ABSTRACT In England and Wales initial teacher education (ITE) is becoming more school‐based. This study considers some implications for information technology (IT) in the primary school years (4–11). The results of a survey of primary school teaching practice placements are examined and the outcomes are related to other recent findings. The pattern which emerges is of a wide variability in teacher expertise, of outdated hardware and software still in use in a substantial proportion of classrooms and of many students – themselves lacking in IT capability – not receiving informed and effective support for their IT activities in schools. As these problems appear to be widespread and not capable of easy or rapid solution, the utility of the move to greater school‐based training is called into question at least for IT.


An L2 gain disturbance attenuation control approach to improve transient stability of HVDC power transmission system with multi feed-terminals at sending end is proposed.Firstly,the active power transmitted by DC lines at sending end is simplified as positive active load of sending end to construct nonlinear differential algebraic model of multi DC feed-terminal system at sending end;then using pre-feedback,the quasi Hamiltonian realization of the structure preserving model containing multi DC lines is obtained;finally,through nonlinear disturbance attenuation the control laws of HVDC system and generator excitation are obtained to make the L2 gain from system disturbance to output lower than given level.Simulation results show that the designed controller can ensure better asymptotic stability than traditional controller;besides,it can restrain disturbance effectively and possesses stronger robustness.


Non-linear projections of 3D graphical scenes can be used to compute reflections and refractions in curved surfaces, draw artistic images in the style of Escher or Picasso, and produce visualizations of complex data. Previously, most non-linear projections were rendered by ray tracing. This paper presents trilinear projection, a technique for rendering non-linear projections in a manner that achieves significant performance benefits by taking advantage of current rendering hardware and software.Trilinear projections are geometrically similar to Phong-shaded triangular patches, and like Phong patches they can be joined to represent more complicated shapes. The paper details how a single trilinear projection projects a scene point, how projections of scene triangles can be built up by considering the connectivity of projected points, and how multiple trilinear projections can be combined. Finally, it outlines a method for using trilinear projection to approximate reflections and refractions on curved surfaces.


In 1935 the Dutch scholar Johannes B. Tielrooy argued that Arthur Rimbaud's prose poem "Mystique" (c. 1872) was an ekphrasis, or literary description, of the central panel of Hubert and Jan van Eyck's altarpiece Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (1432). Although this hypothesis was deemed credible for a number of years, it is now thought to be unlikely that the painting inspired the poem or that the poem is an instance of ekphrasis. However, Tielrooy's ekphrastic interpretation can still be used to reveal elements of the poem otherwise hidden to the reader. I demonstrate the potential of Tielrooy's speculative practice, what I call mystical ekphrasis, by juxtaposing Rimbaud's poem with a chromolithographic representation of one of Jean Fouquet's illuminations, with which the poem also has possible but not conclusive links.


SiC particulates reinforced with Al matrix composites were fabricated using a thermal spray process. In addition, the dry sliding wear behavior was investigated using various sliding speeds and applied loads. Premixed Al and SiC powder was sprayed onto an Al6061 substrate by flame spraying, and dry sliding wear tests were performed under varying sliding speed and applied load conditions. Wear behavior of the composites were studied using a scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and a surface roughness tester.


We all know the problem. Though we may differ on speci fics, the "workshop" poem or story is a creature with which we are all too familiar. Characterized by a surface proficiency with out daring, content that is innocuous if unoriginal, and a culti vated awareness of current literary fashions, it is essentially flawless-and dull. It resists criticism the way a new species of insect resists insecticide: We can't fault it, no matter how bad we may feel about it, because it has evolved directly in response to the way we run our classes. The writing workshop-that is, a course in which the primary emphasis is on discussion and revi sion of student drafts-tends by nature to encourage the slick but shallow work we deplore. Limiting effective teaching to the improvement of what students submit, this type of class pro duces not only "workshop" pieces but "workshop" writers. It gives students a false idea of what writers do and why they do it. I'd like to propose an alternative to this model that would shift the focus of the course from the product of writing, the finished poem or story, to the process of writing. Actually, the workshop does indirectly give students a picture of the writing process; that is, that a writer develops a rough draft of a piece over a specified length of time, discusses ways to improve it with colleagues, makes corrections, and calls it finished. But, as we all know, writers don't work in workshops. Compositional methods are infinitely more varied and complex than this, and a writing class should give students the opportunity to experiment with as many different approaches as possible. The aim of the


The current year [which brought the seventieth anniversary of the October Revolution] has occasioned a summing up of the results of the development of socialism in the many centuries of history of world civilization. The October Revolution put an end to the exploitation of man by man and inaugurated the restructuring of society in the interests of the working people. Between 1944 and 1949, people's democratic and socialist revolutions were victorious in Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Albania, China, and Yugoslavia. Mongolia had embarked on the road of socialist construction even earlier; Cuba did so in 1961. Socialism has gone beyond the bounds of just one country and has become an economic and political system.


While periodontal membrane has important functions for orthodontic mechanical stress, bone morphogenetic protein families (BMPs) show crucial roles on differentiation of osteoblasts. Since our studies revealed interesting findings on expression of these molecules, we investigated BMPs and its related factors by using immunohistochemical methods in the current study. Eight-week-old ddY mice were used as experimental animals. To add continuous mechanical stress on periodontal membrane, rubber dam sheet between maxillary molars was inserted by using Waldo method. Experimental conditions with a time range between 15 minutes to 3 hours after mechanical stress application were studied by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed using primary antibodies for BMP-2, BMP-4, Smad, P-Smad and DAKO-envision kit, and color was developed by DAB. As results, BMPs and Smad expressions after mechanical stress were extremely weak positive in periodontal membrane in the control group. Positive reaction was detected in fibroblasts of periodontal membrane. In experimental group, enhancement of BMP-2, BMP-4, Smad and P-Smad expressions 15 minutes after mechanical stress was recognized in periodontal membrane of the tension side. Increase of the expressions continued till 3 hours after starting of mechanical stress. In the sample of 15 minutes, even in the compression side enhancement of the positive reaction of BMP and Smad was detected to some extent. However, the expressions disappeared after this time point. These results suggest that expression of BMPs increases at the tension side and BMP signaling has a role for shifting of the tension side to bone forming state after execution of mechanical stress.


A consensus has been reached that liability risk is the most important financial risk source in higher education institutions (HEI).How to prevent and control liability risk is a topic well worthy of timely research.This paper presents two methods in HEI lia- bility risk control based on an analysis of its manifestations and sources.It is concluded that scale control and structure control are the most important links in HEI liability risk control.


The aim of this study was to test a model of second language (L2) boredom based on coping self-efficacy (CSE), foreign language enjoyment (FLE), and mindfulness among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. In so doing, 456 EFL learners from Iran took part in this study by completing an online survey which included scales tapping into the four latent constructs under investigation. Two-step structural equation modelling was utilized to analyse the data and examine the associations among the constructs. Results revealed that CSE and mindfulness positively affected FLE. Also, FLE was a direct negative predictor of L2 boredom. Concerning the mediation hypotheses, FLE was found to fully mediate the effect of mindfulness on boredom. However, FLE was a partial mediator between CSE and boredom. These findings provide a basis for important implications for L2 research and practice.


The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of electrochemical energy storage systems on low voltage grids with high penetration of renewables (RES), mostly photovoltaic power stations (PV). Furthermore, it compares the integration of energy storage systems (ESS) with other alternative solutions economically. It also presents the simulation results for a German power network in a suburban area of Bavaria. In the case study, the ESS are used to reduce overloading of electrical equipment (e.g. power cables and transformers) caused by fluctuating generation of integrated RES. The simulation results reveal that economic use of energy storage to support the grid is feasible when it is accompanied by a specific incentive. The storage tariff necessary for this is comparable with the initial Renewable Energy Act tariff for renewables, thus making this a realistic method for facilitating the use of EES that benefits the grid.


Most of the programs devoted to form professionals are composed of two basic elements: theory and practice, and the programs in education are not the exception. The aim of this article is to propose a framework to support a new model of professional education in foreign languages. To accomplish this aim, three models used in general education programs are critically analyzed: the craft model, the applied science model and the reflective model. The new model of foreign language teacher education programs is based on current educational theories, curriculum approaches and pedagogical models. Finally, some strengths of the new model are highlighted.


Objective To study the effects of tribulus-terrestris-L on myocardial connective tissue growth factor expression in spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR),and discuss the possible mechanisms of tribulus terrestris L in inhibiting myocardial fiberosis.Methods Thirty-two 14-week-old male SHRs were randomized into 4 groups(n=8): model group receiving normal saline(2 ml/rat·d),captopril group receiving captopril(30 mg/kg·d),tribulus-terrestris-L group receiving tribulus-terrestris-L(30 mg/kg·d) and combination group receiving both captopril(30 mg/kg·d) and tribulus-terrestris-L 15 mg/kg·d).Fourteen-week-old male WKY rats(n=8) were used as a control.Systolic blood pressure(SBP) was measured.The ultra-structure of left ventricle was observed by electron microscope.Myocardial TGFβ1 mRNA and CTGF mRNA were detected by RT-PCR.Results Compared with Wistar rats,systolic blood pressures of SHR at 22 weeks were significantly increased(P0.01),and systolic blood pressures were also obviously higher at 22 weeks than at 14 weeks(P0.05).Compared with model group,SBP was significantly decreased in tribulus-terrestris-L group(P0.01),captopril group(P0.01) and combination group(P0.01).Myocardial fibrosis changes were observed in SHRs at 22 weeks,and rats in all the groups treated with medicine were obviously improved by electron microscope.Myocardial TGFβ1 mRNA levels of SHRs in model group were significantly heightened(P0.01).Captopril down-regulated the levels of myocardial TGFβ1 mRNA significantly(P0.05),tribulus terrestris L and combined with captopril and significantly down-regulated TGFβ1 mRNA level(P0.05).CTGF mRNA levels in myocardium of SHRs in model group were obviously ascended compared with normal group.Captopril significantly down-regulated the myocardial CTGF mRNA expression(P0.05).Tribulus terrestris L could down-regulate the levels of CTGF mRNA expression(P0.05).Conclusion Myocardial TGFβ1 and CTGF mRNA levels of SHRs in model group are significantly heightened,while tribulus-terrestris-L ribulus terrestris L can block the expression of the two cytokine,and inhibit the remodeling of myocardium caused by hypertension.


It has been suggested that minimal incision surgery for hip arthroplasty allows earlier mobilisation and reduces hospital stay. Intensive post-op physiotherapy may also have the same effect. This study aimed to assess which was the more important factor. The study compared 45 patients (26 NHS and 19 private) undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty using a standard posterior approach to 51 patients (29 NHS and 22 private) with a minimal incision of 10cm or less. Physiotherapy involved once daily weekday sessions with the NHS patients (five sessions per week) versus twice daily with the private patients (14 per week). We compared demographics, incision length, post-operative stay, complication rates and Oxford Hip Scores between the four groups. Results showed no significant difference in age, sex and BMI between the groups. There was a significant difference (p = 0.0002) in mean scar length between the mini and standard incision groups (15.3 vs. 8.3 cm). There was no significant difference in post-op stay between the mini and standard incision NHS patients or the mini and standard incision private patients. There was a significant difference (p = 0.003) in stay between NHS and private patients (11.4 vs. 7.9 days) regardless of the incision used. There were four (4%) early dislocations, three in the mini incision group. Eleven patients received prophylactic antibiotics compared to five in the standard groups for prolonged wound ooze (> 5 days); only one patient had a proven superficial infection. There was no significant difference in the change in the Oxford Hip Scores between any of the groups. This study suggests that intensive physiotherapy can significantly reduce in-patient stay but minimal incision surgery itself does not. The higher dislocation rate in the mini incision group demonstrates the learning curve for this technique.


Gas drilling technology is the extension and improvement of underbalanced drilling one.The technology not only deals with problems of slow speed of mechanical drilling and well leakage under the complicated geological conditions,but is an important method of discovering low-pressure and low-production reservoir,reservoir formation protection and improving petroleum production.However,the wide application of such technology has great influence upon the current geological logging. The paper mainly analyzes the construction requirements and features of geological logging under the condition of gas drilling and some key elements which restrict the development of geological logging and advises to set up a set of real-time monitor system which can stably predict the sidewall,calculate water yield,includes gas drilling,mist drilling,foam drilling,aerated drilling and can test the burning explosion,the project,the elements of gas,humidity and pressure in draining sand pipe and the noise.The development of such system can achieve pre-drilling,while-drilling and post-drilling management.


The primary object of this study was to examine both preferences in a variety of foods and snacks and the eating habits among young children (aged 13 months through 50 months old). In addition, this study examined whether there would be significant differences in the preferences and eating habits by of young children of different ages and gender of young children. This study included 193 infants (85 boys, 108 girls) of aged 13 through 50 months of old who were enrolled in early childhood education and care settings in Seoul and Gyunggi Province. The information regarding food and snack preferences among young children were gathered through surveys filled out by their mothers and the children's overall eating habits were assessed by their teachers. The main results of this study were as follows. Overall, there were some patterns in eating bere asss and food preferences in foods and snacks among young children. There were no significant differences in both eating bere asss and food preferences by gender of young children. But, however, there were significant differences in food (p<0.001) and snack preferences (p<0.001) by of children of different ages of young children.


Peer Observation of Teaching is one process employed within higher education establishments in Britain that can be instrumental in developing the reflective practices of professional lecturers. It is a means of making the focus and purpose of reflection more explicit and effective through allowing academics to consider their roles as professional educators, and to seek and engage in relevant developmental processes as a consequence. In so doing, peer observation becomes key in attempting to define the quality of learning and teaching within an institution. This paper reports on peer observation practices in one post‐1992 university. It utilises data from semi‐structured interviews with lecturers, and identifies the need for peers to be more aware of what reflective practices involve. In addition, it identifies a need for using reflection to open up wider academic debate in order to develop more meaningful learning environments for students to work in.


In the course of development, traditional art and culture are faced with continual challenge, callings for return and rejuvenation are therefore repeatedly heard. The setup of the academy of Chinese painting is just the embodiment of the endeavor of Lingnan circle of culture and ideology. We put forward some possible thoughts on its construction and development.


The curriculum design of machinery design is one of the most important steps during the course of machine design curriculum.Based on the practice of teaching in the curriculum design of machinery design,the paper is from several respects such as the design task,design process,inspect model,other curricular connecting with the design and the time allocation,etc.in order to discuss the innovation.It is of instruction meaning to the curricular design.


This paper presents a robust method to search for the correct SIFT keypoint matches with adaptive distance ratio threshold. Firstly, the reference image is analyzed by extracting some characteristics of its SIFT keypoints, such as their distance to the object boundary and the number of their neighborhood keypoints. The matching credit of each keypoint is evaluated based on its characteristics. Secondly, an adaptive distance ratio threshold for the keypoint is determined based on its matching credit to identify the correctness of its best match in the source image. The adaptive threshold loosens the matching conditions for keypoints of high matching credits and tightens the conditions for those of low matching credits. Our approach improves the scheme of SIFT keypoint matching by applying adaptive distance ratio threshold rather than global threshold that ignores different matching credits of various keypoints. The experiment results show that our algorithm outperforms the standard SIFT matching method in some complicated cases of object recognition, in which it discards more false matches as well as preserves more correct matches.


Computer Go offers researchers a new challenge and opens up a very wide scope of possibilities for artificial intelligence. In a computer Go program, the most important element is a positional judgment system. Following the methods of human Go experts, we designed and implemented a new model of positional judgment for computer Go. This model was employed successfully in a computer Go program, Jimmy-5.0, which beat the latest world-champion Go program, ManyFaces, in the 1998 FOST Go contest.


The objective of this study was to identify crew procedures involved in Microwave Landing System (MLS) operations and to obtain a preliminary assessment of crew workload. The crew procedures were identified for three different complements of airborne equipment coupled to an autopilot. Using these three equipment complements, crew tasks were identified for MLS approaches and precision departures and compared to an ILS approach and a normal departure. Workload comparisons between the approaches and departures were made by using a task-timeline analysis program that obtained workload indexes, i.e., the radio of time required to complete the tasks to the time available. The results showed an increase in workload for the MLS scenario for one of the equipment complements. However, even this workload was within the capacity of two crew members.


Recent progress (post-2010) in the field of metal-catalyzed asymmetric C–C bond-forming reactions using ketimines as electrophiles is reviewed. Compared with the corresponding aldimines, ketimines ...


The ability to identify the representative works of a researcher has important implications in a wide range of areas, including hiring, funding, and promotion systems. In this paper, we propose a metapath-guided credit allocation method (MGCA) for identifying the representative works of individual researchers. MGCA utilizes metapath-guided neighbours to exploit rich semantic information in heterogeneous information network for locating a researcher's field of expertise, and explicitly captures the importance of a paper, its relevance to other papers, and the unequally distributed contribution of each citation via a two-step credit allocation. We validate MGCA by applying it on the American Physical Society dataset in the scenario of identifying the Nobel prize winning papers of the Nobel laureates. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly outperform the existing approaches.


17 INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD)and stroke, once considered  disorders limited only to Western nations, have reached global proportions, affecting even countries that are in transition in their economic development (WHO, 1996). Today, CVD is an  impending global epidemic requiring appropriate governmental and organizational responses. I commend the leaders of Japanese Nursing for recognizing that this change calls upon the nursing profession for prompt action to prepare for the opportunities and challenges ahead in order to meet the public health care demands of nursing in the 21 century in Japan (WHO, 1996).  This paper describes briefly the development of a cardiovascular nursing specialty in response to the CVD epidemic in the United States (US)and Japan and the historic developments in  the nursing profession that took place in the US in the light of this epidemic (Table 1). Specifically, it relates the development  of a nursing workforce with appropriate specialty qualifications and the necessary academic and experiential preparation to permit it to respond to the health care challenges in the US. This paper is intended to provide examples-the leaders of the Nursing profession in your country can best identify which, if any, of the options described may be societally, culturally, and economically suitable to the Japanese health care system in general and to the Japanese Nursing profession in particular.


Web becomes increasingly popular in our daily life and study.Thus the Web security is quite essential in the normal use of the Web.This paper discusses present situation and demand of the government information network,and deeply analyzes the deficiency existing in the construction of information network security assurance from knowledge,building-up,infrastructure and utilization,and to counter this tendency,proposes the integrated security assurance system of information network based on education,technology,organization and management.


Aims and background Thromboembolic complications are common in patients with cancer and represent the second cause of death in patients with overt malignant disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the activated protein C pathway in cancer. Methods We studied the coagulation cascade, natural clotting inhibitors, fibrinolytic proteins and resistance to activated protein C in 20 patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer and 84 volunteers by measuring PT, APTT, fibrinogen, AT III, PC, PS, APC resistance, fibrinolytic system (PLG, ANPL, PAI-1 and t-PA) and activation peptides (D-Dimers, prothrombin 0 fragment 1+2/F1+2). Results Laboratory tests confirmed coagulation abnormalities in cancer patients. Fibrinogen, D-Dimers and F1+2 were increased, while t-PA activity was significantly lower than that of controls. APC resistance was higher in cancer patients compared to the control group (55% vs 2%; P < 0.0001). Excess thrombin generation was manifested by increased F1+2 plasma levels in APC-resistant cancer patients. Genetic analyses showed that only one patient with a poor response to APC carried a factor V R506Q mutation in exon 10. Conclusions Our findings show a high prevalence of APC resistance in cancer, compatible with an acquired defect in the APC pathway.


A semiconductor chip having a cooling unit to cool the heat generated in the internal circuit of the semiconductor chip is disclosed. It disclosed a semiconductor chip having the heat sink for emitting heat pile formed separately from the metal wiring needed for chip operation wire and is provided on the lead frame of the dummy pad and a chip bonded to the dummy wiring lines are connected to the dummy pad It characterized.


From spin-polarized inverse photoemission, the experimental spin-resolved unoccupied band structure of gadolinium on Mo (cid:126) 112 (cid:33) has been constructed. The spin-dependent unoccupied electronic structure near the Fermi level is dominated by shallow dispersion of a spin-minority band. A spin-majority and -minority bulk-band pair also exhibits some dispersion across the Brillouin zone. © 1999 American Vacuum Society. (cid:64) S0734-2101 17704-2 (cid:33) ,


A comparison of two methods for estim ating parameters re stricted by linear inequalities in linear sta tistica l models was made. The first method consisted of finding the lea st squares e s ti mates of the parameters disregarding the restrictio n s, and then forcing those parameters that were outside of their allow able ranges to the nearest endpoints of those ranges. The second method made use of quadratic programming to minimize the same sum of squares that the first method minimized while keeping the parameters inside or at the endpoints of their allowable ranges. The quadratic programming gave better estim ates of the parameters in the sen se that the mean square error between the estim ates and the true values of the parameters was sm aller, but that method took much more computer time and more computer stor age space.


particularly relevant to Roman needs between the late third and mid-first centuries B.C.: (I) CordubaObulco-Castulo-Mentesa-Saltigis-Saetabis northwards to Tarraco; (2) a coastal route from the north to Dianium-Carthago-Nova; (3) Corduba-Munda-Carteia; (4) Corduba-Hispalis-Hasta-Gades; (5) CordubaMetellinum. The network thus ensured important north-south and east-west communication through Hispania Ulterior, although access from Hispania Citerior was only effective via Road 1. The reign of Augustus saw this system further enhanced in the context of his administrative reorganisation of the provinces towards the end of the first century B.C. He foresaw a need for faster communications between the governors at Corduba and Tarraco and, ultimately, Rome, as well as direct access to Baetica from Carthago Nova. Augustus thus began the great road which came to be known as the Via Augusta. By 8 B.C. Roads 1 and 4 were being upgraded to comprise a banked highway (6 to 7 m wide) to take heavy wheeled traffic, with drains and defining ditches and at least twelve stone bridges (61 iff.): the easternmost link with Carthago Nova was provided by a road running from Corduba through Mentesa Bastia, Acci and Basti. However the system was not quite as straightforward as it might seem. Firstly, the road was only partially completed during Augustus' reign. Secondly, its easternmost stretch was unmetalled for its whole length, probably because it was used primarily to ferry metals mined in the Sierra Morena to Carthago Nova (pp. 759ff.), while the cursus publicus preferred to adopt the older and more direct route (1). Finally, the distribution of miliaria suggests that the only part of the road regularly kept up by the state was that within the territorium of the provincial capital at Corduba. The enterprise smacks of the blend of imperial propaganda, concern for state interests and pragmatism which are the hallmarks of the Augustan age. In addition to this, the early Imperial period saw the enhancement of the old Route 1 and the construction of another route running from Carthago Nova to Complutum. The only other truly 'Roman' roads were built to link Astigi and Ostippo, and Italica and Emerita (for the shipment of marble from Almaden for the new Hadrianic city at Italica). S. carefully charts the history of these surprisingly few roads into the late Roman period, how they were largely maintained during the Visigothic period (pp. 6ooff.), and the use to which they were put during the seven centuries of Al-Andalus (6o2ff.).


Background Objectives Authors report on the results of Yttrium-90 radiosynoviorthesis in chronic synovitis of the knee joint. Out of these 213 patients 122 suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, 17 ankylosing spondylitis,13 other seronegative spondylarthritis, 48 suffered from inflamed osteoarthritis, 1 hydrops articulorum intermitterns, l synovitis villonodularis, 11 from chronic traumatic synovitis. Methods Evaulation was based on the criteria as described by Müller, Rau and Scütte the score system was developed by the authors. Results In the first seven years excellent and good results were recorded in 71%. They achieved excellent as well as good results at 83% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, at 50% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and at 55% of patients with osteoarthritis. Seven years after radiosynoviorthesis 65% of patients did not need another punction. Conclusion Radiosynoviorthesis is as effective method of treating chronic synovitis as surgical synovectomy. The treatment must be done in rheumatoid arthritis Steinbrocker stadium I-II, local stadium I-II.


In this study we will inquiry in a computationally inspired perspective weather repetitions and similarities have an effect on what we define the Musical Relevance. Similarity in general are not a theoretical object easily tractable from a computational point of view, but in the case of the musical domain it seems possible to formalize it. We'll proceed to mix Relevance Theory and the Generative Theory of Tonal Music in search for an algorithm for calculating Musical Relevance. This is the first version of a germinal study which is intended as a preliminary investigation of a quite new research space in cognitive and computational musicology.


The aim of this study was to verify the experimental therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment and forced physical exercise on the consequences of cognitive and functional chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) in Wistar rats. To do that, a CCH alternative protocol was standardized, in order to increase the survival rate of this model, together with the behavioral and immunohistochemistry analysis done up to the sixth month after the surgery, analyzing hippocampus neurons and astrocytes. Results showed that the modified protocol, with occlusion of both carotid arteries performed with a one-week interval, presents morphological and behavioral results similar to the standard protocol; however, the rate of survival after the modified protocol was significantly greater when compared to the standard one. In addition, both protocols produced ischemic animals with cognitive deficits in the Water Maze Task, three months after the surgery, however with no gross morphological lesion, as assessed by hippocampal volume and estriatal area. The cognitive deficit in CCH rats is long lasting, reaching six months after the ischemic event. While the cognition is affected in the chronic phase of hypoperfusion, the neuronal and astrogliais cells are affected in acute phases of this model; neuronal death (through quantification of NeuN) and reactive astrogliosis (through quantification of imunocontent of GFAP) are already present in the first days and remain until approximately 3 months after the lesion. We tested therapeutic strategies with the aim of alleviating mainly the cognitive damage presented by animals, as from three months after surgery. Initially, the effects of preand post-ischemia forced physical exercise in spatial and working memory, through the Water Maze Tak and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. Subsequently, we tested the effects of environmental enrichment, both preand post-ischemia. The model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as previously mentioned, causes an important deficit in spatial learning and memory; the free radicals content and cellullar lipid peroxidation is also substantially increased in the hippocampus of animals submitted to hypoperfusion, as well as the antioxidant enzymes. Forced regular physical activity protocol (20-min, 3 times per week during 12 weeks – moderate), especially in groups pre and pre+post-ischemia, warned cognitive and biochemical preventive effects in CCH rats; the same occurred with the use of enrichment environmental performed 1hr, 3 times per week during 12 weeks in all groups stimulated. Key-words: physical exercise, environmental enrichment, hippocampus, hypoperfusion, 2VO, spatial memory, oxidative stress.


Chronic low back pain is defined as consistent or pendulous pain over 3 months. Epidural steroid injections (ESI) are common in treatment of chronic back pain. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of epidural injection of glucocorticoid and bupivacaine compared to glucocorticoid alone in relieving chronic back pain due to discopathy. A randomized clinical trial was performed in the Shohada Medical Educational Center, Tabriz, Iran. Patients with chronic back pain who were candidates for epidural drug injection were recruited. They were divided into two groups of steroids or steroid and bupivacaine. Pain intensity, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Straight Leg Rising (SLR) test as well as clinical variables were evaluated before treatment and 3th month thereafter. Overall, 17 males and 23 females with a mean age ± SD of 47.54 ± 12.11 years were enrolled in two equal groups. No significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of gender and body mass index. In both groups, a significant relationship was observed for ODI (p =0.001), pain intensity (p =0.001), and SLR test (p=0.001) before and after treatment. However, the corresponding association was not observed for ODI, pain intensity and SLR test (p>0.05). Epidural steroid injections either alone or combined with Bupivacaine with no priority are effectively relief chronic low back pain due to discopathy.


Abstract The Yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula is one of the least studied species within the genus Martes and there is contradictory information regarding its daily activity, spanning from diurnal to nocturnal or cathemeral. Our long-term studies of the daily and seasonal activity of the Yellow-throated marten were carried out in five protected areas of Primorsky Krai (Russian Far East) using a large-scale network of camera traps from 2010 to 2021. The aim of the study was to find out the pattern of daily activity of the species, its changes over the seasons and in different territories of the region. We found that the Yellow-throated marten had a pronounced diurnal activity pattern, including one or two detection peaks per day. The species is less active at dusk and almost inactive at night in this part of its range. Two clusters with different patterns of marten activity were identified in the protected areas of Primorsky Krai: with one pronounced peak around noon in the continental part with a more severe climate and smoothed activity in coastal areas with milder climatic conditions. Seasonal detection has two peaks in April-May and October, which corresponds to species biological requirements.


Acute myocardial infarction is the most serious and deadliest form of coronary artery disease. In spite of advances in diagnosis and treatment, acute myocardial infarction is a major health problem in the world and is significantly rising in developing countries. Evidence suggests that physical activity-based rehabilitation programs after cardiovascular events have an important role in reducing mortality and morbidity and improving living conditions in these patients. Cardiac rehabilitation is an essential component of the care program for patients with myocardial infarction. One of the non-pharmacological methods for reducing these symptoms is the progressive muscle relaxation technique, which emphasizes on the reduction of muscle tone in the body. In this technique, the muscle of the body contracts and then relaxes. This relaxation method follows the psycho-neuro-immunological theory and, by using the psycho-endocrine system and activating the sympathetic and parasympathetic system, controls the side effects of stress. The positive effects of this technique on some diseases have been confirmed. It has been shown that it can be helpful in reducing stress, anxiety, nausea, vomiting and pain. The present review study introduces the progressive muscle relaxation technique and its effects on the outcomes of acute myocardial


The landline and mobile phone networks are very different in the manner in which they handle and process the speech signal, with consequential differences in their impact on the speech spectrum as well as on the acoustic parameters of interest in the forensic arena. This paper overviews the key features of both networks which give rise to these differences. Some findings are then presented showing the impact of the mobile network on fundamental frequency, F0, as well as on the first three formants in vowel sounds. It is shown that though the impact on F0 is not great, the impact on the formant frequencies, and particularly on the measurements of these determined using automated formant trackers, can be significant. These early findings are considered to be of great importance to forensic practitioners relying on acoustic measurements as part of their investigations.


Breakdancing has the capacity for bodily difference. This difference challenges cultural regulations that inhibit a body's way of moving. Gendered categorisations of physical activity culturally discourage particular bodies from participating in certain activities. However, this article argues that breakdancing attempts to transcend the cultural regulations that limit bodies. In breakdancing, males participate in a typically feminine activity dance and females adopt a 'masculine' way of moving. Yet in this process, hyper-masculine/feminine expressions are reinforced. Paradoxically, breakdancing both enables and hinders the re-articulation of gender norms.


The single-phase SmyFexCo4-xSb12 compounds were synthesized by using the solid-state reaction method and melting reaction method,and the thermoelectric properties of SmyFexCo4-xSb12 were investigated.Research results indicated that the electrical conductivity of SmyFexCo4-xSb12 decreased with increasing Sm filling fraction,which the carrier concentration dramatically depends on.Seebeck coefficient increased with increasing temperature and Sm filling fraction.The lattice thermal conductivity decreased evidently with increasing Sm filling fraction,and reached the minimum value at a certain Sm filling fraction.The maximum figure of merit ZTmax of Sm0.19Fe1.47Co2.53Sb12 is 0.55 at 750 K.


Adaptation Theory,which was founded by Verschueren in 1987,has attracted the attention of lots of Chinese researchers.A number of researches have been conducted to introduce this theory and to implement it in the researches of translation,literature as well as pragmatics.This article attempts to review the researches of Adaptation Theory in China over the past two decades,with the touched areas outlined and topics for further discussions pointed out.


Introduction: Respiratory muscle weakness frequently develops in critically ill patients and is associated with difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation and increased mortality. No drug has been approved to improve respiratory muscle function. However, we have previously shown that the calcium sensitizer levosimendan improves contractility of diaphragm muscle fibers in vitro and diaphragm contractility in healthy subjects in vivo. Objectives: To investigate the effects of levosimendan on diaphragm contractile efficiency in mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial mechanically ventilated patients (N=39) performed two continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) trials for 30-minutes each with 5 hour interval. After the first CPAP trial, study medication (either levosimendan 0.2 µg/kg/min or placebo) was administered. During both trials electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi), transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and tidal volume (TV) were continuously measured. Neuromechanical efficiency (primary outcome parameter) was defined as ΔPdi/ΔEAdi. Results: Neuromechanical efficiency did not improve after levosimendan. However, ΔEAdi and tidal volume were higher after levosimendan administration (31% and 11%, respectively). P0.1, a measure for respiratory load, increased in the placebo group by 41%, while it remained constant in the levosimendan group. PaCO2 significantly decreased (44 mmHg vs 42 mmHg) in response to levosimendan administration. Conclusions: Although levosimendan did not improve diaphragm contractile efficiency, tidal volume increased, while P0.1 and PaCO2 decreased.


In an attempt to move away from teacher-centered way of teaching, lecturers frequently ask students do presentations. In this situation, a group of students will usually become the presenters and the others the audience. Though this way has reduced the teacher-centeredness, the number of students taking part in the discussion and being engaged in the learning process is still limited to the presenters and the audience giving comments about the presented topic, and the learning engagement of the rest of the audience is mysterious. Considering the pivotal role of the learning engagement and participation for the achievement of the instructional objectives, lecturers can use Repetitive Stay-Stray presentation as a teaching strategy that involves meaningful repetition of presenting and listening activities, and multiple traffic of communication, and students' reflection. These activities make learning engagement and participation a logical consequence.  Keywords: learning engagement, instructional objectives, students' reflection, multiple stay-stray presentation


The article analyzes significant differences in the parameters of self-attitude of law-abiding adolescents and adolescents in a pre-trial detention center at the stage of investigative actions and after sentencing. It is shown that deviant behavior is the result of the frustration of the need for self-esteem in adolescence due to insufficient social competence.
The study involved 86 adolescents aged 15-17 years: adolescent delinquents and students of grades 10-11 of the lyceum in Barnaul. Three psychodiagnostic methods were chosen as research methods.
Data were obtained on changes in the parameters of self-attitude of adolescents after sentencing. The fact of sentencing also leads to an increase in psychological readiness to demonstrate antisocial patterns of behavior of convicted teenagers. During this period, the risk of manifesting antisocial behavior increases due to the choice of non-constructive strategies for adapting to the future. In conditions of forced restriction of freedom, self-relationship plays a supporting role, allowing one to find resources for adaptation to a new life situation. It is shown that the development of reflexive abilities, the formation of a positive self-esteem of a teenager is a reference point for his constructive socialization.


This paper proposes an effective background subtraction technique in still camera videos, to track objects with high degree of sensitivity, accuracy and low false detections. The method involves applying a Bayesian learning technique to update parameters of clusters formed by pixel observations at a particular spatial position. The proposed method also overcomes the limitation of having a heuristically fixed number of clusters in existing tracking techniques which are based on mixture modeling of background. The results favourably compare with some existing methods for a variety of test videos, including those having very low object-background contrast.


* The combination antiviral therapies Viekira Pak and Technivie, used to treat moderate or severe hepatitis C, can lead to serious liver injury.

* Nurses should monitor liver values and instruct patients to look for symptoms of liver disease, including fatigue, weakness, a lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and jaundice.


The Herodsfoot epithermal lead-silver-zinc-antimony deposit in east Cornwall is a unique example of a Pb-Zn epithermal vein deposit with significant associated antimony mineralisation. At Herodsfoot, Sb-bearing sulfosalts, bournonite and tetrahedrite are associated with galena and pyrite with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis shows that the ore minerals bournonite and sphalerite, and the gangue mineral quartz, were formed from low temperature fluids, with homogenisation temperatures of 110-150°C, and average salinity of 20 wt. % NaCl equivalent. The low homogenisation temperature is comparable to that for regional Sb-free epithermal Pb-Zn deposits. Metals in these deposits have been shown to be transported by low temperature brines sourced from regional sedimentary basins [1]. The source of the metals for the base-metal deposits is postulated to be in volcanogenic Devonian and Lower Carboniferous stratiform syn-sedimentary mineralisation hosted by metasedimentary rocks [2]. Antimony sulfosalt-base metal assemblages in north Cornwall are associated with carbonatisation of basalts by fluids transported in a brittle-ductile shear zone [3] but CO 2 -rich fluid inclusions have not been identified at Herodsfoot. Antimony deposits of Variscan age in north west France have a statistically significant, spatial association with dolerite of Carboniferous age [4-5]: the dolerites are interpreted as both a potential source of the antimony and as a pathway for mineralisation. We investigate the spatial relationship between the antimony mineralisation at Herodsfoot and the known


The touristic region of Sierre–Crans-Montana–Plaine Morte is located in one of the driest valleys of Switzerland. In the MontanAqua project, researchers analysed how climate change and socio-economic changes are likely to affect water availability and water use in the region by 2050, based on four development scenarios. The analyses generated five key governance messages for sustainable water management. Water Management Options Under Climate Change in the Swiss Alps


KCNE1 is the causal gene of long QT syndrome. KCNE1 gene is located in chromosome 21. In compliance with this KCNE1 gene the proteins come out. KCNE1 is responsible for K? channel which maintains the normal function of the heart muscle for contraction. Affected individuals manifest prolongation of the QT interval on electrocardiongrams, a sign of abnormal cardiac repolarization. The clinical features of LQT result from episodic cardiac arrhythmias, such as torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrllation. Blood DNA was isolated and kept in 4℃ refrigerator. The KCNE1 gene was amplified by PCR method and about 414 bp band was identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR products were inserted into pGEX-4T-1 vector in order to express KCNE1 protein after treatment with IPTG SDS-PAGE was carried out and the protein band which was about 47 kDa was clearly odserved. Results of this study would contribute to the detailed understanding of KCNE1 protein function and to designing better treatment of Long QT symdrome.


The PLEIADES project has encompassed several experiments in the U.K. France and Belgium, focusing on pilot operation of real-time dynamic traffic information services. Using the PLEIADES project an an example, this paper considers the opportunities which now exist for extensively promoting the increased availability of a new generation of real-time dynamic traffic information services. The technical business and institutional issues which must be addressed in order to provide fully operational services, as viewed from the U.K. organizational perspective, are also considered in this paper.


The [ital T][sub [ital z]]=[minus]3/2, [ital A]=4[ital n]+1 nuclide [sup 73]Sr produced in the [sup 40]Ca([sup 36]Ar,3[ital n]) reaction has been observed via beta-delayed proton emission. A single proton group at a laboratory energy of 3.75[plus minus]0.04 MeV has been observed, corresponding to decay of the [ital T]=3/2 isobaric analog state in [sup 73]Rb to the ground state of [sup 72]Kr. Combining this measurement with a Coulomb displacement energy calculation yields a mass excess for [sup 73]Sr of [minus]31.82[plus minus]0.24 MeV based on a predicted mass for [sup 72]Kr of [minus]53.94[plus minus]0.24 MeV.


The study was to grasp features of new material applicable to housing space in the sustainable side by analyzing materialistic features of new material and features of sustainable material with sustainable new material. Through analysis on sustainable new material, the study deducted the below conclusion. First, through the precedent studies, the characteristics of sustainable materials have been classified into eight categories : friendly healthiness, non-toxicity, comfortableness, naturality, recycling, harmlessness of environment, separate collection, reusability. After the criteria have been brought up from new material applicable to housing space in the sustainable. Second, in materialistic Characteristics of new material, 'New Process' was mainly applied. There was no any new material applied to 'new raw material'. Therefore, it is thought that it is necessary to study on development of perfectly new material and to study on new material to apply material used in other fields to finishing material of dwelling space. Third, in Characteristics of sustainable material, 'Re-serviceability' appeared most and 'Non-toxicity' and 'Recycling' appeared in the next. 'Friendly Healthiness' and 'Separate collection' appeared only one on the other side. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to develop and study new material including health components considering user's health, function for health increase and function to grope comfort for humans. Finally, after researching and analysis the criteria by recently presented the new material, it has been concluded that the standard can be used as the criteria of new material for the possibility of application in housing space. On the basis of the study, the author will carry out analysis on sustainable new material minutely and utilize it as basic data to suggest a standard of sustainable new material applicable to dwelling space in the future.


The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. Vol. 193 No. 1 81–95 www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201101030 JCB 81 Correspondence to Geneviève Almouzni: firstname.lastname@example.com C. Baldeyron's present address is Translational Research Dept., Breast Cancer Biology Group, F-75248 France. Abbreviations used in this paper: 6,4-PP, pyrimidine 6,4-pyrimidone photoproduct; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; CPD, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer; CtIP, C-terminal binding protein interacting protein; DDR, DNA damage response; DSB, DNA double strand break; HR, homologous recombination; IB, immunoblotting; IF, immunofluorescence; IR, ionizing radiation; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; NER, nucleotide excision repair; NHEJ, nonhomologous end-joining; UTR, untranslated region; wt, wild type. Introduction


This article aims to contribute to reflections on the access actions in undergraduate courses in general, and Visual Arts teaching degrees particularly, by conducting a case study (MAZZOTI, 2006) about new academics' selection experience at Federal University of Roraima (UFRR). In that university, Specific Skill Test, on the verge of extinction, is the second stage of selection for admission of new students, in which basic knowledge in the field of Visual Arts is evaluated. In the text, we will hold that such test has not only created barriers to access via Unified Selection System (SISU), but have also strengthened the ideological discourses of "talent" and "gift" (Meszaros, 2006).


This paper deals with the effect of wire cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters on surface roughness of Al7003 alloy and Al7003+ 6 wt. % TiO2 composite material using one variable at a time approach. The parameters selected were Pulse on, Pulse off, servo voltage, wire speed, discharge current and servo feed. The experiments revealed that pulse off and servo voltage has major influence on surface roughness (Ra). The optimal set of process parameters has also been predicted to minimize the surface roughness.


A design for a machine to produce hollow, continuous fiber reinforced composite rods of lunar glass and a liquid crystalline matrix using the pultrusion process is presented. The glass fiber will be produced from the lunar surface, with the machine and matrix being transported to the moon. The process is adaptable to the low gravity and near-vacuum environment of the moon through the use of a thermoplastic matrix in fiber form as it enters the pultrusion process. With a power consumption of 5k W, the proposed machine will run continuously, unmanned in fourteen day cycles, matching the length of moon days. A number of dies could be included that would allow the machine to produce rods of varying diameter, I-beams, angles, and other structural members. These members could then be used for construction on the lunar surface or transported for use in orbit. The benefits of this proposal are in the savings in weight of the cargo each lunar mission would carry. The supply of glass on the moon is effectively endless, so enough rods would have to be produced to justify its transportation, operation, and capital cost. This should not be difficult as weight on lunar mission is at a premium.


Two epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the lifetime prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) among people aged 40 years or more is roughly one in four [1,2]. AF increases in prevalence with age, ranging from 0.5% in people aged 50–59 years to almost 9% in those aged 80 years or more, and is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality from heart failure, stroke and thromboembolic complications [3]. In addition, when strokes do occur in association with AF, patients have a substantial mortality, morbidity, disability and longer hospital stays [3]. In patients with AF there are two important decisions to make:


Abstract Many Moroccans living in Europe maintain transnational ties with their country of origin. Maintaining such transnational relationships also has a legal dimension, especially in the field of family law. The ongoing significance of Moroccan family law for Moroccan migrants in the Netherlands and their children has fuelled a variety of projects from women's NGOs, migrant organisations, as well as Dutch social work organisations. In addition to providing transnational legal aid, there have been many initiatives to educate women and, more recently, men, about their rights in Dutch and Moroccan family law and Dutch migration law. While these projects have been taking place since the 1980s, they gained new momentum after Morocco substantially reformed its family law in 2004, a reform explicitly framed to improve the legal position of women in the family. Taking a closer look at initiatives and activities in the field of transnational Moroccan family law, this paper will focus on two major issues: the introduction of the new Moroccan family code in 2004 and the issue of women left-behind in Morocco by their Moroccan-Dutch husbands.


Vaccine makers are racing to develop COVID-19 vaccines and have advanced ten candidates into clinical trials However, vaccine development is typically a lengthy process A number of immune response modifiers have also been explored for their efficacy in the management of COVID-19 In this short communication, we explore the possibility of using Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) for the management of severely ill COVID-19 patients and its plausible role in the mitigation of severe disease in mildly infected patients The MIP vaccine has a proven role in the prevention of leprosy to house-hold contacts of lepromatous leprosy, category-II tuberculosis patients, and patients with severe septicemia and low CD4 counts It has also been used as an immune response modifier in patients with bladder carcinoma Notably, this vaccine may be more efficacious than the BCG vaccine The possible benefits and risks of using such an agent are described in this article The use of such an approach could be beneficial in resource-poor countries and countries where diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy are endemic © 2020 Iranian Society of Dermatology


This chapter focuses on the validity of tests of second language (L2) signed language learners. Test validity depends on how test developers take the language as well as the modality into consideration and how the test captures natural variation in local signed languages, which impacts the use of tests and interpretation of results. In this chapter, the argument-based approach to validation is used to evaluate claims that test developers make about the uses of tests. A sample of signed language tests for L2 learners is reviewed and discussed. Caution in the extrapolation and making decisions based on test results are discussed. The chapter ends with suggestions about how to evaluate the validity of future L2 signed language tests.


Previously, it has been suggested that the GA¶del-type non-algorithmic process may be associated with consciousness. This paper discusses the halting problem and the non-computability of self-referential consciousness. Specifically, this discussion outlines the distinguishability between the halting and looping of computation, or the semantic understanding between true and false, that may be associated with the non-computability of consciousness. The nonlocality intrinsically possessed in quantum theory is one of the striking features of nature that has received a lot of attention. In particular, Bell-type inequalities have been not only extremely powerful but practical tools in quantum information technology. A numerical approach is used to describe different cases of Bell-CHSH inequalities, particularly with different numbers of the choices of measurement bases. It is shown that there are variations of inequalities that are relatively stable against measurement errors.


Because mild respiratory infections are ubiquitous in the adult population, infections of the bronchial tree, and their impact on the progression of chronic lung diseases, continue to remain an arena for intense research. These infections have become increasingly accepted as one of the most important contributory and prognostic factors in the ultimate outcome of a wide spectrum of respiratory conditions. Underrecognized by many clinicians, the effect of bronchial infections—from neonates to the elderly population—often proves to be a major predictor of morbidity and mortality. In this monograph, the editors have assimilated an impressive array of experts with extensive clinical and research experience, drawing wellevidenced conclusions at the end of each chapter. Most chapters also include tables with invaluable clinical information and an extensive list of references to allow for further exploration of the literature by the reader. The Spectrum of Bronchial Infections includes 13 captivating chapters that explore all aspects of bronchial infections, appealing equally well to clinicians of varied backgrounds and experience. It begins with a focus on the various causes and treatments of acute bronchitis. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the author clearly demonstrates that antibiotics should not routinely be used for acute bronchitis. Each treatment modality is discussed and associated with a level of evidence regarding its utility. Communication tips are provided for the clinician related to appropriate treatment options. Chapters 2–10 focus on various aspects of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Defined by chronic or recurrent bronchial mucus hypersecretion with associated histopathological changes, COPD afflicts millions of persons worldwide, with an expanding prevalence in an increasingly aging population. The importance of bacterial and viral infections is well known in cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchiectasis. In chronic bronchitis and COPD, this link is less clear but under increasing scrutiny. Potential mechanisms for the occurrence of infection in chronic bronchitis and the increased susceptibility of some individuals for infections is discussed in detail; this phenomenon is probably related to a combination of both pathogen and host factors. The authors also elucidate a unique adaptation to the immune system by certain bacteria, which limits an individual's ability to clear potentially pathogenic microorganisms, thereby setting up a milieu for acute and chronic respiratory infections to take hold. In focusing predominately on chronic bronchitis and COPD, this monograph also explores the contributory role of bronchial infections to a systemic inflammatory response and the future development of extrapulmonary diseases, including diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. It also reviews the humoral substances produced by the airway epithelial cells, including inflammatory mediators and chemotactic factors. Finally, it concludes with a discussion centered on chronic bronchiectasis not associatedwith cystic fibrosis. Although the author's conclusions are based on comparatively small studies and expert opinion, they nevertheless provide valuable insight into an often difficult-to-treat clinical entity. Most importantly, the role of inhaled antibiotics is discussed in detail, allowing the clinician to understand better the balance between effective treatment and the development of antibiotic resistance, which continues to be a difficult problem worldwide. The Spectrum of Bronchial Diseases is as a comprehensive and concise clinical reference. The editors have compiled chapters from leading experts on many aspects of bronchial disease. This monograph should challenge the reader's preconceived notions with regard to the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of the aforementioned conditions. It provides an up-to-date source of information on the importance of and the potential long-term implications associated with acute and chronic bronchial infections, and it should cause savvy clinicians to pause and reevaluate all aspects of their management of patients with acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, and chronic bronchiectasis.


The invention relates to a chain drive for driving two parallel shafts (11, 12) located close to each other, especially two upper lying cam shafts in an internal combustion engine. A drive chain (2) is guided by a drive mechanism (1) and chain wheels (3,4) on the shafts (11,12). At least one chain wheel (3,4) is arranged on each shaft (11,12). The chain wheels (3,4) are axially offset in relation to each other and are arranged in such a way that they overlap with each other. At least one support wheel (13,14) on one shaft (11, 12) is respectively associated with the chain wheel (3.2, 4.2) on the other shaft (11, 12). An edge area (15) of the part of the chain which does not engage with a chain wheel (3.2, 4.2) is guided and supported on said shaft (11, 12) by the support wheel.


S uccessfully reforming the healthcare system will require a unique combination of collaboration and compromise among lawmakers of all political persuasions. With that in mind, in January the Alliance for Health Refortn and the Catholic Health Association held a bipartisan health policy retreat for senior congressional healthcare staff, supported in part by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.


Abstract Part I Spiral and similar formations on (0001) of SiC on a scale almost visible to the naked eye have been observed. They are herein described, with widths and depths running into many thousands of unit-cells thick. A CdI2 thin-crystal is described where the forward-growth of {1010} must be several millions of times greater than the forward growth of {0001} on which, under certain conditions, spirals have been seen. Distinction is emphasised between Ausbreitungs- and Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten.

Abstract, Part II. Discussions on limitations of various growth-theories and the possible necessity for extending or amplifying our first assumptions.


U.S. Bureau of Mines researchers have developed innovative magnetic levitation (mag-lev) technology that allows for noncontact, frictionless conveyance of materials within a dedicated transit corridor. A transport system incorporating this technology could improve the safety and reduce the cost of underground mining and materials handling. The mag-lev transport technology uses two types of permanent magnets. An array of neodymium-iron-boron magnets is contained in the base of each levitated materials container, and an array of ceramic-5 magnets lines the bottom of the transit corridor. The orientation of the magnets is such that the two arrays repel each other. An electronic position control system, located on the levitated materials containers, overcomes the inherent lateral instability of the repelling magnet arrays.


Thailands vigorous AIDS education campaign was launched in 1990 and it succeeded in slowing down the spread of the disease. However it came too late for people infected in the early stage of the epidemic who are dying by the tens of thousands. Most of them are in the working years of their lives. The World Health Organization estimated that 3.5 million people in Asia have been infected with HIV; about 750000 in Thailand and at least 1.5 million in India where control measures are incipient. The diseases could cost Asian economies $38-52 billion by 2000. In Thailand the acceptability of prostitution and initial ignorance about AIDS allowed it to spread quickly from intravenous drug users homosexuals and prostitutes into the general population. This pattern is occurring in other Asian countries where large numbers of women are engaged in the sex trade because of poverty. Thailand will have more than 95000 orphans under the age of 15 by the year 2000. In addition as the deaths of their parents multiply more and more will have to turn to the government for help. An estimated 46000 Thais will die of AIDS in 1995 bringing the total to nearly 120000 since the start of the epidemic. Some experts say that AIDS may kill up to 800000 by the year 2005. This will impact the demand for labor and slow down the economy as well as push wages up thereby making the economy less competitive. Some businesses have started AIDS education programs for their employees to avert the personnel crisis. In some factories 3-8% of workers were found to be infected with HIV. The Thai Red Cross is especially worried about Rayong province home to a deep-sea port and large industrial estates as well as a fishing fleet. 4% of women who give birth here are infected with HIV. The strong media campaign against AIDS and free condom distribution has stabilized the epidemic in Thailand but in Burma Cambodia Vietnam and India an AIDS explosion is likely to occur.


Chenicoris dilatatus gen. n. & sp. n. from southern China is described and placed in the largest assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae). The new species is similar to members of Isyndus Stal, 1859 in general habitus, but can be distinguished from the latter by the unarmed anterior pronotal lobe, the laterally dilated lobe-like abdominal segment V and several features of its genitalia.


Aiming at solving the problems of low accuracy and high false alarm rate for network intrusion detection, an algorithm of intrusion detection based on PSO and kernel Extreme learning is proposed in this article. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a kind of swarm intelligent algorithm. Kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is a kind of classical learning method of kernel machine with its fast learning rate and strong generalization ability, but the selection of kernel function and parameters of KELM directly affects its classification performance. In this article, PSO is used to optimize the kernel parameters of kernel limit learning machine. The global kernel function with strong generalization ability of linear combination and the local kernel function with strong learning ability are used to form multi-kernel limit learning machine, which can improve the performance of single kernel Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) classifier. Finally, the performance of the algorithm is compared and analyzed through experiments and the experimental results verify the validity of this algorithm.


The problem Minimum Convex Cover of covering a given polygon with a minimum number of (possibly overlapping) convex polygons is known to be NP-hard, even for polygons without holes [3]. We propose a polynomial-time approximation algorithm for this problem for polygons with or without holes that achieves an approximation ratio of O(log n), where n is the number of vertices in the input polygon. To obtain this result, we first show that an optimum solution of a restricted version of this problem, where the vertices of the convex polygons may only lie on a certain grid, contains at most three times as many convex polygons as the optimum solution of the unrestricted problem. As a second step, we use dynamic programming to obtain a convex polygon which is maximum with respect to the number of "basic triangles" that are not yet covered by another convex polygon.We obtain a solution that is at most a logarithmic factor off the optimum by iteratively applying our dynamic programming algorithm. Furthermore, we show that Minimum Convex Cover is APX-hard, i.e., there exists a constant δ > 0 such that no polynomial-time algorithm can achieve an approximation ratio of 1 + δ. We obtain this result by analyzing and slightly modifying an already existing reduction [3].


Currently there is an increasing interest in the application of infrared therm ography on the defect detection for metal materials. As one new infrared thermography techniques, pulsed eddy cur rent thermography is powerful to detect surface defects of metals, in which the temperature field is excited by th e eddy current and the surface defects can be detected over a relatively wide area within a short time. This paper focuses on the application of pulsed eddy current thermography in multiple surface defects detection on m etal. We tested two samples of ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals which have multiple surface defects simultaneously. The influences of excitation time and location of the coil on the detection results were inves tigat d. The work shows that a metal part with multiple surface defects can be efficiently inspected using pulsed eddy current thermography with optimized setting of inspection parameters. The experimental results indicate that he optimal excitation time is of great difference for ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals with multiple defects. The results also show that the location of excitation coils influences the detection accuracy in differ ent degrees for various defects on different metal materials.


This paper is concerned with the numerical study of earth pressure for associated and non-associated soils induced by the translation of a rigid rough retaining wall. Using the explicit finite difference code FLAC-2D (Fast Lagrangian Analyses of Continua), the active and passive earth pressure coefficients are given and compared with classical methods. The computed results indicate a decrease in passive earth pressure and and an increase in active earth pressure coefficient values when the soil displays high non associativity. For the covering abstract see ITRD E125180.


The current and future restructuring energy marketplace represents a number of challenges and opportunities to maximize value through the management of peak power. This is true both on the demand-side regarding peak power use and on the supply-side regarding power generation. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) can provide the flexibility essential to the economical management of power. In large industrial applications, the added value of TES has been demonstrated, not only in managing operating costs, but also in delivering a net saving in capital cost versus conventional, non-storage approaches. This capital cost saving is often realized in situations where investments in chiller plant capacity, or in on-site power generating capacity, are required.


A subchannel and modulation joint selection method is proposed in dual-hop relaying multi-input multi-output(MIMO) systems to improve the system throughput and to cut the signaling overhead.Regarded as an equivalent channel,the channel between source and destination is decomposed into multiple parallel independent subchannels by singular value decomposition.The number of the used subchannels and their modulation schemes are selected and feedback jointly in the proposed algorithm.Simulations show that,compared with the traditional method where each subchannel selects modulation scheme independently,the new selection method can achieve higher throughput and use less signaling bits.


in which sampling is used for data acquisition. The validity of the sampling method used for research is an important criterion for ranking quality of a study. This editorial provides an overview of data sampling methods that are common among submissions to PDM.Sampling techniques are used to select a portion of individuals as a data source to represent the total individuals in a pre-identified population. An example of sampling would be using a process to select 50 disaster victims (study subjects) that are representative of 500 total victims (target population) for a research project. Important in population-based investigation is that a study sample is a valid representation of the total research target population. is used in a


This experiment was to study the classification, vertical distribution and seasonal variations of individual numbers and weight of oligochaetes in grassland soil of ladino clover. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Vertical distribution of individual numbers of oligochaetes were 55.0%, 33.8% and 6.2% of the total Individual numbers in 0-10㎝, 10-20㎝ and 20-30㎝ soil layer, respectively. 2. Vertical distribution of weight were 42.0%, 54.4% and 3.6% of the total weight in 0-10㎝, 10-20㎝ and 20-30㎝ soil layer, respectively. 3. Seasonal variations of individual numbers of oligochaetes showed a high value in the middle of June. 4. Seasonal variations of weight of oligochaetes showed W type curves exhibiting three peaks during the experimental period, it may due to the distribution of Megascolecidae in summer. 5. The following four species belong to three family of oligochaetes, it were Enchytraeidae (Achaeta eamerani and Encytraeus buchholzi), Megascolecidae (Pheretima hilgendorfi) and Lumbricidae (Allolobophora rosea). 6. Individual numbers of each family obtained were 97.3%, 1.8% and 0.9% of the total individual numbers in Enchytraeidae, Megascolecidae and Lumbricidae, respectively. 7. Weight of each family obtained were 58.3%, 38.0% and 3.7% of the total weight in Enchytraeidae, Megascolecidae and Lumbricidae, respectively.


On May 17, 2005, the Federal Interior Ministry of Germany published its annual report on the Protection of Constitution for 2004. For the last few years, the country's domestic intelligence agency – Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) – under the Federal Interior Ministry, has been publishing such reports on its website. Focusing on the internal security situation of Germany, the recent report includes external threats, indigenous left and right-wing groups, their potential for violence, foreign terrorist and militant groups active in Germany and the presence of foreign intelligence services on German soil. On the occasion of the publication, German Federal Minister of Interior Otto Schily warned that Islamic terrorism poses the greatest global threat as well as for Germany. Highlighting the slight increase (from 30,950 in 2003 to 31,800 in 2004) in the membership strength of Islamist organisations in Germany, he emphasised the need to ban the existing organisations and their activities as an effective instrument to combat the threat.


Two pre-posttest controlled group experiments were conducted to examine the efficacy of self-instructional training as a method to reduce children's dental fears. In the first experiment 30 dentally fearful children between the ages of 8 and 12 were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: training in threat-related verbal coping responses, training in competence-related verbal coping responses, an emotive imagery procedure, or to one of two control conditions: a placebo-or a no-treatment control group. Results indicate a significant anxiety reduction across all groups. No difference was found between groups. This result was attributed to an habituation effect due to exposure-in-vivo at pretest. In a second experiment, 29 highly fearful children were assigned to a competence-related self-speech group, an emotive-imagery or a no-treatment control group. This time no anxiety reduction was found. Combined with other studies, the present results raise critical questions regarding the potential effica...


As a group who strongly support the excellent pro diversity and support work of Tell Mama UK we were delighted to have the opportunity to interview ...


Electron capture decay of /sup 135/Ce (17.6 h) has been used to determine the mass difference between /sup 135/Ce and /sup 135/La. The main component of the positrons (0.36%/decay) was found to feed the 300 keV level in /sup 135/La with triple coincidences between two annihilation radiations and ..gamma.. rays. The end-point energy of the ..beta../sup +/ main component was determined to be 694 +- 13 keV. Thus the mass difference between /sup 135/Ce and /sup 135/La is determined to be 2016 +- 13 keV. No anomaly is found for the EC/..beta../sup +/ ratio.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the role of internal audit and internal control on the prevention of fraud cases at PT. Tunas Toyota branch operating in Ciputat This type of research uses quantitative methods. This study uses a saturated sample technique in determining the number of samples. The study used primary data with survey techniques, namely by giving questionnaires to employees who work at PT. Tunas Toyota branch operating in Ciputat. The population in this study are all employees who work at the Ciputat branch office. The data analysis technique used multiple regression analysis. The results of the study prove that the role of internal audit and internal control simultaneously has an effect on fraud prevention. Partially, the role of internal audit has an effect on fraud prevention. Internal audits carried out by companies play an important role in preventing fraud. While internal control has an effect on fraud prevention, this proves that internal control within the company is a very important part of preventing fraud. Keywords : Role of Internal Audit, Internal Control, Fraud Prevention


Full text: HTML, EPUB Release of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) into the environment can cause soil and freshwater pollution and can affect downstream biodiversity. Bioremediation of POME contaminated soil collected from palm oil processing mill at Omuahunwo community in Aluu, Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria was carried out using cow dung as nutrient supplement. The monitoring period lasted for 14 days. Results of the physicochemical parameters showed reduction in values of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) from 160.10mg/l to 90.20mg/l, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (120.40 70.2mg/l), Total Organic Content (TOC) (140.10 100mg/l) respectively. Low pH value of 4.11 before treatment, being acidic, was increased to 6.10 being less acidic. The total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population increased from 3.0x10 6 to 8.3 x 10 8 cfu/g and that of total fungi count increased from 3.2x10 4 to 3.8 x10 6 cfu/g respectively. Characterization and identification tests revealed that the bacterial genera encountered in the bioremediation process were; Proteus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Micrococus and Corynebacterium while the fungal genera were Fusarium, Aspergillus, Pernicillium, Geothricum and Mucor. Yeast was Candida sp. The results indicates that cow dung could be applied in the bioremediation of POME contaminated soil which is enriched with microorganisms with high degradative potentials in degrading the pollutants in POME contaminated soil for ecofriendly bioremediation technology. Accepted: 26/08/2020 Published: 08/12/2021


AbstractIn this study, a new sediment removal system, namely the vortex hydrosuction (VHS) method, is introduced as an alternative hydrosuction technique with higher efficiency. Unlike the conventi...


Low-frequency variability in the midlatitude winter circulation is investigated by computation of power spectra from 16 winters of Northern Hemisphere (NH) NMC data and 4 winters of Southern Hemisphere (SH) ECMWF data. Different techniques of partitioning the variance are compared. The results for the two hemispheres are similar in that a substantial standing variance with periods of 10 days and longer is found in both hemispheres. In the NH, this strong standing variance spans wavenumbers 2 through 4, while in the SH, it is quite prominent at wavenumber 3. The standing variance corresponds to wavenumbers exhibiting bimodal probability density distributions. Interhemispheric differences center around much stronger westward-traveling ultralong wave variance in the NH but stronger eastward traveling intermediate wavenumber variance in the SH. These interhemispheric differences in the traveling variance are likely an effect of the presence or absence of topographic forcing, as suggested by earlier GCM experiments. This implies that the role of the stationary topographic forcing is more significant for the traveling waves than for the standing waves. In addition, composite power spectra for El Nino, anti-El Nino and non-El Nino NH winters were constructed. The results indicate that the warm equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies of El Nino are accompanied by a strong composite spectral peak at wavenumber 7 with 5-day period in the midlatitude power spectra. Examination of individual winters reveals that this apparent difference does appear fairly consistently in all El Nino winters, but some control and anti-El Nino winters exhibit similar peaks. The most consistent difference between power spectra composed on the basis of SST anomalies is relatively stronger standing variance in the anti-El Nino composite and weak standing variance in the El Nino composite. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00389.x


Measurements of the degree of polarization ( rho ) of the output of 1.3- mu m InGaAsP semiconductor diode lasers as a function of current are discussed. It is found that rho measured for well below threshold ( rho /sub b/) is a better indicator of mechanical strain in the active region than rho measured near or above threshold. rho /sub b/ exhibits little dependence on drive level, mode reflectivity, threshold, or saturation of the gain. A possible correlation between the magnitude of rho /sub b/ and device operating characteristics was found. More work is required to confirm this possibility. Data which provide experimental evidence for the magnitude of the difference between the reflectivities of the TE and TM modes are presented. >


Human Staufen1 is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that forms ribonucleoprotein complexes about 6 to 10 MDa in size and has been involved in the transport and localized translation of mRNAs. Furthermore, it is associated to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes and interacts with proteins that participate in different pathways of mRNA repression or decay. In the work presented here, we have analysed its implication in the miRNA-mediated repression of translation. hStaufen1 interacts with the AGO family of proteins and their complexes contain not only mRNAs but also a set of 17 miRNAs, which target some of the detected mRNAs. A more efficient association was found for miR-124 both in HEK293T cells and the human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y. The analysis of endogenous hStaufen1 complexes during in vitro differentiation of human neuroblast cells revealed an alteration of the balance between hStaufen1 isoforms and a redistribution of miR-124 to smaller cellular complexes. To analyse the implication of hStaufen1 in neuronal differentiation we have constructed a stable neuroblastoma cell line in which the expression of hStaufen1 protein can be downregulated by adding doxycycline to the media. This biological tool allowed us to demonstrate a role of hStaufen1 in the branching of dendrites during in vitro neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Finally, to analyze the role of hStaufen1 in the infection of influenza virus, we infected human pulmonary epithelial cells in which hStaufen1 was downregulated. The yield of influenza virus infections was reduced more than 10 times in the various hStaufen1-silenced cells as compared to control cells. The expression levels of viral proteins and their nucleo-cytoplasmic transport were not affected upon hStaufen1 silencing but virus particle production, as determined by purification of virions from supernatants, was reduced. Furthermore, at late times in virus infection, hStaufen1 underwent a relocalization into a perinuclear region, close to the MTOC complex and to the endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicate a role for hStaufen1 in late events of the influenza virus infection, possibly in the vRNP transport to the plasma membrane.


The food quality is related to safety of people's lives and the determination of the food quality is mainly based on food inspection data.Therefore,improving the accuracy of food inspection data is an important part of ensuring food quality.This paper describes several control links,including the sample extraction and preparation,calibration of instrument equipment and measuring instruments,option of reagents and test methods,control of laboratory environment and operating level and inspecting capability of operators and explores the factors of accuracy of food inspection.


ABSTRACT In the current study, two pools of 250 essays, all written as a response to the same prompt, were rated by two groups of raters (14 or 15 raters per group), thereby providing an approximation to the essay's true score. An automated essay scoring (AES) system was trained on the datasets and then scored the essays using a cross-validation scheme. By eliminating one, two, or three raters at a time, and by calculating an estimate of the true scores using the remaining raters, an independent criterion against which to judge the validity of the human raters and that of the AES system, as well as the interrater reliability was produced. The results of the study indicated that the automated scores correlate with human scores to the same degree as human raters correlate with each other. However, the findings regarding the validity of the ratings support a claim that the reliability and validity of AES diverge: although the AES scoring is, naturally, more consistent than the human ratings, it is less valid.


Objective To evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative dissection for gastric stromal tumors located near to the cardia or pylorus. Methods From September 2006 to November 2008,we performed laparoscopic gastric wedge dissection monitored by endoscopy on 5 cases of gastric stromal tumors,which located near to (≤5 cm) the cardia or pylorus. The clinical and pathological data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results In these 5 cases,3 had the tumors located ≤5 cm to the cardia and 2 had tumors located ≤5 cm to the pylorus. The operation was successfully completed in all of the cases without rupture of the tumor,stenosis of the gastric cavity or conversion to open surgery. The mean operation time was 84 min in this series (range,60 to 100 min). The intraoperative blood loss ranged from 10 to 50 ml with a mean of 30 ml. In a median of 3 days,the patients had the first postoperative flatus and began to take fluid food. After the operation,pathological examination showed negative margin in all of the 5 cases. One patient developed adhesive intestinal obstruction,and were cured by conservative therapy. No other postoperative complications were found.Three months after the operation,all the patients received re-examination by angiography of the gastrointestinal tract and gastroscopy,which showed no stenosis of the gastric cavity. The 5 cases were followed up for 8 to 34 months (mean,27.8 months),none of them had recurrence or metastasis of the tumor. Conclusions Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative gastric wedge dissection is safe and feasible for gastric stromal tumors located near to the cardia or pylorus. This procedure fits to the therapeutic criteria of gastric stromal tumors,and can effectively avoid the stenosis of the gastric cavity.


Context: Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch (Gentianaceae) is an annual herb occurring in Southern Europe and Northern Africa where it is used in traditional medicine for treatment of numerous illness. Aims: To isolate compounds from C. spicatum having hepatoprotective activity. Methods: Structure elucidation of the new compound was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR analyses including 1H-, 13C- NMR, DEPT-135 NMR, HMQC, HMBC and H- H HOHAHA experiments in addition to FAB+ and HRFAB+ Mass spectrometry. In vivo transaminases inhibition activity was carried out. Results: A new ester of swertiamarin and secoxyloganic acid (1) was isolated from C. spicatum in addition to its known components secoiridoids swertiamarin (2) and secoxyloganic acid (3). All tested secoiridoids have transaminases inhibition activity with different values for each compound 1, 2, 3 (86, 83, 81%) for SGOT and (96, 93, 91%) for SGPT, respectively. Conclusions: The new ester compound from C. spicatum has hepatoprotective activity over than its components.


The poly(hydroxy ether of bisphenol A)-based blends containing poly(acrylontrile-co-styrene) (SAN) were prepared through in situ polymerization, i.e., the melt polymerization between the diglycidy ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and bisphenol A in the presence of poly(acrylontrile-co-styrene) (SAN). The polymerization reaction started from the initial homogeneous ternary mixture of SAN/DGEBA/bisphenol A, and the phenoxy/SAN blends with SAN content up to 20 wt % were obtained. Both the solubility behavior and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies demonstrate that no intercomponent reaction occurred in the reactive blend system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the phase structure of the as-polymerized blends. All the blends display the separate glass transition temperatures (Tg's); i.e., the blends were phase-separated. The morphological observation showed that all the blends exhibited well-distributed phase-separated morphology. For the blends with SAN content less than 15 wt %, very fine SAN spherical particles (1–3 μmm in diameter) were uniformly dispersed in a continuous matrix of phenoxy and the fine morphology was formed through phase separation induced by polymerization. Mechanical tests show that the blends containing 5–15 wt % SAN displayed a substantial improvement of tensile properties and Izod impact strength, which were in marked contrast to those of the materials prepared via conventional methods. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 525–532, 1999


This contribution highlights recent results from the PHENIX Collaboration at RHIC. It covers global variables, flow and 2-particle correlations. A second contribution in this issue, by T C Awes (2008 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 35 104007), covers PHENIX results on heavy quarks, leptons and photons.


The TiO2-HPA films of different concentration and layers have been prepared by the method of Sol-gelatin,anti-microbial effect of TiO2-HPA films for the colibacilluses were investigated.The results show that the TiO2-HPA films with 1.25%HPA have obvious anti-colibacilluses activity,and the activity can be improved more significantly with the increase of film layers.