The MFBE procedure developed by Strumberger (1997 Nucl. Fusion 37 19) is used to provide an improved starting point for free boundary equilibrium computations in the case of W7-X (Nührenberg and Zille 1986 Phys. Lett. A 114 129) using the Princeton iterative equilibrium solver (PIES) code (Reiman and Greenside 1986 Comput. Phys. Commun. 43 157). Transferring the consistent field found by the variational moments equilibrium code (VMEC) (Hirshmann and Whitson 1983 Phys. Fluids 26 3553) to an extended coordinate system using the VMORPH code, a safe margin between plasma boundary and PIES domain is established. The new EXTENDER_P code implements a generalization of the virtual casing principle, which allows field extension both for VMEC and PIES equilibria. This facilitates analysis of the 5/5 islands of the W7-X standard case without including them in the original PIES computation.


The morphology and structure of ultradispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (UPTFE, FORUM trademark) samples after treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) were studied by physicochemical methods. It was shown that, in sc-CO2, low-molecular-weight fractions are dissolved and removed from pristine UPTFE. The structures of separated fractions were studied. With an increase in the dissolving power of sc-CO2 (by increasing pressure and varying temperature), the fractionation process gradually


This book comprehensively covers the wide geographical range of the northern home fronts during the Civil War, emphasizing the diverse ways people interpreted, responded to, and adapted to war by their ideas, interests, and actions.
 The Northern Home Front during the Civil War provides the first extensive treatment of the northern home front mobilizing for war in two decades. It collates a vast and growing scholarship on the many aspects of a citizenship organizing for and against war. The text focuses attention on the roles of women, blacks, immigrants, and other individuals who typically fall outside of scrutiny in studies of American war-making society, and provides new information on subjects such as raising money for war, civil liberties in wartime, the role of returning soldiers in society, religion, relief work, popular culture, and building support for the cause of the Union and freedom.
 Organized topically, the book covers the geographic breadth of the diverse northern home fronts during the Civil War. The chapters supply self-contained studies of specific aspects of life, work, relief, home life, religion, and political affairs, to name only a few. This clearly written and immensely readable book reveals the key moments and gradual developments over time that influenced northerners' understanding of, participation in, and reactions to the costs and promise of a great civil war.


Sulfur‐water chemistry plays an important role in the middle atmosphere of Venus. Ground‐based observations have found that simultaneously observed SO2 and H2O at ~64 km vary with time and are temporally anticorrelated. To understand these observations, we explore the sulfur‐water chemical system using a one‐dimensional chemistry‐diffusion model. We find that SO2 and H2O mixing ratios above the clouds are highly dependent on mixing ratios of the two species at the middle cloud top (58 km). The behavior of sulfur‐water chemical system can be classified into three regimes, but there is no abrupt transition among these regimes. In particular, there is no bifurcation behavior as previously claimed. We also find that the SO2 self‐shielding effect causes H2O above the clouds to respond to the middle cloud top in a nonmonotonic fashion. Through comparison with observations, we find that mixing ratio variations at the middle cloud top can explain the observed variability of SO2 and H2O. The sulfur‐water chemistry in the middle atmosphere is responsible for the H2O‐SO2 anticorrelation at 64 km. Eddy transport change alone cannot explain the variations of both species. These results imply that variations of species abundance in the middle atmosphere are significantly influenced by the lower atmospheric processes. Continued ground‐based measurements of the coevolution of SO2 and H2O above the clouds and new spacecraft missions will be crucial for uncovering the complicated processes underlying the interaction among the lower atmosphere, the clouds, and the middle atmosphere of Venus.


Empirical research on correlates of computer arcade game play has been extremely limited, notwithstanding social and legal controversy regarding these games. The present study employed speeded cognitive measures and personality measures to determine selected correlates of game play. Although one cognitive variable had noteworthy predictive power, the personality variables had more appreciable explanatory power in both reported analyses.


This cross-sectional study examined the association of the number of hours of exergaming along with other activities and body mass index (BMI) among Saudi female adolescents and explored the possibility of exergaming as an alternative to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) physical activity recommendations. A sample of 200 female students age 10-14 years completed a selfadministered lifestyle questionnaire with their parents' assistance after obtaining parental consent letter. The survey instrument included scales adopted from the validated Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) and modified to include questions for exergaming. Anthropometric measurements of height and weight were conducted at school after the completion of the survey. A multiple linear regression model was conducted to examine the association of exergaming with other sedentary activities and BMI. There was a significant association between the number of hours of exergaming and lower BMI (p<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference between both groups with 98% of the exergamers accumulating ≥60 minutes of physical activity daily vs. 0% among non-exergamers (p<0.001). Exergaming may contribute to reducing sedentary behaviors and increasing physical activity levels and could be an alternative solution to aid in meeting the WHO daily recommendation of physical activities for Saudi girls.


Mangrove cover is increasing in estuaries and harbours in many areas on North Island, New Zealand. The expansion of mangroves has been attributed to anthropogenic land-use change, including urbanisation and conversion of land to agriculture. Rapid expansion of mangroves in the coastal landscape has created discord in local communities over their importance in terms of the services they deliver to both wildlife and people. Some community groups have been advocates for the large-scale removal of mangrove habitat, whilst other local residents oppose this removal. This review paper investigated and discussed pertinent biodiversity and ecosystem services studies based in New Zealand mangroves from 1950 to 2017. Results showed that the majority of biodiversity studies have targeted particular species or groups of organisms, with a focus on benthic invertebrate communities. Deficits remain in our knowledge of this expanding forest and shrub ecosystem, notably the terrestrial component of biodiversity, species community-shifts with landscape fragmentation, and associated cultural values. It is recommended that broader species assessments and a longer-term approach be applied to biodiversity monitoring in mangroves, coupled with Mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and western science for holistic management of this coastal ecosystem.


This study aimed to develop breads enriched with 10%, 20% and 30% of soybean flour and compare with a control formulation. After the bread production, they were stored for further analysis of centesimal composition: ash, moisture, water activity, proteins (Kjeldahl), lipids (Soxleht), following the standards of the Adolfo Lutz Institute. The fibers were obtained by the Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) method, according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. For sensory analysis, the affective test of the 9-point hedonic scale was performed, with the participation of 112 untrained tasters. As a result, soybean-enriched breads showed important levels of ash, lipids, proteins, fibers and reduced carbohydrate contents compared to the control. In addition, the fortified breads presented satisfactory sensory characteristics, especially the enriched formulations with 10% and 20% of soybean flour, because they obtained results close to the control formulation and aroused the interest of purchase by the tasters. Based on the results, the present study suggests that the addition of soybean flour in bakery products can be considered as a nutritional alternative without compromising sensory characteristics.


This paper defines second-order and third-order permutation global functions and presents the corresponding higher-order cellular automaton approach to the hyper-parallel undistorted data compression.The genetic algorithm is successfully devoted to finding out all the correct local compression rules for the higher-order cellualr automaton.The correctness of the higher-order compression rules,the time complexity,and the systolic hardware implementation issue are discussed.In comparison with the first-order automation method reported,the proposed higher-order approach has much faster compression speed with almost the same degree of cellular structure complexity for hardware implementation.


The invention belongs to the technical field of injection molding of semiconductor moulds and particularly discloses an independent multi-cylinder, isobaric and synchronous hydraulic injection molding system for a semiconductor plastic packaged mould, which is used for reciprocating hydraulic drive of a plurality of injection molding heads in the plastic packaged mould in plastic packaged charging barrels which correspond to the injection molding heads one by one and are in sliding fit with the injection molding heads. The injection molding heads are respectively and correspondingly connected with independent oil cylinders, and all the independent oil cylinders are synchronously driven. The synchronously driven independent oil cylinders corresponding to the injection molding heads are driven respectively, the pressures of the injection molding heads on epoxy plastic packaged materials in the plastic packaged charging barrels are exactly the same, and when the quantities of the epoxy plastic packaged materials in the plastic packaged charging barrels are different, the ideal heights of plastic packaged material cakes are slightly different, at the moment, the injection molding heads form different heights under the action of uniform thrust force and non-uniform resistance force so as to press the epoxy plastic packaged materials into the plastic packaged material cakes, so that the yield of the plastic packaged material cakes is increased, namely the pore defect of plastic packaged parts is reduced, and the pore defect of the plastic packaged parts can be reduced to be less than 0.1%.


Charge transfer due to chemical doping in carbon nanotubes can be detected through changes in the ba nd shape and spectral shifts of the Raman G-band. In d ouble wall carbon nanotubes, the inner tube is well prote cted from the environment and contributions of the inner tube to the Raman G-band can be detected when applying hydrostatic pressure. We find that by combining doping with sul furic acid and high hydrostatic pressure, we can determin e the ratio of single to double wall carbon nanotubes and we propose empirical parameters to fit the G-band line shape. We observe a spectral band at 1560 cm -1 which shifts with pressure at the same rate as the outer tube and whi ch attribute to electronic coupling of the two tube wa lls.


- The main aim of this work is to explore better efficiency by redesigning solar chimney power plant with using divergent and radial curvature on the roof of SCPP collectors. In this work we did a water dynamic analysis of a solar smoke plant with different height of exhaust space. (such as H2 =1.85m, 3m, 4m & 5m) and radial curvature on collector roof of 10m, 15m & 20m. Roof inclination and curvature radius of collector is vary by changing the outlet collector height and the inlet collector height is fixed as H1= 1.85m of solar chimney powerplant. It have been observed from the result that inclination and curvature radius of collector roof affect the collector efficiency and the collector efficiency is maximum 47.83% when the height of the collector is H2 = 5m and radial curvature on collector roof is 20 m. a solar-chimney power plant with an inclined collector roof. three-dimensional model using the RNG (Re-Normalisation Group) is simulated. discrete ordinates non-gray radiation model is used to implement the radiative-transfer equation. analytical and numerical solar numerical model and performance, The computational fluid dynamics analysis is carried out using ANSYS fluent for solar chimney power plant. The input parameters have been taken from the base paper. The governing equations such as continuity equation, momentum equation, energy equations, K equation and ε equations are used to perform this computational analysis.


This paper introduces plant site conditions,general planning of plant site,general layout scheme and design features,and major technical and economic indicators of Huaneng Yuhuan Power Plant.It also summarizes guidelines for coastal plant general layout,providing references for similar designs.


Private business in China rose and fell over the past few years, which is no single or accidental occurrence. It is inextricably related to the macro and micro factors. Analyzing the macro factors for the private businesses from three perspectives, the writer raises questions and proposes solutions.


Electrifying rural areas using a PV system combined with a diesel generator is one of the solutions to address geographical difficulties. However, the system could introduce power quality problems. Implementing a hybrid energy storage system could be one of the solutions to mitigate power quality issues. This paper investigates a hybrid energy storage of battery and supercapacitor to improve the power quality of a PV-diesel off-grid system. The system was modeled and simulated using Matlab Simulink, with reference to the system's characteristics in a remote area in Indonesia. It was shown that the implementation of a hybrid energy storage system could mitigate voltage sags and improve battery life expectancy, which are common issues in remote areas. The higher battery life is important for the context of remote areas given the difficulties in battery replacement due to geographical challenges.


The invention relates to a method for providing resistance to high pressures, standard electronic components. It consists of sticking a glass epoxy plate 20 of each electronic module. It is particularly applicable to materials having standard electronic components and to be immersed, such as underwater exploration equipment.


A wavelet-based approach is proposed for crack identification in beam structure. The fundamental vibration mode of a cracked simple-supported beam is analyzed using continuous wavelet transform and both the location and depth of the crack are estimated. The position of the crack is identified by the modulus maximun of the wavelet coefficients. The Lipschits exponent estimated by the wavelet coefficients is used as a useful indicator of the crack depth and it decays with the increase of crack depth. The influence of the crack location and the sampling distance of the vibration mode to Lipschits exponent is also disscussed. The validity of the proposed method is investigated both by analysis and simulations. The simulations show that the noisy data lowers Lipschits exponent but the Lipschits exponent is also in effect as an indicator of the depth of crack when noise is small. The method presented here may also be used to detect several cracks and cracks in other structures.


Dynamic stress-strain relation of material can be easily obtained by using SHPB system,but the dynamic deformation characteristics of material,which are just important aspect of metal foam's mechanical properties,can not be directly revealed by SHPB method.Therefore,a SHPB-high-speed camera system was designed to track the dynamic deformation of aluminum foam specimen in SHPB experiment,and the deformation information contained in images was derived and analyzed by using image processing software.Furthermore,the displacement-time curve was obtained,and the deformation was also obtained from the post-process of SHPB.Then,above-mentioned two kinds of deformation were compared.Results show that the data obtained from image processing software agree with that of SHPB post-processing,which indicates that high-speed camera system designed to track the deformation process in aluminum foam SHPB experiment of is feasible.


Size measurements of sub-micrometre spherical particles are quite easily performed with an atomic force microscope. The diameter is typically evaluated as the apex of the particle relative to a flat surface. However, some interaction effects may modify the expected results, such as the adhesive forces between the particle and the substrate or the tip–particle interface. In this paper, both effects were experimentally investigated for polystyrene particles with sizes ranging from 150 nm to 700 nm deposited on mica. Additionally, the experimental findings were compared with theoretical models of adhesion, describing both elastic and plastic deformation at the particle–substrate interface. While no clear indication of particle deformation due to the tip–particle interaction was obtained, the deformation due to adhesive forces between the particle and the substrate could be quantified. Contrary to certain theoretical models, the deformation was found to be proportional to the particle size.


An investigation was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using an ultrafiltration membrane technique to concentrate polyphenolic acids in the juice of Echinacea herb plant materials. The processing was conducted using a commercially available ultrafiltration membrane of 5kD MWCO (Pellicon XL50, Millipore, U.S.A and Sartocon Micro, Sartorius, Germany). Initial trials with the Echinacea herb extracts obtained from an industrial extracts company in New Zealand, showed that the permeate flux was low with the undiluted feed, and only 10–20% increase in concentration was possible. Several dilutions of the feed were needed to achieve an enrichment of more than two times. The dilution also resulted in a significant increase in flux and percentage recovery of the desired components, e.g. polyphenolics. The processing was done with freshly squeezed juice of Echinacea herb plant material (tops and stalk) harvested from Rewa Herb, Rangitaiki, New Zealand. With this feed in undiluted form, the permeate flux was higher but the percentage recovery of the polyphenolics was lower.


Currently, manufacturing industries focus on intelligent manufacturing. Prediction and monitoring of tool wear are essential in any material removal process, and implementation of a tool condition monitoring system (TCMS) is necessary. This work presents the flank wear prediction during the hard turning of EN8 steel using the deep learning (DL) algorithm. The turning operation is conducted with three levels of selected parameters. CNMG 120408 grade, TiN-coated cemented carbide tool is used for turning. Cutting force and flank wear are assessed under dry-cutting conditions. DL algorithms such as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and convolutional auto encoder (CAE) are used to predict the flank wear of the single-point cutting tool. The DL model is developed with turning parameters and cutting force to predict flank wear. The different ANFIS and CAE models are employed to develop the prediction model. Grid-based ANFIS structure with Gauss membership function performed better than ANFIS models. The ANFIS model's average testing error of 0.0074011 mm and prediction accuracy of 99.81% are achieved.


Thermal errors are important sources of positioning errors in precision machines [1] and are more and more becoming determining factors to meet increasing specifications. In this paper, thermal modal analysis is used to study the behaviour of an industrial inkjet printer under thermal load and to develop a reduced order thermal error model while maintaining the precision. The reduction of transient thermal deformation by adding extra heat loads is analysed as a possible method to improve thermal behaviour of high precision printing systems. Two approaches are taken and their simulation results are compared. 1 Thermal Modal Analysis Thermal modal analysis is a modal analysis technique applied to the thermal domain in which the transient temperature distribution in a system is decomposed into thermal modes. The reconstruction of this transient temperature distribution then consists of a summation of its contributing thermal modes. For the 2D case this can be written as: 0 0 ( , ) ( ) ( ) ij ij i j T t t         x x (Eq.1) where T is the temperature distribution, φij is the ij-th thermal mode shape, and θij is the amplitude of the mode. Similarly, the thermal deformation of a structure can be constructed from the sum of the thermal deformation shapes that correspond to the thermal modes, multiplied with the amplitudes of those thermal modes (Eq.2):


The invention discloses a method for realizing the tracking and positioning service of the mobile communication system. CN sends positioning request to RNC on the tracking and positioning service for a certain user. Receiving and identifying the request as the tracking and positioning service, RNC sends instruction about positioning measurement to the corresponding UE to require running according to the appointed location tracking types. UE determines the cycle of the tracking and positioning service after it receives the instruction, and carries it out according to the cycle, then UE reports the result to RNC. Receiving the report with the positioning information about UE, RNC reports it to the core network as the positioning result.


Preface Abbreviations List Of Contributors Part I From Mageia To Magic: Envisaging A Problematic Concept In The Study Of Religion- Daria Pezzoli Olgiatti Magic In Ancient World And African Culture- Emmanuel Nwaoru. Part II Jesus And Magic: Theodicean Perspectives To The Issue-Tom Holmen Jesus The Exorcist And Ancient Magic-Graham H. Twelftree Ma&Goi - Astrologers, Ecstatics, Deceitful Prophets New Testament Understanding In Jewish And Pagan Context-Michael Becker Magic In The Book Of Acts-Stanley E. Porter Part III Magic From Before The Dawn Of The Time Understanding Magic In The Old Testament: A Shift In Paradigm (Deuteronomy 18:9 - 14 And Beyond)- Ann Jeffers Catalogue Of Spirits, Liturgical Manuscript With Angelological Content, Incantation? Reflections On The Character Of A Fragment From Qumran (4Q230 1) With Appendix: Edition Of The Fragments Of IAA No. 114- Eibert Tigchelaar The Daughters Of Medeia: Enchanting Women In The Greco-Hellenistic World-Christiane Kunst Fascinating But Forbidden? Magic In Rome-Ulrike Riemer The Great Magical Papyrus Of Paris (PGM IV) And The Bible-Pieter W. Van Der Horst The Eighth Book Of Moses (Pleid. J 395): Hellenistic Jewish Influence In A Pagan Magical Papyrus- Bert Jan Lietaert Peerbolte.


Australia's electricity networks are experiencing low demand during the day due to excessive residential solar export and high demand during the evening on days of extreme temperature due to high air conditioning use. Pre-cooling and solar pre-cooling are demand-side management strategies with the potential to address both these issues. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive studies into the potential of pre-cooling and solar pre-cooling due to a lack of data. In Australia, however, extensive datasets of household energy measurements, including consumption and generation from rooftop solar, obtained through retailer-owned smart meters and household-owned third-party monitoring devices, are now becoming available. However, models presented in the literature which could be used to simulate the cooling energy in residential homes are temperature-based, requiring indoor temperature as an input. Temperature-based models are, therefore, precluded from being able to use these newly available and extensive energy-based datasets, and there is a need for the development of new energy-based simulation tools. To address this gap, a novel data-driven model to estimate the cooling energy in residential homes is proposed. The model is temperature-independent, requiring only energy-based datasets for input. The proposed model was derived by an analysis comparing the internal free-running and air conditioned temperature data and the air conditioning data for template residential homes generated by AccuRate, a building energy simulation tool. The model is comprised of four linear equations, where their respective slope intercepts represent a thermal efficiency metric of a thermal zone in the template residential home. The model can be used to estimate the difference between the internal free-running, and air conditioned temperature, which is equivalent to the cooling energy in the thermal zone. Error testing of the model compared the difference between the estimated and AccuRate air conditioned temperature and gave average CV-RMSE and MAE values of 22% and 0.3 °C, respectively. The significance of the model is that the slope intercepts for a template home can be applied to an actual residential home with equivalent thermal efficiency, and a pre-cooling or solar pre-cooling analysis is undertaken using the model in combination with the home's energy-based dataset. The model is, therefore, able to utilise the newly available extensive energy-based datasets for comprehensive studies on pre-cooling and solar pre-cooling of residential homes.


In this paper,the website "jiumeituan.com"(sales of red wine) was as an example,and the electronic commerce pattern of agricultural products based on the 4P strategy was discussed in detail,i.e.,the implementation based on the product strategy of level value,based on the price strategy of cost and competitors' motional value,based on the distribution strategy through direct sales model on the internet and based on communication strategy of the integrated network marketing.In addition,the principal contradictions of E-business models and the suggestions based on 4P strategy was also reviewed.


The efficiency of solar cells may be improved by using singlet fission (SF), in which one singlet exciton splits into two triplet excitons. SF occurs in molecular crystals. A molecule may crystallize in more than one form, a phenomenon known as polymorphism. Crystal structure may affect SF performance. In the common form of tetracene, SF is experimentally known to be slightly endoergic. A second, metastable polymorph of tetracene has been found to exhibit better SF performance. Here, we conduct inverse design of the crystal packing of tetracene using a genetic algorithm (GA) with a fitness function tailored to simultaneously optimize the SF rate and the lattice energy. The property-based GA successfully generates more structures predicted to have higher SF rates and provides insight into packing motifs associated with improved SF performance. We find a putative polymorph predicted to have superior SF performance to the two forms of tetracene, whose structures have been determined experimentally. The putative structure has a lattice energy within 1.5 kJ/mol of the most stable common form of tetracene.


In the monitored anesthesia care (MAC) setting for awake craniotomy (AC), maintaining airway patency in sedated patients remains challenging. This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the validity of the below‐epiglottis transnasal tube insertion (the tip of the tube placed between the epiglottis and vocal cords) and the nasopharyngeal airway (simulated by the above‐epiglottis transnasal tube with the tip of the tube placed between the epiglottis and the free edge of the soft palate) with respect to maintaining upper airway patency for moderately sedated patients undergoing AC.


In designing hydraulic structures, flood hydrographs are traditionally determined by maximum flood water volume and discharge, its total duration and other parameters, based on the fundamentality class of hydraulic structures and the calculated probability related to it. The recommended form of the hydrograph is the most unfavourable one. Negative consequences in the lower pool, occurring due to the transformation of any input hydrograph, are assumed to be known. However, the output hydrograph cannot be determined without a precise description of the input one. The way out of this situation is by setting an extremal task. Such a task can be described as a task of optimum management with phase constraints and one that can be solved directly by numerical methods. Taking into account the estimative character of the methodology, we think it is simpler to analyse a discrete analogue of the task, reduced to a nonlinear finite-dimensional optimization. A detailed analysis, taking into account the specificity of the object, allows one to substantiate the permissible degree of risk in designing hydraulic structures. The suggested model can also be included in a more general task of optimization of hydraulic structure system, based on the conditions of high water transformation. This nonlinear multi-extremal problem on a graph-tree of the river network contains a nonlinear nonconvex task function, which is a minimum of the total capital investments in flood controlling river runoff regulation. This problem can be solved using a dynamic programming scheme, if construction parameters of water release facilities are varied independently. Another condition for solving this task is the adoption of a total release discharge from reservoirs, located directly upstream of the one being analysed, as a parameter of the state in a process of developing conditionally optimum variants.


Infrared (IR) ship tracking is becoming increasingly important in various applications. However, it remains a challenging task as the information that can be obtained from IR images is limited. Aiming at enhancing IR ship tracking accuracy, we propose an innovative approach by presenting feature integration module (FIM) and backup matching module (BMM). FIM takes appearance feature, complete intersection over union (CIoU), and motion direction metrics (MDMs) into account. Regarding appearance feature extraction, an end-to-end characteristic learning strategy with a cross-guided multigranularity fusion network is proposed to obtain more integral appearance features and enhance reidentification (re-ID) accuracy, which helps to distinguish individual IR ship targets better. Besides, a backup matching strategy is then used to match the unmatched tracks and detections after cascaded matching. Virtual trajectories are generated for the matched tracks to optimize parameters by parameter optimization module (POM). The accumulation of errors caused by the lack of observations in the Kalman filter (KF) is reduced. Thus, the position of IR ships can be estimated more accurately, and more robust IR ship tracking can be achieved. In addition, we present a sequential frame IR ship tracking (SFIST) dataset, providing the first public benchmark for testing IR ship tracking performance. Experimental results indicate that the multiple object tracking accuracy (MOTA), multiple objects tracking precision (MOTP), and identity switch (IDs) of the proposed method are 73.441, 80.826, and 32, respectively, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods. This demonstrates the superior robustness of the proposed method, particularly when the IR ships are occluded or the target texture information is lacking. Our dataset is available at https://github.com/echo-sky/SFIST.


The fracture of brake drum bolt for fixed position was analyzed by means of metallographic examination, hardness testing and chemical composition analysis. The results showed that heat treatment defect and stress concentration caused by manufacture were the main causes of bolt fracture.


Cache-aided small-cell network is becoming an effective method to improve the transmission rate and reduce the backhaul load. Due to the limited capacity of backhaul, less power should be allocated to users whose requested contents do not exist in the local caches to maximize the performance of caching. In this paper, power allocation is considered to improve the performance of cache-aided small-cell networks with limited backhaul, where interference alignment is used to manage interferences among users. Specifically, three power allocation algorithms are proposed. First, we come up with a power allocation algorithm to maximize the sum transmission rate of the network, considering the limitation of backhaul. Second, to have more users meet their rate requirements, a power allocation algorithm to minimize the average outage probability is also proposed. Third, to further improve the users' experience, a power allocation algorithm that maximizes the average satisfaction of all users is also designed. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the three proposed power allocation algorithms for cache-aided small-cell networks with limited backhaul.


Article history: Received on: 21/03/2017 Accepted on: 25/05/2017 Available online: 30/08/2017 The present investigation is aimed to elucidate the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of the aqueous and methanol extract of Euphorbia thymifolia (ET) aerial parts in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of STZ (65 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by NA (110 mg/kg i.p.) 15 min later. The diabetic rats were treated with aqueous and methanol extract from ET (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose level, plasma insulin, HbA1c, urea, serum creatinine, lipid profile, liver glycogen, ALP, total protein and histopathology of pancreas were carried out to assess antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect. After treatment with ET extracts fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels, urea, serum creatinine and total protein were significantly decrease in diabetic rats. However, serum insulin level and liver glycogen were significantly increased in diabetic rats. The extracts also exhibited a significant hypolipidemic effect as evident from fall in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins and increase high-density lipoproteins level. The histopathological studies of the pancreas in extract treated diabetic groups revealed almost normal appearance. This study supports the traditional proclamations on E. thymifolia aerial parts.


The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the next generation gamma-ray observatory, open to the scientific community, to investigate the very high-energy emission from a large variety of celestial sources in the energy range 20 GeV – 300 TeV. The full array, distributed over two sites, one in the northern and one in the southern hemisphere, will provide whole-sky coverage and will improve by about one order of magnitude the sensitivity with respect to the current major arrays. CTA will investigate a much higher number of already known classes of sources, going to much larger distances in the Universe, performing population studies, accurate variability and spatially-resolved studies. Moreover, new light will be shed on possible new classes of high-energy sources, such as GRBs, cluster of Galaxies, Galactic binaries, and on fundamental physics. By pushing the high-energy limit to E > 100 TeV it will allow a thorough exploration of the cut-off regime of the cosmic accelerators. We review the main CTA Key...


This study aims to analyze the use of Didong in the context of cultural inheritance as an elementary school learning medium. The research method is qualitative with an interdisciplinary approach. The location of the research was at public elementary school 8 Takengon, Central Aceh District. Data sources are primary data sources including artists, librarians and community leaders, then secondary data sources include books and references from previous researchers. Data collection techniques consist of observation, interviews, and document studies. The data validation technique uses data triangulation. Data analysis techniques consist of reduction, data presentation, and data verification stages. The results of the study show that the use of didong in learning local wisdom values in elementary schools has a number of benefits. First, didong provides direct experience to students in understanding their local culture. Second, didong as a learning medium provides opportunities for students to learn local wisdom values, such as respect for parents, mutual cooperation, honesty, and justice. Students through observation and participation in didong performances can recognize these values and understand their significance in everyday life.


Binding analyses revealed that the AAC--A sequence in glutelin gene promoters is the target site of OSMYB5 protein and that both the distal and proximal AACA motifs are recognized by this protein. These results suggest that the OSMYB5 protein functions as a trans-acting factor for glutelin gene expression.


I read with interest the manuscript by Cattaneo. Within the context of the discussion on platelet ADP receptors, the author states, ''P2Y12 is the target of efficacious antithrombotic agents like ticlopidine and clopidogrel, which are already used in clinical practice, and the AIDS-related complex compounds, one of which is currently under evaluation. . .'' (emphasis added). The author sites the work by Humphries in support. The referenced compound, AR-C69931MX, was so denoted because it was developed, in part, by Astra Research-Charnwood. The molecule is an ADP analogue and is not associated with either HIV or the constellation of symptoms commonly referrred to as the AIDS-related complex.


The authors present the global supersymmetry rules for the fundamental representation of N-extended supersymmetry for all N and an associated invariant quadratic Lagrangian. This is achieved by the use of a suitable set of basis functions defined in terms of the spinor generators acting on the vacuum state of the representation. These basis functions allow the action of the generators on them to be obtained explicitly, as well as their internal symmetry properties. Specific examples are given of this for N=3, 4, 6 and 8.


35 Using Handwriting Action to Construct Models of Engineering Objects Mamoru Hosaka and Fumihiko Kimura With this symbol recognition technique, handwritten engineering drawings can be used as direct computer input for generating machine models of design objects. 49 The Adventure of Getting to Know a Computer John M. Carroll Making text editors more like computer games may seem ridiculous on the surface, but these "games" use basic motivational techniques-something designers of application systems have overlooked.


Imported cating in relation to total casting demand have shot up more than 50% over the last six years. New data confirms the expectation that imports will continue to gain ground in 2003.


This essay explores O'Connor's sense of the art of fiction as an art of anagogical vision, which sees all things as instances of participation in God. Such created things are, then, when read or "seen" properly, fragmentary disclosures of the divine glory. To O'Connor, the logic of anagogy implies that the visible realities of this world only take on a fullness of meaning—indeed, they only become truly visible—when seen in the paradoxical light of the unseen. The anagogical sense—the final of the four senses of scripture according to Christian tradition—refers to a text's figurative signification in relation to eternal glory or eschatological reality. This anagogical sensibility is often represented in O'Connor's work by the recurring image of the sun at the close of many of her stories. Therefore O'Connor's "anagogical imagination," operative in so much of her work, is intended to lead one through the contemplation of future glory to the reimagination of temporal existence in light of the Incarnation, an...


Spectrophotometric method was used to study the kinetics of charge-transfer (CT) complexes of pantoprazole with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and iodine. The reactions of DDQ and iodine with pantoprazole have been investigated in different solvents at three different temperatures. The products of the interactions have been isolated and characterized using UV–vis, GC-MS, FT-IR, and far-IR spectral techniques. The rate of formation of the product has been measured and discussed as a function of solvents and temperature. The iodine complex indicates the formation of the tri-iodide CT complex with a general formula [(PTZ)I]+I. The characteristic strong absorptions of I are observed around 360 and 290 nm in the electronic spectra, and the far-IR spectrum exhibits three characteristic vibrations of I unit at 156, 112, and 69 cm−1 assigned to νas(I-I), νs(I-I), and δ(I), respectively. The activation parameters (ΔG#, ΔS#, and ΔH#) were obtained from the temperature dependence of the rate constants. The influence of relative permittivity of the medium on the rate indicated that the intermediate is more polar than the reactants, and this observation was further well supported by spectral studies. Based on the spectrokinetic results, plausible mechanisms for the interaction of the drug with the chosen acceptors, which proceed via the formation of CT complexes and its transformation into final products, have been proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 787–799, 2009


Software product line modeling has received a great deal of attention for its potential in fostering reuse of software artifacts across development phases. Research on the testing phase, has focused on identifying the potential for reuse of test cases across product line instances. While this offers potential reductions in test development effort for a given product line instance, it does not focus on and leverage the fundamental abstraction that is inherent in software product lines - variability.In this paper, we illustrate how rich software product line modeling notations can be mapped onto an underlying relational model that captures variability in the feasible product line instances. This relational model serves as the semantic basis for defining a family of coverage criteria for testing of a product line. These criteria make it possible to accumulate test coverage information for the product line itself over the course of multiple product line instance development efforts. Cumulative coverage, in turn, enables targeted testing efforts for new product line instances. We describe how combinatorial interaction testing methods can be applied to define test configurations that achieve a desired level of coverage and identify challenges to scaling such methods to large, complex software product lines.


100 Effect of the particle sizes on the thermoelectric efficiency of metal substituted LaCo1-xNixFexO3 perovskites and Zn1-xAlxO wurtzite S.G. Harizanova, E.N. Zhecheva, V.D. Valchev, M.G. Khristov, P.V. Markov, R.K. Stoyanova Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bldg. 11, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria


An analysis method is presented for linear networks containing arbitrary linear, passive or active, and ideal or nonideal two-port elements (three-poles and four-poles) with existing chain matrices. It is suitable, especially in the analysis of networks containing two-ports with nonexisting admittince matrices like ideal transformers, proportionally controlled sources, and nullors. After the determination of the nodal admittance matrix of the subnetwork consisting only of two-pole elements, the remaining two-ports are inserted by simple row and column transformations in the matrix. The order of the matrix is reduced by the successive deletion of rows and columns corresponding to inner nodes of the network.


To improve the precision of the nonhorizontal suspension structure and the forming quality of the overhanging surface by selective laser melting, the influence of laser power on the upper surface and the overhanging surface forming quality of 316L stainless steel at different forming angles was studied in the experiment. The influence of different scanning strategies, upper surface remelting optimization, and overhang boundary scanning optimization on the formation of overhanging structures was compared and analyzed. The forming effect of chromium–nickel alloy is better than 316L stainless steel below the limit forming angle in the overhanging structure. The better forming effect of chromium–nickel alloy can be obtained by narrowing the hatch space with the boundary optimization process. The experiment results show that the forming of the overhanging structure below the limit forming angle should adopt the chessboard scanning strategy. The smaller laser power remelting is beneficial to both the forming of the overhanging surface and the quality of upper surface forming. The minimum value of surface roughness using the 110 W power laser twice during surface remelting and boundary scanning 75° overhanging surface can reach 11.9 μm and 31.1μm, respectively. The forming accuracy error range above the limit forming angle is controlled within 0.4 mm, and the forming quality is better. A boundary count scanning strategy was applied to this study to obtain lower overhanging surface roughness values. This research proposes a process optimization and improvement method for the nonhorizontal suspension structure formed by selective laser melting, which provides the process support for practical application.


Abstract The zone of proximal development (ZPD) and the scaffolding theory are very different, both in terms of their theoretical origins and connotations, and can even be said to be very different. However, during the development of the two concepts, some scholars have misunderstood them, resulting in the two being mistaken for similar concepts and therefore often confused. Professor James Lantolf from Pennsylvania State University (State College, USA) was interviewed by Professor Lili Qin from Dalian University of Foreign Studies (Dalian, China) and provides an in-depth analysis of these issues. The interview begins with the theoretical roots, connotations and definitions of the ZPD and scaffolding concepts, and then unravels the story of how they have been "mistakenly loved for life", and ultimately it is made clear that the two concepts are completely different in their practical application to language teaching and should not continue to be used interchangeably.


Normal Families and Monodromies of Holomorphic Motions by Michael Beck Advisors: Yunping Jiang and Sudeb Mitra We explore some generalizations of results in holomorphic motions that result from Earle's infinite-dimensional generalization of Montel's Theorem. We then investigate topological obstructions to extending holomorphic motions. We finish with some miscellaneous facts.


For the past few years, the enterprise Solid State Drives that employ NVM Express are widely used due to their high performance. It is common for multiple tenants and processes to share a single SSD. Providing fair SSD performance for multiple applications has become an important issue. We observe that the write request with FUA flag delays the processing of read request due to SSD internal read/write interference. To alleviate the performance degradation of the read requests, we propose TABS, per-Type fAir Bandwidth I/O Scheduler for NVMe SSDs. TABS determines the fair bandwidth proportional to the maximum bandwidth and I/O issue rate for each type of request. (i) Two-phase Dynamic Scheduling sets fairness goals dynamically according to the I/O patterns of workload. Then, it throttles the FUA write requests to meet the pre-measured fairness goal. (ii) Software-based feedback makes more accurate scheduling possible. By using these techniques, TABS can guarantee fairness between the read and FUA flagged write requests. Finally, compared with the fairness goals, TABS achieves 76% fairness on average and up to 99.5% fairness, while the noop scheduler, the default Linux scheduler, shows 18% fairness.


An oxidative cleavage of 1,2cyclohexanediol by using 30% hydrogen peroxide was studied. The condition was moderate, the operation was easy and the reaction was no damaging to the environment. The best conditions of the reaction were founded.


Phase transformations in the supercooled liquid region (between T g and T crys ), prior to the onset of crystallization, in amorphous Pd-Ni-P alloys remain controversial. It has been previously proposed that the amorphous alloy decomposes into two amorphous phases prior to the crystallization reaction when annealed in the supercooled liquid region. Investigations by DSC, Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) have since corroborated or refuted phase separation prior to crystallization in the supercooled liquid region of Pd-Ni-P alloys. NI-P The microstructural development during annealing in the supercooled liquid region of amorphous Pd 46 Ni 36 P 18 , which is supposedly of phase-separating composition, is compared and contrasted with those of Pd 48 Ni 32 P 20 and Pd 4o Ni 1o Cu 30 P 20 . TEM showed that the as-quenched alloys were fully amorphous and APFIM analysis showed random solute distributions, typical of amorphous materials. Annealing in their respective supercooled liquid regions did not result in the formation of compositionally modulated microstructures prior to the onset of crystallization.


Using high-resolution observations from the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST) operating at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO), we report direct evidence of merging/reconnection of cool H$\alpha$ loops in the chromosphere during two homologous flares (B- and C-class) caused by a shear motion at the footpoint of two loops. The reconnection between these loops caused the formation of an unstable flux rope which showed counterclockwise rotation. The flux rope could not reach the height of torus instability and failed to form a coronal mass ejection. The HMI magnetograms revealed rotation of the negative/positive (N1/P2) polarity sunspots in the opposite directions, which increased the right and left-handed twist in the magnetic structures rooted at N1/P2. Rapid photospheric flux cancellation (duration$\sim$20-30 min, rate$\approx$3.44$\times$10$^{20}$ Mx h$^{-1}$) was observed during and even after the first B6.0 flare and continued until the end of the second C2.3 flare. The RHESSI X-ray sources were located at the site of the loop's coalescence. To the best of our knowledge, such a clear interaction of chromospheric loops along with rapid flux cancellation has not been reported before. These high-resolution observations suggest the formation of a small flux rope by a series of magnetic reconnection within chromospheric loops associated with very rapid flux cancellation.


The problem of statistical modeling of the geometric count data with a specific probability model of lifetimes is of interest and importance in reliability. In this paper, we construct a geometric ...


In recent years, Vacuum Fluorescent Display (VFD) module in the car audio panel has been widely used. However, due to process reasons, VFD display production process will produce defects, not only affect the appearance, but also affect the display correctly. So building a car VFD display panel defect detection system is of great significance. Machine vision technology is introduced into the automotive VFD display defect detection in order to achieve fast and accurate detection of defects. Shaped light mode is a typical flaw detection mode which is based on characteristics of vehicle VFD panel. According to the image features, learning of the gray matching and feature matching method, we integrated use of feature matching method and the gray level matching method to achieve defect detection.


The difference and connection between energy consumption and energy efficiency are mathematically described for further study of energy-efficient rail transit system. Based on train behavior in the block section, we analyze the energy efficiency improvement of rail transit system in its life cycle. Then, the effects of train light-weighting, load ratio increase, and energy-saving train control scheme on the energy efficiency of rail transit system are simulated to verify the obtained analysis results. This research can contribute to the further study of energy-efficient rail transit system and promote energy consumption reduction and efficiency improvement.


Effect of plant extract from fresh leaves of three different plant species was tested on fungi found on disease leaves and fruit of garden egg Solanum melongena L.The plant are Chromoleana odorata (siam weed), Azadiracta indica (neem leaf), Vernonia amygdal ina Del (bitter leaf). The pathogen found in the diseased leaf and fruit of egg plant are Aspergillus niger Asp ergillus fumiga tes Aspergi llus j lavus Mycelia sperilia Yeast Tricoderma spp . The plant extract controlled the growth of Asperg illus niger Aspergillus fumigates and My celia sperilia. Mycelia reduction of the fungi ranged from 28.34 - 50.16. The plant extracts are recommended for further examination in direct application of the egg plant.


Functional oils and fats of nanoemulsion as a food nutrient transport system is considered to be effective and safe. The article expounds Composition, physicochemical properties, preparation methods and application research status on Functional oils and fats of nanoemulsion, to give more nutritional and functional of the Functional oils and fats, recommendations focus on the interaction with real food matrix between may study, optimization, explore new mechanism and preparation methods of the Functional oils and fats of nanoemulsion, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of bioactive compounds or food components, and to effectively meet the urgent needs of the food industry for the high quality raw materials of the Functional oils and fats of nanoemulsion system, a wide range of bioactive compounds or food components are particularly considered.


Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has traditionally been managed with radical nephroureterectomy, and while this approach remains the gold standard for high-risk disease, endoscopic, kidney-sparing management has increasingly been adopted for low-risk disease as it preserves kidney function without compromising oncologic outcomes. Ureteroscopy and percutaneous renal access not only provide diagnoses by tumor visualization and biopsy, but also enable treatment with electrocautery or laser ablation. Several modalities exist for laser ablative treatments including thulium:YAG, neodymium:YAG, holmium:YAG, and combinations of the preceding. Furthermore, due to high recurrence rates after endoscopic management, adjuvant intracavitary instillation of various agents such as mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guerin have been used given benefits seen in non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer. Other formulations also being studied include gemcitabine, anthracyclines, and immunotherapies. More recently, Jelmyto, a mitomycin reverse thermal gel, has been developed to allow for adequate drug delivery time and potency since urine flow could otherwise dilute and washout topical therapy. In this article, the authors review techniques, indications, best practices, and areas of current investigation in endoscopic management and adjuvant topical therapy for UTUC.


During the period of vehicle concept design, the evaluation of master section performance mostly depends on reference vehicle data and the experience of structure design engineers. In this paper, it studies the influence of master section parameters on the vehicle body performance and sets up parameterized model of master section. A Master Section Measure Tool(MSMT)is developed based on CATIA/CAA, which improves design efficiency by measuring the master section parameters according to CAD surface data. As an example, six master sections of A pillar are respectively measured by MSMT and Altair/Hypermesh. The measure results of master section measure tool are the same as the Altair/Hypermesh's,which approve the practicability and the veracity of this master section measure tools.


In his opening remarks, Mr. Lowrie said that bankers are considered by some to be staid and conventional, whereas in terms of computer usage the bankers have been far from conventional. From a position in 1960 of perhaps the least significant user of all the Sectors represented at the Conference, banking has become the largest. Excepting the Government Sector, almost 20% of all systems and programming talent works within the Finance Sector.


Desertification involves many countries featuring different ecological, economic, and social conditions. In Mediterranean Europe, high human pressure, economic development, and climatic changes combine to produce land consumption, soil erosion, salinization, and fire risk, all considered as key factors to start desertification processes. For many years the term desertification has been strictly associated to geo-physical conditions, but in very complex ecosystems the study of the interaction of physical patterns with population and social characteristics is necessary to better delineate areas at risk. The aims of this paper are therefore (i) to review recent findings in term of desertification processes and risk assessment in the Mediterranean basin, (ii) to illustrate a simplified model in which social and economic variables may significantly accelerate land degradation leading to desertification, (iii) to suggest a set of demographic, economic, and institutional indicators suitable to contribute to the assessment of desertification risk in the Mediterranean basin, (iv) to built a synthetic index based on a multivariate approach and, finally, (v) to compare such index with a standard index of desertification risk only referring to geo-physical conditions. As a conclusion, new findings to be achieved in the context of human impact on environment as an original contribution to the study of desertification were delineated.


The background of this Final Report by the budget to support the company's activities in PT Finansia Multifinance (Credit Plus) Branch Prabumulih. As for the theory of budgeting that is used for the preparation of the budget for the company is using three methods: the method of least squares, squares method, and the method of moment. The purpose of making this final report to find out how the budget is right for the company. In completing the final report writer take the data from PT Finansia Multifinance (Credit Plus) Branch Prabumulih through library research, observation, and interviews directly to the company in the form of the company's sales budget data for the years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. From the analysis author, company Top Down method in determining the budget of companies in which the budget process is set by the employer without the involvement of subordinates. The author also found the problem, the company has not made the proper technique in determining the budget of the company's sales. From the analysis of the author, the least squares method is the method that most closely realization of the budget.


After the publication of his work "The Liberation of Women", which helped turn public attention to the status of women in Egypt, Amin was severely criticised from the khedival palace. This text provides a response, in which he defends his position and expands on his earlier ideas.


Although there has been considerable study of the chemistry of the antigens of rodents,1' 2 the nature of human transplantation antigens has received relatively little attention.' Recent progress in the understanding of rodent transplantation antigens has been afforded by exposure of dissociated cells to low-intensity ultrasound in order to solubilize these materials from the cellular membranes. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether this method of solubilization and isolation is applicable to the human transplantation antigens of the HL-A system.4-6


Abstract In the present investigation, a new method is proposed to study the AZ30 flow curve at elevated temperatures and various strain rate. Experiments were carried out with the goal of obtaining flow curve of AZ30 at three different temperature and strain rates by using the ring test method. The presented work aims to develop a model using genetic algorithm for AZ30 flow stress prediction during different test conditions. The Santam machine was implicated that was able to perform experiments by controlling both the position and load modes. At each temperature and strain rate the isothermal test was performed respectively. In the present investigation for three varios temperatures and strain rates, 54 ring compression tests were carried out with different levels of reduction in height. Then each specimen was water cooled quickly to investigate the microstructure of AZ30 magnesium alloy by using optical microscope. The model used in the present study was able to predict the flow curve with an 2.3% accuracy. This model has excellent potential to be employed in various industry applications.


Nafion and derived perfluorinated polymers seem to be the most reliable materials in PEMFCs, despite a number of disadvantages, such as low operation conditions (T < 100°C) and high cost. In recent years, new classes of proton conducting membranes have been investigated. PBI membranes showed some advantages: high working temperatures; good chemical resistance; promising durability. Proton carriers are supplied by the presence of phosphoric acid in the membranes. Despite the good conductivity (about 0.1 S/cm at 80°C and RH = 80%) one of the main drawbacks is the leaching of the phosphoric acid under working conditions. In this work two different silica-based fillers, derivatised with phosphoric acid and imidazole-containing units, respectively, were prepared via sol–gel route and characterised from a thermal analyses (TGA-DTA), structural (XRD, IR and solid state NMR) and microstructural (BET) point of view. Impedance spectroscopy scans were carried out on PBI-based membranes filled with derivatised silica up to a content of 30 wt% in order to evaluate the role of the filler in the free phosphoric acid retention capability. The best scores in terms of permanent proton conductivity and acid doping level after leaching were obtained in case of imidazole-functionalised silica, which improves the basicity of the doped polymer system.


Based on the particle imaging velocimetry(PIV)measurement of single-phase mixing layer flow,the gas-liquid two-phase bubbly mixing layer with the velocity ratio 4∶1 was experimentally investigated with PIV.The Reynolds number based on the velocity difference of two streams and hydraulic diameter of the channel ranged from 4400 to 158400.It was found that the bubbles injection could enhance the instantaneous velocity fluctuation when Reynolds number was small,but it would depress the instantaneous velocity fluctuation when Reynolds number was large.Afterwards the distributions of statistical Reynolds stress were obtained.Reynolds stress existed only in a very narrow region downstream of the mixing layer and increased with increasing Reynolds number.The distribution of Reynolds stress on the downstream cross-section showed that mean Reynolds stress value would decrease with bubble injection and there would be fluctuations on the same cross-section compared with the single-phase case.


This paper describes a configuration of protective relay systems. First of all, we reviewed sites for the application of SFCLs in Korean distribution power system. And then we proposed a structure of protection system and some considerations for setting the relays. This study focuses on the present Korean power systems.


ABSTRACT The implementation complexity of the conventional speech en-hancement techniques increases with high sampling rates and in-creased levels of noise. In order to address this issue, we propose ahardware friendly perceptive speech filter implemented using RLCfilters. The proposed filters when compared with the conventionalfilterbanks such as based on Mel and Bark scale show significantreduction in noise levels as measured through the distance distribu-tions. General Terms: Speech Enhancement, Automatic Speech Recognition Keywords: Filtering, RLC filters, Speech, Noise Reduction 1. INTRODUCTION Noise in the speech signal can significantly reduce the performanceof automatic speech recognition systems. Preserving the speechcontent and reducing the noise present in a recorder speech sig-nal is essential to improve the recognition performance of auto-matic speech recognition systems. In addition, the ability of imple-ment the speech enhancement techniques in a real-time hardwareis important for large-scale and high speed speech processing ap-plications. However, majority of present day approaches to noisereduction and signal enhancements are difficult to implement inhardware, due to the increase in design complexity and limitationsof semiconductor process technology. In order to address the is-sues, we present a hardware friendly perceptive speech filters im-plemented as RLC filterbank in a view to present them as a front-end for a speech enhancement system.The proposed speech enhancement system is biologically-inspiredsuch that the main part of this front-end is a bank of filters withbandwidths in log scale, that resemble the processing of sounds bythe human cochlea [8, 9, 10, 11].


The civil law is the legal standard adjusting the property relations and personal relations between citizens themselves, corporations themselves as well as the citizens and the corporations. It is the fundamental legal system standardizing market economy by taking the system of the civil affairs as main body and the system of ownership as the basic contents.


Social marketing has a key role to play in helping to shape the choices people make and supporting the decisions and actions that determine their health and well-being. These choices have a broad impact on society, affecting not only the quality of life of individuals and communities and the cost of public services, but also the performance of business and the economy. In this article we discuss how the impact of behavior choices and the interventions that support them can be evaluated. We briefly set out the problems of measuring the cost effectiveness of behavior choice interventions and propose an approach to these challenges. The article illustrates how a pragmatic, layered framework for evaluating cost effectiveness can be developed and applied in five fields in which positive behavior choices can prevent illness (alcohol misuse, smoking, obesity, coronary vascular disease, and mental health). The review identifies the value of a quality adjusted life year in each of these fields and uses these estimates to generate "return on investment" for typical projects, at different levels in society (individual and family, health and care services, other public sector, private sector, and wider society). Finally we propose a consensus conference to develop and apply such a framework.


Knowledge-aided (KA) space–time adaptive processing (STAP) is an appealing scheme for improving the detection performance of slow-moving target in sample starved heterogeneous environments. The authors address the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation problem of the interference covariance matrix under a KA constraint. To reduce the complexity of interior point method, a close form ML estimator for the interference covariance matrix is derived. Moreover, for the hyper-parameter selection in the KA constraint, which remains an unsolved open problem, an efficient and fully automatic method based on likelihood function and cross validation is proposed. The authors find that the proposed estimator consists of a prewhitening step and an eigenvalue-truncation step of the whitened sample covariance matrix (SCM), which is somewhat similar to the existing fast ML with assumed clutter covariance (FMLACC) method. However, different ways for truncating the eigenvalues of the whitened SCM are exploited. The numerical simulations also demonstrate that by appropriately choosing the hyper-parameter, the proposed estimator can remarkably outperform the FMLACC method in some situations.


Winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize for Literature. Joseph Brodsky's second major collection contains poems from the years 1965 to 1978, translated from the Russian. Despite isolation from his native Russian culture and language since becoming an involuntary exile in 1972, Brodsky has inherited the tradition of Mandelstam, Akhmatova, and Pasternak. Restrained, sometimes humorous, sometimes brilliantly epigrammatic, his poems possess the serious, unfrivolous wit of his metaphysical forebears.


Abstract The waterfowl family Anatidae is one of very few avian taxa that possesses an intromittent organ. This paper examines the adaptive significance of the intromittent organ in waterfowl by determining the relationships between intromittent organ morphology and the intensity of sperm competition (as reflected by frequency of forced extrapair copulations [FEPCs]). Intromittent organ morphological characteristics, including length and circumference (adjusted for body size), number of ridges and knobs (per unit area), ridge or knob height, ridge or knob span, and area covered by ridges and knobs, were measured from scaled drawings of museum specimens of 54 waterfowl species (33 genera), 27 of which were ranked by frequency of FEPC (1 = monogamous, 2 = rare FEPC, 3 = frequent FEPC, and 4 = polygynous or promiscuous). Testes sizes were also investigated in relation to FEPCs, where testes mass (adjusted for body size) from 44 species (24 genera) were obtained (29 species with mating strategies). The size of the testes, the length of the intromittent organ, the height of the intromittent organ ridges and knobs, and the area covered by ridges and knobs increased significantly with the frequency of FEPC, and those relationships exist after correcting for common ancestry constraints. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that waterfowl intromittent organs are involved in sperm competition. Further research into the actual mechanism by which the intromittent organ is involved would be worthwhile.


The article concentrates on the concept of reengineering of business processes, which incorporates a largeyield potential for reformation and modernization of various economic systems. It analyses peculiarities of the current stage development of reengineering, based on cognitive approach. It also covers the importance of creativity potential of the employees as a efficiency increase factor.


The present article is the third in a series of papers intended to identify and, where possible, to quantify the key sources of the heat inevitably released during the Genesis Flood. In contrast with the first two papers, which are concerned mainly with the thermal history of the oceans, it considers the thermal consequences of vapour canopy models of the pre-Flood earth and of the onset of the Flood. Such models were developed in the last decades of the twentieth century by creationist authors who proposed that the pre-Flood earth possessed an atmosphere characterised by a high-altitude water vapour canopy which would have collapsed at the onset of the Flood, thereby providing a proportion of the water involved in the Flood. Here we find that the vapour canopy idea arose from outside mainstream biblical scholarship, apparently with the long-age catastrophist Isaac Newton Vail, who in turn attributed it to philosopher Immanuel Kant. Other strands of thought seem likely to have contributed, but their origin is not entirely clear. Our appraisal of the biblical and scientific arguments used to support the development of the idea into computationally tractable models of the pre-Flood atmosphere has found that the biblical arguments are not compelling. Furthermore these models fail scientifically, mainly because they predict a pre-Flood environment which would have been too hot for life except where the canopy water content was far too small to contribute significantly to the floodwaters. ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2020 Answers in Genesis, Inc. All content is owned by Answers in Genesis ("AiG") unless otherwise indicated. AiG consents to unlimited copying and distribution of print copies of Answers Research Journal articles for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For website and other electronic distribution and publication, AiG consents to republication of article abstracts with direct links to the full papers on the ARJ website. All rights reserved. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis.


Guantao formation of Du Block 84 of Shu 1 Region is a special oil reservoir surrounded by top and margin water.In order to enhance the residual oil recovery of Guantao formation of Du Block 84 of Shu 1 Region,SAGD exploitation technology was adopted after elaborate analyses.The optimized design was studied on such parameters as SAGD well pattern,horizontal stage length,horizontal stage position in well and huff-puff parameters by numerical simulation by applying STARTS software with variable depth and uneven net grid based on reservoir characteristics and present exploitation status.Practice shows that all the parameters of the design are rational,and it is economical and feasible to enhance the super heavy oil recovery using pair horizontal SAGD wells.


THE RECENT OUTBREAKS of equine infectious anemia (E.I.A.), seen among thoroughbred and standardbred horses on racetracks in Canada and the United States, have once again focussed attention on this important disease of the horse. ABSTRACT Studies on the content of antibodies for equine influenza viruses in human sera.-


In an earlier project it was demonstrated that it may be permissible to relax the NACE MR-01-75 (2) hardness restriction of 22HRC maximum for regions of a pipeline girth weld that are not in direct contact with H2S-containing environments. The objective of this report is to provide quantitative data on which permissible relaxations in hardness limits for external local hard zones in pipelines designed for sour service can be made. This report presents additional data to supplement that obtained in a previous PRCI project conducted at TWI. Further pipe materials with differing pipe wall thickness have been welded, exposed to an internal H2S containing environment and examined for sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC).


In this study, weight loss during incubation, hatch weight and hatchability percentage of eggs stored from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 days of Egyptian baladi local breed were examined. The effects of storage time on weight loss during incubation, hatched chick weight and hatchability percentage were estimated. It was determined that either immediate setting of fresh egg or prolonged storage duration affect significantly on the hatchability percentage (p


We present a Chern-Simons matrix model describing the fractional quantum Hall effect on the two sphere. We demonstrate the equivalence of our proposal to particular restrictions of the Calogero-Sutherland model, reproduce the quantum states and filling fraction and show the compatibility of our result with the Haldane spherical wave functions.


Objective:To investigate the clinical observation on western therapy with the external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.Methods:130 cases suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum were divided into two groups,the experimental group and the control group.The therapy about fluid replacement,antiemetic and correction of acidosis were used in the control group and besided these treatments,the therapy about acupoint were used in the experimental group.Results:The effective rates of the control group was added up to 80.00%,while these of the experimental group 93.85%.The curative effect was obvious higher(P0.05).Conclusion:The therapy about acupoint is well worth clinical popularizing and application because of good outcome,fast action and no side effects.


Magnetic and transport properties of single crystals of ${\mathrm{TbNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C have been investigated by ac susceptibility, dc magnetization, specific heat, and resistance measurements. The compound shows highly anisotropic magnetic properties which come about as a result of the Tb magnetic moments lying predominantly in the ab plane. The ac susceptibility and low-field dc magnetization measurements indicate the presence of two magnetic transitions; one due to the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of the Tb moments around 15 K, and another at 5 K, which we believe is due to a spin reorientation of the Tb moments. The resistivity (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{ab}}$) measurements show a sharp decrease in the resistance at 15 K but contain no observable features corresponding to the lower-temperature transition. The compound does not show superconductivity above 300 mK. Specific heat at low temperatures shows a large \ensuremath{\lambda}-type anomaly at 13.8 K in addition to the anomalies associated with the AFM ordering of the Tb moments at 15 K (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{AF}}$) and the spin reorientation at 5 K. Magnetization (M) and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{ab}}$(T) measurements indicate a decrease in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{AF}}$ as a function of applied field (H) for H\ensuremath{\parallel}ab, whereas for H\ensuremath{\parallel}c, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{AF}}$ is independent of field. The M-H isotherms at 2 K show that for H\ensuremath{\parallel}ab the compound goes through a series of temperature-dependent metamagnetic states before finally saturating into a ferromagnetic state for H\ensuremath{\gtrsim}21 kOe. For H\ensuremath{\parallel}c the compound shows a linear M-H behavior expected for a normal AFM compound. The ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{ab}}$(H) measurements show anomalies due to the metamagnetic transitions and a large negative magnetoresistance above 21 kOe for H\ensuremath{\parallel}ab. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.


Some of the most interesting questions in science are those that appear to have answers so obvious that no one thinks to ask them. Few people, for example, would doubt at this moment in time that we know the cause of the immunosuppression in AIDS. But do we? How do we know that we do? While many people will consider such methodological questions pointless (after all, virtual unanimity exists that HIV is the cause), it is nonetheless true that data can be interpreted only in light of theory, and that the same data may take on different meanings according to different theories. For example, consider data showing that a beach ball falls more slowly than a lead ball in earth's atmosphere at sea level. Aristotle would have considered this observation to be evidence supporting the theory that heavy objects fall faster than light ones. Galileo would have denied that Aristotle was right and declared the experiment irrelevant to an understanding of falling bodies because it was not performed in a vacuum. And a modern aeronautical engineer trained within the Galilean tradition would nonetheless find the experiment very informative—not about the law of falling bodies, but about aerodynamics. Thus, data become facts only within certain theoretical frameworks that predetermine what is to be observed and how it is to be interpreted. In the case of AIDS, we must therefore understand that when we say that HIV


The Andean civilization emerged in South America during the Formative Period (3000–50 BCE) and developed through renovation activities of ceremonial architecture. A collaborative team of Japanese and Peruvian archaeologists has been excavating an archaeological site with ceremonial archi tectures at Pacopampa since 2005. Pacopampa is one of the largest Formative Period sites in the North ern Highlands of Peru. This paper reviewed the previous studies of Pacopampa and reconstructed situa tions of health and death during an initial stage of the Andean civilization from a bioarchaeological perspective. Findings from several previous studies were summarized as follows: (1) bioarchaeological evidence supported the emergence of social stratification in the Formative Period; (2) social stratification promoted the difference in the proportion of dental diseases and stress markers between burial types; and (3) violence-related trauma was first observed at Pacopampa, which was highly likely to be caused by ritual practices. These findings will contribute to an elucidation of the impacts of social stratification on the inhabitants' health.


We report here the results of PCA on four-, five- and six-dimensional torsional data sets, containing the intra-annular angles of the appropriate carbocycle (denoted 4-C, 5-C, 6-C, respectively). These conformation spaces may be reduced to one-, two- and three-dimensional subspaces (Cremer & Pople, 1975), to provide graphical representations that can be compared to the results of the PCA


This paper explores the effects of currency substitution behavior in Greece, Portugal and Spain in light of their upcoming participation in the European monetary Union. The cointegration methodology adopted leads to an error-correction model for each country which allows us to separate the short- and long-run effects of such behavior. Our findings reveal no significant currency substitution behavior in either country, at both the short- or long-run, suggesting that joining the union would offer them no real benefits since the presently needed monetary flexibility to combat inflation would be lost in such a union. This conclusion is not surprising given that these countries had not yet reached (by 1999) a level of economic convergence consistent with their advanced European patterns so as to an equal footing.


This article discusses about transformational leadership. The main focus is the subject of transformational leadership in basic educational institutions. This study is important because the leaders in educational institutions are strategic positions to develop and make better changes. The method that used in this study is library research and then the data is interpreted with descriptive analysis, data is reduced, presented and verified, then concluded. The results of this study indicate that the main subject of transforma-tional leadership in basic educational institutions are headmasters. Headmasters or principals as leaders are become subjects who must transform through giving guidance or teachings to those who are led. Transformational leadership patterns can support the realization of system changes in basic education institutions, even able to bring changes in the quality of educational institutions to become more advanced and able to compete. Besides the headmaster or principal, the subject of transformational leadership in other basic educational institutions is the deputy head, teachers, parents and the community. These three elements must be able to synergize with the main subject of transformational leadership in the educational institution to achieve the goal. Keywords: Leadership, Transformational, Basic Education


Perceptions of people with disability(PWDs) is pertinent to enable PWDs to integrate into the mainstream society. This study examines the perception of PWDs on acceptance of disability by PWDS themselves and by the public and its association with the demographic factors. The findings show besides inadequate infrastructure and support system, PWDs with lower qualification perceives a low acceptance of disability by the public. Given this, a well-structured inclusive special education together with an adequate infrastructure is essential to have a higher perception of acceptance of disability and for PWDS to participate in the economy. Keywords: people with disability; acceptance; perception; disability. eISSN 2398-4295 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.


Free fatty acid accumulation in macrophages alters cellular metabolism, leading to failed inflammation resolution that contributes to cardiometabolic pathologies such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Free fatty acids are either broken down by β-oxidation, stored in glycerolipids, or incorporated into sphingolipids (e.g., ceramides). Ceramide synthesis inhibits several pro-resolving macrophage functions, such as β-oxidation and efferocytosis, needed for inflammation resolution. The regulatory signals that control free fatty acid incorporation into lipids (e.g., lipid channeling) for proper macrophage function are not well understood. Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase with an independent transcriptional coregulatory activity that controls cellular lipid homeostasis. Using genetically engineered mice and bone marrow-derived macrophages, we investigated the contribution of lipin-1 on macrophage pro-resolving functions. Mice lacking myeloid-specific lipin-1 had defects in the clearance of apoptotic cells in a zymosan model of inflammation resolution, and these mice had increased atherosclerotic plaques and necrotic cores in a model of atherosclerosis and a delay excisional wound closure. Bone marrow-derived macrophages lacking lipin-1 showed a striking pattern of dysregulated lipid metabolism in which il-4 stimulation promoted ceramide synthesis over β-oxidation. Additionally, lipin-1 deficient macrophages had reduced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Our work provides evidence that lipin-1 promotes β-oxidation while inhibiting ceramide synthesis during free fatty acid accumulation in macrophages to allow for responses that promote inflammation resolution.
 Supported by grants from NIH (1 R01HL131844-04) and NIH (1P20GM134974-01A1)


This paper analyses the mechanical behavior of very high strength concrete, reinforced with fibers, after being exposed to thermal shock loads. Two types of concrete are analyzed, one without any fiber (control concrete) and another reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibers. These concretes have undergone a heating process up to 300°C and have cooled in different ways, from slow cooling inside the oven to rapid cooling in water. In this way, the influence of the application speed of cooling loads on their mechanical properties is analyzed. PALABRAS CLAVE: hormigones de muy alta resistencia, choque térmico, fibras, enfriamiento.


The article is devoted to the question concerning gas safety at coal seams underground working with long pillars along the seam strike with complete roof collapse, and it can be used for methane emission calculation of the extraction face. The work is done with financial support for the project RFFI 10-05-98009r_sibir_a.


Today, any structural problem can almost be analized by means of the finite element method. Furthermore, for a detailed structural analysis, economical electric computers with higher speed have been required, and this may be repeated endlessly. On the other hand, many researches have been done for more economical structural analysis. As one of these methods, the finite element method derived from a rigid-body model has been proposed. However, even this method contains problems on the capacity of computers and the calculation charges.It is shown in this paper that the large displacement and elasto-plastic problems of plane frames for which a large computer has been utilized can easily be analized by means of the transfer matrix method derived from a rigid-body model. A few numerical examples are also presented.


The study focuses on the following question; what are the factors which could act as inhibitors/enablers to the design and effective application of a revised Competency Framework for Management Administration Grades in the Health Service Executive (HSE) in Ireland.
There are 4 hypotheses,
H1: The Competency Framework has not been applied as intended across the Administration structure of the HSE.
H2: The Competency Framework is prevented from being applied by a set of factors
H3: These factors have not been exhaustively identified
H4: The identification of these factors could support wider acceptance and usage of competencies across the HSE.

The research is set in the HSE and consists of in depth interviews on their strategic and people management position, as described by a group of their past and present senior managers. The HSE is preparing to undertake a Transformation Programme, it needs to identify the critical success factors to enable the successful application of revised competency frameworks, to support this initiative.


In this paper are shown the results of the mineralogical-petrographic and chemical study of granitoide
rocks from the Kalen locality. The mineralogical-petrographic characteristics of samples that were taken, has
been determined by use of the polarized light microscope Leitz Vetzlar, Germany. The mineralogical composition
was determined by the X-ray diffraction method of the dust samples (XRD) and using scanning electron microscope.
Based on the geological investigations performed on the field and laboratory study of the particular samples taken
from the granitoid rocks from Kalen locality, were determined the following types of rocks: coarse grained granodiorite
and porhpyroidal granodiorite.

Key words: granodiorite; Kalen; mineralogical-petrographic composition; chemical composition; X-ray diffraction;
scanning; electron microscope


Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750–1860. Julia Floyd Smith. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia. Clarence L. Mohr. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1986.


A case of a desmoid tumor originally appeared as an orbital mass lesion in a 63-year-old woman. This is a most unusual location for this tumor and, to our knowledge, only one previous case of this type has been reported in the ophthalmic literature.


A electrical small antenna using a novel finger-connected interdigital capacitor (FC-IDC), based on composite right/left handed (CRLH) unit cell, is proposed in this paper. The proposed CRLH antenna consists of a thin rectangle substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity with the etched interdigital slot on the top metal surface and two etched slot rings on the bottom metal surface, which is fed by a grounded co-planar waveguide (GCPW). The interdigital slot acts as a series capacitor as well as a radiator leading to a CRLH antenna application. Compared to other conventional CRLH antenna, the proposed one has a lower -1st-order resonant mode. thus, the present design has a smaller electrical size. The results show that the antenna using a novel CRLH-TL unit cell based on FC-IDC achieves 30.5% reductions in operating frequencies compared with the conventional CRLH antennas with the same size. In addition, the novel designed antenna can be easily fabricated by printed circuit board technology, which is of important significance in the miniaturization of communication system.


Cocoamide dimethyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine(CASB) with the advantages of strong water-soluble,anti-hard water,foaming ability,mild and easily biodegradable can be used in foam fuel scavenge and daily chemical products and other industries with high development value and broad application prospects.The optimum conditions of synthesizing CASB and its foam property were investigated.The results showed that when n(cocoamide diaminopropane)∶ n(3-chloro-2 – hydroxypropyl sulfonate sodium) = 1∶1.3,reaction time was 5 h and reaction temperature was 100 ℃,the tertiaryamine conversion rate could be 98.49%.The foam height changed little and the maximum height reached 19 cm when W(CASB) ≥ 0.3%.CASB was both acid-resistant and alkali-resistant.Within the scope of the study the foam height was always greater than 17 cm,and it was the highest when the pH value was 12.


Abstract: Reviews the book, "Eye movements: A window on mind and brain" edited by Roger P. G. van Gompel, Martin H. Fischer, Wayne S. Murray, and Robin L. Hill (see record 2007-07810-000). Although the reviewers believe that this book is a bit outdated (by about four years, with some sections receiving insufficient coverage), their overall impression was favorable. The book illustrates the progress that the study of complex cognitive processes via the measurement and analysis of eye movement has made over the last three decades. The content is wide in scope and touches on many important areas. Covering history, theory, and new findings, this collection is an excellent source for the dissemination of knowledge related to many aspects of eye-movement research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Brain; *Cognitive Processes; *Eye Movements; Experimentation Classification: Human Experimental Psychology (2300) Format Availablability: Electronic


Back ground: Nipple trauma associated with breast feeding is common during lactation, with an incidence ranging from 34% to 96% and remains the major reason for failing to establish breastfeeding. Aim of the study: was to determine the effect of peppermint water in the prevention of nipple trauma during breastfeeding. Subjects and methods: Research design: A Quasi-experimental design. Setting: study was carried out at postnatal department of Zagazig University Hospitals .Subject: One hundred primiparous breastfeeding women were assigned randomly to two groups. Each group (50 women) applied only one of the above preparations on both breasts for 14 days. The rate of nipple trauma and areola crack and pain was evaluated together with the change in women knowledge and practice. Tools of data collection: A structured interview sheet, Evaluation check list to assess women's practices related to breastfeeding, Visual Analogue Scale, The Nipple Trauma Score and nipple soreness scale. Results: Vast majority of the subjects in peppermint water group and group of expressed breast milk had wrong or incomplete knowledge about breast feeding on the first day. More than two thirds of women in peppermint water group and group of expressed breast milk felt no pain in their breasts or nipple at the 7th day. However by the 14th day, women in group 1 (peppermint water) had significantly experience mild and moderate pain and less severe pain compared to group of expressed breast milk .Conclusion: peppermint water is effective in the prevention of nipple trauma and less nipple pain compared to the application of express breast milk. Recommendations: Further studies are recommended to gain more insight into the effectiveness of peppermint water.