AK Physicians often consider the use of infliximab (Remicade, Centocor) when a patient has severe ulcerative colitis (UC) and does not have the luxury of waiting for high-dose prednisone to start working. Other scenarios in which infliximab could be considered include when a patient has been on high doses (40–60 mg) of prednisone but has not improved after 7–10 days, when a patient is on a lower dose of prednisone (20 mg) but cannot be tapered further and has not improved with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (or the patient cannot wait 3 months for 6-MP or azathioprine to start working), or when a patient has already had at least one course of prednisone during the prior 1–2 years and now needs a second course of the drug. Cyclosporine is used by far fewer physicians; when cyclosporine is used, it is typically as rescue therapy for hospitalized patients who have not improved after 3–5 days of treatment with intravenous (IV) steroids.


Hybrid network device instructs the sequence of packets that are associated with a common packet stream transmitted via a plurality of packet routes, can implement the functions for managing the a packet arrives out of sequence. The hybrid communications network, the first network device, associated with a plurality of packets of a packet stream received from the second network device through a plurality of packets routes between the device and the second network device You can determine the sequence identifier you are. The first network device based on the sequence identifier associated with the plurality of packets, can detect the delivery of the wrong order of one or more packets of the plurality of received packets. The first network device based on the sequence identifier associated with the plurality of packets, allows re-ordering at least a subset of the plurality of packets.


The utility model relates to a light guide pipe device for realizing photocatalysis, air purification and ventilation, which belongs to technical fields of illumination, ventilation and air purification and is composed of a light guide pipe, a ventilation channel and a photocatalysis layer, wherein the light guiding end of the light guide pipe is fastened with a light absorbing cover for collecting sunlight, and the light diffusing end of the light guide pipe is fastened with a light diffusing cover for distributing light. The utility model is characterized in that the light guide pipe and the ventilation channel are coaxially arranged, and the ventilation channel is sheathed outside the light guide pipe. Air flow realizes indoor and outdoor air exchange through an annular channel between the ventilation channel and the light guide pipe. A nanometer grade photocatalyst layer (such as nano-titanium dioxide) is arranged on the outer side surface of the light diffusing cover, which contacts indoor air, and thus, the sunlight guided by the light guide pipe is utilized for realizing indoor air purification. A coating layer for absorbing infrared light is also coated on the inner wall of the light guide pipe, which is beneficial to air ventilation in the ventilation channel. The light guide pipe can also be introduced indoors in a rotated, bent and overlapped mode for realizing large-area air purification. The device simultaneously realizes the goals of illumination, ventilation and air purification.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we use the idea of order statistics from independent and non-identically distributed random variables to propose ordered partially ordered judgment subset sampling (OPOJSS) and then develop optimal linear parametric inferences. The best linear unbiased and invariant estimators of the location and scale parameters of a location-scale family are developed based on OPOJSS. It is shown that, despite the presence or absence of ranking errors, the proposed estimators with OPOJSS are uniformly better than the existing estimators with simple random sampling (SRS), ranked set sampling (RSS), ordered RSS (ORSS) and partially ordered judgment subset sampling (POJSS). Moreover, we also derive the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) of the unknown parameters of the simple linear regression model with replicated observations using POJSS and OPOJSS. It is found that the BLUEs with OPOJSS are more precise than the BLUEs based on SRS, RSS, ORSS and POJSS.


In this paper, we propose a test method for detecting pin opens of CMOS logic ICs in assembled PCBs. The test method is based on supply current of a circuit under test which flows when a time-varying signal is provided to a targeted pin with a test probe as a stimulus. Test signal's amplitude is less than VDD. Test vector generations are not needed for the tests. In the test, the test probe also can be checked simultaneously. The test can be used on devices such as BGA ICs which solder parts are hidden from a field of view. We show by some experiments that pin opens of BGA ICs can be detected by the supply current test method.


The Troubled Families Programme (TFP), established by the Coalition Government in the aftermath of the 2011 riots, set out to 'turn around' the lives of the 120,000 most 'troubled families' in England. When the rhetoric surrounding 'troubled families' is closely examined, a number of competing, and often contradictory, messages begin to emerge. This chapter examines the ways in which the Troubled Families Programme is positioned firstly by central government and secondly by local authorities and practitioners. Adopting a 'street-level lens' (Brodkin 2011a), interviews with managers and workers in one local authority area are analysed to examine 'the complexity of interactions concealed beneath the apparent monotony of bureaucratic routine' (Bourdieu, 2005: 140). The chapter concludes with reflections on the Janus-faced nature of the Troubled Families Programme and a discussion of its role in the crafting of a new 'smart' state.


Two cases of an atypical familial endocrinopathy are presented, which were observed over a period of four years and when first seen were thought to be instances of hypothyroidism. Further observation revealed optic neuritis, limited joint extension, skeletal defects and normal mentality, which were not consistent with hypothyroidism. The autopsy on the older brother (W. W.) did show evidence of hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism. Very few cases resembling those being reported have been found in a search of the literature. Charles Hunter (1) of England in 1917, in an article entitled "A Rare Disease in Two Brothers," described two cases almost identical with those of the author. In 1934, David and Currier (2) in this country, and Ellis (3) in England, reported cases in brothers which very closely resembled Hunter's and the author's case. David and Currier diagnosed their cases as "Morquio's Disease" and Ellis thought his cases represented the Helmholz-Harrington syndrome. An autopsy of one of Ellis' cases ...


Imagined speech is a process in which a person imagines words without saying them. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) systems help in automatically identifying imagined speech to facilitate persons with severe brain disorders. Extracting meaningful information from the raw EEG signal is a challenging task due to the nonstationary nature of EEG signals. Decomposing a signal into several sub-bands (SBs) using rational dilation wavelet transform (RADWT) requires selecting predefined factual parameters, which is an arduous task. The main objective of this study is to propose an adaptive RADWT method capable of decomposing EEG signals by adaptively selecting the tuning parameters and classifying the EEG signals into distinct categories. The optimum tuning parameters of RADWT are obtained using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and used to decompose the EEG signals into several SBs. Several statistical features are elicited from each SB and used to input six different machine learning (ML) algorithms. This work uses a 64-channel EEG dataset recorded from 15 healthy people for three categories: long words, short words, and vowels. The performance of the proposed AISR system is evaluated using seven performance evaluation metrics: accuracy, recall, precision, Cohen's kappa, F1-score, and area under the curve. The proposed system achieved the average classification accuracies of 87.26% ± 1.12%, 89.23% ± 0.95%, 95.5% ± 0.68%, and 92.16% ± 0.83% for long words, short–long words, short words, and vowels, respectively. When compared with the existing state-of-the-art, the proposed non-parametric decomposition approach and the Bagging algorithm achieved a 3%–5% improvement. The performance of the proposed method is validated using an open-access dataset.


This paper presents a modeling study of preheating of blooms in a fuel fired furnace using a combined GA and heat transfer formulation. A re-heating furnace containing three asymmetrically placed burners are considered in this study, which is a typical configuration used in many integrated steel plants. This study shows that the GA is an ideally suited tool for studying such complex problems.


Simmel was, in the original sense of the word, a dilettante, an amateur passiond. He appears to have written about human society, art, philosophy, religion and money because he took delight in doing so. It was characteristic of nineteenth century English that it should have given the term dilettante the pejorative connotation of smatterer, a person of shallow and passing interests. Simmel was by no means a dilettante in that sense, but neither was he devoted to any particular practical problem or reform of his day. He was committed to the study of society itself, rather than to any of its particular troubles. Thus it is that Simmel is seldom re-


Objective To explore factors exerting influence on compliance of patients with femoral fracture in early rehabilitation nursing and to improve nursing quality and quality of life of patients.Methods A self-designed questionnaire was employed among patients and their caregivers for general information and information such as pain score,anxiety,disease cognition and acceptability of work of medical staff.Meanwhile,medical order and health education of patients were recorded as well as the evaluation of nursing measures in early rehabilitation.Results Factors that had impact on patients' compliance included patients' educational background,family income,expectation to doctors,pain score,disease cognition of caregivers,caregivers' acceptability of medical staff's work while there was no significant relationship between the compliance and patients' anxiety.Conclusion Specific nursing strategies of early rehabilitation for patients should be established and guidance for caregivers should be provided as well.


Dogs with periodontitis were used to determine the efficacy of an oral regimen of clindamycin versus chlorhexidine acetate oral rinse in reducing the total number of bacteria and the incidence of bacteremia before and after dental scaling. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, isolated from blood and gingival swab cultures, were identified to genus using an automated system.


In this article I review court records from the early period of settlement in Puritan Massachusetts (1629-50). The study avoids the great controversies of the day, focusing instead on the patterns that appear in the adjudication of a great number of cases over time. In the first part of the study, a quantitative analysis is performed on a data set comprising crimes (the independent variable) and punishments, evaluated according to an ordinally ranked scale of severity. In the second part, I review the records in detail and suggest conclusions concerning the purposes of punishment and the organizing concepts that are shown to have governed the adjudication of cases in the early Massachusetts courts. The study finds that over a period of decades and a large number of cases (N=793), the actions perceived to be necessary for the restoration of communal order dictated the severity of punishment imposed. I argue that this pattern demonstrates impressive fidelity to the doctrinal principles that served as the public legitimating principles for these courts. These findings, in turn, encourage us to question accounts that purport to show that these principles were merely veils for religious, economic, or social aggrandizement, particularly when such accounts are based on interpretations of individual cases or events. On March 6, 1638, Thomas Starr was ordered to apologize to the court in Boston for saying that "the law was against Gods law, and hee would not obey it" (Quarter Court). Five years earlier, the same point had been made in more colorful terms; Thomas Dexter was ordered fined, put into stocks, and disenfranchised for saying, "this captious government will bring all to naught. . . the best of them is but an Atturney" (3/4/33 Court of Assistants).1 Starr's and Dexter's accusations were familiar ones. A common refrain in attacks against the authority of the magistrates was that their laws were not accurate reflections of the divine will. These challenges contained the ruling presumption of Puritan civil order in Massachusetts, that the governance of a godly society was an attempt to create ideal secular as well as ideal religious institutions.2 This dual emphasis on civil and religious reform located the Massachusetts Way on a continuum of Puritan political philosophy. In New Haven, the followers of Rev. John Davenport subordinated the project of civil reform to the dictates of theological orthodoxy.3 In Rhode Island, Anne Hutchinson declared her disdain for civil order, while Roger Williams accepted the need for political authority but divorced it completely from the community's collective covenantal obligations.4 Each of these figures left or was driven out of Massachusetts as a result of their challenge to the doctrine holding that the courts and churches were twin pillars of divinely ordained social order, "for Order is as the soul of the Universe, the life and health of things natural, the beauty of things Artificial" (Hubbard 1676:8). Social life, in the Massachusetts view, was divided into the "three societies, of family, church and commonwealth,"5 and each had its proper authorities. [I]f it be in matters of Religion, there is the Priest; if in matters civil, there is the Magistrate, and he that stands not, or submits not to the sentence of these, let him be cast out from Israel; so requisite a thing is order. (Norton 1664, quoted in Foster 1971:21) The courts governed relations in the political and social relations of society. In addition, the magistrates were entrusted with the all-important duty of maintaining the separation and balance between the spheres of authority that the Puritans' society comprised. This meant that the courts were responsible for the resolution of intercommunal issues; disputes between towns, attempts by the members of one congregation to influence another. The same principle also meant that a problem that arose in an area outside the scope of civil authority-an argument over theology within a congregation, a family quarrel-could become a proper matter for the attention of the magistrates if the controversy spilled over into the public life of the community. …


This text presents results based on data collected in a case study carried out at the Community School Nossa Senhora do Livramento (ECNSL), in the municipality of Matola, Southern Mozambique. ECNSL has primary and secondary education and is located in a suburban area of ??precarious construction and difficult access, where most families are low-income. Based on our professional experience, in this school there has been weak support from parents and caregivers, which results in poor academic achievement, lack of discipline and dropouts. This text is divided into five parts, in order to understand the extent to which parental support influences the school performance of learners. In this context, the study aimed to answer the following question: how is the role of parents understood and interpreted by teachers, the leadership of the ECNSL and the parents themselves? Methodologically, we opted for a qualitative approach based on interviews and questionnaires with teachers, members of the School's management, parents and students, as well as the analysis of some documents. The study shows that the majority of students who benefited from parental support had better school performance.
Recebido em: 03/01/2017.Aprovado em:07/05/2018.


A type I restriction‐modification enzyme will bind to an unmethylated target sequence in DNA and, while still bound to the target, translocate DNA through the protein complex in both directions. DNA breakage occurs when two translocating complexes collide. However, if type I restriction‐modification systems bind to unmodified target sequences within the resident bacterial chromosome, as opposed to incoming 'foreign' DNA, their activity is curtailed; a process known as restriction alleviation (RA). We have identified two genes in Escherichia coli, rnhA and recG, mutations in which lead to the alleviation of restriction. Induction of RA in response to these mutations is consistent with the production of unmodified target sequences following DNA synthesis associated with both homologous recombination and R‐loop formation. This implies that a normal function of RA is to protect the bacterial chromosome when recombination generates unmodified products. For EcoKI, our experiments demonstrate the contribution of two pathways that serve to protect unmodified DNA in the bacterial chromosome: the primary pathway in which ClpXP degrades the restriction endonucleas and a mechanism dependent on the lar gene within Rac, a resident, defective prophage of E. coli K‐12. Previously, the potential of the second pathway has only been demonstrated when expression of lar has been elevated. Our data identify the effect of lar from the repressed prophage.


Department of Chemistry, University of Pen E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanc (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functiona Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea † Electronic supplementary information 1590108. For ESI and crystallographic dat DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05238c ‡ These authors contributed equally. Cite this: Chem. Sci., 2018, 9, 3376


A robust dual directional SCR (RDDSCR) is proposed to suppress the current saturation effect in conventional dual directional SCR (DDSCR). By introducing a new current path with low resistance, the self-heating effect in NWELL regions of RDDSCR can be well avoided. The ESD I-V characteristics of RDDSCR and DDSCR are measured with the transmission line pulsing (TLP) tester. Moreover, TCAD simulation is also carried out to explore the physics mechanism in depth. Compared with DDSCR, the new RDDSCR possesses an improvement in failure current of 16.5% and an increase in holding voltage of about 2V. Furthermore, the influence of the external resistance on ESD performance of RDDSCR is also studied, where the resistance value of zero  has been demonstrated to be a better option. Compared with the existing optimization methods, RDDSCR method has been proven to be more efficient in inhibiting current saturation effect of DDSCR without any compromise on turn-on characteristic.


Palaeopressures of the Jurassic formation in the hinterland of the Junggar Basin were reconstructed at different geological time with the method of fluid inclusion thermodynamic modeling. The results indicate that, the generation of overpressure in the east is earlier than that in the west. The overpressure center was first located in the east part of the Changji depression, and then migrated northwestward. The evolution of the formation pressure displays a trend of pressure decrease as a whole, and this trend is composed of three cycles of pressure down and up in block I and IV, but just one in block III and two in block II. Block III is a potential prospective area for hydrocarbon accumulation due to the long-term pressure releasing, and the last cycle which resulted in current formation pressure status in all of the four blocks suggests that the later gas charging had an obvious effect on the pressure accumulation.


A J O U R N A L O F M E L V I L L E S T U D I E S 145 the moods of involuntary meditation—moods variable, and at times widely at variance" (v). For theorists like Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, and Marita Sturken, such variability and variance is at the heart of any experience of collective memory. Thus, by charting Melville's interest in and infl uence on cultural memory, the panel put literary studies in closer conversation with recent work in Civil War history that has emphasized contested memorial practices. In "Memory of the Three Hundred Thousand": The Liminal Dedication of Melville's Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War Robert Arbour Indiana University This paper begins and ends with an often overlooked aspect of Battle-Pieces. However ordinary Melville's dedication may seem, it invokes not "three hundred thousand" soldiers who died in the Civil War, but their "memory," framing the sui generis book as a self-conscious memorializing project that interrogates from the start the production of cultural memory. Artfully nebulous, the dedication draws on several contemporary strategies for commemorating the war even as it resists each of them. Its impersonal yet conventional rhetoric converses with the dedications of popular sentimental poems in 1866. Its typography braids together the permanence of the epitaph and the volatility of the newspaper poem and the telegraphic bulletin. Its lapidary form suggests the monuments in the national cemeteries where the Federal dead were identifi ed and reinterred while its anonymity evokes the mass graves that housed Confederate corpses or the inevitable blankness of the customizable memorial lithographs marketed to American families during the war. An index of the poetry it precedes, the dedication also indexes Melville's literary career, reaching back to the ironic dedication of Israel Potter to connect the work of the aspiring poet to the anxieties over popularity and public memory in his forgotten prose. The dedication of Battle-Pieces is a liminal pastiche that challenges precisely the unitary memory it addresses and reveals any cultural memory, of war or of a writer, to be a collage of diverse cultural texts, as fl uid as it is incomplete. Melville and the Shaping of the Civil War Canon Timothy Sweet West Virginia University This paper considers Melville's place in the Civil War's literary canon, focusing on the centennial of the war as a key moment, particularly as canon-building


This study is a Literature Review article that aims to identify the most effective learning model to improve the generic science skills of learners in physics learning. A search of literature study articles obtained as many as fifteen articles that met the inclusion criteria and were relevant for review. The results of the research show that many learning models can be applied in physics learning to improve the generic science skills of learners. The findings show that the most effective guided inquiry learning model for improving students' generic science skills was characterized by the achievement of learners' scores of 91.00.


The aim of this field trip is to demonstrate the geological evolution of the delta plain in the western and central Netherlands by means of a west to east transect (fig. 1). The trip will start in the west at the presentday coast and ends in the Pleistocene ice-pushed landscape in the east. On our way to the east the following items will be shown in the landscape and by hand corings: coastal barriers and dunes, water management and lake drainage at Cruquius, tidal and lagoonal deposits related to the Holocene transgression, peat formation due to Holocene sea-level rise, peat digging and polder formation, fluvial systems in the peat landscape, glacial basins and ice-pushed ridges.


In an attempt to better understanding climate and better comprehend the effects of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's Radiation Budget, NASA has been developing several satellite missions. Among them, the Cloud-Aerosol-Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Spaceborne Observation (CALIPSO) mission will observe clouds and aerosols with a combination of lidar and passive instruments. CALIPSO will fly in formation with EOS Aqua, EOS Aura, Cloudsat and Parasol. This novel satellite formation will provide a unique comprehensive data set of cloud and aerosol optical and physical properties, and radiative fluxes. In this paper, the characterization of global aerosol properties with sparsely sampled observations is investigated using a dataset of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the MATCH climate model. MATCH is an offline Chemistry and Transport Model (ChTM) primarily developed by NCAR that includes a number of aerosol sources as well as a variety of transformation and removal mechanisms. The CALIPSO satellite is "flown" through this dataset and the aerosol optical depths at the CALIPSO footprint locations are sampled to produce an AOD subset. Averages computed from the subset are compared with averages from the full model output to investigate the magnitude of uncertainties due to sparse sampling of the aerosol field. Initially, uncertainties in satellite sparsely sampled measurements of global aerosol distribution are quantified in terms of zonal averages. The goal of this effort is to determine the correct satellite average scaling to accurately represent global aerosol coverage. Ultimately, sampling errors will also be assessed at regional scales.


The purpose of this study was to consider the effect of the pamphlet of the study skill on writing texts of Iranian Pre-Intermediate EFL students in a private institute in Isfahan. To achieve the intended purpose, an Oxford Placement Test (OPT) was administered to 100 learners in a private English language institute and 60 pre intermediate learners were selected as the participants of the study. They were divided into two groups randomly. The experimental group (30 students) and control group (30 students). Both of the groups were asked to a test as a pre-test and post-test. Afterwards the experimental group was taught a pamphlet about the skills of writing during 20 sessions. Then, the data of the study was statistically analyzed with using SPSS software. The results showed when the students in the experimental group learned the skills of writing a good text, they could write the different kinds of texts. They could organize and develop the paragraphs very well and they could also use appropriate linking words in different types of writing texts.


SIR, Hydroxychloroquine is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, with very few reported side-effects. We report the case of a 65-yr-old woman who developed Stevens–Johnson syndrome 2 weeks after commencing treatment with hydroxychloroquine. Our patient had a 9-yr history of rheumatoid arthritis with multiple episodes of relapse and remission. She also had a medical history of hypertension (treated with bendrofluazide). Over the course of her disease, she had been treated with prednisolone at doses ranging from 5 to 20 mg, but was intolerant of gold (diarrhoea), sulphasalazine (nausea and vomiting), penicillamine (proteinuria) and methotrexate (mouth ulcers, nausea and constipation). In March 2001, she had a flare in her arthritis, with pain, morning stiffness and active synovitis of her wrists, knees and ankles, and an acute inflammatory response (erythrocyte sedimentation rate 62 mmuh, C-reactive protein 140 gul). She was therefore started on hydroxychloroquine at a dose of 200 mg twice daily. Within 2 weeks, whilst she was on holiday in Tenerife, she developed a pruritic rash over her abdomen, which she described as 'targets'. She stopped the hydroxychloroquine but within 24 h the rash had become exfoliating, and she developed oral ulceration and hypotension. This required a 3-day hospital admission and treatment with intravenous followed by high-dose oral (60 mg) and topical steroids, which resulted in gradual improvement. On her return to the UK (6 weeks after starting hydroxychloroquine), she was seen in clinic with a persisting exfoliating rash and eczematous patches. This was treated with emollients and topical steroids. Viral serology on her return to the UK showed negative HSV IgG and Mycoplasma IgM titres. Since the acute phase of her disease, the steroids have been reduced to 20 mg daily but the rash, although improving, persists. Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a severe form of erythema multiforme characterized by a systemic illness with lesions in mucus membranes [1]. The disease has been related to some drugs, such as the sulphonamides, penicillin, salicylates, anti-retroviral drugs and anticonvulsants, and there is an association with Herpes simplex and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections [2]. There are no specific treatments of proven efficacy for this syndrome, and controlled clinical trials in the use of corticosteroids are required [3]. There are a few isolated cases of Stevens–Johnson syndrome associated with hydroxychloroquine reported by the pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Synthelabo (Guildford, UK), but none has been definitively linked to hydroxychloroquine. In addition, according to the Medicines Control Agency, there have been four reports of erythema multiforme since 1964 related to hydroxychloroquine use (Medicines Control Agency, personal communication, 2001). There is a single case report in the literature describing a case of erythema annulare centrifugum related to the use of hydroxychloroquine sulphate [4]. In addition, there is a report of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis which began 12 days after the commencement of hydroxychloroquine treatment and resulted in skin desquamation [5]. Furthermore, it is recognized that hydroxychloroquine can exacerbate psoriatic skin lesions [6], an effect thought to be related to inhibition of epidermal transglutaminase activity [7]. Other serious adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine reported include fulminant hepatic failure [8], ototoxicity [9] and neuromyotoxicity [10]. We have reported a serious and life-threatening side-effect which was temporally related to the 473 Letters to the Editor


We study the existence of normalized ground states for the 3D dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate equation with attractive three-body interactions: −∆u+ βu+ λ1|u| 2 u+ λ2(K ∗ |u| 2)u− |u|4u = 0. (DBEC) When λ2 = 0 or u is radial, (DBEC) reduces to the cubic-quintic NLS −∆u+ βu+ λ1|u| 2 u− |u|4u = 0, (CQNLS) which has been recently studied by Soave in [31]. In particular, it was shown that for any λ1 < 0 and c > 0, (CQNLS) possesses a radially symmetric ground state solution with mass c and for λ1 ≥ 0, (CQNLS) has no non-trivial solution. We show that by adding a dipole-dipole interaction to (CQNLS), the geometric nature of (CQNLS) changes dramatically and techniques as the ones from [31] cannot be used anymore to obtain similar results. More precisely, due to the axisymmetric nature of the dipole-dipole interaction potential, the energy corresponding to (DBEC) is not stable under symmetric rearrangements, hence conventional arguments based on the radial symmetry of solutions are inapplicable. We will overcome this difficulty by appealing to subtle variational and perturbative methods and prove the following: (i) If the pair (λ1, λ2) is unstable and λ1 < 0, then for any c > 0, (DBEC) has a ground state solution with mass c. (ii) If the pair (λ1, λ2) is unstable and λ1 ≥ 0, then there exists some c ∗ = c∗(λ1, λ2) ≥ 0 such that for all c > c∗, (DBEC) has a ground state solution with mass c. Moreover, any non-trivial solution of (DBEC) in this case must be non-radial. (iii) If the pair (λ1, λ2) is stable, then (DBEC) has no non-trivial solutions.


Introduction: One of the major causes of loosening of cementless acetabular cup implants is insufficient initial stability. A technical proposal to decrease the risk of suboptimal first stability is a circumferential finned design of the cup. This design aims to improve periacetabular bone contact and prevent rotational micromotion of the cup when optimal press-fit cannot be obtained. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a group of 712 consecutive patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty from June 2006 to June 2014. In all patients, a titanium cup, characterized by three anti-rotational circumferential fins at the superior pole, was implanted. Results: Five hundred and ninety-two patients, for a total of 685 hips, were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 58 months (range 12-96 months). At 1-year follow-up, the average score increased to 82.90 (range 100-70) and at the final follow-up (58 months, range 12-96 months), it was 80.12 (range 100-66). In 22 cases (3%), screws to obtain a secure primary stability of the cup were used. Nineteen complications (2.6%) needing revision surgery were observed. Survivorship at 10 years was 98.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 98.7-99.7%) with revision for aseptic cup loosening as an endpoint and 96.7% (95% CI, 98.3-95.1%) with revision for all causes of revision as the second endpoint. Discussion: In our group of patients, we did not observe the cases of very early cup loosening. The only two-cup revision, do to loosening of osteolysis, was observed 26 and 32 months before surgery. Conclusion: Our very low rate of additional screws represents an indirect sign of finned cup first stability. Three-finned cup design clinically confirmed to improve initial cup stability.


We present optica.l photometry, spectrophotometry, and 3.7- and 11.1-cm radio observations of Markarian 421 (= 38), a object which is a candidate for identification with the highly variable x-ray source. Photometry and radio observations obtained near in time to the large x-ray obutburst of May 1975 show variability, but no clear correlation with the x-ray data. Image tube scanner observations are presented which show stellar absorption features in the blue, with redshift z=0.03, in agreement with previous photographic observations by Ulrich et al. A formalism which interprets the x-ray emission as Compton scattered radio synchrotron radiation is used to derive parameters of the system. The common and distinctive shape of the profile: steeply sloping edges, two maxima or ''horns,'' and a central minimum, can be accounted for in terms of the gradient of the radial velocity field of the galaxy. Because of this gradient the peak rotational value occurs on the edges of the profile, not at the points of H I signal maxima. The intrinsic line width is correlated with absolute magnitude; as a result line widths, though independent of distance, are subject to the same selection bias as any distance dependent property derived from a magnitude limited sample.more » This effect is illustrated in the strong correlation between line width and systematic velocity for a sample of 215 galaxies having inclination i> or =45/sup 0/ and high signal-to-noise ratio in their profiles. For samples of the same absolute magnitude, late-type galaxies have systematically smaller intrinsic line widths than do early-type systems. For a central spherical mass distribution, the average central density in early-type galaxies is significantly higher than that of the latest-type spirals.on between line width and absolute magnitude. The value of the Hubble constant determined from line widths is similarly subject to both bias and large uncertainty.« less


This article discusses the results of the reading text development on the small group stage for reading activities on the school literacy movements in mathematics learning with the futsal game context, which is currently being enjoyed by the people, especially among students. This research used a design research method whose type is development studies. The evaluation flow at the prototyping stage uses the formative study flow with the stages of self-evaluation, expert review and one-to-one, small group, and field test. The research subjects were 7th-grade students in one of the junior high schools in Kabupaten Karawang. Documentation, questionnaires, and interviews are ways to collect data in this study. This study has produced the reading texts that are used for the school literacy movement program with the futsal context on practical mathematics learning.


Abstract Objectives Living kidney donors provide a unique setting to study functional and metabolic consequences after organ donation. Since the lack of data of the homoeostasis of numerous vitamin D metabolites in these healthy subjects, the aim of this study was to assess the vitamin D metabolism before and after kidney donation. Methods We investigated the 25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (25[OH]D2), 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25[OH]2D3), 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25,26[OH]2D3), and the native vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in a well characterized study cohort of 32 healthy living kidney donors before and after organ donation. Results Thirty-two healthy subjects after kidney donation had significantly lower median (interquartile range) 1,25(OH)2D3 serum concentrations (88.6 [62.6–118.8] vs. 138.0 [102.6–152.4] pmol/L, p<0.001) and significantly higher median 25(OH)D2 serum levels (1.80 [1.19–2.19] vs. 1.11 [0.74–1.59] nmol/L, p=0.019) than before donation. Similar serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 25,26(OH)2D3 were observed before and after donation. The 24,25(OH)2D3 blood levels distinctly decreased after organ donation (4.1 [2.3–5.3] vs. 5.3 [2.2–6.9] nmol/L, p=0.153). Native vitamin D2 (0.10 [0.08–0.14] vs. 0.08 [0.06–0.12] nmol/L, p=0.275) was slightly increased and vitamin D3 (1.6 [0.6–7.2] vs. 2.5 [0.9–8.6] nmol/L, p=0.957) decreased after kidney donation. Conclusions Living kidney donors were found with decreased 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3, increased 25(OH)D2 and consistent 25(OH)D3 and 25,26(OH)2D3 serum concentrations after organ donation. The current study advances the understanding on vitamin D metabolism suggesting that altered hydroxylase-activities after donation is accompanied by compensatory elevated dietary-related 25(OH)D2 blood concentrations.


A study about species of plant consumed by Ungko (Hylobates agilis) at The Biological Education and Research Forest, Andalas University, has been done from July to November 2012. We used ad libitum observation to the gibbon's feeding behavior and sampled those plants they ate. The samples were processed at Herbarium Andalas University (ANDA), Padang. Seventeen species of plants which belong to eleven families have been recognized as food resources of the gibbons. We described each species of the plants based on morphological characters primerily the part eaten by the gibbon. The results showed that most of the fruit eaten by ungko were fleshy, succulence, and easy to digest. The fruit types were bacca, legume, syconium, capsule and drupe.

Keywords: Hylobates agilis, identification, plant species.


Non-material cultural heritage is very rich in Wenzhou.From the perspective of intellectual property,the article explores intellectual property barrier and the support path for the protection of Wenzhou's non-material cultural heritage.The article advocates the comprehensive and stereo protection that should be based on the non-material cultural heritage's properties and categories,and combine with specific intellectual property system,including the current copyright,trademark right,patent right,and the right of geographical indication.


Judicial divorce is a kind of divorce in which the presence ofhusband or his consent is not a condition based on this couples can get throughdivorce process and on the other hand ,it is not based on initial consent ofhusband to give this right to his spouse to be his Substitute in divorceprocess. This type of divorce was of special importance  with the enactment of Art.1130 Q.M.; So thatit has taken on a variety of topics, including the nature of judicial divorcebased on being revocable and irrevocable, because according to what nature ithas there will be different effects on it. This paper seeks review of judicialdivorce based on being revocable and irrevocable in jurisprudence and civillaw. For this purpose, this paper has attempted to express different views thathave been offered about being revocable and irrevocable of judicial divorce inaddition to instances of judicial divorce in Imami jurisprudence and civil law,and a comparison between these two areas.


The acid−base properties of germanate glasses cannot presently be compared quantitatively with those of silicate, borate, and several other glasses because the optical basicity of the parent oxide,...


This paper presents the results of a teacher training program aiming to enable pre-service teachers to engage secondary education students in Socio-Scientific Inquiry-Based Learning (SSIBL). In SSIBL – an approach developed within the European project PARRISE – students formulate questions about socioscientific issues and address these by integrating social and scientific inquiry. Socio-scientific inquiry stimulates students to form an opinion in which knowledge is balanced with social values and different stakeholder perspectives. In addition, students are asked to formulate solutions which help to enact change in a social environment. The developed teacher education program to promote teaching science using SSIBL, consisted of two 1,5 hour face-to-face training sessions and a take-home assignment to design a SSIBL lesson. A total number of 80 pre-service teachers (PSTs) from various science disciplines were involved. Qualitative methods were used to evaluate the SSIBL framework as interpreted by the PSTs and consisted of classroom observations, collection of lesson designs and a questionnaire. Results from the evaluation of the training program indicate PSTs experience the SSBL-approach as being promising in serving learning goals as critical thinking and reflective citizenship, which are considered to be important for contemporary science education. Additionally, PSTs regard the increased level of relevance of their subject for the students as a positive effect of SSIBL. Reported challenges include available time in the science curriculum and managing guidance and openness at the same time during the inquiry process.


This book outlines the current experimentation with approaches to restorative justice for adult offenders represents a compelling new direction in the criminal justice system. The value and challenges of restorative justice for adult offenders, victims and communities is thoroughly examined. The discussion is situated within current debate, available research, and the international literature. In canvassing the structure, content and delivery of key Australian and New Zealand restorative justice programs for adult offenders, the distinguished authors offer critical analysis of the emergence and impact of program developments for restorative justice practitioners, criminal justice professionals, and the criminal justice system. This collection brings together stimulating and informed articles by experienced practitioners, leading academics and new researchers in the field. It is essential reading not only for restorative justice professionals (including police, magistrates, lawyers, program managers, convenors and facilitators) but for policy-makers, criminal justice researchers, and students - all of whom will gain valuable insight into emerging restorative justice practice for adult offenders, which offers a real and persuasive alternative to the adversarial justice system.


The paper reports on the core challenges faced by the nonprofit, political and social
marketing disciplinary areas and suggests a series of research agendas to develop theory
and practice to meet these challenges.
� Social marketing's research agenda involves the continued adaptation of the new
developments in commercial marketing, whilst building a base of social marketing
theory and best practice benchmarks that can be used to identify, clarify and classify
the boundaries of social marketing against social change techniques.
� Nonprofit marketing is pursuing the dual research agenda of developing the theory and
practice of social entrepreneurship whilst seeking deeper consumer-based research to
understand motivations for charitable behaviour and gift giving.
� Political Marketing's research agenda looks for an increase in the level of background
research, core data and market research to use as a basis for developing more advanced
theoretical and practical models. In addition, as political marketing is being transferred
internationally between a range of political and electoral systems, there is a need for
comparative research into both the relevance and effectiveness of these techniques to isolate
nation independent and nation dependent political marketing strategies and campaigns.


Objective To study the effect of augmented renal clearance (ARC) on vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring in patients undergoing neurosurgery. Methods A retrospective observational analysis was conducted in a neurosurgery department from January 2019 to June 2019. Patients undergoing vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring were assigned to the normal renal function or ARC group. The baseline characteristics, vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring data, and prognosis were compared and analyzed. Results In total, 104 patients were enrolled, including 78 and 26 patients in the normal renal function and ARC groups, respectively. There were significant differences in age, weight, creatinine clearance, the vancomycin treatment duration, the total dose, the trough concentration, and the trough concentration achievement rate between the two groups. Prognosis did not differ between the two groups. The trough concentration achievement rate in the ARC group was only 19.23%. Conclusion For young, obese, or otherwise healthy patients undergoing neurosurgery, attention should be paid to the possibility of ARC and the need for individualized dose adjustment based on the results of therapeutic drug monitoring.


The goal of the mesh optimization algorithm is to reduce the number of the triangles in the mesh,and keep the accuracy of the interpolation at the same time.For this purpose,we define an energy function whose value can be decreased only when both the conciseness and the accuracy of the mesh are improved.Then,under the condition that the topology structure of the mesh is not changed,the mesh is modified to decrease the energy function's value.Examples are presented which demonstrate that the number of the triangles in the mesh is dramatically reduced with the algorithm,and the interpolate accuracy is keep at the same time.


Abstract : For various reasons, the United States has generally tried to discourage its allies from developing their own major weapon sys- tems. Perhaps the most prominent example of this policy was America's insistence on cooperative development in the case of Japan's FS-X fighter aircraft. Did the outcome of the divisive struggle over the FS-X serve U.S. aims? What can be learned for future interaction on the FS-X program in particular and coopera- tive development in general?


The support vector machine (SVM) is an algorithm based on structure risk minimizing principle and having high generalization ability. It is strong to solve the problem with small sample, nonlinear and high dimension. The fundamental theory of DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis, DGA) and fault characteristic of transformer is firstly researched in this paper, and then the disadvantages of traditional method of transformer fault diagnosis are analyzed, finally, a new fault diagnosis method using multi-class support vector machines (M-SVMs) based on DGA theory for transformer is put forward. Then the fault diagnosis model based on M-SVMs for transformer is established. At the same time, the fault diagnosis system based on M-SVMs for transformer is developed. The system can realize the acquisition of the dissolving gas in the transformer oil and data timely and low cost transmission by GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, GPRS). And it can identify out the transformer running state according to the acquisition data. The test results show that the method proposed has an excellent performance on correct ratio. And it can overcome the disadvantage of the traditional three-ratio method which lacks of fault coding and no fault types in the existent coding. Combining the wireless communication technology with the monitoring technology, the designed and developed system can greatly improve the real-time and continuity for the transformer' condition monitoring and fault diagnosis.


The relevance of the presented work studies is determined by their focus on improving the reliability and improve operational parameters of the facilities of new technology, operating in conditions of intensive mechanical loads. The questions test facilities for vibration reliability on the basis of multi-axis systems power principle, taking into account ergonomic requirements. It is established that the analyzed test system, built on the basis of the power of vibration and belong to the class of multidimensional control systems with varying parameters. It is shown that the developed block diagram of a system for vibration testing reliability should include the formation subsystem parameter vector of excitation forces platform, playback and measurement. The resulting equations that determine the parameters of the force excitation of the platform that allow a special resonant tuning of the elastic suspension elements of the stand. In terms of the variation of the coefficient of relative damping set numerical values of the levels of reduction of coherence of the oscillations of the platform using the corner coordinates by the sum-frequency excitation. Keywords: power vibration table test system, ergonomic requirements, connectivity fluctuations between linear and angular coordinates, resonant tuning .


Prolonged air leak is a common complication of pulmonary resection. However, while a bubbling chest drain is commonly related to parenchymal air leakage, it may also be caused by air entering the pleural cavity via an incomplete seal of the tissues at the chest tube insertion site. Examination alone is not sufficient to guide the surgeon as to which of the above complications is responsible for drain bubbling. We describe a simple method, whereby a CO2 monitoring device is attached to the chest drain to determine whether the air loss observed is in fact due to a pulmonary air leak.


Grape leaves under heat stress were sprayed with 0.1 mmol·L -1 salicylic acid (SA). The result showed that SA improved the transportation of assimilation and photosynthetic capability.


In 2007 and 2008, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in collaboration with several industry partners, collected real-world performance and situational data for long-haul operations of Class 8 trucks from a fleet engaged in normal freight operations. Such data and information are useful to support Class 8 modeling of combination truck performance and technology evaluation efforts for energy efficiency and to provide a means of accounting for real-world driving performance within combination truck research and analyses. Some general statistics, including distribution of idling times during long-haul trucking operations, are presented. However, the main focus is on the analysis of some of the extensive real-world information collected in this project, specifically on the assessment of the effect that different types of tires [i.e., dual tires versus new generation wide-based single tires (NGWBSTs)] have on the fuel efficiency of Class 8 trucks. The tire effect is also evaluated as a function of the vehicle load level. In all cases analyzed, the statistical tests strongly suggest that fuel efficiencies achieved when all NGWBSTs or combinations of duals and NGWBSTs are used are higher than in the case of a truck equipped with all dual tires. The results show that the fuel efficiency improvement increases as the number of NGWBSTs on the truck increases, with observed improvements of around 6% when either the tractor or the trailer was equipped with NGWBSTs and more than 9% when both were mounted with these types of tires.


CT-based attenuation correction (AC) for myocardial perfusion PET studies is challenging because of respiratory motion. Our study aimed to compare the transmission CT (TCT)–based and CT-based AC for myocardial perfusion PET/CT images with a direct semiquantitative approach comparing differences in segmental count distribution. Methods: Stress and rest 82Rb PET scans from 54 consecutive patients acquired on a PET/CT scanner with dual CT-based and TCT-based AC were considered. TCT- and CT-based AC images were automatically registered to each other, and direct voxel-based and American Heart Association segment–based estimation of positive and negative changes between these scans was performed. Additionally, visual quality control (QC) of CT map alignment with PET emission data was performed by 2 expert observers, and studies with significant (≥5 mm) misalignment were reprocessed with corrected CT alignment. Results: We used the 17-segment American Heart Association model for TCT-to-CT regional change analysis in all patients and found that 4 segments on rest and 4 segments on stress scans differed more than 3% between CT- and TCT-corrected images for studies without significant misalignments (<5 mm); only 1 differed by more than 5%. In cases with significant misalignment of greater than or equal to 3% TCT–CT AC, changes were observed on 14 rest and 10 stress segments; after alignment, these differences were still seen in 13 rest segments and 11 stress segments. Visual QC revealed that 46% of rest and 54% of stress PET scans were misaligned by greater than or equal to 5 mm with the CT maps acquired during normal breathing. The range of the reported PET/CT misalignment was 0–15 mm in x, 0–16 mm in y, and 0–20 mm in z directions. The overall agreement in visual QC of PET/CT alignment between the observers was 72.2% Conclusion: There are significant differences between TCT and CT AC applied to cardiac PET/CT studies, which remain after alignment of CT maps to emission data.


In the current further education (FE) and higher education (HE) environment, students are under increasing pressure to perform well and achieve good results. As educators we must strive to enable students to make the most of their higher education by providing an education of the highest quality and enhance the learning experience. This study was undertaken as a preliminary investigation of how students learn and how we, as educators, can improve their learning. In this study, a range of students on different (FE and HE) courses completed the VARK (visual, audio, read/write, kinaesthetic) questionnaire on learning style preferences at the beginning of the semester. Responses were analysed and the author adapted various teaching techniques into course materials for the semester to accommodate the results obtained in the initial VARK survey. Students' responses were encouraging, with many being keen to participate with a view to improving their course performance. The author found that using a range of teaching techniques encouraged student participation in the course and, for some, enhanced their performance in assessment. This investigation provides an insight into the awareness of learning style preferences and how such awareness can be positively exploited in teaching and learning processes.


The leaves of Cinnamomum tamala were collected from the trees grown in Nepal and were steam distilled to obtain the volatile oil. The chemical composition of this volatile oil was examined by GC/MS method. The components in cinnamon leaf oil were constituted of linalool (54.66%), a-pinene (9.67%), p-cymene (6.43%), β-pinene (4.45%), limonene (2.64%) and sixteen minor components less than 2.0%. The percentage of cinnamaldehyde is only 1.16% and then eugenol was absent in this volatile oil. The experimental data were compared with the data of different cinnamon leaf oils which were received from literature survey.


A NEWLY qualified nurse is finding it impossible to get a job because he is only available to work part time.


The authors divide leaders as two hierarchies——top managers and immediate supervisors,and examine the influence of their leadership styles on employees' turnover intentions using 780 usable questionnaires from 35 enterprises.As a result,the paper gains job-related attitudes(job satisfaction and organizational commitment) mediating the relationship between leadership styles and intentions to leave.The authors also find that the transformational leadership of immediate supervisors directly influences the employee' organizational commitment and it also has significant effect on job satisfaction through influencing the immediate supervisors' transformational leadership.The transformational leadership of immediate supervisors influences job satisfaction of employees,but their transactional leadership has no direct effect on job-related attitudes.


In this work, we revisit the Krein-Rutman theory for semigroups of positive operators in a Banach lattice framework and we provide some very general, efficient and handy results with constructive estimates about: the existence of a solution to the first eigentriplet problem; the geometry of the principal eigenvalue problem; the asymptotic stability of the first eigenvector with possible constructive rate of convergence.This abstract theory is motivated and illustrated by several examples of differential, intro-differential and integral operators. In particular, we revisit the first eigenvalue problem and the asymptotic stability of the first eigenvector for: some parabolic equations in a bounded domain and in the whole space; some transport equations in a bounded or unbounded domain, including some growth-fragmentationmodels and some kinetic models; the kinetic Fokker-Planck equation in the torus and in the whole space; some mutation-selection models.


The hazards on the list are assessed on two levels, namely as minor and serious,
and the risk relating to work at the site at three levels: small, average and high,
within the range from 1 to 10, where 1 is the lowest value meaning a small risk,
and 10 the value meaning a high risk.


The first Raman overtone of the OH‐stretching vibration from highly purified liquid water has been examined quantitatively in the temperature range of 20–95 °C, and at frequencies from about 5500–8000 cm−1. The overtone Raman spectra show contour shapes, depolarization ratio dispersion, and an isosbestic frequency (6960±25 cm−1, uncorrected; 6900±25 cm−1, density and refractive index corrected) which, apart from the effects of anharmonicity, tend to mimic the fundamental, including its major four‐component substructure. The two components at about 7030 and 6850 cm−1 were interpreted, respectively, in terms of nonhydrogen‐bonded OH, and triply hydrogen‐bonded OH groups, which are common to the three‐bonded H2O species, whereas two components at about 6665 and 6160 cm−1 were interpreted as intermolecular coupling components of the fully hydrogen‐bonded, i.e., four‐bonded H2O species. A ΔH° value of −2.5 Kcal/mol hydrogen bond was obtained from the temperature dependence of ratios of the combined component i...


Environmental management has become an important managerial tool for creating conditions for greater competitiveness of organizations. A significant portion of the population considers environmental issues while consuming. However, despite the proposed relationship between environmental concern and consumption, some studies have identified a gap between declared environmental concern and consumer behavior. One possible explanation for this gap is the lack of trust in the ethics of retailers and the perception that environmental appealing offers would be only artifices of marketing. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the moderating effect of trust in the relationship between Environmental concern and environmental purchase intention. To operationalize the study, an online survey was conducted among 696 Brazilian consumers. The sample was characterized as non-probabilistic. Validated scales were used to measure the variables and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that there is a significant relationship between environmental concern and environmental purchase intention, however, the low explanatory power of the model points to the gap between discourse and practice. By analyzing the trust of consumers as moderating variable, it is clear that, by increasing consumers' trust, the gap between environmental concern and consumption is diminished.


The present invention relates to a winglet system for an aircraft, which can be mounted to the wing tip comprising an upper winglet and the lower winglet. When the wing surface by a static load, the lower winglet may have a static position. Lower winglet may be configured such that at about 1g flight load causes upward deflection of the wing lower winglet flight position moved from a static position, and causes a relative increase in the span of the wing.


CONTENTS 5 7 Summary and Outlook 107 Acknowledgements V 6 CONTENTS Introduction Quantum information theory is the combination of quantum mechanics and information theory. The profit is on both sides: quantum mechanics gains valuable aspects concerning the physical interpretation of the theory, and information theory gains enhanced capabilities of information processing and communication. Classically, it is the logical yes/no decision, the bit, which forms the elementary unit of information. A sequence of bits forms the basic object of information theory, the message. A message can be composed and read out by addressing each bit individually. In quantum information theory the elementary unit of information is the qubit, which represents the linear superposition of yes and no. A sequence of qubits forms the quantum message and here another phenomenon shows up: entanglement. A quantum message consisting of entangled qubits contains " non-local " information, which means that the information cannot be stored and read out by addressing each qubit individually, but only by performing a joint operation on all qubits. There is no analogon for this in classical information theory. The extension of information theory to quantum information theory enables us to search for new algorithms and communication protocols. Shor's factoring algorithm [1] shows that the capabilities of a quantum computer exceed those of a classical computer. The Shor algorithm represents the only known efficient algorithm for prime number factoriza-tion. Here, " efficient " means that the time needed for the computation is a polynomial function of the input length. Any superpolynomial relation between input length and computation time implies that the algorithm is " inefficient ". The origin for the gap of efficieny between classical and quantum computers is the fact that it is impossible to efficiently simulate a quantum computer on a classical computer. The input of a quantum computer is a sequence of qubits, say of length N. The corresponding Hilbert space is of dimension 2 N , where each dimension represents one degree of freedom. A classical computer has to carry out calculations by addressing any of these 2 N degrees of freedom. In contrast to that, the quantum computer performs his algorithms by addressing the N qubits only. The quantum processor does not have to know about linear algebra: the laws of quantum mechanics do the job for free. If we would be able to build a quantum computer with enough resources, then by using the …


This thesis focuses on metafictional works that re-examine responsibility in the light of fiction's relation to death: Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange, Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Laszlo Nemes' Holocaust film, Son of Saul. Renowned for treating "reality" as potentially fictive, metafiction comes up against the inaccessibility of death in these works, which reflect on the limitations of fiction. As demonstrated in this study, the death-fiction tension takes a noticeably radical form in these works, in which "fiction", not merely literary but inclusive of problematic interpretations, lies and prevarication, is given a violent dimension. Via this plurality, "fiction" acquires a death-giving dimension and gives rise to disquieting versions of responsibility. On account of "fiction" in the interpretative sense, the reader/viewer is implicated in these versions, in which interpreting the other is depicted as poised on empirical violence. Reading, held out in the works as a possible mitigation of the relation between interpretative and actual violence, is explored in this study with respect to the ethical value it confers on the versions of responsibility. These versions, which remain groundless due to the pervasiveness of fiction, are argued as critical accounts, in the double sense, in that they reflect in conflicted ways on the ethical relevance of fiction. The death-giving role of fiction, traditionally overlooked in favor of its more life-affirming qualities, is read in the light of, and is argued as a fleshing out of, Jacques Derrida's The Gift of Death, which tackles responsibility from the perspective of mortality and reads it in relation to literature.


For the simplification of molecular spectra and of the increase of spectral line intensity the enclosive-flow cooling technique was developed. The vertical cell arrangement needs only one warm window and proved to be robust and easy to handle. Compared with supersonic jet cooling, the present method provides an absorption efficiency higher by several orders of magnitude. In this paper, an improved flow cooling cell including a multireflection optics is described. Compared to the prototype cell, the multireflection cell has only 50 percent of the mass. Optical paths up to 20 m for FTIR applications and up to 40 m for TDLAS applications can be chosen. The pressure range extends from below 0.001 mbar up to 3 bar. The temperature is adjustable from 65 to 350 K. The new cooling technique offers promising applications in trace gas analysis, in the generation and spectroscopy of molecular clusters, especially of water, and in the simulation of the conditions and processes that occur in the atmosphere of Earth and other planets.


This large-scale study of 1,990 responses from practitioners in a wide range of industries developed and tested a model of relationships among a specific type of strategic information system -- strategic performance measurement systems (SPMS) -- characteristics and business outcomes. Using as methodology path analysis and stepwise regression, we found that two SPMS characteristics (design purpose and information technology use), together with system effectiveness, explain close to 50% of the SPMS impact on business results.


The objective of this study is to analyze the thermo-mechanical behavior of a two-layer cylindrical material, subjected to variable thermal solicitations. The thermo-mechanical coupling is done by the consideration of the spatiotemporal variations of the temperature in the mechanical problem on one hand, and by means of the variations of the thermal and mechanical properties on the other hand. The study is led in two dimensions (r, z) on a cylindrical multi-material consisting of two layers subjected to a periodic or constant heat flux on one face, and to an exchange condition on the opposite face. Other faces are supposed to be insulated. We compare two approaches of the problem, the first one is a local approach based on a theoretical study of the thermal and mechanical fields (thermal transfer and constraints) and the second approach is based on the notion of equivalence of the thermo-physical properties of both layers to only one. Thus, this second approach is a homogenization of the multi-material in a single fictitious material possessing the same thermo-mechanical behavior.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


The characteristics, including temporal resolution, dynamic range, and time distortion, of our femtosecond streak image tube developed a few years ago have been examined systematically by experiments under different conditions. It can be concluded from the experiments: (1) in order to achieve a temporal resolution of less than 400 fs with acceptable fluctuation the travelling wave deflection system and specially processed photocathode have played an important role, (2) to expand the dynamic range and to stabilize the temporal resolution it is of importance to minimize the noise and to accumulate the signal along the slit, (3) to accomplish above signal accumulation along the slit the time distortion has to be eliminated, which could be realized by using our specially designed optical lens. The aim of this study is to improve the temporal resolution up to 50 - 100 fs by a newly designed femtosecond streak image tube.


The rust prevention performance of TW742(a sulfonate-type rust inhibitor), zinc naphthenate(a carboxylate-type rust inhibitor), and Span-80(an ester-type rust inhibitor) in synthesized poly-α-olefin oils or naphthenic mineral oils with different kinematic viscosities was studied with 45 steel as objective by wet-heat test and salt-water immersion test. It was found that in wet heat test the rust preventive oil prepared with individual rust inhibitor can form a good adsorption film on metal surface, showing to a good protection effect. In salt-water immersion test, the rust preventive oil prepared with TW742 has better effect than that prepared with zinc naphthenate or Span-80. The rust prevention mechanism of three kinds of rust inhibitors was explained.


Determination of the main structural features of the mucilages from Opuntia monacantha, Opuntia nopalea-coccinillifera, Cereus peruvianus and Wigginsia erinacea by hydrolysis and methylation indicated that these polysaccharides have some similarity to both pectic polysaccharides and gum exudates, and, consequently, may provide an alternative source of industrial raw materials. The chemical composition of the mucilages is consistent with a role in the storage of moisture in Cactaceae and may be used to provide a useful method of taxonomy within the family.


Silicon-based anodes for Li-ion batteries have been gaining a great deal of attention due to their high theoretical gravimetric energy density. Approaches for overcoming the challenge of pulverization associated with Si-based electrodes are required for efficient, reversible, and stable operation of such high energy batteries. This study focuses on addressing the source of pulverization of amorphous silicon films upon cycling, which is typically attributed to the formation of the c-Li3.75Si phase. Cross-sectional samples prepared by focused-ion beam milling revealed fractured sponge-like silicon structures after 150 cycles at a lithiation cutoff voltage of 5 mVLi, at which the c-Li3.75Si phase forms. Cycling at a higher lithiation cutoff voltage, 50 mVLi, however, resulted in a film with a higher degree of integrity, along with the absence of the c-Li3.75Si phase. These results clearly verify and underscore the deleterious effects of the c-Li3.75Si phase. Alternating carbon and silicon layers results in s...


The utility model provides a conveying belt type drying system. The system comprises a conveying belt (4), an driving motor (6) and a tensioning device (3) and is characterized in that a layer of filtering film (4) is attached to the conveying belt (4), and a suction filtration area (2) is arranged below the feeding side of the conveying belt (4) and connected with a suction device through a pipeline (15) so that negative pressure can be formed in the suction filtration area (2). According to the conveying belt type drying system, the advantages of various drying machines are combined, separation ad continuous conveying of free water of waste residues are achieved through the conveying belt and the filtering film, and the system adapts to dehydration and reduction of waste residues of all suspension and sedimentation type separation systems. By adopting different types of filtering films, solid and liquid separation and drying of paint slag substances such as sticky waste residues and sludge waste residues can be achieved.


Deducing from a gradient matrix by non-linear least square residual localization, we formulate the errors of located nodes caused by ranging error or location error of anchors. We evaluate the error under various network topology, ranging error, location error and number of anchors, and analyze its performance. The performance shows that more anchors and less noises will help to improve the localization results. We then propose an error control method based upon Gaussian measurements to obtain the location of the free nodes and demonstrate the high efficiency of our proposed algorithm in terms of location estimation error under different conditions.


Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channel dysfunction drives stress susceptibility and depression-like behavior. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channel dysfunction drives stress susceptibility and depression-like behavior.


Millions of wild animals in captivity are reared on diets that differ in their uptake and composition from natural conditions. Few studies have investigated whether such novel diets elicit unintentional domestication selection in captive rearing and supplementation programs. In highly fecund salmonid fishes, natural and captive mortality is highest in the first few months of exogenous feeding. This high early mortality might be a potent driver of unintentional selection because wild fish normally forage on live prey whereas they are fed almost exclusively pellet feed in captivity: fish that do not adapt pellet feed well under captive conditions experience reduced growth and/or die. We tested this hypothesis by generating a large number of families from F1 captive and wild fish originating from the same three populations and then rearing them each on pellet and natural, live, drifting feed for three months at the beginning of exogenous feeding. We found that captive fish of every population grew faster than wild fish in all diet treatments. Populations exhibited an idiosyncratic response to diet treatment, with two populations exhibiting faster growth on a pellet diet versus the natural diet but another population exhibiting similar growth in both diet treatments. Fish exposed to a natural diet also exhibited higher survival relative to those given a pellet diet. Captive and wild fish did not differ in survival, regardless of population of origin. Overall, we found evidence that rapid domestication selection associated with a single generation exposure to a novel captive diet generates genetically-based changes to individual fitness (e.g., growth and survival) in a wild fish.


We review the unitarity bounds and the multiplet shortening of UIR's of 4 dimensional superconformal algebras $SU(2,2|N)$, ($N=1,2,4$) in view of their dual role in the AdS/SCFT correspondence. Some applications to KK spectra, non-perturbative states and stringy states are given.


The performance of a prefetch cache is dependent on both the prefetch technique and the cache replacement policy. Both these algorithms execute independently of each other, but they share a data structure the cache replacement queue. The replacement queue captures the impact of prefetching and caching. This paper shows that even with a simple sequential prefetch technique, there is an increase in hit rate and a decrease in response time when the LRU replacement queue is split into two equal sized queues. A more significant performance improvement is possible with sophisticated prefetch techniques and by splitting the queue unequally.


Exenatide is an injectable treatment for type 2 diabetes. Its use requires patient education and strict monitoring of glucose levels because of the difficulty of its administration; therefore, it may not be a safe or practical option for patients who are not willing or able to administer exenatide correctly.


This article focuses on population growth and growth management strategies in two growing city regions: the Helsinki region in Finland and South-east Queensland in Australia. Population growth is examined at the central city (Brisbane and Helsinki) and metropolitan or regional level (Helsinki region or Uusimaa, and SEQ). Growth management strategies are examined using the latest strategic plans prepared by the main actors responsible for urban and regional planning in these two regions. To better understand selected growth management strategies, a survey of the administrative framework is provided for both regions. Statistics show that the relative population growth over the past ten years has been very intensive in both urban areas. Signs of suburbanisation were well visible in Helsinki and Brisbane during 1970's, although there were also some clear differences in the pattern and distribution of growth. In the 1980's, and particularly after 1994, the central cities again increased their attractiveness. In managing urban growth, both regions focus on strategies sustaining and strengthening those comparative regional advantages that lie behind the growth of the region. In the plans of Brisbane and SEQ, land-use, environment, ecologically sustainable development and water maintenance evolve as major issues for future action. In Helsinki, however, the strategy has been strongly based on increasing the competitive abilities of enterprises, the region, internationalisation and information society advancement. A consistency of policies between government agencies and levels is urged in both regions for the institutional system of growth management. Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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ABSTRACT— The content of bone mineral (BMC), lean tissue, and fat tissue were measured by single and dual photon absorptiometry in both the paretic and the nonparetic limbs of 15 patients, hemiplegic due to cerebrovascular accident 23–38 weeks earlier. Compared with the non‐paretic arm, the paretic arm had approximately 10% lower (P < 0.01) BMC. This difference was largest at the measuring site with the highest ratio of trabecular to compact bone. The paretic leg had a 4% (P < 0.001) lower BMC than the non‐paretic leg. For both the arms and the legs, the lean content was lower (P < 0.05) and the fat content higher (P < 0.01) in the paretic than in the non‐paretic. This was relatively more pronounced in the arms than in the legs. We conclude that partial immobilization, owing to parasis after a cerebrovascular accident, results in characteristic changes in the affected limbs, with a marked decrease in the content of bone and lean tissue and a pronounced increase in fatty tissue.


Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering. vol. I. pp. 291-307. I994 PREDICTING GENDER AND MAJOR-FIELD DIFFERENCES IN MATHEMATICAL SELF-CONCEPT DURING COLLEGE Linda J. Sax Higher Education Research Institute, University of Califomto. Los Angeles. Los Angeles. CA 90095 Self-ratings of tnatltetnatical ability produce some of the largest gender dtferences among first-year college students. Further. mathematical self-concept is the one measure of academic self-concept that decline: during college. However. little research hasfacrtsed on the predictors of math cotfidence for college students. This study exantinexflxtots related to changes in tnatltetnatioal self-concept during college atdfixuse: specifically on how were factors drier by gender and major field. Regression results indicate that traditional predictors of math confidence operate difleretttly for men and women in science and nottscience fields. INTRODUCTION Among academic self-rating measures. self-concept in math ranks near the bottom among college students: while 53.8% of first-year college students rate themselves "above aver- ageq or in the "highest I095q in academic ability, only 37.7% choose these top categories for mathematical ability (Astin, Korn. Sax. & Mahoney. 1994). During the college years. while students gain confidence in their overall academic abilities, their confidence in math has been shown to decline (Astin. I977, 1993). Additionally. such declines occur dispro- portionately among women (Sax. I99-ta). These findings are especially discouraging given the welI—documented connection between self-concept and achievement (Astin. I977. I993; Bailey, I971; Byme, 1984; Hansford and Hattie. I982). Mathematical self-concept has long been shown to be a positive predictor of persistence in math (Sherman, I983) and perfonnance on tests of math ability (Astin. I993; Ethington, I988; Marsh. Smith. & Barnes. I985; Meece, Parsons. Kaczala, Goff & Futterman. 1982; Sherman, I982). Even when one controls for math ability, math self-concept is uniquely predictive of a number of college outcomes, includ- ing overall college grades, GRE-Quantitative scores, and postcollege scientific career aspirations (Sax. 1993). Given the importance of math self-concept for college outcomes. it is important to outline the factors that promote math confidence during college. Unfortunately, little research is available on the factors associated specifically with the development of math An earlier version of this paper was presented at the I993 meeting or' the Association for the Study of Higher Education. in'Piusburgh, Pennsylvania. This research is aided by grams from the Exxon Education Foundation and the National Science Foundation. ISSN I072-8325I94S3.00 Cnpyrighl 0 I994 by Begell House. Inc. 29]


Through consecutive fertilizer experiments,the effects of nitrogen fertilizer with different ratios of organic to inorganic nitrogen on the nitrate content,VC content and yield of pakchoi was studied and analyzed.The ratios of organic to inorganic nitrogen showed a significant negative exponential relationship with nitrate content in pakchoi,and a parabolic relationship with VC content.Above two relationships related to the nitrate nitrogen contents in the soil regulated by nitrogen fertilizer with different ratios of organic to inorganic nitrogen.The optimal fertilizer ratio of organic to inorganic nitrogen was 3∶1 for pakchoi to get lower nitrate accumulation and higher VC content and yield.


Giant third-order nonlinear absorption and refraction of electrochemical graphene oxide (EGO) film were investigated in the femtosecond regime using the single beam Z-scan technique. The excellent chemical stability of the EGO film under high-power illumination up to 400 mJ/cm2 is demonstrated, which can be attributed to the low oxidation degree revealed by the optical and Raman spectroscopies. High and broadband linear transmission over 70% has been observed from the visible to the infrared range. The low-loss EGO film with giant third-order nonlinearity, excellent chemical stability, large-scale preparation and flexible integration has a great potential for high-power nonlinear optical applications.


Wireless communication is widely used today. It transmits information through an open network such that it always suffers by a variety of attacks. In 2006, Yoon et al. proposed a secure password authentication protocol for wireless networks to fix the drawback ofMa et al.' s protocol. In this article, we will show that the Yoon et al.' s protocol is vulnerable to both off-line password guessing attack and replay attack. We will present a new improved protocol to fix the flaw. As shown, the improved protocol is secure while the computation cost is quite low.


Abstract The present paper provides a methodological case study on how underlying incipient grammar change might be discerned even when frequencies of the incoming variant are apparently marginal and stable. Analysing the spread of tonic possessive pronouns in complements of locative adverbial constructions in European Spanish from a probabilistic perspective, more than 11,000 locative constructions from 1900 to 2004 were compiled, and probabilistic grammar change was operationalised as an interactive function between language-internal predictors and real time. The results reveal that numerous intralinguistic factors have been and are active in constraining the variation, with the innovation spreading significantly in spite of apparent stability in frequency. Crucially, the findings demonstrate that, even in a relatively standardised written language where the innovation has a considerably low frequency, the innovation grammaticalises along the same pathway as in colloquial vernaculars where the incoming variant is employed much more frequently.


59 children. In the vaccination debate they want facts about the relative risks of their choicesFto vaccinate or not to vaccinate? How can you make an informed choice from this book? You can't. You are left with the impression that the only sensible course of action is not to vaccinate. You are not informed about the relative risks of both choices. You are simply presented with the argument against vaccination which includes not only speculation about the relationship between vaccination and later chronic diseases but seriously understates the risks of the diseases. 'Why on earth increase the risk of debilitating, painful and serious chronic disease later on in life as a consequence of vaccination, simply in order to avoid childhood diseases which can be so easily and successfully treated with homeopathy?' Many of us would debate every part of that sentence. The fact that homeopathic treatments can be useful in a wide range of infections and in dealing with adverse effects of vaccines does NOT mean that vaccination is a good or a bad thing. If homeopathy is presented as an alternative to prevent and to treat diseases like polio, diphtheria and meningococcal meningitis the consequent cases of damage and death will harm our cause substantially. Linking homeopathy to the vaccination debate in this way does not help parents to make difficult choices. Finally, in Chapter 5, she discusses the homeopathic treatment of cerebral malaria without any recommendations for any other course of action. The examples I've given illustrate why this is a dangerous book. One must wonder about the life of a professional homeopath. Are RSHoms really prepared to treat such potentially dangerous, even fatal, diseases with homeopathy, without any recourse to modern medical techniques of proven effectiveness? This must be why Professor Ernst concludes that homeopathic medicines are safe, but maybe homeopaths are not. Throughout the book speculations are presented as facts. Where is the evidence for these beliefs? Has the author experience in dealing with serious diseases like third-degree burns, subdural haematomas and cerebral malaria? Why on earth should she not help patients to seek the best possible treatments in all circumstances? She seems to live in a world without doctors and without hospitals. Fortunately, that's not the real world and people can get effective medical treatment to prevent death from tetanus, burns, meningitis, etc. But you wouldn't know that if this was your only family guide to acute diseases. I cannot recommend this book to its intended audience.


System and method for context-based touch sensing and processing is disclosed. Energy efficiency of the touch-sensitive device, based on the expected QoS, user inputs, and the context information, such as the mode of use of the touch sensitive device that is predicted in a defined region of interest of the touch sensitive surface, touch in real time It may be improved by dynamically adjusting the functions of the sensing surface. .Field


As metropolitan cities have improved and upgraded their public transport infrastructure to encourage higher public transport ridership, the next challenges understand factors that influence the individuals' travel behaviour. Psycho-Social Attributes and Quality of Life are important elements to study the public transport ridership in metropolitan cities. This paper offers a short overview of the role of psycho-social and quality of life in understanding the travel behaviour of public transport in cities. The paper explores attributes such as social norms, personal norms, freedom, safety and comfort that have an impact on travel behaviour. Twenty-nine participants took part in the pilot study. Partial Least Square was used to analyze data. Results showed psycho-social attributes has strong direct relationship to travel behaviour while quality of life can be a good support for travel behaviour. Recommendation and suggestion are discussed.


ABSTRACT A one to three foot bed containing nodules of calcium phosphate exposed in a sea cliff on the south coast of western Victoria, Australia, is described. The bed is Miocene age. The P2O5 content of one nodule was found to be 15.08 per cent. The deposit is not considered to have economic importance at the present time.


Improving classification models when a class hierarchy is available Babak Shahbaba Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Public Health Sciences University of Toronto 2007 We introduce a new method for modeling hierarchical classes, when we have prior knowledge of how these classes can be arranged in a hierarchy. The application of this approach is discussed for linear models, as well as nonlinear models based on Dirichlet process mixtures. Our method uses a Bayesian form of the multinomial logit (MNL) model, with a prior that introduces correlations between the parameters for classes that are nearby in the hierarchy. Using simulated data, we compare the performance of the new method with the results from the ordinary MNL model, and a hierarchical model based on a set of nested MNL models. We find that when classes have a hierarchical structure, models that acknowledge such existing structure in data can perform better than a model that ignores such information (i.e., MNL). We also show that our model is more robust against missspecification of class structure compared to the alternative hierarchical model. Moreover, we test the new method on page layout analysis and document classification problems, and find that it performs better than the other methods. Our original motivation for conducting this research was classification of gene functions. Here, we investigate whether functional annotation of genes can be improved using the hierarchical structure of functional classes. We also introduce a new nonlinear model for classification, in which we model the joint distribution of response variable, y, and covariates, x, non-parametrically using Dirichlet process mixtures. In this approach, we keep the relationship between y and x linear within each component of the mixture. The overall relationship becomes


Objective: To investigate the oxidative stress damage induced by irradiation in mouse kidney and the preventive and therapeutic effect of Ligustrazine against it.Methods: Mice were exposed to 5Gy single 60Co-irradiation to induce oxidative stress,the concentration of Ligustrazine for intraperitoneal is 130 mg/kg to prevent and treat liver injury before and after irradiation,The injection lasted 10 days.The parameters of malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase enzyme(SOD),catalase(CAT),reduced glutathione hormone(GSH),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),total antioxidation capability(T-AOC)activity in kidney were measured.Results: Com-pared with that in the normal control group,irradiation significantly increased kidney content of MDA(P0.05),decreased CAT,SOD activity(P0.05),GSH-Px activity(P0.05),while it decreased kidney content of GSH(P0.05),the kidney tissue T-AOC decreased(P0.05).By use of Ligustrazine,MDA content decreased(P0.05),T-AOC were significantly higher(P0.05),CAT activity increased(P0.05) and the effect of treatment group was better than the prevention group had no significant difference(P0.05) compared with that in the normal group.Meanwhile,the activity of SOD and the content of GSH significant increased in prevention group(P0.05);The ac-tivity of SOD and CAT significant increased in treatment group(P0.05);But GSH-Px activity was no significant difference either in treatment group or in prevention group.Conclusion: The irradiation can cause oxidative stress damage in mouse kidney tissue,Ligus-trazine can reduce or reverse this damage both in treatment and prophylaxis,and treatment group is better than the prevention group.


The use of industrial wastes as substrates in the production of value-added products is of great interest in efforts to reduce cost, while managing the waste economically and in an environmentally friendly manner. In this paper, Sporosarcina pasteurii are used in the treatment of Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater to produce agricultural microbial fertilizer. The culture conditions, in which S. pasteurii was used to treat A. bisporus industrial wastewater as the natural medium, were optimized using the Plackett-Burman and Box-behnken response surface methods. The total number of S. pasteurii in the fermentation broth was analyzed using multispectral imaging flow cytometry. First, using the Plackett-Burman experimental design method, the six factors of industrial wastewater including the concentration, initial pH, loading volume, inoculum size, rotation speed, and culture temperature were experimentally investigated. Three significant factors were found to affect the total number of viable S. pasteurii bacteria: culture temperature, concentration, and inoculum amount, all of which were determined by the steepest climbing experiment in order to determine the suitable horizontal interval of the three significant factors. The Box-Behnken response surface method was then utilized to optimize the interaction among the three main factors. The total number of viable S. pasteurii was set as the response surface value and the three main significant factors were the independent variables. Multivariate linear regression and binomial equation fitting were carried out to obtain the optimal culture conditions: A. bisporus industrial wastewater solubility of 1%, initial pH of 7.0, inoculum size of 8%, loading volume of 90 mL/250 mL, rotation speed of 150 rpm, culture temperature of 30°C, and a culture time of 24 h. The average experimental value was 1.52±0.04×10 Obj/mL and reached approximately 98.70% of the model's optimum predicted value (1.54×10 Obj/mL), which illustrates the validity of the model. The main indicator of the total number of living bacteria was also far higher than that of the agricultural microbial fertilizers' standard, in which the effective number of living bacterium must reach 0.2×10 Obj/mL. Therefore, the results of this study highlight the potential of using A. bisporus industrial wastewater as the natural medium for S. pasteurii in the production of microbial fertilizer.


The invention provides a voice communication method, system and device. The method comprises the steps that a voice group server receives the voice data of a voice group client side in a group, and the voice data of the voice group client side and the voice data of the voice group server itself are synthesized into a group voice data packet; the voice data of each voice group client side in the group are removed from the group voice data packet, and then the group voice data packet is sent to the voice group client side. By the adoption of the voice communication method, system and device, simultaneous communication of multiple parties can be achieved.


Diversity of biology is a prerequisite for existence and development of human society It is the most important part of life supporting system The characteristics of diversity of biology in China are expatiated Some problems about the diversity of biology in China are revealed The measures for its protection are put forward


Roses range from diploid to hendecaploid and determining sporophytic and gametophytic ploidy levels can aid in breeding efforts and genotype and population characterization. Direct chromosome counts require specialized skill and are time consuming. The objectives of this study were to determine the usefulness of pollen diameter and guard cell length to predict sporophytic and gametophytic ploidy levels in a diverse collection of roses (n=428) and demonstrate the utility of pollen size in understanding ploidy transmission in a breeding program. The diameters of 30 pollen grains using acetocarmine staining and the lengths of ten guard cells were recorded per genotype. Sixty-seven roses with reported chromosome counts provided ploidy size ranges from which to predict ploidy of 361 rose genotypes. Root tip squashes were performed to determine actual sporophytic ploidy. Ploidy transmission was documented using breeding lines with known pedigrees and tetraploid female x triploid male crosses to characterize ploidy contribution from triploids. Guard cell length was variable and not useful for generalized ploidy prediction. Pollen diameter accurately predicted 100% of diploid, 91.1% of tetraploid, 80.0% of hexaploid, and 100% of octoploid roses not in or recently derived from section Caninae species. Recommended pollen diameter ranges for sporophytic ploidy prediction are: diploid (<35.6 m), tetraploid (35.6 m to <43.7 m), hexaploid (43.7 m to 47.0 m), and octoploid (>47.0 m). Sporophytic ploidy estimation based on pollen diameter was not effective for triploid, pentaploid, and section Caninae species and hybrids, although it was useful for gametophytic ploidy estimation. Clones producing 2n or 4n pollen were identified. Ploidy transmission trends and breeding implications are discussed. Pollen diameter is a fast and useful tool to predict sporophytic and gametophytic ploidy in rose. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________