If we are to understand the cognitive basis and evolutionary origins of a particular behaviour, it is necessary to identify its underlying mechanism. Ninespine sticklebacks ( Pungitius pungitius) can identify the richer of two prey patches by observing other foragers' success. This may be due to social learning, or an unlearned social effect on travel direction, brought about by the fish being more likely to face and subsequently travel towards areas where they have observed more feeding activity. Here we show that observer orientation does not predict patch choice, and that fish are still more likely to spend more time in richer patches even if they have to take an indirect route to reach them. This suggests that sticklebacks can learn the location of the richer patch through observation, and viewed in conjunction with other published findings, suggests that learned local enhancement lies behind public information use in this species.


Abstract:John Henry Newman had a fascination with the angels, as evidenced by three of his published poems, a passage devoted to angels in his Apologia pro Vita Sua, as well as sermons on the angels. Surprisingly, Newman's interest in angels has not attracted much scholarly attention. After examining some of Newman's writings that touch upon angels, this essay suggests that Newman's Romantic and Evangelical background prepared him for his reading of the Fathers in 1828, which in turn influenced his consideration of the significance of angels in the spiritual life.


After our country entered WTO,the ideological and political work of college students will be confronted with new situations and new problems.Whether itwill be successful or not depents on whether we can facre and fit in with changes of its working conditions in time,in such new conditions,as most common and effective way,"inspiring"becomes especially important.And the theories of inspiring should be improved and adjusted accordingly


Killing of Escherichia coli by hydrogen peroxide proceeds by two modes. Mode one killing appears to be due to DNA damage, has a maximum near 1 to 3 mM H202, and requires active metabolism during exposure, Mode two killing is due to uncharacterized damage, occurs in the absence of metabolism, and exhibits a classical multiple-order dose-response curve up to at least 50 mM H202 (J. A. Imlay and S. Linn, J. Bacteriol. 166:519-527, 1986). H202 induces the SOS response in proportion to the degree of killing by the mode one pathway, i.e., induction is maximal after exposure to 1 to 3 mM H202. Mutant strains that cannot induce the SOS regulon are hypersensitive to peroxide. Analysis of the sensitivities of mutants that are deficient in individual SOS-regulated functions suggested that the SOS-mediated protection is due to the enhanced synthesis of recA protein, which is rate limiting for recombinational DNA repair. Specifically, strains wholly blocked in both SOS induction and DNA recombination were no more sensitive than mutants that are blocked in only one of these two functions, and strains carrying mutations in uvrA, -B, -C, or -D, sfiA, umuC or -D, ssb, or dnA, -B, -D, -F, -G, -H, -1, or -J were not abnormally sensitive to killing by 1202. After exposure to H202, mutagenesis and filamentation also occurred with the dose response characteristic of SOS induction and mode one kiling, but these responses were not dependent on the lexA-regulated umuC mutagenesis or sfiA filamentation functions, respectively.


Myths of origin comprise an element of what Anthony D. Smith has termed the "sacred foundations" of a nation; that is, the deep cultural resources of myths, symbols, memories, and rituals that render the nation as a sacred communion. Smith advocates an ethno-symbolic approach to the study of nations and nationalism that focuses on the role that myths and symbols play in the formation and maintenance of national identity. Nationalists, Smith argues, galvanize populations by taking up ethnic traditions and symbols and reappropriating them to craft a convincing narrative of national identity. At the core of the project is a quest for authenticity, which drives nationalists to sift through available cultural, religious, and historical resources in order to discern a true vision of the nation. A return to the past thereby provides access to the "true nation" in its pristine form (pure, natural, uncorrupted, and unique). The true nation in turn constitutes an ideal that can be called upon to renew and regenerate the nation.A "cult of authenticity" thus lies at the heart of nationalism, which may be conceived as a "political religion," a new religion of the people in which the nation itself becomes the object of devotion. The sacred foundations of a nation function as guides and guarantors for this political religion, which calls on "members strive to ensure that their nation continues to be 'authentic' or 'true to itself.'"1 In times of flux and challenge, the foundations offer resources "to interpret and guide much-needed changes to the received traditions of national identity and its values."2Origin myths constitute a charter for national identity by articulating national values, connecting the nation to its ancestors, and forging an attachment to a historic homeland. Narrating the origin myth facilitates "processes of reinterpretation and sifting older beliefs, myths, memories, traditions, and symbols, in accordance with changing circumstance and understandings of the past."3 Every iteration of a national origin myth, in sum, is both an authentication and a renegotiation of national identity in light of contemporary experiences, challenges, and selfunderstandings.4With Smith's work in mind, we may appreciate the problem encountered by those nations that render their origin myth as a narrative of conquest. Such nations must address why they, and not the indigenous peoples of their country, possess an organic attachment to the homeland. Conquest creates a tension at the core of identity, generating a feedback loop that looks to narrative to legitimate the bond between the people and the land and to reconcile violent beginnings with national values.5 The nation may resolve the tension positively by an appeal to transcendence (e.g. divine election or national destiny) or negatively by rendering the indigenous peoples as unworthy of or detrimental to the land.6 Conquest narratives, in short, must negotiate an ambivalent national identity that, on the one hand, differentiates the nation from the indigenous peoples it displaced, and on the other constructs an organic bond to a land it seized by force.Biblical Israel and the United States both cast their national narratives as narratives of conquest, rendered as the conquests of Canaan and the American West respectively. The American narrative echoes motifs that configure the biblical one, e.g, a sense of election, the erasure and removal of the indigenous peoples, conquest as a sign of divine presence, and a justification of mass violence by appeal to God's will. Puritan theology, which identified the community with Israel and the continent as the Promised Land, comprised the trove of symbols and traditions that were drawn upon and reconfigured to shape the new political religion of the nascent United States. The biblical narrative, in short, provided the mythic framework for a national narrative that articulated America's self-understanding as "God's New Israel. …


OBJECTIVE To determine four phenolic acids (procatechualdehyde,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B) in rat plasma after oral administration of salvianolic acids and Panax notoginseng saponins (5:1),and to evaluate its pharmacokinetics.METHODS A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of four phenolic acids.Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) at 30 ℃,with a linear gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.026% aqueous phosphoricacid (v/v),at the flow rate of 1 mL·min-1.The eluent was detected at 280 nm for the four phenolic acids and internal standard.The plasma sample was extracted with ethyl acetate twice after acidification by 10% hydrochloric acid.The pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained.RESULTS The within-and between-day variation for the four phenolic acids in plasma were below 15% and the extraction recovery was above 70%.The pharmacokinetic parameters for the four phenolic acids were as followes:tmax,ρmax and AUC0-∞ were 10.0 min,6.466 mg·L-1 and 82.1 mg·min·L-1 for procatechualdehyde;11.7 min,10.50 mg·L-1 and 564.8 mg·min·L-1 for rosmarinic acid,respectively;20.8 min,5.950 mg·L-1 and 1 123 mg·min·L-1 for lithospermic acid respectively;8.3 min,48.12 mg·L-1 and 4 026 mg·min·L-1 for salvianolic acid B.CONCLUSION The method is simple,rapid and sensitive for the determination of four compounds in rat plasma and the study of pharmacokinetics.


STEVEN A. WRIGHTON,† ERIN G. SCHUETZ, KENNETH E. THUMMEL, DANNY D. SHEN, KENNETH R. KORZEKWA, and PAUL B. WATKINS Department of Drug Disposition Lilly Research Laboratories Lilly Corporate Center Mail Drop 0730 Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee 38105 Department of Pharmaceutics Box 357610 University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Camitro Corporation 4040 Campbell Avenue Menlo Park, California 94025 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599


Image enhancement is an initial and basic preprocessing step in image processing. The success of this primary module determines the accuracy rate of higher level of image processing task. This module is application specific in nature. So determining a suitable image enhancement for real time images is a challenging one. Common distortions that are found in the real time images are contrast variation, blur, salt and pepper noise and so on. It is a challenging task to enhance the low level of blur distortion in an image. Hence in this paper the existing image smoothing methods (mean filter, Gaussian filter, anisotropic diffusion, median filter, adaptive median filter, conservative smoothing, and alpha trim mean filter) suitable to enhance low level distortion in images are evaluated in detail. Images of low distortions along with its ground truth image were taken from the CSIQ dataset. Performance of the existing image smoothing methods was measured using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). Results showed that PSNR and SSIM were higher for conservative smoothing method followed by the adaptive median filtering method. Hence, this study concludes that conservative smoothing technique and adaptive median smoothing among neighborhood processing techniques could be deployed as a suitable image enhancement algorithm for blur effect removal.


Abstract Background Cefepime is a cephalosporin active against most Gram positive and negative bacteria and is used in the management of bone and joint infections (BJIs). Intravenous (IV) perfusion is the standard route of administration. The Subcutanoeous (SC) route may present an interesting alternative in case of outpatient care or when IV perfusion is not possible. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the SC route of administation for cefepime provides effective serum concentrations in the treatment of BJIs without route-specific side effects. Methods Descriptive analysis of a bi-center retrospective observational study from January 2011 to February 2017 in patients with an BJI treated with cefepime SC and who had a cefepime plasma level dosage. Cefepim Cmax and Cmin were considered optimal if they were superior to five MIC. Results Eleven patients were included with 21 dosages of cefepime SC, 12 Cmax and nine Cmin. The mean age of the patients was 58 ± 17 years and the mean body mass index was 26.6 ± 5.6. Cefepime was used for the management of infections with at least one Gram-negative bacillus (GNB) (64% of infections were plurimicrobial). Combination with at least one other antibiotic was found in 68% of cases. The median Cmax and Cmin levels were 57 mg/L (39.5–124) and 14 mg/L (0–42), respectively. Cmax was above five MIC for all patient and Cmin was above this threshold in eight (80%) patients but still well above the MIC of GNB. No local complications related to the SC administration of cefepime has been described. Conclusion Plasma concentration during SC administration of cefepime seems to reach similar value to the IV route founded in the literature for BJI management. SC administration appears to be a well-tolerated alternative in the management of BJI. Further prospective clinical efficacy studies are needed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


The main aim of this scientific research is to assess the contribution of surface layers of hardened steel by determining the experimental measurement of cutting forces in the turning technology with the coated carbide cutting insert. This experimental study is a continuation of the solutions of grant VEGA no. 1/9428/02 titled "The technological heredity of the machined surfaces - surface integrity". The aim of the present article is to focus scientific research on the impact of the various components of cutting forces in turning of 1.4301 steel at the outer longitudinal turning with wiper cutting coated cemented carbide insert. This scientific paper, together with published results is a basis that will enable optimizing the quality of turning process of steel materials used for special applications or automotive parts with their dominant functional areas.


Virtual experiments for gas chromatography, HPLC, electrochemistry and XRD adopting the object-oriented approach and C + + language is described. This system can be used as a CAI software in experiment teaching. The software system design, structure, characteristic are also introduced.


Ideally, w e should have the entire brain for study, since m a n y of the central connections (especially the connec tions to association areas and between sensory systems) still are incompletely understood. If w e cannot obtain the en tire brain for study, w e should at least be able to sample the brain stem, cerebel lum, and tempora l , parietal , and frontal cortices through an external incision for removal of the temporal bones. T h e brain samples can be obtained through a bone flap similar to the one used for a middle fossa craniotomy.


Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems are degraded in terms of efficiency by increment in their temperature. To keep away from efficiency degradation regarding the temperature increase, various thermal management techniques have been introduced to keep the temperature low. Besides improvement in electrical efficiency, the overall efficiency can be enhanced by using the extracted thermal energy from the cell. The extracted heat in these systems, known as PV/Thermal (PV/T), can be applied for some purposes including water or air heating. This article reviews the works on the PV/T systems exergy analysis and discusses their findings. Based on the findings of the reviewed works, different factors such as the system configuration, used components and elements, and working conditions affect the exergy efficiency of these systems. As an example, use of coolants with improved thermal features, i.e., nanofluids, can cause improvement in the exergy efficiency. In addition to the nanofluid, making use of the thermal energy storage unit can further enhance the exergy efficiency. Furthermore, it has been observed that the materials of nanostructures can be another element that influences the enhancement of exergy efficiency. Moreover, the usage of some components such as glazing can lead to avoidance of thermal energy loss that would be beneficial from an exergy point of view. Finally, according to the reviewed works and knowledge of the authors, some suggestions are represented for future works in this field.


In petroleum exploration and production industry, tracer is a compound added to injected fluids, and can be easily detected even in a trace amount. Fluorescein sodium, a chemical tracer that can illuminate upon receiving a specific wavelength of light, was mentioned by several literatures due to its strong fluorescence at low concentration, non-toxicity, and non-biodegradability. In this study, fluorescein sodium in the form of fluorescein solution was evaluated with shaly-sandstone to observe their interactions.

The first half of this study focused on the evaluation of the chemical characteristics of fluorescein. First, the detection limit of fluorescein solution in deionized water characterized by fluorescence spectrophotometer was at 500 ppt. Fluorescein concentration at 10 ppm was a critical concentration to reverse the relationship between fluorescence intensity and fluorescein concentration. Fluorescence emission wavelength at maximum fluorescence intensity was a function of fluorescein concentration and stopped to decline as emission wavelength reached the wavelength of 512 nm at the concentration of 1 ppm. Appropriate storage for fluorescein solution was recommended to be inside an amber-colored glass bottle to prevent photodegradation at neutral to basic pH values. Fluorescein solution could be used in a petroleum reservoir with a temperature range of 30-70 degrees Celsius for 12 days without substantial thermal degradation.

The second half of this study focused on the interactions between fluorescein solution and shaly-sandstone. In the�static investigation of fluorescein solution, it was found that the effects of shaly-sandstone on fluorescence dominated the presence of hydrocarbon and/or drilling fluids. Nevertheless, the effects of shaly-sandstone diminished as fluorescein concentration increased and this effect disappeared at the concentration of 100 ppm. As the concentration increased above 100 ppm, fluorescein adsorption onto shaly-sandstone occurred. In the dynamic investigation, the fluorescein breakthrough time of 1-ppb fluorescein solution was similar to the ideal breakthrough time for any liquid flowing through the movable pore volume of shaly-sandstone core sample. At higher concentrations of 100 ppb and 1 ppm, the breakthrough times were delayed possibly due to diffusion of fluorescein molecules into irreducible water portions of the core sample and fluorescein adsorption onto shaly-sandstone. Lastly, positively charged ions were found that they could amplify fluorescence intensity of fluorescein solution. Hence, at very low fluorescein concentrations in the presence of shaly-sandstone, such as at the concentration of 500 ppt, fluorescence detection would be possible. Therefore, appropriate fluorescein concentrations used in the pilot project could be in a range of 500 ppt to 1 ppb depending on the type of injected water.


Some aspects of choice of switching scheme for optical signals' square switching system's construction of big capacity are considered in the work. Variant based on scalar criteria of choice is offered and multicriteria optimization which allowed to receive results which can be applied at designing of optical signals' switching systems is made.


On a vehicle with 1.4Lnaturally aspirated and ChinaⅤgasoline engine,the application of three-way catalyst diagnostic method based on the rear oxygen sensor signal was researched.The experimental results show that the oscillation frequency and amplitude of rear oxygen sensor signal increase with the decrease of oxygen storage capacity of catalyst.The average and standard deviation of oxygen storage capacity loss increase with the decrease of the cutoff frequency of high-pass filtering and the optimal cutoff frequency is 0.2.The catalyst diagnostic method can finally detect the failure of three-way catalyst by optimizing all diagnostic parameters.


Background: The mechanical properties of novel flax fibre reinforced corrugated composite structures subjected to quasi-static and dynamic compression loading are investigated in this paper. Polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) have been used as thermoplastic matrices to enhance the recyclability of the composite material. Methods: The corrugations were manufactured using matched-die compression moulding and then used as cores in sandwich panels having facings of the same material. The effect of increasing the number of corrugations on the compressive properties of the sandwich panels was investigated by subjecting them to compression loading. Results: The results indicated a monotonic increase in the absorbed energy as the number of corrugations increased from two to five. All of the panels based on flax/PP composites showed a greater energy- absorbing capability compared to those made from flax/PLA. Conclusion: The cores exhibited progressive cell-wall buckling and cell wall folding, characteristic of a typical energy-absorbing structure. The predominant mode of failure was buckling, and then cell wall fracture for the flax/PP corrugations in contrast to interlaminar delamination, and fibre buckling for the flax/PLA cores. Failure maps indicate that the cell walls buckle at low relative densities (up to 0.01) with cell wall fracture occurring at higher relative densities. At the balanced relative density, where both buckling and fracture of the cell walls occur simultaneously, the corresponding stresses are 0.8 MPa for the flax/PLA composite and 0.6 MPa for flax/PP composite. The associated relative density is about 0.01 for both cases.


The coupling properties of spiral fibre gratings are presented. It is shown that LP/sub 01/ modes in spiral fibre gratings couple to both LP/sub 11/ even and odd modes.


Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a reliable analytical technique to study both organic and inorganic materials. FTIR spectroscopy has been widely applied in investigation of art and archaeological objects. The specificity and complexity of such analysis require the availability of comprehensive database containing standards of cultural heritage materials. In this paper, the development of FTIR spectra database of art and archaeological materials is presented. The database provides absorption FTIR spectra, total attenuated reflectance (ATR) spectra, as well as information on a number of pigments and dyes, adhesives, oils, resins, gums and other binders, bulk components, fillers and etc. The composition of several ancient art and archaeological materials was determined by means of our spectral database.


I've been catching up on recent issues of HWJ, and feel obliged to reveal some iconoclastic further information on the subject of Jill Liddington's thoughtful 'Anne Lister of Shibden Hall, Halifax (1791-1840): Her Diaries and the Historians' in HWJ 35, spring 1993, pp. 45-77. Jill Liddington's remarks about the lack of openness shown by successive students of these papers about their debts to their predecessors are even truer than she thinks. Am I really now the only person who knows that Vivien Ingham was working for a London University Ph.D. on Anne Lister and had completed several draft chapters when she died in January 1969? And that these and all her other Lister papers were sent to her 'Halifax friend', Phyllis Ramsden? And that the 'Phyllis Ramsden Papers' in the Calderdale Archives might quite likely as accurately be called the 'Vivien Ingham Papers'? Yesterday I retrieved Ingham's postgraduate file. Here are some facts. Vivien Mary Ingham graduated from Westfield College, University of London, with an Honours degree in History in 1932. In the autumn of 1967 she returned to Westfield to work with me for a London Ph.D. on Anne Lister, registering initially (as the regulations required) for the degree of M.Phil., and giving her subject as 'The Life of Anne Lister (1791-1840) of Shibden Hall, Halifax, with special reference to her business activities and continental travels, using chiefly her extensive papers now housed in the Archives Department of Halifax Corporation'. Her thesis appears in the Institute of Historical Research's List of Theses in Progress, 1968. (Anne Lister and the Lister papers were completely unknown at that time, and I had to answer some queries as to the claims of this woman to be the subject of a Ph.D.) When she registered Ingham was already writing up Lister's travels and mountaineering activities, and in 1968 she finished several draft chapters on these and also published a short article, 'Anne Lister's Ascent of Vignemale', in The Alpine Journal, lxxiii, no. 317 (Nov. 1968), pp. 199-206, and plate no. 46. This piece, apparently unknown to Lister historiographers, is more typical of Ingham's worldly-wise mind and sharp style than her longer paper on the same subject read (no doubt by Ramsden) to the Halifax Antiquarian Society three months after her death which Liddington finds 'impressive', and which Ingham told me had 'inter alia the object of cheering up the Chief Librarian at Halifax, who is under continual pressure from the town council to show that the expensive and much be-grudged Archives Dept. can be justified to the rate-payers.' Other proposed sections of her thesis on provincial culture in the north-east, Lister's vocabulary and


The energy transfer statistics measured in numerically simulated flows are found to be nearly self-similar for wavenumbers in the inertial range. Using the measured self-similar form, an 'ideal' energy transfer function and the corresponding energy flux rate were deduced. From this flux rate, the Kolmogorov constant was calculated to be 1.5, in excellent agreement with experiments.


Wayang Sukuraga has initially been performed to the public since 1997. Generally, the story of Wayang Sukuraga is different from the common Wayang whose stories are inspired from Ramayana and Mahabrata. The names of the characters of Wayang Sukuraga are taken from part of bodies, such as, mouth, eye, ear, nose, hand, foot. The stories focus on telling internal conflict of human from their bodies. The research is aimed to reveal the meaning and symbol on Wayang Sukuraga. This is a qualitative study applying Levi-Strauss theory in analyzing the concept of structure and transformation. The result of the study shows that Wayang Sukuraga wants to share the understanding on how the human part of bodies fight and handle their desires. One of the creators, Effendy, has multi interpretation toward the characters in Wayang Sukuraga. The interpretations are an argumentation based on the phenomena in the daily life. The interpretation is easily understood by the human who have bodies. Keywords: Sukuraga, Wayang Sukuraga, Contemporary, Effendy


ABSTRACT In this article, we develop a Bayesian variable selection method that concerns selection of covariates in the Poisson change-point regression model with both discrete and continuous candidate covariates. Ranging from a null model with no selected covariates to a full model including all covariates, the Bayesian variable selection method searches the entire model space, estimates posterior inclusion probabilities of covariates, and obtains model averaged estimates on coefficients to covariates, while simultaneously estimating a time-varying baseline rate due to change-points. For posterior computation, the Metropolis-Hastings within partially collapsed Gibbs sampler is developed to efficiently fit the Poisson change-point regression model with variable selection. We illustrate the proposed method using simulated and real datasets.


An integral-equation and variational formulation for the radiation of swfaee waves from a submerged cylindrical duct is developed. This formulation, which complements that of Simon (1981a) for the corresponding scattering problem, provides variational representations of the radiation impedance of the duct and (through the Green-function identities established by Simon) of the pressure-amplification factor in the scattering problem. An exact solution of the integral equation is obtained for the limiting case of a narrow duct.


Opuntia scrublands are important socio-ecological systems (SESs) in the Andean area. Opuntia provides a variety of products employed in the human diet and in animal feed, as well as cochineal insects, a highly valued source of dyes. Land clearance on the scrublands promotes changes in the use of the land and the development of new economic activities. In this article, we describe the development a numerical model, built as a five submodel interactive set under Stella® v9.1.4, to understand the dynamics of this SES in the Andean area of Ayacucho-Peru in terms of its vegetation, scrubland habilitation, cochineal collection, puntia ochineal and clearance ocial capital yacucho cological-economics fruit harvest and livestock keeping. Ecological components (cochineal insects and vegetation) are modeled considering system's carrying capacities; social components (fruit, livestock and land) incorporate economic (investments, costs and benefits) and social (participation, association) parameters and processes. The model highlights the role of social capital on land clearance and the effect of the latter on the livelihoods of local farmers. tella Research


A new 12-bit 3Msps ADC brings new levels of performance and ease of use to high speed ADC applications. By raising the speed of the successive approximation (SAR) method to 3Msps, it eliminates the many drawbacks of pipelined and subranging ADCs in that speed range. It is the first clean, simple to use alternative to pipelined ADCs for applications up to 3Msps. The LTC1412 is an ultrafast SAR ADC that offers an ideal combination of performance, size and cost. Some of its features include:


The process combining dolomite addition to pulverized coal mild gasification with subsequent separation of spent sulfur acceptor and combustion of product gas and char has been investigated as a method of in situ desulfurization. The desulfurization is performed during the mild gasification of pulverized coal in a circulating fluidized bed reactor in its upper zone. The sulfur contained in coal passes to the gas phase, from which it is removed with high efficiency by circulating calcium acceptor of sulfur. The atmosphere in the bottom zone of the reactor is rich in oxygen and air treated spent calcium acceptor of sulfur is converted to a safely disposable form of CASO{sub 4}. During the process the tar decomposes, so that the product gas is free from it and after final cleanup and pressurization it can be directed to a gas turbine to enhance electricity generation efficiency. The experiments have been carried out in the Laboratory Unit (LU) and Process Development Unit (PDU) with capacity 150--250 kg/h. The relation between efficiency of desulfurization, temperature and Ca/S stoichiometric ratio has been investigated. Thermal and hydrodynamic process parameters suitable for stable operation of circulating fluidized bed reactor (CFBR) were defined in a long period runsmore » of PDU. The long term project objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of pulverized coal in situ desulfurization and to evaluate the economical, environmental and operational benefits of the process as an acceptable alternative to flue gas desulfurization methods.« less


Abstract Individuals with disordered eating behaviors exhibit significantly impaired quality of life (QoL). Maladaptive perfectionism is consistently associated with both eating disorders (EDs) and QoL, but its role in the relationship between eating pathology and QoL has remained largely unexplored. The current study investigated whether maladaptive perfectionism mediates the ED-QoL relationship. A total of 286 university students completed an online survey that consisted of self-report questionnaires assessing ED symptomology, QoL, maladaptive perfectionism, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Maladaptive perfectionism mediated the relationship between ED symptomology and QoL, but this effect did not persist when body mass index, depression, and anxiety were controlled for. The results suggest the mediatory effect of maladaptive perfectionism is masked by depression and anxiety symptomology. Recommendations for further research are proposed to clarify the role of maladaptive perfectionism in the ED-QoL relationship and to explore the mediatory role of depression and anxiety in this relationship.


1. A method for processing the polymer containing hydrolyzable functional group comprising: (i) providing a polymer containing a hydrolyzable functional group; and (ii) adding a stabilizer to the polymer, wherein the stabilizer is defined by the formula χ is a hydrolyzable group which is formed by the hydrolysis of the acid residue moiety, a R, r and each independently represents a halogen atom, a hydrocarbyl group or a group gidrokarboksilatnuyu gidrokarbiloksigruppu.2. The method of claim 1, where χ represents a halogen atom or gidrokarboksilatnuyu gruppu.3. A method according to claim 2, wherein said step of introducing the stabilizer comprises adding from about 0.8 to about 1.2 equivalents of a halogen atom or gidrokarboksilatnoy group per mole of the polymer comprising hydrolyzable functional gruppu.4. A method according to claim 2, wherein said step of introducing the stabilizer comprises adding from about 0.9 to about 1.1 equivalents of a halogen atom or gidrokarboksilatnoy group per mole of the polymer comprising hydrolyzable functional gruppu.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of a silyl halide, silyl ester, silyl halide and the complex efirov.6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is defined by the formula π is a polymer chain, each independently is a monovalent organic group, each independently is a monovalent organic group, and y - an integer of from 1 to 3.7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the polymer is characterized by containing cis units from about 10% to about 60% .8. A method according to claim 6, wherein the polymer is characterized by containing cis units greater than 60% .9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer essentially is not "live" for


Systems theory has almost a century of existence. The rapidly expanding research development in areas like hybrid and cyber physical systems has raised new concepts and techniques that have not been integrated in systems theory. Examples include concepts like simulation/bisimulation, hierarchical evolution and control, and so on. In their nature, these concepts are highly interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary making difficult their study in a uniform way. In this paper, we propose a new doctrine for systems theory for capturing the essential properties of systems with complex dynamics like hybrid or stochastic behaviours. Our departing point is the basic idea from specification languages like VDM and Z, and modelling languages like UML and Modelica. The fundamental concept is that of symbolic dynamics where the state space can carry not only algebraic but also an analytic structure.


One of the major issues confronting management of parks and reserves is the invasion of non‐native plant species. Yosemite National Park is one of the largest and best‐known parks in the United States, harbouring significant cultural and ecological resources. Effective management of non‐natives would be greatly assisted by information on their potential distribution that can be generated by predictive modelling techniques. Our goal was to identify key environmental factors that were correlated with the percent cover of non‐native species and then develop a predictive model using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Production technique. We performed a series of analyses using community‐level data on species composition in 236 plots located throughout the park. A total of 41 non‐native species were recorded which occurred in 23.7% of the plots. Plots with non‐natives occurred most frequently at low‐ to mid‐elevations, in flat areas with other herbaceous species. Based on the community‐level results, we selected elevation, slope, and vegetation structure as inputs into the GARP model to predict the environmental niche of non‐native species. Verification of results was performed using plot data reserved from the model, which calculated the correct prediction of non‐native species occurrence as 76%. The majority of the western, lower‐elevation portion of the park was predicted to have relatively low levels of non‐native species occurrence, with highest concentrations predicted at the west and south entrances and in the Yosemite Valley. Distribution maps of predicted occurrences will be used by management to: efficiently target monitoring of non‐native species, prioritize control efforts according to the likelihood of non‐native occurrences, and inform decisions relating to the management of non‐native species in postfire environments. Our approach provides a valuable tool for assisting decision makers to better manage non‐native species, which can be readily adapted to target non‐native species in other locations.


The experiment was conducted to study the effect of shelter on semen quality of  Peranakan Ettawa (PE) Goats Eight PE goats were allocated into cross over design. Four PE goats were placed under no shelter (09.00-14.30) and another one was placed under shelter. The results of this research showed that semen volume, sperm motility, sperm concentration, and live sperm percentage of PE goat under shelter were higher (P<0.01) than those of PE goat under no shelter. On the other hand, sperm abnormality of PE goat under shelter was lower (P<0.01) than that of PE goat under no shelter. It was concluded that the use of shelter could improve semen quality. (Animal Production 9(2): 73-78 (2007) Key Words : Shelter, semen, goat


The article discusses the conception of "flexible learning" in the context of implementation in traditional educational process. The author highlights the experience of flexible learning organization in the learning process of the students of the educational programs "Applied Informatics" (bachelor level) and "Information Systems and Technology" (bachelor level) by using web resources for practical training. Flexible learning provides additional opportunities for students' independent work, provides individual control over solving of tasks, allows using personalization in the framework of traditional academic learning. Flexible learning improves the techniques of students' self-education and long-life education and advances the development of IT professionals' competencies. It helps students to develop personally-oriented electronic information-educational environment including using of mobile devices.


The aim or this study vL,as to evaluate the feasibility of fabrieating low-crystalline, porous apatiLe block using set gypsum as a precursor based on the fact that apatite is thermodynarnically more stable than gypsum. When Lhe set gypsum was irnmersed in 1 molfL diammonium hydrogen phosphate aqueous solution at 100°C , it Lransformed to low-crysLalline porous apatite retaining its original shape. The transformation reaction caused a release of sulCaLe ions due to an ion exchange with phosphate ions, thus leading to a decrease in the pH of the solution, Then, due to deerensed pll, diealcium phosphate


The increased use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in commercial products and industrial applications raises concerns about their adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. Therefore, the current study explored the removal of CuO NPs from water via coagulation by measuring solubility under various pH values and humic acid (HA) concentrations. The results showed that the media pH significantly affected the coagulation efficiency of CuO NPs (30 mg/L) under various (0–0.30 mM) ferric chloride (FC) dosages. The concentration of dissolved Cu2+ ions at pH 3–6 was (16.5–4.8 mg/L), which was higher than at other studied pH (7–11). Moreover, the simultaneous effect of coagulants and charge neutralization at pH 6–8 enhanced the removal of CuO NPs. At a lower FC (0–0.05 mM) dosage, the higher HA concentration inhibited the aggregation of CuO NPs. However, at the optimum dose of (0.2 mM) FC, the efficiency of turbidity removal and solubility of CuO NPs between pH 8 and 11 was above 98% and 5%, respectively, probably due to coagulant enmeshment. Our study suggested that coagulation was effective in removing the CuO NPs from the complex matrices with pH values ranging from 8–11. The findings of the present study provide insight into the coagulation and dissolution behavior of CuO NPs during the water treatment process.


Gender-based violence (GBV) is a harmful act towards women and men. In most cases, women fall victims of gender violence due to a patriarchal value that is rooted in various societies. Gender-based ...


1. The devices of truth Part I. Tell-Tale Hearts: 2. The lie detector and the thinking machine 3. The unequal voice in 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' 4. The letter of the law in The Woman in White 5. The criminal type in 'A Case of Identity' 6. The voice of America in Red Harvest Part II. Arresting Shots: 7. The mug shot and the magnifying glass 8. Photographic memories in Bleak House 9. Double exposure in The House of the Seven Gables 10. Negative images in 'A Scandal in Bohemia' 11. Empty cameras in The Big Sleep and Farewell My Lovely Part III. Identifying Marks: 12. The fingerprint and the map of crime 13. Foreign bodies in A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of Four 14. Accusing hands in Puddn'head Wilson 15. International plots in The Maltese Falcon and Murder on the Orient Express 16. Missing persons and secret agents Selected works for further reading.


with the managed care industry and its unprofessional practices. Many patients have no real understanding of the problems mentioned here. Our professional organizations such as ACOG should exert every influence they can to bring about action at the Federal level regarding these ongoing problems. As I reflect back on my career in medicine, I have witnessed a progressive demise in the physician/patient relationship, to the detriment of health care in this country. It is a sad commentary when one considers the strides that medicine has made during my professional lifetime.


The assessment of eutrophication risk of the Monaicito - Piedra Azul water reservoir located in Trujillo State, Venezuela, is presented through the implementation of the simplified mathematical model for evaluation of trophic status and management of macronutrients in tropical warm lakes / reservoirs (LACAT), developed by the Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS). As sources of phosphorus, it was considered and quantified wastewater from country towns established in the basin, solid wastes from municipal concentrated and scattered population, animal manure (cows and horses), surface runoff and biomass in the flood area. The results show that, for the filling stage of the reservoir, it is desirable to deforest, at least, 25 % of the biomass in the flood area. During the operation phase, it is demonstrated a change in the trophic status of the reservoir from mesotrophic to eutrophic, beginning the year 20 of the project horizon, due to the accumulation of phosphorus in the reservoir. As a result of the foregoing, the magnitude of the eutrophication risk was quantified as slight (- 1) until year 20 of operation, and then as significant (- 2). The conclusions and recommendations include the need to avoid accumulation of phosphorus in the reservoir, through the implementation of sewage systems covering removal of phosphorus and integrated systems for the management of solid waste and liquid effluents in the agricultural activities of the basin.


Objective: To understand the changes of serum elements in children with iron- deficiency anemia( IDA). Methods: The contents of serum copper,zinc,calcium,magnesium,and iron in 149 children were detected by BH5100 atomic absorption spectroscopy,74 children were diagnosed as IDA definitely( case group),the other 75 healthy children were designed as control group. Results: The contents of magnesium and iron in case group were statistically significantly lower than those in control group( P 0. 001),the contents of magnesium and iron in boys in case group were statistically significantly lower than those in control group( P 0. 001),the contents of copper,magnesium,and iron in girls in case group were statistically significantly lower than those in control group( P 0. 05); there was no statistically significant difference in calcium and zinc contents between the two groups( P 0. 05). Conclusion: Abnormal five elements contents are found in children with IDA; the contents of iron and magnesium are lower than those in normal children; dietary guidance targeting to children in different age groups plays an important role in prevention of react elements deficiency,iron deficiency should be corrected timely in order to avoid impact on physical and intelligent development.


A new method using solid-liquid PTC for preparing 9-cyanoacridine derivatives in high yields under mild conditions is described. Some procedures for the synthesis of 9-cyanoacndine derivatives have been developed which use reactions of acridine (2,3,9), 9-choloroacridine (4,5,7,10), 9-methoxyacridine hydrate (6) or 3,9-dichloroacridine with sodium or potassium cyanide (2-9) or anhydrous hydrogen cyanide in the absence (6) or presence of benzoylchloride (7). When 9-chloroacndine is used as starting material, reaction conditions are rather hard (heating in a sealed tube for 4 hours at 160-170°C with potassium and cuprous cyanine) except when the reaction takes place in the presence of p-toluene sulfinate or methane sulfinate as catalyst (10). For this reason, we propose to prepare 9-cyanoacndine derivatives starting from the corresponding 9-chloroacridines and using sodium cyanide under liquid-solid phase transfer catalysis conditions.


Regarding the helical intake port as a research object,the application of reverse engineering in automobile parts design is discussed.With the thinking about the application of reverse engineering in automobile parts design,the whole modeling process of helical intake port with complex geometrical appearance is introduced.From the port real model of parametric design,the optimization and seriation of port CAD model is finally realized.


A substantial sociological literature argues that interlocking directorates promote a shared worldview among those who dominate the capitalist economy. Overlapping board memberships sponsor the formation of a corporate elite by producing 'social capital', a concept that refers to the interpersonal awareness and trust that underpins collective action. This paper explores the potential for such elite capital in New Zealand by analysing the interlock structure of the 230 biggest businesses in 2009, contextualising the results in terms of similar studies undertaken overseas. Analysis suggests that New Zealand interlocks do not construct the 'small world' of an elite that is closely tied together. These governance networks produce relatively few opportunities for the formation of social capital.


Abstract Hollow carbon black (HCB) is introduced in this work. It has a special hollow structure, high specific surface area, high structure and high electric conductivity. Hollow carbon black is used to fill styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR). The bound rubber test results show that the bound rubber of SBR/HCB can be measured when the HCB content reaches 25 phr because a strong filler network is formed, which indicates good electric conductivity of SBR/HCB. In comparison, the bound rubber of SBR/N330 can not be measured even when the N330 content is 40 phr. The mechanical measurements show that HCB has very good reinforcing effect on SBR especially when the filler content is low. The electric conductivity and thermal conductivity increase with the increase in filler content. At the same filler content, the properties of SBR/HCB nanocomposites are better than those of SBR/N330 nanocomposites, which suggests that HCB has good application potential.


With many of the easily accessible reserves exploited, the industry today has no choice, but to explore new and ever more challenging frontiers. At the same time, there is a pressing need to maximize the already discovered production potential in mature fields. Production from these fields has played a major role in meeting the world's energy needs, and today holds the potential to further bridge the supply gap. . However, years of producing oil and gas has subsequently drawn down the reservoir pressure of these mature fields. Consequently, many of these structures worldwide are severely depleted – in some instances the depletion is so severe that continued development is economically unfeasible. Many of these fields still hold abundant hydrocarbons, but the eventual production of these trapped reserves require infill drilling or workover to adequately exploit the field. In others, drilling deeper for new production is necessary, and combined with the ability to preserve the present zone for continued production, can improve field economics. When depletion draws down the pore pressure in what is typically a sand of other porous and permeable zone it becomes vulnerable to invasion from fluids used in drilling, workover, or completion. This results when the borehole pressure exerted by the hydrostatic column, plus the circulating pressure of the fluid, exceeds the pore pressure and the associated force required to push the fluid into the zone. Depending on the severity of the overbalance, invasion may be in the form of filtrate, seepage of fluid and solids, or complete loss of circulation. All of this damages the production zone while seepage and lost circulation require remediation before drilling can continue. This type of remediation usually involves adding solids as seepage control or bridging agents, thereby creating additional, and sometimes permanent, damage. Aphron fluids are being used successfully in many severely depleted areas. In some cases, these fluids were applied after UBD was unsuccessfully attempted. This paper discusses some of these applications and describes how these fluids have enabled continued drilling in these mature fields. The aphron fluids were successful in preventing lost circulation and invasion while providing total well control and safety. Borehole stability was maintained and conditions for all drilling operations were excellent at all times. Wireline logging and coring operations were carried out with no problems. Directional tools functioned well, with no problems drilling directional or horizontal wells.


A new fiber sensor for measuring surface roughness using ratio of diffuse and reflections is introduced. It expatiates the structure, working principle and characteristic of the fiber sensor, and the practically measuring result is given. The fiber sensor has strong ability of anti jamming, high survey precision, good replication quality, and can measure exiguity surface and bottom surface of the hole. The factor which affecting the measurement are analyzed and discussed.


The oxidation behavior of stoichiometric SiC fiber (Hi-Nicalon-S) was investigated and compared with those of Nicalon and Hi-Nicalon fibers. Hi-Nicalon-S fiber was oxidized in Ar-O2 gas mixtures with 25-100% O2 at 1273-1773K. The oxidation rates were measured with thermobalance experiments. The thickening in SiO2 film produced a large decrease in the strength of the as-oxidized fiber. The SiO2 film-removed fiber (unoxidized core) retained high strength independent of the SiO2 film thickness. The oxidation rate obeyed the diffusion-controlled contracting-disc formula. The rate constant was proportional to the oxygen partial pressure of Ar-O2 gas mixture. The activation energy was 79kJ/mol. The oxidation rate was considered to be controlled by the diffusion of oxygen molecule through the micropores in SiO2 film. Compared to Nicalon and Hi-Nicalon, Hi-Nicalon-S is resistant to oxidation and has good strength in the oxidized state.


The utility model relates to a low-pressure drawer type switch cabinet, which comprises a cabinet body, wherein a horizontal bus compartment is positioned on the rear part of the cabinet body; an electric appliance compartment is positioned on the front left side of the cabinet body; a cable compartment is positioned on the front right side of the cabinet body; and a control loop is positioned onthe upper part of the cabinet body. The low-pressure drawer type switch cabinet has the following advantages that: firstly, the low-pressure drawer type switch cabinet has strong universality and is convenient to examine and repair; and secondly, the low-pressure drawer type switch cabinet is safe and reliable, and can perform interchange of functional units of the same specifications.


(art)/sup n/ Laboratory and the Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL) at the University of Illinois at Chicago have collaborated in the development of the first real time, stereoscopic hardcopy output of virtual reality applications-the ImmersaGram (IGram). The results of this new technology directly address a broad range of information visualization issues along a wide spectrum of disciplines from art, architecture, and science, to medicine, engineering and education.


This paper presents a model that identifies accountability, responsibility, and choice as high-level determinants of employee psychological empowerment in the oil and gas industry particularly in relation to improving operational quality. Psychological Empowerment is targeted at influencing the hearts and minds of the individual and can only be said to have taken place when the individual truly believes he is empowered. As such, there is a need to promote highly situated human cognition targeted at creating an empowered state of mind leading to the conviction, commitment, and conversion of the personnel to embracing organizational goals, in this case quality. To examine the relationship amongst the dimensions of psychological empowerment, a survey was administered to 239 oil and gas industry personnel in different countries. The results showed personnel in the industry link high empowerment to accountability, responsibility, and choice when investigated with meaningfulness, mindfulness, competence and impact.


This paper mainly analyzes the factors causing persistence of street vendors despite decision taken by Kigali city council. Given the emerging social classes, globalizations and loss of values (local currency) against the trading dollar, most of the petty traders are facing challenges to meet the legal trading requirements, including tax obligations, small traders opt to street vending which might be easy to evade tax and also avoid paying renting cost. It has been argued that vending attracts people who have limited opportunities for obtaining formal employment and street vending is increasingly becoming an option. However, the City of Kigali with Vision 2050 to be a green city, master plan defines the location of traders which doesn't much with petty trading, yet a certain social class of "have not" still demands to fit within the context. According to findings street vendors' majority with 54.6% said "the unemployment is main cause ". Suggested to resolve unemployment issue by creating more jobs. 10.3% of respondents said "Main cause for noncompliance is extreme poverty". Findings indicates impact like air pollution and lack of hygiene as confirmed by 17.5% of respondents; and fiscal losses due to undeclared economic activities on rate of 21.6%. Consensual measures taken to end street vending is includes regularization of trade policy, inclusive doing business policy in a given free min-markets by government for street vendors and startups financial support, however consensual measures had an impact which is less compared to the output. Recommendations shall be considered as sustainable solutions.


In this article, Bayesian estimation for Rayleigh distribution using progressive type-II censoring in the presence of outliers is considered. Inverse Gamma prior and Jeffrey's prior are used for Bayesian estimation. Squared Error Loss Function (SELF), Precautionary Loss Function (PLF) and K Loss Function (KLF) are used for obtaining the expressions of Bayes estimators and posterior risks. Credible intervals are also derived. Simulation study is presented to discuss the behavior of Bayes estimators. Graphs of simulated Bayes estimators are also provided. Applicability of the undertaken study is highlighted using three real data sets.


Abundant literature references suggest that seeds, in order to increase their dispersal capacity, developed elaiosomes in order to attract the ants (myrmecochory). Ants have even been reported to consume the elaiosomes only and to carry the remaining seeds out of the nest. Under standard laboratory conditions, foragers of Messor semirufus—a seed-harvesting ant species—do not discriminate between seeds of a myrmecochorous plant (Luzula multiflora) with elaiosomes and seeds from which the elaiosomes have been artificially removed. If confronted with an equal mass of seeds or of elaiosomes only, the ants regularly prefer the seeds. Elaiosomes glued to very light (≤ 5 mg), artificial seeds (styrofoam spheres coated with flour), elicited no transport into the nest among the ants. The same artificial seeds without elaiosomes but loaded with a 50 mg lead weight elicited a strong transport reaction. To explain these results, the following evolutionary steps are suggested: (1) Plant production of seeds with append...


Most of the problems of discrete optimization belong to the class of NP-complete problems. This means that algorithms that can find their exact solution, in general, can work with exponential complexity relative to the length of the input data. Thanks to progress, today there are technologies that have not yet been widely used to implement applied optimization methods. Among these technologies is GP GPU (General Purposed Graphical Processing Unit). The application of this technology to well-known algorithms can help to achieve greater efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibilities of using parallel computations on video cards to solve discrete optimization problems. The problem of a one-dimensional Boolean knapsack was chosen as the target problem. To solve the problem, methods for obtaining an exact solution are considered - the full search algorithm, which is the starting point in the study, and the "branches and boundaries" method, which allows to reduce the search by eliminating obviously inappropriate solutions. The algorithms considered are estimated in terms of the number of operations and execution time, implemented in a single-threaded configuration of the central processor, and then parallelized on a video card. Based on the results of these methods, a combined algorithm was created that combines both algorithms to achieve greater efficiency. For parallelizing the calculations on the graphics card, the CUDA technology is chosen. Algorithms are implemented in C. After the implementation of the algorithms, testing was carried out on various data sets and different configurations of the target platform. The results of experimental studies are presented, the acceleration of work is investigated with the use of parallel computations and a comparative analysis of the efficiency of the algorithms is carried out.


During semiconductor processing it is common to use check slices to monitor individual process steps. Unfortunately, the sheet resistance values obtained from check slices do not always agree with actual resistor values made on slices diffused at the same time. The effect has been studied for the case of boron deposition from a vapour source and found to be real and due to the masking oxide which surrounds the resistor, but which is not present on the check slice. For a typical base diffusion, the sheet resistance in the masked region is about 30% higher than in the unmasked check slice. A series of experiments has shown that this effect occurs at the deposition stage and is independent of background concentration, surface orientation, oxide thickness and oxide growth conditions. On the other hand, the effect disappears if the boron is ion implanted, if a `spin-on? source is used, or if silicon nitride is used as the mask instyead of silicon dioxide. This result has implications not only for resistor design but also for active device modelling, since practical devices are oxide masked, but the profiles are measured on large-area check slices.


Geometric models of woven textile structures form the basis for mechanical analysis of properties of textile assemblies and for components made from such textiles. Existing geometric models often ignore yarn interpenetration and compression, yet those models are frequently combined with mechanical models for property simulation and prediction. Meshes generated from geometric models that disregard yarn interpenetration contain overlapping elements and are generally unsuitable for finite element analysis. In contrast to many existing modelling approaches, the new algorithms guarantee to eliminate yarn interpenetration, do not assume yarns are incompressible and generate meshes with no overlapping elements, thus resulting in more accurate modelling of woven textile structures. In this paper, efficient, robust and novel algorithms are described and evaluated for geometric modelling of 2D and 3D woven textile structures. Hermite curves and Catmull-Rom splines are used to model yarn path centrelines. Existing 2D yarn crosssectional shapes are extended from 2D to 3D modelling. Additionally, a new approach to modelling yarn cross-sections is explored that captures a wide variety of observed irregular yarn cross-sectional shapes. The constraint-based geometric modelling algorithms use a hierarchical binary tree data structure for yarn collision detection and determination. Collision response eliminates yarn interpenetration. The algorithms apply to all woven structures regardless of dimension, interlacement or yarn cross-sectional shape. The results show visualisations of woven structure geometries are a qualitative improvement over existing techniques. Furthermore, the proposed geometric modelling approach is extensible to include the energybased approach and finite element simulation.


Taking the example of post-1989 teacher education reform in Lithuania, and comparing that with teacher education reform in South Africa, a country that also underwent a total societal reconstruction at the same time as Lithuania, this paper defends the thesis that the configuration of education at grass roots level, is the outcome of a dialectical play of forces at various geographical levels, including the global, the regional or supra-national, the national and the sub-national or local.


Visible-light-promoted site-selective and direct C − F bond functionalization of poly�uorinated iminosul�des were accomplished with alkenes and water under redox-neutral conditions, affording a diverse array of muti�uorinated γ -lactams. A variety of per�uoroalkyl units included C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , C 4 F 9 and C 5 F 11 underwent site-selective de�uorofunctionlization. This protocol allows high chemoselectivity control and shows excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the remarkable changes of the electron geometries during the de�uorination widen the redox window between the substrates and the products and ensure the chemoselectivity of single C(sp 3 ) − F bond cleavage.


A harmonic analysis of the tides combines astronomical data, Fourier transformation, and nonlinear least-squares analysis. Fourier transformation is used to display the power spectrum of the initial data and, during the subsequent refinement stages of the analysis, of the remaining residuals. Because only a relatively small sample is used, the frequency resolution of the Fourier transformation is insufficient to determine the precise frequencies involved, which are instead taken from astronomical data. The actual fitting of successive terms, in order of decreasing importance, is accomplished with nonlinear least squares. Because both Fourier transformation and nonlinear least-squares fitting are readily automated on a spreadsheet, the amount of computational effort required for this analysis is minimal.


For the purpose of studying the characteristics of braided-deltaic reservoirs that are widely developed in the western basins of China,we take the braided-deltaic reservoir in Cainan oilfield,Junggar Basin as an example to analyze the mineral character,pore structure,and physical property of reservoir in this area. After researching the detrital component,clay mineral,grain psephicity,and grain selection,we analyze the mineral character of this reservoir,and find that the main lithologies are lithic sandstone and feldspar-lithic sandstone. The unstable components (feldspar and debris) in the detrital components are high,and compositional maturity is low. We also utilize the average value of pore radius,average pore throat ratio,pore coordination number,pore uniformity coefficient,average throats width and replacement pressure to study the pore character,and the result shows that the pore character of the braided-deltaic reservoir is moderate. In the analysis of the physical property,we find the porosity and permeability are changed greatly,and the reservoir of this kind is characterized by moderate porosity and permeability. In summary,the braided-delta reservoir is a kind of moderate reservoir,and it is able to form good hydrocarbon reservoir.


Using a qualitative case study approach, this investigation focused specifically on the school and home experiences of low-income, African American males who had attended a career academy focused on science, technology, engineering, arts, and math. With semistructured interviews of individuals and focus groups, we investigated the school and home experiences of African American male former high school students and how these experiences influenced their overall educational pursuit. This study concentrated on the specific research question: What are the unique identities, school experiences, and life challenges of low-income, African American males? Data analysis revealed three salient themes: (a) missing critical school and home supports, (b) searching for significant relationships and role models, and (c) desiring to earn money to provide for their families. Based on these qualitative themes, we offer specific strategies that school personnel, such as school counselors, can use to increase school engagement and success among low-income, African American males.


The governance of European football has been subject to
much debate over the last decade. Among the issues
discussed the question of the engagement of supporters in
the game's governance is a key point. Should we encourage
it or not? The FREE project attempted to answer this key
question for the future of European football.


The purpose of the current study is to reveal students' environmental attitudes, their informal reasoning, and how their informal reasoning on a socioscientific issue changes depending on their environmental attitudes. The study participants were 104 eighth-grade students. A form consisting of a scenario and open-ended questions was used as data collection tools. During the analysis of the collected data, the descriptive analysis method and descriptive statistics were used. The findings revealed that the majority of the students had an anthropocentric attitude toward the socioscientific issue and largely presented rationalistic reasoning. Moreover, while the students with an anthropocentric attitude used rational reasoning more, students with an ecocentric attitude presented rationalistic, emotional, and rationalistic-emotional reasoning. Considering the findings of the current study, suggestions are made to develop students' emotional reasoning as well as rational reasoning by means of training students to have an ecocentric attitude.


Amputations or congenital deficiencies in proximity to the glenohumeral joint traditionally have limited functional success and have a high rate of rejection. Many of the critical factors that have led to the high rejection rates are directly related to the design of the prosthetic socket. A good understanding of the factors that lead to rejection can be used to optimize the socket. Factors such as primary and secondary controls combine with biomechanical requirements to establish the unique requirements for each prosthetic system. There is not one socket design that works for all control types and functional applications. Socket designs that address the combination of biomechanical principles with the requirements of the control system employed will best serve the needs of the user. Case studies are presented to illustrate such a combined approach. Deficiency levels represented through the case reports are short transhumeral with brachial plexus and fused glenohumeral joint, humeral neck, shoulder disarticulation, interscapular thoracic and bilateral prosthetic users. Case studies illustrate various control methods including; myoelectric, cable-operated, body-motion operated electric (force sensor and force sensing resistor), activity specific, hybrid, and bilateral glenohumeral region fittings. A case study is also presented on the emerging technology of targeted muscle reinnervation.


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e18729 Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can disrupt the gut microbiome and thereby modulate response to immunotherapy in cancer patients. In a recently published post-hoc analysis of 757 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving atezolizumab pooled from two prospective trials, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival were significantly lower among the 234 patients receiving PPI. We investigated the impact of PPI in a larger cohort of NSCLC patients treated with ICI within the Veterans Health Administration. Methods: We conducted a nested cohort study of Veterans who were diagnosed with NSCLC between 2010 & 2018 and treated with ICI (immune checkpoint inhibitors). Exposure was defined as receipt of a PPI prescription within 90 days of an ICI infusion. Chi-square tests were used to compare characteristics of exposed versus unexposed Veterans. OS was measured from start of ICI. Cox proportional hazard multivariate (MV) regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) corresponding to variables associated with OS. Results: We identified 3,634 Veterans receiving ICI with non-exclusive exposures to nivolumab (59.3%), pembrolizumab (35.1%), durvalumab (6.9%), and atezolizumab (3.3%). Their median age was 69, and a plurality had male gender (97.0%), white race (73.0%), comorbidity count ≥1 (60.4%), adenocarcinoma (47.8%), and stage IV disease at diagnosis (40.9%). In this nested cohort, 2,159 (59.4%) were exposed to PPI, predominantly omeprazole (1,264 or 85.6% of PPI group). Patients receiving PPI were more likely to be ≤71 years of age, to be white, to reside in rural areas, to have a higher comorbidity burden, to have adenocarcinoma histology, and to receive chemotherapy (all p≤0.04). On MV analysis, PPI use was not significantly associated with detriment in OS (HR 0.96 [0.89-1.04], p= 0.35). In the matched cohort analysis, median survival did not significantly differ between the 1,389 patients taking PPI and the 1,389 without PPI (median 10 versus 10 months, HR 0.98 [0.90-1.06], p= 0.59). Conclusions: In the largest analysis to date of concurrent PPI use in patients with NSCLC receiving ICI, there were no survival differences associated with concomitant PPI use. These results suggest that PPIs do not compromise ICI efficacy.


In this paper we investigate the breaking of long-waves propagating on shallow water with nonlinear friction on the sloping bottom. A complete set of equations is presented and a numerical method is developed to simulate the wave propagation. The method uses an up-wind difference scheme for the nonlinear convective term and the central difference scheme for other derivative terms. Various numerical examples have been conducted to investigate the effect of nonlinear friction and drag coefficient on wave propagation and breaking. By analyzing the numerical results, we find that in order to overcome wave breaking, nonlinear friction needs to be below certain level.


Improvements in visual outcomes remained stable in a group of patients with age-related macular degeneration who were switched from therapy with intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin, Genentech) to intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis, Genentech).


The aim of the study was to assess the spawning latency period in the hormonal induced reproduction of pikeperch. Spawners were injected with human chorionic gonadotropine - hCG (Pregnyl. Prior to the intraperitoneal injection, eggs were sampled to establish the maturation stage of oocytes. Females were stimulated with a single hormone dose of hcG (600 IU kg–1) and males were stimulated with a dose of 300 IU kg–1. There is a large variance in the spawning latency time of pikeperch.


We present a toy model for extending the Friedmann equations of relativistic cosmology using fractional derivatives. We do this by replacing the integer derivatives, in a few well-known cosmological results with fractional derivatives leaving their order as a free parameter. All this with the intention to explain the current observed acceleration of the Universe. We apply the Last Step Modification technique of fractional calculus to construct some useful fractional equations of cosmology. The fits of the unknown fractional derivative order and the fractional cosmographic parameters to SN Ia data shows that this simple construction can explain the current accelerated expansion of the Universe without the use of a dark energy component with a MOND-like behaviour using Milgrom's acceleration constant which sheds light into to the non-necessity of a dark matter component as well.


Automatic Image Captioning is the never-ending effort of creating syntactically and validating the accuracy of textual descriptions of an image in natural language with context. The encoder-decoder structure used throughout existing Bengali Image Captioning (BIC) research utilized abstract image feature vectors as the encoder's input. We propose a novel transformer-based architecture with an attention mechanism with a pre-trained ResNet-101 model image encoder for feature extraction from images. Experiments demonstrate that the language decoder in our technique captures fine-grained information in the caption and, then paired with image features, produces accurate and diverse captions on the BanglaLekhaImageCaptions dataset. Our approach outperforms all existing Bengali Image Captioning work and sets a new benchmark by scoring 0.694 on BLEU-1, 0.630 on BLEU-2, 0.582 on BLEU-3, and 0.337 on METEOR.


The main objective of this paper is to develop a model of R&D performance in base of system dynamic approach and the creation of R&D output in the national innovation system (NIS). The purpose of the model is to simulate R&D output generated in the system of innovation specially in national level. The paper concludes with statistic analysis of model components and remarks relationships between variables affecting R&D measures in NIS.


This study was based on the technical suitability,the environmental impact and the economic costs benefits,etc.A comprehensive evaluating indicator system of heavy metal pollution prevention technology was built.A life-cycle method was designed as well.A more environmental friendly,more technology technical reliably and more economical feasibly method was proposed for the analyzing,judging and screening of heavy metal pollution prevention.


Dear Editor, A multimodal anesthesia was used for a 27-year-old, American society of anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status classification III, morbidly obese male patient (weight 101 kg; height 163 cm; body mass index [BMI] = 38) with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type III and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to avoid the potential appearance of poor response to non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, impaired spontaneous ventilation, and prone to hypoxemia. He received a right total hip arthroplasty due to progressive bilateral Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. His daily movement was mostly confined to an electric wheelchair, and he was found to have mild upper proximal and distal extremity weakness (4/5). Chest X-ray revealed engorged pulmonary vessels, cardiomegaly, and mild scoliosis, though pulmonary function test was unremarkable and no abnormal finding on cardiac functional changes as moving or sleeping at preanesthesia evaluation. Anesthesia was initiated using fentanyl (200 mcg) and thiamylal (400 mg). We then applied train-of-four (TOF) electrodes to monitor skeletal muscle relaxation followed by intravenous injection of the muscle relaxant rocuronium (1 mg/kg). A target Entropy value was maintained between 40 and 60 for controlled infusion of propofol TCI to keep the effect-site concentration (Ce) over 3.0 mcg/mL (Schnider model). Patient was intubated via video-stylet (Trachway). Guided by TOF twitch responses, we continued to administer rocuronium (0.1-0.2 mg/kg/hour) and dexmedetomidine (0.5 mcg/kg/hour) to the patient during surgery. If needed, booster IV fentanyl (0.5 mcg/kg) was administered at each half an hour. Fluid balance was monitored using a FloTrac system to ensure stroke volume variation remained within the range of 9 to 13 and cardiac output index stayed over 2.5. The operation was performed over 3 hours without obvious hemodynamic fluctuation. Once the surgery was completed, propofol TCI was ceased. Sugammadex (200 mg) was administered to reverse the neuromuscular effects of rocuronium because TOF still showed 1 to 2 twitches. TOF ratio went from zero to 99% in 220 seconds. The patient extubated without any accident. Postoperative oxygenation was enhanced using a high-flow humidified oxygen device (OptiFlow) delivered 50 L/min. In recovery room, we kept on dexmedetomidine infusion with parocoxib intravenous injection, and low dose fentanyl to alleviate his acute pain. The patient recovered and was discharged uneventfully. The most common serious complications during perioperative anesthesia management in SMA patients are airway problems. However, there are no studies or guidelines as far as we know on how to successfully overcome the potential risk of anesthesia-related respiratory hypoxia in morbidly obese SMA patients with OSA. Thus, we approached this case based on suggested regimens for video-stylet assisted intubation, careful perioperative opioid titration, rapid reverse muscle relaxation by sugammadex, and postoperative administration of nasal high-flow oxygen, and those are helpful in the anesthesia management.


The structures of 2-(9-anthry1)-1-(9-anthrylmethy1)ethyl 2-(9-anthry1)ethyl succinate (A~A) and 2-(9anthry1)ethyl acetate (AM) have been determined by X-ray diffraction, and the molecular fluorescence of the crystals has been established. The A2A crystal is triclinic while the AM crystal is monoclinic. A2A: Pi, a 18.514(5), b 11.802(3), c 10.836(3) A; a 99.63(2), ,B 85.75(2), y 79.67(2)", R 0.053 for 3547 observed reflections. AM: P21/c, a 12.566(2), b 12.991(2), c 8.805(2) A, ,B 97.84(1)", R 0.040 for 1519 observed reflections. For the A2A molecule as for the previously studied A~PHEN and AzSC (see Part II), the bisanthracene moiety and a large part of the ester chain show similar conformations. The crystal cohesion is due to numerous van der Waals interactions in both compounds and to n intermolecular overlap between the anthracene moieties of neighbouring molecules of AM. The fluorescence emission of the AM crystal is of excimer type and correlates with the intermolecular stacking of the anthracene rings. In contrast, the emission from the A2A crystal was found to be very weak and with some similarity with the emission of the dilute solution. This is probably due to defects, not accounted for by the X-ray determination, permitting intramolecular interactions in the solid.


It is argued that it is time for a major change of approach to optical character recognition (OCR) research. The traditional approach, focusing on the correct classification of isolated characters, has been exhausted. The demonstration of the superiority of a new classification method under operational conditions requires large experimental facilities and databases beyond the resources of most researchers. In any case, even perfect classification of individual characters is insufficient for the conversion of complex archival documents to a useful computer-readable form. Many practical OCR tasks require integrated treatment of entire documents and well-organized typographic and domain-specific knowledge. New OCR systems should take advantage of the typographic uniformity of paragraphs or other layout components. They should also exploit the unavoidable interaction with human operators to improve themselves without explicit 'training'. >


SUMMARY
The optimum pH value for the destruction of IAA by purified IAA-oxidase preparations from roots and epicotyls of pea, from roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons of cucumber and from roots and coleoptiles of oat is 1 to 2 units lower with p-cresol than with m-cresol as a cofactor.


: This study was carried out at the Animal Experimental This work was conducted to in-vestigate the effects of truck transportation on live body weight with and without fasting and some physiological parameters in buffalo. Also the effect of drenched electrolyte fluid on transportation stress was investi-gated. Fifteen mixed sexes buffalo calves separated equally to three groups according to their body weights were used in the present study.Group A Calves ranged in body weight from 126 to 163.5 kg, group B from 176 to 252 kg, and group C from 275 to 368kg.Insignificant differences among the three animal groups were found in all of the studied parameters.Transportation induced increment percentage of body weight loss, rectal tempera-ture,and increment followed by decrement in respiration rate and pulse rate.Buffaloes Fed ad libitum lost more body weight than fasted ones, while drenched electrolyte fluids was less affected by transportation stress. Transport caused rise in rectal temperature and increase in respiration rate and pulse rate in treated buffaloes.Meanwhile, transported and fed electrolyte drenched buffaloes were the ameliorated the detrimental effects of transport studied as respiration rate and pulse rate.


Breast cancer is the second most common cancer overall and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Mammography is, at present, the only viable method for detecting most of tumors early enough for effective treatment. The secret of setting up the accurate diagnosis is to detect and understand the most subtle signs of breast lesions. Analysis of asymmetry between the left and right mammograms can provide clues about the presence of early signs of tumors. In this work we present an automated procedure for bilateral asymmetry detection composed of the following steps: (1) mammography density analysis and fibro-glandular disc detection through adaptive clustering techniques, (2) analysis and implementation of bilateral asymmetries detection algorithms based on Gabor filters analysis, (3) use of a linear Bayes classifier with the leave-one-out method to asses the asymmetry degree of the two breasts, (4) metrological evaluation of the whole system through random and systematic measurement uncertainty contributions modeling.


INTRODUCTION It is commonly recognized by agronomists that border rows of experimental plats and competition between var4eties are sources of considerable error. The effect of border rows is particularly noticeable in the semi-arid and non-irrigated areas of the West where soil moisture is usually the limiting factor in crop production. A great majority of the pi-evious investigations upon this problem have been conducted in the more humid sections of the United States and the resulting recommendations are not entirely applicable to ~Testern conditions. Barber (~)3 found that rows bordering pathways produced more grain and straw and were later in maturity than interior rows. He assumed that an area 6 inches wide around the plat received benefit from the cultivated pathways. Stadler (3) and Kiesselbach (4, found thatcompetition between dissimilar crops for moisture, nutrients, and possibly light resulted in error in crop tests. Cole and Hallstead (2), investigating with kafir and milo, obtained very marked increase in yield from the outside roves. The excess yield of grain was roughly proportionate to the increased available soil area. The work reported in this paper was designed to furnish more definite information concerning the reduction of error in experimental work due to border effect. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Investigations were conducted on variety tests of winter and spring wheat, barley, and oats, and on rate and date of seeding trials of. winter and spring wheat. The plats used were 7 feet in width and ~55.56 feet in length, or one-fourtieth of an acre in area. An alley 2 feet in width separated each plat. The plats were arranged side by side in series according to each cereal group. The alleys between the plats and the roadways at either end were cultivated twice during the growing season to prevent weed growth. A 7-foot ~4-row Superior drill, which had been calibrated and found to deliver very uniform quantities of seed in each row, was used in seeding the plats. The actual deliveryin


We registered 366 families in a study of dominantly inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Two hundred ninety families were screened for mutations in the gene encoding copper‐zinc cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Mutations were detected in 68 families. The most common SOD1 mutation is an alanine for valine substitution in codon 4 (50%). We present clinical and genetic data concerning 112 families with 395 affected individuals. The clinical characteristics of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arising from SOD1 mutation are similar to those lacking SOD1 defects. Mean age at onset was earlier (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.004) in the SOD1 group (46.9 years [standard deviation, 12.5] vs 50.5 years [11.5] in the non‐SOD1 group). Bulbar onset was associated with a later onset age. The presence of either of two mutations, G37R and L38V, predicted an earlier age at onset. Kaplan‐Meier plots demonstrated shorter survival in the SOD1 group compared with the non‐SOD1 group at early survival times (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0007). The presence of one mutation, A4V, correlated with shorter survival. G37R, G41D, and G93C mutations predicted longer survival. This information suggests it will be productive to investigate other genetic determinants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and to use epidemiological characteristics of the disease to help discern molecular mechanisms of motor neuron cell death.


We compare two different modes of interaction with a large stereoscopic display, where the physical pointing device is in a volume distinct from the display volume. In absolute mode, the physical pointer's position exactly maps to the virtual pointer's position in the display volume, analogous to a 2D graphics table and 2D screen. In relative mode, the connection between the physical pointer's motion and the motion of the virtual pointer in the display volume is analogous to that obtained with a 2D mouse and 2D screen. Both statistical analysis and participants' feedback indicated a strong preference for absolute mode over relative mode. This is in contrast to 2D displays where relative mode (mouse) is far more prevalent than absolute mode (tablet). We also compared head-tracking against no head-tracking. There was no statistically-significant advantage to using head-tracking, however almost all participants strongly favoured head-tracking.


Supporting TCP data traffic over ATM-UBR service class requires special mechanisms to improve the throughput and fairness while minimizing the delay. Several ATM buffer management schemes have been proposed to improve the throughput and fairness for a selective drop: early packet discard (EPD) and fair buffer allocation (FBA). Concurrently, the RED (random early detection) algorithm proposed for packet networks (including IP) avoids, by the packet marking mean, the global synchronization of TCP sources while maintaining a high throughput and low delay. We study the adaptation of the RED algorithm to ATM (using EPD) and introduce an algorithm to improve its fairness. We propose and compare a cell based and a packet based RED algorithm. Finally we compare the performance of RED with EPD and pure EPD, in terms of the throughput, fairness and delay, in the presence of a background on/off source.


Excessive alcohol consumption leads to both acute and chronic liver diseases. Acute liver injury caused by alcohol, or alcoholic hepatitis (AH), is a highly morbid condition with 30-day mortality greater than 30% among patients with severe disease. Despite extensive research efforts over the last 50 years, management of severe AH remains a clinical challenge with few effective treatment options. This review will discuss treatment approaches for patients with AH and highlight novel therapeutic options currently under development.


When adequate levels of tyramine are maintained in the heart for a prolonged period (4 hr), this amine produces an almost complete depletion of heart norepinephrine. The results indicate that this depletion is due to a rapid decrease of norepinephrine from an easily releasable pool and then a slower release from a second pool, probably in equilibrium with the first.

The administration of B.W. 392C60, a compound which produces an adrenergic neurone blockade, prevents norepinephrine depletion caused by guanethidine, slows the depletion caused by reserpine but does not affect that elicited by tyramine.

The possibility is suggested that tyramine and guanethidine act on different stores of norepinephrine which are in equilibrium so that the depletion of one ultimately leads to the depletion of the other.

Results are presented which show that the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and adrenergic neurone blocking agents on the depletion of norepinephrine by guanethidine, reserpine and tyramine is the same. This finding suggests a similar mechanism for the hypotensive action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and adrenergic neurone blocking drugs.


In order to study the effect of high pressure on the quality of fresh pear juice, heating combined high pressure are conducted on fresh pear juice. L value of juice after being conducted by high pressure combined with heating increased significantly and the color of juice is improved. The turbidity, TSS and pH value of juice did not change remarkably(P0.05).