Considering the main character of the early gear fault is a frequency modulation whose envelope spectrum is unable to identify,this paper studied another demodulation method——the spectral correlation density(SCD).Analytic principle is introduced to the SCD analysis of the general modulated signals,and the uniform theoretic frame of modulated signals is acquired after working on different kinds of modulated signals.The theory analysis verifies the advantages of the SCD to modulation signals,which can work on frequency modulation as well as amplitude modulation.The simulation and experimental results indicate that the SCD analysis is a robust method for the monitoring and character identification of early gear faults.


While measures such as raw compute performance and system capacity continue to be important factors for evaluating cluster performance, such issues as system reliability and application resilience have become increasingly important as cluster sizes rapidly grow. Although efforts to directly improve fault-tolerance are important, it is also essential to accept that application failures will inevitably occur and to ensure that progress is made despite these failures. Application monitoring frameworks are central to providing application resilience. As such, the central theme of this paper is to address the impact that application monitoring detection latency has on the overall system performance. We find that immediate fault detection is not necessary in order to obtain substantial improvement in performance. This conclusion is significant because it implies that less complex, highly portable, and predominately less expensive failure detection schemes would provide adequate application resilience.


Frozen surimi from walleye pollack was ground with 2.5% NaCl together with/without 0.3% Na-pyrophosphate (PPi) and incubated at 10-60°C, followed by heating at 90°C for 20min. The quality of setting and setting-heating gels thus prepared was evaluated as follows: (1) At 20°C and below, addition of PPi caused an appreciable decrease in the formation of cross-linked myosin heavy chain of larger molecular size, accompanied by an increase in breaking strain without changing the breaking strength of the setting-heating gel. (2) Essentially, At 40°C and over, the cross-linking reaction of myosin heavy chain of salt-ground meat was hardly observed. The addition of PPi suppressed such reaction further and reduced the formation of cross-linked myosin heavy chain.The breaking strength of heating get formed from the same salt-ground meat inface decreased while its breaking strain increased with PPi. These results manifested that the effect of PPi on the production of setting gel and setting-heating gels depended considerably on the temperature and period for setting of salt-ground meat.


Abstract : Invasive species continue to be a significant threat to local aquatic ecosystems in the US Great Lakes regions and other places around the world. One of the major contributors to the spread of non-indigenous aquatic species is the introduction of organisms in discharged ballast water. This and other related efforts are aimed at trying to gain a better understanding of the flow behaviors in ballast tanks and the impact of tank structure on the effectiveness of treatment methods to reduce or eliminate aquatic organisms resident in ballast water. This project uses computational methods to predict the spread of a passive scalar quantity, which simulates the use of a biocide to mix in the ballast water. Simulations have been performed to investigate the influence of inflow rate and several mixing mechanisms on the effectiveness of this type of treatment methodology. Here the sole metric is how well the biocide mixes in the tank. This does not make any judgment concerning the actual influence on organism population. It is the hope that this type of analysis may help to advance the understanding of ballast water treatment technologies for current and future applications.


Since the mid-1980s, the European Union, together with its member states, has undergone a major process of transformation. First with the race to the single market by 1992, then with the run-up to European Monetary Union (EMU) by 1999, and now with enlargement, the EU has seen an explosion of new policies with a panoply of new practices in the context of an expanding European economy and an emerging European polity. In attempting to describe, understand and explain the EU's transformative experiences, the study of policy change in Europe has also undergone dramatic transformation. Empirically, from an almost exclusive focus on European integration, that is, on the process of building a European space in terms of EU-level policies, practices and politics, scholars have added a concern with Europeanisation, that is, with the impact of European integration on member state policies, practices and politics. Conceptually, on top of the 'first generation' studies centred on explaining the process of formation of a European sphere, where scholarly debates divided over whether the EU was fundamentally intergovernmental or neo-functionalist and, more recently, liberal intergovernmentalist, supranational, multi-level, or network-based, we now have a 'second generation' of studies that concentrates instead on the process of national adjustment to the EU. These scholarly debates differ over which factors best explain policy change in the process of adjustment – whether external pressures and problems, the 'fit' between EU-level policies and national policy legacies and preferences, actors' problem-solving capacity in a given political-institutional setting, or ideas and discourse (see Heritier 2001; Cowles et al. 2001; Featherstone and Radaelli 2003). Methodologically, the study of European policy change has also become increasingly split among those who emphasise interest-based rationality and game-theoretic behaviour; institutional path-dependencies and historically-shaped patterns of development; social constructions of action, culture and identity; or, most recently, ideas and discourse.


We report the first formal verification of a reintegration protocol for a safety-critical distributed embedded system. A reintegration protocol increases system survivability by allowing a transiently-faulty node to regain state. The protocol is verified in the Symbolic Analysis Laboratory (SAL), where bounded model-checking and decision procedures are used to verify infinite-state systems by k-induction. The protocol and its environment are modeled using a recently-developed explicit real-time model. Because k-induction has exponential complexity, we optimize this model to reduce the size of k necessary for the verification and to make $k$ invariant to the number of nodes. A corollary of the verification is that a clique avoidance property is satisfied.


Natural gas pipeline companies invest heavily in expansion of the United States pipeline system. System expansion projects totaled $5.7 billion in 1992. In 1993-94 there was more than $3.8 billion of construction projects completed or under construction, and an additional $5.2 billion proposed and pending, totaling over $9 billion. Over 8,000 miles of new pipelines were installed or under construction in 1993. Much of the new investment involves expanding capacity of existing pipelines by constructing parallel pipes that use existing compressors and follow the same right-of-way, a process also known as {open_quotes}looping.{close_quotes} Under traditional regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission or FERC), the pipelines have been able to average or {open_quotes}roll in{close_quotes} the costs of expansion, generally raising costs to existing customers. The Great Lakes Gas Transmission Ltd. Partnership (Great Lakes) decision reversed this long-standing policy by requiring new customers to bear the costs of expansion. This article will demonstrate that these alternative regulatory policies have significant consequences for pricing and the incentives to invest in new pipeline construction, and argues that the Great Lakes decision, which is currently under review, should be upheld and extended.


Brazil, since the emergence of the United Nations, has contributed to the peacekeeping missions, which makes the country one of the most respected regarding their peacekeepers and the respect of the basic principles of these operations. In addition, Brazil also aims to be part of a list of nations that define the direction of the international system, not just as an actor, but as a decision maker. In this sense, Brazilian governments in recent decades have sought to use the Brazilian participation in peacekeeping operations of the United Nations to enter the country in a more assertive way on the international society. For this, Brazilian diplomacy has not avoided assuming increasing responsibilities at the multilateral level, and the highest point of this policy was the acceptance of the invitation to lead the United Nations Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti (MINUSTAH). Therefore, this paper analyzes the role of the Brazilian participation in the peacekeeper operations and gains and expenses that the country has been having to keep this policy looking forward to obtaining geopolitical prestige gains.


According to the phenomenon of users who are accustomed to use a few words to search the information they need on the internet.But people always can not find the exact information they need.The model of the query semantic expansion based on mutual information is proposed.It can not only find the corresponding information of the query but also find the related information according to the inte-resting of user's.


The Dual Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) is a forward‐looking sonar that operates in shallow riverine environments with rocky, uneven substrates and near concrete structures such as dams. This allows a number of fisheries applications in environments previously too hostile for reliable sonar operation. Currently 35 DIDSONs have been obtained by 16 groups to accomplish a variety of fish assessment and behavioral studies. This paper surveys the work of these groups and highlights novel assessments allowed by this new acoustic tool. The groups include Alaska Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NOAA, USGS, Bureau of Reclamation, California Department of Water Resources, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Nez Perce Tribal Fisheries, Puyallup Tribal Fisheries, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and Fisheries Engineering Japan. Assessments include: (1) Counting fish migrating up rivers of various sizes, bottom substrates, turbidity, and velocity; (2) Analysis of fis...


The discourse of the University as an organization is structured by the knowledge which supposedly would agree with the present time, and also interrupt any kind of question about the way which it is being stabilished. Its most important feature is the naturalization.The expression of the imaginary of the contemporary culture and its mechanisms can be approximated to other contemporary organizational forms. It has also got features from the totalitarian discourse, even if it does not agree completely with it, as the possibility of its visibility as a discourse is minor.


A detailed dynamical study is presented for N2+ /He collisions running in the electronic ground state of the collision complex. Hybrid, quantum–classical dynamical calculations have been performed considering a broad range of collision energies (E coll = 0.01–100 eV) and various initial rotational–vibrational excitations of the N2+ ion. Both non-reactive and reactive ( N2+ collision-induced dissociation) cross-sections have been calculated with the momentum-transfer approximation applied to the former ones. A thorough comparison with pseudo-experimental data obtained from mobility measurements reported in the literature via an inverse-method approach has been performed and the effect of the rotational alignment of the N2+ ion on calculated cross-sections has been assessed and analyzed.


We report on the photodissociation of neutral diatomic molecules in a molecular-beam experiment where all the relevant quantities are well defined. The velocity and angular distributions and the internal states of the fragments were determined by Doppler spectroscopy. The quasibound level v' = 31, J' = 42 of the B Ylu state of Na2 dissociates into Na* 2> Pi/2 and Na 3Si/2 atoms with an angular distribution characterized by fi= — 1. Direct dissociation of the B Uu state yields only Na* 3P3/2 fragments, which does not support reported P3/2 and Pi/2 fragment emission. From two-photon dissociation we obtain Na* 3Pi/2 fragments with much larger kinetic energy and a different angular distribution.


Corrosion potential shift with the change of relative humidity in atmosphere and cathodic polarization curves under thin electrolyte layers for copper, zinc and carbon steel were measured with kelvin probe method. It was shown that the cathodic limiting current density increased with the decreasing of the thickness of electrolyte layer and corrosion potential of metals decreased with the increasing of relative humidity.


Two intelligent algorithms,tabu search(TS) and genetic algorithm(GA)are coupled respectively with the groundwater flow simulator MODFLOW and the contaminant transport simulator MT3DMS to solve optimal groundwater management models.Based on the summarization of the basic principles of two intelligent algorithms and the components of groundwater management model,the comparisons between TS and GA are performed in the quality of optimal solutions and calculation efficiency in the two ideal test problems.Two case studies reveal that TS can produce designs with 160 m3/d less pumping rate in the first case and 470 000$ less remedial design cost in the second case than those of GA approach with ten times and twenty-seven times higher computation efficiency.The results indicate that TS has a good prospect of application and extension in solving groundwater management models.


The edge of knowledge that is lived, is based on the infinity of information that is received in the day to day, be it in the public management as in the private sector. Managing knowledge that involves everyone in the same goal requires methods and actions that foster this practice. However, managing that information and the knowledge that resides in people is a challenge for public or private organizations. In this context, the article aims to analyze whether published studies on public management seek improvements in public services through knowledge management practices and innovative actions. Through a systematic research, with an exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study, it was concluded that public management seeks innovative practices, however, a little late in the face of private companies and the need that society demands. Knowledge management presents sources of help and ways to innovate the public management that needs to seek improvements constantly.


The problem of interpreting and restoring the three small fragments of the Greek didascalic inscription found in Rome (in 1777, 1765, and 1888) and last edited by Kaibel in 1G. XIV (z IGSI.) 1097, 1098, 1098 a (Addenda, p. 697) is singularly fascinating to the student of Attic comedy. The great importance of the document to which they belonged is at once apparent, while the difficulties involved in the problem are baffling in the highest degree, on account both of the mutilated condition of the fragments and of the unusual nature of their contents. It is not surprising that no two of the scholars' who have discussed them, have until recently agreed in their interpretations. Doubtless many who have not committed their ideas to print have had the same experience as the present writer, who confesses to hiaving spent many an odd hour over these 43 broken lines, convinced that the published interpretations were often wholly wrong, never wholly right, only to lay aside for further reflection his own incomplete restorations with numerous queries still unanswered. But the problem has recently been brought appreciably nearer a solution by Alfred Korte in Rhein. M`us. LX (1905), pp. 425 if.


In this work, the vertical structure photodetector based on CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) with a structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/CsPbBr3 QDs/Au is reported. In this device, CsPbBr3 QDs film works as the light‐harvesting layer, and ZnO QDs film acts as the electron transport channel, which can extract the electron efficiently and improve the quality of CsPbBr3 QDs film. As a result, the on/off ratio, detectivity and rise time (decay time) of CsPbBr3/ZnO hybrid photodetector are measured to be 2.4 × 106, 2.25 × 1011, and 62 milliseconds (82 ms) under 0‐V bias. This work inspires the development of vertical structure photodetectors based on the all‐inorganic perovskite QDs.


This paper introduces the current situation and the future development of control system of auto engine and the sensor for auto state control system.


Background In the past decades, diagnostic imaging modalities of bronchogenic carcinoma were chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) to determine the tumor size and mediastinal lymph nodes involved, as well as liver and adrenal metastases. Now PET/CT has become a routine procedure for the primary assessment (initial staging) in the detection of functional tumor activity (viable cells). Objective The objective of this study was to compare between contrast CT and PET/CT in the assessment of bronchogenic carcinoma (initial staging) and impact of weight and BMI on it. Patients and methods This was a cross-sectional study that involved 100 patients for initial staging of newly diagnosed bronchogenic carcinoma examined by contrast CT and PET/CT. In addition to anthropometry measures, weight and height were taken and BMI was calculated. Results The initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma showed significant differences between PET/CT versus contrast CT (P=0.001). Upstaging done by PET/CT in six patients (stages I and II), as well as an agreement between CT and PET/CT in stage III and IV was detected. The evaluation showed a sensitivity and specificity of 75.2–89.4% and 78.2–90.0% for CT and 97.2–100% and 98.5–100% for PET/CT, respectively. There is a significant positive correlation between tumor size and its metabolic activity measured by the maximum standardized uptake value. However, there was no significant correlation between BMI and maximum standardized uptake value; moreover not any significant association between BMI and metastatic deposits was detected. Conclusion PET/CT is a powerful imaging modality for the assessment of functional behavior of tumor cells to avoid false results depending on the morphology only as contrast CT, which leads to change the decision taken for the management of bronchogenic carcinomas.


1,12-Dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene-5,8-dinitrile is nitrated at symmetrical positions giving 2,11-dinitro-, 4,9-dinitro, and 2,4,9,11-tetranitrohelicenes depending on the reaction conditions. The electron-deficient helicenes form charge-transfer (CT) complexes with pyrene in the solution as well as in the solid state. Crystal of the CT complex obtained from either (P)- or (±)-tetranitrohelicene possesses columnar structure but with different helicity, diameter, and pitch.


Cabbage was direct seeded on Jul 1, at the O.A.R.D.C. Vegetable Crops Branch in Fremont, OH. Rows were on 0.76 m centers and plants were later thinned to a 0.3 m in-row spacing. Treatment plots consisted of single 9.1 m rows, separated on either side from adjoining treatments by untreated border rows, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 rept i cat ions. Alleyways 6.1 m wide separated replications. Larval counts from 5 plants/replication/treatment were made weekly from Jul 29 to Oct 7. Insecticides were applied whenever a threshold of 0.5 total larvae/plant was met or exceeded, using a 9.5 liter CO2 pressurized hand sprayer delivering 468 liter/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through a single D2-25 cone nozzle. All materials were applied as foliar sprays in 3.8 liter of water to which was added X-77 spreader at a rate of 15.6 ml/50 liter. On Oct 13, plots were evaluated for larval feeding damage by rating 10 plants/plot using a 1-6 rating scale. Cabbage was harvested on Oct 14 and yields recorded from 4.6 m of each treatment row.


Haemarthroses account for more than 90% of all bleeding episodes in patients with severe haemophilia [1], defined as a level of factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX) of <1% [2]. Recurrent bleeding over time into the same joint results in progressive joint damage and the development of painful and debilitating haemophilic arthropathy [1]. Prophylaxis, the regular infusion of replacement factor concentrate to prevent bleeding, is considered optimal care for patients with severe haemophilia [3], and the jointprotective benefits of prophylaxis in patients with severe haemophilia A have been demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial [4] and a large observational study [5]. Few studies have reported on the prophylactic use of FIX, however, and there remain many unanswered questions.


The article analyses the question such as management, catalogue, personnel quality and the exploitation of ancient books in libraries. It makes a conclusion that the preservation of ancient books is less important than exploitation,we should devote much attention to the cataloging of ancient books to service the reader better.


The photographic installation created by María Magdalena Campos-Pons in De las dos Aguas (Between Two Waters), Campos-Pons takes the viewer on a historical journey of the two bodies of ocean water that separate Africa and the Americas Many dualities are seen in the photo, starting with the two women standing on either side of the photograph holding opposites ends of a boat.


* Introduction: A Geographers Appreciation of Americas Wine Country * Grapevines * Major Cultivars in American Vineyards Today * American Environments for Wine Grapes * American Wine Making Comes of Age * Wine Regions and Wine Labels * American Viticultural Landscapes * Seasons, Ceremonies, and Wine-Judging Events * The Viticultural Area as a Working Landscape * Communicating About Grapes and Wines * Americas Viticultural Future


This paper addresses implementation of a design sensitivity analysis to control crystallinity distribution in semi-crystalline polymers during a film casting process since their properties are shaped by crystallinity distribution during the process. The design sensitivity analysis is used as a control algorithm to determine sub-optimal process inputs to establish the desired crystallinity distribution for the semi-crystalline polymers during the film extrusion process. The simulation result demonstrates the effectiveness of the control algorithm which can efFrciently determine a set of process inputs that generate a crystallinity distribution close to the desired one.


The aim of this work was to study the physico‐chemical characteristics of androgen receptors of normal and malignant human prostatic tissues. Association (k+1) and dissociation (k−1) rate constants and sedimentation profiles on sucrose density gradients were determined on [3H]androgen receptor complexes. In the presence of 20 mM sodium molybdate, no significant difference in k+1 and k−1 values could be found between cytosolic receptor preparations from normal and malignant specimens. The values obtained for k+1 (mean ± SD) were 5 ± 2 × 106M−1 min−1 (N = 3) and 5 ± 2 × 106M−1 (N = 5); k−1 values of 23 ± 4 × 10−4 min−1 (N = 4) and 25 ± 3 × 10−4 min−1 (N = 5) were obtained for normal and malignant tissues respectively. Similar Nmax values were also obtained for normal [(mean ± SD) 26 ± 10 fmol/mg cytosolic protein (N = 5)] and malignant [20 ± 9 fmol/mg protein (N = 7)] tissues. A statistically significant difference was found however, between k−1 values measured on [3H]androgen receptor complexes of nuclear extracts; values of 15 ± 3 × 10−4 min−1 (N = 4) and 9 ± 1 × 10−4 min−1 (N = 6) were found for normal and malignant tissue preparations respectively. This was also accompanied by a higher level of androgen receptors in nuclear extracts of malignant [Nmax, 308 ± 171 fmol/ g of tissue (N = 8)] compared to normal [Nmax, 68 ± 11 fmol/g of tissue (N = 5)] tissues.


Britain was on the verge of war with America, yet foreign affairs were far from the thoughts of Londoners, spellbound by the proceedings of two spectacular trials, one involving a strange pair of twins, and the other an elegant young woman. Caroline Rudd had left Ireland for London where she came to enjoy a glamorous life as a high-class prostitute. Her mesmerizing charisma attracted the identical but opposite Perreau twins one a sober merchant, the other a raffish gambler. Caroline and the twins forged bonds and lived in luxury until everything collapsed like a house of cards and charges of forgery were laid. Meticulously researched, this evocative history brilliantly bridges the gap between aristocracy and underworld, as eighteenth-century society is drawn into the most scandalous financial smart of the age."


The epidemiological emergency from Covid-19, beyond the dramatic human implications, shook the state building to its foundations, forcing jurists to measure themselves on central concepts in the italian constitutional system. Many of these concepts and institutions can be said to have resisted the imposing impact of the facts, however this 'systemic' crisis has certainly provided a different perspective from which to target and recognize them. Unlike what one might assume, the issues most influenced by this matter are legal reserves and the principle of legality, as essential trait d'union between public powers and fundamental rights..The present work focuses on a evaluation the constitutional compatibility of the recent emergency regulatory production in its individual manifestations, in the awareness that, beyond the many special and temporary measures, the overall regulatory management of this pandemic represents a precedent destined to last over time. © 2020 Societa Editrice Il Mulino. All right reserved.


The surface grammar of reports such as 'I have a pain in my leg' suggests that pains are objects which are spatially located in parts of the body. We show that the parallel construction is not available in Mandarin. Further, four philosophically important grammatical features of such reports cannot be reproduced. This suggests that arguments and puzzles surrounding such reports may be tracking artefacts of English, rather than philosophically significant features of the world. 1. Pain in English English has at least two distinct ways to report on physical pain. There is a predicative locution: 'My back hurts'; 'My back is painful'. The surface grammar is that of attributing a state to a body part. There is also a locative locution: 'There is a pain in my back'; 'I have a pain in my back'. On the level of surface grammar, this locution postulates that there is a thing, a pain, which can be possessed by a subject, and asserts that it is spatially located within a body part where the location is usually signalled by the prepositional phrase 'in NP (noun phrase)'. The predicative locution is relatively neutral on what pains actually are. The locative form, by contrast, seems more committal: it treats pains as things that can be quantified over and can have spatial locations. Focus on this locution has driven a number of philosophical debates. Bodily theories of pain claim that pains are, in some important sense, things which are located in body parts. For example, many theories claim that pain experience (in part or in whole) represents bodily damage (Armstrong 1962; Cutter and Tye 2011; Bain 2013). Damage is also the sort of thing that is located in our bodies, which means that these kinds of representationalism have a straightforward way to account for the locative form of pain reports. Conversely, the locative form has been used in arguments against (e.g.) adverbial theories of pain, which have to treat the locative form as a paraphrase (see Tye 1984). Adverbial theories are thought of as not squaring well with our ordinary conception of pain. Appealing to the locative form, Tye notes (1984: 319): '[w]e certainly speak as if pains are felt objects which are located in sundry parts of our bodies'. More broadly, the debate about the locative form is relevant to debates about the perceptual status of pain itself (Hyman 2003; Aydede 2005a; Bain 2007). The 1 In English, we can also appeal to experiential predicates like 'feel' and 'experience' to talk about pain: 'I feel pain'. In this case, the surface grammar appears to attribute a state to the subject of the experience, while sentences like 'I feel a pain in my leg' have features of the locative locution. However, as Fischer et al. (2015) emphasize, 'feels' talk can introduce additional implicatures; we thus focus on locutions which avoid the phrase. locative form, at least on the surface, would commit pains to being the objects of sensation, rather than just properties of objects like body parts. Aydede (2013) uses numerous examples of the locative form to suggest that something 'in our ordinary conception favours an understanding of pains as if they were the objects of our perception'. And indeed, the following two sentences seem to be at least syntactically parallel: I feel a pain in my leg. I see a tree in the garden. Whether this is in conflict with transparency theses that motivate intentionalism remains a contested question (see Aydede 2019 for a recent overview and argument). Conversely, the locative form has raised persistent puzzles. Consider the following inference, from Block (1983: 517): The pain is in my fingertip. The fingertip is in my mouth. Therefore, the pain is in my mouth. Something has gone wrong. Block himself suggests that the 'in' of pain must signify something other than spatial enclosure. Noordhof (2001, 2002) agrees, noting numerous parallel cases of non-spatial 'in'. Tye disagrees, noting that there are multiple spatial uses of 'in' (2002) and (2005) that some of these uses set up intensional contexts where substitution fails. Bain (2007) argues that there is no straightforward route from problematic arguments like Block's to a denial of an underlying metaphysical view on which pains are located. By contrast, Hyman (2003) and Noordhof (2005) both suggest that the puzzle can be solved by translating the locative form without remainder into the predicative, which in turn undermines the philosophical significance of the locative locution. More recently, Reuter, Sienhold, and Sytsma (2019) appeal to pragmatic implicatures to explain the puzzle and give empirical evidence that these implicatures are cancellable. They take this to support a bodily view of pain. In each case, while nominally about pain, the debate has turned on the interpretation of various English-language pain reports. Many English prepositions, including the preposition 'in', are opaque and overloaded with meaning, raising the possibility that these puzzles are an artefact of English grammar. Cross-linguistic research has the potential to show which features of pain are artefacts of the English language, and which are universal and might in turn be taken to be philosophically significant (Wierzbicka 2012). Mandarin Chinese is the world's most widely spoken native tongue (Wang and Sun 2015: 578), and so makes an excellent test case. 2. Pain in Mandarin The English word 'pain' is translated into Mandarin as either tòng (痛) or téngtòng (疼痛). The former is used either as a noun or as a verb, whereas the latter is only used as a noun. There is also the word téng (疼), which is predominantly used as a verb. Mandarin speakers from northern China tend to use the word téng (疼), whereas those from southern China tend to use the word tòng (痛). At a first pass, the standard way to discuss pain in Mandarin closely parallels the predicative locution in English: 我背疼 Wǒ bèi téng 1SG back hurt 'My back hurts.' 我的背很痛 wǒ de bèi hěn tòng 1SG LIG back very ache 'My back is very sore.' 我背不舒服 wǒ bèi bù shūfú 1SG back not comfortable 'My back isn't comfortable.' 2 Mandarin also has a way to discuss pain that closely parallels the English locution 'I feel pain': 我感觉痛 wǒ gǎnjué tòng 1SG feel ache 'I feel pain.' 我感觉背痛 wǒ gǎnjué bèi tòng 1SG feel back ache 'I feel that my back aches.' However, one cannot directly render English sentences like 'I feel a pain' or 'I feel pain in my back' in Mandarin. On the other hand, there appears to be no straightforward equivalent of the locative form. Indeed, it would seem that pain reports in Mandarin cannot have many of the features of the locative form. The locative form for reporting on physical pain in English has the following four features: (1) It uses a prepositional phrase; most importantly, it can take the preposition 'in' as in 'in my back' – the use of the preposition 'in' signals the body part where pain is located; (2) Pain is countable – one can say 'a pain'; (3) It permits an existential construction as in 'THERE IS a pain'. (4) It permits a possessive construction as in 'I HAVE a pain in my back'. The surface grammar of the locative locution suggests that pain is analogous to physical objects whose location in space can be specified with the prepositional phrase 'in NP'. Pains are also treated as countable objects. We can use the existential construction, e.g. 'There is a pen', and the possessive construction, e.g. 'I have books', to talk about physical objects; it appears that parallel talk about pain is also licenced. 3 In Mandarin, the same lexicon yǒu, which is polysemous, is used to mean either existence, i.e. 'there is', or possession, i.e. 'have'. The difference is traced to a difference in the relevant syntactic properties: 'The "have" use of yǒu takes two arguments in a relational type of clause (POSSESSOR-NP yǒu POSSESSED-NP), whereas existential yǒu takes only one, typically postverbal, argument' (Chappell 2002: 285). All four features of the locative locution of pain attribution that are present in English are impermissible in Mandarin. Indeed, corresponding sentences with the same surface grammar are not just odd but (in most cases) flatly ungrammatical: (1) Mandarin does not have a similar construction to the prepositional phrase 'in NP' in English to report the location of pain. The location of pain is usually specified by the noun phrase in the predicative locution which also acts as the subject of the sentence:


A highly selective isophorone‐boronate ester based chemosensor, (1), having a dicyanovinyl moiety as a convenient colorimetric probe, has been designed. Different types of anionic analyte such as CH3COO−, ClO4−, Cl−, F−, PF6−, Br− and HSO4− were tested and among them only highly nucleophilic F− anion displayed significant response towards the sensor. Addition of the fluoride anion across the boron atom disrupts the π‐conjugation thereby shifts the absorption wavelength towards the redshift region due to the decrease in the HOMO‐LUMO energy gap and a colour change from yellow to blue is observed under visible light condition. The detection limit of this probe was calculated to be 3.25 × 108 M for fluoride anion. The binding constants and the detection limits of the sensor were calculated using absorption titration studies. The silica gel TLC strips dip‐coated by the chemosensor (1) revealed a colour change from yellow to brick red to naked eye.


The relationship between heat input, microstructures, and mechanical properties was studied in the gas tungsten arc (GTA) weld brazing process of aluminum alloy and stainless steel dissimilar metals with a pure aluminum core wire (ER1100). The mechanisms involved were further revealed by hot-dip aluminizing experiments. The intermetallic compounds (IMCs) of the brazing interface consisted of a thin layer of -Fe2Al5 next to the steel, and a thick layer of Fe4Al13 adjacent to the Al joint, surrounded by eutectic identified to be Al-FeAl6 and Al-Fe2Al9 distributed uniformly in the weld metal. With increasing heat input, the total thickness of the IMCs decreased first, reaching a minimum value of 3.5 m, and then increased. The decrease in IMC thickness with heat input was observed for the first time and had never been reported before in welding or brazing processes. The joint strength increased to a maximum value of 238 MPa and then declined, suggesting an inverse relationship between IMC thickness and joint strength. The results of the hot-dip aluminizing, regarding the relationship between IMC thickness and temperature, were consistent with the change of IMC thickness in the welds. A possible mechanism in action is that interfacial kinetics and thermodynamics play a role in the dissolution and decomposition of the thick layer of -Fe4Al13 into the FeAl6 and Fe2Al9 phase. Promoting the IMC dissolution or decomposition by adjusting welding procedures is a promising new way to control the IMC growth and improve the joint strength.


A new universal model is presented which allows multimedia devices to interoperate seamlessly with each other in the global Internet. The main idea is that multimedia devices all over the world can be joined together by the Internet in so-called virtual communities. All the participants can transparently search for each other using a variety of search criteria, establish dynamic cooperation sessions, control each other and monitor each other's internal state. To build virtual communities and provide the interaction of their members, a mathematical model of a random metrized graph with small world properties is used.


Abstract Socotra Island (Yemen), a global biodiversity hotspot, is characterized by high geomorphological and biological diversity. In this study, we present a high-resolution vegetation map of the island based on combining vegetation analysis and classification with remote sensing. Two different image classification approaches were tested to assess the most accurate one in mapping the vegetation mosaic of Socotra. Spectral signatures of the vegetation classes were obtained through a Gaussian mixture distribution model, and a sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) classification was applied to account for the heterogeneity and the complex spatial pattern of the arid vegetation. This approach was compared to the traditional maximum likelihood (ML) classification. Satellite data were represented by a RapidEye image with 5 m pixel resolution and five spectral bands. Classified vegetation relevés were used to obtain the training and evaluation sets for the main plant communities. Postclassification sorting was performed to adjust the classification through various rule-based operations. Twenty-eight classes were mapped, and SMAP, with an accuracy of 87%, proved to be more effective than ML (accuracy: 66%). The resulting map will represent an important instrument for the elaboration of conservation strategies and the sustainable use of natural resources in the island.


We first review the recent developments of studies on solitons in higher dimensions. Next we extract two characteristics about solitons in higher dimensions: (i) these solitons are written by the special functions such as the Bessel function, (ii) existence of the transformation which connects 1+1d soliton equation and its cylindrical or spherical equation. We check that to what extent these two characteristics hold in the recently found examples of the various higher dimensional solitons


This research paper presents an analysis of the collected articles using the Publish or Perish software, consisting of the top 290 scientific articles listed on Google Scholar from 1947 to 2023. The study aims to explore the current state of the data science field in relation to technological advancements and the prevalence of big data. The findings reveal a significant and rapid development in the field, highlighting the importance of topics such as data science, big data, data analysis, and machine learning for further investigation.


Objective: To determine whether or not manual dexterity aptitude testing in the form of soap carving during otolaryngology residency interviews at Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center predicts surgical skill at the time of graduation from otolaryngology residency programs. Methods: Over the past 25 years, applicants to the residency program at Kaiser Permanente Oakland were required to carve soap. This study was conducted to determine how applicants with the best and worst soaps compared at the time of graduation with respect to various metrics including visiospatial ability and manual dexterity. Results: The best and worst soaps from 1990 to 2006 were determined. Sixty-two individuals qualified for the study and matriculated into otolaryngology residency programs. Surveys were sent to their residency programs to evaluate those individuals on a 5-point Likert scale in various categories. There was no difference between individuals with the "best soaps" and those with the "worst soaps" in all categories: cognitive knowledge, visiospatial ability, manual dexterity, decision making, and overall score (P > .1 for all categories). There was a 95% response rate with 35 of 37 residency programs responding, and 59 of 62 surveys returned. Conclusion: Although further studies need to be conducted to determine the role of manual dexterity and visiospatial aptitude testing in the otolaryngology application process, individuals who have the "best soaps" did not score higher than those with the "worst soaps" in several metrics.


The rational management system of market withdrawing represents the maturity of road freight market, and that also is a main part of the long-term effective mechanism on overload control. First, This paper analyzed the connotation of market withdrawing and its management, and got that there are two problems in market withdrawing management of transport enterprise, that is, noneffective market withdrawing management system and incomplete guarantee system of market withdrawing; then, by deeply researching the strategies of transport freight operators in current market environment, we found that the choice of unwithdrawing would be rational, for the influences of the high withdrawing costs and vastprofit of overload transportation; at last, this thesis brought forward some concrete measures against overload control from reducing the withdrawing costs and increasing the costs of overload transportation.


The demographic history of the Jews in the Middle Ages may be characterized by two main phenomena: i) a sharp drop in the number of Jews until the beginning of the modern period, due mainly to conversions; and, ii) early urbanization. Until now, these features have been analyzed as primarily resulting from persecution and restrictions initiated by the political and religious authorities in the host countries. Economic historians have recently proposed an explanation based on mandatory education in the Jewish tradition (Botticini and Eckstein, 2001). We propose a supplementary explanation based on the incentives to switch affiliation and/or location in a dual environment, where potential gains from in-group cooperation for the Jewish minority may well be offset by losses due to intergroup hostility. Our model generates the two results described above (i.e., a decrease in the total number of Jews, and their concentration in urban areas), without having to rely either on discrimination policies or on investment in human capital, as in previous research.


Does Women's Lower Labor Force Participation Explain Their Higher Engagement in Private Care Work? A Contribution to the Debate About Gender Equality Women do still provide more private care work than men, although their participation in employment has increased in the last decades. Using longitudinal data of the German Ageing Survey 1996 to 2017, in this paper, we study, whether women's greater engagement in unpaid social support and care giving can be attributed to the fact that women compared to men are still less economically active and have a lower occupational qualification. This hypothesis, however, cannot be confirmed, as the gender differences in the private unpaid care work can be explained by gender differences in the labor force participation only to a small amount. JEL-Klassifizierung: D13, D63, J16


Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a stochastic model where all the states are hidden and emit outputs that are observable. HMM is intertwined with artificial intelligence that allows it to be applied to latest technologies like speech and handwriting recognition. It has proved to be an extremely valuable tool in the field of bioinformatics and has been extensively used in sequencing, alignment, homology prediction and protein secondary structure prediction. In order to understand HMM, we have used a simple problem based on land used for pigeon pea cultivation throughout years which has been illustrated using MATLAB and studied using matrix multiplication and probability concepts. This paper also outlines the technique used for studying gene prediction using HMM. It heavily draws content from the forward and backward recursions which were given by Ruslan L Stratonovichlt in 1960. It is a nexus of complicated ideas and calculations, including various algorithms like Viterbi and Forward algorithm which can be implemented using various programming languages such as C, C++ and tools like Matlab. Even though the concept is about 60 years old,it is one of the most detailed algorithms available to date. Due to ever increasing applications, it has become a constant in the curriculum for students of different backgrounds like computer science, electronics and bioinformatics.


Buero Vallejo deals with a theme that today is in force: the justification or not of terrorism. In this article we show how the author changes some of his points of view when writing drama without censorship. At the beginning, we compare the fragility of Jueces en la noche against La Fundacion, performed in 1974. Even though there is only six years between them, La Fundacion is a play where Buero Vallejo uses his artistic capacity to avoid censorship without damaging his critical intention. Jueces en la noche is performed more directly, without dialectics. The second part of the article pays attention to the reception of the play when it was performed for the first time. Most of the critics coincide in the loss of objetivity of the author when writing on the theme of terrorism.


It is desired (especially for young people) to shop for the same or similar products shown in the multimedia contents (such as online TV programs). This indicates an urgent demand for improving the experience of TV-to-Online (T2O). In this paper, a transfer learning approach as well as a prototype system for effortless T2O experience is developed. In the system, a key component is high-precision product search, which is to fulfill exact matching between a query item and the database ones. The matching performance primarily relies on distance estimation, but the data characteristics cannot be well modeled and exploited by a simple Euclidean distance. This motivates us to introduce distance metric learning (DML) for improving the distance estimation. However, in traditional DML methods, the side information (such as the similar/dissimilar constraints or relevance/irrelevance judgements) in the target domain is leveraged. These methods may fail due to limited side information. Fortunately, this issue can be alleviated by utilizing transfer metric learning (TML) to exploit information from other related domains. In this paper, a novel manifold regularized heterogeneous multitask metric learning framework is proposed, in which each domain is treated equally. The proposed approach allows us to simultaneously exploit the information from other domains and the unlabeled information. Furthermore, the ranking-based loss is adopted to make our model more appropriate for search. Experiments on two challenging real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. This TML approach is expected to impact the transformation of the emerging T2O trend in both TV and online video domains.


Reliable dating of glaciomarine sediments deposited on the Antarctic shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is challenging because of the rarity of calcareous (micro‐) fossils and the recycling of fossil organic matter. Consequently, radiocarbon (14C) ages of the acid‐insoluble organic fraction (AIO) of the sediments bear uncertainties that are difficult to quantify. Here we present the results of three different methods to date a sedimentary unit consisting of diatomaceous ooze and diatomaceous mud that was deposited following the last deglaciation at five core sites on the inner shelf in the western Amundsen Sea (West Antarctica). In three cores conventional 14C dating of the AIO in bulk samples yielded age reversals down‐core, but at all sites the AIO 14C ages obtained from diatomaceous ooze within the diatom‐rich unit yielded similar uncorrected 14C ages between 13 517 ± 56 and 11 543 ± 47 years before present (a BP). Correction of these ages by subtracting the core‐top ages, which probably reflect present‐day deposition (as indicated by 210Pb dating of the sediment surface at one core site), yielded ages between ca. 10 500 and 8400 cal. a BP. Correction of the AIO ages of the diatomaceous ooze by only subtracting the marine reservoir effect (MRE) of 1300 a indicated deposition of the diatom‐rich sediments between 14 100 and 11 900 cal. a BP. Most of these ages are consistent with age constraints between 13.0 and 8.0 ka for the diatom‐rich unit, which we obtained by correlating the relative palaeomagnetic intensity (RPI) records of three of the sediment cores with global and regional reference curves. As a third dating technique we applied conventional radiocarbon dating of the AIO included in acid‐cleaned diatom hard parts extracted from the diatomaceous ooze. This method yielded uncorrected 14C ages of only 5111 ± 38 and 5106 ± 38 a BP, respectively. We reject these young ages, because they are likely to be overprinted by the adsorption of modern atmospheric carbon dioxide onto the surfaces of the diatom hard parts prior to sample graphitisation and combustion for 14C dating. The deposition of the diatom‐rich unit in the western Amundsen Sea suggests deglaciation of the inner shelf before ca. 13 ka BP. The deposition of diatomaceous oozes elsewhere on the Antarctic shelf around the same time, however, seems to be coincidental rather than directly related. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The objective of this study was to assess the effects of partial supplementation of 1.5 years old blackhead Persian sheep with hay, molasses and local salt (Chalbi salt). The nutritive values of hay, molasses and Chalbi salt were determined. The selected sheep were assigned to three treatments in a completely randomized design; 10 sheep were given to the farmer and were herded based on his management practice (denoted as treatment A), 10 were grazed for 5 h and later supplemented with 600 g of chopped hay mixed with molasses per sheep daily and Chalbi salt ad libitum (denoted as treatment B), 10 were introduced to a government research farm, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO-Marsabit) flock and managed on the free range with no supplementation except Chalbi salt. They were also grazed for 8 h daily (denoted as treatment C). Feed resources for partial supplementation were analysed for proximate analysis, Van soest, in-vitro dry matter digestibility and mineral profiles. Molasses was spread on hay to increase palatability and intake. Chalbi salt was provided ad libitum to the supplemented group. All 30 sheep were weighed weekly. The data on sheep weights were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The mean sheep weight over the study period was higher among the supplemented group B (25.95 kg), followed by on-station research farm-managed group C (22.60 kg) and lastly farmer-managed group A (19.50 kg). Supplementation of sheep using local feed resources enhances weight gain and this is recommended, essentially in a weight-based marketing system. Keywords: Market, nutrients, sheep, supplement, weight.


How to improve images registration's precision and efficiency while keeping a low error rate is an important topic worthy of study.In order to meet the need of clinical demand,a mixed programming registration strategy was proposed.In this method,the pre-registration is finished by the combination of the extraction of the image's gravity center and the detail enhancing of the image which is generated by wavelet decomposition.On this basis,the process of registration is based on the gray-scale of the images,and it uses the Powell optimization algorithm and the traditional maximum mutual information as the method of measuring the similarity between the images.In addition,we proposed an improvement on the one-dimensional search within Powell algorithm which is different from the Brent algorithm,and this makes it more suitable for image registration without losing the accuracy and efficiency.The experiment shows that our registration strategy performs very well in avoiding false registration,and its accuracy reaches sub-pixel level,moreover,its efficiency meets the need of clinical demand.


Systemic research has been done on the endpoint detection algorithms of speech in the noise environment.traditional method of short-time energy and short-time zero-crossing rate of double threshold can not detect speech signal endpoint in low SNR.To solve this problem,A improved algorithm of spectral entropy-double threshold is proposed in this paper,the diagram of realization of this algorithm is presented and simulated in MATLAB.Simulation results show that the algorithm perform well on anti-noise,they can still accurately distinguish between voice and noise,so the effectiveness and high efficiency of the improved algorithm is proved.


This paper uses the ideas of action learning for reference.Especially in the light of the characteristics and innovative accomplishments of the China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an,it elaborates the working mechanisms of post-training prolongation and extension for Party cadres after education and training for party spirit,and proposes specific road maps.


In order to be able to handle a wide range of AI applications, such as for speech, image, language and autonomous driving, it is necessary that an AI accelerator be flexible enough to handle diversified workloads. Baidu Kunlun, an AI chip designed in-house by Baidu, achieves this capability with high programmability, flexibility and performance. Baidu Kunlun was inspired by the XPU architecture [1]. The chip is implemented in Samsung 14nm process technology. Its peak performance is 230TOPS@INT8 at 900MHz and up to 281TOPS@INT8 at 1.1GHz boost frequency. The memory bandwidth is 512GB/s and the peak power is 160W. Baidu Kunlun achieves good performance across various types of workloads. With 900MHz base frequency, the latencies of BERT, ResNet50, YOLOv3 are $1.7 \times, 1.2 \times$ and $2 \times$ less than an Nvidia T4 GPU, respectively, with optimizations from TensorRT. Recently, Baidu Kunlun has been deployed in data centers in Baidu to serve many applications. It achieves 1.5-to$- 3 \times$ better performance for several models within the search engine vs. the Nvidia T4.


Multiple diagnostic tools are used by emergency physicians,every day. In addition, new tools are evaluated to obtainmore accurate methods and reduce time or cost of conventionalones. In the previous parts of this educationalseries, we described diagnostic performance characteristicsof diagnostic tests including sensitivity, specificity, positiveand negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios. Thereceiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve is a graphicalpresentation of screening characteristics. ROC curve is usedto determine the best cutoff point and compare two or moretests or observers by measuring the area under the curve(AUC). In this part of our educational series, we explain ROCcurve and two methods to determine the best cutoff value.


The control function of potassium permanganate and chloramines to trihalomethane(THMs) formation in the combined pretreatment process was approached.The results showed that THMs formation can be effectively controlled by the synergistic pretreatment of potassium permanganate and chloramines within the normal range of potassium permanganate dosage in the drinking water treatment process(below 2 mg/L).The control effect of potassium permanganate to THMs formation is the results of combined action with multiple affecting mechanisms.The combined pretreatment process of potassium permanganate and chloramines may further reduce THMs formation on the premise of improved inactivation effects,compared with individual chloramine pretreatment of the same total dosage.Therefore,the treated water quality in both the aspects of chemical safety and microbial safety can be improved after the pretreatment of polluted raw water by this combined technique.


Electrochemical sensors are sensitive to electromagnetic interference, and some require a laboratory structure to carry out measurements. This work proposes developing a fiber optic sensor to measure pH by absorbing light in the evanescent field using sol-gel technology with the purple bromocresol indicator. Due to the variation in the color of the sol-gel, which contains the imprisoned indicator, light is absorbed in the evanescent field region when it comes into contact with different pH values. In this way, we can correlate the optical power read by the spectrometer, which corresponds to the difference between the power transmitted by the LED and the power of the light absorbed in the evanescent field region with the pH values. This article reports the preparation of the claddingless multimode optical fiber. The experiment was carried out initially in the laboratory with pH values between 4 and 7, which obtained excellent results with a coefficient of linear regression (R2) of 0.95439 and an adjusted R-squared of 0.93159.


is based on a selection of papers from the EIASMresearch workshop on the Challenges of Managing the Third Sector which washeld at the International University of Venice on San Servolo island on March12–14, 2007. In previous research workshops in this series, there has been debateon the positioning of different disciplines which are deployed in the investigationof the challenges facing charitable organisations. These considerations haveshown the debt owed to both economic and sociological thinking in past studiesand the emergence of a more managerial perspective in understanding thesedistinctive organisations (Helmig, Jegers and Lapsley, 2004). Previous researchworkshops have also discussed the vitality of the Third Sector, as evidenced bythe emergence of charitable organisations in new areas of activity such as creditunions, certain persistent challenges such as the forms of information necessaryfor monitoring charities and for prospective donors, the use of resourcesby charities, and the adoption of more professional management techniques(Helmig, Hyndman, Jegers and Lapsley, 2006). Underlying the distinctive natureof charities and charitable giving are fundamental challenges of the quantum offunds available to increasing numbers of charities and the dangers this poses fortheir continued existence (Lapsley, 2004), as further evidenced by a longitudinalstudy of Irish voluntary hospitals (Robbins and Lapsley, 2008).This special issue takes forward these recurring questions and adds to our un-derstanding of the tensions confronting the charitable sector in action. Hyndmanand McDonnell (2009, this issue) address the matter of charities governance.This is a major issue for charities. In the face of adverse publicity in the case ofcharitable funding scandals there is a need for charities to demonstrate that theyare not only applying the highest standards to the resources at their disposal buttheycanbeclearlyseentobebehavingappropriately.Thisisofconcerntodonors,to those who rely on charitable services and to governments which increasinglyseek to supplement their public sector services with voluntary organisations.However, the achievement of 'good governance' is not so straightforward.Hyndman and McDonnell (op.cit.) map out a research agenda to address thisissue. Breen (2009, this issue) also demonstrates the unintended consequences of


The space-time distribution of brightness of the Fe XIV, 530.3 nm coronal green line and its cyclic variations are analysed for a long time interval of more than five cycles (1943–2001). For this purpose a special movie has been made. It is shown that a substantial spatial reorganization of the coronal green-line brightness (CGLB) takes a relatively short time and occurs close to the so-called reference points of the cycle, as derived from the series of various solar activity indices. The 'active longitudes' lasting for 1.5–3.0 years are found to exist in the CGLB. The antipodal and 'intermittent' active longitudes are identified. For the time interval 1977–2001, it has been corroborated that the CGLB is strongly influenced by the magnetic field strength. An agreement is shown to exist between the spatial structure on the CGLB synoptic charts and those of the magnetic field strength. It is shown that the nature of the relationship between the CGLB and the magnetic field strengths in the corona inside and ...


Chapter 1 Preface Chapter 2 Acknowledgments Chapter 3 Introduction Chapter 4 1 Why Kids Are Angry Chapter 5 2 Students' Lives Chapter 6 3 Stereotypes: Nobody's Born a Bigot! Chapter 7 4 Teachers: "I Don't Get No Respect" Chapter 8 5 Setting the Tone: How Policy Makers Affect School Climate Chapter 9 6 Special Education: I'm Not Stupid! Chapter 10 Epilogue: Making a Difference-"Hate Hurts, Love Heals: Where Do You Stand?" Chapter 11 References and Additional Resources Chapter 12 Index Chapter 13 About the Author


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  By examining women's volunteer associations, Women Caring for Kamloops:  1890 - 1975 , breaks new ground in the history of Kamloops.  It moves the record of our city's past away from the usual examination of male pioneers, politicians, and businessmen and provides us with the valuable contributions made by women to social values, health care, education, culture, and the overall improvement of the city.  Thoroughly researched, this book provides in depth accounts of the associations and the personal motives of the volunteers.  There is no attempt to idolize these women and their good works are balanced by their socially constructed prejudices and discriminatory behaviour.  While connected to national and provincial associations, Kamloops women faced local problems and this became the driving force for volunteerism.


4-Lithium-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-tert-butyl-1,2-diaza-3-sila-5-cyclopentene is oxidized in the reaction with transition metal halides and subsequently dimerizes. Oxidation potentials are given and a reaction mechanism is proposed.


NiSi 2 nanocrystals were synthesized and used as the floating gate for nonvolatile memory application. Vapor-solid-solid mechanism was employed to grow the NiSi 2 nanocrystals by introducing SiH 4 onto the Ni catalysts-covered SiO 2 /Si substrate at 600°C. The average size and density of the NiSi 2 nanocrystals are 7∼10nm and 3×10 11 cm -2 , respectively. Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor memory with NiSi 2 nanocrystals was fabricated and characterized. Programming/erasing, retention and endurance measurements were carried out and good performances were demonstrated.


Abstract One of the major dangers for seismic damage of concrete dams is the propagation of cracks in dam concrete. The present study undertakes a numerical investigation of the seismic damage for Oued Fodda concrete gravity dam, located in the northwest of Algeria, considering the impacts of properties of joints along the dam-foundation rock interface and cross-stream earthquake excitation. Three-dimensional transient analyses for coupled dam-foundation rock system are carried out using Ansys software. The hydrodynamic effect of reservoir fluid is modelled using the added mass approach. The smeared crack approach is utilised to present the seismic damage of dam concrete using the Willam and Warnke failure criterion. The dam-foundation rock interface joints are presented with two ways, adhesive joints and frictional joints. The Drucker–Prager model is considered for dam concrete in nonlinear analyses. Consideration of the study results indicates that the frictional joints model can reduce the seismic response and damage hazard of the dam body to a better extent compared with the adhesive joints model. Furthermore, the application of cross-stream earthquake excitation reveals the significant effect on cracking response of the dam in the two models of joints.


Data-driven Artificial Intelligence systems are playing an increasingly significant role in the advancement of precision agriculture. Currently, precision sprayers lack fully automated methods to evaluate effectiveness of their operation, e.g. whether spray has landed on target weeds. In this paper, using an agricultural spot spraying system images were collected from an RGB camera to locate spray deposits on weeds or lettuces. We present an interpretable deep learning pipeline to identify spray deposits on lettuces and weeds without using existing methods such as tracers or water sensitive papers. We implement a novel stratification and sampling methodology to improve results from a baseline. Using a binary classification head after transfer learning networks, spray deposits are identified with over 90% Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC). This work offers a data-driven approach for an automated evaluation methodology for the effectiveness of precision sprayers.


An ultrathin, dual-band, orthogonally linearly polarized Huygens' metasurface has been proposed which can be used for 28/38 GHz dual-band lens antenna. It is composed of two types of linearly polarized Huygens' elements spatially interleaved along the orthogonal direction. They work in different frequency bands and have almost no interaction, achieving independent full-phase manipulation capabilities in their respective frequency bands. Then, a double-layer dual-band meta-lens antenna is designed, manufactured and measured. At 28/38 GHz, high gains of 30.61 and 31.99 dBi are achieved, respectively, which corresponds to antenna efficiencies of 54.2% and 40.7%. The 3-dB gain bandwidths are 7.5% and 8.6% in two band, respectively. The simulated and measured results consistently show good dual-band radiated performance of meta-lens. The proposed Huygens' meta-lens antenna has important applications in the field of antenna engineering.


The author considers the problem of the change of length of Jordan chains when passing from -selfadjoint operator to -selfadjoint operator , provided is small enough. The role played by the so-called sign characteristics is clarified. The results will carry over to the case of small perturbations of holomorphic selfadjoint operator-valued functions.


The immature seeds were harvested from self-pollinated miniature rose 'Shortcake'. The pale yellow and friable embryogenic calli were induced from an immature seed. The calli showed high frequency (50-60%) of transient GUS expression in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The population density of Agrobacterium and the sonication assistance treatment had slight effects on the transformation frequency. Among 65 putative transgenic shoots grown in vitro, seven transgenic rose plants have been established and flowered in a contained greenhouse. The flowers on the primary shoots showed unstable and quite different characteristics from those on the 2nd or later emerged shoots, which were very similar to the flowers of non-transgenic regenerated plants. The integration of T-DNA fragment in transgenic plants was confirmed by both PCR-Southern blot analysis with a GUS probe and Southern blot analysis with a hygromycin phosphotransferase RNA probe.


To account for time variation in equivalent circuits, we introduce a macro component: the loss free modulator (lfm). In practice, it is made of a chopper inserted between two loss free smoothing filters so it behaves as an ideal transformer with a time varying voltage ratio. That way, a converter can be presented as a set of inductors and capacitors, only required to temporally store energy, associated to one or more lfm. As a first illustration, behavior of modulated inductors and capacitors, made of an lfm loaded respectively by an inductor or a capacitor, is derived and some surprising applications of these circuits are described. Then, it is shown that, whatever its structure, a power factor corrected ac-dc converter must store a minimum energy to work properly. In most of practical designs, this minimum is overcome by a 10 ratio. Lowering this energy close to its minimum, offers an opportunity to use the lfm concept. Owing to two lfm, one of which being digitally controlled, the goal is reached. Simulated and measured results are presented and discussed. Finally, the approach followed in this paper is summed up and it is suggested that it can be useful for many converter designs.


The production of radical cation-containing covalent organic framework (COF) has been accomplished by sequential in-situ reactions, quaternization and one-electron reduction, of the 2,2'-bipyridine-based COFs. The acid-catalyzed COF formation enables the cis-configuration of 2,2'-bipyridyl moieties in the structure, of which the stability arises from the eclipsed stack-ing of two-dimensional layered structure. The post-functionalization generates cyclic alkylated diquats as sole products from the controlled quaternization. The reduction of diquat cations on the COF skeletons results in a large number of radical cati-ons, which delocalize and uniaxially stack on top of one another by virtue of interlayered π-electronic couplings. The absorp-tion of the near-infrared (NIR) region exhibited by the cationic radical COF is remarkably high owing to the inter-charge transfer across the π-coupling interlayers. Also, the long-range array of extended and planar frameworks in such the COF renders the extra stability of the radical cations against external stresses. The structure-enhanced performance of the COF ma-terial is witnessed with the photothermal conversion efficiencies as high as 63.8% and 55.2%, when exposed to 808 nm and 1064 nm lasers, respectively. The further PEG modification on such the COF allows photoacoustic imaging and photother-mal therapy in vivo under the NIR light illumination to be manifested.


Asset tracking is an essential part of many industries, so much so that large investments have been made in the area of wire-free automated identification technology, in particular, radio frequency identification (RFID). The aim of this paper is to discuss furthering such technology, making it intelligent through the use of wireless sensor networks (WSN). A prototype asset tracking system is presented, as well as preliminary results from experimentation related to expanding such a system to provide real-time asset positioning.


Holonomic and semi-holonomic geometries modelled on a homogeneous space G/P are introduced as reductions of the holonomic or semi-holonomic frame bundles respectively satisfying a straightforward generalization of the partial differ- ential equation characterizing torsion-free linear connections. Under a suitable regu- larity assumption on the model space G/P we establish an equivalence of categories between Cartan geometries and semi-holonomic geometries modelled on G/P. Resume (Geometries holonomes et semi-holonomes). — On introduit les geometries ho- lonomes et semi-holonomes modelees sur un espace homogene G/P comme reductions des fibres de reperes holonomes et semi-holonomes verifiant une generalisation de l'´ equation aux derivees partielles caracterisant les connexions lineaires sans torsion. Sous certaines conditions de regularite sur l'espace modele G/P ,n ousetablissons unede categories entre les geometries de Cartan et les geometries semi- holonomes modelees sur G/P.


Natural language processing and classification have been widely used in English-speaking countries. However, analysis and classification of a Lithuanian text is a complex issue and has not been fully implemented. This is due to complexity and peculiarities of the Lithuanian language, so methods appropriate for other languages, are not always appropriate for the Lithuanian language.Three selected word processing options and their various combinations were used and it was assessed how different and consistent text classification methods are able to classify insurance company customers' enquiries sent by email. This study is unique because a great number of methods were used and classification accuracy of a Lithuanian text in a large number of categories (33) was further assessed.Natural language processing problems, analogous studies of Lithuanian text classification were analyzed, research methodology was proposed and research findings were discussed in the paper.


A case of Salmonella oranienburg cervical spondylitis in a sixty-seven-year-old diabetic woman is reported. The type-specific organism was cultured from the blood, stool, and material aspirated from the bone lesion. Non-operative treatment was judged satisfactory as based on a two year follow-up.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate how two types of drivers, namely, executive compensation and market competition, can affect hospital quality in the USA. Recently, patients, insurers and regulators have increasingly focused on hospital quality. Understanding the interplay of incentives in this industry is important because in 2019, hospital treatment contributed $1.161bn to health-care costs in the USA. This study answers the call for more studies in the so-called "mixed" industry, where ownership differences can affect organizational objectives and operating constraints.

Design/methodology/approach
This study explores the roles of hospital executive compensation and industry competition as determinants of health-care quality. Specifically, the study probes the heterogeneity in the factors that influence quality across hospital types in the USA.

Findings
Using California hospital data from 2006 through 2020, the findings show that the effects of compensation and competition on hospital quality differ by ownership type. Executive compensation is positively associated with quality in for-profit hospitals but is not associated with that of nonprofit hospitals, suggesting for-profit hospitals are more likely to use higher levels of compensation to attract managers with higher ability, whereas the utility function for nonprofit managers may be multidimensional. Within the nonprofit hospital group, competition is more positively associated with quality for religious nonprofits relative to secular nonprofits, suggesting that competition provides more monitoring for religious hospitals.

Originality/value
Taken together, the findings provide evidence that the drivers of quality vary across hospitals in ways consistent with differences in constraints and objectives across ownership types. The findings are important for regulators seeking to incentivize higher quality. For example, Medicare in the USA has incorporated quality measures into its new hospital reimbursement scheme (value-based purchasing) to incentivize quality. This study proposes that regulators should consider differences across ownership types when evaluating the best ways to incentivize hospital quality.


We have developed a virtual reality (VR) game for tutoring English as a foreign language over the Web. The educational game is called VIRGE (virtual reality game for English) and intends to motivate and engage students through the use of a game. We have shown how an ILTS may be combined with the technology of virtual reality games and used over the Web for teaching English as a second language. The benefits of the combination of the above technologies are particularly important for the domain of a foreign language teaching because they allow the creation of engaging and motivating educational applications that are cross-cultural.


This chapter describes procedures for obtaining the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) student samples used in the national and state assessments and for deriving survey weights for use in the analysis of the survey data. Following the description of general procedures, more detailed discussion is included about several issues that relate to the procedures used. In some cases, these involve procedures that NAEP is actively reviewing and investigating, with a view toward implementing improvements in the future. In other cases, the procedures, although well established in NAEP, involve technical aspects with interesting features not fully described in the available technical reports.


The concept of compactness is a necessary condition of any system that is going to call itself a finitary method of proof. However, it can also apply to predicates of sets of formulas in general and in that manner it can be used in relation to level functions, a flavor of measure functions. In what follows we will tie these concepts of measure and compactness together and expand some concepts which appear in the author's master's thesis, "Inference and Level." We will also provide some applications of the concept of level to the "preservationist" program of paraconsistent logic. We apply the finite level compactness theorem in this paper to get a Lindenbaum flavor extension lemma and a maximal "forcibil-ity" theorem. Each of these is based on an abstract deductive system X which satisfies minimal conditions of inference and has generalizations of 'and' and 'not' as logical words.


Dimethyl ether (DME) steam reforming was tested over catalytic monoliths coated with CeO2, ZrO2, or Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 and loaded with Cu, Zn, or CuZn and promoted with Pd. The best initial catalytic performance in terms of activity and yield toward the reforming products, H2 and CO2, was exhibited by CuPd/ZrO2, but it suffered strong deactivation. CuZn/ZrO2 showed less activity but a high selectivity and stability. In situ XPS and in situ IR studies showed a relationship between stability and surface copper species. A reactive formate intermediate as well as surface Cu0–Cu+ species prevailed over CuZn/ZrO2 under reaction conditions, whereas a less reactive methoxy species, oxidized copper and carbonaceous residues prevailed over CuPd/ZrO2.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from email@example.com. CHI'16, May7–May 11, 2016, San Jose, California. Copyright © 2015 ACM ISBN/14/04...$15.00. DOI string from ACM form confirmation Author Biographies Edith Law is an assistant professor in the School of Computer Science at University of Waterloo. Previously, she was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. She holds a Ph.D. in Machine Learning from Carnegie Mellon University, M.Sc. in Computer Science at McGill University, and B.Sc. in Computer Science at the University of British Columbia.


This article is derived from a mini-course developed by the author in a partnership between the Institute of Agricultural Economics of Sao Paulo (IEA-SP), the SEADE Foundation and the Association of Brazilian Geographers Section Sao Paulo (AGB-SP). It seeks to disseminate some scientific research techniques and also some forms of dissemination of research results based on the cartographic exploitation of geographic data. Its central elements are the use of the Philcarto software and the IBGE Foundation Database. There is a constant effort to relate the cartographic practice to cartographic theory, aiming to provide autonomy in the production of thematic maps from relatively simple procedures. Because it is a text that addresses a specific research methodology, in some moments the reader is invited to participate actively in the process, being proposed some practical activities and presented some orientations for at empirical experimentation of the topic addressed.


Objective: In this study we aimed the determine nurses' attitudes toward professional autonomy and the relationship between job satisfaction. Method: This study was conducted with 302 nurses between December 2022 and March 2023. The following two tools were used for data collection: Attitudes towards professional autonomy scale for nurses and job satisfaction scales for nurses. The research data was used to collect the numerical and percentile distribution, Kruskal-Wallis-H, and correlation analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: According to this study it was found that the total mean score of the nurses obtained from the attitude scale toward professional autonomy was 69.07±4.63. The total mean score of the nurses obtained from the job satisfaction scale was found to be 22.27±3.81. It was found that there was a positive and significant correlation between the attitude towards professional autonomy total scale score and the job satisfaction scale total score (r=0.384, p=0.044). Conclusion: It was determined that the nurses' attitudes towards professional autonomy and job satisfaction were above avarage. It has been determined that there is a significant relationship between the attitude toward professional autonomy and job satisfaction; as the attitude toward autonomy increases, job satisfaction increases.


Data of 12-year supervision over the introduction of a Pinus sibirica Du Tour are provided in a reproductive stage of development. It is noted that copies, select at three-year age on category on height and a trunk dimeter, to number of top kidneys differ reproductive development. The largest seyanets (category 3 K), with 3-4 top kidneys (3-4 П) are perspective for selection on early reproductive development, intensity of education anthers and and to a regular crop.


Abstract This paper aims to investigate the technical and tactical evolution characteristics of college men's soccer, and improve and optimize the simulated annealing algorithm by analyzing its operation process, so as to improve its operational efficiency and accuracy of results. The optimized model is used to analyze the data of the last 5 matches of men's college soccer teams and study the offensive, defensive, and shooting characteristics of men's college soccer teams. The results show that in terms of offensive techniques, the number of passes made by men's college soccer teams is not small, among which 2589 passes were made in the 13th match, 1108 passes in the 14th match, and 938 passes in the 15th match, but the success rate is very low, and all of them are ineffective passes, which are not purposeful and offensive enough. The study in this paper summarizes the evolution characteristics of the technical tactics of college men's soccer and improves the guidance for the improvement and development of college men's soccer technical tactics.


Current Children's Oncology Group (COG) guidelines recommend 24 Gy whole abdominopelvic radiation therapy (WAP‐RT) for pediatric patients with sarcoma with peritoneal dissemination and/or malignant ascites. However, WAP‐RT has never been described for pediatric sarcoma excluding desmoplastic small round‐cell tumor (DSRCT). The objective of this study was to evaluate feasibility, outcomes, and toxicity of WAP‐RT in children with sarcoma and peritoneal dissemination.


Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted considerable attention for their promising applications in solar cells and optoelectronics. However, the fast and accurate prediction of the basic band structure of 2D HOIPs is still challenging because the traditional trial-and-error experimental methods or first-principles calculations are usually inefficient. Herein, we introduce machine learning (ML)-aided models with simple descriptors based on molecular graphics and adjacency matrices for the first time to determine the band gap for 2D A2BX4 HOIPs, which avoids time-consuming ab initio calculations. The multiple stepwise regression algorithm is employed to select 6 important descriptors to represent the electronic and structural features of the molecules. Sixteen competing algorithms including artificial neural network (ANN), regression tree (RT), support vector machine (SVM), Gaussian process regression (GPR) and ensemble of regression tree (ERT) multiple models are used to derive ML models to determine the band gap of 136 2D HOIPs, and the ANN model shows the best accuracy. Based on the developed ANN model, five 2D A2BX4 HOIPs with band gaps close to the theoretical Shockley–Queisser limit (1.34 eV) are screened, which are probably excellent candidates for optoelectronics. This work reveals that ML in combination with simple descriptors can serve as an excellent strategy for the fast prediction of the key properties of HOIPs with a high accuracy.


The author contends that spiritual dark night and some forms of psychological depression share commonalties yet have distinctly different features that call for different responses from caregivers. The author presents comparisons between the 2 phenomena; highlights differences between them to offer counselors guidelines for making informed responses to their clients' issues; and compares professional preparation for spiritual directors, pastoral counselors, and traditional counselors. The article focuses on effective caregiver responses to dark night challenges that may be misperceived as manifestations of depression and stresses the importance of counselors and spiritual directors knowing their limits of expertise.


Tracking, reporting, and organizing immunization-related data is difficult but can improve patient care. HIMSS has recognized several products through its voluntary testing program that can do that job and work with electronic health record systems.


This report contains the development of a digital outer-loop three dimensional radio navigation (3-D RNAV) flight control system for a small commercial jet transport. The outer-loop control system is designed using optimal stochastic limited state feedback techniques. Options investigated using the optimal limited state feedback approach include integrated versus hierarchical control loop designs, 20 samples per second versus 5 samples per second outer-loop operation and alternative Type 1 integration command errors. Command generator tracking techniques used in the digital control design enable the jet transport to automatically track arbitrary curved flight paths generated by waypoints. The performance of the design is demonstrated using detailed nonlinear aircraft simulations in the terminal area, frequency domain multi-input sigma plots, frequency domain single-input Bode plots and closed-loop poles. The response of the system to a severe wind shear during a landing approach is also presented.


In this paper, we revisit the hydrodynamic limit of the Langmuir wave dispersion relation based on the Wigner-Poisson model in connection with that obtained directly from the original Lindhard dielectric function based on the random-phase-approximation. It is observed that the (fourth-order) expansion of the exact Lindhard dielectric constant correctly reduces to the hydrodynamic dispersion relation with an additional term of fourth-order, beside that caused by the quantum diffraction effect. It is also revealed that the generalized Lindhard dielectric theory accounts for the recently discovered Shukla-Eliasson attractive potential (SEAP). However, the expansion of the exact Lindhard static dielectric function leads to a k4 term of different magnitude than that obtained from the linearized quantum hydrodynamics model. It is shown that a correction factor of 1/9 should be included in the term arising from the quantum Bohm potential of the momentum balance equation in fluid model in order for a correct plas...


A computer programme to calculate the temperatures in a fuel rod subject to a loss of coolant accident is described. The programme requires descrete information of the coolant channel hydraulic history stored on an external storage device, magnetic tape or data cards. The temperature response of the fuel rod is described in a finite difference formulation. The solution of the finite difference scheme is performed by the alternating directional implicite method, which is always stable and well suited to handle large equation systems. The programme determines the heat transfer coefficients along the channel based upon the hydraulic history and several heat transfer correlations in the programme. The heat fluxes are computed through all internal and external surfaces. The decay of power in the fuel rod during the blow down is input to the programme. The programme is written in Algol for the Risø Borroughs B6700 computer. Plotter procedures are widely used to finish the output and lineprint output is minimized. The problem size, i.e. the number of nodes, is independent of the programme, only determined by the user. The ratio procestime/réal time for a 500 node problem is 100:1. Available on request from the Library of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission (Atomenergikommissionens Bibliotek), Rise, Roskilde, Denmark. Telephone: (03) 35 51 01, est. 334, telex; 5072. Copies to


ABSTRACT As they began the journey of recovery from psychosis, informants described the importance of making their own initial decision to get well and maintain their physical and mental health. Developing a sense of self-control in their lives by managing their symptoms, determining how they spend their time, developing their own ways of defending themselves from stigma and social demands, and listening to their own needs and experiences were crucial to developing a sense of independence and agency. Informants described aiding their own recovery by allowing and encouraging new and different identities beyond their status as mental patients and apart from the person they were before the illness. Developing this new identity often enabled them to feel strong and to derive meaning from the difficult experiences of their illness. As in much of the informants' descriptions of their recovery processes, this development of identity and sense of purpose and independence often occurred beyond the scope of the mental health system and its professionals.


Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) suggests the naturalness of religion. Religious beliefs are viewed as natural because they are intuitive and cognitively effortless. They are also inevitable and more obvious than atheism. In consequence, atheism is an unnatural phenomenon which requires special cultural and social support. However, this naturalness of religion hypothesis seems overestimated. Here we show that atheism is more natural than religion and religious beliefs in the cognitive sense because it meets the criteria appropriate for natural selection in the sense of ultimate explanation. Religion and religious beliefs require cultural inputs. Without cultural support, they seem unnatural.


We construct a gauge theoretic change of variables for the wave map from R × R into a compact group or Riemannian symmetric space, prove a new multiplication theorem for mixed Lebesgue-Besov spaces, and show the global well-posedness of a modified wave map equation n ≥ 4 for small critical initial data. We obtain global existence and uniqueness for the Cauchy problem of wave maps into compact Lie groups and symmetric spaces with small critical initial data and n ≥ 4. 0. Introduction The wave map equation between two Riemannian manifoldsthe wave equation version of the evolution equations which are derived from the same geometric considerations as the harmonic map equation between two Riemannian manifoldshas been studied by a number of mathematicians in the last decade. The work of Klainerman and Machedon and Klainerman and Selberg [5] [6] [8] studying the Cauchy problem for regular data is probably the best known. The more recent work of Tataru [15], [16] and Tao [13] [14] relies and further develops deep ideas from harmonic analysis in Tao's case in conjunction with gauge theoretic geometric methods and thus seems very promising. Keel and Tao studied the one (spatial) dimensional case in [4]. In [13], Tao established the global regularity for wave maps from R × R into the sphere S when n ≥ 5. Similar results to those of Tao were obtained by Klainerman and Rodniansky [7] for target manifolds that admit a bounded parallelizable structure. In this paper we are interested in revisiting this work. We study the Cauchy problem for wave maps from R × R into a (compact) Lie group (or Riemannian symmetric 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 35J10, Secondary 45B15, 42B35.


Capture-recapture techniques have been extensively used to estimate survival rates of Hector's dolphins at Banks Peninsula, but not abundance. We analyzed nine seasons of photo-identification data using a model-fitting approach in the computer program MARK, and then used MARK's estimates of capture probabilities to calculate the abundance of distinctive individuals. We extrapolated these estimates to include unmarked individuals using five seasons of data on the proportion of identifiable individuals in this population, obtained from "random photography." This capture-recapture approach suggests a 1996 population of about 1,100 (CV = 0.21). This is very similar to the 1997 line-transect estimate of about 900 (CV = 0.28), especially considering that the two techniques do not necessarily measure the same thing. An important advantage of the capture-recapture approach stems from the inherent versatility of photo-ID data. If the sampling design is appropriate, an unbiased abundance estimate can be achieved as a spin-off from work directed at other questions. However, in our view, line-transect estimates are easier to interpret because the sampling design is explicit.


Articular cartilage is a highly organized avascular tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded within an extracellular matrix of collagens, proteoglycans and noncollagenous proteins. Its primary function is to enable the smooth articulation of joint surfaces, and to cushion compressive, tensile, and shearing forces. Hyaline cartilage has one of the lowest coefficients of friction known for any surface to surface contact. Cartilage is frequently injured, often as a result of sports related trauma, but due to its avascular nature, articular cartilage has very limited capacity for repair. Unfortunately, limited awareness of chondral and osteochondral injuries and difficulty in diagnosing these injuries makes it impossible to accurately determine their incidence. A survey of 31,616 knee arthroscopies performed in the US between 1991 and 1995, revealed that chondral lesions were present in 63% of arthroscopies, with an average of 2.7 hyaline cartilage lesions per knee (1). In 1995 there were approximately 385,00...


In this thesis the photochemistry of four alkyl azides has been investigated in solution and in the solid state. All the azides have a build-in triplet sensitizer, acetophenone moiety, that absorbs light above 300 nm. Upon irradiation the triplet sensitizer forms the singlet excited ketone which undergoes rapid intersystem crossing to form the triplet state of the ketone chromophore. The triplet ketone transfer its energy to the alkyl azide moiety, forming a triplet alkyl nitrene. Photolysis of azide 1 in solution yielded 1,3-diphenyl-propenone as a major product. This product can be attributed to the C-N bond cleavage from the first excited triplet in azide 1, In addition a small amount of 3-amino-1,3-diphenylpropenone was also formed, which can be attributed to formation of a triplet nitrene intermediate. Time dependent density functional theory and transition state calculations further support this mechanistic pathway. Solid-state irradiations of azide 1 selectively yielded 1,3-diphenyl-propenone as the only photoproduct. Solid-state irradiations of azide 2, 3 and 4 yielded aldehyde and nitrile products which can be attributed to triplet nitrene reactivity. Presumably, two nitrene intermediates formed in the solid state dimerize to form an azo product, that can be oxidized.


This thesis applies the food security concept to assess the significance of seagrass-associated invertebrate gleaning for providing food security in Kaole, Tanzania. It assesses the availability, a ...