According to the characteristic of hanok public building, Planning criterion of structure, technology, efficiency, design is needed which can includes various type of new-hanok type public buildings. In this paper, we collect expert opinions to be used as a basis for developing models of New-hanok type Public Buildings. This study was conducted in research study and expert surveys. Expert surveys were targeted to professors and architects who are related in new-hanok type public buildings model development research. In this study, we synthesize and suggest improvement direction about planning criterion of new-hanok type public buildings model development based on opinions collected by expert surveys.


From the beginning of the xxi century, research on organizational legitimacy has been frequently used to explain the survival of new companies. The need of being considered legitimated for new companies to improve their access to necessary resources to survive has called the researchers attention. This situation has favored the increase in the research about organizational legitimacy in the entrepreneurship field, which has augmented the complexity of obtaining a global understanding of the field´s current context. The aim of this research is to identify and visualize the intellectual structure of the research and the emerging trends regarding organizational legitimacy in the entrepreneurship field. The database is made up of the sources of knowledge and references on which the scientific articles published in the data base of the Web of Science (WOS) were based. Through a bibliometric methodology based on co-citation, we identify the main research areas, the most active ones, the main contributors, dissemination paths and emerging trends in the research field. This research paper contributes to the development of organizational legitimacy in the entrepreneurship field offering a comprehensive view of the situation of this domain, a starting point as well as a theoretical base for the researchers to build new developments.


AIM: To study the processing principle of Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae steamed with wine. METHODS: The content of volatile oil was measured by means of volatile oil measuring method and identified by TLC. The total lignans was determined by spectrophotometry and the water-soluble extractive was measured by determination of extractive method. RESULTS: The volatile oil content in Fruetus Schisandrae Sphenantherae by steaming with wine decreased by 35.3%, TLC showed that a new spot was added; the lignans content had an increase of 28.9% and the water extractive was 2% less than in crude drug. CONCLUSION: Tranditional process is reasonable.


Research on smart cities matures, and new interdisciplinary approaches to the study of smart cities, is increasing. At the same time, problems pertinent to communities inhabiting rural areas are also addressed, as a part of discussions in neighboring fields of research, such as environmental studies, sociology, and agriculture. Arguably, the concept of 'the village' has been largely absent in the academic debate, even if rural areas and countryside communities have been a subject of concern for robust policy frameworks, such as the European Union's Cohesion Policy and Common Agricultural Policy. As a result, when advances in sophisticated information and communication technology (ICT) led to the emergence of a rich body of research on smart cities, the application and usability of ICT in the context of a village remained underdiscussed in the literature. Through this Special Issue, and the Editors' earlier research on this topic, the Editors hope that the idea of the 'smart village' will be introduced into the debate. Against this backdrop, the objective of this opening review is three-fold: (i) to outline the conceptual boundaries of the term smart village, (ii) to highlight the thrust of the challenge inherent in smart villages research, and (iii) to shed light on the smart village research agenda as it unfolds. The relevance and validity of these claims are supported by references to research submitted to the Special Issue titled "Sustainable Smart Cities and Smart Villages Research".


A computable general equilibrium model is used to analyse the allocative and distributional impact of some agricultural policy options for Kenya. A Kenyan social accounting matrix is employed as a database, and it has been aggregated and disaggregated to accommodate additional data sources and arranged to follow the transaction value approach. Increasing wages to attract more labour into estate agriculture under conditions of monopsony is the preferred policy to increase labour employment and to improve households' income and consumption, especially that of the poorer segment of society. The economy is either non‐responsive to the impact of indirect tax changes or the changes are quite small. Terms of trade improvements such as increasing world prices of agricultural exports result, in a significant boost of income and GDP, are effective in increasing returns to labour and are an important step in reducing poverty.


1 Abridgment of thesis submitted in April 1949 by Dr. Brown to the Faculty of the Temple University Hospital and Medical School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Internal Medicine. 2 Recently, from The Harrisburg Clinic, Harrisburg, Pa. At present, Assistant Medical Director, New England Mutual Life Insurance Company and Clinical Fellow in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. 3 Assistant Professor of Medicine, Temple University Hospital and School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. Plethysmography is now a recognized procedure. In several clinics, venous occlusion plethysmography has become firmly established as an important diagnostic aid in disease affecting the cardiovascular system either directly or indirectly. At the present time plethysmography is one of the most accurate methods for studying peripheral vascular abnormalities, either organic or func-


We present a theoretical formulation, and a corresponding numerical algorithm, that can find Pontryagin-optimal inputs for general dynamical systems by using a direct method. Optimal control remains as a versatile and relevant framework in systems theory applications, many decades after being formally defined. Pontryagin-optimal inputs can be found for some classes of problems using indirect methods, but these are often slow or lack robustness. On the other hand, convergent direct optimal control methods are fast, but their solutions usually converge to first-order optimality conditions, which are weaker. Our result, founded on the theory of relaxed inputs as defined by J. Warga, establishes an equivalence between Pontryagin-optimal inputs and optimal relaxed inputs. We also formulate a sampling-based numerical method to approximate the Pontryagin-optimal relaxed inputs using an iterative direct method. Finally, using a provably-convergent numerical method, we synthesize approximations of the Pontryagin-optimal inputs from the sampled relaxed inputs.


The results from an experimental study of asphalt pavements with granular bases are used to illustrate the value of a pavement test facility for validating analytical design methods. The particular aim of the project was to continue development of analytical procedures for the prediction of permanent deformation in pavements but this also involved the measurement and computation of transient stresses and strains. Seven pavements were tested of which three are studied in detail. Each structure had about 40 mm of asphalt, about 140 mm of crushed limestone base and a silty clay subgrade of about 6% CBR. A new finite element computer program called senol was used to calculate stresses, strains and permanent deformations. The latter involved a novel two-stage procedure using a plane strain configuration for the final calculation of permanent deformation. The computations of stress and resilient strain were adjusted in the light of the observed behaviour and this exercise illustrated the importance of having adequate non-linear stress-strain relationships for all materials. Although reasonably accurate values of both resilient and permanent strain were calculated, the stresses were low.(a) for the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 815640.


4 species of Trichagramma were identified based on their esterase isoenzyme patterns determined with the slab poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and morphological characters.Trichogramma closterae Pang et Chen.had the band b_1 in the B area, whereas the others had no band b_1; T.confusum Viggiani.had a_3, a_4, whereas T.japonicum Ahmead had a_1, a_4, and T.ostriniae Pang et Chen had a_2 and a_5 in A area.


Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a uniformly continuous function in-between given functions f > g on a uniform space are studied. It appears that the investigation of this problem is closely related to some combinatorial properties of covers and leads to the concept of perfect refinability, the latter being used, e.g., to obtain an intrinsic description of uniform real extensors. Several interesting classes of uniform spaces are characterized by special types of in-between theorems. As examples of applications we show that the usual in-between theorems in topology and their generalizations, as well as some important methods of construction of derivatives of real functions, follow easily from the general results. 0. Introduction. The long history of extension and in-between theorems led to the nice results of M. Katetov and E. Michael for topological spaces. It appears that in some applications of continuous structures the topological point of view is too restrictive. This, as well as the natural development of in-between problems, led us to formulate and prove the uniform version of these theorems. Although our approach involves quite different ideas, the topological results become easy corollaries. To some extent our ideas are of the obvious sort, but at least one "unstable" property, perfect refinability, ("unstable" here means with respect to usual uniform operations with covers) comes in, in a rather essential way. The results show that the strange definition of perfect refinability is a quite good approximation to a key idea in this subject. Besides the general theory contained in the first two paragraphs we show some interesting applications to topology and the theory of real functions. Throughout this paper we will refer to [7] for basic definitions and results pertaining to uniform spaces. All uniform spaces are supposed to be Hausdorff. We shall denote by R the real line with its usual metrizable uniformity and usual order, R will denote the space of extended reals, i.e. the uniform sum R V { ??} V { + oo} with the usual order -o ; t E R } of R. Received by the editors October 18, 1978 and, in revised form, January 9, 1979. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 54E15, 54C30; Secondary 26A24.


wall, pendulous parts of the genitalia, seem to be invariably affected. The abdominal viscera and intestinal canal also are prone to attack. Internal pain is followed by indigestion, sometimes by vomiting, and diarrhcea is frequent. This latter, indeed, seems generally to act as a curative agency, and to occur at a period of crisis. In one case that came under my notice there was deep perineal effusion into the perirectal tissue, which was followed by sharp dysentery. The hard and soft palates, the fauces, and pharynx are usually affected, but though the cedema comes so dangerously near the glottis, I have not known an instance of the larynx being attacked. Rapin, in describing what was doubtless a case of this malady as a localised cutaneous disease,' pointed out that there was no itchiness.1 This absence of itchiness in wandering cedema is peculiar, but appears to be invariable; it differentiates the malady widely from urticarial affections, and may be taken as a characteristic symptom. The duration of the illness is generally about three days, but it is often protracted to a week or even longer. Diarrhcea and copious perspiration are frequently associated with its subsidence, and have doubtless a curative effect, but these symptoms are by no means constant concomitants of the malady. During the attack the condition of the patient is not characteristic of severe illness. The temperature is but slightly increased, the pulse and heart maintain their normal condition, and there is no albumen in the urine. There is generally gastro-intestinal disturbance from the first-indigestion, and occasionally vomiting. Headache is often severe. The tendency is always to recovery, though it is obvious that, in view of the danger of cedema attacking the air passages, there must ever be considerable anxiety as to the progress of even the mildest cases. It is probable that a tendency to recurrence is a characteristic of wandering aedema, but the cases which have been recorded are too few to justify a conclusion, and more information on this point is desirable. Sufficient data are not yet before us to justify the acceptation of theories as to the causation of wandering aedema, and ascertained facts are too rare and isolated to establish its pathology. In a case in which I was able to make a cover-glass prepar-ation of the cedematous fluid a short round-ended bacillus was found. It has, a tendency to bipolar staining, but refuses to grow on glycerine agar, blood serum, or potato. It is apparently, like the bacillus of malignant cedema, an ana0robe, but an opportunity, for further cultivation experiments has not occurred. and, in the absence of definite knowledge, it would be premature to claim for it a pathogenic power. Microscopic examination of the blood does not reveal the presence of a malarial or other parasite. Localised iedemas are always difficult of explanation. No theory has as yet been accepted as accounting for the localised cedema that follows the bite of a centipede or the sting of a scorpion, though it appears now to be probable that in the cedematous fluid which is secreted there is an antitoxin and curative agency to the poisons. Two conditions suggest themselves at first sight as being likely factors in the causation of wandering cedems-gout and urticaria; but, as the symptoms develop, it will be seen that neither of them satisfactorily accounts for the various phases of the malady. In none of the cases that are reported or that have come under my own observation has there been a history of fgout or have the sequelre justified the supposition of a gouty diathesis. IJrticaria also seems to be ruled out of court by the absence of itchiness, the character of the swelling, and the progress of the symptoms. In three of the four cases that came under my notice there was a history of mushroom poisoning. Discomfort was felt after eating tinned French mushrooms, and the attack came on within forty-eight hours in one case, and in another in seventy-two hours. In a third case, which was milder, edible mushrooms, grown in the Straits Settlements from English spawn had been eaten a week before; and in the fourth case-that of a Malay lad-though there was no definite evidence as to the mushrooms having been eaten, herbs that had been gathered for the family curry where fungi grow plentifully, had been freely partaken of. These facts would seem to afford presumptive evidence that wandering cedema is the result of fungus poison, though they are scarcely sufficient in number to be conclusive. In any case, it is apparent that it is to a poison that the symptoms must be attributed, but whether the poison is one which has been introduced from without or has been within the body-a product of perverted metabolism-it is difficult to say. The symptoms are -as far removed from the ordinary manifestations of agaricin poisoning as they are from gout. If it is true that wandering cedema has a tendency to recur, the theory that it is due to a poison formed within the body would be considerably strengthened, while the theory of ingestion wouldbe correspondinglyweakened. But the cases that have been reported as recurrent appear doubtful instances of the disease, with the probable exception of Kruger's case,2 in which the patient had repeated attacks of cedema, and died suddenly from cedema of the glottis. Sorne of the cases (at least of those described by Dr. Allan Jamieson in the chapter on Urticaria in his Diseases of the Skin, and quoted from Strtibing, Quincke, and others as acute circumscribed cutaneous cedema) are doubtless identical with wandering cedema and have nothing in common with urticarial affections. But further reports of cases are necessary before the causation and affinities of this malady can be considered as at all settled; and it is to be hoped, now that attention is being directed to the subject, that these will be forthcoming. REFERENCES. Revue MGdicale de la Suisse Roniande, xii, x886. 2 Lancet, February gth, 2890.


Scholarship about scholarship, like theory about theory, and teaching about teaching, is rarely very stimulating. Such commodities are not in short supply in the field of international relations, and this is not an attempt to add to them. The purpose of this paper is rather to question whether the study of international relations is proceeding in a desirable direction, and, if not, thereby to offer a suggestion for the reorientation of international relations scholarship. The utility of any academic discipline (including international relations) is measured ultimately by the contribution made to the understanding of human problems and/or to the improvement of the human condition. This is particularly true of the social sciences, which focus upon human beings as they relate to each other in the process of group interaction.


Thispaper examines the magnitude and direction of creative accounting following contemporaneousmergers and acquisitions consummated under duress, and abnormal corporate boardchanges taking evidence from Nigeria. But most importantly, the paper determineswhether any likely resultant abnormal accrual following corporate acquisitions canbe unconsciously normalized by 'big bath' accounting players following contemporaneousnon-routine board leader replacement. Evidence has shown that following acquisitions,mangers can engage in income-increasing management on one hand. On the other hand,new CEOs can give earnings a 'big' downward 'bath' blaming their predecessors forthe poor performance while pursuing personal contractual performance benefit. Hence,within extensive researches already carried out on the impacts of acquisitions andboard replacement on creative accounting, there remains unanswered question of theextent of accrual manipulation when the two events occur simultaneously. Drawingheavily from Jones and Dechow models in estimating normal accrual, normal cash flowfrom operations and both discretionary accrual and cash flow, we report consistentwith extant literatures, that under consolidation duress, the victim firms engagein a significant discretionary income-increasing manipulation. Our study also confirmsthat significant downward accrual management follows corporate board changes inNigeria. However, the board changes that follow consolidation restructuring limitthe persistence of the abnormal accrual in the end. We find that the 'Big bath'accounting players reverse although unconsciously a significant proportion of theupward managed accrual from opportunistic perspective. The ratio of pre consolidationaccrual hiking to post-consolidation board changes reversal is 3:2, which indicates67% normalization for stock based acquisitions. For cash based acquisitions however,the reversal is much lower. Our findings suggest that where abnormal earnings ishighly suspected following involuntary acquisitions, board restructuring that willlead to new managers could help in correcting or reversing significant proportionof the accrual abnormality. Keywords: Discretionary Accounting,Consolidations, Earnings management, Mergers and acquisitions, Accrual


Researchers continue to search for newer oral contraceptive (OC) formulations that retain the pill's beneficial effects while minimizing side effects. Changes in the clinical profile of OCs since their introduction in 1960 have enhanced their safety and acceptability. Most notable has been a trend toward the reduction of the pill's estrogen dose to 15-20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and the consequent decline in cardiovascular risks attributable to thromboembolic processes. In addition, research has been directed toward the identification of selective gonane progestins that do not have the same atherogenetic impact as their predecessors. The low-dose gonane progestins may provide protection against cardiovascular disease through their beneficial impact on lipid profile. New regimes currently under study include a 23-24-day/month use pattern to reduce follicular ripening, use of estradiol rather than ethinyl estradiol, and the identification of progestins with special anti-androgenic effects. Also under investigation is the contraceptive potential of antiprogestogens such as RU-486. At present, the non-contraceptive benefits of OC use include reductions in ovarian and endometrial cancer, fewer ovarian cysts, less benign breast disease, a lower incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease, and less menorrhagia.


Context. Accurate long-baseline interferometric measurements require careful calibration with reference stars. Small calibrators with high angular diameter accuracy ensure the true visibility uncertainty to be dominated by the measurement errors. Aims. We review some indirect methods for estimating angular diameter, using various types of input data. Each diameter estimate, obtained for the test-case calibrator star λ Gru, is compared with the value 2.71 mas found in the Borde calibrator catalogue published in 2002. Methods. Angular size estimations from spectral type, spectral index, in-band magnitude, broadband photometry, and spectrophotometry give close estimates of the angular diameter, with slightly variable uncertainties. Fits on photometry and spectrophotometry need physical atmosphere models with "plausible" stellar parameters. Angular diameter uncertainties were estimated by means of residual bootstrapping confidence intervals. All numerical results and graphical outputs presented in this paper were obtained using the routines developed under PV-WAVE r � , which compose the modular software suite SPIDAST, created to calibrate and interprete spectroscopic and interferometric measurements, particularly those obtained with VLTI-AMBER. Results. The final angular diameter estimate 2.70 mas of λ Gru, with 68% confidence interval 2.65−2.81 mas, is obtained by fit of the MARCS model on the ISO-SWS 2.38−27.5 μm spectrum, with the stellar parameters Te = 4250 K, log g = 2.0, z = 0.0 dex, M = 1.0 M� ,a ndξt = 2. 0k m s −1 .


The invention relates to a method for designing a non-overload vortex pump impeller with high and low blades. In the method, the main geometric parameters of the blades such as external diameter, outlet width, outlet angle, wrap angle and height different of the high and low blades are given. The impeller designed by the invention not only can improve the flow condition in the volute and improve the lift and the efficiency of the vortex pump, but also meet the non-overload requirement of the vortex pump, thus reducing the capacity of the matching motor, lowering the investment and saving the energy.


AbstractFat, oil, and grease (FOG) is the most common factor in sewer pipe blockage, and is the source of inundation and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). In the US and the UK, many inundation or SSO events occur each year, and a great deal of cost has been incurred to improve these situations. However in Korea, the database for sewer maintenance is still insufficient. In this study, FOG deposits collected in Korea were analyzed, and the characteristics of the FOG deposits were compared with the characteristics of the FOG deposits from places with different food cultures investigated in some of the major previous studies. Six FOG samples were collected from sewer mains and service laterals in the sewerage systems. The characteristics of the six samples were examined using FT-IR, Ca ion, and fatty acid composition analyses. The results of the FT-IR analysis indicated that the spectra defined in the previous studies of FOG were observed, and thus similarity to the samples of the previous studies was found. T...


General equilibrium models with nominal rigidities cannot find a rationale for the optimality of positive inflation targets. Our key contribution is that a long-term trade-of between inflation and output efficiency may exist in the long rum due to real money balance effects.


The juice of sweet sorghum stem of soluble sugar content 113 g/L was used as experimental material of ethanol fermentation experiments.The experiments were conducted in a shaking flask and the bath shake bed to investigate effect of temperature on the ethanol fermentation of sweet sorghum stalk juice by immobilized yeast.The test temperatures were 25,28,31,34 and 38 ℃ respectively.The results showed that the 31 ℃ was the most suitable condition to the ethanol fermentation of sweet sorghum stalk juice by immobilized yeast.Under that condition,the better ethanol yield,CO2 weight loss rate and the lower residual sugar content could be obtained.


This paper summarizes the perceptions of 304 individuals on issues relating to privacy in biometric technology administered by the International Center for Biometric Research of Purdue University. The results are in line with previous consumer surveying done by the ICBR in 2007. There were, however, changes in perception regarding biometric use for counter-terrorism and banking security. Results showed strong support for the use of biometric technology for counter-terrorism and banking security while other privacy concerns such as hacking and data storage vulnerability did not show significant change. Noticeably, the use and general understanding of biometric technology does not show significant change. Keywords— biometrics, privacy, security, globalization, biopolitics, terrorism


ABSTRACT

Immunomagnetic separation was coupled with quantum dot (QD) labeling for the rapid, selective and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli in water samples. The target bacteria were recovered from the solution by antibody-coated paramagnetic beads, and sandwich complexes were formed by using secondary antibodies labeled with QDs. The fluorescence intensities, as a result of the capturing of different concentrations of bacteria, were measured, and a linear correlation (R2 = 0.976) was obtained between log E. coli concentration (x) and the intensity (y) with a regression model of y = 26.9x + 41.1 in a working range of 8.9 × 101 and 1.9 × 106 cfu/mL. The selectivity of the developed sensor was examined with Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter dissolvens, which did not produce any significant response. The ability of the immunoassay to detect E. coli in real water samples was investigated and the results were compared with the experimental results from plate-counting methods. A good agreement was observed between the QD-enhanced detection and plate counting.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, a rapid, sensitive and convenient fluorometric assay based on the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and quantum dot (QD) labeling was employed for the detection of Escherichia coli in water samples. The incorporation of QDs into fluorometric immunoassay techniques has various advantages over labeling with organic dyes and enzymes. In addition, the spectroscopic properties of QDs can allow multiplexed immunoassays coupled with IMS for bacteria detection, which will be investigated in further studies. Here we showed that QD labeling is a promising tool for the detection of E. coli in real water samples containing different components with a lower detection limit.


Ana Zablah's article, In America as in Omelas, offers a bleak and radical assessment of American criminal justice: that the system punishes the poor and disenfranchised to forestall the guilt that the more fortunate members of society would otherwise feel. By turning the miserable into criminal scapegoats, the system neutralizes the guilt that might ruin the happiness of the majority. She compares America to Omelas, the city in an Ursula LeGuin short story, where an otherwise utopian existence depends entirely on the horrific misery of one child locked away in a closet.


In order to investigate quality difference of antler discus of northeast sika deer,10 antlers were selected to cut dry,powder,yam and bone discuses.The total sugar and water-solubility protein in the types of antler discus was analyzed.The results indicated that the contents of water-solubility and total sugar in the above types of discus were 4.97%,3.95%,2.55%,1.59% and 3.21%,2.21%,1.04%,0.49% respectively.There was significant different among the types of discus in the contents of water-solubility protein and total sugar.


Most studies of mobile money for the poor focus narrowly on questions of technical design and pay little attention to the various needs of the poor and their complex relationships with money and financial services. In order to fill the current knowledge gap and to better inform the design of new mobile money systems for the purpose of financial inclusion, this study investigates social relationships and payment practices among the poor in rural Ethiopia. A study of existing payment practices in Ethiopia is pertinent especially given the recent proliferation of various mobile money initiatives. Two key questions face mobile money professionals and scholars of financial inclusion alike: How will these mobile money initiatives reach out to the local population? How will they incorporate existing (albeit unbanked) financial practices? This paper aims to lay the ground for designing mobile money products and services that cater to local institutions and practices. The paper, therefore, explores the social dynamics of various local financial practices—informal savings and loans institutions, monetary and non-monetary gifts, and payments to people with power and to deities. The paper outlines the following key findings: (1) people in rural Ethiopia have developed a diverse repertoire of credit and savings mechanisms to cover large and unexpected expenses (such as funeral costs); these include publicly documented payments to local edir (a form of community savings association) and undocumented (but obligatory) monetary and non-monetary gifts; (2) money gifts can be accepted or rejected based on amount, source, and purpose of the gift; (3) different types of goods serve as currencies; and, finally, (4) individuals differentiate their monies on the basis of purpose and source. The study takes a qualitative research approach with key informant focus group discussions serving as the primary means of information gathering.


The EHT and CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations were performed to determine relative stabilities of various conformers of inositol. Our EHT results agree with experimental findings, and correctly predict the destabilizing effect of 1,3-nonbonded interaction of O atoms. In addition, the EHT result show that attractive potential energies between hydroxyl hydrogens and neighboring oxygens are another major factor determining conformational preferences. The inability of CNDO/2 method in predicting correct destabilizing effect of lone pair interaction caused overestimation of stabilization energies for conformers which had 1,3-interactions. The EHT method is superior to the CNDO/2 method for conformational studies of inositols.


For a long time,there have been some problems in teacher education curriculum such as relatively rigid curriculum goals,imbalanced curriculum structures,out-of-date curriculum contents and lagging in teaching.To solve these problems,on October 8,2011,the state officially issued Teacher Education Curriculum Standard(Trial),which has proposed a clear,unified,and standardized teacher education curriculum objectives and requirements.Teachers colleges should further clarify the curriculum goals,develop the curriculum resources,strengthen the curriculum implementation,and reform the curriculum evaluation in accordance with the requirements of the curriculum standard so as to improve the quality of teacher education effectively.


The two paragraphs " Yi Yuan Cai Fang" and " Yi Fang Cai Yuan" are difficulties in the unearthed mathematics book Suanshu Shu. This paper analyzes the successes and failures of the collations given by several scholars. Based on the advantages of other scholars, the authors provide their new collations according to the proposition that one bamboo strip was lost and the ancients misconstrued that the two problems were converse.


Abstract In this paper we describe the use of a dual-wavelength near-infrared laser scanner (NILS) to reveal ink differences in a ninth century Boethius fragment. The scanning system worked at 680 and 780 nm excitation wavelength with a maximal resolution of 21 µm. Fresh images were recorded at both wavelengths and compared with others based on conventional methods, such as UV photography and infrared reflectography. Whereas the latter secured no new information for mapping and distinguishing via inks the layered genesis of the manuscript, images of the fragment based on infrared laser fluorescence revealed the different inks used to elaborate the manuscript. The method revealed and distinguished the respective inks used for glosses, other marginal notes, neumes and the main text. Furthermore, corrections and additions invisible under other types of light were discovered by NILS in combination with paleographic methods. The scope and limitations of NILS when used to investigate stained or faded reused parchment (Makulatur) and/or restored manuscripts are discussed in detail.


A copolymer of sodium alginate (SA)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was synthesized by gamma irradiation  to  make  a  hydrogel  and  study  on its properties has been carried out. A  series of 0.5% -2.0% (w/v) of SA solution and 10% (w/v) of PVA solution were prepared in separate tubes. Each of the SA solution was mixed with PVA solution, then it was irradiated with gamma ray at the doses of 30 kGy, 40 kGy, and 50 kGy (dose rate of 10 kGy/hour), respectively. The properties of hydrogels were evaluated comprising of the physical performance, gel fraction, swelling ratio, water evaporation, and pH. The results showed that increase of irradiation dose can increase the gel fraction, but  increase of SA concentration can decrease the gel fraction. SA concentration of 1-2% with gamma ray irradiation dose of 30 kGy was a suitable condition to produce a good hydrogel with properties as follow, gel fraction of 75.83%-78.70%, swelling ratio of 69.12-80.14 g/g, and maximum water evaporated of 54.21-76.41%, the pH value ranged 5.60-5.65. The hydrogels produced are suitable to be used for  wound dressing, especially for wet wounds, and can be applied for two days.


This study raised the sustainable development issues in Asian developing countries following the broad three dimensions of the challenges on firstly-economic, secondly-social and thirdly-environmental subjects. To have a good understanding of the sustainable development, a delivery of possible scope and action of strategies is communicated in this article for the coherent and efficient progress of sustainable development agenda. In addition, how a possible action such as (1) Equity, (2) Justice, (3) Good governance (public investments in health, nutrition, family planning and education) and (4) Fair-aspiration (socio-political reforms to align with social objectives) are also raised with an operational argument. This study layout why a business-as-usual typical policy and effort is not an appropriate selection as an action to overcome the existing challenges and why fourfold visionised option is essential to rethink to transform a change for the remaining critical issues at the local and national level in Asian developing countries and other developing countries alike


The utility model provides a lower support assembly of a tower crane and the tower crane with the same. The lower support assembly of the tower crane, provided by the utility model, comprises a lower support supporting part (10), a transition section (20) and a cross beam (40), wherein the transition section (20) is detachably arranged below the lower support supporting part (10); and the cross beam (40) is detachably arranged below the transition section (20). According to the lower support assembly of the tower crane, provided by the utility model, a transition beam composed of a transversal transition beam and a longitudinal transition beam is replaced with the cross beam, and the lower support assembly of the tower crane is mature in machining technology, low in precision requirement, easy to assemble and capable of increasing the working efficiency.


Agile ridesharing aims to utilise the capability of social networks and mobile phones to facilitate people to share vehicles and travel in real time. However the application of social networking technologies in local communities to address issues of personal transport faces significant design challenges. In this paper we describe an iterative design-based approach to exploring this problem and discuss findings from the use of an early prototype. The findings focus upon interaction, privacy and profiling.
 Our early results suggest that explicitly entering information such as ride data and personal profile data into formal fields for explicit computation of matches, as is done in many systems, may not be the best strategy. It might be preferable to support informal communication and negotiation with text search techniques.


This paper is the author's thoughts and feelings after the investigation of Europc 4 countries.Conneccting with the realistic planning works in Zhuhai City, it raisos that it is necessary to open mind,examine the existing planning achievements, defino the development orientation, and seize the dovelopmentopportunities to build Zhuhai City more beautiful.


BACKGROUND
Physiological and pathological skin eruptions are extremely common in neonates and are often presented to the general practitioner as either a primary or incidental problem at consultation.

OBJECTIVE
To discuss the presentation and treatment of common dermatological conditions presenting in the first six months of life.

DISCUSSION
Common conditions such as pityrosporum folliculitis, neonatal acne, cradle cap, eczema and food allergy are discussed. The rarer conditions of zinc deficiency and neonatal lupus are described because they may pose significant potential medical consequences.


An inconspicuous little green bird, the Orangecrowned is second only to the Yellow-rumped as San Diego County's commonest warbler. Because of multiple subspecies and multiple seasonal roles, its status is complex. It is common throughout the county in migration. In winter it is common in the coastal lowland, less so farther inland. As a breeding species the Orange-crowned Warbler is common in coniferous, oak, and riparian woodland, less so in ornamental shrubbery and coastal chaparral. Its status as a widespread breeding bird and winter visitor appears to have evolved just in the 20th century. Like the Western Flycatcher the Orange-crowned Warbler was a stealth invader: the change in breeding and winter status went unappreciated because the process took decades and the species was always common as a migrant.


CO 2 abatement options have become more important for policy makers in the mission to transition from a high carbon economy to a low carbon economy. The current evaluation methodology for CO 2 abatement options focuses much on economic models. Assuming that CO 2 abatement options are complex, complementary methods are needed for non-economic models. The Y-factor is proposed in literature, with an emphasis on multiple actor complexity, physical interdependencies and behavior factors. However, the Y-factor is a proof of concept and empirical evidence is lacking. This paper aims to give support to the Y-factor from a transition theory perspective and aims to gather empirical evidence by means of a single case study of an abatement option in the housing sector in the Netherlands. Three interviews were carried out to construct the single case study. The Y-factor has been used in the interview as an assessment tool. On the basis of the single case study, the multiple actor complexity factor of the Y-factor has the best fit with the empirical data. The case study contributes by building empirical evidence for the usefulness of the Y-factor as a complementary tool for evaluating abatement options. Directions for research are proposed to further strengthen the Y-factor from a literature perspective, but also from a policy perspective.


GaAs MESFETs were fabricated using different surface pre-treatments such as photochemical passivation and RF plasma pre-treatments. Detailed electrical characterization of MESFETs was subsequently carried out. The results point out that the use of RF plasma pre-treatments is beneficial to GaAs MESFET device technology. GaAs MESFETs fabricated using RF plasma pre-treatment exhibit improved electrical characteristics and better thermal stability.


Taking the process reformation project for synthesis gas making part of large-sized ammonia synthesis production device in Liaohe Chemical fertilizer plant as a example,positive meaning was discussed for chemical development of natural gas in China by means of " taking coal to replace gas",the reformation project provided Chinese ammonia synthesis industry a method to solve the problem in short of raw material of natural gas,which was beneficial to enhance the integral technology level of industrial production in making synthesis gas from natural gas;the developing tendency was analyzed for process line of co-gasification of natural gas with coal/carbon.


This paper presents CIRES, a new online system for a content-based retrieval in digital image libraries. Content-based image retrieval systems have traditionally used color and texture analyses. These analyses have not always achieved adequate level of performance and user satisfaction. The growing need for robust image retrieval systems has led to a need for additional retrieval methodologies. CIRES addresses this issue by using image structure in addition to color and texture. The efficacy of using structure in combination with color and texture is demonstrated.


In considering the patient's right to a certain quality of dying, this essay outlines how the legal and ethical justifications for passive euthanasia depend on the doctrine of acts and omissions. It is suggested that this doctrine is untenable and that alternative justifications are needed. The development of the modern mechanistic approach to death is traced, showing that a possible basis for an humane way of death lies in a reacceptance of a metaphysical concept of life.


The present invention relates to a bonded body obtained by the reductive amination of fluoride 5 serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae saccharide polyester film. The reductive amination conditions are different from the conditions conventional in that it avoids the formation of harmful have not desirable for the immunogenicity of the conjugate compound. In carbon NMR spectrometry, the undesired compound is characterized by a resonance signal of the 13 to 14 ppm. Aminated polyacrylic involved in the production of the conjugate the saccharide has a carbon NMR spectrum there are no resonance signals of 13 to 14 ppm. Reductive amination conditions, according to the invention is under 2. First in accordance with the second method, carried out in the reductive Oh a weakly acidic pH for up to 4 hours folk (4 to 6.5). Both according to the second method, the Poly and the saccharide reduced first, followed by fragmentation and finally general and performing a reductive amination itself under non-conventional conditions. Depending on the method used, the structure of the O folk the polysaccharide can vary but (Sug is not the residue of a repeating unit not enter or switch to the N- acetyl-quinolyl Novos amine and N- acetyl fucose amine), said change It does not affect the immunogenicity, as recorded in the carbon NMR spectrometry. 5 serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide coating, reductive amination, the conjugate


The current environment of competition has presented the typical dynamic competitive characteristic.To participate in the globalized competition well,the enterprise must grasp correctly strategic framework and the fundamental mode of strategic transformation.This article believed that the enterprise strategic management is a systematic problem,and proposed from systematic angle one kind of strategic management framework,namely to know an enterprise's strategic management from four aspects in the enterprise organization,the enterprise culture,entrepreneur ability,the core competency,and proposed the fundamental mode of strategic transformation according to the strategic framework-an essential appointment procedure,the adjustment of enterprise conception,the enterprise strategic relocation,the enterprise redesign.


This paper aims to investigate whether firms that comply with corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure and undertake voluntary sustainability reporting will have lower systematic risk and higher stock returns—the proxies for measuring firm performance—in mandatory CSR regimes in India. The instrumental approach of stakeholder theory asserts that firms considering stakeholders' interests, including societal interest, are likely to show better firm performance compared to others. Therefore, on the basis of such a theory, this study attempts to link sustainability reporting and CSR compliance with firm performance. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests were used to examine the proposed hypotheses and analyze the results for firms meeting the criteria of CSR provisions and are listed in the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India. The period of study covers four financial years from 2015–16 to 2018–19, after India mandated CSR expenditure on April 1, 2014. Results reveal that markets value those firms that meet the mandatory CSR expenditure requirement but do not undertake voluntary sustainability reporting. The findings offer important implications for firms, investors, and policymakers of countries, including those that are planning for CSR legislation.


Fibrosis, defined as the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, is a key feature in most chronic inflammatory diseases (1). Fibrosis can affect nearly all tissues and organs in the body. While fibrosis is typically reversible, for example as part of normal wound healing, it can become irreversible when the tissue injury is chronic, severe or repetitive. Permanent scarring can lead to organ failure and ultimately even to death. It is therefore of key importance that patients are routinely monitored to evaluate the severity of fibrosis for effective management of their disease. The reference standard for detection and staging of fibrosis is pathological sampling. However, next to being invasive, needle biopsy procedures only sample a small part of the tissue, while fibrogenesis has shown to be a highly heterogenous process (2). Therefore, there is increasing interest in the development of noninvasive imaging methods for assessment of fibrosis. From the evaluated imaging techniques, elastography methods measuring tissue stiffness have proved particularly promising to evaluate fibrosis, especially in the liver (3). However, an increase in stiffness is not specific to fibrosis, as other pathological changes including inflammation may also increase tissue stiffness (4). In addition, elastography methods require propagation of external mechanical waves into the tissue of interest. Wave propagation may be limited in obese patients or when applying the elastography method for imaging of organs located deeper in the body. Thus, there remains a need for an alternative imaging method that is more specific to fibrosis and is more widely applicable in all patients and all organs. The paper by Zhao et al. (5) evaluates the sensitivity of MRI relaxation parameter T1ρ to liver fibrosis in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). T1ρ, defined as the longitudinal relaxation time in the rotating frame, is a measure of the decay of magnetization in the transverse plane in the presence of a spin-lock pulse that is applied parallel to the magnetization vector. As T1ρ is sensitive to lowfrequency interactions between macromolecules and bulk water, there has been significant interest in application of T1ρ for measurement of collagen deposition in fibrotic tissues, including in the liver (6,7), kidney (8), myocardium (9) and spleen (10). A significant positive correlation of collagen content with T1ρ has been observed in both kidney (8) and liver tissues (11). While T1ρ has consistently shown an increase in the presence of fibrosis (6-8,11), the exact mechanism of this T1ρ elevation has not been determined. Intuitively, one would expect a decrease in T1ρ in fibrotic tissues, due to increased interactions between extracellular matrix proteins and water protons. The observed increase in T1ρ may therefore be related to other concomitant pathological processes, including inflammation and steatosis in the context of liver fibrosis. The elegant design of the study by Zhao et al. allowed for more detailed elucidation of the pathological changes that drive T1ρ elevation in NAFLD. MRI and histopathological evaluation of the liver were performed at several time points during methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet in the NAFLD group. A separate control group was also included. This study design allowed for separate analysis of the influence of fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis on liver T1ρ. A highly significant positive correlation was found between collagen content and liver T1ρ (r=0.82, P<0.0001), Editorial Commentary


The goal of the Antares Project at MCC is to develop methods that enable separately developed knowledge-based systems to cooperate in solving problems beyond the capabilities of any one of the knowledge-based systems. There have been many previous attempts to develop distributed systems of cooperating experts (see [8] for a comprehensive summary of these). For the most part, these attempts have been ad hoc and have met with few successes. The resultant systems have been domain dependent and did not generalize. Further, it has not been sufficient that each knowledge-based system be written in the same language [9] or have access to a global data structure, such as a blackboard [5, 6]. The fundamental hypothesis of our research is that these systems lack the common-sense understanding of the world that is necessary for cooperation and that is possessed by cooperating humans. Our approach for engendering cooperation among distributed knowledgebased systems utilizes 1) a large global base of common-sense knowledge that permits enforcement of semantic consistency and 2) an explicit characterization of self-interest to control global problem solving while allowing autonomy. It has been shown [1, 4] that autonomous systems can cooperate without the explicit exertion of control if they are self-interested. A general notion of self-interest for an autonomous knowledge-based system must include representations for the goals and problem-solving state of this system, as well as models of the goals and problem-solving states of the other systems with which it interacts. However, interaction and communication


A graph is said to be an L-graph if all its paths of diametral length contain a central vertex of G. Using an earlier result we show that any graph can be embedded to an L-graph of radius a and diameter b, where a b 2a. We show that the known bounds of the number of edges and the maximum degree of the graphs of diameter d 2 are sharp for L-graphs, too. Then we estimate the minimum degree of L-graphs. Finally we estimate the number of central vertices in L-graphs; all bounds are best possible.


This article presents a comparative study of the interrelationship between parliamentary party groups and their extra‐parliamentary party organisations in liberal democracies. Starting with a historical overview of the most important party changes that have taken place since the 1960s, a typology of parliamentary party/party organisation relations is suggested. The following variables are identified as being of particular importance in shaping the structure of power in political parties: position of parliament in the political system; (non‐)existence of the incompatibility rule; effects of the electoral system; competition structure and degree of polarisation of the party system; political culture; conditions under which parties emerged; (non‐)existence of public funding for parties; degree of professionalisation of the political elite.


In recent years, malicious JavaScript code has become more and more pervasive and been used by attackers to perform their attacks on the Web. To evade the detection of defense measures, various kinds of obfuscation techniques have been applied by the malicious script, taking advantage of the dynamic nature of JavaScript language. In this paper, we propose a new machine-learning based detection approach aiming at defeating such evasion attempts. Dynamic execution traces are recorded to capture all behaviors performed by the malicious script, including the dynamic generated code. Semantic-based deobfuscation is used to simplify the traces to get more concise and more essential instructions. None-ordered and none-concessive trace patterns are extracted from the deobfuscated traces to represent the intrinsic features for malicious scripts. We evaluated our approach with a large number of dataset collected from the Internet. The empirical results demonstrate that our approach is able to detect obfuscated malicious JavaScript code both effectively and efficiently.


A coupling improved Moving Particle Semi-Implicit (MPS) method and the finite element method (FEM) is developed and applied to the problem of interaction between elastic structures and the violent sloshing flow in rolling tanks. The MPS method and the FEM, used to calculate the fluid field and structural deformation respectively, are introduced firstly. Then, the coupling strategy is also presented. To validate accuracy of the proposed algorithm for deformation of an elastic structure, two benchmarks are investigated and present results show good agreement with published data. Finally, cases about the sloshing with thin elastic baffles mounted in the partially filled rolling tanks are numerically studied. Both profiles of free surface and deflections of the baffles are in good agreement with experimental data.


PubMed KGF sequence, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein? P21781. 1, pp. 1-3, accessed Aug. 1, 2013.* Megeed et al. Self-Assembling Multifunctional Nanoparticles from Elastin-Like Polypeptides, PMSE Preprints, 2007, 96, pp. 1-2.* Staiano-Coico et al. Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Effects in a Porcine Model of Epidermal Wound Healing. The Journal of Experi mental Medicine, 1993, 178, pp. 865-878.* Wearing et al., Keratinocyte growth factor signalling: a mathematical model of dermal-epidermal interaction in epidermal wound healing, Mathematical Biosciences, 2000, 165, pp. 41-62.* Andreadis et al., "Keratinocyte growth factor induces hyperprolifera tion and delays differentiation in a skin equivalent model system." FASEB J., 15:898-906, 2001. Curtisinger et al., "Reversal of Adriamycin-impaired wound healing by transforming growth factor-beta." Surgery, Gynecology & Obstet rics, 168(6):517-522, 1989. Dreher et al., "Temperature Triggered Self-Assembly of Polypeptides into Multivalent Spherical Micelles," JACS Articles— J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130,687-694, 2008. Epstein et al., "Therapeutic interventions for enhancing collateral development by administration of growth factors: basic principles, early results and potential hazards." Cardiovascular Res, 49(3): 532 542, 2001. Geer et al. "Biomimetic delivery of keratinocyte growth factor upon cellular demand for accelerated wound healing in vitro and in vivo." Am J Pathology, 167(6): 1575-1586, 2005. Huang etal, "Optically responsive gold nanorod-polypeptide assem blies." Langmuir, 24:14139-44, 2008. Martietal, "KGF-1 for wound healing in animal models." Meth Mol Biol, 423:383-391, 2008. McDowall et al., "The role of activins and follistatins in skin and hair follicle development and function." Cytokine & Growth Factor Rev, 19(5-6): 415-426, 2008. Ron et al., Expression of Biologically Active Recombinant Keratinocyte Growth Factor, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 268, No. 4, Feb. 5, pp. 2984-2988, 1992. Shamiet al., "Development and Characterization of a Fusion Protein Between Thermally Responsive Elastin-like Polypeptide and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist." Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 3650-3661, 2007. Shamji et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally-Re sponsive Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist." Journal of Controlled Release, 129, pp. 179-186, 2008. Steed, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, June, 117(7Suppl): 143S 149S, 2006. Urry, "Physical Chemistry of Biological Free Energy Transduction as Demonstrated by Elastic Protein-Based Polymers," J. Phys. Chem. B., 101, pp. 11007-11028, 1997. Wu et al., "Fabrication of Elastin-Like Polypeptide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery by Electrospraying." Biomacromolecules, 10, pp. 19-24, 2009. Antonicelli et al., "Role of the elastin receptor complex (S-Gal/Cath A/Neu-1) in skin repair and regeneration." Wound Rep. Reg., 17:631 638 (2009). Hashimoto et al., "Development of alginate wound dressings linked with hybrid peptides derived from laminin and elastin." Biomaterials, 25:1407-1414 (2004).


................................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xi ATOLL ISLANDS ........................................................................................................................ 1 Atoll Island Formation and Geology ........................................................................................................ 1 Sources of Freshwater ............................................................................................................................... 2 Threats to Atoll Freshwater ...................................................................................................................... 4 Atoll Island Groundwater Modeling ......................................................................................................... 7 Summary of Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 8 CMIP5 DATASET DOWNSCALING AND ANALYSIS ....................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 Top Performing GCMs for Pohnpei State ........................................................................................................... 16 Top Performing GCMs for Yap State ................................................................................................................. 20 Discussions and Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 24 SUSTAINABLE RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS FOR MICRONESIAN ATOLL COMMUNITIES.......................................................................................................... 27 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Study Area .............................................................................................................................................. 29 Geography, People, and Climate of the FSM ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Water Use and Water Resources of FSM Atoll Island Communities ........................................................ 32 Nikahlap Island, Pakein Atoll, Pohnpei State ..................................................................................................... 33 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 34 RWCS Storage Volume Calculations ................................................................................................................. 34 Model Application to FSM Atoll Island Communities ....................................................................................... 35 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 37 Baseline Conditions: 1997-1999 ......................................................................................................................... 37 Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 40 3.4.3 Optimization Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 42 RWCS Sustainability for Atoll Islands ............................................................................................................... 44 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 45 DEVELOPMENT OF RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEM DESIGN CURVES USING SIMULATED FUTURE CLIMATE DATA ............................................................... 47 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Rainwater Catchment Systems around the World............................................................................................... 47 Optimal RWCS Design ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Application to Micronesian Atoll Communities ................................................................................................. 48 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 49 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 Discussions and Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 54 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GROUNDWATER MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND CALIBRATION .......................................................................................................................... 56 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 56 Atoll Geologic Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Previous Modeling Efforts .................................................................................................................................. 57 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 57 Island Selection ................................................................................................................................................... 57


two of and 2 AIP are lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (LPSP) and idiopathic duct―centric pancreatitis (IDCP) or AIP with GEL, respectively. The international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) emphasize the importance of histological examination in the diagnosis of AIP based on the surgi-cally resected or core biopsied tissues. Recent reports described that EUS―guided fine needle aspiration (EUS―FNA) using 22―gauge needle is useful for the diagnosis of type 1 AIP based on the histological cri-terion of ICDC, as well as distinguishing AIP from pancreatic cancer. However, the histological diagnosis of type 2 AIP using 22―gauge EUS―FNA remains a challenge. A newly developed 22―gauge fine needle biopsy device can provide adequate biopsy specimens with preserved tissue architecture and have a po-tential role in the histological diagnosis of AIP. Further study is required to assess the efficacy of novel devices for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis.


Long term optimal reservoir operation is a nonlinear optimization problem. This paper adopts Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) to solve the Long term scheduling for reservoirs. Firstly, the basic test function is used to verify that the TLBO algorithm has high accuracy. Then the TLBO algorithm is applied to the Long term optimal reservoir operation model and the competitive selection and semi-feasible domain are introduced to deal with the constraint conditions. Comparing the TLBO algorithm with the genetic algorithm and the dynamic programming algorithm, solving the available TLBO algorithm has the advantages of high calculation accuracy, short computation time.


Approaches to learning, engagement, leisure and past performance. A proposal for a model INTRODUCTION. Multiple variables influence the teaching-learning process. It is always a challenge for teachers to view students holistically and individually, offering a motivating education based not only on quality material but also respecting their unique identities. The aim of this study was to test a complex structural model based on the Student Learning Approaches (SLA) theory proposed by Biggs, which links learning approaches, engagement and free/leisure time as variables that influence the teaching-learning continuum. METHOD. A total of 752 students studying different degree courses at the University of León were recruited to participate in this study. Data were collected using a specifically adapted questionnaire to estimate free/leisure time, the Learning Approaches Questionnaire and the Spanish version of the Student Academic Engagement questionnaire in order to assess engagement. RESULTS. The values obtained indicate that the proposed model presents a satisfactory overall fit. The results support the proposed hypotheses, in agreement with other studies. Students' past performance is a good predictor of a deep or a surface approach. The deep approach correlates positively and directly with high values for engagement and inversely with free/leisure time, whereas the surface approach indicates lower engagement and higher free/leisure time. DISCUSIÓN. The marked trend of these results suggests that engagement and approaches are reciprocal predictors. Given that students displaying high engagement and a deep approach have little free/leisure time, and that this, in turn, is recognised as a factor that influences their capacity for recovery, the recommendation to strengthen the use of a deep approach while increasing engagement opens a new line of research aimed at assessing whether these Los enfoques de aprendizaje, el engagement, el ocio y el rendimiento anterior. Propuesta de un modelo Bordón 68 (4), 2016, 67-88, ISSN: 0210-5934, e-ISSN: 2340-6577 • 87 students (high engagement and deep approach) require less free/leisure time to recover, and if so, what is the minimum amount and quality of time necessary.


To enact their internationalisation policy, the Lorraine region and the University of Lorraine are supporting the design of a digital platform that will support the transition towards teaching practices that promote and encourage language self-training. This platform interacts with physical language resource centres, to form a global language learning environment focused on the development of learners' autonomy.


This paper demonstrates results of durability tests and photoluminescence spectroscopy of InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells for Japan's inner planetary missions. Degradation of the solar cells under high-light intensity and high temperature environments was evaluated by a forward current injection test and a continuous operation test. These tests revealed that the forward current application possibly causes more degradation than the actual solar cell operation. We diagnosed the solar cells in more detail by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The intensity of the band-edge emission decreased excessively after the forward current injection test, but did not decrease after the continuous operation test. This result agreed well with the change in the electrical property. No new deep level emissions were detected after the tests.


The SOC design paradigm relies on well-defined interfaces and reuse of intellectual property (IP).Because more and more IPs are integrated into the design platform, the amount of communication between the IPs is on the increase and becomes the source of the performance bottlenecks. The arbiter plays a very important role to manage the resource sharing on the SOC platform. This paper presents a reconfigurable arbiter with various combinations of arbitration algorithms. The performance analysis for the various combinations of the arbitration algorithms under different traffic loads is simulated. The reconfigurable arbiter was implemented by FPGA and synthesized by Synopsys Design Complier with a TSMC 0.18 μm cell library. In addition, the power analysis of the reconfigurable arbiter at various arbitration states is reported. Bus-based system-on-chip (SoC) design becomes the major integration methods for shorting design cycle and time-to market, thus how to verify IP functionality on bus protocol is challenge. Traditional simulation-based bus protocol monitor scan check bus signals obey bus protocol or not, but they often lack of efficient debugging mechanisms .We propose a rule based bus protocol checker, it contain ns 73 related bus protocol rules to check bus signal behavior, and two corresponding debugging mechanism to shorten debugging times. Error reference table can summarize design under tests (DUTs) have been violated; Windowed trace buffer can capture multiple errors' history data that helps designer debug efficiently Keywords: Arbiter, Reconfigurable, System-on-chip, Arbitration Algorithm, FPGA, AMBA


In this experiment,the HMX explosive wastewater was degradated by SCWO,with the reaction temperature in 400 ~ 550 ℃ and the pressure 22 ~ 25 MPa.The organic COD removal rate is more than 99%.A single-factor analysis was used to analysis the impact of temperature,pressure,reaction time on the HMX by SCWO.And the best reaction conditions were obtained as 500℃,22.4MPa presure,150s residence time.Testing with HPLC,the removal rate of main pollutants was shown,which reached 99.8%.


This article challenges optimistic claims about the power of nonstate actors in cross-border policy networks. In a pilot study of two most-likely cases, the article examines the social policy network between the European Union and Poland and Hungary prior to accession. Two dimensions guide the analysis: Whether states act as gatekeepers and whether national borders restrict communications. The article shows that while labor and employers easily communicate with the EU, contacts fail to cut across national borders. Network data show that the EU significantly controls the flow of communication, a fact that runs counter to the notion of networks as fluid entities that enable all actors to link freely with others. Governments and the EU have an interest in network construction and control. Only by tracking network contacts empirically, the article argues, are we able to estimate the capacities and limits of nonstate actors in transnational politics.


The purpose of this thesis is to estimate the costs associated with hand injuries inflicted by log splitters and circular saws, and by doing this also estimate a value of prevention. This is carried out in the form of a cost of illness study with an incidence approach. A consecutive data material comprising 57 patients was obtained from the Department of Hand Surgery at Malmo University Hospital (UMAS). The observed period of time ranged from 1999 to 2003. Most injuries affected the hand or the forearm. Total cost to society in the southern health care region is estimated to approximately € 14.5 million per year. Total cost is the sum of direct costs, productivity loss and life quality loss, where life quality loss stands for the largest part.


This study was designed to determine the factors that influence sustainability of Information Communication Technology (ICT) projects in rural communities in Malaysia. ICT initiatives have started since 1996 in Malaysia, however ICT for development projects through telecentre initiatives are still evolving towards a more established form and still ensuring the project sustainability is the concern of the Malaysian government. In this regard, a conceptual model has been developed to identify factors that contribute to telecentres sustainability in rural communities.The factors comprised; 1) individual characteristics, 2) telecentres characteristics, 3) understanding of community, 4) information characteristics, 5) leadership competency, and 6) telecentre outcomes. In this conceptual model, a telecentre outcome is considered as mediator which mediates the relationship between the independent variables (factors) and sustainability of telecentre (dependent variable). In order to achieve the goals of study, a cross-sectional survey design wasapplied anda set of questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The data were collected from 360 respondents who were randomly selected from the Program Internet Desa (PID) and Medan Info Desa (MID) centers in four Malaysia selected state, namely Perak, Kedah, Terengganu and Johor which represented central, northern, east coast and south respectively. Descriptive analysis, factor analyses, Pearson product moment correlation, multiple regressions and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed for data analyses. The findings of study revealed that 52.8% of respondents were female and 47.2% of them were male. Average age and monthly income of respondents' were 25 and RM801.7, respectively. Most of the respondents (72.5%) educational level was under diploma, and 34.7% of them were students.Results of the Structural Equation Modeling indicated that the data fit the model:χ2 (231) = 541.044, p = .000; GFI = .885, CFI = .937, TLI = .925, RMSEA = .061, Standardized RMR = .044. The results of hypotheses testing of the structural model showed that there were linear positive relationships between understanding of community, information characteristics, leadership competency, and telecentre outcomes and sustainability of telecentres. The results of overall structural model showed that there is not significant direct relationship between individual characteristics and sustainability of telecentre. The results also unveiled tha telecentre outcomes mediated the relationships between individual characteristics, telecentre characteristic, information characteristics, leadership competency and sustainability of telecentres. This study provided a unique contribution to research by developing a framework for future research by combining empirically grounded findings together with theoretical explanations from the literature. This study also highlighted some implications and recommendations for policy and practice towards the betterment of sustainability of telecentre projects. Further, the need for future research on sustainability in ICTs projects by considering other factors in the rural communities' context highlighted.


Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets, liquid exfoliated in ethanol, were used as sensing material for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection. The material properties such as morphology, phase, chemical signature were characterized using Field Emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS). These nanosheets were further dropcasted on Ti/Pt interdigitated electrode (IDE) to fabricate a chemiresistive gas sensing device. The sensors show excellent response towards H2S gas at an operating temperature of 350 °C, when operated in 500 ppb–4 ppm range. The response in this range was found to be varying linearly from 1.5% (for 500 ppb) to 12.8% (for 4 ppm). Response time and recovery time of 71 seconds and 104 seconds for 1 ppm H2S was observed. The hysteresis error (%) of the device was found to be ±4.21% which suggests it to be a good sensing material for H2S detection. The device was also tested on other parameters like repeatability, stability and reproducibility and it performs well in these tests indicating exfoliated V2O5 nanosheet as a potential sensing material for chemiresistive devices for H2S detection.


Isolated oculomotor palsy due to vascular compression at the root exit zone is an extremely rare entity. A 59-year-old male patient was presented with complaints of diplopia and mild ptosis. A thin-sliced MRI demonstrated that, the right posterior cerebral artery was impinging on the right oculomotor nerve at the root exit zone. Carbamazepine therapy was initiated, and after a month of medication, both diplopia and ptosis had completely resolved. Although it is extremely rare, vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve at the root exit zone should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated oculomotor palsy.


The present invention concerns a method and device in a firewood processor. According to the invention, the feeding table (4) of the firewood processor (1) is of the type that can be lifted and lowered to ensure easy placement of the log (10) onto the feeding table.


A guide to locating books, articles, and websites relating to advertising and graphic design. This page provides links about documenting/citing sources, and evaluating web sources. There is also a search box to help you find additional web sources about your topic.


Spinoza's affective psychology lies literally and figuratively at the centre of his Ethics. Its introduction in Part 3 serves as the transition from Part 2's epistemology of ideas to the ethics and politics of Parts 4 and 5. Despite their centrality, relatively little has been written on the affects of the mind, that is, the emotions, in Spinoza's philosophy. Spinoza commentators generally agree that affects of the mind in Spinoza's system involve a kind of cognition, a view sometimes labelled 'cognitivism'. Philosophers have applied the term 'cognitivism' to a variety of theories. Cognitivism is often contrasted with the view attributed to Hume that emotions are brute feelings that contain no cognitive content, as well as that of William James, who took emotions to be the conscious awareness of


: Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen that attacks the roots of cruciferous plants and causes clubroot disease. CircRNAs are noncoding RNAs, widely existing in plant and animal species. Although knowledge of circRNAs has been updated continuously and rapidly, information about circRNAs in the regulation of clubroot disease resistance is extremely limited in Brassica rapa . Here, Chinese cabbage (BJN 222) containing clubroot resistance genes ( CRa ) against P . brassicae Pb4 was susceptible to PbE. To investigate the mechanism of cicRNAs responsible for clubroot disease resistance in B . rapa , circRNA-seq was performed with roots of 'BJN 222' at 0, 8, and 23 days post-inoculated (dpi) with Pb4 and PbE. A total of 231 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified between the groups. Based on the differentially expressed circRNAs, the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA network was constructed using the target genes directly or indirectly related to plant resistance. Upregulated novel_circ_000495 suppressed the expression of miR5656-y , leading to the upregulation of Bra026508 , which might cause plant resistance. Our results provide new insights into clubroot resistance mechanisms and lay a foundation for further studies exploring complex gene regulation networks in B . rapa . 83 differentially expressed circRNAs between tomato leaves infected with the yellow leaf curl virus ( YLCV ) and the control, respectively, and the expression level of circRNAs after infection with the virus was lower than that of the control [32]. Together, these results indicate that circRNAs might have essential functions in plant growth and development, as well as in disease response, which supports their role as novel interactors in regulating gene expression in plants.


Table A.2C.1 presents a list of media used throughout Current Protocols in Microbiology and the unit or appendix in which the formulation can be found. Recipes for some of the more commonly used media are also presented here. It is important to note that while the names of two media may be identical, the formulations may differ, sometimes greatly. This appendix will be revised regularly; however, due to the constant updating of Current Protocols in Microbiology, at any given time there may be media formulations that exist in the book but are not listed here. Readers are urged to perform a search for the most current information. CAUTION: Prior to beginning any experiment, the reader is strongly urged to read through Section 1A of this manual, in particular UNIT 1A.1, which presents information regarding biosafety and UNIT 1A.3, which details safe handling of commonly encountered chemicals. NOTE: For formulations of commonly used reagents, refer to APPENDIX 2A. For common culture techniques, refer to APPENDIX 4.


Effects of dibenamine on tripelennamine-, N,N-dimethyl-N',N'-dibenzylethylenediamine (DBED)- and N,N-dibenzyl-N',N'-dimethyl-1,2-propanediamine (DBPD)-induced supersensitivity of isolated vas deferens of guinea pig were examined. Dibenamine attenuated the degree of tripelennamine- and DBED-induced increase in sensitivity to acetylcholine and potassium in standard Tyrode solution, but did not affect the degree of DBPD-induced increase in sensitivity to acetylcholine. Dibenamine diminished the degree of tripelennamine-induced increase, but did not affect the degree of DBED-induced increase, in maximum response to Ca2+ of partially depolarized vas deferens. Dibenamine diminished the degree of tripelennamine- and DBED-induced augmentation of potassium-contraction in Ca2+-free Tyrode solution, but did not affect that of acetylcholine-contraction. These results suggest that dibenamine prevent tripelennamine- and DBED-induced increase in Ca2+-influx (including extracellular Ca2+-superficial Ca2+ exchange) induced by acetylcholine and potassium. It is also suggested that DBPD potentiates acetylcholine-contraction by dibenamine-insensitive mechanisms.


Several types of analytic models are currently used to estimate the spatial response of satellite imagers, the accuracy of these models being critical for applications requiring precise knowledge about the spatial response of a given imager. The assessment of these models is complicated because the actual spatial response of an imager depends on its optical design, so evaluations based on a single kind of design are inherently biased. To reduce this bias, a new assessment methodology based on a generic imaging sensor is proposed; the key optical design parameters of this sensor are selected as independent variables, so the error of any spatial response model can be computed within a broad domain of possible optical designs. Assuming a generic sensor with an annular optical aperture and square detector elements, the optical factor <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the aperture obstruction ratio <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon $ </tex-math></inline-formula> are selected as key design parameters, allowing the error of spatial response models to be computed in the (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) plane. This approach is used to assess the separable point spread function (PSF) model, which assumes that the PSF is equal to the product of two perpendicular line spread functions (LFSs), concluding that it is only valid when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q \le0.35$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for PSF <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ge0.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This methodology can be used to assess other types of spatial response models for different shapes of optical apertures and detect elements. We contend that our approach provides a standard assessment procedure that will help end users select the correct model for their specific application.


This paper discusses the opposing characteristics and laws of offending and defending skills in the game of sparkler-grabbling,and point out that body-striking is the main activity and that offending and defending laws are complicated.Therefore,a this should be paid attention to and solved in the training of the players.


Estimating a causal effect from observational data can be biased if we do not control for self-selection. This selection is based on confounding variables that affect the treatment assignment and the outcome. Propensity score methods aim to correct for confounding. However, not all covariates are confounders. We propose the outcome-adaptive random forest (OARF) that only includes desirable variables for estimating the propensity score to decrease bias and variance. Our approach works in high-dimensional datasets and if the outcome and propensity score model are non-linear and potentially complicated. The OARF excludes covariates that are not associated with the outcome, even in the presence of a large number of spurious variables. Simulation results suggest that the OARF produces unbiased estimates, has a smaller variance and is superior in variable selection compared to other approaches. The results from two empirical examples, the effect of right heart catheterization on mortality and the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth weight, show comparable treatment effects to previous findings but tighter confidence intervals and more plausible selected variables.


The draft of the Indian national health policy deals with health as a fundamental right, the expenses of health, health as an integral part of national development, the health movement, the role of indigenous systems, priority in health care, and the infrastructure of health care delivery. The principles outlined in the policy focus on improvement of living conditions, health education and the health movement, preventive and promotive health, coverage of the felt needs of the people, primary health care, continuing medical education, pharmaceuticals, medical education curriculum, biomedical engineering, legislation, coordination, health insurance, and nationalization. In order for this policy to be implemented, proper strategy and planning needs to be carried out after identifying short-term and long-tern goals. The short-term goals include the following: declaration by the government that enjoyment of health is a fundamental right; 2) eradication/control of communicable diseases; 3) provision of adequate nutrition and rational health care in the rural areas and urban slums; 4) organization of a health movement and health education of the people and spread the message of health and family welfare; and 5) identification of the different areas of indigenous system of medicine to initiate scientific scrutiny of these areas for incorporation in the modern scientific system.


This paper presents the results of a comparison between two artificial neural network structures, i.e. the multilayer perceptron and the ANN with radial basis functions, with regard to the prediction of the failure intensity (failure rate) indicator for water mains, distribution pipes and house connections. The artificial neural network architecture included seven input signals (the number of house connections, the length of water mains, distribution pipes and house connections and the number of their failures). There were three neurons (the failure frequency indicators for the three types of conduits) at the ANN's output. Operating data from the years 1999-2013 were used to train the ANNs while the optimal model was verified using data from the year 2014. Two models (MLP 7-14-3 and RBF 7-4-3), characterized by the best agreement between the predicted results and the experimental ones, were selected from a few tens of models. The RBF ANNs would generate results showing poorer agreement with the experimental failure frequency indicator values.


The invention relates to a transverse diffusion semiconductor device and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the steps of providing a semiconductor substrate, and forming a well region and a drift region in the semiconductor substrate; forming stepped gate dielectric layers on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the gate dielectric layer positioned above a channel region is thinner; forming a gate structure on each of the stepped gate dielectric layers, and executing source and drain injection, so as to form source and drain regions on both sides of each gate structure. According to the semiconductor device, the stepped gate dielectric layers with different heights are formed on the semiconductor substrate, so as to further form the gate structures, and the method is used for increasing the breakdown voltage between drain and source (BVDS) of the device, so that the performance of the device is further improved.


In addition to its physical barrier against invading microorganisms, the skin produces antimicrobial peptides, human (cid:1) -defensins (hBDs) and cathelicidin LL-37, that participate in the innate host defense. Because IL-18 is produced by keratinocytes and involved in skin diseases in which hBDs and LL-37 are highly expressed, we hypothesized that these peptides would activate keratinocytes to secrete IL-18. We found that hBD-2, -3, and -4 and LL-37, but not hBD-1, activated normal human keratinocytes to secrete IL-18; this secretion reached peak strength at 3 h. In addition, the combination of peptides resulted in a synergistic effect on IL-18 secretion. We also revealed that hBD-2, -3, and -4 and LL-37 increased IL-18 mRNA expression, and that IL-18 secretion was more enhanced in keratinocytes differentiated in vitro with high Ca 2 (cid:2) -containing medium. Furthermore, because IL-18 secretion induced by hBDs and LL-37 could not be suppressed by caspase-1 or caspase family inhibitors, and because these peptides failed to increase caspase-1 activity, we suggest that hBD- and LL-37-induced IL-18 secretion is probably via a caspase-1-independent pathway. To determine the molecular mechanism involved, we demonstrated that IL-18 secretion was through p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways, because the inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2, but not JNK, almost completely nullified IL-18 secretion. Moreover, hBD-2, -3, and -4 and LL-37 could induce the phosphorylation dermatitis (1, 16, 29), and because IL-18, a product of several cells, including keratinocytes, plays a crucial role in the above-men-tioned skin diseases, we hypothesized that hBDs and LL-37 could activate human keratinocytes to secrete IL-18. To this end, indi-vidual and synergistic effects of hBD-1, -2, -3, and -4 and LL-37 on IL-18 secretion were evaluated. Given the key role of MAPK in the production of cytokines and/or chemokines, we investigated the effects of MAPK inhibitors on IL-18 secretion and explored the activation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK by hBD-1, -2, -3, and -4 and LL-37. Our results indicate that in addition to their antimicrobial and chemotactic activities, epithelial cell-derived antibacterial peptides hBDs and LL-37 may also contribute to innate or adaptive immunity trough the activation of keratinocytes to secrete the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18. hBD-2, -3, and -4 and LL-37 induce phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in human keratinocytes


Dust aerosol heavily affects air quality of northern China and regional radiation balance. Takelamagan desert emits a lot of dust aerosol every year and Tazhong observation station located in the center of Takelamagan desert supplies an opportunity to observe dust aerosol in a near distance. This paper analyzed annual variability of dust aerosol based on Cimel 318-II sun photometer and further made a correlation analyze of aerosol optic thickness (AOT), visibility, inhalable particulate matter (PM10) concentration, and total suspended particle (TSP) concentration for two years (2003 and 2004). The result indicates that AOT at 440nm in spring is bigger than that in other seasons. PM10 concentration and visibility has a negative relationship of power function. AOT at 440nm and visibility also has a negative relationship of power function. However, AOT at 440nm and PM10 concentration has a positive relationship, which means that an increase of dust concentration will result in an increase of AOT at 440nm.


The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is articulating its enforcement strategy in order to ensure strategic alignment within the Agency and express why enforcement is critical to protecting public health. FDA is a science-based regulatory agency with responsibility and authority to safeguard the public health and ensure compliance with the laws and regulations it administers pertaining to foods, drugs, medical devices, biologics, and tobacco products. The scope of FDA's regulatory authority is determined by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other statutes. To more effectively implement these provisions, FDA often promulgates regulations which carry the full force and effect of law. The laws and regulations spell out criteria regulated entities must meet to ensure their products are safe, honestly labeled and, in the case of drugs and devices, effective. For tobacco products, FDA regulates these products based on a public health and population health standard.


The paper deals with the possibility of substituting mineral oils by biodegradable oils. After the analysis of properties and possibilities of the use of rape-seed oils of HETG type, it is stated that these oils show generally very low thermooxidation stability. One of the possibilities of dealing with the present conditions which corresponds to the Czech governmental programme of useful, economic but above all ecological solution of oil waste problems according to Law No. 125/97 Gaz. on wastes and its novella No. 167/98 Gaz. is the collection and subsequent recycling of oils on the rape-seed base. The objective is to improve thermooxidation stability of the oils. A basic idea consists in an assumption that through thermal load, considerable amount of double bonds decreased the bonds being the basic source of polymerization reactions, in other words thermooxidation instability of oil. Such an oil, under conditions of observing other important physical and chemical parameters, can be used after recycling as a filling for gearboxes or less loaded hydraulic systems of forest machines fulfilling strict requirements of Czech laws concerning forest protection. Results are presented of service life tests of raffinates and recycled oils. Comparisons with the behaviour of commonly recommended oils show that recycled oils rank among types of rape-seed oils with average properties. However, the thermooxidation stability of the oil was substantially improved, peroxide number was constant and the origin of hardenable polymerized deposits did not occur.