero+ Feedback: a cultural setting, in which objects are primed and may emerge in timeas evolving products; (ii) Positive Feedback as the tendency to multiply and to proliferate; (iii) Negative Feedback as the tendency for internal consistency; and (iv) Feedforward as the tendency for consistency with external effects. These complexes emerge sequentially in a convoluted way and have given rise to four epochs. These epochs for data and data science comprise: Epoch 1: it is driven by the communal mindset and identifies the emergence of objects of data from time immemorial until the emergence of a settled way of life; Epoch 2: it is driven by emerging institutions from the settled way of life until circa 1600 and gives a view of the emergence of implicit data thinking; Epoch 3: it is driven by evidence-based science, which emerged in the early modern time since 1600 until the emergence of explicit data to serve as the currency of science; Epoch 4: driven by the advent of computers, data roles were redefined, which gave rise to the emergence of data science. Overall, the paper advances a theory that GTE is convolutionary and this is radically different than previous theories. These are illustrated in the figure below. ARTICLE INFO Article History: Received 04 April 2018 Received in revised form 22 April 2018 Accepted 14 May 2018 Available online 06 June 2018


The invention discloses a long tube nursing bottle. The bottle comprises a bottle body, a suction nozzle and a straw, wherein the straw is installed on a middle cover of a bottle opening and connected to the middle cover, the lower end of the straw extends into the suction nozzle of the bottle bottom, the upper end of the straw is connected to a hose, the suction nozzle is connected to the tail end of the hose, the length of the hose can be arranged flexibly, during usage, the bottle can be located in a pocket or beside a baby, the baby can suck the liquid in the bottle without holding the bottle, hands of the baby or a man can be released and the use is convenient.


Data mining is the process of finding interesting patterns from huge databases. It is the main part of the knowledge discovery in database (KDD) process. The KDD process may consist of following steps: data cleaning, data transformation, pattern searching, finding presentation, finding interpretation and finding evaluation. Emergence of data mining and knowledge discovery results in fast development of information and database technologies. Further, (Mannila & Raiha, 1987) have done work in the database community on inferring functional dependencies, and efficient inference algorithms. However, association rule mining received a great attention (Agrawal et al., 1993). It is used to find fascinating rules from large collections of data which express an association or relation between items or sets of items. The most important algorithm for generating association rules is apriori-algorithm. This algorithm is designed to operate on databases containing transactions. It works to find the items for frequent item-set based on minimum support and generate association rules based on threshold confidence. Figure 1, explains the flowchart of apriori-algorithm. Now, we will explain the meaning of the terms minimum support and confidence. Given the item-set I containing items {i1, i2, i3...., in}, support for item i1 is defined as the frequency of its occurrence in total number of transactions. It is given by formula: Support i


This paper analyzes the reasons for gain and loss of coal yard with systematic analysis on aspects including data collection,measuring scales,moisture,natural losses and statistics management details etc. to seek the reasons for deficient and excessive stock of coal yard,and proposes the effective measures and scientific adjustment methods for solving the problem.


Abraham Lincoln was a life-long supporter of colonization. Even after issuing the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, but before it took effect, Lincoln offered a plan for compensated emancipation and colonization in his second Annual Message. This chapter puts Lincoln's second Annual Message in context with decades of colonization advocacy to show how Lincoln refined the arguments in a last effort for the scheme before the Emancipation Proclamation rendered such efforts moot.


Objective To investigate the predictive factors of acute pancreatitis for patients with gallstone.Methods One hundred and eighteen patients with gallstones who were admitted to Department of Gastroenterology,People's Hospital of Wuhan University were selected,the gallbladder size,number and size of gallstones,common bile duct stones were determined by imaging study.Then the patients were grouped according to the complication of acute pancreatitis.Results Sixty-one cases of acute pancreatitis occurred out of 118 patients.The gallbladder size of 74 patients was normal,and among them 49(66.2%) developed acute pancreatitis; the gallbladder size of 44 patients was increased or decreased,and among them 12(27.3%)developed AP.Thirty-one patients had a single gallstone,and 11 (35.5%) developed AP; while 87 patients had multiple gallstones,and 50 (57.5%) was complicated with AP.Among patients with AP,11 patients had a single gallstone,and the size of the gallstone in the 8 patients (72.7%) was ≥10 mm; while 50 patients had multiple gallstones,and the size of the gallstone in the 41 patients (82.0%) was < 10 mm.Nineteen patients were complicated with common bile duct stones,and 17 (89.5%) developed AP; while 99 patients were not complicated with common bile duct stones,and 44 (44.4%) developed AP.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (x2 =16.758,P =0.000 ; x2 =4.425,P =0.029 ; x2 =13.434,P =0.001 ; x2 =12.994,P =0.000).Conclusions Acute biliary pancreatitis is associated with gallstones.The size of gallbladder,size and number of gallstone,as well as the presence of common bile duct stones are related to the development of AP.

Key words:
Pancreatitis ;  Cholecystolithiasis ;  Gallbladder;  Choledocholithiasis


As we turn the page from the twentieth to the twenty-first century, the literary reputation of Marcel Proust is clearly on the rise. Not only does he continue to be considered a primary figure in European Modernism occupying the same rarefied aesthetic atmosphere as James Joyce, Franz Kafka and Thomas Mann, but increasingly, within the field of French Studies, he is being singled out as the twentieth-century writer, or even, the French writer of all time. Thus Jean-Yves Tadie, the author of the most comprehensive biographical study on Proust to date and also the general editor of the 1987–9 Pleiade edition of A la recherche du temps perdu , does not hesitate to assert: [ A la recherche du temps perdu ] recapitulates the entire literary tradition, from
 the Bible to Flaubert and Tolstoy, and all literary genres. Proust's novel also
 espouses the romantic and symbolist dream, shared by Mallarme and Wagner,
 of a synthesis of all the arts, painting, music and architecture. Thus are born
 works which escape the constraints of their time period, their country, their
 author, and whose glory continues to grow. It has often been said that, if
 England has Shakespeare, Germany Goethe, Italy Dante, France had no one
 writer to equal them. The number of critical works devoted to the author of
 the Recherche suggests that France now has, and will have tomorrow, Marcel
 Proust. (1, x-xi; my translation.)


The efficiency of nuclear medicine in diagnosis, therapy and me-dicinal research strongly depends on the progress to develop novel suitable radiopharmaceuticals. The selection, preparation, and preclinical evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals is addressed by the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The rapid developments in the field of biotechnology in the post-genome era combined with the recent advances in the instrumentation of SPECT and PET have directed radiopharmaceutical research into a complex chemical science. Current radiopharmaceutical research comprises novel developments of coordination chemistry with [ 99m Tc]technetium pharmaceuticals, the development of non-standard PET radionuclides and the synthesis of 11 C-and 18 F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals at high specific radioactivity. Further developments deal with an increasing alignment to ra-diotherapeutics and the implementation of PET into the process of drug development and evaluation.


................................................................................................. III Acknowledgements.................................................................................... IV Abbreviations and acronyms......................................................................... V Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis objective and research question ..................................................................................... 3 1.2 Personal motivations ................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2: Theory.................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Social perspectives on technology and technological change .................................................. 5 2.1.1 The social shaping of technology .......................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Socio-technical niches and the larger system context............................................................ 6 2.1.3 Drivers and constraints to emerging technological systems .................................................. 7 2.2 Governance from a socio-technical system perspective........................................................... 9 2.2.1 Governance as management and the government's roles ...................................................... 9 2.2.2 Governance beyond management ........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Governance from a political geography perspective.............................................................. 12 2.3.1 The spatiality of energy and politics of change ................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Understanding governance in context.................................................................................. 14 2.3.3 The politics of participation ................................................................................................. 15 2.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3: Methods ............................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Qualitative research .................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1 The qualitative case study design ........................................................................................ 20 3.1.2 The scientific value of qualitative case findings.................................................................. 21 3.2 Data collection ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Interviews, informant selection and access to the field ....................................................... 22 3.2.2 The interview situation and limitations................................................................................ 26 3.3 Interpretation and data analysis .............................................................................................. 28 3.3.1 Quality of the data................................................................................................................ 29 3.4 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................................... 30 3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 4: Factors influencing the implementation of decentralized solar power in Kenya....................................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 An introduction to the Kenyan energy regimes and the solar PV niche .............................. 32 4.1.1 The Kenyan electricity sector and central actors ................................................................. 32 4.1.2 The solar PV niche in Kenya ............................................................................................... 34 4.2 The role of the international work on climate change and national plans of greening the economy............................................................................................................................................ 36 4.3 The impacts of the established energy infrastructure............................................................ 39 4.4 The role of the vested interests................................................................................................. 41 4.5 The impacts of Kenya's pioneer status and market success on solar energy ...................... 44 4.6 The role of national policies and regulations of the solar PV niche ..................................... 45 4.6.1 The role of feed-in tariffs, tax-breaks and other policy incentives ...................................... 45 4.6.2 Regulation of price and quality performance of solar products........................................... 48 4.6.3 Information to the public about renewable off-grid potentials ............................................ 50


Pakistan's health indicators reflect a poor state of mother and child health, writes Dr Nadia Agha, who argues that rural women's health crises must be addressed to ensure a liveable environment for new mothers and their babies.


A study that looks at what impact the Practice Nurse Incentive Program (PNIP) has on improved access for men to health promotion and illness prevention education is being conducted.


This study investigates the application of the jet dispensing technique for the dispensing of glucose oxidase (GOD) on blood glucose test strips. In this study, the experimental results indicated that the working principle of the jet dispensing valve is based on the collision of the sliding needle assembly with the seat, causing glucose oxidase (GOD) droplets to eject from the nozzle. During the process, the sliding of the needle assembly will have certain amount of friction, leading to a minute change in the weight of GOD droplets. Such small variation in the weight of GOD droplets will in turn affect the accuracy of blood glucose test strip readings. Special grease which varies in weight was coated on the surface of the needle assembly for dispensing investigation. The results showed that coating the needle assembly with 0.02g of grease will make the ejected GOD on the test strip reaction zone form an arch-shaped droplet, completely covering the electrode on the test strip reaction zone and allowing the test strip to have lower standard deviation (STD) as well as coefficient of variation (CV). It has been evidenced in this study that applying a small amount of grease on the surface of the needle assembly can improve the accuracy of blood glucose test strip.


While e-government (referring here to the first generation of e-government) was just the simple manner of delivering public services via electronic means, e-gov 2.0 refers to the use of social media and Web 2.0 technologies in government operations and public service delivery. However, the use of the term 'e-government 2.0' is becoming less common as the focus shifts towards broader digital transformation initiatives that may include AI technologies, among others, such as blockchain, virtual reality, and augmented reality. In this study, we present the relatively new concept of e-government 3.0, which is built upon the principles of e-government 2.0 but refers to the use of emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence) to transform the delivery of public services and improve governance. The study objective is to explore the potential of e-government 3.0 to enhance citizen participation, improve public service delivery, and increase responsiveness and compliance of administrative systems in relation to citizens by integrating emerging technologies into government operations using as a background the evolution of e-government over time. The paper analyzes the challenges faced by municipalities in responding to citizen petitions, which are a core application of local democracies. The author starts by presenting an example of an e-petition system (as in use today) and analyses anonymized data of a text corpus of petitions directed to one of the Romania municipalities. He will propose an AI model able to deal faster and more accurately with the increased number of inputs, trying to promote it to municipalities who, for some reason, are still reluctant to implement AI in their operations. The conclusions will suggest that it may be more effective to focus on improving new algorithms rather than solely on 'old' technologies.


In the Mediterranean islands, as land resource is limited, the issue of land-use competition is very accurate. But, whereas tourism and agriculture have been studied for a long time like opposite activities, we propose here to focus furthermore on their complementarities in order to discuss the implementation of a sustainable development model for touristic islands. In fact, islands are also particular areas where the tourists demand for rural assets is growing: tourists pay more and more attention to the origin and the quality of food-products and to eco-friendly practices as well. Moreover, they are looking for local and authentic specificities of territories and expect from farmers to promote the land by implementing a multifunctional agriculture. This issue can be a lever for local development. The above question will be discussed from the example of a panel of Mediterranean islands: The Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Corsica


Kyozaikenkyu: An In-Depth Look into Japanese Educators' Daily Planning Practices Matthew David Melville Department of Mathematics Education, BYU Master of Arts This study is in response to the question about how Japanese educators achieve such a high quality of instruction. Considering the area of lesson study has opened the door to new ideas and concepts that are not well defined and too broad to understand. Kyozaikenkyu is an aspect of lesson study that has been said to be a crucial aspect to successful lesson study. Kyozaikenkyu is done on a daily basis by Japanese educators; however, there is very little written about this process in relevant literature. This study examines what Japanese educators do during their daily kyozaikenkyu, and why they do it. Through interviews, observations, and participation in kyozaikenkyu, I have been able to describe a process many Japanese educators go through to prepare their lessons. There is a difference between what these educators do during kyozaikenkyu for a research lesson compared to the kyozaikenkyu of a daily lesson. I document two variations of daily kyozaikenkyu. One variation corresponds well to the kyozaikenkyu done for a research lesson, while the other variation is something new. This thesis expounds on those differences as well as explores the purposes and benefits of daily kyozaikenkyu for the Japanese educators that participated in them.


In this paper, (h1, h2)-convex and s-convex functions are merged to form (h1, h2, s)-convex function. Inequalities of the Hermite-Hadamard (H-H) and Fejer's types will then be extended by using the (h1, h2, s)-convex function and its derivatives. Some special cases for these extended H-H and Fejer's inequalities are also explored in order to get the previously specified results. The relationship between newly constructed Hermite-Hadamard (H − H) and Fejer's types of inequalities with the average (mean) values are also discussed.


Advances in wireless sensor networks have enabled the monitoring of daily activities of elderly people. The goal of these monitoring applications is to learn normal behavior in terms of daily activities and look for any deviation, i.e., Anomalies, so that alerts can be sent to relatives or caregivers. However, human behavior is very complex, and many existing anomaly detection systems are too simplistic which cause many false alarms, resulting in unreliable systems. We present Holmes, a comprehensive anomaly detection system for daily in-home activities. Holmes accurately learns a resident's normal behavior by considering variability in daily activities based not only on a per day basis, but also considering specific days of the week, different time periods such as per week and per month, and collective, temporal, and correlation based features. This approach of learning complicated normal behaviors reduces false alarms. Also, based on resident and expert feedback, Holmes learns semantic rules that explain specific variations of activities in specific scenarios to further reduce false alarms. We evaluate Holmes using data collected from our own deployed system, public data sets, and data collected by a senior safety system provider company from an elderly resident's home. Our evaluation shows that compared to state of the art systems, Holmes reduces false positives and false negatives by at least 46% and 27%, respectively.


Training deep learning models in real-time, with a human in-the-loop, could allow them to be adjusted and adapted on-the-fly, as demanded by the mission at hand. For instance, during a tracking and surveillance operation, an unmanned aerial system (UAS) operator spots the subject, and quickly trains and distributes an object-specific recognition model to other drones and cameras while the situation is unfolding. We call this type of real-time training Time-ordered Online Training (ToOT).In this work, we present ClickBAIT, a framework for performing ToOT in real-time. ClickBAIT reduces the human effort required to perform training in real-time by reducing annotations to single clicks, and employing object tracking to produce additional training events. We implement ClickBAIT for both an image classifier and object detector, and show that it improves the training benefit of clicks from 3 to 7 times on representative video sequences.


SUMMARY
A study has been made of the fine structure and exudate composition of the extrafloral nectaries of Ricinus communis. Actively secreting glands were characterized by the presence of well-developed swollen endoplasmic reticulum, numerous vesicles, ribosomes and mitochondria, and the occurrence of crystalline (protein) bodies in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Golgi bodies were not prominent. The gland exudate differed from the phloem exudate in a number of respects, particularly in the much lower levels of amino acids and phosphate and the presence of glucose and fructose. Plants with glands removed showed no difference in growth from the untreated controls. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible functions of extrafloral nectaries.


If music is a 'universal language' — 'universal' in the sense of globally transcultural and 'language' in the sense of 'symbolic system' — we should expect the global phenomenon of human death to give rise to the same music all over the world. Since, as we shall see, this is clearly not so, the aim of this article is to discuss the cultural specificity of music connected with the universal phenomenon of death and to suggest that the notion of music as a universal language is not only a misconception but also an ideological statement.


In this paper, least squares (LS) approximation approach is used to solve the approximation problem of a sum of lognormal random variables. It is shown that least squares quadratic (LSQ) approximation exhibits an excellent match with the simulation results in a wide range of the distributions of the summands. Using the coefficients obtained from the LSQ method, closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the probability density function (pdf) for the sum random variable and its logarithm, are presented