The protection of constantly proliferating gut epithelia and hematopoietic tissues from cytotoxicity could improve conventional chemotherapy efficacy and widen its therapeutic window. Previously, we reported that, in mouse models, pretreatment of recombinant human IL‐1 receptor antagonist (rhIL‐1Ra) protected both types of vulnerable tissues from chemotherapeutics. Here, we showed that rhIL‐1Ra treatment up‐regulated the protein levels of phosphorylated p38, p53, and p21 and induced transient hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HS/PC) quiescence. Knockout of IL‐1 receptor I (IL‐1RI), p53, or p21 alleles and pharmacological inactivation of p38 mapped the rhIL‐1Ra pathway in the induction of HS/PC quiescence. Therefore, rhIL‐1Ra administration before but not after chemotherapy alleviated 5‐fluorouracil‐induced neutropenia. In addition, in vivo and in vitro cell proliferation assays revealed that the rhIL‐1Ra treatment did not affect cancer cell proliferation or chemosensitivity. Lastly, we propose an IL‐1/IL‐1Ra pathway (IL‐1RI → p38 → p53 → p21), which regulates HS/PC quiescence. The rhIL‐1Ra may provide a new route for p53‐based cyclotherapy, which spares normal cells but kills cancer cells during chemotherapy.—Ye, H., Qian, L., Zhu, S., Deng, S., Wang, X., Zhu, J., Chan, G. L., Yu, Y., Han, W. IL‐1Ra protects hematopoietic cells from chemotoxicity through p53‐induced quiescence. FASEB J. 33, 12135‐12145 (2019). www.fasebj.org


Cholesterol and dietary phospholipids are important to the growth and survival of crustaceans. Soy lecithin enhances cholesterol solubilization while phosphatidylcholine transfers cholesterol from the hepatopancreas to the hemolymph. To study the influence of dietary lecithin on digestibility and transport of cholesterol to the hemolymph in Artemesia longinaris, diets with different levels of supplemental cholesterol (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) and soy lecithin (0, 0.5, 1, and 2%) were fed to prawns for two weeks. The diet containing the lowest level of cholesterol (0.5% ) and lecithin (1%) resulted in the lowest apparent digestibility of cholesterol. The diets containing 2% cholesterol and 1% or 2% lecithin resulted in the highest hemolymph cholesterol contents. There was a linear relationship (r = 0.832; p<0.01) between hemolymph cholesterol and the amount of lecithin in the diet. There were no significant differences between treatments in cholesterol contents in the hepatopancreas. In a second 6-week experiment, diets containing 1.5% cholesterol significantly improved weight gains, regardless of the lecithin content. Survival rates did not differ among treatments. Hence, the efficacy of cholesterol does not seem to be related to dietary inclusion of lecithin.


This study aims to examine the implementation of e-government policies, leadership commitment, and the development of state apparatus as human resources and their implications on the performance of public services in the City Government of Lubuklinggau. Data were collected through questionnaires of 249 state employees in Lubuklinggau and analyzed through Multiple Regression Analysis. The results reveal that simultaneously and partially the implementation of e-government policies, leadership commitment, and state employees development significantly influence the performance of public services in the City Government of Lubuklinggau.


A young male presented with short febrile illness, abdominal pain, yellowish discoloration of eyes and malena of one week duration. He was found to have severe renal failure, jaundice and leucocytosis. His coagulation parameters and platelets were within normal limits. He was positive for IgM leptospira by ELISA, serum microhemaglutination test (MAT) was positive for Leptospira hebdomadis with 1:100 titers. He was treated with saline (heparin free) hemodialysis, appropriate antibiotics and provided critical care support. He manifested later with hemorrhagic peritoneal and right sided pleural effusions and a massive sub capsular hematoma in the liver (Figure 1). The patient succumbed despite appropriate management. Discussion


The interface characteristics of rice/wheat straws after being ground mechanically,such as surface shape,surface chemical function group,surface free energy,and surfical free radicals,were studied.The results showed that compared with wheat straw,rice straw was easier to be broken.From scanning electron microscopy(SEM),it was obvious that ground straws through ball milling were broken,split and fuzzed,and inner surface of cells was exposed remarkably.FT-IR showed that the characteristic peaks of lignin and cellulose on the surface of wheat straw were more significant than rice straw.The free-radical concentrations of rice/wheat straws were increased dramatically after being ground and being heated in the range of 100 ℃ to 200 ℃ by electron spin resonance(ESR)test.Similar result was observed from surface free energy testing that surface free energy of straws was improved after being ground and the surface free energy of wheat straw was higher than that of rice straw,which implies that wheat straw is easier to be bonded than rice straw.Two kinds of particleboards using 6 % isocyanate were prepared which exceeded the requirements of Chinese National Standards GB 4897.3-2003,while wheat straw particleboards had better properties.


Architectural engineering contract could have the dispute and the difference in fulfillment process for the time cycle is long and the project is complex,this article introduces the common dispute as well as the dispute solution in the construction project contract on the key point.


Annually, an estimated 23,100 children and adolescents were injured on farms; 5,800 of these injuries were due to farm work. Teens aged 15-19 are at highest risk for agricultural injury and in Kentucky, the statistics reach 3x the national average. Closed head injuries from ATV incidents, tractor overturns, motor vehicle-farm machinery collisions and hearing loss top the list of causes. Building on a decade of research showing improved safety attitudes and behaviors, using simulation and interactive learning tools, an immersive serious game, Hazard Ridge, was developed to engage this at risk population and motivate them toward changed attitudes and safe behaviors. The game design and preliminary findings from a multi-state evaluation are reported in this paper.


1. A study of the suspension of dried faeces used in the Chick-Martin test, and of the process of disinfection in this test has shown that: (a) The suspension of faeces is unstable, and rapidly forms a compact deposit. (b) Surviving bacteria in critical dilutions of the disinfectant are contained exclusively in this deposit. (c) Uncontrolled factors affect the degree of subdivision of the particles of faeces. (d) The degree of subdivision of these particles materially affects the activity of a disinfectant in their presence. 2. It is suggested that these facts among others may account for inconstant results which the test is said to give. 3. A suspension of yeast is proposed as a possible alternative form of organic matter in such a test.


MENINGOENCEPHALITIS of unknown origin (MUO) is one of the most common causes of inflammatory central nervous system disease in dogs ([Sarfarty and others 1986][1], [Thomas and Eger 1989][2], [Tipold and others 1993][3], [Tipold 1995][4], [Schatzberg 2005][5]). Despite immunosuppressive treatment,


Currently in the field of electronic technology, semiconductor technology more widely, LED display is a typical semiconductor technology and is widely used. LED display system consists of hardware and software systems, under the control of the input signal by a complete storage and updating of data, the screen display, animation treatment. The paper designed and implemented a simple exhibition with a large-screen LED display system, using the system's hardware and software design combined with a simple external circuit to meet the use of large-screen LED enhances the universality of LED large screen. The practical application shows that the design is stable and reliable, with a strong practical.


Archive collections are nowadays mostly available through search engines interfaces, which allow a user to retrieve documents by issuing queries. The study of these collections may be, however, impaired by some aspects of search engines, such as the overwhelming number of documents returned or the lack of contextual knowledge provided. New methods that could work independently or in combination with search engines are then required to access these collections. In this position paper, we propose to extend TimeLine Summarization (TLS) methods on archive collections to assist in their studies. We provide an overview of existing TLS methods and we describe a conceptual framework for an Archive TimeLine Summarization (ATLS) system, which aims to generate informative, readable and interpretable timelines.


Regional governments can be international actors. This phenomenon of regional governments developing international relations, often called 'paradiplomacy,' has been most visible in Western industrialized liberaldemocracies. In thinking about paradiplomacy in developing and postcommunist countries, considering the experience of regions such as Quebec, Catalonia, the Basque Country, Flanders and Wallonia could be instructive for understanding the logic of this activity, highlighting key choices that need to be made, and pointing out potential challenges stemming from the development by sub-state units of international relations. This paper begins by distinguishing between three layers of paradiplomacy and makes the argument that paradiplomacy can be a multifunctional vehicle for the promotion of interests and identity. It then discusses the various choices that have to be made when developing a paradiplomacy, including designing new structures and selecting partners. Next, the paper addresses the issue of intergovernmental relations in the context of paradiplomacy and, more specifically, the attitude of the central state when the sub-state unit developing paradiplomacy has nationalist aspirations. Finally, the last section offers a brief discussion of the implications of paradiplomacy for democracy, deliberation and representation.


This paper focuses on the scope of conjunctive management in the Lower Indus part of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS), and the contribution this could make towards food security and socio-economic development. The total Gross Command Area (GCA) of the Lower Indus is 5.92 Mha, with a cultivable command area (CCA) of 5.43 Mha, most of which is in Sindh Province. There is a limited use of groundwater in Sindh (about 4.3 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM)) for two reasons: first, there is a large area where groundwater is saline; and second, there is a high surface irrigation supply to most of the canal commands, e.g., average annual supply to rice command is 1723 mm, close to the annual reference crop evapotranspiration for the area, while there is an additional annual rainfall of about 200 mm. These high irrigation allocations, even in areas where groundwater is fresh, create strong disincentives for farmers to use groundwater. Consequently, areas are waterlogged to the extent of 50% and 70% before and after the monsoon, respectively, which contributes to surface salinity through capillary rise. In Sindh, about 74%–80% of the available groundwater recharge is lost in the form of non-beneficial evaporation. This gives rise to low cropping intensities and yields compared to fresh groundwater areas elsewhere in the IBIS. The drought of 1999–2002 has demonstrated a reduction in waterlogging without any corresponding reduction in crop yields. Therefore, in order to efficiently meet current water requirements of all the sectors, i.e., agriculture, domestic and industrial, an ab initio level of water reallocation and efficient water management, with consideration to groundwater quality and its safe yield, in various areas are recommended. This might systematically reduce the waterlogged areas, support greater cropping intensity than is currently being practiced, and free up water for horizontal expansion, such as in the Thar Desert.


Field experiments were conducted in sandy loam soil to evaluate the soil and plant water status in four shrubs under mulch and non-mulch conditions. Plants treated with mulch showed improved soil moisture status, treatments without mulch had significantly reduced growth performances in all four species tested. The plant water status, as evaluated by relative water content and leaf water potential were favourable under conditions with mulch suggesting the need for less water or reduced frequency of irrigation. Specific leaf weight and dry biomass were significantly greater when mulch was applied. Optimum soil and thermal environment with limited fluctuations were observed under conditions with mulch, even during dry periods. Therefore, it was concluded that mulching will be beneficial for the species evaluated here as it was able to maintain better soil and plant water status which led to enhanced growth.


Migraine is a frequent and often highly disabling primary headache disorder. The use of preventive treatments depends on disease frequency and severity. However, the currently available therapies frequently lack tolerability or full efficaciousness. A very broad variety of factors (dis)modulate the altered sensory processing of the brainstem, the hypothetical pathomechanism of migraine.1,2


Dopants in nanowires, whether intentional or unintentional, can ultimately control the material's properties and, therefore, need to be understood on the atomic scale. We study vapor−liquid−solid grown manganese-doped lead sulfide nanowires by atom-probe tomography for the first time for lead salt materials. The three-dimensional chemical con- centration maps at the atomic scale demonstrate a radial distribution profile of Mn ions, with a concentration of only 0.18 and 0.01 at. % for MnCl2 and Mn-acetate precursors, respectively. The ability to characterize these small concentrations of dopant atoms in Pb1−xMnxS nanowires (x = 0.0036 and 0.0002), important for spintronic and thermoelectric devices, sets a platform for similar analyses for all nanostructures. First-principles calculations con- firm that Mn atoms substitute for Pb in the PbS structure.


Software Defined Radar (SDRadar) is a unique radar system, where most of its processing, like filtering, correlation, signal generation etc. is performed by software. This means SDRadar can be flexibly deployed for different purposes and with a relative short development process. In this paper, we present a generic SDRadar system that can operate in different setups for near-field monitoring applications. Practical solutions for traditional limitations in SDRadar and high sampling rates are introduced, and its performance is demonstrated using a commercial universal software radio peripheral (USRP) device with four synchronized receiving channels and a maximum sampling rate of 100MHz. Additionally, a GPU accelerator has been implemented to deal with the high sampling rate. Three different setups have been tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the propose SDRadar system with distributed nodes, vertically positioned nodes and a miniature scenario. Recorded Doppler signatures have shown the proposed SDRadar can effectively capture the body and hand gestures. Such results can be used in a range of applications such as eHealth, human-machine interaction and indoor tracking.


In this paper, we address the problem of automatic pre-segmentation for object detection and recognition in remote sensing image processing. It plays an important role in reducing computational burden and increasing efficiency for further image processing and analysis. A visual-attention based saliency computation approach is introduced to select the perceptually salient and highly informative regions that represent the main contents of the high resolution remote sensing images. In our method, two bottom-up visual saliency computation methods, edge-based and Graph-based visual saliency (GBVS), are adopted to exploit different kind of features, and the two saliency maps are fused using a 2D Gaussian shaped function for the purpose of improving salient region detection performance. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method performs well in ground-truth evaluation and outperforms on the salient target area segmentation task, thus could be introduced for preprocessing of targets object detection and recognition.


With rapid technological developments, the use and reliance on small and miniaturized electronics have increased significantly. Prevalent power sources used in wearable and implantable devices are based on potentially toxic materials. This creates massive environmental problems and generates waste that requires novel and sustainable solutions in the Internet of Things era. Alongside newly developed biodegradable and implantable devices, edible and ingestible electronic devices have emerged to create a niche and sustainable solution. To realize these devices, energy sources must also be edible and ingestible. Here, zwitterionic and edible gel electrolytes are produced using hydroxyethyl cellulose and commercial soy sauce (shoyu) for superior ionic conductivity, providing a favorable environment for L929 proliferation. These edible gels are combined with carbon electrodes to fabricate edible supercapacitor devices, resulting in an ideal double‐layer capacitance. These gels have been discovered to operate at sub‐zero temperatures and possess anti‐drying properties. Introducing an edible soy sauce‐based gel with impressive ionic performance provides a promising alternative to conventional energy storage devices, enabling the advancement of cutting‐edge ingestible healthcare devices and environmentally friendly electronics.


What are the evolving trends in video search? What has changed technologically after many decades of solid research and development in computer vision, image processing, information retrieval and pattern recognition to enable products that search millions of video from the Web? We attempt to highlight some of the changes that are altering the fundamental approach to video information retrieval.


A recurring problem with ancient specimens from wildlife animals is that their preserved tissues contain small amounts of DNA in a degraded state. The specific objectives of the present study were: (1) To determine DNA yields from different animal tissues; (2) to compare traditional (manual) DNA extraction protocols with commercial procedures and (3) to assess the success of PCR amplification of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) loci in degraded animal samples. Liver, stomach and muscle samples were extracted from coyote (Canis latrans) and long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) for this research. Manual protocols for DNA extraction were compared to a commercial kit procedure (Qiagen DNeasy kit). Genomic DNA in different states (intact, apoptotic and degraded) were amplified using a panel of ISSR primers. No DNA was recovered from coyote stomach samples using the manual extraction protocol. DNA concentrations in stomach and liver samples from coyote were 10.31 ng/μL and 15.8 ng/μL, respectively using the Qiagen extraction kit. In general, the kit extraction method yielded more DNA than the manual extraction procedure but it is more expensive. Intact and apoptotic genomic DNA were successfully amplified by PCR resulting in a similar profile. Artificially degraded DNA showed partial amplification. Thus, the ISSR marker system is suitable for animal population genetics when only limited and/or degraded animal DNA is available.


In the structure of the title compound, C15H13N, the dihedral angle between the five- and the six-membered rings of the indole system is 1.19 (5)° and the phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 46.09 (5)° with the indole ring system.


The permeability of an asymmetrically oxidized poly(L-methionine) film to oxygen dissolved in water was examined. It was recognized that the permeability along an increasing gradient of oxidized methionine composition is higher than the gradient is reversed. A qualitative analysis of this result was presented in terms of the oxygen solubilities into the film and water absorbed in the film.


Tables 3.1 Sample characteristics / 80 3.2 Multi-level logistic models predicting fair/poor health in Toronto (2003) / 83 3.3 Multi-level logistic models predicting fair/poor health in New York City (2004) / 84 3.4 Statistically significant interactions between axes of inequality / 86 9.1 Sample characteristics by age and gender / 186 9.2 Odds ratios for immigrant/visible minority status differences in poor/fair self-reported health, by age and gender / 188 9.3 Odds ratios for immigrant/visible minority status differences in having a chronic condition, by age and gender / 189 9.4 Odds ratios for immigrant/visible minority status differences in needing help with daily tasks, by age and gender / 190 10.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the main sample / 204


A model is proposed concerning the influence of the parent positive ion on the fate of the incompletely relaxed trapped electron (eir−) in irradiated polar liquids. This model is based on the release, by a tunneling and (or) a trap-hopping mechanism in the Coulomb field of the cation, of the electrons captured in preexisting shallow localized states below the bottom of the conduction band of the solvent. The released electrons would either recombine with the parent positive ion or get retrapped. The net effect would be an accumulation of electrons in deeper traps. The removal of weakly trapped electrons would contribute to the decrease of the infrared part of the optical absorption spectrum during the very early time dynamics of electron solvation. Such a process would imply, as a consequence, the existence of a maximum of the eir− absorption spectrum.


The contributions of ultrathin titania nanosheet (TN) crystallites were studied in both an inverted bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) cell in indium tin oxide (ITO)/titania nanosheet (TN)/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM) active layer/MoO3/Ag and a conventional BHJ cell in ITO/MoO3/P3HT:PCBM active layer/TN/Al multilayered photovoltaic devices. The insertion of only one or two layers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and TN multilayered film prepared by the layer-by-layer deposition technique effectively decreased the leakage current and increased the open circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (η). The abnormal S-shaped curves observed in the inverted BHJ cell above VOC disappeared with the reduction in the work function of the bottom electrode in the inverted cells. The power conversion efficiency was increased nearly twofold, and better photovoltaic performance was observed in the conventional BHJ cells. Although the active layer has a hydrophobic surface, the active layer was fully covered by the insertion of only two or three layers of PDDA/TN multilayered film. The TN layer effectively decreased the leakage current by a factor of 100, and increased the open circuit voltage by 0.25 V probably owing to the complete hole blocking at the P3HT/TN/Al interface.


Handheld calculators and spreadsheets are ubiquitous and taken for granted. Yet in hospitals, routine calculations are problematic and can result in patient harm, for instance after omitting a decimal point in a drug dose calculation. This paper is concerned with dependable calculation, and examines user tasks and technologies for calculations in hospitals. We demonstrate significant differences in complexity, speed and accuracy between alternative methods of calculation. Combining reliable, easy to use, low technology ideas (like paper calculators) with high technology ideas (like touch screens) reduces user error and hence patient harm. The paper contributes to the debate about uses of technology to improve healthcare. This paper cites but does not support arguments that IT or the latest IT brings automatic benefits. National regulators are starting to require that apps are regulated. This paper provides evidence that "off the shelf" general purpose calculators are as dangerous in the clinical environment as apps, and should be subject to such regulation. Author


Philosophical and medical excellence notwithstanding, Avicenna was far from being an otherwordly person who buried himself in his books. He had an extraordinarily adventurous life and is reported to have been fond of good food, drink, and lovemaking. This article discusses the wellknown but quite unusual view that he died of having too much sex. A detailed analysis of the sources and a common-sense approach to some of their medical claims will show that this allegation is not supported by any evidence whatsoever. Quite the opposite: it will be argued that the main source on which all later reports must taken to depend has been tampered with in two places to produce the image that we know. Thus, we must assume that people hostile to Avicenna and his philosophy are behind this, their forgery most likely having been committed in the first half of the twelfth century AD.


Globalization as the rapid increase in cross-border economic, social and technological exchange is not limited to industry andbusiness. Education systems being part of the information business can be seen as the core of globalization. This paper provides ananalysis of the relevant literature on the implications of globalization for education in Nigeria. The nature and objectives of globaleducation and the move towards standardized curricula were highlighted. Perceived barriers to globalization of education and the Nigeriansituation were also analyzed. This paper finally provides information and recommendations to those responsible for the planning of theeducational curricula for all levels of education in Nigeria


Functional dependency (FD) is an important type of semantic knowledge reflecting integrity constraints in databases, and has nowadays attracted an increasing amount of research attention in data mining. Traditionally, FD is defined in the light of precise or complete data, and can hardly tolerate partial truth due to imprecise or incomplete data (such as noises, nulls, etc.) that may often exist in massive databases, or due to a very tiny insignificance of tuple differences in a huge volume of data. Based on the notion of functional dependencies with degrees of satisfaction (FDs)d, this article presents an efficient approach to discovering all satisfied (FDs)d using some important results obtained from exploration of (FDs)d properties such as extended Armstrong‐like axioms and their derivatives. In this way, many dependencies can be inferred from previously discovered ones without scanning databases, and those unsatisfied ones could be filtered out inside (rather than after) the mining process. Fuzzy relation matrix operation is used to infer transitive dependencies in the mining algorithm. Finally, the efficiency is demonstrated with data experiments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 19: 1089–1110, 2004.


Barriers to Initiation of Open Source Software Projects in Research Libraries Jason Curtis Thacker Department of Computer Science, BYU Master of Science Libraries share a number of core values with the Open Source Software (OSS) movement, suggesting there should be a natural tendency toward library participation in OSS projects. However, Dale Askey's 2008 Code4Lib column entitled We Love Open Source Software. No, You Can't Have Our Code, claims that while libraries are strong proponents of OSS, they are unlikely to actually contribute to OSS projects. He identifies, but does not empirically substantiate, six barriers that he believes contribute to this apparent inconsistency. The goal of this thesis is to empirically investigate not only Askey's central claim but also the six barriers he proposes. Additionally, we will utilize statistical methods and machine learning algorithms to identify barriers encountered by libraries as they grapple with whether or not to release their code as open source. We will offer insights into possible correlations between a library's engineering, talent management and innovation policies and practices and its propensity to initiate open source software projects.


BROWN, ANN L. Recognition, Reconstruction, and Recall of Narrative Sequences by Preoperational Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1975, 46, 156-166. In a series of 4 studies, the ability of kindergarten and second-grade children to regenerate the order of events expressed in narrative sequences was examined using recognition, reconstruction, and recall as the response modes. The sequences were either composed by the children themselves or were arbitrary or logical sequences imposed by E. For all Ss, logical and self-composed sequences were retained better than arbitrary sequences. Second-grade Ss recalled and reconstructed the order of events equally well. Kindergarten Ss had difficulty maintaining the order of events when recalling but could reconstruct and recognize the correct order. The failure of preoperational children to maintain the correct order when retelling a story stems from general problems with recall tasks and immature expository powers rather than from an inability to comprehend and remember the ordered relations in sequences.


A general framework for analyzing estimates in nonlinear time series is developed. General conditions for strong consistency and asymptotic normality are derived both for conditional least squares and maximum likelihood types estimates. Ergodic strictly stationary processes are studied in the first part and certain nonstationary processes in the last part of the paper. Examples are taken from most of the usual classes of nonlinear time series models.


The construction of the CMS experiment was completed in 2008, and began taking data, recording particles coming from cosmic showers, in 2008 and 2009. We describe how charged particles are reconstructed with the CMS inner tracking system. Performance from simulation is compared to that observed in cosmic data, showing that startup conditions are very close to the ideal design. Jet flavor tagging at CMS is presented, along with simulated performance, expected performance at startup and plans for commissioning of jet b-tagging.


This paper first explains the conception of SLA (Service Level Agreement), and discusses the importance of telecom SLA and its benefits to telecom operators and subscribers; then analyzes the difficulties and challenges of implementing and managing telecom SLA, it also describes the basic requirements of SLA management; finally, it introduces some of the SLA management systems in the marketplace.


From its establishment in 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was an extensive and powerful trading company that sought to gain a monopoly over the spice trade in Southeast Asia, often using coercion to do so. In 1619 the VOC established its central base of operations in Batavia on the Indonesian island of Java. From the start, the VOC pursued a relationship of cooperation with the Chinese merchants in Batavia, which eschewed the use of violence in favor of other means of control, such as taxation and requirements to register with the authorities. For one hundred and twenty-one years, the VOC opted to treat the Chinese community as useful conduits who offered the Dutch important access to labor and trading opportunities. The massacre of the Chinese residents in Dutch Batavia in 1740 overturned this century-long established approach to ruling the Chinese community. Unlike scholars who have argued that the massacre was part of a wider pattern of colonial violence, this thesis will argue that the 1740 massacre was an anomaly for the Dutch governance of the Chinese merchants in Batavia. Analyzing the longer time frame before the massacre distinguishes this thesis from those that also see it as an anomaly. By examining official VOC records, letters between VOC officials, and the memoirs of several admirals, it is quite evident that various conditions, such as an influx of poor Chinese laborers into Batavia's surrounding area, an economic depression, and corruption among Chinese and Dutch officials, generated the 1740 massacre. The massacre was not an accepted policy of the VOC since the Governor in charge was arrested. Even when war broke out throughout Java after the massacre, some remnants of earlier cooperation between the VOC and the Batavian Chinese were still evident.


[Objective] To investigate the anxiety degree in physical workers and to explore the risk factors affecting anx- iety degree. [Methods] Anxiety degree was measured using the methods of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in 785 physical workers whom were chosen from a big furniture plant with seven types of work. The difference of the degree of anxiety in different basic factors was evaluated by rank sum test. [Results] The main risk factors that influence the degree of anxiety mainly was sex、 status of marriage and length of service. The difference between different age and different education level groups showed to be no significant difference level (P﹥0.05). [Conclusion] In order to reduce the degree of anxiety in physical workers, respective mentality conciliation and much more attention should be taken to female employees and the Occupation Promises is so important for it will leave on proficient and old workers.


While a dedicated test instrument can offer more targeted test capabilities for serial bus interfaces, a solution built around a general-purpose digital test instrument can offer flexibility that is unmatched in a dedicated bus test tool. This includes the flexibility to adapt to multiple bus environments, adapt to changing test conditions, support non-standard protocols (data rates, timing, or message sizes), provide synchronization for external equipment to time-specific bus events, as well as support other static and dynamic digital test needs. A general purpose solution can reduce the footprint of the test system and reduce the test equipment learning curve as the test engineer is working with one instrument or learning one programming language. Supporting multiple serial busses with one general-purpose instrument also means that the test engineer needs to interface with only one vendor should technical support be required. Finally, significant cost savings can be realized as the number of different bus protocols that need to be supported increases, while the hardware investment does not. Ultimately, the goal is to identify those instances where the clever or novel application of a general-purpose digital test tool is appropriate and provides tangible benefits in time, cost flexibility and effective utilization of resources.


By the iterative method, the influence of cylinder vibration on piston skirt lubrication is investigated. By alternately solving for the Navier-Stocks equations and the Reynolds equation, the new iterative method can trace the variations of velocity field and pressure field with time. Therefore , the mixed-lubrication model suitable for the piston skirt is proposed. The new lubrication model includes the representative sine signal by a cylinder. The calculation results show that the values of capacity force and friction force and the smoothness of curves that reflect the values significantly fluctuate, with the increasing frequency of the cylinder's vibration. The fluctuation is more significant when the cylinder squeezes the oil film than when it separates with the oil film. It is also found that with increasing absolute values of vibration amplitude, the variations of capacity force and frictional force are significant near the bottom dead center at intake stroke, when the cylinder separates with the oil film, while significant in the middle of exhaust stroke when the cylinder squeezes the film.


Despite the implied precision associated with P values less than 0.05, we all realize that the original judgments that pathologists makeare not necessarily precise. Whilewe strive to be consistent and accurate in making assessments, the differences of opinion offered by several pathologists viewing the same lesion suggest that we do not always generate objectively precise diagnoses. Determination of the cause of death represents an even more difŽ cult judgment for many of us, particularly since there is rarely any speciŽ c training or published guidance available that we can use to establish a reasonable comfort zone for this exercise. In some speciŽ c instances, our comfort index can be quite high as, for example, when a hepatic hemangioma leads to extensive hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity causing death. In many instances, however, our judgment is merely a best guess based upon the relationship of all the data for a given animal to our accumulated experience. If an animal dies because of a neoplasm, that neoplasm is classiŽ ed as fatal. If an animal dies or is killed for other reasons and happens to have a neoplasm, that neoplasm is classiŽ ed as incidental. These two contexts of observation are critical for appropriate application of the Peto test. Identifying a cause of death, whether from a neoplasm or from other causes, is dependent upon a variety of factors, not the least of which is the accumulation of knowledge of the individual pathologist. In a previous life when I attempted to document the cause of death in rodent toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, I always used the term "probable cause of death (PCOD)" to help bolster my comfort index. Even then, for many animals in a given study my PCOD was listed as "unknown," a context of observation not permitted by the Peto test. The difŽ culty of conŽ dently determining the cause of death and the problems associated with peer review of such data have led some, such as the pathologists in the National Toxicology Program, not to require cause of death data. This philosophy seems to cause some statisticians to respect us less as pathologists and somehow to impact the degree of precision that statistical analysis could otherwise provide for interpretation of experimental toxicity and carcinogenicity data. We must hasten to offer a reminder that statistical analysis is but a tool to bolster the biology that remains and must remain the primary focus of a meaningful study interpretation. Thus, statistical tests should be used or new tests devised to evaluate data that the pathologist can reasonably generate, rather than requesting the pathologist to generate soft data that Ž t a particular statistical paradigm. The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP), through the dedicated efforts of The Peto Analysis Working Group, has wrestled with this issue of the context of observation with respect to neoplasia, published an initial STP position [Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 29(6): 670–672], and invited comments from statisticians that can be found in this issue. This collection of opinions allows the pathologist to pick and choose an approach that is consistent with his or her own inclinations. If survival is similar among all experimental groups, most, if not all, statistical tests will provide essentially similar results; a problem arises when there is differential survival among the groups. In that instance, the Peto or the poly-k methodologies are acceptable depending upon the circumstances. If accurate cause-of-death data are available, the Peto analysis is appropriate; if such data are not available, the poly-k test is a reasonable alternative. In this issue of Toxicologic Pathology, the STP Working Group presents its reŽ ned position, considering input from statisticians and many members of the STP. Since this topic has not yet reached closure, I encourage interested individuals or groups to share their opinions and comments with the readership by submitting letters to the Editor. If the position of the readership favors the opinion that context of observation can be accurately assessed for all neoplasms and adds signiŽ cantly to the interpretation of the study, then perhaps it is time for us to establish universal guidelines for making this judgment. In the meantime, considering that how we do pathology should be an endless process of improvement, no one should have the last word.


The public-private partnership (PPP) concept was developed into an extension model to bridge the gap between demand and supply of extension services in view of fulfill the extension needs of the tea small holdings sector. In order to achieve a greater interaction among key stakeholders and their proactive participation in planning, implementation and monitoring of the partnership programs, cooperation between staff of partners, support from community leadership, mutual respect, appreciation of the contribution of partners, and effective communication are of paramount importance in developing an effective partnerships extension system. The PPP extension model developed in this study is proven as effective. However, so far this model is practiced by only a handful of stakeholders and locations. Hence it is recommended that the organizations responsible develop management and fiscal procedures to adopt this model and make sure all smallholders are served through such models.


A physiologically inactive solid alcohol was prepared from human pregnancy urine by Marrian 1 in 1929. This substance was identified by Butenandt 2 in 1930 and was called by him pregnandiol. It was insoluble in water and showed a melting point of 233-235°C. (uncorrected). Recently O'Dell and Marrian 3 have obtained evidence for the existence of an acid-hydrolyzable form of pregnandiol. We have been able to isolate a water-soluble complex of pregnandiol from pregnancy urine. The method of preparation was as follows: Pregnancy urine (9th month) was extracted with butyl alcohol. The extract was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in N/2 NaOH and re-extracted with butyl alcohol, the butyl alcohol fraction washed twice with water and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of water and the substance was precipitated with acetone. This was collected by centrifuging and purified by crystallization from hot water and several times from ethyl alcohol. The white crystalline substance, so obtained, melts at 268-71°C. (uncorrected) with decomposition and evolution of gas. It crystallizes from alcohol in thin plates. It is soluble in water, less soluble in ethyl alcohol, insoluble in ether. Qualitative tests for nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens were negative. It is precipitated from aqueous solution at room temperature by acid, yielding a crystalline compound of acidic nature, which melts at 179-180°C. (uncorrected) and decomposes with gas formation. The material melting at 271°C. was subjected to acid hydrolysis in the autoclave, and a crystalline substance was obtained (insoluble in water but soluble in acetone) melting at 218°C., which on recrystallization from acetone and alcohol melted at 233°C. It showed no depression of mixed melting point with pregnandiol. A solution of the complex showed no reduction of alkaline copper, however, the filtrate after hydrolysis caused marked reduction. Both the filtrate and the original material gave a strongly positive naphthoresorcinol test (Tollens) showing the presence of glucuronic acid.


Global software development (GSD) business model has gained recognition over the years for achieving competitiveness in the global market. However, its implementation is not easy due to its complex nature and the various challenges it faces. Project management is a vital area in software development with significant impact to the GSD process. Companies adopt GSD without knowing its implications which lead to failure of their project management processes. Existing project management practises do not address the core issues of GSD, which makes the process more intricate. This research paper investigates the project management practices in GSD and identifies its critical success factors with the development of a framework that will facilitate software companies to implement GSD successfully.


Benzoic acid is said to act as a stimulant of the system generally, and particularly of the kidneys, mucous membrane of the bladder, and bronchial glands. It is nowhere stated to be a cholagogue. Yet it is sometimes ved 'empirically in hepatic affections. -Tanner, in his Practice of Medirine, recommends ammonium-benzoate in hepatic congestion with diient urine, and benzoic acid in suppressed action of the liver and = ma. Dr. Wade of Birmingham employs benzoic acid in cases of catarkh of the bile-ducts; and we owe to the deep interest which


The past decade has seen a surge in innovations pertaining to the field of orthodontics aimed at shortening the length of the treatment for the adult patient. Today we are presenting an innovative, minimally invasive surgical technique designed to help achieve such a goal and perhaps, more importantly, help solve orthodontic challenges through timely bone density modification. Piezocision™ is an orthodontically guided surgical procedure. It has evolved from being initially a minimally invasive surgical alternative to conventional corticotomies to a more sophisticated philosophy where the orthodontist is given the tools to control the anchorage value of teeth by selectively altering the bone density surrounding them, using the piezoelectric knife at key time intervals, in an effort to successfully solve orthodontic challenges. Piezocision™ gives the periodontist and the orthodontist another tool to expand their scope of practice.


The concentrations of SO_2 , HCHO and TVOCs in 20 households characterized by different dwelling factors in the urban and suburb of Nanjing were measured in the summer (August) and winter (December) of the year 2005. The results indicate that the concentrations of SO_ 2 , HCHO and TVOCs exceed the standard value in summer when temperature is high, relative humidity is high and ventilation is high, and decrease in winter. The decoration materials and constructions are the main sources of indoor HCHO and TVOCs. In addition, cooking in the kitchen is also contributed to indoor TVOCs. The concentration of outdoor SO_2 in the urban and suburb is quite high, and the I/O value is not more than 1, so it is expected that the high concentration of outdoor SO_2 is the main source of indoor SO_2.


Research on the drying of food, with particular emphasis on energy conservation, is presented. Topics discussed include: pasta drying, viscoelastic properties, food quality, thermal conductivity, microwave moisture measurements, and prediction of breakage in corn. (CBS)


The synthesis of a new cobalt(III) complex, K[Cotrdta]·2H2O (trdta, (−OOCH2C)2N(CH2)3N(CH2COO−)2), has been carried out. The infrared, visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra indicate that a quadrivalent trdta anion in this complex is hexadentate. The infrared, visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the cobalt(III) complexes with ethylenedi-aminetetraacetate, propylenediaminetetraacetate and trans-1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetate have also been observed and discussed.


This thesis mainly analyzes the efficiency of China's financial system in the transitional period. It begins with the discussion of the defects of bank dominant indirect financial system. Then capitalmarket, monetary market's function and structure defects are analyzed in details. Meanwhile,two-unitfinancial structure,financial institution's non-market game,x-inefficiency,diseconomies of scale are also outlined. These analyses in many respects testify the financial ssystem's low efficiency in Chinathat results from the systematic financial defect in transitional period.


Microbiological monitoring of broiler chicken meat by means of organoleptic and microbiological analysis was carried out. The effect level of active sodium hypochlorite solution on the surface microflora of carcasses was studied. Comparative characteristic of broiler chickens' carcasses treatment methods is provided. Aerosol treatment of carcasses surface with active sodium hypochlorite solution reduces the surface microflora by 2-3 exponents, submersion treatment method reduces the surface microflora by 1,5 exponents.


This paper presents one of the possible approaches for measuring business performance, or more precisely, the measurement of technical efficiency for a set of construction companies. The theoretical basis of technical efficiency is defined. This provides information on the level of utilization of factors of production by a company whereby it is possible to identify the potential of the business and its potential losses. Single-factor linear production functions are used for this purpose. The test file includes 15,189 construction companies from all regions of the Czech Republic. A production function for the observed set of companies is defined, as are the strengths of the individual production parameters. A specification of the derived production function according to the year and relevant region is also given. The set method allows us to predict the production functions in the respective regions and their average production at the set structure of production factors which expresses the specifics of the respective region.


Power capability is one of the most important criteria for converters in high-power applications. The normal approach for converters increasing the power capability is to use devices with larger Safety Operating Area (SOA). In this paper, a novel control method is proposed to realize power capability improvement at low carrier ratios without hardware changes. It uses the carrier modulation at integer carrier ratios and optimized carrier angles to achieve the best performance in terms of the lowest peak current stress and/or thermal stress of hotspot devices. Meanwhile, for high-power semiconductor devices such as IGCT, the maximum turn-off current is related to the minimum on-state time. This paper dynamically changes the minimum on-state time according to the current requirement to adjust max turn-off current, while keeping the output power quality by injecting minimum active common mode voltage. With these controls, the power capability of high-power converters is pushed to higher level without hardware changes.


The paper gives some results of the tests that were carried out at the "Audėjas" textile factory and the central enterprise of the sewing factory "Lelija" by the sociological research laboratory of the Vilnius V. Kapsukas State University in 1965-1966. 376 workers, selected accordingly to the accidental 12% selection, were interviewed. The paper analyses the influence of education upon certain indexes defining the basic parameters of the workers' industrial activity (fulfilment of production quotas, quality of production, initiative, discipline) in accordance with the contents of their work. The analysis is carried out by calculating the coefficients of twin correlation. The influence of education, qualification and industrial experience upon these indexes is compared and the correlation between the education and qualification of the workers is investigated. On the basis of the data obtained, recommendations aimed at increasing the workers' personal interest to raise their qualifications are given and some problems associated with the implementation of general secondary education, which are outlined in the five year plan, are considered.


Space charge behaviours in three types of polyethylene with different resistivities under dc electric field from 1 to 4 MV/cm were observed using improved PEA system. In ordinary low-density polyethylene, a huge amount of positive packet charge was observed. In cross-linked polyethylene, which has a lowest resistivity among them, an oscillatory movement of space charge in the bulk was observed. In improved low-density polyethylene with carbonyl group, which has a highest resistivity among them, any remarkable charge behaviour was not observed.


CoO results in significant mixing between j eff spin-orbit levels in the low-temperature magnetically ordered phase. The high degree of entanglement, combined with the structural domains originating from the Jahn-Teller structural distortion at ∼ 300 K, make the magnetic excitation spectrum highly structured in both energy and momentum. We extend previous theoretical work on PrTl 3 [W. J. L. Buyers et al. , Phys. Rev. B 11 , 266 (1975)] to construct a mean-field and multilevel spin-orbit exciton model employing the aforementioned spin exchange and spin-orbit coupling parameters for coupled Co 2 + ions lying on a rocksalt lattice. This parametrization, based on a tetragonally distorted type-II antiferromagnetic unit cell, captures both the sharp low-energy excitations at the magnetic zone center, and the energy broadened peaks at the zone boundary. However, the model fails to describe the momentum dependence of the excitations at high-energy transfers, where the neutron response decays faster with momentum than the Co 2 + form factor. We discuss such a failure in terms of a possible breakdown of localized spin-orbit excitons at high-energy transfers.


The invention is suitable for the field of Internet televisions, and provides a method for providing services. The method comprises the following steps of: receiving a service request sent by a network television terminal, wherein service item information is included in the service request; acquiring operation information of the network television terminal from a network security service platform; adding the service item information into the operation information of the network television terminal according to different service types to generate comprehensive information; and sending the comprehensive information to the network television terminal. In the invention, the operation information and the service item information are respectively transmitted to a service providing terminal and the network television terminal through an NSS (Network Security Services) platform, and a standard processing procedure and specification are provided for the network television terminal; through theprocessing procedure and specification, the service providing terminal can actively request the network television terminal to perform a special obligatory operation through the NSS platform, and canprovide service contents for the network television terminal more conveniently and quickly through the NSS platform.


Schools with at-risk students can improve when district norms support school-based improvement efforts. The authors (a) studied a district's norms from a rural school leader's perspective and (b) examined the impact of these norms upon the school's revitalization goals. Data were collected through interview, observation, mining of documents, and the Group Development Assessment instrument. The five district norms (lack of district vision/focus, board and central office control orientation and lack of trust, blaming others/defensiveness, constant personnel turnover, and poor communication) were obstructive to achieving school goals. Despite progress made by school leaders in improving both the parent-teacher relationships and teacher work climate, the prognosis for achieving the crucial goal, redesigning instruction as more meaningful and engaging for high-risk students, seemed doubtful. Improving schools for at-risk students needs a normative environment engineered by a change-and-empowerment model binding the district to school improvement efforts.


Shu-Kun LinMolecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI), Saengergasse 25, CH-4054 Basel, SwitzerlandTel.: +41 79 322 3379, Fax: +41 61 302 8918, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, http://www.mdpi.org/lin/Received: 7 September 1999 / Published: 1 December 1999For readers interested in the Prigogine school of thermodynamics, this book is the first choice be-cause it is a textbook. Conventionally textbooks are places where only mature theories are describedand carefully presented [1]. The other important source is Prigogine's Nobel lecture [2]. The repre-sentative original literature is listed in this book, particularly on page 455.This book is in contrast to other thermodynamic textbooks regarding time. Many other authors ofthermodynamic texts insist that thermodynamics is independent of time. However, here time and the"arrow of time" have been mentioned frequently and time t appears in mathematical expressionsthroughout this thermodynamics textbook, even in the first chapters where traditional thermodynamicsis otherwise well presented. In order to avoid confusion for students, the reviewer (Lin) believes thattime-dependent phenomena and theories should be discussed elsewhere in the context of chemical ki-netics, and fluid dynamics, etc., not in thermodynamics [3].Traditionally thermodynamics also discusses the open system and nonequilibrium. Prigogine hasintroduced a dissipative structure concept and mathematical equations for entropy S and time t for theopen system and nonequilibrium. These are presented in chapters 12-18. The dissipative structure isdefined as being really far from the equilibrium case. However, the higher-order terms in the Taylorseries of entropy expression of fluctuation cannot be neglected if the considered system is really farfrom equilibrium (Chapter 18). Readers must duly have expected the earnest application of this en-


Non-carious lesions caused by tooth wear include hypersensitivity, bad oral cleanness (plaque formation), cosmetic complications and tooth fractures. It is associated with a number of dental problems if present. Objective: To determine the frequency of non-carious lesions in tooth wear among patients attending the dental OPD. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study which was carried out in the Dental department of Army Medical and Dental College Rawalpindi for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. After formal approval by the Ethics Review Committee; regardless of the gender, 180 subjects of age 20-60 years were studied by means of the Tooth Wear Index of Knight and Smith. Five surfaces of each tooth were examined in the maxillary and mandibular arches: buccal (B), cervical (C), lingual (L) and occlusal /incisal (O and I). Results: It was instituted that non-carious tooth wear prevalence was probable in premolars trailed by molars and less pronounced in incisors. The surfaces of O&I were most susceptible to injury, trailed by the surfaces of cervical. The carious tooth wear was less likely in lingual surfaces. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to obtain results on the incidence of non-carious tooth wear by giving the median, standard deviation and mean. Conclusions: Premolars and molars are the teeth mostly affected by non-carious tooth wear, and the incisors are the minimum teeth which are affected. The surfaces most affected were O&I, trailed by the cervical surface with a lower incidence of lingual surface lesions.


Nurse Examination (CRNE) success. Like the E 2 , such an exam could be used to evaluate Canadian nursing students' preparedness for the CRNE, and scores on the numerous subject matter categories could be used to guide students' remediation efforts so that, ultimately, they are successful on their first attempt at taking the CRNE. The international collaboration between a HESI test construction expert and a nursing faculty member from Canada, who served as the content expert, resulted in the development of a 180-item, multiple-choice/singleanswer prelicensure exam (PLE) that was pilot tested with Canadian nursing students (N = 175). Item analysis data obtained from this pilot testing were used to develop a 160-item PLE, which includes an additional 20 pilot test items. The estimated reliability of this exam is 0.91, and it exhibits congruent validity with the CRNE because the PLE test blueprint mimics the CRNE test blueprint. (Index words: HESI Exit Exam; Predictive testing; Licensure exam; International collaboration; Standardized testing) J Prof Nurs 29:S48–S52, 2013. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


A new method for dealing with the server problem is proposed. The technique consists of embedding the given metric space M into a bigger metric space $\text{cl} ( M )$ called the closure of M, and allowing our servers to move in $\text{cl} ( M )$. How this technique can be applied to give a new optimal algorithm for two servers is shown.


Current clinical trials are listed, with the data drawn from Trials Search, an online database of HIV trials. Study purpose and participant criteria for each trial are described. The trials include HIV drug resistance, antiretroviral therapy, and immunotherapy. Contact information for each trial is provided.


Chapter 5 attends to Achilles Tatius' engagement with Vergil's Aeneid. The argument focuses on three main lines of enquiry (in all of which it is clear that Achilles is capitalizing on the erotic potential on offer in Vergil's epic). Section 5.2 argues that Achilles models Melite's plea for sex with Clitophon (articulated in two speeches) on Dido's plea that Aeneas stay in Carthage (also articulated in two speeches), thus reducing Dido's tragic hope for marital-political security to a wish for a single session of sex (Melite is successful in her wish). Section 5.3 takes as its subject the flushed cheeks of Leucippe in Book 1 (to which Clitophon responds erotically) and argues that it is modelled on the famous blush of Lavinia in Aeneid 12 (which fires Turnus with love). Section 5.4 ranges over a number of phraseological overlaps between Achilles and the Aeneid suggestive of a close engagement (especially in connection with the storm in Aeneid 1 and the character of Coroebus in Aeneid 2).


The polarization characteristics of tin electrode in NaOH solutions have been investigated by cyclic voltammetric and linear polarization techniques. In cyclic voltammetry, the effect of sweep rate and concentration on the primary and secondary passivation processes has been studied. A sweep rate-concentration diagram was obtained from the charge vs sweep rate curves which establishes the condition under which the primary or secondary passivation process predominates. Linear polarization studies explain the nature of the primary anodic dissolution process


Observations show that propagating magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves are ubiquitous in the solar atmosphere. The technique of MHD seismology uses the wave observations combined with MHD wave theory to indirectly infer physical parameters of the solar atmospheric plasma and magnetic field. Here, we present an analytical seismological inversion scheme for propagating MHD waves. This scheme uses the observational information on wavelengths and damping lengths in a consistent manner, along with observed values of periods or phase velocities, and is based on approximate asymptotic expressions for the theoretical values of wavelengths and damping lengths. The applicability of the inversion scheme is discussed and an example is given.


Nowadays the great challenge to energy engineers is how to develop new and renewable energy sources to reduce the use of fossil fuels. In this direction, the research focuses on the recycle of wasted heat energy on a motorcycle exhaust gas into electrical energy using the concept of seed back. Recycle energy using this concept on a motorcycle is done because the bike has the energy efficiency of ± 35 – 40 % while the rest were dumped unceremoniously in the form of heat energy that is issued through the exhaust. This research aims to know the characteristics of the output voltage heat pipe sink thermoelectric generator utilizing waste heat of the motorcycle. This research has been done on the measurement of the output voltage is generated by the thermoelectric module series TECI-12706B type SP1848-27145 SA as a heat pipe sink thermoelectric generator to produce electrical energy. This research was conducted to know the output voltage from 4 thermoelectric modules arranged in series or parallel. furthermore this thermoelectric generator will be the main energy source for SSUPER-BT devices. Stages of the research done by performing laboratory and road testing. In laboratory testing, simulation of thermoelectric generator made using aluminium rods contain Heater. two sides of the aluminium coupled to thermoelectric modules, heat pipe and CPU fan. in each experiment, the thermoelectric modules strung together in series or in parallel. The results showed on the TEGs with 4 thermoelectric modules in series were able to produce higher output voltage and current compared to TEGs with 2 thermoelectric modules with output voltage reaching 15.7 volts and 7.7 volts respectively. The TEGs circuit with 4 thermoelectric modules produces 72.6% greater power than TEGs with 2 thermoelectric modules.


In this paper, the shortcomings resist in the normal medium term and long term load forecasting solutions are analyzed. A kind of more accurate medium term and long term load forecasting solution has been given, in the case of more accurate load forecasting required in the power markets. The result that using this method on the load forecasting of some cities in Guangxi showed that the simplex method has the smaller error and higher practical value in the actual load forecasting.


This paper reviews the UK Government's Crime & Disorder Act, and discusses how far it fits into the philosophy of Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council for providing community services, and how this affects the work of Trafford's Road Safety Unit. The Act establishes crime and disorder strategy groups, and makes local authorities responsible for implementing strategies to reduce crime and disorder in their areas. This paper outlines the results of the Crime & Disorder Audit in Trafford, and shows how its strategy will be based on the Audit Agencies developing it in partnership with the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive, British Transport Police, Railtrack, and Metrolink. Transport safety is one of the strategy's five topic areas. Crime prevention is an important part of the work of the Road Safety Unit. In 1997, Trafford set up two policy discussion groups, one concerned with children and young people, and the other with community safety. Trafford has issued a mission statement "Putting the Community First", whose key themes are economic and community regeneration, children and young people, community safety, environment and health, and quality access and communications. Through its projects, the Road Safety Unit has been able to influence and assist several other local community initiatives. For the covering abstract see IRRD E101938.


The goal of the 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment was to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole. Total ozone data taken by the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) played a central role in the successful outcome of the experiment. During the experiment, the near-real-time TOMS total ozone observations were supplied within hours of real time to the operations center in Punta Arenas, Chile. The final report summarizes the role which Research and Data Systems (RDS) Corporation played in the support of the experiment. The RDS provided telecommunications to support the science and operations efforts for the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, and supplied near real-time weather information to ensure flight and crew safety; designed and installed the telecommunications network to link NASA-GSFC, the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO), Palmer Station, the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to the operation at Punta Arenas; engineered and installed stations and other stand-alone systems to collect data from designated low-orbiting polar satellites and beacons; provided analyses of Nimbus-7 TOMS data and backup data products to Punta Arenas; and provided synoptic meteorological data analysis and reduction.


Fire outbreak is the leading cause of lives and properties loss in Nigerian markets. In order to reduce this problem, a study was conducted on Wuse market of the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria with the aim of determining the active protection measures against fire in the market, in order to generate guidelines that can reduce the occurrences of fire outbreaks in Nigerian markets. Systematic sampling method was applied at every 5th interval of sales points for the purpose of getting the sample size for this study; this led to the selection of 419 sales points out of the 2,091 sales points in the market. The instruments that were used to collect the primary research data are questionnaires, focus group discussions, interview questions, discussions and direct observation schedule. The secondary research data were obtained from the reviews of the relevant literature on fire outbreaks in markets and other public buildings; other fire related issues in and outside Nigeria. Among the research findings are: the use of substandard fire extinguishers causes rapid spread of fires in the market; there are buildings in the market without front verandahs or corridors for mounting fire protection devices on their walls. Among the recommended guidelines are: the government of Nigeria should ban the use of substandard fire extinguishers in markets; floors of the lock-up shops in markets must be designed to have front verandahs/corridors and their inner walls should be appropriately used as the locations where the required wall mountable fire protection devices shall be fixed upon.


Spoken language technology is one of the domains in which, in our days, machine learning algorithms and especially neural networks are used. Some applications will pe presented in this paper: detecting overlapped speech on short time frames (till 25ms), emotion recognition from speech (including speech stress detection and deceptive speech detection) and the performances of the last large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems for Romanian developed in the SpeeD Laboratory, from Research Institute "CAMPUS", University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest


Disasters can erode mental health (MH), even if it does not reach mental illness. This study explored the direct or moderating role of social support on MH after multiple wildfires, with attention to evacuation status and participant sex. Participants (N = 402) responded to a random digit dial telephone survey about their disaster exposure, current MH, MH at the time of the fire, social support, and life stressors since the disaster. For the evacuated, social support moderated the relation of fire stress to MH at the time of the fire, with those with high social support having better MH. For current MH, social support had a direct relation to MH, and moderated the influence of life stressors since the disaster for the evacuated and women. For those with a life stressor, current MH was better with high social support, but worse under average or low social support. Social support had a relation to current MH for women, but not men.


Background : Prostate cancer is a leading incident cancer worldwide and modifiable lifestyle factors for prostate cancer risk reduction remain largely unknown. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular ω-3 PUFAs have been suggested to be anti-inflammatory, whereas ω-6 PUFAs have been shown to be inflammatory. In our study, we utilized genetic variants associated with plasma PUFA levels to examine the association between PUFAs and prostate cancer risk using Mendelian randomization. Methods : We utilized individual-level data from a large consortium of 22,721 cases and 23,034 controls with available genetic variants that were either genotyped or imputed and related to blood PUFA levels. Polygenic risk scores (PRS), both unweighted and externally-weighted, were constructed for each PUFA and used to evaluate the relation between PRS with prostate cancer risk using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for age and principal components for European ancestry. In addition to the individual-level analysis, we compared our results to an estimate using two-sample method utilizing GWAS summary statistics. Results : The genetic instrument for arachidonic acid was the strongest with approximately 33% variation explained. The age- and principal components-adjusted association for weighted PRS for arachidonic acid was null (OR=1.01; 95%CI=0.99, 1.02), which was nearly identical to the association estimated from the two-sample method. Similarly, no associations were observed for the other PUFAs. Conclusions : No association was observed for PUFAs in relation to prostate cancer risk. Future studies should consider utilizing additional genetic variants to further strengthen the genetic instrument for those PUFAs for which the percent variation explained was low.


Selection of technologies in a company is a complex, multiperson and multicriteria task. Group decision support systems (GDSS) offer many potential benefits for promoting technology selection processes. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the real advantages and problems of GDSS in supporting technology selection in companies. The advantages and disadvantages are illustrated by a real CAD system selection application.


A facile ligand-free method for Pd(OAc)2 catalysed decarboxylative arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acids with hetero(aryl) bromides has been developed. This method is applicable to a variety of (hetero)aryl bromides as coupling partners. Electron withdrawing and donating groups on imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acids are well tolerated. It represents the first general protocol for ligand-free Pd(OAc)2 catalysed decarboxylative arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acids with (hetero)aryl halides. A few of the compounds synthesized using this protocol showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.


Author describes main theoretical foundations of participant democracy in social systems and in formal organizations and analyses contributions of CIT for improving and upgrading of citizenship participation. Also, analyses reasons for increasing utilization of Network in education and in schools.


We explore the feasibility of applying machine
translation (MT) to the translation of literary
texts. To that end, we measure the translatability of literary texts by analysing parallel
corpora and measuring the degree of freedom
of the translations and the narrowness of the
domain. We then explore the use of domain
adaptation to translate a novel between two related languages, Spanish and Catalan. This
is the first time that specific MT systems are
built to translate novels. Our best system outperforms a strong baseline by 4.61 absolute
points (9.38% relative) in terms of BLEU and
is corroborated by other automatic evaluation
metrics. We provide evidence that MT can
be useful to assist with the translation of novels between closely-related languages, namely
(i) the translations produced by our best system are equal to the ones produced by a professional human translator in almost 20% of
cases with an additional 10% requiring at most
5 character edits, and (ii) a complementary human evaluation shows that over 60% of the
translations are perceived to be of the same (or
even higher) quality by native speakers.


The organization of cost and product quality management in the field of oil production and primary refining is considered and analyzed. The importance of the effective organization of the solution of these tasks for the economic development of the country and the increase in the rate of economic growth is substantiated. It was revealed that limiting the access of Russian producers to modern technologies for oil production and refining sharply limits the possibilities of systematic management of costs and product quality, and reduces the positive effects of such management. It has been determined that the main reason for resource constraints is Russia's growing technological dependence on imports of modern equipment and technologies for the needs of the industry, the share of imports is constantly growing, sanctions against Russia increase the negative effects of technological dependence. It was also established that insufficient efficiency and incomplete management of costs and product quality are preserved by soft institutional rules that reduce the liability of manufacturers, suppliers and intermediaries for poor product quality, non-fulfillment of contractual obligations. The necessity of developing and implementing a technological strategy for Russia that can reduce the negative impact of resource constraints on the efficiency of cost and product quality management in the field of oil production and primary refining, as well as in other sectors of the economy is substantiated. Measures are proposed to strengthen the responsibility of manufacturers for low quality products, support effective, socially responsible entrepreneurs.


SUMMARY We propose that valid translation in general (also exegesis and interpretation as hermeneutical events), and biblical translation in particular, focuses primarily on the systems of values underlying texts, and should therefore be conducted within a semiotic framework. We furthermore propose that these systems of values consist of a network of interacting sociocultural norms criss-crossing in the text. The semiotic model of Patte which we advocate has as point of departure the analysis of verbs (inter alia speech acts) within their syntagmatic and paradigmatic interrelationships. This model consequently serves as an objective tool of analysis by means of which these systems of values underlying a text are elucidated.


In earlier studies (2, 3, 4), marked differences in the chemical and physiologic activity of these purified phosphatides were observed, which may be correlated with differences in their structure. Lecithin has an anhydride structure and in benzine or ether-alcohol solution is neutral, whereas cephalin is a monobasic acid and has a definite neutralization value.


A visual intelligent detection and calibration table of overall performance on automobile instrument (AI) is prepared for using industrial computer as kernel; applying electric signal generator and air pressure servo control system to provide standard switch signal, pulse signal, resistance value input signal and air pressure value signal onto AI; using 3-D coordinate adjustable video camera to shoot image of pointers on AI to obtain position of pointers and scale on index dial for calculating out error value of instrument indication then realizing intelligent calibration by using calibration service communication port set on AI.


AbstractFunctionality of biological and inorganic systems ranging from nonvolatile computer memories and microelectromechanical systems to electromotor proteins and cellular membranes is ultimately based on the intricate coupling between electrical and mechanical phenomena. In the past decade, piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has been established as a powerful tool for nanoscale imaging, spectroscopy, and manipulation of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials. Here, we give an overview of the fundamental image formation mechanism in PFM and summarize recent theoretical and technological advances. In particular, we show that the signal formation in PFM is complementary to that in the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques, and we discuss the implications. We also consider the prospect of extending PFM beyond ferroelectric characterization for quantitative probing of electromechanical behavior in molecular and biological systems and high-resolution probing of...


We have investigated the electroluminescence (EL) of perylene films having different combinations of electrodes. Excellent hole injection current was obtained in the EL cell with a poly(3-methylthiophene) film as an anode. The threshold voltage for the EL remarkably decreased in the same cell.


The objective of this paper is to present a method of causal FFT treatment which is available to not only approximately time-limited and band-limited functions but also singularity functions appearing frequently in earthquake engineering problems such as time domain response analyses and seismic record processing. By means of the causal FFT treatment for a singularity function, it is possible to determine several causal functions. The properties of the obtained causal functions are discussed in detail. The 0 second and 0 Hz value problems of engineering importance concerning the determination of the discrete singularity values of non-time-limited or non-band-limited functions are presented. Finally, by presenting numerical examples, several problems existing in the FFT analyses of singularity functions and a method to solve the problems are explained in detail.


Aromatic acyl chloride can easily react with aryl boric acids to give aryl ketones which are widely used in industry.The various kinds of palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of aromatic acyl chloride with aryl boric acid which were carried out under mild and low toxic reaction conditions were summarized in detail and the advantages of various kinds of reactions were elaborated.


Elaterate pollen with elater-like protruberances including Elaterocolpites castelaini, Elaterosporites klaszii, E. protensus, E. verrucatus, Elateropollenites jardinei, Galaeocornea causea, G. clavis, Sofrepites legouxae, have been recovered from the 1S-3AX well in the offshore Tano Basin. The assemblage has been interpreted as Albian - Cenomanian age, and is indicative of an arid to semi-arid palaeoclimatic conditions for these periods in the Tano Basin. Similar species have been interpreted as Albian – Cenomanian in other localities within the Africa-South America (ASA) province and thus allows for a palynostratigraphic correlation with these localities in the ASA province.


It is considered the information-measuring and operating system of new generation for the multiturnaround electric drive of pipeline armature of high level of intellectualization.


Abstract : Feeding and ramming difficulties during short burst automatic fire with the cartridge, 20mm, HPT, M54 were traced to the external configuration of the projectile nose, a redesign being indicated. The T46 and T51 projectiles were developed which proved to be satisfactory in limited tests. The T46 closely followed standard (M55) Projectile design, but the T51 was completely unconventional, being of one-piece construction and having a distinctive dumbbell shape. A cost study indicated the T51 design to be the more economical to manufacture and its unusual shape made it inherently identifiable. The one- piece construction also eliminated nose assembly difficulties and security problems during feeding and ramming. Minor design and dimensional changes were made to the T51 projectile to promote volume production, and it was designated the M54E2. It is recommended that the cartridge, 20mm, HPT, M54E2 be standardized as the cartridge, 20mm, HPT, M54A1 for procurement where high pressure test ammunition is required for use in 20mm aircraft weapons.


The present invention, by providing a rapid approach for isolating binding proteins capable of binding to small molecules and peptides, which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art. In this technique, libraries of candidate binding proteins of the antibody sequences and the like is expressed in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria and mixed with labeled ligand. In clones expressing recombinant polypeptides with affinity for the ligand, increased concentration of the labeled ligand bound to the binding protein, thereby it is possible to isolate the cells from the rest of the library. When fluorescently labeled target ligand, the cells can be isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). This approach is faster than the prior art methods, is intended to avoid the problems associated with the outer surface expression of the ligand fusion protein used in the phage display. The present inventors have also provided a first modified antibody prepared using the developed screening methods.


This paper describes a practice-led research project that addresses issues of emotional creativity and affect. A series of three-dimensional works were developed to discuss and demonstrate an exciting moment of new tangentiality; and an understanding of the emotional face as interface evolved. With this research a crossover zone was explored, where computer technology affects the material realm and where digitally driven processes interact with traditional ones, describing a hybrid practice. The practice aims to reflect on an interdisciplinary research process, including the study of creativity and synthetic emotions. This research is carried out in collaboration with the Digital Media Research Innovation Institute at OCAD University in Toronto, and the Rapidform Print Research department at the Royal College of Art in London.


GSD offers several benefits that facilitate software organizations to adopt this trend, such as highly skilled employees, reduced cost, cheap labour, improved marketplace, etc. To achieve these benefits, communication among the distributed teams should be adequate. Communication is a significant challenge in development, particularly in GSD. Communication risk is further divided into temporal, Geographical, and sociocultural distance issues. Among these, the temporal distance issue is affecting more GSD activities. It produces a significant problem in distributed development. While using mitigation strategies, organizations can minimize these issues and achieve the desired quality within budget and time constraints. Therefore, the current study aims to recognize temporal distance issues and their mitigation strategies in GSD. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been performed to find all the temporal distance issues and their mitigating strategies in GSD. A conceptual framework has been proposed.


The SAGE system was built to fill the need for "technological tools ... designed to encourage self-reflection" (Bers 1997). Bers chose to approach this through personal conversational storytelling. Due to limitations of SAGE, a web-based successor, WISE, was built. It continued to fill SAGE's role as an environment for conversational storytelling, as well as a construction kit for new storytelling characters with their own stories. This thesis addresses some of the limitations of the original version of WISE, and some approaches to solutions to those limitations. The technical implementation of WISE and the results of experiments run to test modifications to the story matching algorithm are presented. Those modifications include the addition of verbs automatically extracted from stories to story keywords specified by the user, as well as the heuristic stemming of keywords. The original version of the algorithm used heuristic inflection rather than stemming. Results show that automatic verb extraction as a supplement to user-chosen keywords results in better story matches than keywords alone. They also indicate that heuristic inflection of keywords gives better results than heuristic stemming. Thesis Supervisor: Justine Cassell Title: AT&T Career Development Assistant Professor of Media Arts and Sciences


Objective To assess, in newborn infants submitted to surgical procedures, the efficacy of two opioids—fentanyl and tramadol—regarding time to extubate, time to achieve 100 ml/kg of enteral feeding and pain in the first 72 h after surgery. Design Controlled, blind, randomised clinical trial. Setting Neonatal intensive care unit. Patients 160 newborn infants up to 28 days of life requiring major or minor surgeries. Interventions Patients were randomised to receive analgesia with fentanyl (1–2 μg/kg/h intravenously) or tramadol (0.1–0.2 mg/kg/h intravenously) in the first 72 h of the postoperative period, stratified by surgical size and by patient's gender. Main outcome measures Pain assessed by validated neonatal scales (Crying, Requires oxygen, Increased vital signs, Expression and Sleepless Scale and the Neonatal Facial Coding System), time until extubation and time to reach 100 ml/kg enteral feeding. Statistical analysis included repeated measures analysis of variance adjusted for confounding variables and Kaplan–Meier curve adjusted by a Cox model of proportional risks. Results Neonatal characteristics were (mean±SD) birth weight of 2924±702 g, gestational age of 37.6±2.2 weeks and age at surgery of 199±63 h. The main indication of surgery was gastrointestinal malformation (85 newborns; 53%). Neonates who received fentanyl or tramadol were similar regarding time until extubation, time to reach 100 ml/kg of enteral feeding and pain scores in the first 72 h after surgery. Conclusion Tramadol was as effective as fentanyl for postoperative pain relief in neonates but does not appear to offer advantages over fentanyl regarding the duration of mechanical ventilation and time to reach full enteral feeding. Trial registration NCT00713726


A spin-driven multiferroics has been extensively studied since the discovery of an enhanced magnetoelectric effect in TbMnO3. Among microscopic mechanisms of the multiferroics, a spin-dependent d-p hybridization mechanism locally determines the relationship between an electric polarization and spin moment on each magnetic site [1]. In this case, a magnetic anisotropy plays a key role in the characterization of the multiferroicity. A remarkable work in Ba2CoGe2O7 demonstrated that the magnetic anisotropy is explained by a spin-nematic interaction which is equivalent to an electric polarization interaction [2]. The interaction may lead to a nontrivial magnon coupled with orbital and lattice. A multiferroics Ba2MnGe2O7 is isostructural to Ba2CoGe2O7, where Mn2+ ions carrying Heisenberg spin S = 5/2 form square lattice [3]. An antiferromagnetic order with a collinear structure occurs at 4 K, and simultaneously an electric polarization appears [4]. The magnetic susceptibility and the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra were explained by a square-lattice classical Heisenberg model, where the magnetic anisotropy was not considered. Here we study the temperature variation of the magnetic anisotropy by combination of a magnetization measurement and an ultra-high energy resolution INS experiment. We observed a pair of well-defined magnon modes, T1 for lower and T2 for higher energies. The band energies are consistent with the previous report [3]. A temperature evolution of anisotropy-gap energies, Eg1 for T1 and Eg2 for T2 modes were measured. The energy of Eg2 at 1.8 K is consistent with a conventional easy-plane anisotropy reported in the previous ESR study [5], which means that T2 mode is lifted by the easy-plane anisotropy. We found that Eg1 is scaled by the electric polarization, but it cannot be scaled by any power of the sublattice moment. Since Eg1 is also scaled by the measured spin flop field, the T1 mode is lifted by an easy-axis anisotropy. Eg2 is, in contrast, scaled by the sublattice magnetic moment. Through the analysis of INS spectra using spin wave theory, we found that the T1 mode is lifted by the spin-nematic interaction, while the T2 one is lifted by the easy-plane single-ion anisotropy. The anomalous temperature dependence of Eg1 leads to a conclusion that the T1 mode is a hybridized magnon with orbital and lattice.


In this work, a formex procedure is presented in order to provide a conceptually consistent method of formex formulation in the context of substructure analysis. Grids composed of beams with multiple web openings are treated for which substructuring is well suited. An open web beam can be regarded as an assembly of typical units. Formex formulations are produced for such typical units and for the whole assembly. The concepts of plenices are also employed in order to organise a suitable system for a formex representation of partitioned configurations. Also, a formex function is introduced which makes it possible to generate some distorted configurations from regular patterns. A reader with no familiarity with formex algebra may wish to consult Ref. 2 or Ref. 6 for a brief sketch of formex algebra and Ref. 7 for a quick reference on plenices.


Aluminium alloys are usually prepared with conventional casting, but rapid-solidification methods lead to the alloys with better mechanical properties or thermal stability. When an improved thermal stability is required, aluminium is alloyed with one or more of the elements from the group of transition metals (TM), for example, Ni, Fe, Cr or Ti. These elements are characterized by a low diffusivity and solubility in aluminium even at elevated temperatures, while Cu in an alloy forms a CuAl2 phase that enables precipitation hardening. In this work, the microstructures of the Al-7Fe-4Cu, Al-4Fe-4Cu-3Ni and Al-7Fe-4Cu-3Cr (mass fraction, w/%) alloys prepared with various solidification processes were investigated. The aim of this work was to determine the changes in the microstructure caused by the increasing solidification rate and to determine the influence of the copper present in each alloy. All the samples were prepared with single-roll melt spinning, water quenching of the melt and conventional casting. The microstructures of the alloys were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phase composition was determined with Xray diffraction (XRD). Vickers hardness (HV 5) and microhardness (HV 0.005) were measured to compare the mechanical properties of the alloys. The microstructure and the hardness of the alloys strongly depended on the solidification rate. The fine microstructure and high microhardness values obtained with melt spinning are promising for the use of these alloys in special applications at elevated temperatures.


In this paper we present a multi-objective optimization approach to subarrayed linear antenna arrays design. We define this problem as a bi-objective one. We consider two objective functions for directivity maximization and sidelobe level minimization. Memetic algorithms (MAs) are hybrid algorithms that combine the benefits of a global search Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) with a local search method. In this paper, we introduce a new memetic multi-objective evolutionary algorithm namely the memetic generalized differential evolution (MGDE3). This algorithm is a memetic extension of the popular generalized differential evolution (GDE3) algorithm. Another popular MOEA is the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). MGDE3, GDE3 and NSGA-II are applied to the synthesis of uniform and nonuniform subarrayed linear arrays, providing an extensive set of solutions for each design case. Depending on the desired array characteristics, the designer can select the most suitable solution. The results of the proposed method are compared with those reported in the literature, indicating the advantages and applicability of the multi-objective approach.


A new method to extract vein patterns from an unclear finger image is proposed. Finger vein pattern can be used for personal identification technology. The finger vein image that is captured with infrared light contains not only the vein patterns but also irregular shades and noises. They result from the different thickness between finger bones and muscles and, light intensity fluctuations also produce them. Therefore, the robustness and the tolerance to the uneven luminance and noises in pattern extraction algorithm are required. In this paper, we propose a method for extracting the finger vein patterns in the image that is unclear and/or affected by the fluctuations of LED intensity. The method is based on special line tracking that starts at various positions. The robustness of the finger vein extraction method against LED intensity fluctuation is tested and the result shows the performance of the method is more robust than the conventional method. In the evaluation of the personal identification using the proposed extraction method, the finger vein patterns of 678 people are collected. The performance is 0.145% equal error rate in the evaluation.


Let G be a finitely generated Coxeter group with presentation G = , where mij — are the elements of the symmetric Coxeter matrix: ∀i, j ∈ 1, n, mii = 1, mij ≥ 2, i 6= j. If mij ≥ 3(mij > 3), i 6= j, then G is a Coxeter group of large (extra-large) type. These groups introduced by K. Appel and P. Schupp. If the group G corresponds to a finite tree-graph Γ such that if the vertices of some edge e of the graph Γ correspond to generators ai , aj , then the edge e corresponds to the ratio of the species (aiaj ) mij = 1, then G is a Coxeter group with a tree-structure. Coxeter groups with a tree-structure introduced by V. N. Bezverkhnii, algorithmic problems in them was considered by V. N. Bezverkhnii and O. V. Inchenko. The group G can be represented as tree product 2-generated of Coxeter groups, amalgamated by cyclic subgroups. Thus from the graph Γ of G will move to the graph Γ in the following way: the vertices of the graph Γ we will put in line Coxeter group on two generators Gij = and Gjk = , to every edge e joining the vertices corresponding to Gij and Gjk is a cyclic subgroup . In this paper we prove the following theorem: normalizer of finitely generated subgroup of Coxeter group with tree-structure G = Gij∗Gjk, Gij = , Gjk = finitely generated and exist algorithm for generating.