SUMMARY Social service agencies are focusing more and more on the "old-old." Some organizations have secular missions that address multiple domains (i.e., physiological, economic, social, etc.). Other agencies, developed by the religious community, designate spirituality as a domain to be addressed in serving the "old-old." This paper examines interfaces between secular social service organizations and those persons (whether staff, board or religious leaders) who attempt to provide a wholistic perspective for service provision to the "old-old."


Animation is being used extensively for instructional purposes; however, it has not been found to be effective on measures of higher order learning (concepts, rules, procedures) within the knowledge acquisition and knowledge integration domains. The purpose of this study was to examine the instructional effectiveness of two visual scaffolding strategies (simple and complex scaffolding) used to complement animated instruction. About 90 undergraduate level students were randomly assigned to three treatments (control, simple and complex). After receiving their respective instructional presentation students took four tests – drawing, identification, terminology and comprehension. The results of a preliminary study indicated that animation has a significant impact on acquisition of factual and conceptual knowledge. On the other hand, visual scaffolding strategies, used as a complement to instruction that already involved animation did not have a significant impact on students' performance on measures of higher order learning. Introduction and Theoretical Framework Animation in Multimedia Instruction (Mayer & Moreno, 2002) have defined multimedia instructional environments as ones in which "learners are exposed to material in verbal (such as on screen text or narration) as well as pictorial form (including static materials such as photos or illustration, and dynamic material such as video or animation)" (pg. 87). The authors propose two theories of how students learn from words and pictures: 1. Information Delivery Theory of Multimedia Learning: Based on the theory that learning involves adding information to one's memory (Mayer, 1996). Multimedia instruction is effective in delivering information effectively to both types of learners – learners that prefer verbal presentation and those that prefer pictorial presentations. 2. Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning: Meaningful learning occurs when students mentally construct coherent knowledge representations (Mayer, 1996). This theory is based on three assumptions: (1) humans have separate channels of processing visual and verbal representation (dual-channel theory) (2) the capacity of short term memory is limited, and (3) meaningful learning (knowledge integrations) occurs when learners actively engage in cognitive processes such as selecting, organizing and representing knowledge. Further, (Mayer & Moreno, 2002) have examined the role of animation in multimedia learning environments. Animation is defined as "[Animation] refers to a simulated motion picture depicting movement of drawn (or simulated) objects" (pg. 88). They found that "Animation can promote learner understanding when used in ways that are consistent with the cognitive theory of multimedia learning." Potential Problems with Multimedia Instruction using Animation Animation and simulations are being utilized at all levels of instruction. However, most research which has identified positive gain from animation has reported it at the fact and concept levels (Reiber, 1990; Dwyer, 2003). One hypothesis that may be proposed to explain this phenomenon is that when students are expected to learn a hierarchy of learning outcomes, the cognitive load associated with the animated presentation and the content complexity provides a stimulus field which is too complex for effective assimilation (Young,


Effect of cultivars and row spacing (RS) on tocopherol and sterol composition of chickpea oil from chickpea, grown under semi-arid conditions of Thal, Pakistan has been studied. The tocopherol and sterol contents were significantly affected by cultivars during 2005 and 2006 (P<0.05). Among sterols; campesterol, Δ 5 - avenasterol, stigmasterol, Δ 7 -avenasterol, and clerosterol were significantly affected by cultivars while β- sitosterol did not differ significantly. Tocopherols, including α-, γ- and total tocopherol contents were not significantly affected by cultivars but s- and δ-tocopherols differed statistically among cultivars CM 72, Bittal 98, Punjab 91 and Punjab 2000. The results of present study showed that seed oil constituents significantly varied among chickpea cultivars.


The influence of winds at various levels in the atmosphere on the propagation of acoustic‐gravity waves is studied theoretically using dispersion curves for various atmospheric models. It is found that short‐period waves (periods less than about 400 sec) are influenced mainly by winds close to the ground, whereas long‐period waves (periods more than about 400 sec) are influenced by high‐altitude as well as low‐altitude winds. Strong winds at altitudes near 100 km in the direction of propagation of the waves and winds near the ground blowing in a direction opposite to that of the waves are found to be favorable for inverse dispersion in group velocities at long periods. Exactly opposite wind conditions favor normal dispersion at all periods.


When designing the architecture of an interactive system, the challenge is to keep the data model and the functional core that manipulates the data independent of the user interface. However, we usually categorize the rendering function, which translates the data into the form suitable for visual purposes, as the output part of the user interface. In other words, the rendering process of the data and the way to output the rendering result are tightly coupled. This limitation results in the need to render the data once for each user interface whenever the data changes, even in the case that multiple user interfaces share the same rendering result. In this paper, we describe the Document-View-Presentation (DVP) pattern for interactive software systems. This pattern builds on the Document-View pattern and strongly decouples the rendering function from the output of the rendering result. This separation makes it possible to render the data once and output the result in different methods repeatedly. This architecture is especially suitable to those interactive systems with computationally expensive rendering algorithms, such as graphics or image processing systems. Moreover, the DVP pattern also introduces the 3-tier concept into the design of an interactive system to have "thin" clients, i.e. user interfaces. Such a thin user interface could be distributed to another process or even another machine without a major impact on the system. This capability possibly allows an interactive system to become a Web-based application without much effort.


We present actions of a Geometry Teaching Laboratory called LEG, in the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), realized under various projects in which seeks to develop methodologies and teaching and learning's strategies, i.e. from educational technologies, training and qualification of human resources, in this case, undergraduate and mathematics teachers in continuing education. In addition, we present the theoretical basis for such actions and a didactic resource's example created and adapted in LEG. Thereby, we seek not only offer some alternatives to encourage each undergraduate student or math teacher – both in their formation in face to face education as in a


Hydrogen separation membrane devices are attracting increasing interest for the industrial production of hydrogen. Metal membranes, in particular, are promising due to their resilience to the demands of a typical hydrogen purification process. However, the use of too much Pd within the membranes limits their wide-scale industrial use due to excessive costs. The present article reviews the design, preparation, operation, and critical performance features of novel non-Pd-based alloys. The theory behind the permeation of hydrogen through metal membranes is presented as well as the materials and methods central to their design and improvement. Crystalline, amorphous, and thin layer metal membranes are contrasted, while the advanced experimental techniques and mechanical tests for their characterization are discussed. The review considers the design of novel metal membranes from first principles and assesses catalytic and protective surface layers which may enhance their hydrogen separation capabilities.


The invention relates to a network flow data processing method and device. The method comprises the steps that HTTP header information and user account information are obtained from network flow data, wherein the user account information comprises a mobile phone number or an internet account of a user; network tracker cookie information of a website to which the user has access is extracted from the HTTP header information; the cookie information and the user account information are associated and stored into a user information database, wherein one piece of user account information is associated with the cookie information of at least one website. According to the network flow data processing method and device, the cookie information of different websites can be collected, and user behavior data of the user can be completely and accurately collected.


Current transformer (CT) is an important measuring equipment to transfer the current signal from the primary side of the system to the secondary side. Most relay protection depends on the current signal transferred by CT. However, CT is prone to transient saturation due to the influence of the aperiodic component of the fault current. This paper deeply analyzes the transient saturation characteristic of CT from the perspectives of equivalent circuit calculation and saturation mechanism and verifies the influence of aperiodic component on the saturation characteristic of CT through PSCAD/EMTDC software simulation. The measures to reduce the influence of transient saturation of current transformer on relay protection are introduced. It is of great significance to improve the performance of relay protection and the stability of electrical power system.


We describe the experimental study of the flow structure past repeated three-dimensional ribs of a square section on a ground plate for various values of spacing ratio S/H. Test ribs of the square section with side length D=23mm and height H=5 mm were aligned at a regular pitch in a square array and in a staggered array, and the spacing between the two adjoining ribs was varied at S/H=2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13 and ∞ (i.e., a single rib). The time-mean velocity and turbulence intensity were measured using the laser-Doppler velocimeter. As a result, for the case of the square array, there were two flow patterns in the groove. A large recirculation region occupied the entire groove between two adjoining ribs without reattachment for S/H≤5. However, the free streamline leaving the upstream rib enclosed the recirculation region and reattached the ground plate for S/H≥7. On the other hand, a flow pattern independent of S/H was found for the staggered array, which corresponded to the flow pattern for S/H>7 in the square array.


Owen Thompson is a fifth generation timber producer and grazier with a lifetime of experience in managing the family's native forest.


Determination of carbamate residues in tobacco samples was carried out by three different methods, two having been described in the literature and one developed for the purpose of this work. The extracts were analyzed by HRGC-FID (using derivatization), by HPLC-RP with photodiode array detection and by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) with UV detection. The extraction method developed used in conjunction with capillary zone electrophoresis showed to be the most suitable for carbamate residue analysis in real tobacco samples. The developed method presented better recovery results in relation to the others. CZE allowed the determination of carbamate residue in real tobacco sample while HPLC and HRGC could not do this, due to co-elution problems.


This study aimed to evaluate the quality and antimicrobial activity of soaps and ointments enriched with aqueous ethanol extracts from barks of Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus mucronata. The galenic formulation allowed the development of ointments as well as soap based on aqueous ethanol extract (70%, v/v) using some excipients. The consistency of the ointments was slightly hard but softens immediately on contact with the skin. The preparation method allowed to get a very good homogeneity with a regular distribution of the extracts. The ointments were stable and no changes on the surface was observed. The ointments were found slight acidic, with pH values varying from 5 to 5.59. It was noticed that enriched soaps displayed neutral pH values neutral varying from 7.28 to 7.49. Moreover, the soap enriched with Z. mauritiana (84%) was more foaming in saline environment than that enriched with Z. mucronata (61.53%). Both bark extract-enriched ointments and soaps displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria found on the skin and hands.


Over the past two decades the terms generic skills, graduate qualities, generic attributes and core capabilities have become a familiar part of the teaching and learning landscape of higher education. Indeed it seems that there is rarely a higher education teaching and learning conference these days that doesn't have a theme on generic attributes (as we shall refer to them in this introduction). At these conferences and in the literature, conversations in the higher education community around generic attributes typically centre on accounts of practice. Publications on the topic have often focussed on the evaluation of particular curriculum initiatives, reports on institutions' initiatives in the area of generic skills and reports of the relative importance of different sets of attributes or skills. There has been less written about the theoretical and conceptual basis for such attributes, despite many reports of practice pointing to this missing conceptual base. While there may increasingly be a shared vocabulary discernible in these publications and conversations, the extent to which this represents a shared meaning is questionable. The variety of terms commonly used to refer to generic attributes is an obvious feature of these discussions. Indeed it is a mark of the lack of critical attention that the concept has received that terms such as generic skills, graduate qualities, generic attributes and core capabilities are used relatively interchangeably, with an apparent assumption of a shared meaning. Equally striking is the range of de®nitions advanced for particular skills and attributes in the literature, a range that is matched only by the variety of reported approaches taken to the teaching and learning of these varied attributes. Sitting behind such accounts of the initiatives, initiated by academics to foster such worthwhile outcomes as team work and communication skills, are policy statements claiming such qualities on behalf of graduates. These statements of generic attributes seek to describe the core outcomes of a higher education. In doing so they specify an aspect of the institution's contribution to society and carry with them implicit and sometimes explicit assumptions as to the purpose and nature of a `higher' education. Such assumptions are inextricably entwined with suppositions as to the nature of knowledge and what it means to be educated in contemporary society.


The utility model discloses a self-locking tape which comprises a hollow framework and an inverted buckle arranged on the inner surface of the first side wall of the hollow framework, wherein a first through hole is formed in the second side wall of the hollow framework, which is perpendicular to the first side wall; and a first projection, which penetrates the first through hole and can slide in the first through hole, is arranged on the inverted buckle. As the first projection is arranged on the inverted buckle, and the first through hole, in which the first projection can slide, is formed in the second side wall, during the disassembly of the self-locking tape, the inverted buckle is separated from a tape when external force is exerted on the first projection, that is, teeth of the inverted buckle are separated from sawtooth which is stuck and tightly clamped with the teeth of the inverted buckle, so as to pull out the tape and fulfill disassembly. As the first projection replaces a tool required to be used in the prior art, the disassembly procedure is simplified, the disassembly is faster, and the problems that a to-be-taped object is damaged or the self-locking tape is scratched during the disassembly of the self-locking tape can be solved completely.


Water immersion and aquatic exercise can be an important therapeutic tool in patients suffering from heart disease (HD). However, the effects of water immersion on heart rate variability (HRV) in HD participants remain unknown.


The problem of synthesis of the radar signal detection algorithm from a moving target against the background of broadband correlated clutter is considered in the article. An empirical Bayesian approach was used to synthesize an adaptive detection algorithm using an autoregressive disorder model. The efficiency of the algorithm under the action of complex clutter and narrow band interference was investigated by the Monte Carlo method


Objective: Child welfare services predominately engage mothers, who typically are the primary caregivers of the children. Research on engaging fathers—or fathers and mothers together—in child welfare is limited. This study evaluates engagement of both mothers and fathers in case management services for out-of-home child welfare cases to better understand patterns and quality of parental engagement and the effect of engagement on permanency and stability. Method: We analyzed state case-review data collected by certified reviewers from 2007 to 2017 (N = 1,617) on out-of-home child welfare cases. Data included evaluation of the processes and outcomes of case management services. Using ordinary least squares regression and seemingly unrelated regression, we examined the relationship between parent engagement and permanency and stability outcomes. Results: Permanency and placement stability ratings are relatively poorer when fathers and mothers engage together in case planning. However, the quality of engagement with fathers and mothers is associated with improved permanency and placement stability ratings. Conclusions: Findings highlight the need for high-quality engagement with fathers and mothers for positive foster care child outcomes. Future research may assess worker training for boosting outcomes of family engagement in child welfare.


The Hard Drive Industry in the Philippines by G. R. Tecson * School of Economics University of the Philippines 1. Introduction The HDD industry in the Philippines is of recent vintage. Not considering the assembly of semiconductors that may have eventually found their way into HDDs, one can probably date the birth of the industry to March 1988, when Sunward Technologies Phils. Inc., an ISO 9002 certified, wholly-owned subsidiary of American-owned Sunward Technologies, began assembly and test of heads 1 . At about the same time – in May 1988 -- Tsukiden Electronics Industries, Inc. (TEII) was established as a subsidiary of an independent Japanese firm (the Tsukiden Group) whose production activities had been closely linked since the 1970s to NEC in Japan. Its first plant was established to produce 5.25" floppy disk drives (FDDs) and 3.5" HDDs (since 1989), including printed circuit boards (PCBs) and flexible printed circuit assemblies (FPCAs), as a subcontractor to NEC Technologies Hong kong Ltd. (hereafter NEC HK). Tsukiden sourced part of its thin film heads assembled by Filipino-owned Integrated Microelectronics, Inc. (IMI, established in August 1980) and from another Filipino-owned company, Ionics Circuits, Inc. (ICI, established in 1974) as a second priority source. Tsukiden assembled drives for NEC HK until August 1997, when a change in technology resulted in the closing of the Tsukiden factory and a shift in subcontracting to a dedicated factory of Laguna Electronics Inc. (LEI), also a subsidiary of the Tsukiden Group. These early investments were not immediately followed by others, however. The momentum was brusquely interrupted by the political instability into which the Philippines was plunged by the attempted coup d'etat of December 1989, a well-publicized kidnapping of a Japanese executive, and a recession that was to last till 1993. The current wave of HDD investments was ushered in by the entry in close succession of all of the Japanese majors, beginning with Hitachi Computer Products (Asia) Corp. in 1994, producing 2.5" HDDs. Hitachi was followed a year later in 1995 with the almost simultaneous establishment of Fujitsu Computer Products Corporation and Toshiba Information Equipment Inc. for the production of 3.5" and 2.5" HDDs, respectively. Under a year later, NEC Components Philippines was set up to produce printed wiring boards (PWBs) mainly for the automotive industry but also partly for HDDs. As mentioned earlier, NEC HK had already been operating in the Philippines as a 'factory-less firm', through Tsukiden as subcontractor. However, it also decided to start its own HDD assembly in the country and is currently (early 1999) constructing a new factory that will assemble 3.5" HDDs, with a production capacity double that of its present subcontractor LEI. It is expected to start commercial operations in May 1999. As will be discussed below in greater detail, except probably for Hitachi, Japanese assemblers followed the subcontracting route The writer acknowledges with deep gratitude the intellectual support and encouragement of the members of the Data Storage Industry Globalization Project, in particular Dr. Stephan Haggard, Dr. Richard Doner, and Dr. David McKendrick who read and commented on various drafts of the paper. Gratitude is also due to the Sloan Foundation for financial assistance which made the study possible. The usual disclaimer applies. Sunward, and its Philippine subsidiary, was eventually acquired by Read-Rite Corporation in 1994.


Traditional numerical analyses of laser beam transmission through "active" nonlinear materials have involved many assumptions that narrow their general applicability. As more complex optical phenomena are widely employed in research and industry, it is necessary to expand the use of numerical simulation methods. Historically, laser-matter interactions have involved calculations of "classical" wave propagation by Maxwell's equations and photon absorption through rate equations using numerous approximations. We describe a novel numerical modeling framework that adapts itself for simulation of different types of active materials provided by a simple graphical input. Our framework combines classical electric field propagation with "active" photon absorption kinetics using computational active photonic building blocks (APBB). It allows investigating a plane electromagnetic wave propagating through generic organic or inorganic photoactive materials; while, "active" photo-transitions are implemented using the APBB algorithm on the user interface. To date we have used the method in multiphoton absorbers, upconversion, semiconductor quantum dots, rare earth ions, organic chromophores, singlet oxygen formation, energy transfer, and optically-induced chemical reactions. We will demonstrate the method with applications of amplification in rare-earth ions and multiple two-photon absorbers materials in tandem.


The authors compare collegiate sports governance in Turkey and the United States using comparative analysis techniques. Using the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association as a model, the authors evaluate structural and political aspects of the Turkish University Sports Federation to identify new potentialities for its growth and for the support of collegiate sports within Turkey.


Economic theory has focused on trying to account for the behavior of agents and the results that such performance will have in aggregate terms. Using several assumptions theory has come to build agent archetypes, in search for the most appropriate and possible representation for such behavior. One of the least analyzed but fundamental assumptions are related to the rationality. This term has had different definitions. At first it was treated as a simple capability of reasoning, then it gradually turned into the idea of a gifted agent able to construct sophisticated models in his/ her mind (hyper-rational), to finally result in the idea of a social construction process (procedural rationality). This paper aims to briefly explain each interpretation, as well as to describe the theoretical implications for each one, arguing that it is a fundamental assumption which must be explained even more clearly than it has been so far.


Background: Rates of suicide and undetermined death increased rapidly in Scotland in the 1980's and 1990's. The largest increases were in men, with a marked increase in rates in younger age groups. This was associated with an increase in hanging as a method of suicide. National suicide prevention work has identified young men as a priority group. Routinely collected national information suggested a decrease in suicide rates in younger men at the beginning of the 21st century. This study tested whether this was a significant change in trend, and whether it was associated with any change in hanging rates in young men. Methods: Joinpoint regression was used to estimate annual percentage changes in age-specific rates of suicide and undetermined intent death, and to identify times when the trends changed significantly. Rates of deaths by method in 15 – 29 year old males and females were also examined to assess whether there had been any significant changes in method use in this age group. Results: There was a 42% reduction in rates in 15 – 29 year old men, from 42.5/100,000 in 2000 to 24.5/100,000 in 2004. A joinpoint analysis confirmed that this was a significant change. There was also a significant change in trend in hanging in men in this age group, with a reduction in rates after 2000. No other male age group showed a significant change in trend over the period 1980 – 2004. There was a smaller reduction in suicide rates in women in the 15 – 29 year old age group, with a reduction in hanging from 2002. Conclusion: There has been a reduction in suicide rates in men aged 15 – 29 years, and this is associated with a significant reduction in deaths by hanging in this age group. It is not clear whether this is related to a change in method preference, or an overall reduction in suicidal behaviour, and review of self-harm data will be required to investigate this further. Background Rates of suicide and deaths of undetermined intent increased markedly in Scotland in the last two decades of the twentieth century. [1-3] This was driven by high rates of suicide and undetermined intent deaths among men. The combined all age suicide and undetermined death rate among men increased by 35% between the period 1981–1985 and 1996–1999. During this time, there was Published: 29 February 2008 BMC Public Health 2008, 8:80 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-80 Received: 19 February 2007 Accepted: 29 February 2008 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/80 © 2008 Stark et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


4-(4-Antipyrinylazo) resorcinol was synthesized,and its structure was identified by IR spectroscopy.The Colour Reaction of the reagent with indium(Ⅲ) was investigated.It was found that the color reagent reacted with indium(Ⅲ) to form a stable orange complex in HAc-NaAc buffer solution at pH 5.0.The maximum absorption wavelength was at 480 nm and apparent molar absorptivity was of 3.1×104 L·mol-1·cm-1.Beer's law was obeyed for indium(Ⅲ) mass concentrate in the range of 0 to 40 μg/25 mL.


DISCLAIMER
In an effort to expedite the publication of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, AJHP is posting these manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

PURPOSE
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) has been a long-standing supporter of advancing pharmacy practice, specifically in the area of pharmacy practice models. In 2019, ASHP began the planning to launch PAI (Practice Advancement Initiative) 2030. PAI 2030 describes and details a bold vision for patient care, medication use, and pharmacy practice over the next decade. This work represents an ambitious goal to continue to advance the profession of pharmacy for the betterment of our patients. While much has been accomplished with the PAI, there is little literature on PAI 2030 (the authors are unaware of any published examples).

SUMMARY
The purpose of the article is to explain a novel state affiliate's prioritization of ASHP's PAI 2030 recommendations. In the spring of 2020, the North Carolina Association of Pharmacists (NCAP), the North Carolina state affiliate of ASHP, began discussions around PAI 2030. In the fall of 2020, prior to the NCAP Annual Convention, health-system pharmacy leaders within NCAP developed a questionnaire to serve as a PAI 2030 self-assessment. This approach allowed a state affiliate to implement an innovative program to act on the recommendations from PAI 2030. After the prioritization, health-system pharmacy leaders engaged in discussion to comment on what recommendations have been identified. The goal of this discussion was to provide NCAP a direction to pursue focused efforts to support recommendations of PAI 2030. Ultimately, NCAP seeks that this statewide approach would help advance pharmacy practice, and improve pharmacy practice across the state of North Carolina in collaboration with NCAP.

CONCLUSION
This discussion illustrates how a state affiliate has pursued implementing PAI 2030. This approach provides a strategy for state affiliates in addressing the recommendations within PAI 2030. A novel statewide approach can help marshal resources to advance practice when health systems partner with a state affiliate.


Peer-to-peer (P2P) is becoming prevalent on the Internet. However, due to the nature of exact hash matching, the DHT-based P2P itself doesn't support decentralized semantic search. In this letter, we propose a Decentralized Unicode Suffix Tree Overlay (DUSTO), which can support multiple languages and keywords search. The simulation results indicate the average search length of DUSTO method is 70.5% superior to Inverted Indexing and 59.8% better than DST method. The proposed DUSTO algorithm can be an efficient solution of the semantic and content search issue in the global P2P application environment.


The growing array of genetically encoded fluorescent probes is revolutionizing many areas of neuroscience, allowing researchers to move from topological to functional maps of the brain. In particular, optogenetics is enabling scientists to use light to activate or inhibit signaling among neurons and, in some cases, to link details of neural network operation to behavioral and sensory functions of the whole animal. This dynamic field has created a need for tailored ultrafast laser sources, such as fiber lasers, producing high power at wavelengths beyond 1000 nm. Multiphoton imaging is a field that highlights excellent synergy between lasers and their applications. Starting from the first one-box Ti:sapphire lasers, new developments in the field, such as independent optical parametric oscillator (OPO) tuning and integrated pre-chirp, have all been introduced to better meet the specific needs of an evolving and dynamic branch of biophotonics. Optogenetics is yet another standout example of this trend, where existing technology can demonstrate a new technique that yields new science, but widespread deployment and better data can result only from new laser tools specifically developed and optimized for this application. Optogenetics involves using light, often (but not always) in conjunction with microscopy, to activate or silence neural networks in the brain cortex of live animals


Previous studies have addressed railway turnouts (switches and crossings), but research on the performance of 1000 mm gauge turnouts is limited. At present, wooden sleeper structures are used at turnouts in Vietnam. However, these structures have many disadvantages in the operation process. This paper evaluates the performance of new prestressed bearer (PSB) for turnouts, designed for the 1000 mm gauge, to overcome the disadvantages of a wooden sleeper. Test samples of PSB were manufactured in the factory, and experiments were conducted in the laboratory according to European Standards to evaluate the PSB carrying capacity. The test results show that the proposed structure meets the carrying capacity under the standard test loads. In addition, the results of the static and fatigue tests of the bearers show a considerable reserve in the cross-section capacity. This means that the existing reserve can be used with a larger locomotive axle, and the bearer design can be optimized by arranging the prestressed strands and changing the bearer cross-section's geometric dimensions. It is hoped that the proposed bearer design will be a viable alternative for designing railway turnouts.


While mining the approved stope sequence in the 100/900 ore bodies at the North Mine in Sudbury Basin of Vale Inco Ltd and following a crown blast in one of the stopes in 100 orebody in a sill pillar area, several major seismic events, with the highest magnitude of 3.8 Mn (Nuttli), occurred in both the Trap Dyke, which is located between 100 and 900 ore bodies, and in the sill pillar itself. This paper describes the mechanism of these events and the methodology of designing highly yielding ground support for rehabilitation areas with a view to withstand future seismic impact. A risk-based systematic approach was developed to determine where enhanced support is required in any other areas to be exposed by future seismic activities. Numerical modelling undertaken for the low part of the 100 ore body reveals that a future sill pillar, having similar geometry to the one in the upper, will be subjected to even higher mine induced stress conditions. This paper discusses the mitigation plans to control seismicity in this highly burst-prone ground conditions, which include: modifying mine plans to eliminate the narrow sill pillar, an introduction of high yielding ground support, such as de-bonded cable bolts, Modified Cone Bolts and FS-46 friction sets etc, and installation of field instrumentation as well as the utilization of de-stressing techniques in both development drifts and around stopes, which has been successfully implemented at other mines of Vale Inco's Sudbury basin. ROCKENG09: Proceedings of the 3rd CANUS Rock Mechanics Symposium, Toronto, May 2009 (Ed: M.Diederichs and G. Grasselli)


Emission properties of a graphite cathode supplied by voltage pulses with an amplitude of ˜300 kV, a pulse width of ˜10-9 and a pulse repetition frequency of up to 3.5 kHz, have been studied. The electron beam had a peak power of 0.6 GW and an average power of up to 3 kW. A single current pulse had energy of ˜1 J. Dynamics of the current emission delay in correlation with the charge transferred by the beam has been analyzed. The cathode surface morphology was checked with SEM.


The deposition of copper sulphide within oil filled high voltage equipment is the symptom of the use of sulphurous oil. In some cases, severe copper sulphide contamination has resulted in expensive equipment failure. It has been shown that sealed equipment, containing sulphurous oils and operating at elevated temperatures, are the more susceptible to the copper sulphide deposits. Recent work has suggested a mechanism for the deposits in the paper covering the copper conductors. Other work has suggested that the deposition may be the result of thermally driven gassing. However, the overall mechanism of copper sulphide formation and its deposition on the copper is still a topic of interest.


To analyze the impact of line arrester on lightning withstand level for 1 000 kV AC transmission line,the corresponding component models are created by ATP-EMTP,and the effect of line arrester installation mode,the frequency voltage and the grounding resistance on back striking and shielding failure lightning withstand level are simulated and analyzed.The results show that: line arrester can significantly increase lightning withstand level for 1 000 kV AC transmission line and reduce lightning trip-out accidents.


Set invariance plays a fundamental role in the analysis and design of linear systems. This paper proposes a novel method for constructing robust positively invariant (RPI) sets for discrete-time linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. Starting from the stability assumption in the absence of disturbances, we aim to construct the RPI sets for parametric uncertain system. The existence condition of a common quadratic Lyapunov function for all vertices of the polytopic system is relaxed in the present study. Thus the proposed method enlarges the application field of RPI sets to LPV systems. A family of approximations of minimal robust positively invariant(mRPI) sets are obtained by using a shrinking procedure. Finally, the effect of scheduling variables on the size of the mRPI set is analyzed to obtain more accurate set characterization of the uncertain LPV system. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


As the web has evolved from Web 1.0 model to 2.0, 3.0 models different services occur. Healthcare 2.0 is defined as the use of social networks to promote collaboration between patients, health professionals, medical professionals and others in health care. In Romania, the social network users have on average 3 active accounts on different websites where they spend between 30 and 120 minutes daily. There is few data about their online behavior. The study investigates through a questionnaire the habits of subjects as consumers of health services in the online environment. The study showed that the most important sources for medical information are the doctor and the Internet. The information searched online is related to a specific disease, a drug or patient information leaflet, a treatment or procedure in a hospital or a private practice. The information is sought on medical websites, collaborative projects websites or forums.


The independence of YI and Y2 is, in a straightforward way, equivalent toA+B havingeigenvalues Al ... , An, and Theorem I (which was first noted by Craig [3]) is sufficiently fundamental that generally it is now at least stated in advanced texts. For example, a portion of a proof is given in [4]. Apparently in ignorance of [3,4,5], an alternate proof of Theorem I is given in [1]. Our goal is to give a generalization of Theorem I whose proof is quite simple. In addition to including a rat]~er different proof of Theorem I, our observation points out that the symmetry of A and B is not an essential assumption. We recall that the singular values of a general complex matrix A are, by definition, the nonnegative square roots of the eigenvalues of A*A. A good general reference on the singular values decomposition of a matrix is [6].


This paper intends to highlight the regulatory direction concerning hostile takeover bids, along the European Union moves forward. For the first sight it was difficult to forecast the effects of the EU Takeover Directive. Some of its provisions certainly meant asignificant step towards establishing a higher level ofprotection for minority shareholders. However, someother provisions could have indirect adverse effects.The breakthrough rule for instance, as currently implemented into the national laws, seems unlikely to carry any kind of notable benefit in the short term. There is a fundamental difference that can be revealed between the regulatory systems of the United States and the European Union in terms of their orientation.In the United States the practice of the Delaware courts definitely rejected shareholder decision making innumerous significant decisions concerning takeovers and simultaneously emphasized the importance of directors in corporate management. However, in Europe the regulations rely on shareholder decisionmaking to a much greater extent.


The undoped and doped TiO2 particles with different concentrations of Pt (1-6%) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The resulting material was further characterized by standard analytical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed no change in crystal structure of TiO2 after doping with different concentration of Pt, confirming anatase phase of TiO2. The electrical analysis showed that the dielectric constant (e´) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) had decrement trend with increase in frequency. The dielectric property was found to decrease with increase in dopant concentration. At low frequ…


A family of fuzzy clustering algorithms that are Picard iterations based on alternate membership evaluations and cluster center shifts are compared with the blurring process, a deterministic dynamic system that moves data points to weighted means in their neighborhoods. It is shown in this paper that when the initial cluster centers are assigned as data points themselves, some fuzzy clustering algorithms, particularly the maximum-entropy clustering, become blurring processes. Some basic results obtained in the blurring process thus can be applied to these special runs of fuzzy clustering, and may serve as counterexamples for fuzzy clustering in general.<<ETX>>


A numerical simulation of the electrical breakdown in dynamic mode of single crystals of ammonium perchlorate has been carried out. The system of differential equations was solved, which described the processes in the equivalent circuit of the pulse voltage generator together with the kinetic equation of impact electron multiplication and the heat balance equation. The dependences of the electric strength of ammonium perchlorate in dynamic mode on the interelectrode distance and the duration of the leading edge of a high voltage pulse were calculated. Obtained numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the known experimental data of electrical breakdown of ammonium perchlorate in the dynamic mode.


ABSTRACT Recent awareness of suspected adverse health effects from ambient particulate matter (PM) emission has prompted publication of new standards for fine PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). However, scientific data on fine PM emissions from various point sources and their characteristics are very limited. Source apportionment methods are applied to identify contributions of individual regional sources to tropospheric particulate concentrations. The existing industrial database developed using traditional source measurement techniques provides total emission rates only, with no details on chemical nature or size characteristics of particulates. This database is inadequate, in current form, to address source-receptor relationships. A source dilution system was developed for sampling and characterization of total PM, PM2.5, and PM10 (i.e., PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) from residual oil and coal combustion. This new system has automatic control capabilities for key parameters, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature, and sample dilution. During optimization of the prototype equipment, three North American coal blends were burned using a 0.7-megawatt thermal (MWt) pulverized coal-fired, pilot-scale boiler. Characteristic emission profiles, including PM2.5 and total PM soluble acids, and elemental and carbon concentrations for three coal blends are presented.


Polygyny involving high ranking men and women facilitated the mobilization of resources in food, wealth, and labor in Northwest Coast societies. Men were more involved with food procurement and women with food storage. Senior wives of polygynous chiefs supervised the labor of junior wives and slaves, and the creation and allocation of food stores. Greater freedom from mundane tasks gave elite women time to manufacture valuables such as textiles and baskets used in trade and potlatching. Chiefs depended on their wives' relatives for assistance in potlatching, trade, and defense. Polygyny created and reinforced alliances and increased the numerical strength of households and villages, providing economic and political advantages in an area of frequent warfare. Cross-cultural tests for relationships between women's subsistence contributions and polygyny have neglected consideration of food processing and food storage among foragers like Northwest Coast peoples. (Northwest Coast, polygyny, women's economic importance, marriage alliance) ********** Although the Pacific Northwest Coast is a region of cultural diversity, the earliest European accounts of the peoples there and later ethnographic descriptions reveal some recurring themes. These include a reliance on marine resources, especially salmon, extensive food storage, an emphasis on inherited rank and wealth accumulation, dramatic ceremonies and artistic traditions, potlatch feasts, warfare, slavery, and corporate kin group, as well as some individual and/or community ownership of resource harvesting areas (Suttles 1990; Richardson 1982). Two key resources, red cedar and salmon, "formed the environmental base upon which classic Northwest Coast culture was built" (Donald 2003:292); however, shellfish may have been more important in Northwest Coast diets than is usually recognized, particularly for women and those of lower status (see Moss 1993:643). Large, permanent, often multi-family plank houses were occupied during part of the year, while less formidable structures provided shelter at seasonally occupied resource-harvesting sites away from the main villages. While residential mobility was limited, considerable logistical mobility was associated with subsistence activities, trade, warfare, attendance at potlatches, and visiting. Despite a heavy reliance on marine and riverine resources, there was extensive harvesting and storage of land based flora and fauna for manufacturing, food, and medicines. Wood and plant fibers were "absolutely essential to the harvest, transport, processing, and storage of all the other subsistence resources" (Norton 1985:103). Although less widely discussed, polygynous marriage involving high ranking men and women was also common in this region until well into the nineteenth century. Despite the association of polygynous marriage with wealthy or high ranking people throughout the region (Donald 1997:25; Driver and Massey 1957:400; Jorgensen 1980:167-68, 453-54; Suttles 1990), and the voluminous literature on Northwest Coast societies, polygyny has not been a specific focus of ethnological attention. Yet it was arguably a critical aspect of resource management facilitating the mobilization of food resources, other forms of wealth, and labor. The period under discussion extends from roughly the 1770s until the 1860s, encompassing the inception and unfolding of the maritime and land-based fur trade. The boundaries of the Northwest Coast culture area have been variously drawn. Under consideration here are groups that extend from the Eyak, the most northerly of Northwest Coast peoples, to the Takelma, the most southerly (Suttles 1990). According to Jorgensen, the proportion of the married male population in polygynous unions "before contact with, and penetration by, Europeans" (2) (1980:1) was between 11 and 25 percent for many groups, and between 5 and 10 percent for the rest (Jorgensen 1980:453-54). The percentage of married women who were co-wives varied also. …


The MAGIC telescopes performed a deep observation of the central region of the Perseus galaxy cluster in stereoscopic mode between October 2009 and February 2011. The nearly 85 hr of collected data (after quality selection) represent the deepest observation of a cluster of galaxies at very high energies (VHE, E > 100 GeV) ever. The survey resulted in the detection of VHE gamma-ray emissions from its central galaxy NGC 1275 and from the radio galaxy IC 310. In addition, the deep survey also permits for the first time to constrain emission models predicting VHE gamma-rays from cosmic-ray acceleration in the cluster. In this contribution we report the latest MAGIC results concerning these topics.


Using high temperature series we calculate temperature derivatives of the spin-spin and density-density correlation functions to investigate the low energy spin and charge excitations of the two-dimensional t-J model. We find that the temperature derivatives indicate different momentum dependences for the low energy spin and charge excitations. By comparing short distance density-density correlation functions with those of spinless fermions and hard core bosons, we find that the t-J model results are intermediate between the two cases, being closer to those of hard core bosons. The implications of these results for superconductivity are discussed.


Traditional damage theory deals with distributed microcracks rather than with individual cracks. In its simplest form, this theory adds just one additional parameter to the set of classical thermodynamic parameters of deformable solids like strain and temperature. Basically, the traditional damage theory reflects only one experimental observation: The elastic moduli become smaller with growing damage. Contrary to the traditional damage theory, the Phenomenological Mechanochemistry of Damage (PMD) uses an energetic approach; it includes, in addition to the bulk elastic energy, the energy associated with braking/recovery of chemical bonds. Therefore, in addition to the elasticity equations, it includes the equation describing evolution/dynamics of chemical bonds. With the minimum amount of physically transparent assumptions, it allows the reproduction of radial cracking patterns that are often observed in experiments and nature. In this paper, we review some earlier results and present the novel ones with e...


Objective To investigated the effects of different molecular weight serum of end stage renal disease(ESRD)non-dialysed patients on the production of IL-18 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs).Methods PBMCs from 14 ESRD non-dialysed patients were isolated by the density gradient centrifugation and cultured with different molecular weight sera from uremic patients for 72 h.The levels of IL-18 in serum and supernatant were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results(1)Serum IL-18 level in ESRD non-dialysed patients was significantly higher than that of the controls[(564.74±285.19)pg/mL vs(100.40±73.20)pg/mL,P0.001];(2)After incubation with different molecular weight of uremic serum,the secretion of IL-18 in PBMCs was significantly higher in molecular weight 10 000 D group(P0.05).Conclusion The uremic toxin with molecular weight 10000D is the main toxin to promote the prodution of IL-18 in PBMCs,which may be an independent risk factor of ESRD non-dialysed patients's microinflammatory state.


The present invention relates to an electrostatic chuck system for a semiconductor etching apparatus. The present invention can partition the system temperature electrostatic chuck includes an electrostatic chuck and a temperature control system, wherein the electrostatic chuck provided with at least two concentrically arranged, and are each independently of the coolant flowing through the annular channels, each annular passage is provided with cooling liquid inlet and cooling liquid outlet of the same diameter, wherein the temperature control system is provided with the beneficial effects of the present invention, respectively, the annular passage communicating with each coolant passage is a multi-channel temperature control system : by controlling the temperature of the coolant in each of the annular channel, to achieve a temperature control of the different positions on the electrostatic chuck. The user can be set so that different areas of the electrostatic chuck exhibit different temperatures.


The fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) is a polyphagous invasive pest, initially reported from Karnataka. A roving survey was conducted during two cropping seasons at fortnightly interval during kharif and rabi of 2019-20 to know the status of the pest in Haveri district. The results revealed that the larval counts and % infestation was 0.30 to 0.44 larvae/ plant and 23.10 to 33.77%, respectively. Parasitisation by two larval parasitoids viz., Campoletis chlorideae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Exorista xanthaspis (Diptera: Tachinidae) and infection by an entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium rileyi were also observed.


The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating fatty liver. The traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 6-12 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 6-12 parts of atractylodes macrocephala, 3-10 parts of lotus leaves, 9-15 parts of semen cassiae, 5-10 parts of chrysanthemum, 5-10 parts of typhae pollen and 2-6 parts of fructus schizandrae. Furthermore, the invention discloses the application of the traditional Chinese medicine composition. An experiment shows that the traditional Chinese medicine composition has good therapeutic effects of reducing fat deposition in the liver, relieving hepatocellular fatty degeneration and alleviating hepatocellular injury, has a good effect of resisting lipid peroxidation and has important significance for the treatment of the fatty liver and an application value.


Martin Smith's article uses Shakespeare's Macbeth and its visual imagery as a means to discuss social work practice, supervision and research. The article concludes that Macbeth might offer something distinctive to busy, hard pressed social workers by opening out a capacity for empathic connection (also explored by Malone in this issue). Smith argues that there is a value to be gained from developing, honing and making explicit the use of imagery in social work, which can help practitioners to reach 'beneath the surface'. This enables social workers to render 'visible' the affective qualities of social work. He shows how Macbeth is rich in visual metaphor through which Shakespeare finds a figurative language for otherwise inexpressible emotion. Turning to social work processes he discusses the ubiquity of risk assessment and the complex temporalities at play in social work, in which practitioners must often generate understandings quickly in the here and now, whilst also orienting themselves towards future possibilities that can't be known or predicted (Gunaratnam 2015). The paper suggests that, rather than being a distraction, the full use of visual sensibility and language which is rich with imagery might allow a fuller truth about social work to emerge. Shakespeare's use of visual language in drama augments the scene on the stage with a scene in the mind offering a window onto the emotional world of the characters that far exceeds their 'actions'. In the discussion of visual matrix methodology later in this issue Liveng et al show how 'a scenic register of experience' conveys a particular depth and complexity of emotion. In social work practice a visual or scenic sensibility may allow unconscious aspects of experience to come to the surface (Roy 2017). Working with the imagery embedded in language therefore offers a means by which the unconscious dynamics of practice might become better available for thought and communication in practice, supervision and research (Froggett & Briggs 2012).


Despite its prevalence, cation exchange is not the only immobilization pathway for foreign cations in the epochal MOF-5 metal–organic framework.


Key words: haemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis; end stage renal diseases; registry; mortality; Latin America Background. The Latin American Registry of Dialysis and Transplantation was created in October 1991 and comprises the National Societies of Nephrology from 21 countries with a total population of 468.56 million


This paper discusses the characteristics that should be offered by PSEEs (process-centered software engineering environments) to support the evolution of the software process. A PSEE is a software engineering environment based on the explicit representation of the software process (the process model). Processes and process models are dynamic entities that need to evolve. Existing PSEEs offer limited capabilities to support process evolution. To address this issue, it is necessary to extend PSEEs with features that enable the process manager to effectively and consistently change the process. The design of these functionalities must be guided by a clear characterization of the evolution problem. In particular, it is necessary to understand what kinds of services a PSEE should offer as built-in mechanisms, and what kinds of functionalities have to be implemented by the process modeler as process-specific policies.<<ETX>>


It is widely acknowledged that loneliness and depression are prevalent among university students and may contribute to poor academic achievements or higher probability of dropping out of university. However, the associations between these two phenomena are complex and not fully understood. In this paper we describe preliminary findings from a longitudinal study investigating the interrelationships between loneliness and depression in a representative sample of students of the University of Rzeszow (Poland). The obtained results confirm those from previous studies reporting a stronger and more stable effect of loneliness on depression than vice versa. A temporally stable influence of loneliness on depression suggests that interventions aiming to reduce the intensity of the feeling of loneliness should result in lowering the severity of depressive symptoms. University counselling services should offer interventions targeting loneliness among the students in order to help them to adapt to the challenges of the university education and protect them from developing depression.


The amplitude versus offset(AVO) seismic equation based on spherical wave theory was transformed via Laplace transform by assuming a wavelet to be of Rayleigh form.In this process,the computaion of spherical wave reflection coefficients was simplified by the semi-analytical method.The spherical divergence and near-field effects were corrected,and the weighting function was analyzed.At last,the theoretical model was calculated and analyzed.The results show that spherical wave reflection coefficients not only have relation with incidence angle,but also are influenced by seismic frequency and reservoir depth.The computation of reflection coefficients based on spherical wave is more reasonable than that based on plane wave near the critical angle.


Drug development for epilepsy, drug abuse, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, narcolepsy, and other less profitable neurological and psychiatric diseases has often had an uncertain past without the innovation and investment of major pharmaceutical company sponsors. A change has occurred in recent years as newer molecular techniques have made drug discovery accessible to both larger and smaller biopharmaceutical companies, but even more rapid innovation is possible through an alignment of interests by industry, academic, and government collaborators. Several newer medications for epilepsy and drug addiction have emerged only because of cooperative interactions between academic, pharmaceutical company, and government investigators. This sets the stage for even more rapid innovation for underrepresented diseases in the future. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:9-13, 1998


Results are presented for the propagation loss of planar optical waveguides fabricated in SIMOX structures with Si overlayers whose thickness varies from 0.57 μm to 6.0 μm. The results demonstrate that thick Si overlayers are required to produce propagation losses below 1 dB/cm. In addition, the results of the coupling between two vertically integrated waveguides formed using two buried SiO 2 layers are also reported.


Corporal scheme and accomplishment school: an analysis under gender implications The objective of this study was to inquiry of implication between corporal scheme (body identification) and school performance of boys and girls from 1 st Cycle Formation, 3 rd of the Ensign Fundamentally. The used methodology was of "natures quanti-qualitativa" and as strategy of data treatment was used the contents analysis. The subjects were 40 children of both sexes with 9 year-old age. As instruments were applied the test of Goodenough's human figure, teachers observations and performance reports of students. In test, the results showed a better score for feminine sex and there was a narrow relation between the number of sketched items and the school performance. It was concluded that there's a need to become aware the teachers for the phicomotricys activities without the students discrimination with relation to the sex


The GAMMA code was developed for the system analysis of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) [1]. At KAIST, the GAMMA-T code has been developed through coupling GAMMA code with SANA which was developed for the simulations of turbo-machinery performance [2,3]. Low Reynolds number model for turbulent simulations was also implemented [4]. The air ingress scenario such as the guillotine break of the main co-axial pipe was investigated by using GAMMA [5]. In this study, GAMMA calculations for helium-water tests were performed for the validation of the GAMMA code. Experimental data were obtained from a heliumwater facility. Detailed input values for GAMMA was provided from experimental conditions.


Twenty-five years ago Lawrence Cremin and Bernard Bailyn exerted a commanding influence on the field of American educational history. Between them they forged a new definition of the subject matter, studying families, churches, workplaces, and newspapers, not just schools. Some historians of education, including the present writer, did not learn this lesson very well. I defended my focus on schooling in The Evolution of an Urban School System by arguing that the big story in the nineteenth century was the transition from the informal mode of education that Bailyn had emphasized to a predominant reliance on formal schooling as an instrument of public educational policy by 1850. In Pillars of the Republic, ten years later, I again defended the focus on schooling: "If one wants to understand state policy toward education, schools are the appropriate focus. Society educates in many ways; the state educates through schools."


papers Press. The editors of the first volume of this series define the research strategy of laboratory phonology as an investigation of how 'the discrete symbolic or cognitive units of the phonological representation of an utterance map onto the continuous psychoacoustic and motoric functions of its phonetic representation' (Beckman & Kingston 1990: 1). In this view, the sound system of language is divided into two components: the abstract symbolic world of phonological structure and the physical world of the phonetic component. Both components are open to investigation. LABORATORY PHONOLOGY (LP) elucidates the empirical relationship between the two, through experimental investigation of the structures proposed by the phonological frameworks. This volume {LabPhonA) is the fourth in the series and contains the papers given at the LP conference in Oxford in August 1993 (a fifth conference was held at Northwestern in July 1996). The four volumes of the series represent the foremost venue for this important research strategy. As the editors note at the beginning of this book, LP has become an established field, whose influence is growing as phonologists and phoneticians attempt to address the implications of the models of sound systems they employ. This volume follows the LP tradition of presenting a research paper followed by a commentary paper, availing the reader the opportunity to hear discussion on a subject, an important factor in this field, because the range of theoretical models and topics covered is generally broader than a single linguist's expertise. This fourth volume explicitly addresses a particular kind of interface between phonetics and phonology: if the phonetic component implements the abstract phonological structures, then the phonetic data will reflect this fact and phonetic evidence can be used to test the viability of the phonological models. While all of the papers in this volume assume the interrelatedness of phonetics and phonology, some of the commentary does not. book theoretical


We study wave evolution in open dielectric spheres by expanding the wave field and its conjugate momentum—the two components—in terms of relevant quasi-normal modes (QNMs), which are complete under appropriate conditions. We first establish a novel outgoing boundary condition at the surface of a sphere for waves emanating from its interior. A proper definition of inner product for two-component outgoing wavefunctions, involving only the waves inside the sphere and a surface term, can then be defined in general. The orthogonality relation of QNMs and hence a unique expansion in terms of the QNM basis are found, which can be applied to solve for the evolution of waves inside open dielectric cavities. Furthermore, a time-independent perturbation for QNMs can also be developed.


Until recently, Mesoamerican history has largely been characterized by the struggles of local communities for autonomy against encroaching states. In Guatemala, Ch'orti' communities in the east have generally suffered more pressure than Maya communities of the west. By the end of this century, Ch'orti' culture(s) and ethnic identity(ies) have become severely threatened by poverty, ethnic discrimination, and state repression, while no national culture or identity has replaced them. The Guatemalan Peace Process has opened a political space for a pan-Maya Movement organized by western Guatemalan Maya intellectuals. The Movement has proven attractive to an increasing number of Ch'orti's, who are recovering a positive identity together with the confidence and motivation needed to participate in a new Guatemalan state. The Ch'orti' case illuminates the processes of indigenous ethnic change, the uneven popularity of the Maya Movement, and current debates on essentialism and the "invention of tradition."


Beta vulgaris is commonly known as Beetroot. It is the taproot portion of the beet plant. There are varieties of Beetroot which are cultivated in Egypt, India, Europe and Ukraine. It is used in Indian traditional system of medicine, specifically used to enhance the activity of sex hormones. It ranks among the ten most potent vegetables with respect to antioxidant property. It makes an excellent dietary supplement being not only rich in minerals, nutrients and vitamins but also has unique phytoconstituents, which have several medicinal properties .Several parts of this plant are used in medicinal system such as anti-oxidant, anti-depressant, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and carminative. This article briefly reviews the introduction' history, cultivation and pharmacological activities of beetroot. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Beta vulgaris and highlight the need for research and development.


Political godfatherism is one of the factors that embedded democratic setting in Nigeria since first republic. In view of this, this research work is primari1y designed to examine democracy and politics of godfatherism in Nigeria with emphasis on its effects and way forward. The study) adopts primary and secondary data to analyze some critical: issues, like political violence, vote buying, disenfranchisement and some other political and socio-cultural factors that embedded democratic setting in Nigeria since 1999 till current political dispensation engaged by godfathers and godsons. The study further explores the relationship between godfathers and godsons with a particular attention to who become the next strongmen in the area of politics and who retains the' status quo. This study examines some key concepts, such as democracy, political violence and political godfatherism. Finally, the study concludes with recommendations in order to ensure good governance and political stability in Nigeria.


The power density requirements continue to increase and the ability of thermal interface materials has not kept pace. Increasing effective thermal conductivity and reducing bondline thickness reduce thermal resistance. High thermal conductivity materials, such as solders, have been used as thermal interface materials. However, there is a limit to minimum bondline thickness in reducing resistance due to increased fatigue stress. A compliant thermal interface material is proposed that allows for thin solder bondlines using a compliant structure within the bondline to achieve thermal resistance <0.01 cm2 C/W. The structure uses an array of nanosprings sandwiched between two plates of materials to match thermal expansion of their respective interface materials (ex. silicon and copper). Thin solder bondlines between these mating surfaces and high thermal conductivity of the nanospring layer results in thermal resistance of 0.01 cm2 C/W. The compliance of the nanospring layer is two orders of magnitude more compliant than the solder layers so thermal stresses are carried by the nanosprings rather than the solder layers. The fabrication process and performance testing performed on the material is presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


To solve the low transition rate of traditional IPv6 protocol transition mechanism, IPv6 protocol transition mechanism is designed. This feature is analyzed, including simplifying header format, enhancing header option support, enhancing QoS, expanding address size, neighbor discovery, and routing protocols. On this basis, dual protocol stacks are used to access the network, protocol transition tunnels are established, and IPv6 protocol transition is achieved through protocol translation. The analysis of design cases shows that the transition rate of design mechanism is significantly higher than that of control group, which can solve the problem of low transition rate of traditional protocol transition mechanism.


The paper explores whether the question of why some countries are able to implement more extensive reforms is closely related to the question of why some countries have better institutions than others. We analyse this question by using empirical econometric models with cross-section data covering 51 countries. The results show that both the background of the regulator and the energy minister and the institutional endowments of a country are important determinants of how far reforms have gone in a country. Our results suggest that the best first chairman of a regulatory agency, in terms of reform progress, seems to be one with a degree in law or engineering and one with a long period in office. The best minister responsible for energy policy when regulator is set up is, on the other hand, one with a degree in business or economics and one who has as little experience in the electricity industry as possible and does not have a degree in law. The results also put forward that any improvement in the structure of the legal system, security of property rights, democracy or investment environment positively contributes to the reform progress in a country. However, there seems to be a negative relationship between reform progress and both civil liberties and political rights.


at the level f(r) = k. We show that if k is sufficiently large (as explained in Theorem 6), then the n-ellipse is a piecewise smooth Jordan curve whose interior is convex; it is nonsmooth only where it contains a focus. The n-ellipses have diverse shapes that include curves resembling contours of eggs, lemons, pears, and even human faces, symmetric or asymmetric. Circles are 1-ellipses and ordinary ellipses are 2-ellipses. Surveying a family of n-ellipses given by a set of n foci on a computer screen reveals not only a variety of continuously changing contours but also the existence of a center, which is the unique point that minimizes the distance sum function; see Figure 1. It is interesting to explore the general behavior of the distance sum function but it is also important to examine its local properties near the center. The latter leads us to the critical points of the distance sum function and to


AbstractA poetry workshop can present opportunities tointegrate students' knowledge and perspectives inclassroom contexts, encouraging the use of languagefor expression, communication, learning and evenempowerment. This paper describes how adolescentstudents respond to a poetry workshop in an Englishclassroom centred on teaching writing that is based ontheir knowledge from their various life experiencesand understanding of events beyond the classroom.Informed by New Literacy Studies and third spacetheories, ethnographic methods of participant observa-tion were used to document an eighth-grade urbanpublic school classroom where a community memberimplemented a weekly programme using music lyricsand poetry for an entire school year. Findings illustratehow the poetry workshop encouraged students tocontribute to the classroom learning context andengage critically with ideas that were relevant to theirlives. Collaborating with a community member andtapping in to the powerful ways of using language tocommunicate led to important learning opportunitiesfor students in this classroom. Poetic devices such asrhyme, rhythm, metaphor and wordplay enhancedand supported students' own language practices;students used these sophisticated writing strategiesas they worked to convey their ideas, experiences andopinions.Key words: poetry, writing, New Literacy Studies,Urban Education, third space theory, adolescents


Set within the context of increasingly internationalized student cohorts, this article presents the findings of a study undertaken with a cohort of postgraduate tourism students to identify: (1) students' preferred learning activities (as opposed to learning styles) and (2) students' desired and/or expected skills and experiences that will result from undertaking a postgraduate tourism degree. Based on the findings of a survey undertaken with 101 tourism postgraduate students from the University of Queensland in Australia, the purpose of this article is to share the findings with other tourism educators and practitioners who may also be seeking to better understand the learning needs and expectations of their tourism postgraduate students.


The stock status of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) (YFT) in the Indian Ocean is currently concluded overfished and is subject to overfishing. The information about the YFT population structure is fundamental for effective fisheries management and conservation. The otolith shape as a tool for estimating population structure is the cheapest technique compared to other methods, such as genetic, parasite, and otolith chemistry, especially for analyzing the large samples. This study investigates the use of otolith shapes to determine the yellowfin stock from two different locations. Data collection was carried out at two locations, namely Kedonganan and Benoa, throughout 2018. Total samples collected from the two study sites were 314 otoliths, but only 147 whole otoliths could be analyzed. Image analysis was performed using ANOVA-like permutation (n=1000 to determine whether the individual can be reclassified to their sample origin. The subsequent analysis is the variations in the shape of the otolith with multivariate statistical methods using cluster analysis with Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates. The result shows that the YFT otolith Benoa is significantly different from the YFT otolith Kedonganan with the P-value = 0.0015.


In this paper, we propose a promising signal-sensing method based on both single- and multiple-antenna covariance matrices of the received signal. In comparison with microwave diagnostics or energy detection, the proposed method does not need prior information of signal and noise. Therefore, it can be widely used in noise power uncertainty scenarios, such as signal transmission in hypersonic plasma sheath, with symmetry to the signal-sensing method in cognitive radio. Designing an efficient signal-sensing method that supports both the application for the field of hypersonic plasma sheath communication or cognitive radio is still an attractive subject deserving of study in symmetry journals. Theoretical analysis and the implementation algorithm of a single-antenna covariance matrix are carried out for the proposed method, with a possible extension to multiple-antenna situations. Simulations show the proposed method has excellent performance, even for very low signal-noise-ratio (SNR) signals, and is competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms.


Public opinion is recognized as a panacea in various sectors of life whether political, economic, or religious. Those who want power rally to drive public opinion. There are various conspiracy theories in the minds of people. This study aims to examine the phenomenon in the Indonesian society who suspect that there is a conspiracy to steer public opinion by the mass media to weaken Muslims. The research method used is library research. The study found that the reasons people believe in conspiracy theories are as follows; (1) Western-phobia, like the west with its Islam-phobia, Muslims also have Western-phobia, (2) Hyper-logical to the linear relationship between purpose, action and effect, no place for unplanned consequences, (3) The antidote bidder, the public wants to know what is going on, as a result they choose to fill the plot holes with their fantasies. The expected implication of this research is that we do not trust one hundred percent of conspiracy theories in circulation, and even if the conspiracy is true, blaming the other is not a wise and effective solution to solving the problems of contemporary Muslims.


(1) Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey (email@example.com), (2) b Istanbul Technical University, Eastern Mediterranean Centre for Oceanography and Limnology EMCOL and Faculty of Mines, Department of Geological Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, (3) c University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Division of Geophysics and Astronomy, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, (4) Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey (firstname.lastname@example.com)


Disclosed are a fluidized bed reaction and regeneration apparatus and a method for alkylating solid acid. The apparatus comprises an up-flow fluidized bed reactor, a liquid-solid separator, and a liquid-phase generator, which communicate in sequence. The bottom of the liquid-phase generator communicates with the bottom of the up-flow fluidized bed reactor, and a flow guiding pipe located at the bottom of the liquid-solid separator extends into the liquid-phase generator. Further, disclosed is a method for alkylating solid acid through the apparatus. In the liquid-phase generator, a dissolved-hydrogen regeneration liquid contacts a counter current of a deactivated catalyst for regeneration, so that the deactivated catalyst is efficiently regenerated. At the meanwhile, a regeneration medium is separated from a reaction product, so that fractionation cost is greatly reduced. The method for alkylating solid acid can be stably continuously operated; the selectivity of a target product is improved; and the economic benefit of apparatus operation is promoted.


Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation, Seoul 100-784, KoreaAbstract: This study explored ways to implement a competencies-based curriculum in schools by reviewing exemplarycases that have introduced Key Competencies (KCs) in the school science curriculum. Since the OECD redefined keycompetencies as 'what people should know and do in order to lead a successful life in a well-functioning society', manycountries have emphasized the use of a competencies-based curriculum. Foreign and domestic classroom cases, whichhave used a competencies-based curriculum in science teaching, were collected and analyzed. Through open-endedinterviews with teachers and principals, we investigated changes of teachers' professional knowledge and practice thatwere evident as a result of the implementation of competencies-based curriculum in science class. Foreign science teacherssuggested ways to relate competencies-based curriculum and science curriculum including maintaining a balance betweencompetencies-based curriculum and content-based curriculum. They also integrated KCs into all subject-based curriculums,gave priority to KCs over subject matter knowledge, and developed KCs through teaching science contents that studentswanted to learn. On the other hand, Korean science teachers suggested reconstructing competencies-based curriculum byextracting common attributes from the existing subject areas. They also made KCs realized through content teaching, anddeveloped various KCs within science contexts. Implications of the competencies-based curriculum for science teachingand learning were discussed at the end.Keywords: key competencies, curriculum reform, competencies-based curriculum, curriculum reconstruction


A combined experimental and computational approach has been used to shed light on the mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed oxidative homocoupling of alkynes using oxygen as the oxidant. Mechanistic understanding is important because of the synthetically relevant direct involvement of oxygen in the oxidative coupling and because of the presence of related processes as undesired side reactions in cross-coupling reactions involving terminal alkynes. A low-ligated [Pd(PPh3)(alkyne)] complex is key in the process, and it can be conveniently generated from allylic palladium(II) complexes in the presence of a base or from Pd(I) allylic dimers as precatalysts. The catalytic coupling occurs by alkyne metalation to give an anionic [Pd(PPh3)(alkynyl)]− complex that is then oxidized by oxygen. The interaction with oxygen occurs only on this electron-rich Pd(0) anionic species and leads to a (κO,κO-peroxo)palladium(II) singlet intermediate that undergoes subsequent protonolysis to give a (κO-hydroperoxo)palladium(II) complex...


[Objective] Combining research technique of vibrational spectrum( infrared spectroscopy) with theoretical research approaches, geometry configuration and infrared spectroscopy data were analyzed in detail. [Method]The geometries and FT-IR property of the trans-zeatin and cis-zeatin were obtained by using the theoretical chemical calculation method. FT-IR experiments were conducted using a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 100 infrared spectrometer for the trans-zeatin via the KBr disk method. The results of IR spectroscopy of the trans-zeatin were simply identified under the aiding of theoretical calculation data. [Result]From the aspects of bond length characteristics and charge distribution,the trans-zeatin and cis-zeatin had micro-factors of different biological and chemical activities. Meanwhile,the vibration types and attributes of zeatin were determined. [Conclusion] The research contributed to the further research of zeatin.


Pattern matching relies on deterministic finite automata (DFA) to search for predefined patterns. While a bit-DFA method is recently proposed to exploit the parallelism in pattern matching, we identify its limitations and present two schemes, label translation table (LTT) and CAM-based lookup table (CLT), to reduce the DFA memory size by 85%, and simplify the design by requiring only four processing elements of bit-DFA instead of thousands.

http://cial.csie.ncku.edu.tw/st2008/pdf/Design of High Performance Pattern Matching Engine Through Compact Deterministic Finite Automata.pdf


Blooms of the scyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia coerulea have caused serious problems for the fishing industry and the power plants in the coastal waters of China. The population size of adult medusae is strongly influenced by their ability to survive the ephyra stage. In this study, the growth and pulsation of A. coerulea ephyrae from the northern Yellow Sea were analyzed under sixteen different temperature (10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and salinity (22, 25, 28 and 31 PSU) combinations over a 21-day experimental period. The temperature had a significant effect on the growth of ephyrae. The growth rate of ephyrae increased with increasing temperature. The effects of salinity and its interaction with temperature on the growth of ephyrae were not significant. The highest growth rate was recorded in the 25°C and 25 PSU group. The pulsation rate of ephyrae was also significantly influenced by temperature. The mean pulsation rates of newly released ephyrae were 24.2, 39.1, 52.5, and 73.15 beats min-1 at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively. As ephyrae developed into medusae, the pulsation rates generally decreased. Salinity and its interaction with temperature did not have a significant effect on the pulsation of ephyrae. We conclude that a warm spring can cause an A. coerulea bloom in that year.


The Laser-Extra Heavy Crude Oil interaction was studied using a nanosecond Nd:YAG 213 nm laser coupled to an ICP-MS. For this study, ~2.7 g Extra Heavy Crude Oil was mixed with ~3 mL xylene and 0,3 g organic multielemental solution containing 100 µg g-1 of Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, V, and Zn, xylene was left to evaporate at 90 °C and multielemental samples were obtained and analyzed by LA-ICPMS. Laser parameters, such as, ablation gas flow, sample scanning speed, spot size, fluence and focus position were optimized and RSD (n = 8) from 3% to 5% for the net signal of 63 Cu, 95 Mo, 60 Ni and 66 Zn and from 0.9% to 3.3% for the ratios Ni/Mo and Cu/Zn were obtained. Elemental fractionation was observed with both Zn and Cd when fluence was varied. Nevertheless, evidence is not enough to explain results as a consequence of high volatility or high ionization potential (PI) of these elements. Ablation craters obtained show signs of more pronounced thermal processes at higher fluences. Elemental fractionation was also observed in the ICP due to mass load effect. Isotopic ratios 95 Mo/ 112 Cd, 63 Cu/ 66 Zn y 27 Al/ 24 Mg, which have different ionization potential (1.89; 1.68 and 1.66 eV, respectively expressed as PIdenominator - PInumerator) increase when mass load is increase. On the other hand, 60 Ni/ 63 Cu ratio (0.09 eV difference) remains constant. These results indicate that the plasma ionization temperature decreases when mass load is increased affecting those elements with high ionization potential.


Ceramisite is widely used in building materials, gardening, food and beverage, fire-resistant insulation materials, chemical, petroleum, environmental engineering and other fields, for its various characteristics of light weight, anticorrosion, antifreeze, anti-seismic and good isolation (insulation, heat insulation, sound insulation, damp-proof) which caused by small density, interior porosity, uniformed morphology and composition. This experiment mixture sludge containing water with shale combining moderate cow dung used as foam material to manufacture ceramisite, at the same time.Cow dung used as an addictive, by making the use of its organic matter components produce gases (for instance H2O,O2,CO2,CO,SO2,and etc.) which have affect on swelling property of ceramisite in the firing process, accordingly , improving the properties of ceramisite.


The research on the relationship between religious affiliation and attitudes towards abortion has consistently taken a position of a direct causal relationship between religion and these attitudes. Finner and Gamache (1969) in their study demonstrate that multidimensional measures of religious commitment are directly related to attitudes towards induced abortion. This relationship is supported by the introduction of the following control variables: sex, age, marital status, education, income, religious self identification, political self identification, and religious affiliation, none of which significantly affected the relationship of religious commitment and abortion attitudes. Subsequent research has further contributed to these findings by investigating different populations, using other control variables or modification of the measurement of the religious variable. Research by Richardson and Fox (1972) was conducted on a sample of state legislators using voting record on abortion legislation as the dependent variable. Religious affiliation was found to have a direct relationship to their dependent variable after the introduction of the control variables of age, party affiliation, and constituency. A comparative perspective was added to this research by Balakrishnan et al. (1972). Using a sample of married women in Toronto, they found that religious affiliation, particularly Catholic vs. non-Catholic, as well as frequency of church attendance were the most powerful predictors of attitudes towards abortion. The control variables of age, income, education, and size of birthplace were not as important as religion in explaining the variation in abortion attitudes. Two of the most recent studies were conducted on a college student population (Clayton and Tolone 1973) and on a sample of professional social workers and nurses (Hertel et al. 1974). Clayton and Tolone (1973: 28) used the following control variables: sex, class rank (freshman and other), birth order, size of community, parental income, religious identification, and frequency of church attendance while Hertel et al. (1974: 27–28) used sex, race, age, profession, and occupational prestige. As with the earlier research, these control variables did not significantly modify the relationship of religion and/or religiosity with attitudes


This paper focuses on the relationship between technological innovation and international trade. In particular, the effect of technological achievement on exports is studied. In order to measure technological innovation, the technological achievement index (TAI) is used, thus providing a summary of a society's technological achievements and allowing countries to be classified into four groups according to their level of technological innovation: Leaders, Potential Leaders, Dynamic Adopters and Marginalised. The effect of technological variables on sectoral exports is analysed using a gravity model of trade. The existence of a possible non-linear relationship is also investigated, since the effect of improved technological innovation on trade could vary according to the technological achievement in countries. Results show the expected positive effect of technological innovation on export performance and the existence of non-linearities is confirmed. A 'U-shaped' relationship is found between exports and creation of technology and between exports and diffusion of old innovations, whereas an inverted-'U-shaped' relationship is found between exports and diffusion of recent innovations and between exports and human skills.


Using numerical approaches, two different mechanisms leading to enhanced transmission in a sandwiched nanofilm are demonstrated. The film is composed of a flat silver layer and two layers of silver prisms arrays on its both sides. The central flat silver layer is coated with glass substrates on its both sides and the silver prisms arrays are deposited on the glass layers. In the calculations, two different mechanisms leading to enhanced transmission are found. One mechanism follows the conventional believing in which the resonance wavelength depends on the neighboring distance between silver prisms in the array. The enhancement is due to the coupling of propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In another mechanism, the resonance wavelength depends on the distance between the silver prisms array and the flat film rather than the neighboring distance between silver prisms in the array. The enhancement is due to the localized surface plasmons instead of propagating SPPs. By changing the thickness of the glass layers, these two mechanisms can also work cooperatively. Parameters that affect the enhanced transmission of the sandwiched nanofilm were also briefly studied.


A factor analysis–spectrophotometric method was used to determine simultaneously 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in the REE–tribromochlorophosphonazo system. It adopts the singular value decomposition method to decompose the original data matrix of absorbance and the iterative target transformation factor analysis method to carry out the quantitative analysis. Because a pattern recognition method was used to optimize the calibration model, the accuracy of the analytical results was apparently increased. The standard deviations were 3.8 × 10–4–5.5 × 10–2 and the relative standard deviations were 0.22–3.5%. A detailed discussion is given of the selection of the calibration model and the features of classification.


Neonatal mortality rates are high in infants with low or very low birth weight (VLBW) as they are prone to sepsis. Early-onset sepsis (EOS) which occurs at 48hr of life remains an important cause of illness and death in VLBW infants. The objective of the study is to analyze the association between Neonatal birth weight and neonatal sepsis in the Karachi population and to study their pathogen distribution in positive isolates. A prospective cross-sectional study took place in Karachi's leading hospitals, Darul Sehat hospital and Abdus Samad hospital. Neonatal birth weight and neonatal blood culture sensitivity tests were studied for positive sepsis. Data were analyzed using SPSS applying the Chi-square test Results out of 120 neonates' blood culture sensitivity test 12 neonates had positive sepsis. The weight of 6 neonates out of 12 positive was 2.1-3kg and the other 6 neonates' weight was 3kg. 3 isolates were Streptococcus pneumonia and 9 were Staphylococcus aureus. Infants with positive sepsis are of healthy weight. Therefore, results were found to have no significant relation between neonatal birth weight and neonatal sepsis. EOS remains an uncommon yet important cause of morbidity and mortality among VLBW infants.


This paper addresses the scheduling problem of coflows in identical parallel networks, which is a well-known $NP$-hard problem. Coflow is a relatively new network abstraction used to characterize communication patterns in data centers. We consider both flow-level scheduling and coflow-level scheduling problems. In the flow-level scheduling problem, flows within a coflow can be transmitted through different network cores. However, in the coflow-level scheduling problem, flows within a coflow must be transmitted through the same network core. The key difference between these two problems lies in their scheduling granularity. Previous approaches relied on linear programming to solve the scheduling order. In this paper, we enhance the efficiency of solving by utilizing the primal-dual method. For the flow-level scheduling problem, we propose a $(6-\frac{2}{m})$-approximation algorithm with arbitrary release times and a $(5-\frac{2}{m})$-approximation algorithm without release time, where $m$ represents the number of network cores. Additionally, for the coflow-level scheduling problem, we introduce a $(4m+1)$-approximation algorithm with arbitrary release times and a $(4m)$-approximation algorithm without release time. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms, we conduct simulations using both synthetic and real traffic traces. The results demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithms compared to previous approach, emphasizing their practical utility.


Transient one-dimensional vertical transport of mixed Na/Ca solutions in a saturated-unsaturated homogeneous soil during infiltration was studied using a modified version of the transport model of Bresler (1973a), taking into account physicochemical interactions between the soil solution and the soil matrix expressed in terms of changes in the hydraulic conductivity and retentivity functions, anion exclusion, and cation exchange. These latter, in turn, were derived from theoretical considerations based on the mixed ion diffuse double-layer theory, the structure of the clay particles, the pore size distribution of the soil, and hydrodynamic principles. The solute transport was analyzed for three soils of different textures and for different sets of boundary and initial conditions. Results of the analyses suggested that the effect of soil-matrix-soil-solution interactions on the transport of water and solutes may be significant and generally increases as the wetting zone soil water content and soil solution sodium adsorption ratio increase, as its solute concentration decreases, as the clay fraction of the soil increases; and as the soil texture becomes finer. For a given soil the magnitude of these interactions and their effect on the transport process are affected by the surface boundary conditions and the initial conditions. For a given set of boundary and initial conditions the retardation of the water and solute movement due to the soil-solution-soil-matrix interactions, relative to a reference inert state, depends on the soil texture. The implication of this finding with respect to solute transport in spatially variable fields is discussed briefly.