AS A SLEEP RESEARCHER, THE IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP FOR A VARIETY OF HEALTH-RELATED FIELDS IS READILY APPARENT. THE SAME CAN BE SAID OF pain. Thus, it is surprising that the relationship between these two complex phenomena has not received greater study. Sleep and Pain is an edited, multiauthor volume that provides a broad view of what is presently known about the interaction between sleep and pain. It is divided into two main parts, with the first part focused on basic science issues and the second on clinical issues that link sleep and pain. Each chapter is written by recognized experts and provides coherent and well-presented information on a variety of topics linking sleep and pain.

Part one of the book begins with two chapters designed to orient the reader to current thinking regarding the mechanisms and function of sleep, definitions, basic neural mechanisms, and theories of pain. This is followed by a chapter on the modulation during sleep and wakefulness of sensory information in the primary pain pathways (spinothalamic and trigemino-thalamic tracts) prior to thalamic integration and a chapter that discusses the role of the thalamus and cerebral cortex in the perception of pain across arousal states. These chapters provide the fundamental concepts to support seven succeeding basic science chapters that cover a range of topics integrating sleep and pain. Topics covered include potential mechanisms underlying the disruptive effects of opioids on rapid eye movement sleep, pain perception in sleep, sleep deprivation and the perception of pain, functional neuroimaging studies of sleep and pain, pain-related cortical activity in sleep and attention, electroencephalographic correlates of sleep and pain, and lastly the occurrence of sleep fragmentation and arousal in pain patients. For the neuroscientist, the discussions highlighting neural regions and systems involved in the interaction between sleep and pain should be of particular interest.

Part two of the book consists of ten chapters written by clinician-scientists and is devoted to clinical issues involving interactions between sleep disorders and pain. The first two chapters discuss methodological issues involved in research and epidemiology of the relationship between sleep and pain. Other chapters cover how sleep disorders and pain can interact, special issues in pediatric and geriatric life stages, pain in dreams and nightmares, pain medications and sleep, and sleep medications and pain. The last two chapters cover the clinical consequences of pain and sleep disorders and cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia and pain. These chapters cover a number of obvious (medications and sleep and pain) and some possibly not so obvious (e.g., the importance of considering age) topics.

The editors state that they hope this book "inspires more collaborative research that will clarify the interactions between sleep and pain, and that it encourages the emergence of more interdisciplinary management approaches for the treatment of disorders involving both pain and sleep problems." It is doubtful that scientists in either field will be able to read it and not be moved to think about new integrative research possibilities, or that clinicians will not gain useful insight into the interaction between these two complex phenomena. Thus, the book could well be the stimulus needed to generate the research the interaction between sleep and pain needs and deserves.

In summary, this book provides timely coverage of an important, understudied topic. The chapters are generally well written and provide information that will be useful to basic and clinical researchers interested in mechanisms underlying the interaction between sleep and pain and to clinicians treating patients with sleep disturbances associated with pain. As this is an edited volume that covers a range of topics linking sleep and pain, it is virtually impossible to provide a description that does justice to the content and to the effort the authors put into their respective chapters. Even so, the book is not all-encompassing. However, it is an excellent reference book and would have been immensely valuable to this reviewer when writing a recent paper touching on the relationship between sleep and pain.


Th17 CD4 T cells are necessary for protection against pathogens but have also been cast as pathogenic in the context of many autoimmune diseases, including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Th17 cells produce several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. Although these cytokines may act in concert to induce inflammation in colitis, IL-21 is a strong candidate for further scrutiny. IL21 expression is increased in biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis compared to healthy controls, and recent Genome Wide Association Studies have shown an association between the locus containing il2/il21 and IBD. We have shown that a large number of IL-21-producing CD4 T cells are present in the intestines in mice with colitis. Further, our data suggests that IL-21 signaling is required for the full induction of IBD in multiple murine models of disease. While others have shown in vitro that exogenous IL-21 acts to induce IL-17 production by CD4 T cells, our in vivo data suggests that IL-21-deficient cells are capable of producing IL17A and IL-17F to a greater degree than IL-21-competent cells during IBD. In addition, our data disputes the previous finding that IL-21 suppresses the transcription factor Foxp3 as we have shown that IL-21 deficient T-regulatory cells express equal or less Foxp3 both in vitro and in vivo during IBD. Taken together, our data indicate that IL-21 plays an important role in the induction of chronic intestinal inflammation that is independent of IL-17 production and T regulatory cell induction, highlighting a previously unrecognized role for IL-21 in the pathogenesis of IBD.


This paper presents two fast convergence deterministic algorithms for spacecraft angular velocity estimation from single vector measurement. When the spacecraft is in high velocity state, the successive measurements of a single vector are taken as two different observation vectors and connected by the angular dynamic equations. Based on the pseudoinverse of the full column rank coefficient matrix, the optimal approximation solution of angular velocities is obtained. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can converge within a short time and the combined use of the algorithm and a simple α filter can improve the accuracy.


OBJECTIVE
To learn about the pathogen spectrum and genetic characterization of HFMD with encephalitis in Yantai city.

METHODS
Stool samples and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) collected from HFMD with encephalitis cases in Yantai. Virus were isolated from stool samples and identified by fluorescence reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The VPl region was amplified and sequenced from positive specimens. Genetic characterization was identified by sequence analysis.

RESULTS
Getting 3 virus strains from 10 stool specimens and all of them belong to EV71. The nucleotide and amino acid homogeneity with the representative isolates of C4a were 98%-99% and 98.90%-99.45% respectively.

CONCLUSION
The pathogen of HFMD with encephalitis in Yantai city were mainly EV71 wich belong to subgenogroup C4 cluster C4a.


The objective of this study is to assess the influence of zeolit biofilteraplication in degrading organic pollutant in waste of tofu industry at combinationanaerobic-aerobic system. This study was carried out in tofu industry at Tampanregion, Pekanbaru. The total amount of wastewater that produced from one smalltofu industry is around 15-20 m3/day, and now is collected in wastewater drainage.Basically this wastewater treatment relies on bacteria in degrading pollutants. Theuse of zeolit is to increase specific surface of media for attaching bacteria. Thesystem consist of one reactor that is made of 5 mm glass, and the volume reactor 140liters. The reactor was equipped with one circulating pump and blower in the aerobiczone. It took 3 weeks for seeding micoorganism.The raw water used in this experiment is waste water from tofu industriesthat have organic compound around 1554 - 2539 mg/l. The water for physical andchemical analysis is sampled daily. It took from raw water and anaerobic-aerobiccolum of reactor. The results showed that the zeolit biofilter gives a big influence todegrade organic pollutant. The efectivity process in decreasing organic compundvalue ± 90% better than non zeolit biofilter.


Let α be an action of Z d by continuous automorphisms of a compact abelian group X. A point x in X is called homoclinic for α if α n x → 0X as n → ∞. We study the set ∆α(X) of homoclinic points for α, which is a subgroup of X. If α is expansive then ∆α(X) is at most countable. Our main results are that if α is expansive, then (1) ∆α(x) is nontrivial if and only if α has positive entropy and (2) ∆α(X) is nontrivial and dense in X if and only if α has completely positive entropy. In many important cases ∆α(X) is generated by a fundamental homoclinic point which can be computed explicitly using Fourier analysis. Homoclinic points for expansive actions must decay to zero exponentially fast, and we use this to establish strong specification properties for such actions. This provides an extensive class of examples of Z d-actions to which Ruelle's thermodynamic formalism applies. The paper concludes with a series of examples which highlight the crucial role of expansiveness in our main results.


Summary: Firearm related deaths and nonfatal injuries are now again approaching levels seen in the early 1990s. In most Urban Trauma Centers, where close to 25% of all injuries are because of gun violence, it is the leading cause of death from the ages of 14 to 44 years. For every fatality it is estimated that 5 to 7 times as many nonfatal injuries occur because of gun violence. Firearm related injuries carry the highest mortality of any traumatic injury mechanism. While most gun shot wounds involve only a single body region or organ system, complex multi-organ system injuries are not unusual. A multi-disciplinary approach is often required to successfully manage patients with firearm related injuries. It is the responsibility of the general or trauma surgeon to coordinate this delivery of care. Structured management algorithms serve to decrease morbidity and mortality and to expedite the care of these severely injured patients. The successful definitive management of gunshot wound (GSW) injuries can be as simple as assessing the tract of the bullet and finding it far removed from vital structures, or as complex as needing to deal with a multitude of life and limb threatening injuries in a concerted simultaneous fashion. The general trauma surgeon needs to be aware of not only the injuries present but also needs to have an understanding of the techniques and issues involved in the total management of the patient. Only in doing so, can one orchestrate a successful management regimen. Likewise it behooves, the sub-specialist, to understand what management priorities exist and their impact on their individual management plans. Our patients can only benefit from a unified team approach to management that is efficient, evidence-based and outcome wary.


Bezoars were isolated from gastrointestinal tracat of certain goats and they were used the treatment of ailments like snake bite, old age, plague, high fever, convulsion, stroke, epilepsy and evil spirits as it was believed that bezoars had healing powers. Bezoars are classified according to the materials which they are composed. In view of the lack of information and owing to importance of the problem towards medicine preparations and its health hazards the present study has been undertaken. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plant material, season, sex, age on bezoars formation in goat.


In this paper, free vibration characteristics of an axially functionally graded (AFG) cantilever beam subject to temperature rising are studied with the effect of material-temperature dependent properties. Material properties of the beam are temperature-dependent and change in the axial direction of the beam according to a power-law function. The considered problem is solved within the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory by using finite element method. The system of equations of motion is derived by using Lagrange's equations. The effects of material distributions and temperature rising on the first three natural frequencies and mode shapes are investigated.


THE book is not light reading. It is long, sometimes a Uttle heavy Major Darwin has his father's love of detail and of long detailed arguments. But he covers the ground : he has the Darwin love for sober treatment, and for discussion in which both sides of the case are debated pro and con ; and the result is, as I said before, that we have here an important book, which none who are seriously interested m eugemcs can afford to miss, which statesmen and social workers should be strongly urged to read.


This paper reviews tourist industry's informationalization process of the world as well as that of China, ana-lyzes the achievements and problems of Guangzhou in its development of tourist industry. The author strategically com- ments on the focal point of and appropriate measures for future development of Guangzhou tourist industry.


A high-fibre, low-fat diet is on of the environmental factors which protect against degenerative Western diseases. In recommending this diet to all patients, the general practitioner can play an important role in preventive medicine, ensuring a healthier population. The diet is characterised by an increased intake of unrefined plant foods, such as wholegrains, wholewheat bread, fruit, vegetables and legumes


This paper presents a case occult breast cancer developed 4 years after a craniotomy for a metastatic brain tumor. A 43-year-old female was diagnosed as having a right lobe brain tumor. Craniotomy for the brain tumor was performed. Histopathologically it was metastatic adenocarcinoma. Careful examinations of the thyroid, lung, breast, digestive organs, uterus and ovary failed to detect the primary origin. Tumor makers including CEA, CA15-3, CA125, and CA19-9 were in normal ranges. Four years later, she was admitted to the hospital for a minute general examination. A tumor (4.8×3.0 cm) was palpable in the AB area of the right breast and chest CT examination revealed parasternal lymph node metastasis invaded the chest wall (T2aN1bM1, stag IV). After preoperative chemotherapy, a right radical mastectomy with chest wall resection and lymph node resection was performed. Reconstruction for the chest wall defect was performed with double pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musclecutaneus flap. Clinicopathological studies confirmed that the right breast cancer was the primary origin of the metastatic brain tumor. This case of breast cancer in which the metastatic lesion of the brain was precedently detected is presented here with a review of the literature.


Abstract. Biodegradable mulch films (BDMs) are a sustainable and promising
alternative to non-biodegradable polyethylene mulches used in crop
production systems. Nitrogen amendments in the form of fertilizers are used
by growers to enhance soil and plant-available nutrients; however, there is
limited research on how these additions impact the biodegradation of BDMs tilled
into soils. A 4-month laboratory incubation study using soil microcosms
was used to investigate the effects of inorganic (ammonium nitrate) and
organic (urea and amino acids) nitrogen application on biodegradation of
BDMs. We investigated the response of soil bacterial, fungal, and
ammonia-oxidizing microbial abundance along with soil nitrogen pools and
enzyme activities. Microcosms were comprised of soils from two diverse
climates (Knoxville, TN, USA, and Mount Vernon, WA, USA) and BioAgri, a
biodegradable mulch film made of Mater-Bi®, a bioplastic raw
material containing starch and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)
(PBAT). Both organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments inhibited mulch
biodegradation, soil bacterial abundances, and enzyme activities. The
greatest inhibition of mulch biodegradation in TN soils was observed with
urea amendment where biodegradation was reduced by about 6 % compared to
the no-nitrogen control. In WA soils, all nitrogen amendments suppressed
biodegradation by about 1 % compared to the no-nitrogen control. Ammonia
monooxygenase amoA gene abundances were increased in TN soils in all treatments
but reduced for all treatments in WA soils. However, a significantly higher
nitrate concentration and a lower ammonium concentration were seen for all nitrogen
treatments compared to no-nitrogen controls in both TN and WA. This study
suggests that the addition of nitrogen, particularly inorganic amendments, could
slow down mulch biodegradation but that mulch biodegradation does not
negatively affect soil nitrification activity.


Since the 1980s, a widespread view has arisen in the literature that the post-1950 economic successes of Taiwan and the Republic of Korea have been due, in part at least, to the legacy of Japanese colonialism. This paper challenges that view by comparing Japanese economic achievements in both Taiwan and Korea with those of the British, French, Dutch and Americans in their Southeast Asian colonies. The paper examines the record of economic growth and structural change across the various colonies, and also discusses policies relating to government revenue and expenditure and to trade, exchange rates and the balance of payments. The paper also looks at some nonmonetary indicators relating to living standards, including mortality rates and educational enrolments. The main conclusion is that the facts do not wholly support the case for Japanese exceptionalism.


This chapter traces important aspects of the public persona of Sathya Sai Baba based on secondary accounts and biographies. It examines his early life and the declaration of his identity with Shirdi Sai Baba that constructed a discrete mnemonic pathway for the recollection of the saint by his old devotees and attracted new audiences in South Asia and overseas. The chapter also alludes to several institutions created by him that gave an organizational structure and civic role to the movement; some of the central ones - in healing, service, and education. Three types of iconic representations - guru, sant, and avatar - emerge in the history and hagiography of the Sai Baba movement. The chapter examines these representations and the significance of the idea of the avatar for a devotional imaginary and organization that over the decades has become pan-Indian and global in its scope.Keywords: avatar; guru; pan-Indian teacher; sant; Sathya Sai Baba


Background. Several techniques for repair of tibialis anterior tendon ruptures (TATRs) are reported, although it is a rare lesion. We describe a case of TATR, discuss our treatment, and review the criteria for the choice of treatment. Methods. In November 2015, a 61-year-old woman presented to our department 13 days after an injury to her left ankle, with avulsion of TAT. Because of the stump retraction, we performed a Zancolli-like plasty, anchoring the tendon to the navicular bone. Evidence about the timing and type of surgery has been reviewed. Results. The patient was followed up for 16 months before being discharged. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score improved from an initial value of 32 to a final score of 90. Conclusions. The choice of treatment depends on several factors. Patients' physical demands and the type of rupture guide the choice of surgical technique. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Retrospective


This article explores the relationship between family policies, fertility, employment and care. It suggests that similar family policies are likely to exert different effects in different contexts. ...


On 20 April 2013, a moment magnitude (Mw) 6.6 earthquake occurred in the Lushan region of southwestern China and caused more than 190 fatalities. In this study, we use geodetic data from nearly 30 continuously operating global positioning system (GPS) stations, two periods of leveling data, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to image the coseismic deformation of the Lushan earthquake. By using the Helmert variance component estimation method, a joint inversion is performed to estimate source parameters by using these GPS, leveling, and InSAR data sets. The results indicate that the 2013 Lushan earthquake occurred on a blind thrust fault. The event was dominated by thrust faulting with a minor left-lateral strike–slip component. The dip angle of the seismogenic fault was approximately 45.0°, and the fault strike was 208°, which is similar to the strike of the southern Longmenshan fault. Our finite fault model reveals that the peak slip of 0.71 m occurred at a depth of ~12 km, with substantial slip at depths of 6–20 km. The estimated magnitude was approximately Mw 6.6, consistent with seismological results. Furthermore, the calculated static Coulomb stress changes indicate that the 2013 Lushan earthquake may have been statically triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.


The convergence of digital technologies, sport, and gambling industry has multiplied the possible combinations of products that, having originated in one field, have evolved into something different. This article briefly examines eSports and gambling, as well as a brief examination of the convergence between professional gambling and professional video game playing.


This master's thesis explores the possibility of creating an encrypted digital coin, which will work in parallel to the euro. We investigated the structures and the infrastructure needed to operate efficiently and safely, providing the trading partners with secure transactions and the Greek economy with the elimination of tax evasion and the necessary liquidity to increase its competitiveness. For the purpose of this project a simulation platform was created with the Drupal programming tool (http://unipinetlab.ga/giannadakis/).


We proposed a threat targets ranking method based on competition. Using a competitive function, we set up several competitive mechanisms. By using these competitive mechanisms, we successfully give an objective threat targets ranking, and we effectively avoid the normalization problem of threat attributes. This method makes good use of the joint information of targets, which can improve the use of mutual information to give a more reasonable result. We give an example to verify the effectiveness of the method.


Polyamide thin films, designated Nylon 2,6, were grown on flat and particle substrates using molecular layer deposition (MLD) in a custom-built isothermal enclosure containing a rotary reactor. The polyamide films were grown using sequential exposures of ethylene diamine and adipoyl chloride. The reactor and precursors were contained in a fiberglass oven to keep all reactor components at the same temperature. A growth rate of 4.0 A/cycle at 67 °C was determined on flat substrates with ex situ x-ray reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The temperature dependence of the Nylon 2,6 displayed a peak growth rate at 67 °C with decreasing growth rates above and below this temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the polyamide film on flat substrates also revealed an elemental composition consistent with the Nylon 2,6 polymer with a small amount of chlorine in the film. The isothermal reactor allowed MLD to be performed consistently on high surface area particles at low temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed growth of the Nylon 2,6 films on ZrO2, cellulose, and metformin particles that was consistent with the growth on witness wafers. The growth of the Nylon 2,6 films was also linear versus the number of MLD cycles. The TEM images displayed reproducible MLD growth on particles of varying size and composition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were consistent with the expected characteristics of the Nylon 2,6 polyamide film. Nylon 2,6 MLD should find application when low-temperature MLD is needed to coat thermally sensitive substrates such as organic films or pharmaceutical powders.


To analyze the characteristics of electrode degradation in resistance spot welding of aluminum with different weld powers,and its influence on weld quality,An imaging approach was developed based on the analysis of electrode life test results to quantitatively determine the status of electrode degradation.According to the analysis on the carbon imprints of electrode tips,three parameters were defined to represent the tip surface characteristics: relative radius(Rr),edge concentration(EC) and eccentricity(ECC).The results show that in resistance spot welding of aluminum,the electrode life for MFDC machine is about 1/4 of that for AC machine.The sheer strength of test welds decreased with the increase of Rr and EC.The remained contact area in the center of the tip surface help to maintain satisfactory weld quality.


In recent time, some of the construction processes of multi-storey timber buildings are achieved by using prefabricated volume modules since this method is very beneficial due to its high prefabric ...


Incorporation of the tendon graft within the bone tunnel is crucial for a successful outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Previous studies demonstrated that the incorporation of the tendon graft may take up to several months. Thus, it is of concern whether the early tendon–bone interface is strong enough to tolerate accelerated early postoperative rehabilitation. Biological solutions to enhance tendon healing within the bone tunnel may allow further advances in anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Previous studies emphasized the important role of bone growth factors. In animal models, successful stimulation of graft incorporation has been achieved by the application of bone morphogenetic protein-2. Moreover, periosteal enveloping of the tendon graft has shown to improve the healing response of the tendon graft within the bone tunnel, and preliminary clinical results appear promising. Further advances may be achieved by the use of tissue-engineered ligaments. Successful tissue engineering of ligaments requires optimized structural scaffolds, tissue specific cells, biological stimulation by growth factors, and mechanical stimulation by cyclic stretching.


PROBLEM: High prevalence and pervasiveness of cognitive deficits post-stroke have been identified in recent research (Mellon et al., 2015; Jokinen et al., 2015). These deficits impact not only independence in daily living, but also impact therapeutic outcomes. Traditional cognitivelinguistic therapy approaches explicitly address restoration of linguistic components but do not explicitly address cognitive deficits, such as auditory attention, that are frequently observed poststroke. With rates up to 46-92%, attention has been identified as the most prominent strokerelated cognitive/neuropsychological change reported in acute stroke survivors (Barker-Collo et al., 2009). Limited evidence of the effect of auditory processing training on cognitive linguistic skills exists. Constraint Induced Auditory Training (CIAT) is a dichotic listening auditory training program that has garnered attention for use with PWAs in recent years (Hurley & Davis, 2011). Preliminary studies of PWAs have shown positive outcomes after CIAT, including auditory processing abilities, increased neural activity in auditory processing pathways, perceptual improvements, and increased participation in activities of daily living (Hurley & Davis, 2011). Currently, there are very few studies that investigate the combined effects of a cognitive-linguistic therapy (such as Treatment of Underlying Forms [TUF]) and auditory processing training (such as CIAT) on overall language abilities. This study was conducted to examine treatment and overall language outcomes of TUF used in combination with CIAT in a PWA with moderate aphasia. PROCEDURE: Effects of explicit auditory training on overall language abilities using CIAT and cognitive-linguistic therapy (TUF) were examined using a single-subject research design (A1BA2CA3). The subject was a 74-year-old female stroke survivor with moderate aphasia, 3.5 years post-onset. Treatment outcomes were measured prior to and following two different blocks of treatment (Block 1-TUF in isolation; Block 2-TUF in combination with CIAT). Treatment outcomes were analyzed using non-parametric statistics and subjective methods. Analyses used included test of proportions, effect size, visual inspection using a two-standard deviation method, and Nicholas and Brookshire's (1993) discourse analyses measures. FINDINGS: TUF, used in isolation, resulted in increased comprehension of active, canonical sentences, verb naming and comprehension, and argument structure production. TUF used in combination with CIAT resulted in increases in auditory comprehension, aphasia quotient, as well as increase in verb naming. Repetition abilities also greatly improved, though not statistically significant. CIAT used in combination with TUF was more effective in improving language functions as compared to TUF alone. More research is warranted in order to understand effects of auditory training on cognitive-linguistic therapies.


This article examines Ramsey (second-best) pricing for a multi-product regulated monopolist when marginal costs fluctuate with a known probability function. When all marginal-cost risk is absorbed by consumers, the degrees of Pratt-Arrow absolute risk aversion and the marginal cost variances in the various markets have an affect on the appropriate Ramsey prices. An analogous result is obtained when investors absorb all of the cost risk. When the cost risk is optimally shared by consumers and investors, the deterministic Ramsey prices are obtained.


• A vibrant field, ∼20 years old • Big potential, big challenges • Enormous progress from first fibre; lots more still to be done (and according to modelling, possible) Main Highlights: • Data transmitting HCFs with ∼1dB/km, broad bandwidth and excellent modal properties now available • Potential to outperform conventional fibres indicated by modelling Main challenges: • Very small production volumes; untested in large scale manufacturing • Many practical issues still to be investigated


This paper presents the concept of the creation of gasses inside the transformer oil and the fault produced inside the transformer is examined. Focusing on the issue of numerous trademark gases surpassing the norm in a 500 kV transformer oil, this paper dissects the issues keeping in view the trademark gas strategy and three-ratio technique and joined with prior tests, it was decided that the single-phase converter transformer Pole 1-YDA. The on-location review proves the rightness of the disappointment investigation results and the corresponding measures were taken on to dispense with the transformer flaws. Key Words: Converter Transformers, DGA, HVDC, Internal Faults.


Objective:To investigate the blood lead level ofpre-school students in Zhangjiakou District.Methods:The blood lead level was investigated,and life circumstance and bad habits of the students were studied as well.Results:8.4% of the investaigated children's blood lead level is ≥100mg/L.The blood lead level in city is higher than that in country,and is increased with ages increasing.Conclusion:The average blood lead level in Zhangjiakou District isn't high,but the bad habits must be corrected.


Means for applying a plastic topcoat on the surface of a pipe, compenant a ring (1) of which the inlet diameter (2) is greater than the outlet diameter (3), the surface inner (4) of said ring further ensuring a degressive variation of the inside diameter between its input and output; method of applying a topcoat wherein these means are used and coated pipe.


GIS layers on Human-Elephant conflicts in Laikipia District: aerial counts, wildlife distribution, land-use, Human-Elephant conflicts hotspots and temporal patterns, and conflict deterrence activities


Problem statement: Mining operations are strategic and essential industrial activities which rely on the use of non renewable natural resources, causing several relevant interactions with the environment. Approach: The need to perform in compliance with even more stringent environmental legislation and to satisfy different stakeholders demands and pressures, is progressively leading the mining sector towards the implementation of Environmental Management Systems (EMS). However scientific literature outlined a relevant research gap in the absence of specific technical guidelines to facilitate such voluntary environmentally responsible approach in the different sectors of mining. Results: Therefore the present study was focused on the extraction of construction aggregates from gravel pit lakes, sector characterized by peculiar operations and related environmental problems. Through the analysis of representative sites (located in Piedmont Region-NW Italy), where the environmental components of the interested territories, the equipments used and operations carried out, the main legal requirements, the environmental problems and monitoring systems were examined, the research identified environmental problems and practices which could be considered common to this sector and be taken into account during the EMS implementation. In particular the study, with reference to the ISO 14001 requirements, focused on the analysis and monitoring of the environmental aspects and to the identification of specific operational and monitoring procedures which should be defined by the organization within the EMS. Conclusion: Therefore the main results of the research presented in this study supplied specific technical elements to be used by the companies operating gravel pit lakes for a correct and exhaustive EMS implementation and represented a new contribution for a more widespread adoption of ISO 14001 in the mining sector.


A mutant defective in the activity of TMAO reductase was isolated by inserting phage MudI. The mutation was localized at 0.7 min adjacent to chlG on the E. coli chromosome, and was designated torB. The torB mutant grown anaerobically with TMAO contained 10-30% of the enzyme activity in the parent strain grown under the same condition and about 80% of the enzyme protein immuno-reactive with an antiserum against the TMAO reductase


This study explored the lived experiences of counseling professionals conducting suicide risk assessments for youth kindergarten through 12th grade receiving a suicide risk assessment recommendation. A qualitative phenomenological approach was utilized to capture the perceptions of the participants in this study. Fifteen (15) in depth, semi-structured interviews and a focus group with seven (7) returning participants were the primary sources of data for this study. Five (5) themes emerged: Care, Supervisory Relationship, Challenges, Symptoms of Vicarious Trauma and Transcendent Growth Experiences. Implications for the counseling profession may encompass enhanced organizational development, supervision, training and clinical preparation for counseling professionals providing a vital service to youth and their families.


Mitral stenosis is an important valvular lesion that when encountered both in the developing world and the developed world requires accurate assessment. The mitral valve area is the key parameter that should be used to assess severity. Morphological assessment of the entire valve apparatus is required to identify rheumatic versus non-rheumatic aetiology as well the subgroup of patients who may benefit from percutaneous mitral commisurotomy. Three-dimensional transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography provide additive qualitative and quantitative data to the aforementioned key imaging requirements. Tomographic imaging (CT/MRI) are mainly utilized when echocardiography is not feasible. Imaging techniques are vital to aid diagnosis and explore therapeutic options in degenerative mitral stenosis but require further refinement with regard to accuracy of diagnosis and selection of optimal quantitative techniques.


In this paper we consider the problem of maximising the efficiency of a sensor network deployed for widearea surveillance, by coordinating of the sense/sleep schedules of power constrained energy-harvesting sensor nodes. We propose a formal model of the wide-area surveillance problem that we face, and theoretically analyse the performance of a sensor network (i.e. the probability that an event within the environment is detected) in the case of (i) continuously powered, (ii) randomly coordinated, and (iii) optimal coordinated sensors. We show that coordinating the sense/sleep schedules of the sensors can yield a significant increase in the performance of the network. Hence, we demonstrate that we can appropriately decompose the system wide goal of maximising the probability that events are detected, in order that we can optimise it using generic decentralised agentbased coordination algorithms (specifically, one based on the max-sum algorithm) that use only local communication and computation. We empirically evaluate our approach in a simulated environment and show that this decentralised algorithm is able to successfully coordinate the sense/sleep schedule of sensors, while attaining results close to the theoretically indicated optimum.


In order to realize the expected function of the hardware devices in a computer system, the device driver as an important part cannot be lost. The WDF is the modern standard for creating Windows drivers, and is the preferred way to implement most new drivers for Windows. WDF enables developers to write drivers that execute in either kernel-mode using the KMDF or user-mode using the UMDF V2. This paper firstly analyzes the importance of the driver from the Windows operating system architecture. Then, the paper discusses and analyzes the structure of WDF and its characteristics. Finally, the basic programming skills are given based on simple examples.


In 1947, at the time of partition of India, Dewas state was merged in Madhya Perdish, a central province of India. However, it remained a victim of colonial policies during the British Raj. The English appeared on the scene of Dewas state on December 12, 1818, when a treaty was signed between the ruler of Dewas and the East India Company and Dewas State was taken into the possession of East India Company. In fact it was a treaty between the subjugators and subjugated; the British colonizers controlled the Indian sources and resources and the Indians are treated as "half citizens" During the colonial period, the British Empire had adopted a policy of "Direct and Indirect Rule" in the states of the colonized India. The colonizers brought the rajahas and maharajahs and their states in their control through various tactics and with the help of local European agents. In this way an entire stratum of the traditional ruling class in India was drawn into the colonial project. Some of these states where the policy of indirect rule had been adopted were Gwaialr, Bhopal, Baroda, Udiapur, Indore, Kolhapur, Poonah, Nagpur, Simla and Dewas. In this research paper the colonial policy of the British Raj in the state of Dewashas been discussed.


Angioma serpiginosum is a rare and benign vascular ectasia that clinically arises as small red or purple dots, with serpiginous conFiguretion. Controlled light pulses or intense pulsed light is the light source that emits high energy light within the continuous waves spectrum from 500nm to 1,200nm. Among its characteristics is the indication for the treatment of vascular lesions, which is the oxyhemoglobin chromophore's pigment. This paper describes a case of a 12-year-old patient with angioma serpiginosum on the right arm that receded after 6 intense pulsed light sessions.


25 This study examined the form, pattern and extractability of phosphorus (P) retained 26 in alum sludge (an aluminium-containing drinking water treatment residual in 27 dewatered cake form), which was used as substrate in laboratory scale constructed 28 wetland systems for P-rich wastewater treatment. Used alum sludge samples from 29 successive depth ranges in the laboratory scale vertical flow constructed wetland 30 systems were examined for KCl extractable P. The samples were also sequentially 31 fractionated into two main categories consisting of readily available P and P forms that 32 are not easily decomposed. The extracted fractions included labile P, microbial P, (Fe + 33 Al) P, humic P, (Ca + Mg) P and residual P. A major proportion of P retained in the 34 used alum sludge was in forms that are not easily decomposed. Of the P forms that are 35 not easily decomposed, the P associated with Ca and Mg accounted for a higher 36 proportion of the inorganic fraction as compared to the P associated with the Fe and Al. 37 The results also show that in most cases, the concentration of the P forms decreased 38 with increasing depth from the topmost surface of the alum sludge in the systems. 39 40 41


1. Introduction (by Frajzyngier, Zygmunt) 2. What are we typologists doing? (by Lazard, Gilbert) 3. The canonical approach in typology* (by Corbett, Greville G.) 4. What is an empirical theory of linguistic meaning a theory of? (by Raccah, Pierre-Yves) 5. Language processes, theory and description of language change, and building on the past: Lessons from Songhay (by Nicolai, Robert) 6. On the part played by human conscious choice in language structure and language evolution (by Hagege, Claude) 7. The challenge of polygrammaticalization for linguistic theory: Fractal grammar and transcategorical functioning (by Robert, Stephane) 8. On discourse frequency, grammar, and grammaticalization (by Pustet, Regina) 9. On the assumption of the sentence as the basic unit of syntactic structure (by Mithun, Marianne) 10. Adpositions as a non-universal category (by DeLancey, Scott) 11. Understanding antigemination (by Blevins, Juliette) 12. What it means to be rare: The variability of person marking (by Cysouw, Michael) 13. The principle of Functional Transparency in language structure and in language evolution (by Frajzyngier, Zygmunt) 14. The importance of discourse analysis for linguistic theory: A Mandarin Chinese Illustration (by Tao, Liang) 15. Compounding theories and linguistic diversity (by Soegaard, Anders) 16. Inalienability and possessum individuation* (by Lichtenberk, Frantisek) 17. Resultativeness in English: A sign-oriented approach (by Gorlach, Marina) 18. Encoding speaker perspective: Evidentials (by Haan, Ferdinand de) 19. Distinguishing between referential and grammatical function in morphological typology (by Vajda, Edward J.) 20. Index


Objective To explore the methods and effects of venous anastomisis from left atrium-common venous anastomisis(supracardiac anastomosis)at the top of left atriumin on total anomonous pulmonary venous connection(TAPVC).Methods Six cases,hospitalized from June in 2006 to December in 2007,were treated by supracardiac anastomosis.Results All the 6 cases recovered.After the operation,no anastomotic stenosis or arrhythmia was observed.During the follow-up period(3 months to a year),the heart function of all the cases were normal.Conclusions Supracardiac anastomosis in treatment of supracardiac type TAPVC is convenient to operate,and can reduce the risk of arrhythmia.


Photograph of City of Denton utility workers around a two utility poles in Denton, Texas. A utility truck is parked to their left. A mailbox and sign to "Vote for Billy Joe Wilson for County Commissioner Precinct 1" stand in the front grass.


The energy conditions of Einstein gravity are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without specifying a particular equation of state. This is particularly useful in a cosmological setting, where the equation of state for the cosmological fluid is extremely uncertain. The strong energy condition (SEC) provides a simple and robust bound on the behaviour of the look-back time as a function of red-shift. Observation suggests that the SEC may be violated sometime between the epoch of galaxy formation and the present.


Foreword: David Fischer, the Fox(a) It is my great pleasure to pen a few words in honor of my friend and fellow laborer in the torts vineyard, Professor David Fischer. Professor Fischer has been an intellectual force in the modern development of tort law. He has made us think hard about the implications of tort rules. He is in the intellectual tradition of a splitter, and not a lumper, in his scholarship. (1) Most of scholarship in modern tort law falls into the "lumper" camp. It is scholarship that looks at tort rules as encapsulating wider models that serve certain instrumental ends, or as part of a non-consequential system of norms; for example, law and economics has taken tort rules to reflect a system of rules that serve efficiency. Others view the rules as part of a system of private law that instantiates corrective justice. (2) Contrary rules are diminished and common themes emphasized. Even when discussing discrete aspects of tort law, most modern scholars are lumpers in applying broad theoretical frameworks to fit those aspects. (3) The most talked of aspect has been the duty concept in negligence. While the debate can be traced to the Palsgraf case, it has been given new life by the scholarship of Keating, Goldberg and Zipursky. The issue that separates these scholars derives from their views about the function of tort liability. David Fischer is a splitter. He takes present or evolving doctrines and puts them under a powerful analytical microscope for examination. In so doing, he reveals differences, internal flaws, paradoxes and problems, and revels in the complexity. David Fischer, although not without strong views about the theoretical groundings of tort law, proposes no meta-theories. Instead, he does the hard work on the inside that, in the end, uncovers the problems and dilemmas for courts as they go about their business of ascribing responsibility for wrongful acts. (4) He is the fox of tort law. I. THE FOX AND CAUSATION Glen Robinson said once that every serious torts scholar eventually comes to causation. And, having arrived at that terminus, the scholar soon concludes that challenges abound. Causation is at the center of tort law. Old conundrums are to be found, and with the phenomena of enterprise liability and mass tort, we see causation in new manifestations. No modern scholars have taken on the task of unfolding the mysteries of causation, old and new, as thoroughly as David Fischer. Every student in first year torts has been subjected to the difficulties of causation. From an apparently clear distinction between proximate cause and causation-in-fact, a professor will confound her students by showing that the distinctions are fluid. She will show that the but for test is simply a beginning point; she will challenge students with the Wagon Mound cases, in drawing principled limits to tort liability. The role of policy is critical in those limits, although students will have problems in comprehension, as have courts and juries. (5) Some students will come to the first-year torts class armed with some knowledge of the philosophy of causation. (6) Most will not have thought about these issues. It is the strength of the case method with its allied Socratic teaching that students, through the cases, are pressed to go beyond causation easily determined to those situations where either logic breaks down or traditional doctrine is found too confining to accommodate the ends of tort law. David Fischer's scholarship on causation has come at a critical time for tort development. In a unique process to American law, the doctrine is examined through the American Law Institute's Restatement Process. Under the First and Second Restatement on Torts, causation was a centerpiece. This was the same, if not more so, for the Third Restatement, now on foot. Under the Third Restatement, early drafts threw the entire burden of confining liability on causation. …


In this paper, the thermal system of a typical microturbine with a power output of 100 kW, together with its regenerative cycle, combined heating power and cooling power systems were studied. The performances of the thermal system in different pressure ratios and temperature ratios were predicted and analyzed. The characters of combined heating power and cooling power systems were discussed. The study may provide the reference base for the parameter choice in the design process of microturbine thermal system.


alongside the lack of bhanksa. They seem to be referring to sentences that are naturally meaningless, i.e., sentences that are meaningless, but not due to syntactic or morphological factors. The svariZpayogyath rnay be another key notion fbr understanding the Naiy5yikas' treatment of the meaningfulness of sentences, but previous research has not explored it thoroughly. The works of the later Navya-Ny5ya did not feature this concept, and we do not find mention of it in popular prakara4a texts such as the 72xrkasamgraha and the Ab,dyasiddhintamuktavali. However, the early commentaries on the School's basic text, the Tlattvacintdma4i (7Z]) 7) ofGangeSa (ca. 1320), tell us that there were rich discussions on the nature of the svariipayogyatd during the earlier period. In the present paper, I introduce the concept ofsvariipayogyatato the study ofNaiyayikas' treatment of the meaning-


The photopheresis unit where the authors work has seen an increased demand both locally and as an outreach service. A Lean assessment of the unit was undertaken to improve processing time and productivity, which in turn would improve the availability of treatment and improve patient care. The assessment indicated that there were excellent nursing standards and patient care; however, patient waiting times and treatment times were prolonged in comparison with other units. The unit reviewed the patient pathway and identified where delays occurred and consequently changed patient scheduling.


The object of the thesis is calculation of depreciation with consequent influences on de-ferred taxes. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts dealing with fixed assets, component depreciation, accounting and taxes depreciation. It also clarifies the concept of deferred income tax and the causes of its origin. Deferred tax is the most often arise from difference between accounting and balance taxes value when the formation of de-ferred taxes will be explained in detail. In the practical part there is presented a chosen company and its business sector with analy-sis of current status of depreciation and deferred taxes in this company. At the end of the the-sis there will be proposed optimal solution for the company and their assets development.


The objective of this study was to identify determinants of haricot bean seed replacement and rate of its use in Boricha district of Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 162 randomly selected common bean farmers through multistage sampling techniques. Inferential statistics namely the Logit model and the Tobit model were used to identify determinants of seed replacement among respondents and the extent of replacement rate respectively. Among 162 farmers, 105 replaced certified seed of haricot bean at least once in the past three years whereas 57 farmers did not use certified seed in the same period but used home saved seeds. On average seed replacers change their seed stock 1.82 times every three years. The results revealed that, household size, livestock ownership, frequency of contact with extension agent, membership in social organizations, distance from formal certified seed and respondents' opinion on affordability of certified seed price were positively and significantly influenced seed replacement. Negative but significant influence of household head age on seed replacement decision was found. The rate of replacement of certified seed was influenced positively by perception about seed price, haricot bean farming experience, cash income from farm, contact with development agent, livestock ownership, membership in social organizations, and distance from formal certified seed source while age of household head negatively influence replacement rate. Therefore, the findings suggest that seed replacement and its replacement rate should be improved by enhancing asset ownership, delivering input on-time, improving packaging volume based on farmers demand and providing extension service. Key w ords: Common bean farmers, Logit, Multistage, Seed replacement, Tobit


Acute heart failure(AHF) has been an international public health problem,which has presented significant medical,and economic challenges.Hospitalization and mortality rates associated with AHF are persistently high.Despite the traditional therapy used for AHF novel therapies including,inotropic agent levosimedan,vasoactive agent nesiritide,and vasopressin antagonist tolvaptan,could offer improved hemodynamics,and congestive relief to patients with AHF.There may also be promising novel therapeutic agents in AHF nonpharmacologic approaches such as,noninvasive ventilation,LV assist devices,and ultrafiltration.


The electrochemical behaviors of irreversibly adsorbed antimony on Pt(100), Pt(110), Pt(111) and Pt(320) were studied by using cyclic voltammetry. The results revealeds that the Sb adatoms are stable on Pt(100), Pt(110), Pt(111) and on Pt(320) when electrode potentials are below 0.45 V(SCE) and 0.40 V, respectively. It was demonstrated that various coverages of Sb ad can be conveniently obtained by controlling the number of potential cycling and varying the upper limit of potential scan. The electrochemical behaviors of irreversibly adsorbed antimony varied with the surface atomic arrangement of Pt single crystal electrodes. Based on quantitative results of the relationship between θ H and θ Sb , the models of surface structure for saturation adsorption of Sb on the 4 Pt single crystal electrodes are proposed.


Congestion is one of the major issues facing today¿s transportation sector. Recent efforts have been geared toward providing traffic information to travelers, to facilitate better travel decisions, and transportation facility managers, to allow them to better manage traffic operations. Currently, real-time traffic information is primarily limited to freeways and a small subset of major arterials. This research effort explores the feasibility of an online data-driven simulation based methodology to address the lack of real-time arterial performance measures. The core of this methodology is the development of an online simulation tool that relies on commonly available arterial point sensor data, such as that from loop detectors or video cameras. Preliminary analysis indicates that the approach being considered is feasible as a model of the "real-world" was capable of reflecting performance measures with relatively high levels of accuracy. Limitations of the current research design and more immediate future directions are also presented.


Five new minerals have been found in a tellurium deposit near the town of Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico. Preliminary study shows that they are a leadoxy-fluoride, a zinc tellurite or tellurate, a manganese-zinc tellurite or tellurate, a manganese tellurite or tellurate, and an iron tellurite or tellurate.


Since 1996, we have treated 11 cases of auditory hallucination by acupuncture combined with intravenous drip of sulpiride, and obtained marked therapeutic effects as reported in the following.


The phenomenon of social cohesion has gained much traction in the extant literature. However, research that assesses how celebrity self-disclosure can be leveraged to engender social cohesion remains very scanty in the existing literature. The current study aims at empirically testing the effect of celebrity self-disclosure on social cohesion while accounting for the roles of fans' behavior, social presence and attachment to celebrities. To realize this aim, data is collected from 306 Instagram users who follow at least one celebrity. The hypothesis intended to realize these aims are tested by adopting structural equation modeling technique. The results show that celebrities' descriptive selfdisclosure (but not emotional self-disclosure) influences fans' archiving and commenting behavior. Additionally, celebrities' emotional self-disclosure (but not descriptive self-disclosure) as well as fans' commenting, and archiving behaviors are instrumental in predicting fans' social presence. The study further finds that fans' social presence is essential in predicting their attachment to Original Research Article Basilisco et al.; CJAST, 38(5): 1-19, 2019; Article no.CJAST.52614 2 celebrities, while their (fans') attachment to celebrities and social presence are significant antecedents of social cohesion. Furthermore, attachment to celebrities is found to significantly mediate the relationship between social presence and social cohesion. The study provides practical and theoretical insights into understanding social cohesion, celebrity self-disclosure, fans' behavior, social presence and attachment to celebrities.


The surface figure precision of the primary mirror in a large-aperture telescope is a key factor to the imaging quality. With the finite-element software, the finite-element model is set up base on optimization of the lateral support system. When the primary mirror is supported in the vertical position, the surface figure deformations of the primary mirror were analyzed. The rigid body displacement is removed, the max deformation of the mirror face is 261nm, the surface figure deformation RMS value is 64.03nm, PV value is 251.03nm. The results may offer some important references for the designs in this area.


Physiological postharvest deterioration (PPD) of cassava is the main constraint affecting its nutritional and economical values. PPD is induced by wounds when detaching storage roots from mother plant during harvesting. It is accelerated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as oxygen ion (O2) and peroxide (O2)−2. The carotenoid content and its antioxidant property can help in extending shelf life of cassava storage roots. The primary mode of action of carotenoids as antioxidant is to quench singlet oxygen. Cassava breeding was reported to successfully introgress and improve carotenoid content into cassava. The two types of phytoene synthase (PSY) enzymes (PSY1 and PSY2) are key regulators of carotenoids accumulation in cassava. Carotenoids formation and accumulation in cassava storage roots are induced by a single nucleotide polymorphism in PSY2 which causes a non-conservative amino acid exchange. This single nucleotide polymorphism in PSY gene is co-segregated with β-carotene in cassava storage roots, a phenomenon that could help to unravel the mechanism of introgression of carotenoids into cassava. This article investigates breeding feasibility for improving quality of cassava landraces in developing countries.


In image analysis, horizontal integral projecting and vertical integral projecting algorithms are usually utilized to describe the gray distribution of targets. If targets rotate, it is difficult to find the relationship among the projecting curves of the same targets in different orientations. In order to overcome this default, two kinds of statistic methods called circular integral projecting and circular grads integral projecting are proposed based on circular projecting. Furthermore those methods are compared with horizontal integral projecting and vertical integral projecting. The experimental result shows that the curves corresponding to circular integral projecting and circular grads integral projecting own excellent steadiness when target rotates and flexes.


The work presents an experimental investigation of a novel segmented scoop stretcher (S3) to examine full-body immobilization during patient transfer. The designed stretcher aids to provide head, vertebral column, and pelvis immobilization during segmented scooping of corresponding body parts. Scooping experiments on nine participants were performed on fabricated S3 and one of the commercially available scoop stretcher (CSS) to compare the mean range of motion (ROM) of various body parts employing full body scissor and segmented scissor techniques. The angular motion along the spinous process and the nasion (forehead) were recorded through motion sensors (six-dimensional electromagnetic tracking system) placed at various anatomical positions while scooping. Experimental results showed a significant reduction in movement of corresponding body parts in scooping with S3 as compared to existing CSS. A higher immobilization of approximately 2º–5º in the sagittal, lateral, and axial planes were observed while applying S3 as compared to CSS (p < 0.002). Achieving improvement in immobilization of the injured patient with S3 can reduce the risk of further injury during pre-hospital care.


Lean strategy brings a set of proven tools and techniques to reduce times, inventories, set up times, equipment downtime, scrap, rework and other wastes of the hidden factory. The focus is on value from a customer perspective and flowing this through the entire supply chain. The statistically based problem solving methodology of Six Sigma delivers data to drive solutions, delivering dramatic bottom-line results. In the Six Sigma school of study, a problem is tackled by a black or green belt, depending on the nature of the problem and the degree of complexity involved in the determination of solutions. The authors compare and contrast the lean and Six Sigma approaches, and find that greater benefits can be reaped by blending the best of each.


We reported a simple and low-cost ultrasound-assisted preparation of β‐cyclodextrin/graphitized and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (β-CD/GR-MWCNTs-COOH) nanocomposite, which was used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate the β-CD/GR-MWCNTs-COOH/GCE sensor for the determination of methyl parathion (MP). The phase structure and surface morphology of β-CD/GR-MWCNTs-COOH nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For this nanocomposite, GR-MWCNTs-COOH had high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and good hydrophilicity; β-CD promoted the uniform dispersion of GR-MWCNTs-COOH and possessed excellent molecular recognition ability for organic molecules. Electrochemical measurements showed that the β-CD/GR-MWCNTs-COOH/GCE sensor presented good MP determination performance with high peak current response due to the synergistic effect of β-CD and GR-MWCNTs-COOH. Under the optimal condition, the fabricated β-CD/GR-MWCNTs-COOH/GCE sensor showed a low limit of detection of 0.027 µM in linear MP concentration range of 0.01-15 µM. This work has a certain promoting significance for the development of high-performance MP electrochemical sensor.


Review of El mandato de la historia y las exigencias del porvenir by Eduardo Frei.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


An actuator device which is made as a laminated structure including a displacement-functioning layer having a region to be deformed by the electric field and an electrode-functioning layer having a region to function as an electrode. And an manufacturing method in which the above-mentioned device is easily manufactured, the method in which, according to the laminated structure, arranging each layer to be formed on the transfer section and transferring it onto the substrate to laminate.


In looking backward now over the history of the century immediately preceding the Reformation, it is evident that a great revolution, a movement of intellectual emancipation and reorganization was approaching. Similarly, a study of the social and political conditions of Europe during the eighteenth century, from the vantage ground we now possess, makes it abundantly clear that some such political readjustment was imminent as came in the French Revolution and


The present invention relates to a method for calibrating a multiplex assay, comprising: a calibration reagent was added to the solid phase on which is fixed a plurality of capture agents, added detection molecule having the ability to bind to the calibration reagent, and detection of bound detection molecule, thereby establishing the calibration curve, wherein the calibration reagent comprises at least two different binding molecules, wherein each binding molecule has the ability to specifically bind to immobilized on a solid phase capture agent and the ability to bind to a detection molecule. Also provided are multiplex assay system comprising a calibration reagent.


Global prevalence of hepatitis C is about 3% and approximately 170 million people in worldwide are infected with the virus. Hepatitis C virus has a positive linear RNA and this virus classified in the family of Flaviviridae and the genus of Hepacivirus. HCV virion is about 50 to 60 nm and has 9.4 Kb length which is responsible to code about 3010 amino acids (Keyvani et al., 2012). The prevalence of HCV in America, Canada and Northern Europe is less than 1% and in Thailand, Malaysia and India is from 2.1 to 1.4%. This prevalence in Ukraine is 9.2% and in North and sub-Saharan Africa and Arabic countries including Egypt is14.5% (Zekri et al., 2012). HCV infection can be seen all over the world, but in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Africa have the highest rates of incidence. HCV is divided into six major genotypes and more


A characteristic and constant unilateral overflexion of the limbs, during progression or isolated movement of the limbs, has been observed in 12 to 15 cats following hemisection of the brain-stem at the level of the pons or upper medulla—the vestibular nuclei being uninvolved. The abnormal action occurs in the limbs on the opposite side from the lesion. Maximal rather than graded flexion occurs at the ankle, knee, shoulder, or hip joints. In some instances in progression the flexion was maintained to the extent that the animal fell to the affected side because of the failure of the fore limb to extend in time to catch the weight of the body. This overflexion has been seen to involve a fore limb or a hind limb individually. In cases where the lesion extended across the mid-line so as to involve a small medial segment of the opposite half of the stem the ability of the animal to right and to maintain the righted position was impaired or eliminated. In these cases the overflexion occurred when rhythmic running movements were executed. If the animal was passively held in the righted position, typical walking movements embodying overflexion occurred. Overflexion did not occur following: (1) hemisection of the stem through the thalamus or mid-brain, or even after complete unilateral removal of the mid-brain. (2) Unilateral or bilateral section of the lateral quarter segments of the pons or upper medulla. It was therefore not due to the absence of a rubro-spinal tract. (3) Hemisection of the spinal cord at upper cervical levels. (4) Injury or removal of the lateral lobes or vermis of the cerebellum. The observations suggest that this disturbance in muscular movement results from injury to structures located in the medial quarter segments of the pons and upper medulla.


Biodiversity protection and conservation is a national and international agenda and responsible for sustainable development of a region or a country. Butterflies are one of the most important assemblages of insects that act as biodiversity indicators as well as nature's gardeners. There are about 28,000 known butterfly species in the world. Lepidoptera (Butterfly) were studied in catchment of Bansagar reservoir, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh as part of an extensive study of biodiversity. This paper presents a current status of Lepidoptera from reservoir region having aggregation of up to 21 species belonging to 5 families and categories on the basis of their abundance. The Bansagar Reservoir is surrounded by agricultural fields with rural habitation. Not enough research work on Butterfly has been reported from this neglected biodiversity spot of Bansagar area, may be, this is the pioneer work done on the subject matter. This study is aimed towards contributing to the plane of biodiversity restoration in studied region and development of management strategies so as to ensure sustenance of butterflies and ecosystem services derived from them.


The evaluating scale of social progress is a valuable one. Its theoretical basis is that social progress characterizes law and purposefulness. The theoretical basis of the evaluating scale of social progress is the complying with law of social progress, the complying with purposefulness of social progress, and the the unification of both.The complying with law of social progress is that social progress should be in keeping with the law of the subject's practice during the social history. The complying with purposefulness of social progress is the opposite of the law of social progress, and human tendency to live and develop well. The complying with law of social progress is dialectically united with the complying with purposefulness of social progress.


Natural organic matter (NOM) is a very complicated mixture of organic compounds and is detected in all groundwater and surface waters. Besides NOM has a direct effect on health, it touches the performance of drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) and so the safety of potable water. NOM may also disturb consumer satisfaction since it could participate in undesirable colors, tastes, and odors in potable water. This work aims to provide an insight into the effects of NOM on the global quality of drinking water, comprising its possible impacts on DWTPs and soon the safety of drinking water. It outlines the parameters that touch the level and property of NOM and examines the indexes to adopt when suggesting a NOM control strategy. Water source becomes highly polluted by organic compounds at a level that chemical oxygen demand is presently used to characterize surface water and biological treatment is suggested as a process for NOM removal in the DWTPs. Such behavior was not thinkable thirty years ago. The coagulation process remains importantly influenced by practical variables such as mixing conditions and pH control. Employing membrane processes instead of singular chemical oxidation and coagulation should be more promoted as water supplies become highly polluted in organic compounds.


Recent development in lower limb intelligent prosthetics has led to building an interface for active training in rehabilitation. In this paper, a force myography (FMG) based method has been used to model and estimate the knee joint angle during walking at four different self-selected speeds i.e. slow, normal, fast and run. An eight-channel in-house FMG data acquisition was developed to collect the data wirelessly. A trained artificial neural network (ANN) was fed with FMG data to estimate the knee joint angle. Till now, the experiment was performed for one subject. Root mean square error (RMSE) and the cross-correlation coefficient were used to quantify the accuracy of the proposed method. The results hold promise for FMG based affordable robotic rehabilitation in the future.


17006 Background: An orthotopic model of human tongue cancer in nude mice offers valuable insight to the biologic behavior of squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. After injection of cultured human cancer cell lines into the dorsal tongue, mice predictably develop xenografts. However, an endophytic pattern of growth in the mouse tongue limits access to monitoring progression of xenografts in situ and relies solely on investigation of harvested specimens ex vivo at an arbitrary time point. Therefore, we sought to investigate xenograft progression in situ at various time points to correlate with ex vivo parameters. We report a novel technique using human cell lines, tagged with firefly luciferase, and bioluminescent imaging to monitor growth, invasion, and metastasis of xenografts in situ. Methods: Assays of in vitro growth of OSC-19 cells were performed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after plating. Athymic nude mice were injected into the dorsal tongue with 2.5 × 105 OSC-19 cells tagged with luciferase. Four days ...


To phase down leachate pollution in unqualified landfills,the paper calculates leak amount of leachate in different buried conditions by using HELP part of WHI UnSat Suite software. According to the calculation,the movement of contaminant when the landfill center pumping is simulated with the knowledge of GMS. Results show that the leachate leak amount of landfill with simple surface seepage is only half of it in landfill with no seepage. Moreover,in a landfill covered with HDPE geomembrane,the leak amount decreases 99 percent,which equals to 3. 6 × 10-3times of it with no filtration. Under this condition,Cl-content decreases from 84 mg /L to 80. 1 mg /L when the water pumping amount is 2 000 m3/d.


The biological activity of several pesticides on Araecerus fasciculatus were determined with the medicine membrane method and the stomach poison method respectively.The results showed that 2.0% armor amino Avey rhzomorph benzoate EC and 2.0% Avey rhzomorph EC had the better effects.


Accounting Education Change Commission (1992) and Pathways Commission (2012) asserted the importance of first course in accounting by using active teaching methods to engage accounting students in order to make introductory accounting courses more attractive. Despite this emphasis and strong theories and background that support game-based learning, this method, has not been implemented in accounting education in Iranian universities. University lecturers often use traditional teaching methods such as lecture and problem solving in their classes. However, new generation of students are impatient and active learners, willing to work with the physical and hands-on tools. In this regard, an instructional board game for Accounting Principles (1) was produced, inspiring Reiss Nitkin (2011). This game was evaluated in Quasi-experimental design method using two groups, experimental and control groups. Results of ANCOVA showed the serious board game, had positive and significant effect on undergraduate students' academic performance in Accounting Principle (1) course. Most of the students believed that attendance in the game sessions was effective for them and enhanced their understanding of basic concepts, analyzing transactions, adjusting entries and accounting cycle. They recommended using game as a teaching method for their future courses. Findings showed that the game might engage learners in teaching and learning process and increase their motivation and enjoyment of learning. Co- working with classmates and debriefing by the instructor after the game provided good feedback for the students.


The basic programme is the aim and banner of the proletarian party. The "Three Represents Theory" is China's basic programme of modernization construction in its primary phase of socialism. This paper explains this view in detail in the following aspects:"the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China's advanced productive forces" and "develop socialist economy with Chinese characteristics";"the Party must always represent the orientation of the development of China's advanced culture" and "promote the development of the socialist culture with Chinese Characteristics" and "the Party must represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people" and "promote socialist politics with Chinese characteristics".


The No Miracles Argument (NMA) is perhaps the most prominent argument in the debate about scientific realism. It contends that the truth of our best scientific theories is the only hypothesis that does not make the astonishing predictive and explanatory success of science a mystery. However, the argument has been criticized from a Bayesian point of view as committing the base rate fallacy. We provide two Bayesian models (one related to the individual-theory-based NMA and one related to the frequency-based NMA) that respond to that objection. The first model takes into account the observed stability of mature scientific theories, the second the success frequency of theories within a scientific discipline. We conclude that the NMA can be used to defend the realist thesis and that its validity is a highly context-sensitive matter.


Preface 1. Introduction 2. Mies as Media 3. Fragment and Whole: Desiring the Barcelona Pavilion 4. "Weltbild" and "Bildwelt" / Truth and Fact: Picturing the Barcelona Pavilion in 'The Age of Show'. Figure Credits. Appendix. Index.


Objective
To observe the clinical effect of nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing on superficial second degree burn wounds.

Methods
From January 2014 to December 2015, 90 patients with superficial second degree burn were treated and observed in the Department of Burns and Plastics Surgery, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region. According to the order of admission and random number table, the patients were randomly divided into 3 groups, nanosilver dressing group, porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group and nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group, each group of 30 patients. On the day of admission, the wounds areas were calculated by taking pictures and the wound secretion was taken for bacterial culture by using the throat swab, burn wounds were treated with debridement, then apply nanosilver dressing, porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing and nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing on the wounds. On the 5th day after treatment , the wound secretion was taken for bacterial culture by using the throat swab again. Pain score was assessed by asking and observing the changes of pain in patients after dressing change. On the 7th day after treatment, the wounds areas were calculated by taking pictures. The wound healing rate was calculated. Wound healing time was recorded. The data were compared by using one-way ANOVA test, SNK-q test and Chi-square test.

Results
On the 5th day after treatment, the wound bacterial culture results of nanosilver dressing group, porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group and nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group were 2(6.6%), 9(30.0%), 1(3.3%), there were significant differences among the three groups(χ2=10.962, P=0.004). The wound bacterial culture result of the nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group was better than the porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group, there was significant difference between the two groups(χ2=7.680, P=0.006). The pain scores of nanosilver dressing group, porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group and nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group on the 5th day after treatment were [(8.6±0.5)points, (6.6±0.8)points, (0.6±1.3)points], the wound healing rates of the three groups on the 7th day after treatment were [(61.67±18.22)%, (86.77±15.32)%, (99.80±0.56)%], the wound healing time of the three groups were [(11.5±1.3)days, (10.3±0.7)days, (7.3±0.7)days], there were significant differences among the three groups(F=201.7, 19.9, 55.7, P values were all less than 0.05). The pain score of the nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group on the 5th day after treatment was lower than the other two groups(P values were all less than 0.05), the wound healing rate of the nano-silver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group on the 7th day after treatment was better than the other two groups(P values were all less than 0.05), the wound healing time of the nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing group was shorter than the other two groups(P values were all less than 0.05).

Conclusion
The nanosilver/porcine acellular dermal matrix dressing has the effects of anti-infection, promoting wound healing and reducing the pain when dressing changing.

Key words:
Burns; Nanoparticle; Silver; Biological dressings; Infection; Pain; Wound healing


A study of Juan Ramon Jimenez?s notes from his copies of Mallarme?s
works, at present in the collections of the « Centro de estudios »
(Fundacion de Moguer), and the « Sala Zenobia » (Universidad de Puerto
Rico). Jimenez?s knowledge of Mallarme?s poetry is not limited to these
annotations ?which are mainly underlines or other diacritical signs,
rather than glosses. Nevertheless, these marginalia allow an empirical
examination of the poet?s approach to fin de siecle French literature
as well as to foreign literature in general at a precise moment in his
career circa 1918. They also provide a glimpse on one of his readings
of Mallarme?s poems ?a warm and careful but finally somewhat conventional
reading? and also on some of his traslation work, which has yet
to be fully examined.


ENH-1086, a 5-page fact sheet by J. Sharma, A.V. Ogram, and A. Al-Agely, describes the symbiotic relationships between plant roots and fungi and how the resulting rhizosphere activity can lead to transformation and removal of polluting compounds from the soil, reduce the need for fertilizer in commercial nurseries, and improve soil structure and health. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, November 2007.


In her article "Did Women Have a Renaissance?" Joan Kelly argues that women did not experience the expansion of social and personal opportunities that characterized this period for men. Rather, the same developments that inspired renewed cultural expression for men had a decisively adverse effect on women. Kelly thus challenges the traditional periodization that summarizes an era without regard for women's roles. In the past several years, Kelly's question has been reformulated with respect to another historical and literary category--the Enlightenment--for which women's experiences have not been taken fully into account. In most characterizations, the Enlightenment refers to the philosophical innovations undertaken by an elite male group. Women were certainly a favorite topic of the Enlightenment philosophe, whose fascination with otherness made the opposite sex a compelling subject of contemplation. Yet it remains unclear to what extent women themselves were able to participate in and profit from Enlightenment discoveries. In American commentary on the French tradition, the question of how women experienced the Enlightenment has been inspired largely by a renewed interest in Francoise de Graffigny's Les Lettres d'une Peruvienne.(1) This text was widely popular at the time of its publication in 1747, but disappeared from the French canon in the nineteenth century. A reading of Graffigny's novel suggests that, unlike the case of the Renaissance, the intellectual growth that characterized the Enlightenment could have had a certain advantage for women as well, creating an opening for otherwise silenced voices to speak. Even if--and perhaps especially because--Graffigny was not ultimately considered an intellectual peer to her male counterparts, it is striking to see the extent to which she shared in their critical approaches. Graffigny's epistolary novel continues in the path of her canonized male predecessors, who conceived before her the encounter between French culture and the exotic other. Her novel, which weaves a tragic love story into the cultural exchange, was dismissed until recently by many critics as an inferior imitation of Montesquieu and Voltaire.(2) The heroine of Graffigny's novel is a Peruvian woman, Zilia, shipped off by European captors to France, where she is held in the household of an amorous Frenchman, Deterville. The majority of the letters that comprise the novel are addressed to Zilia's Peruvian lover, Aza, from whom she has been tragically separated. Writing according to the Peruvian system of knotting known as quipos, Zilia attempts to relay her new experiences to Aza, until she finally discovers that he has betrayed her romantically. Because Les Lettres d'une Peruvienne most often has been considered a roman sentimental and not a roman philosophique according to the dichotomy through which we define the literature of the period, its philosophical implications mostly have been ignored.(3) However, behind the travails of Zilia's unrequited love is a compelling struggle for identity across the terrain of cultural difference. Far from all that is familiar to her, Zilia depends on learning the French language not only for communication, but also in order to construct a new self within a new universe. Her challenge is to assimilate the rules of French culture without submitting blindly to their patriarchal logic. The love relationship becomes what Nancy K. Miller has called "an enabling fiction," no more than a literary device that ultimately falls to the background in the drama of Zilia's identity struggle. Indeed, through the character of Zilia, Graffigny enables us to hear what the voice of a female Enlightenment might have sounded like, for Zilia is a feminist critic who dismantles the binds of patriarchy using the philosophe's own critical tools. The foremost of these tools is defamiliarization, a common literary device used in Enlightenment philosophical fictions. …


Abstract:The existence and uniqueness solution of the Cauchy problem are discussed and proved in a Banach space EusingBielecki method and Picard method.Also, some properties concerning the stability of solutions are obtained. Moreover, the product Nyström method is used as a numerical method to obtain a nonlinear system of algebraic equations. In the same way, many important theorems related to the existence and uniqueness solution of the algebraic system are derived and proved. Finally, an application is given and numerical results are obtained.


The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the combined effect of pre- and postharvest treatments on the quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The preharvest treatments used were ComCat®, manure, NP and the combinations of ComCat® with the two forms of fertilizers and a control. These preharvest treatments were combined with three disinfection and two storage treatments. The tomatoes were periodically analyzed for weight loss, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and marketability. Preharvest ComCat® and ComCat® + manure treatments improved the quality of tomato during storage. During the storage period, ComCat® reduced weight loss, better maintained the chemical compositions and marketability of the tomatoes. Manure treated tomatoes had higher ascorbic acid content during the storage period. Tomatoes stored using evaporative cooling system remained marketable up to the 28 days compered to a maximum of 16 days of ambient storage conditions. Storage at ambient conditions resulted in higher weight loss and rapid change in chemical composition that resulted in quality deterioration of tomatoes. Disinfecting treatments had significant (P conditions were significant (P Keywords: Biocatalyst; Disinfection; Evaporative Cooling; Fertilizer; Quality; Tomato


Understanding the thermal transport in different Si-based materials is of both practical and academic importance because of the essential role of such materials in modern electronic and microelectromechanical applications and other areas. Conventional atomic modeling approaches such as density functional theory offer high accuracy but can hardly handle a large system, whereas the empirical potentials used in classical molecular dynamics often lack accuracy or transferability. We have thus developed a new parametrization of the Si–Si interaction of the density-functional-based tight-binding method for the atomic-scale investigation of thermal transport properties in various Si systems. We found that this parametrization can accurately predict many harmonic and anharmonic thermal transport properties in different silicon systems such as single-crystalline silicon, silicene, and silicene nanoribbons, showing excellent computational efficiency and transferability. Therefore, this Si–Si parameter set can contr...


Optimal linear quadratic Gaussian compensators with constrained architecture are a sensible way to generate good multivariable feedback systems meeting strict implementation requirements. The optimality conditions obtained from the constrained linear quadratic Gaussian are a set of highly coupled matrix equations that cannot be solved algebraically except when the compensator is centralized and full order. An alternative to the use of general parameter optimization methods for solving the problem is to use homotopy. The benefit of the method is that it uses the solution to a simplified problem as a starting point and the final solution is then obtained by solving a simple differential equation. This paper investigates the convergence properties and the limitation of such an approach and sheds some light on the nature and the number of solutions of the constrained linear quadratic Gaussian problem. It also demonstrates the usefulness of homotopy on an example of an optimal decentralized compensator.


Traditional ornament is a regional cultural resources that need to be preserved so that theJavanese cultural values that have been made by previous generations can be passed downto the next generation. One way is to implement ornaments into existing buildings.This studyaims to determine any traditional ornaments used and how the meaning contained therein,and how it relates to the attractiveness of the tourism industry.This study is a qualitative research approach formalist / structuralist with aestheticand symbolic study, the approach to a study conducted at the decoration found on theinterior singep Pedan Ballroom Sahid Jaya Hotel in Surakarta. This study used a qualitativedescriptive method with aesthetic approach as the basis for analyzing. Comparative methodwas also performed to compare with other similar objects. Collection techniques; techniquesof observation, documentation, interviews, and interpretive analysis. Keywords: decorative, traditional, pedan ball room


Objective: To evaluate the safety of lansoprazole (Lan) in the 8|[ndash]|12 wk treatment (tx) of GERD in pts 1|[ndash]|12 yrs of age.


The present invention provides one kind of melt-coating by a single coating can be formed in the powder coating composition, a polyester resin layer and the layers were separated layer occurs during curing fluorine, and water resistance, chemical resistance and weather resistance excellent curing powder coating composition film. Provided a powder coating composition comprising a fluororesin (A), the polyester polymer (B), a curing agent (C) and the ultraviolet absorber (D), the polyester polymer (B) having a carbon number derived from It means a polyester polymer unit of the aromatic polycarboxylic acid compound having 8 to 15 carbon atoms and derived from a polyhydric alcohol compound having 2 to 10.


We report on the recent Loebner prize competition inspired by Turing's test of intelligent behavior. The presentation covers the structure of the competition and the outcome of its first instantiation in an actual event, and an analysis of the purpose, design, and appropriateness of such a competition. We argue that the competition has no clear purpose, that its design prevents any useful outcome, and that such a competition is inappropriate given the current level of technology. We then speculate as to suitable alternatives to the Loebner prize. This report appeared in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, volume 37, number 6, pages 70-78, 1994. Also available as cmp-lg/9404002 and from the Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University, as Technical Report TR-19-92. The Turing Test and the Loebner Prize The English logician and mathematician Alan Turing, in an attempt to develop a working definition of intelligence free of the difficulties and philosophical pitfalls of defining exactly what constitutes the mental process of intelligent reasoning, devised a test, instead, of intelligent behavior. The idea, codified in his celebrated 1950 paper ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence'' [28], was specified as an ``imitation game'' in which a judge attempts to distinguish which of two agents is a human and which a computer imitating human responses by engaging each in a wide-ranging conversation of any topic and tenor. Turing's reasoning was that, presuming that intelligence was only practically determinable behaviorally, then any agent that was indistinguishable in behavior from an intelligent agent was, for all intents and purposes, intelligent. It is presumably uncontroversial that humans are intelligent as evidenced by their conversational behavior. Thus, any agent that can be mistaken by virtue of its conversational behavior with a human must be intelligent. As Turing himself noted, this syllogism argues that the criterion provides a sufficient, but not necessary, condition for intelligent behavior. The game has since become known as the ``Turing test'', a term that has eclipsed even his eponymous machine in Turing's terminological legacy. Turing predicted that by the year 2000, computers would be able to pass the Turing test at a reasonably sophisticated level, in particular, that the average interrogator would not be able to identify the computer correctly more than 70 per cent of the time after a five minute conversation. On November 8, 1991, an eclectic group including academics, business people, press, and passers-by filled two floors of Boston's Computer Museum for a tournament billed as the first actual administration of the Turing test. The tournament was the first attempt on the recently constituted Loebner Prize established by New York theater equipment manufacturer Dr. Hugh Loebner and organized by Dr. Robert Epstein, President Emeritus of the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies, a research center specializing in behaviorist psychology. The Loebner Prize is administered by an 1 of 14 03/03/99 17:24 Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/shieber/papers/loebner-rev-html/loebner-rev-html.html


The field of pathology provides a potentially rich source of replicated spatial point pattern data, each replicate consisting of the reference locations of cells of a particular type within a microscopic tissue section. Given this potential, it is perhaps surprising that there has been relatively little research into the development of a general statistical methodology for spatial point patterns which exploits replication of this kind. See, however, [1,2]. We propose an extension of the analysis of the variance method in [2], and introduce a new statistic to test for significant differences between the spatial arrangements in different experimental groups. In the simplest case of a single-factor experiment, the data consist of mi point patterns within the ith of g experimental groups, each pattern being observed on a sampling window, A, of fixed size and shape. Let ni j denote the number of events in the j th pattern within the ith group and write K̂i j (t) for the corresponding estimated reduced second moment measure [5, 6]. Let ni = ∑m i j=1 ni j and define the following,


This article argues that recent attempts to view the evolution of culture in purely selectionist terms ignore the role of stress in generating purposeful innovation and rely excessively on random processes to generate the requisite behavioral variability. Consequently, selectionist models for the origins of agriculture are inadequate. They fail to explain why people would engage in behaviors (in this case those being selected for) when such behaviors may be viewed as undesirable. This article proposes that in certain contexts population pressure will produce increasingly rigid hunter-gatherer territorial systems, because such systems would resolve the resulting conflicts. It further proposes that, once instituted, territorial systems constrain subsequent behavioral responses to growing population pressure, and ultimately make food production inescapable in a still more limited number of contexts.


Aims. The active galaxy PKS 0208-512, detected at lower energies by COMPTEL, has been claimed to be a MeV blazar from EGRET. We report on the most recent INTEGRAL observations of the blazar PKS 0208-512, which are supplemented by Swift ToO observations. Methods. The high energy X-ray and gamma-ray emission of PKS 0208-512 during August-December 2008 has been studied using 682 ks of INTEGRAL guest observer time and similar to 56 ks of Swift/XRT observations. These data were collected during the decay of a gamma-ray flare observed by Fermi/LAT. Results. At X-ray energies (0.2-10 keV) PKS 0208-512 is significantly detected by Swift/XRT, showing a power-law spectrum with a photon index of similar to 1.64. Its X-ray luminosity varied by roughly 30% during one month. At hard X-/soft gamma-ray energies PKS 0208-512 shows a marginally significant (similar to 3.2 sigma) emission in the 0.5-1 MeV band when combining all INTEGRAL/SPI data. Non-detections at energies below and above this band by INTEGRAL/SPI may indicate intrinsic excess emission. If this possible excess is produced by the blazar, one possible explanation could be that its jet consists of an abundant electron-positron plasma, which may lead to the emission of an annihilation radiation feature. Assuming this scenario, we estimate physical parameters of the jet of PKS 0208-512.


The utility model relates to a zero-power-consumption standby circuit comprising a power supply, a key switching-on/off circuit, a switching circuit and a microprocessor circuit, wherein the key switching-on/off circuit is respectively electrically connected with the microprocessor circuit and the switching circuit; and an input end of the switching circuit is electrically connected with the power supply. According to the simple circuit disclosed by the utility model, the zero-power-consumption standby is realized and energy loss is reduced; the design of a product is simplified through a single key manner; and the power consumption is less than 5 mA when the whole circuit works, so as to realize low-power-consumption control. The microprocessor circuit has expandability and can be matched with back-stage and other circuits to execute other work; the circuit function expandability is strong; and furthermore, the circuit is used as the switching-on/off circuit and also can be used as a battery charging circuit through changing a procedure when a double-power-supply circuit is supplied, so that the cost of the circuit is reduced.