Seven years ago we launched an innovative freshman curricular revision we call Engineering First, and it is now possible to see some of the lasting benefits it has added to the McCormick education. This paper will overview of how closely the intended outcomes were met and how Engineering First has driven curricular reforms at upper levels of our curricula. Evolution of the pedagogy as well as content of the Engineering First courses has occurred, and many discipline-specific courses have now adapted to the enhanced capabilities (and expectations!) that our students have. Most significantly, combining work that emphasizes communication skills with the doing of design (as a hallmark activity of engineers) is now being implemented in senior level capstone experiences. Consequences of Engineering First on attracting incoming students as well as on post-graduation careers will be presented. Introduction Engineering First is the McCormick School's response to the many calls for curricular change coming from the profession and from external concerns, such as the National Academy of Engineering and the National Science Foundation. Engineering First challenges its students to develop new ways of thinking, by converting them from learning academic topics in isolation to learning engineering topics in an integrative fashion. Given that engineering at its very essence is "the creation of new things that people want", then young women and men who aspire to advance mankind's well being need exactly this kind of holistic thinking. Most engineering freshmen have little accurate knowledge about what distinguishes an engineering education from one in, say, science, but today's college students actually become energized by getting into engineering academic work as soon as they enter college. Implementation of a significant revision of the freshman engineering curriculum has required the usual mix of patience, vision, diligence, and attention to details. The process here at Northwestern started by engaging leading faculty to drive this enterprise. Using their collective wisdom they crafted two new course sequences that encompassed the topics of courses in our then-existing basic courses. All-faculty approval was then garnered. A multi-year phase-in plan was implemented. Resources were acquired progressively. Ample communication with students, parents, University administration, and faculty was a priority. Continuous improvement was based on feedback from students, instructors, grades, enrollments, and employers, and this continuous P ge 8.1.2 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education. improvement will, by definition, remain the by-word for its success. What is Engineering First? This program is the pair of new, sequence courses: "Engineering Analysis" and "Engineering Design and Communications". They are described briefly as follows (and see: http://www.tech.nwu.edu/efirst/courses.html). "Engineering Analysis" (GEN ENG 205-1,2,3,4) This four-quarter sequence course covers topics previously found in five required, stand-alone courses: linear algebra, differential equations, firstquarter college physics (Newtonian mechanics), computer programming, and engineering mechanics (statics and dynamics). Throughout the four quarters there is extensive integration of subjects, sometimes on a lectureby-lecture basis. This structure intentionally initiates students to working on problems that require them to integrate multiple academic areas in order to reach a solution. Engineering case studies are used where appropriate. "Engineering Design and Communications" (GEN ENG 106-1,2 plus ENGLISH 106-1,2) This two-quarter course combines developing enhanced skills in writing with doing design, as one of the hallmark intellectual skills common to everybody who is an effective engineer. The central activity in each of the two quarters is the development, to the level of a full prototype, of a new technology that somebody wants. Students do these projects in teams of 4±1. Instruction is done jointly by faculty from McCormick and the Weinberg College of Arts and Science's Writing Program and is more a matter of coaching rather than making blackboard presentations. How did Engineering First Develop? The objectives of Engineering First were derived from a broad view of how best to benefit students wanting to earn an engineering education. At the heart of this view is the notion that entering students enroll in engineering school with high levels of enthusiasm for learning to do the things that engineers do but are very naïve about what that actually means. Engineering First intends to exploit this energy and curiosity in a way that drives their learning. It avoids the time-honored curricular structure of introducing students to engineering with a nearly two-year complement of mathematics, science, some humanities, some computer code-writing, and some basic (read: dry) engineering topics. This traditional structure leaves chiefly to the second part of a curriculum the interesting courses that pertain to their engineering major. Engineering First communicates to students that engineers are central to those value creation processes that propel civilization forward. Thus, the goals and objectives of Engineering First are to: Goal 1. Engage McCormick's students in engineering concepts right from the beginning of their freshman year. Objective 1a. Enliven the learning of essential mechanics principles. Page 8.1.3 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education. Objective 1b. Develop computer usage skills in a context of engineering topics. Objective 1c. Use the synergy of presenting elements of mathematics and physics in a tightly integrated fashion to demonstrate how engineering necessarily deals with the full complexity of systems. Objective 1d. Implement the case-based learning process that the large majority of engineering students favor. Goal 2. Establish in our students the necessary concepts for doing engineering design, as an intellectual activity common to everyone with an engineering education. Objective 2a. Involve students in activities that encourage creativity as well as innovation. Objective 2b. Respond to the expectations of our freshmen to engage in engineering-related activities from the start of their time with us. Objective 2c. Give our students early experience in working in teams. Objective 2d. Make clear the integrative nature of good engineering. Goal 3. Develop relationships between individual McCormick faculty and students right from the very start of their college careers. Objective 3a. Provide a small class environment where first year students can complete an engineering design project. Objective 3b. Facilitate dialog between faculty and students on matters related to their professional development. Thus, one can see that Engineering First seeks more to grow new habits of the mind as a result of their learning experience, and it sets students' expectation that their education will be much more than just an accumulation of domain specific knowledge. Implementation Experience One of the essential features of a successful change in an educational program is its capacity for continuous improvement. An understanding by the faculty that they must always be assessing for improvements – those driven by recognition of better learning objectives as well as those driven by unsatisfactory meeting of existing learning objectives – may be uncommon but is essential. Assessment of the courses in Engineering First involved many activities, including focus groups, grades earned in follow-on courses, an all-student on-line questionnaire, and a study of over-all academic performance during the first two years. These results have been reported elsewhere [ref. 1], but the significant advances are: Superior skills at using computers to solve engineering problems. (viz., can 1. adapt high-level software to doing engineering) An ability to differentiate solving engineering problems from just doing 2. complex computations. (viz., can integrate understanding drawn from various academic domains) Higher GPAs at the end of the sophomore year cf. the start of their freshman 3. year (viz., have a minimal "sophomore slump") Better engagement with faculty beyond merely their adviser. 4. Functional skills in working on teams. 5. P ge 8.1.4 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education. Examples of the changes implemented during the first six years of Engineering First include: 1) a migration of the design projects in the first quarter of "Engineering Design and Communications" from websites to vehicular design, 2) better tutorials for MATLAB®, 3) extra "workshop" sessions to supplement the regular "Engineering Analysis" lectures, and 4) an honors track for "Engineering Analysis". The development of Engineering First is not without its challenges. One is the need to accommodate the "freshman experience", including their big adjustment to life after high school and their uncalibrated expectations of college-level learning. Another is the need to assure a succession of faculty to rotate into the teaching roster after the initial converts have rotated out of it. In some cases there is just the problem of finding faculty who have enough courage to teach subjects not clearly of a single domain. Finally, adequate resources are always requisite for success. In the case of Engineering First there was the need to create engineering design studios, a student-oriented shop, and PC labs sufficient to support the team-based learning that is involved with both courses. As a corollary to these challenges, we have recognized quite a few unpredicted consequences that help bols


The Centre for Health Promotion Studies has an active multidisciplinary research programme in place from its base in NUI Galway.

Sector: Health
Address: National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway
Phone: +353 (0)91 750319
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


In today's world, health organizations give much importance to quality and patient safety. To this end, conservation of life and prevention of excessive deaths are one of the vital objectives for health services in all countries \cite{Ref1}. Although the main function of hospitals is to save lives, there is a little attention to hospital mortality. In this context; generating reliable mortality statistics and then monitoring them is a prerequisite for improvement in care and development in patient safety. In this study; a risk adjusted hospital mortality prediction model is developed by using some popular data mining techniques; logistic regression, decision trees, random forests and artificial neural networks. The data from 30182 inpatients of one of the Turkish training and research hospitals with 1155 beds is used. The data is collected from inpatients whose discharge period is January to November in 2014. At the end, the performance of these approaches are compared.


One of the key steps in chemical analysis is sample preparation. It is a very important step prior to analysis, otherwise the analyte signal could be suppressed by sample matrix interference. In most cases sample preparation entails some form of extraction of the analyte(s) of interest from the interfering species. Conventional extraction techniques include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE). LLE involves mixing two immiscible solvent together, and based on solubility equilibria the analyte or the interfering species partitions preferentially in the organic solvent. Ideally, the partition coefficient is very high to allow for efficient extraction (Park et al., 2001). In SPE, analytes of interest are extracted from solution by passing the liquid through a solid phase, such as a C18 SPE cartridge. Based on different physical and chemical properties, the desired solute either is adsorbed onto the solid phase, from whence it can later be eluted, or remains in solution while impurities are retained on the solid phase (Korner et al., 2000). The LLE and SPE extraction methods are laborious and demand the use of copious amounts of samples and solvents, therefore driving up the cost of chemical analysis. For LLE, emulsion formation can be a nuisance. These methods are also limited by factors like cartridge clogging in SPE, single use of the SPE and the need for toxic and polluting solvents (such as halogenated solvents like chloroform and dichloromethane) in LLE.


Several research studies have focused on the conceptualization, measurement, and management of service quality and their effects in electronic environments. Most of them are based on a classic paradigm, which consists in relating the quality of e-service to customer satisfaction and loyalty. The prescribing intent of the e-service as a plausible consequence of the quality of the e-service has not received enough interest from the researchers. Along these lines, this chapter examined the direct effect of the quality of the e-service on the prescribing intention of the e-service by the consumer as well as the indirect effect through a mediating variable, which is the perceived online value of the consumer.


This study take Ma'anqiao post-quake rebuild projects in Sichuan province for example,evaluate and compare the indoor thermal performance of two different rebuild projects in Ma'anqiao village for optimaization design.


We use the invariance principle and the principles of maximum information extraction and maximum signal concentration to design a parallel, linear filter system that learns the Karhunen-Loeve expansion of a process from examples. In this paper we prove that the learning rule based on these principles forces the system into stable states that are pure eigenfunctions of the input process.


Both chemical and biological methods are used to assess the water quality of rivers. Many standard physical and chemical methods are now established, but biological procedures of comparable accuracy and versatility are still lacking. This is unfortunate because the biological assessment of water quality has several advantages over physical and chemical analyses. Several groups of organisms have been used to assess water quality in rivers and these include Bacteria, Protozoa, Algae, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish. Hellawell (1978) provides an excellent review of the advantages and disadvantages of these groups, and concludes that macroinvertebrates are the most useful for monitoring water quality. Although macroinvertebrates are relatively easy to sample in shallow water (depth 1m). The present paper first considers different types of samplers with emphasis on immediate samplers, and then discusses some problems in choosing a suitable sampler for benthic macroinvertebrates in deep rivers.


The article analyzes the phenomenon of "boundary" in the philosophy of M.M. Bakhtin. The thesis that the boundary in the concept of M.M. Bakhtin can be considered as a dialogue in which each remark of the participants presents a full-fledged questioning about being, requiring individual responsibility and correlation of meanings. The boundary in Bakhtin's theory is considered from the perspective of "participatory thinking," as the moment of transition in a responsible act in which a person affirms being-co-being. The perspective of considering the boundary as an event (event) — the point of meaning in a situation of «context-event motivation» and self-determination of a person in the world of culture is shown. The article outlines the potential of the "boundary" as one of the significant concepts in Bakhtin's "anthropological ontology" and modern philosophy.


The first aim of this study is to report the diabetes prevalence among a representative sample of 35‐ to 74‐ year‐old Belgian adults of Turkish and Moroccan origin and to compare this prevalence rate to that of native Belgians of the same age. The second objective is to examine the determinants and specific mechanisms responsible for differences in diabetes between these communities. Based on the Health Interview Surveys of 1997, 2001 and 2004, we found a higher diabetes prevalence in the Turkish and Moroccan communities in Belgium. In men, 'ethnic' differences in the prevalence of diabetes are explained by the variables 'lack of physical activity' and 'educational attainment'. In women, 'ethnic' differences remain significant, but become smaller after accounting for 'BMI' and 'educational attainment'. In both men and women, the influence of educational level on the prevalence of diabetes is partially mediated by the lifestyle factors 'BMI' and 'lack of physical activity'. In the discussion, the results are put in a broader framework and several tracks for policy and research action are presented.


The textile industry releases significant amounts of toxic pollutants. In the aquatic environment, the presence of these compounds can impact fauna and flora. The aim of this study was to verify if synthetic (95% purity) and natural indigo blue dye obtained from Indigofera tinctoria plants pose a risk to the aquatic fauna. To investigate ecotoxicological effects of these dyes at concentration of 100 mg.L-1, adult females and males of Danio rerio were exposed in chronic tests. At the end of the twenty-first day, reproduction was performed to evaluate the endpoints: number of eggs, egg viability, larvae survival, and gonadal histology, and the same experiments were repeated after another 21 days in clean water to evaluate the potential of biological recovery. All of the analyzed reproductive parameters were significantly reduced in the organisms exposed to both synthetic and natural indigo blue dyes in relation to the control, and males exposed to the synthetic dye, and females exposed to both natural and synthetic dyes presented gonadal histological alterations, evidencing an important chronic effect of these substances to the reproduction of D. rerio. After the biological recovery period, organisms exposed to both types of dyes showed histological improvements and they recuperated offspring production, but those exposed to the natural dye showed better reproductive performance. Overall, our findings suggested that levels of natural and synthetic indigo dyes permitted by the current legislations must be reviewed, and the substitution of synthetic by natural indigo whenever possible is recommended.


The goal of machine translation is to develop algorithms that produce human-quality translations of natural language sentences. The evaluation of machine translation quality is split broadly into two aspects: adequacy and fluency. Adequacy measures how faithfully the meaning of the original sentence is preserved, whereas fluency measures whether this meaning is expressed in valid sentences in the target language. While both of these criteria are difficult to meet; fluency is a much more difficult goal. Generally, this likely has something to do with the asymmetrical nature of producing and understanding sentences; although humans are quite robust at inferring the meaning of text even in the presence of lots of noise and error, the rules that govern grammatical utterances are exacting, subtle; and elusive. To produce understandable text, we can rely on this robust processing hardware, but to produce grammatical text, we have to understand how it, works.
This dissertation attempts to improve the fluency of machine translation output by explicitly incorporating models of the target language structure into machine translation systems. It is organized into three parts. First, we propose a framework for decoding that decouples the structures of the sentences of the source and target languages, and evaluate it with existing grammatical models as language models for machine translation. Next, we apply lessons from that task to the learning of grammars more suitable to the demands of the machine translation. We then incorporate these grammars, called Tree Substitution Grammars, into our decoding framework.


Numerical computation is an important approach in the development and simulation of electrical apparatus products,yet the development and usage of these kinds of tools are quite difficult.In order to popularize and simplify the usage of computational tools, this paper proposes an Internet\|based Problem Solving Environment (PSE) in the electrical apparatus field,which is abbreviated as ePSE.Firstly,the hierarchy model and framework of ePSE are presented.The key enabling technologies are briefly discussed.Finally,a web\|based Remote Finite Element Analysis System(R\|FEAS) is presented as an implementation of the ePSE concept.


The breaker is the main electrical equipment of power plant and substation,switching-on and switching-open circuit,especially,rapidly removes the fault point while the power system occurs short-circuit fault.The working performance of breaker is not only related to the breaker's electrical,machine and insulation etc.performances,but also related to the reasonable of the control,protect and secondary coil wiring.The paper analyses the common problems of breaker control circuit in substation electric debugging,and puts forward the relevant improving methods,those methods is feasible in practical engineering.


The factors of asphalt-aggregate adhesion were studied. Based on the expression of the adhesion work between the asphalt and mineral aggregates, several factors concerning the influence laws on asphalt-aggregate adhesion were analysed. The adhesion work of compatibility among the preparation temperature, aggregate types, and asphalt quality were calculated. The preparation temperature is found to be inversely related to the adhesion work. Among the four kinds of asphalts, the styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene-modified one has the optimal adhesion with the mineral aggregates. Among the three kinds of aggregates, limestone has the best adhesion with the asphalts.


Shape recognition is a major problem in image understanding and computer vision. This paper focuses on recognize a shape and shape matching based on their chain codes. This approach has four important module namely, Image preprocessing and Edge Detection, Thinning, Feature Extraction, Feature Matching. So initially we take an image and apply image processing and convert it into the Gray scale and after this we apply canny edge detector to generate binary image from Gray scale image so that it contain edge of each shape. After that generate a chain code of each shape of binary image which is invariant to translation, rotation and scaling. For matching purpose this unique chain code of the shape representation, the translation rotation and scaling of two different images has been calculated. Finally, the shape matching has been done based on the unique chain code for each shape of the same image. The main goal of this paper is to matching two or more images with different shape based on their chain code.


The Peltier-cooled thermocouple dewpoint hygrometer technique of in situ measurement of leaf water potential was further developed. The observed response of the instrument agreed so well with theoretical analysis that calibration based on theory was within 1% of that obtained using salt solutions of known water potential. Simultaneous measurements with the hygrometer and a beta gauge were made to derive the leaf water content–potential relationships for several crop plants. Results showed relative water contents dropping only to near 0.95 for mature corn (Zea mays L.); sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.); and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) leaves, and to 0.90 for not quite mature soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves as potentials declined from near −1 bar to the plant wilting point (−8 to −14 bars). Further decline of leaf water potential resulted in relatively much greater loss of leaf water.


Marylyn Painter is public information officer for the Santa Cruz County Office of Education, Educational Media Center, 2500 Rosedale Avenue, Soquel, California 95073. DO FLUORESCENT LIGHTS-the kind used in almost every classroom in the country-increase the agitated behavior of hyperactive children? An experiment recently conducted by a Santa Cruz school teacher suggests that such indeed may be the case.


Traditional mathematic model is not suitable for actual control, because the knee torque of intelligent artificial leg (IAL) is indirectly caused by the nonlinear damping. An inverse dynamic compound control for intelligent artificial leg was studied. A dynamics model of hydraulic IAL with the nonlinear damper control parameters and hip torque was set up, and an inverse dynamic compound controller based on PD-CMAC for tracking the knee swing was designed. The simulation results show that an arbitrary trajectory such as a desired walking pattern can be tracked in less than 0.5 seconds, which proves that the controller meets real time and precision demanded.


Wuyishan, which is accredited by the UN as Natural and Cultural World Heritage, is extremely rich in biodiversity. To better protect the local ecology, the alien invasive plants in Wuyishan City were studied based on the field investigation, samples collection, specimen identification and literature review. The species composition, geographical origin, life form, introduction pathways and invasiveness were analyzed in the paper. The results showed that there were 67 alien invasive species in Wuyishan City, belonging to 27 families and 56 genera. The four families(Asteraceae, Poaceae, Amaranthaceae and Fabaceae) occupied a total of 36 species, accounting for 53.7% to total invasive species. With respect to the life form of these invasive plants, the terrestrial herb including 56 species(83.6%) was the most abundant. Up to 47 species(70.2%) were originated from the Americas. 37 species were introduced intentionally and 30 species were introduced unintentionally. In addition, based on the invasiveness, potential dangerousness, occurrence frequency and population density, the alien invasive plants in Wuyishan City were divided into three invasive degree, 11 species(16.4%) were regarded as the highest degree of threat to the local biodiversity, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Sorghum halepense, Eichhornia crassipes, etc. The field investigation showed that some invasive species have caused serious harm, e.g. Bidens frondosa, Conyza canadensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Gynura crepidioides, Aster subulatus and Imperata cylindrical etc. Finally, based on the current situation of alien invasive species in Wuyishan City and comparative analysis of alien invasive species in Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province, some control strategies of alien invasive plants were suggested in order to prevent them from further dispersing and causing ecological disaster in Wuyishan City.


We calculate the low temperature resistance of a narrow superconducting wire associated with quantum mechanical phase slippage. Particular attention is payed to the effects of Coulomb interactions. Using a renormalization group approach, we obtain the temperature dependent resistance. The results show that, near the superconductor-insulator transition, the wire displays quasimetallic behavior characterized by a small but finite low temperature resistance. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


Anti-corrosion properties of aluminium alloys such as 1S, 2S, 3S and 52S, which are generally used as anti-corrosive materials, were examined by use of such wines an brandy, baking sherry, white and red dry wine.It was found that each of them was more or less attacked by wines. The corrosion was especially appeared when the brandy was used and the palate and flavour of the brandy was remarkably made worse. The conclusion was thus made that aluminium alloys are not adequate to be utelized in wine industry at lest under present circumstance.This is to report on the charactaristics of corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys in sumary and the proposed counter-plan of how to utilize these alloys in wine andbrandy industries.


A quasi-static mechanics analysis of nanoscale surface polishing that provides insight into the surface topography evolution and the removal of material at the asperity level is presented. The analysis is based on a three-dimensional stochastic model that accounts for multiscale (fractal) surface roughness and elastic, elastic-plastic, and fully plastic asperity deformation by hard abrasive nanoparticles embedded in the soft surface layer of a rigid polishing plate. Numerical results of the steady-state roughness of the polished surface, material removal rate, and wear coefficient are presented in terms of the apparent contact pressure, polishing speed, original topography and mechanical properties of the polished surface, average size and density of nanoparticles, and surface roughness of the polishing plate. Simulation trends are associated with elastic-plastic and fully plastic asperity contacts, responsible for irreversible topography changes (roughening effect) and material removal (smoothening effect), respectively. Analytical trends and predictions of the steady-state roughness of the polished surface and material removal rate are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results of nanoscale surface polishing (lapping) of magnetic recording ceramic heads.


At first glance, the title of this article may sound like it combines two different topics, the relationship between faith in creation and evolutionary science on the one hand and educational perspectives on the other hand. It would then imply that I first discuss views from theology and science in the sense of content matter and that I would then proceed to the tasks for teaching and learning that follow from this discussion. While it is certainly necessary that theologians and philosophers of science continue their debates and hopefully also their cooperation, my own approach will be different. I will make an educational perspective my starting point from the beginning by focusing on children and youth. Most of all I will pursue the question how children and youth view the relationship between faith in creation and evolutionary science. The reason for taking this approach rather than making theological and philosophical debates my starting point is easy to understand. Psychological and educational research has shown that children and youth have their own ways of interpreting the world (cf. Schweitzer 2011). It is not the case that their understanding just consists of simplified versions of theological or scientific views but their understanding often follows a logic of its own. One of the pioneers of this way of appreciating children and youth as philosophers and theologians was the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (cf., for example, Piaget 1929) with his pioneering studies on children's ways of viewing the world. Although some of his psychology is considered dated, his basic approach is still quite useful concerning questions of faith and science. If children, for The Tension Between Faith in Creation and Evolutionary Science


With the improvement of living standards, people's requirements on their living environment are higher, Especially, safety has become the primary considerationBut now the surveillance cameras which often be installed in residential quarters can only monitor the area setted, can not take initiative to track the target, so the monitoring effect is often not be satisfied. In order to change the fact, writer designed a new monitoring system.In this system, piezoelectric infrared sensors sense humans body, MCU detects sensors output signal, then controls motor to make the camera can automatic tack human body in residential quarters.


Whitefly has assumed the status of a serious pest of cotton in north India in recent past due to its severe attack on cotton crop. The productivity of cotton crop has fallen substantially from 574 kg ha-1 of lint in the year 2014 -15 to 197 kg ha-1 in the year 2015-16 in Punjab. During extensive epidemiological surveillance of whitefly on cotton crop in the month of September 2016, mummified whiteflies with fungus were noticed on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaves of the infested cotton plant at village, Mandi Khurd, Mansa District of Punjab, India and at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda, India. The fungus was isolated and purified from the mummified white fly and characterized at molecular level by sequencing 633 bp D2 region of Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and identified as Penicillium oxalicum spg1. The gene sequence has been submitted to NCBI, USA with accession no. KY214238. The microscopic studies (stereo- and scanning electron) of the cotton leaves with mummified whitefly further strengthen the entomopathogenic potential of P. oxalicum spg1. There are few reports of entomopathogenic potential of P. oxalicum spg1 against other insects and pests. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and identification of P. oxalicum spg1 from mummified white fly. It's potential as a biocontrol agent against white fly can be exploited in a promising way with nominal interference with biological equilibrium.


The steam injection gas turbine system (STIG) is studied in this paper. The system is simulated by using Aspen plus software, and its thermal performance is analyzed. The influence of pressure ratio, steam injection ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the thermal performance of the system is discussed. Through a series of calculation and analysis, the optimum steam injection rate and the optimum pressure ratio of the steam injection gas turbine system are obtained, and the superiority of steam injection gas turbine is proved by comparing with common gas turbine. In addition, we also get an optimum state point with the turbine inlet temperature of 1300 ̊C, the pressure ratio of 34, the steam injection ratio of 0.2. At this state point, the specific power is larger and the maximum generation efficiency can reach 53.91%. When steam injection gas turbine is designed to be applied to actual industry, the optimum parameter values obtained in this paper can be taken as a reference.


The article introduces a distinction to de-simplify the common view of aphoristic texts that produce a reading experience of apparent disproportion between t...


We have read with great interest the above-mentioned paper and commend the authors for the meticulous manner in which they compare their results for the resistance with other available published results. We would like to draw their attention to our earlier related work [1], in which we formulated the same resistance problem directly without going via the resistance-capacitance analogue relation RC = epsilon/sigma. A generalization of the same problem to account for a slab having an inhomogeneous resistivity profile can be found in [2].


Photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs) fabricated by MBE with atomic hydrogen irradiation have been investigated. Na:row PL linewidths can be obtained for samples grown at low-temperature of 330'C with atomic hydrogen and without $owth intemrption, owing to enhanced Ga migration length in the prcsence of atomic hydrogen resulting in atomically smooth interfaces. The PL intensities can also be improved as the nonradiative recombination centers are passivated by hydrogen


Traditionally the juice of leaves of Dolichandrone falcata is used for treatment of diabetes. The literature survey revealed that the herb is not yet explored for its antidiabetic activity, so the study was carried out to assess the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Dolichandrone falcata leaves in rats. Extraction of powdered plant material was done with distilled water by cold maceration. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract was undertaken for detection of various classes of chemical constituents and TLC of the extract to know the number of chemical constituents present. Pharmacological investigation of extract for its antidiabetic activity was carried out by determining blood glucose level in rats. Anti-diabetic activity was studied in rats by using low dose 200mg/kg, medium dose 400mg/kg, high dose 600mg/kg of the extract. Anti-diabetic activity was studied against alloxan induced diabetes using Glibenclamide 10mg/kg body weight as a standard reference. Blood samples were with drawn at 0hr, 1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 4hrs and 24hrs, after treatment, from retro orbital plexus. Alloxan induced diabetes resulting into increase in the blood glucose level, due to the selective necrosis of βcells. The aqueous extract showed significant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity was found to be significant and dose dependant.


This paper contributes to ongoing discussions about international urban entrepreneurialism, place marketing efforts, and city/state relations through an empirical analysis of a controversial state-sponsored prestige project, Galicia's 'City of Culture' museum. The protracted intra-regional debate surrounding the construction of the museum is informative in that it offers a scenario in which two rival cities are competing with each other within the same state. The story of their conflict adds a new and complicating dimension to the discussion by highlighting how city identity may intersect with national identity in relation to the politics of the state. The results show how the actual politics of city/state relations can be one of contestation between a range of political interests that extend beyond a simple, bipolar city/state relationship.


Changes in the mathematical form of theoretic models of an economy during the past four decades and the growth of mathematical economics in that period are considered in relation to each other and to the development of the Econometric Society. The fit of the mathematical form to the economic content of theoretic models, their separation in a completed axiomatic theory and their interplay in its elaboration are examined. Consequences of the axiomatization of economic theory are analyzed.


Background: Dengue virus is now classified as a major global health threat by the World Health Organization. Bleeding is a common complication and is one of the most feared. There is an increase incidence in the adult population, hence, the focus of this study.Objectives: To determine the incidence of bleeding and the factors that influence its development among patients admitted with dengue fever at Fatima Medical Center, Phillipines from January 2009 to December 2011.Methods: This is a case control study using chart review. The incidence of bleeding is calculated using risk ratio. Factors affecting bleeding are determined using chi square for qualitative variables and T-test or ANOVA for quantitative variables. Simultaneous determination of factors association with bleeding will be analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Level of significance will be set at alpha = 0.05.Results: The female sex is significantly more prone to develop bleeding (p=0.044). There is no significant increase in bleeding in patients who have co-morbidities (p=0.447). In every one unit increase in WBC (1 x 109) the odds of bleeding decrease by 15%. For every one unit increase in hematocrit the odds of bleeding decreases by 6.8%. For every one unit increase in platelet count the odds of bleeding decreases by 3% that is every 10 unit increase in platelet count the odds of bleeding decrease by 22.9%.Conclusions: Female sex, a low initial WBC and platelet count will increase a patient's propensity to develop bleeding.Journal of Gandaki Medical College Volume, 09, Number 2, July December  2016, page: 23-28


Ensuring the ultra-low end-to-end latency and ultrahigh reliability required by tactile internet is challenging. This is especially true when the stringent Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirement is expected to be satisfied not at the cost of significantly reducing spectral efficiency and energy efficiency (EE). In this paper, we study how to maximize the EE for tactile internet under the stringent QoS constraint, where both queueing delay and transmission delay are taken into account. We first validate that the upper bound of queueing delay violation probability derived from the effective bandwidth can be used to characterize the queueing delay violation probability in the short delay regime for Poisson arrival process. However, the upper bound is not tight for short delay, which leads to conservative designs and hence leads to wasting energy. To avoid this, we optimize resource allocation that depends on the queue state information and channel state information. Analytical results show that with a large number of transmit antennas the EE achieved by the proposed policy approaches to the EE limit achieved for infinite delay bound, which implies that the policy does not lead to any EE loss. Simulation and numerical results show that even for not-so-large number of antennas, the EE achieved by the proposed policy is still close to the EE limit.


It is known that the mechanism of the action of the mitomycin C is the inhibition of biosynthesis of DNA. It was noticed in the previous study (Kirino, Nozue and Inoue, 1973) that the specific spindle cells in the tooth germ (Nozue, 1971 ; Kirino, Nozue and Goto, 1972 ; Kirino, Nozue and Hatanaka, 1972) treated with mitomycin C were not stained. especially with hematoxylin and eosinstain, and they are distinguishable clearly from the other cells. Little work has been done to study the specific spindle cells except the papers reported by the authors, and the origin and the distribution of the specific spindle cells remain unknown. Accordingly, the purpose of the present paper is to elucidate the characteristic stain-ability with histochemistry, and then to investigate histologically the origin and the distribution of the specific spindle cells in the early mice embryos, with making the best of the characteristic stain-ability by mitomycin C. As interesting results were obtained, these will be reported here except the specific spindle cells in the tooth germ.


Cancer is now responsible for twice as many deaths as cardiovascular disease (CVD) in high income countries, according to two new papers published in the Lancet .

The studies said that while CVD remains the leading cause of mortality among middle aged adults globally, accounting for 40% of all deaths, this is no longer the case in high income countries.

The researchers estimated that of 55 million deaths that occurred in the world in 2017, approximately 17.7 million were from CVD.

The findings come from the PURE study, a large prospective international cohort study that involves substantial data from a large number of middle, low, and high income countries.

Countries analysed in the two reports include: Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sweden, …


The quality of optical components such as lenses or mirrors can be described by shape errors and surface roughness. With increasing optic sizes, the stability of the polishing process becomes more and more important. If not empirically known, the optical surface must be measured after each polishing step. One approach is to mount sensors on the polishing head in order to measure process relevant quantities. On the basis of these data, Machine Learning algorithms can be applied for surface value prediction. The aim of this work is the stepwise development of an artificial neural network (ANN) in order to improve the accuracy of the models' prediction. The ANN is developed in the Python programming language using the Keras deep learning library. Beginning with simple network architecture and common training parameters. The model will then be optimized step-by-step through the implementation of different methods and Hyperparameter optimization (HPO). Data, which is generated by the sensor-integrated glass polishing head, is used to train the ANN-model. A representative part of these data is held back before, in order to validate the models' prediction. The so-called dataset contains measured values from multiple polishing runs, preceded by a design of experiment. After the model is trained on the dataset, it is able to predict the result of not yet performed polishing runs, with given polishing parameters. Concrete, the ANN is used to predict the resulting glass-surface quality, which includes the surface roughness and the shape accuracy, calculated by the material removal over time. The prediction by artificial neural networks reduces the polishing iterations and thus the production time.


The analysis of quality characteristics of operation of the teacher of chair is carried out, classification of such indexes is offered and algorithms for their regular calculation are considered.


Recent discovery of the X-ray neutral iron line (Fe  i Kα at 6.40 keV) around several supernova remnants (SNRs) show that MeV cosmic-ray (CR) protons are distributed around the SNRs and are interacting with neutral gas there. We propose that these MeV CRs are the ones that have been accelerated at the SNRs together with GeV–TeV CRs. In our analytical model, the MeV CRs are still confined in the SNR when the SNR collides with molecular clouds. After the collision, the MeV CRs leak into the clouds and produce the neutral iron line emissions. On the other hand, GeV–TeV CRs had already escaped from the SNRs and emitted gamma-rays through interaction with molecular clouds surrounding the SNRs. We apply this model to the SNRs W 28 and W 44 and show that it can reproduce the observations of the iron line intensities and the gamma-ray spectra. This could be additional support of the hadronic scenario for the gamma-ray emissions from these SNRs.


■Modular design: Realization of various drive tasks with a single system ■Flexible integration of numerous sensor modules ■Easy and flexible subsequent expandability as required ■Control of multiple drives via a single IP address ■Cost-efficient and rapid device replacement in service cases ■Fast and fault-free mounting and commissioning thanks to plug-in connection system and prefabricated cables ■Communication via PROFIBUS and PROFINET with PROFIenergy ■Realization of safety concepts (local and systemspanning) with Safety Integrated The modular SIMATIC ET 200pro with a high degree of protection represents the optimum choice for spatially distributed drive tasks – e.g. for logistic systems in the automotive industry.


HWZPR is a research reactor with natural uranium fuel, D2 O moderator and graphite reflector with maximum power of 100 W. It is a suitable means for theoretical research and heavy water reactor experiments. Neutrons from the core participate in different nuclear reactions by interactions with fuel, moderator, graphite and the concrete around the reactor. The results of these interactions are the production of prompt gammas in the environment. Useful information is gained by the reactor gamma spectrum measurement from point of view of relative quantity and energy distribution of direct and scattered radiations. Reactor gamma ray spectrum has been gathered in different places around the reactor by HPGe detector. In analysis of these spectra, 1 H(n,γ)2 H, 16 O(n,n′γ)16 O, 2 H(n,γ)3 H and 238 U(n,γ)239 U reactions occurring in reactor moderator and fuel, are important. The measured spectrum has been primarily estimated by the MCNP code. There is agreement between the code and the experiments in some points. The scattered gamma rays from 27 Al (n,γ)28 Al reaction in the reactor tank, are the most among the gammas scattered in the reactor environment. Also the dose calculations by MCNP code show that 72% of gamma dose belongs to the energy range 3–11 MeV from reactor gamma spectrum and the danger of exposure from the reactor high-energy photons is serious.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


The purpose of this study was to investigate students' behaviors in search and choice during university placement, and also to examine how students' choice process affects on their persistence decisions. Participants in the study were 51 second year students studying in the Department of Chemistry Education of Kazim Karabekir Education Faculty, in Ataturk University, in Turkey. The survey instrument used in this study employed a scale to identify sources of information benefited, types of information obtained and factors which students took into consideration in choice process. In addition to this, a semi-structured interview was used to take profound information about this process. The study indicates that most of the students choose their program by an inadequate search process. Findings also indicate that the students show negative behaviors in their decision making process. Finally, a persistence phase is suggested for college or university choice process.


The effects of 2-ethylsulfonyl-7-methyl-5H-1, 3, 4-thiadiazolo[3, 2-a]pyrimidin-5-one on DNA, RNA and protein syntheses were investigated to elucidate the mode of cytotoxic action on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. By incubation of E-cells for 2 hr at a concentration of 40 μg TPSO2-2/ml, the biosyntheses of DNA, RNA and protein were inhibited 21, 69 and 57 percent, respectively. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase prepared from E-cells was inhibited 50% at a concentration of 15 μg/ml; DNA polymerase, protein synthesis system and thymidine kinase were scarcely inhibited. Therefore, TPSO2 − 2 is postulated to act by inactivation of RNA polymerase or as an antagonist of nucleoside triphosphates, because it neither binds to DNA nor reacts with NTPs. However, TPSO2 − 2 did not inhibit RNA polymerase from E. coli.


Abstract 2-Methyl-thiophenoles 1 react after bis-lithiation with dialkyl chlorophosphates 2 under formation of dialkyl (2-mercaptophenyl)methanephosphonates 3. The migration of the phosphoryl group from the sulfur of the S-aryl-O-dialkyl phosphate intermediates to the ortho methyl group is preferred to the nucleous position.


Noninvasive assessment of volemic status in patients with trauma and blood loss prevents the complications associated with central venous catheterization. Objective – to research the dependence between central venous pressure and the collapsibility index of the internal jugular vein in patients with trauma. Materials and methods. The study included 30 adult men and women with spontaneous breathing. The age of the patients was from 18 to 74. The ultrasound examination of the veins was performed using the apparatus ALPINIONE-CUBE 9 (South Korea) and the linear sensor 5-14 MHz. CVP was measured with the direct approach after placement of the catheter into the central vein. Results. The group 1 (n = 13) showed CVP ≤ 4 cm H 2 O and the collapsibility index was 60.5 ± 23.6 % (M ± SD), the group 2 (n = 17) – CVP ≥ 5 cm H 2 O and the collapsibility index – 29.3 ± 21.7 %. Conclusion. The value of central venous pressure in patients with trauma and blood loss depends on the collapsibility index of the internal jugular vein. Hypovolemia can be predicted only with the collapsibility index of the internal jugular vein more than 60 %.


Submitted for the MAR10 Meeting of The American Physical Society Skyrmionic like spin-texture of Rashba electron scattering at magnetic adatoms deposited on the Au(111) surface1 SAMIR LOUNIS, ANDREAS BRINGER, STEFAN BLÜGEL, Institut für Festkörperforschung (IFF) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS), Forschungszentrum Juelich — Surfaces are an inversion asymmetric environment. In combination with the spin-orbit interaction, surface electrons experience a Rashba effect, which leads to spin-split surface states [1]. Having an adatom on such a surface, surface states scatter at it. Interferences are created from which, surprisingly, the fingerprints of spin-orbit coupling cannot be seen with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) [2]. Instead of a single adatom, Walls and Heller [3] proposed to use a corral of atoms to create extra spin-orbit coupling related modulations in the charge density. Resting on multiple scattering theory, we propose to visualize such effects using a spin-polarized STM considering either a single magnetic adatom or a corral of magnetic adatoms. [1] S. Lashell, B.A. McDougall, E. Jensen, Phys. Rev. Lett.77, 3419 (1996). [2] L. Petersen and P. Hedeg̊ard, Surf. Sci. 49, 459 (2000). [3] J.D. Walls and E.J. Heller, Nano Letters 7, 3377 (2007). 1Work supported by the ESF EUROCORES Programme SONS under contract N. ERAS-CT-2003-980409 and the DFG Priority Programme SPP1153. Samir Lounis Institut für Festkörperforschung (IFF) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS), Forschungszentrum Juelich Date submitted: 01 Dec 2009 Electronic form version 1.4


We describe an approach for morphological analysis combining a rule-based word level morphological analyzer with statistical tagging, detailing its application to Latvian language. Latvian is a highly inflective Indo-European language with a rich morphology. The tools described here include an implementation of Latvian inflectional paradigms, a morphological analysis tool with a guessing module for out-of-vocabulary words, and a statistical POS/morphology tagger for disambiguation of multiple analysis possibilities. Currently achieved accuracy with a training set of only ~40 000 words is 97.9% for part of speech tagging and 93.6% for the full morphological feature tag set, which is better than any previously publicly available taggers for Latvian. We also describe the construction and methodology of the necessary linguistic resources – a morphological dictionary and an annotated morphological corpus, and evaluate the effect of resource size on analysis accuracy, showing what results can be achieved with limited linguistic resources.


We are very delighted about the international interest in ourpaper "Uncontrolled arterial hypertension in primary care –patient characteristics and associated factors" (Swiss MedWkly. 2012;142:w13693). We are especially delighted thatour work obviously is not only recognised by primary carephysicians, but also by specialists as the letter to the editorby Sait Demirkol [1] reflects.We are also thankful for the comment regarding the crosssectional design of our study. We agree with Demirkol andcolleagues that a cross sectional design can only show cor-relations but not prove any causality. This would only bepossible – as suggested by Demirkol et al. – by a followup. The data presented in our paper are derived from thebaseline-assessment of the CoCo trial, a randomised, con-trolled trial aiming at improving blood pressure control byusing a colour coded booklet for patients to note their bloodpressure measurements (Trials. 14 April 2010;11:38).It is our aim to follow the patients included in CoCo forat least one year. Therefore, we will be able – controlledfor the intervention – to analyse the influence of the de-tected risk factors for elevated blood pressure, namely age,smoking and a high body mass index over time. We arelooking forward to present these data soon.We agree with Demirkol and colleagues that patients withestablished cardiovascular diseases have a dysregulation ofvascular tone thus further promoting atherosclerosis. Asa consequence, blood pressure control by pharmacologic-al agents might differ depending on pleiotropic effects ofthese agents beyond blood pressure lowering, includinganti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions (Curr VascPharmacol. 2011 Mar;9(2):145–52, Clin Exp Hypertens.2012 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]). To investigate theeffect of various pharmacological agents was beyond thescope of the current study and unfortunately as stated inthe strengths and limitations section of our paper, co-mor-bidities were not systematically assessed. Therefore we arenot able to stratify for the factors: coronary artery disease,hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless,there is sufficient evidence that successful modification oflifestyle risk factors have a beneficial effect on blood pres-sure control irrespective of cardiovascular co-morbidities.Our cross-sectional results confirmed that the prevalence ofmodifiable cardiovascular risk factors is high in unselectedpatients with uncontrolled blood pressure thus demonstrat-ing the potential of successful lifestyle change programmesas mentioned by Demirkol and colleagues (Oman Med J.2012;27(6):511).


One of the main points in the design of a communication system is to know the channel behaviour for a given frequency band in terms of amplitude and phase. Free space com- munications channels have been characterized thoroughly for a large range of frequencies. But in the fleld of Through-The-Earth (TTE) communications, the work about channel characterization found in the literature is very scant and focused in magnetic propagation (induction loops). This paper presents a method of channel characterization for TTE communications with electrodes, and the tests and results done in real fleld measurements. TTE communication systems have been developed for establishing communication in conflned areas as tunnel, mines or caves. Due to rock conductivity, electromagnetic waves sufier from skin efiect attenuation. Because of that, TTE communication works in VLF-LF range. There are two possible medium access solutions: current injection by means of ground electrodes (1) and magnetic induction by inductive loops. In current injection a pair of electrodes is located underground and other pair in surface. In TTE communication not only it is necessary to study the electrical noise present. A chan- nel characterization is of paramount importance at time to model and simulate a communication system. A channel sounding allows obtaining the parameters of the channel impulse response ex- pression h(t), considering in this case a time invariant channel. The channel transfer function states that for a given input x(t), the output y(t) is the convolution of x(t) and the impulse response h(t). Knowing h(t), it would be possible to predict the distortion that the receiver will sufier and to design equalizers or matched fllters to compensate it. On the other hand, if h(t) is not known, a large number of parameters (channel attenuation, SNR, phase distortion) critical in system design are left to trial and error, which efiectively multiplies time needed to design such systems and most important, designed systems are usually far from optimum. The characterization of TTE communication channel with inductive loop has been studied theoretical and experimentally (1,2). In the electrodes case, several studies in the literature ofier theoretical formulae that model the communication channel with electrodes. However, they are valid for big electrodes, with emitter and receiver in surface and with a large separation between them. This situation is not suitable for TTE communication system where the electrodes separation is relatively small, also its size. Moreover, the electromagnetic waves travel though the rock in this case. For the channel object of study, electrodes efiect is also considered, since it is not possible to isolate its impact in the measurements. Furthermore, in a real TTE communication application the electrodes contribution in the channel will be present. The electrode impedance generally presents a very high value that limits the current injected and so after the electric fleld generated (3). In this paper a basic channel characterization method developed for TTE communication applications with electrodes is presented. This method has been applied in several locations, presenting here a couple of measurements done in surface. 2. CHANNEL SOUNDING METHODS Many methods for communication channel estimation have been developed. They are based on setting x(t) = -(t) (Dirac delta function). The output y(t) is directly the impulse response h(t). In practice, it is not possible to obtain a true delta (inflnite amplitude and inflnitesimal duration). Therefore, the measurement methods try to approximate an impulse function. They are grouped


An experiment addressing several unresolved issues in operant in human subjects was performed. Cardiac-respiratory relationships. cardiac-somatic re!:atl~}nshipls. effects of biofeedback, and individual differences were examined in terms of their across multiple training sessions. Thirty subjects participated in 3 training sessions. Each session began with" trials HR change without feedback followed by 8 trials with "proportional" feedback of HR. 01'1 half the trials HR decrease was attempted while HR increase was attempted on the other half. Sulbjeds instructed to keep their respiration rate (RR) constant and not to engage in undue movement or muscle activity. Results indicated that subjects were able to produce significant HR increases and decreases from baseline levels, but these changes were accompanied by parallel changes in respiratory and somatic variables which persisted across sessions. Analysis of data from individual was ..... ·f"' ..... ",.! to explore the nature of Individual differences in cardlac-respiratory-somatic The el'ects of biofeedback were unimpressive, suggesting at best a minor improvement in cardiac control with increased respiratory concomitance. Cardiac control, feedback and cardiac-somatic patterns were stable over sessions. There was evidence of some reduction In If'lu'riiIU·.ifl!'<!nill'·llItl'I!"V parallelism across sessions. DESCRIPTORS: Operant conditioning, Heart rate, Respiration, Cardiac-somatic rel.aUon!ihil~. Biofeedback, Individual differences. In spite of difficulties which have surfaced with research on operant conditioning of cardiac re sponses in animals (Miller & Dworkin. 1974). re search of this nature with human subjects has con tinued. Human research, although unlikely to an swer definitively the question of whether a . 'pure " cardiac response can be operantly conditioned, has potential for answering a number of questions con cerning the relationship between autonomic and central processes. Although a large body of human research exists, many basic questions remain unan swered. In a recent review of operant conditioning of cardiac functions, McCanne and Sandman (1976) identified several areas in need of further research induding: the precise nature of the relationship of


ABSTRACT This article explores the differences in risk assessment of the V4 states of two politically different but sensitive security threats (Russian influence and terrorism). The comparison was performed using the two latest versions of national security strategies. Using discourse analysis and placing each national approach in the context of both national and international politics, this research shows finds that significant differences exist in the understanding of security risks, despite the same geopolitical localization and comparable situation of the individual V4 states. Regarding the threat of restoring Russian influence in the region, but also in the matter of the fight against terrorism, each country accentuates different conclusions. An appeal to coordinate risk assessment would be appropriate not only for the government, but also on the expert and academic levels.


This final volume marks the twilight years of this American writer's life. In the seventh decade of his life, Emerson was still a prolific writer and speaker, publishing "Society and Solitude" (1870), "Parnassus" (1875), and "Letters and Societal Aims" (1876) and lecturing frequently at Harvard University. Since Columbia University Press first published Ralph L. Rusk's six-volume set of "The Letters" in 1939, some 2000 new letters have been uncovered. These letters, including many to Henry David Thoreau, William Henry Furness, Margaret Fuller, and Thomas Carlyle among others offer an intimate portrait of Emerson. In the final four volumes of this edition, Tilton provides detailed annotations to create a running documentary history of Ralph Waldo Emerson's life and times. Volume Ten includes a name index covering volumes seven through ten, supplementing the index to the first six volumes included at the end of Volume Six.


In this paper, we investigate the instability for Rayleigh–Taylor problem of three‐dimensional incompressible non‐Newtonian fluids with Eills‐type. If the density profile in equilibrium‐state is heavier with increasing height, we prove that the equilibrium‐state solution is unstable under
‐norm by exploiting a bootstrap method.


Aims: The development of restaurants and cafes today has been offered with various kinds of competition in all fields. Seeing these conditions, café and restaurant managers are increasingly required to act quickly and precisely so as not to lose the competition. Winning this competition can be done by displaying the best products and can meet consumer tastes that are always developing and changing, as well as with satisfying services. Companies are required to consider market customers who are increasingly focused on customer loyalty. This study aims to determine the partial and simultaneous effects of marketing mix components, namely product, price, place, and promotion on customer loyalty and which variable has the dominant influence on customer loyalty at the Boots Café Makassar.
Methodology: This research is a descriptive quantitative study conducted from July to December 2022. Sampling using purposive sampling method. The total sample in this research are 210 customers (78 male, 132 female, age range 15-35 years) during 2022 who made more than two purchases. Data collection uses a questionnaire with a Likert scale, which will be tested for validity and reliability. The classical assumptions used include normality, heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity.  Data processing uses SPSS application.
Results: Data is normally distributed, there is no multicollinearity problem and no heteroscedasticity problem in the regression model. Based on T test, it is found that the promotion variable has the strongest influence on customer loyalty. All independent variables simultaneously affect customer loyalty The R-Square value is 0.752, this means that the ability of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion to explain the customer loyalty variable is 75.2% while the rest (100% - 75.2% = 24.8%) is explained by other variables that are not in this study.
Conclusion: Customer loyalty is positively and significantly impacted by the marketing mix, which consists of product, price, place, and promotion. The promotion variable has the highest value when compared to other variables, despite the fact that all independent variables have an impact on customer loyalty. The results of this study's theoretical contribution suggest that customer loyalty may be partially and simultaneously influenced by product, price, place, and promotion. Regarding the managerial contribution, this study contends that in order to keep their clientele loyal, business owners and policymakers must evaluate and enhance the marketing mix.


The use of smoke-like tracers to study the laminar separation bubble and several wake flows is discussed. The unobtrusive nature of this technique is an advantage for the study of laminar steady or laminar periodic flows. The recent development of scanning laser-light sheet, combined with high-speed video and image processing techniques, allow for the study of three-dimensional turbulent separated and wake flows.


Phenolic compounds (PC) are secondary metabolites produced by plants that have diverse applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, nutraceutical and food industries. Therefore, the design of bioprocesses for their production, extraction and purification is of major relevance. The application of postharvest abiotic stresses (i.e., wounding, modified atmospheres, UV radiation) can be used as an approach to increase the concentration of PC during postharvest of diverse plant tissues. Her in, we propose an abiotic stress based bioprocess for the production of high commercial value antioxidant PC. The strategy proposed was exemplified with experimental data showing how abiotic stresses can be applied to produce resveratrol and quercetin-3-O-glucoside in grapes, and chlorogenic acid in carrots. Finally, different procedures to extract and purify PC produced in the stressed plant tissue are discussed.


The paper summarizes the development of the cost difference tracking system,including the design of the system′s logic model,cost data standards,data collection and verification,difference tracking,optimization of the calculation process,the organization and coordination,and so on.The system regulars the flow of Group′s cost management,enhances the accuracy and timeliness,provides the decision-data for the high-level decision-makers.


In this paper,stalks of wheat were used to make compressed bricks,and the bricks were placed into the hollow fibre concrete block to form the stalk fibre concrete block.And then,intension and thermal insulation performance of hollow fibre concrete block were tested,also the thermal insulation test of stalk fibre concrete block was carried out.The experimental results indicated that the mean 28 d compressive strength was 9.51 MPa and mean bending strength was 1.8 MP for the hollow fibre concrete block,the thermal insulation coefficients of hollow fibre concrete block and stalk fibre concrete block was 1.57 W /(m2·K) and 1.08 W /(m2·K) respectively.Stalk concrete block could meet the requirements of intension and had better thermal insulation performance.


Phosphor converted LED (pc-LED) is experiencing a rapid growth for energy efficient solid state general lighting applications. By using a variety of available phosphors, it is possible to create a tailored the spectrum of the LEDs in the entire visible range. The full potential of pc-LEDs beyond general lighting is still yet to be fully explored. For example, artificial lighting mimicking natural sunlight in conjunction with next generation of displays with full spectrum backlighting will have beneficial effects on the cognitive psycho-physiological health of human beings. This talk will briefly present our motivation for the development of pc-LEDs using phosphor crystals instead of powders. The role of single crystal phosphors on the spectrum tunability, enhanced light extraction and enhanced environmental stability are some of the advantages over powder phosphor or ceramic substrates. High temperature melt and flux growth processes for phosphor crystals will be discussed. Classes of phosphor compounds include thiogallates (SrCaBaMg)(AlGa)2(SSe)4:Eu , sulfides and selenides (SrCaGa)SSe:Eu, tungstate, molybdates, vanadates and niobates [(SrCaMgBaYGdLa)x(VNbWMo)yOz:Eu , Ho, Dy, Pr, Sm, Tb. Our studies have demonstrated that melt and flux grown phosphor crystals (Figure 1) exhibit many interesting features compared to solid state synthesized powders such as (a) higher excitation efficiency, (b) extension of charge transfer bands from UV to the blue regions, (c) reduced degradation with moisture exposure and (d) higher lumens output from pc-LEDs. Figure 1. (a) SrGa2S4:Eu 2+ crystal, (b) green luminescent SrGa2S4:Eu 2+ crystal when excited by a 400 nm LED source, (c) Ca0.76WO4: Eu 3+ 0.12/Na + 0.12 crystals, (d) red luminescent Ca0.76WO4: Eu 3+ 0.12/Na + 0.12 crystals when exited by a 380 nm LED source. Abstract #2747, 224th ECS Meeting, © 2013 The Electrochemical Society


Understanding potential long-term impacts of CO2 impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds, on deep carbon storage reservoirs is of considerable interest because co-injection of the impurities with CO2 can bring significant economic and environmental benefits. The Cambrian–Ordovician Knox Group, a thick sequence of dolostone (Beekmantown Dolomite) with minor dolomitic sandstone (Gunter Sandstone), in western Kentucky, USA, has been evaluated as a prospective CO2 sequestration target. In this study, TOUGHREACT was used to build 1-D radial models to simulate the potential impacts of co-injected CO2 and SO2 on minerals, pore fluids, and porosity and permeability in the Beekmantown Dolomite and the Gunter Sandstone. Co-injection of a mass ratio of 2.5 percent SO2 and 97.5 percent CO2, representative of flue gas from coal-fired plants, was simulated and the co-injection simulations were compared to models with CO2 only injections. The model results suggest that the major impacts of added SO2 for both the Beekmantown and the Gunter rocks were significant enhancement of dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of anhydrite, leading to noticeable increases in porosity and permeability. The Gunter Sandstone appeared to be more active with SO2 than the Beekmantown Dolomite. More dolomite was dissolved in the Gunter than in the Beekmantownmore » with the same SO2 impurity. Consequently, porosity was raised more in the Gunter than in the Beekmantown. On the other hand, the impacts on aluminosilicate minerals appeared to be insignificant in both reservoirs, slightly changing the rates of precipitation/dissolution but the overall reaction paths remained the same.« less


A variety of life threatening childhood conditions are now successfully treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), as either a first line or rescue therapy. Improved survival rates have sharpened the need for research focused on adverse medical effects that may emerge or persist many years after treatment. Few studies on late effects related to neurological functioning have been conducted among survivors treated with HSCT as children or adolescents. This analysis from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study quantified the frequency of neuromotor and neurosensory outcomes, including cataracts, using a self- or parent-reported questionnaire. Eligibility included HSCT survivors of 2-years or longer who were transplanted before age 21 years between 1974 and 1998 at the University of Minnesota or City of Hope Cancer Center. Outcomes on sensory, visual, auditory, or motor impairments among 235 HSCT survivors were compared to 705 siblings of childhood cancer survivors with similar age, sex, and race distributions (1:3 frequency matching). Risk ratios (RR) and confidence intervals were modeled using generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution and a log link. Cumulative incidence of cataracts by time since transplant was calculated in a competing risk analysis using the Markov Chain Approach. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to test differences in cataract cumulative incidence between allogeneic and autologous transplant, and by those with versus without a history of chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) among allogeneic transplant recipients. Of survivors successfully contacted, 60% participated in the study. Non-participants did not differ statistically from participants by transplant type, conditioning regimen, cGVHD (past or present), or age at transplant. Among participants, median age at HSCT was 10 years and 82% received their transplant at least 11 years before interview. Diagnoses included 57% with acute leukemia and 13% with aplastic anemia. Persistent pain was reported by 21% of survivors (RR 2.1, p<.001) and cataracts by 38% (RR 270, p<.001). The cumulative incidence of cataracts was 21% at year 5 post-transplant, 32% at year 10, and 36% at year 15. Although cumulative incidence curves for cataracts were significantly higher in allogeneic versus autologous recipients (p=.009), 86 of the 90 survivors with cataracts received total body irradiation (TBI). When the analysis was limited to those who received TBI, no differences in cataract incidence by transplant type (p=.47) or by cGVHD history (p=.43) were observed. Other than cataracts and persistent pain, motor impairments, including problems with swallowing (7.7%; RR 7.7, p<.001); coordination (6.8%; RR 4.3, p<.001) and muscle weakness (5.5%; RR 5.3, p=.002) constituted the most frequent late effects considered. Overall, with the exception of cataracts, relatively few neuromotor and neurosensory problems were reported by childhood HSCT recipients. However, one-fifth of childhood HCST survivors reported persistent pain, suggesting the need for further investigation to understand the causes. As in adults, cataracts are a frequent adverse effect of childhood HSCT, occurring in nearly 40% of these survivors within 15 years post-transplant. Close follow-up with preservation of vision, particularly among those who received TBI, should be a primary goal in this patient population.


Based on the Reissner Mindlin type global displacement field, a predictor corrector method for finite element analysis of laminated composite shells was introduced. First, the global response predictor (such as deflection, frequency and buckling load) was computed from the general finite element analysis procedure without using shear correction factor. Secondly, by mean of 3-D stress equilibrium equations and Lagrange's interpolation, the least-square fit was adopted to determine the transverse shear stress. Finally, the shear correction factor for each element was estimated and the global response corrector was calculated by the incorporating shear correction factor.


The present invention relates to prepare the boratory method of basic metal cyano group, its further be converted into the conversion that comprises cyano group borate anion and organic cations salt, these salt, with and as the purposes of ionic liquid.


Every morning, the names of about twelve cargo ships arriving in the port are announced by Hamburg's two daily newspapers. The vessels listed in the papers include container ships, bulk carriers and cruise ships. Not listed are about 40 inland water way vessels, connecting the port of Hamburg to the Hinterland. These cargo units are around 80 meters long, carrying up to 1,000 tons of goods. Most of them are managed by only two persons, normally a captain and a boatman. Sometimes this function is held by the wife of the captain, who is also the owner. Some ship owners and drivers have a multi-generation family tradition as inland waterway sailors; others are former employees that were forced by their ship companies to become owners. Nearly half of the sailors are employees of shipping companies with 2 to 50 units. As in the port of Hamburg and upstream inland waterway vessels normally ship only during the day, they have to berth for the night in the harbour or on the riversides. Hamburg's port is by far the largest sea port in Germany, of great economic importance for the country which is dependent on external trade. Since 1999, turnover has been increasing at percentage rates in double figures. The port is part of a North-European hub-and-spokessystem. For many destinations like Asia, Southand North-America and West-Africa, Hamburg is the hub and serves a lot of spoke-ports in


Gelatin is used as a thickening, gelling, stabilizing and emulsifying agent. Due to the demand for non-animal products, recent studies involve the search of gelatin alternatives materials for softgel capsules. The aim of this study was to optimize the mechanical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carrageenan and/or xanthan gum gels, having gelatin gels as target, using a response surface methodology. The analyzed gelatin concentrations were 30, 40, and 50%; whereas polysaccharide concentrations were 5, 7.5, and 10%. A texture profile analysis (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness) was used for measuring the mechanical properties of gels at different temperatures while cooling down (70, 60, 50, 40, and 30oC). The response surface methodology was set up with carrageenan and CMC blend at 7.5 or 10%, at different carrageenan:CMC proportions (1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1). For each of the studied gels systems at 30oC, an optimization was carried out for two mechanical properties: hardness and adhesiveness. In general, hardness and adhesiveness increased as the polymer concentration increased and temperature decreased; however no trends were observed for the other two texture parameters. Regardless polymer concentration, gelatin gels texture showed an important shift in hardness and adhesiveness when temperature cooled down from 40 to 30oC. The validation of the optimized conditions showed that there are formulations of Carrageenan:CMC that can replace gelatin systems under different proportions with good reproducibility. Keywords—polysaccharide gels, texture profile, gelatin soft gels


From these studies investigated on positions in panicle of ventral white, basal white, milky white like white core and milky white kernels, we considered on relations between shapes of white opaque parts and positions in panicle of these kernels. Based above consideration, we intend to make clear up the mechanisms of development of these kernels. Results are summarized as follows; 1) Milky white kernels developed at inferior positions in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 2 to 13. White opaque parts of milky white kernels have many different shapes as shown in these figures. 2) Ventral white kernels developed at superior position in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15. 3) Milky white like white core kernels developed in high prcentages in the second and the third grains of secondary branch of middle parts in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17. 4) Basal white kernels developed in high percentages in the second grain of upper branches in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19. 5) We make diagram of developmental process of superior medium and inferior spikelet as Figure 20. This figure is made by the consideration that inferior spikelets develop very slowly and need long days for full ripening. As shown in Figure 20, the most rapidly development time of superior spikelet corresponds to the early development time of medium spikelet (about several days after flowering). As same as above mentioned, the most rapidly development time of medium spikelet corresponds to the middle development time of inferior spikelet (about twenty days after flowering).


Social and cultural groups are characterised by shared systems of social objects and issues that constitute their objective reality and their members' identity. It is argued that interpersonal interactions within such groups require a system of comprehensive representations to enable concerted interaction between individuals. Comprehensive representations include bits and pieces of the interactant's representational constitution and potential values and behaviours to reduce possible friction in interactions. On a larger scale, the same is true in encounters, communication, and interaction between members of different cultural groups where interactants need to dispose of a rough knowledge of the other culture's relevant characteristics. This mutual knowledge is called meta-representations that complement the actors' own values and ways of thinking. This concept complements Social Representation Theory when applied to cross-cultural and inter-ethnic interactions.


The invention relates to the field of woven bags, in particular to a woven bag grabbing and stacking device which comprises an external conveying device, and further comprises a grabbing device and a counting device. The grabbing device and the counting device are located behind the external conveying device. The grabbing device comprises a supporting base, a rotary shaft, a bag arranging motor, a top plate and a clamping device. The counting device comprises an infrared sensor and a receiving end. Woven bags can be automatically sucked, grabbed and neatly stacked; the whole device is simple, high in automation degree and high in practicability.


© 2012 Buhl et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Enclosure of Sodium Tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) in Solidified Aluminosilicate Gels and Microporous Crystalline Solids for Fuel Processing


I do not, however, offer the suggestions here put forward in any other light than that of purely speculative reasoning; nevertheless, no advance in any direction can be made except by speculative reasoning going back to the first principles of things which we do know and thence deducing the conditions under which the same principles might be carried further and made to produce results hitherto unknown. It is to this method of thought that we owe all the advantages of civilization from matches and post-offices to motor-cars and aeroplanes, and we may therefore be encouraged to hope such speculations as the present may not be without their ultimate value. Relying on the maxim that Principle is not bound by Precedent we should not limit our expectations of the future; and if our speculations lead us to the conclusion that we have reached a point where we are not only able, but also required, by the law of our own being, to take a more active part in our personal evolution than heretofore, this discovery will afford us a new outlook upon life and widen our horizon with fresh interests and brightening hopes.


The negative externalities caused by gaseous production waste are quite dynamic, so they need additional study in order to find tools for their internalization. Negative externalities are currently not sufficiently studied, the question of assessing the degree of impact of gaseous production waste on macroeconomic processes remains little studied. The aim of the work is to scientifically substantiate methodological approaches to the detection of gaseous production waste that negatively affects macroeconomic processes. A methodology for identifying production wastes that negatively affect macroeconomic processes is proposed. It is based on an analytical approach that will summarize the information obtained using statistical methods and methods of in-depth data analysis. Grain and sunflower yields were chosen as a target for detecting the impact of gaseous waste. The input factors are the most common elements of gaseous production waste, namely: carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NO), soot, sulfur dioxide (SO2), non-metallic light organic compounds, carbon dioxide (CO2). The methodology for determining the degree of impact of production waste on macroeconomic processes in Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Poltava and Sumy regions of Ukraine has been tested. According to the results of analytical generalization, the degree of influence of the most common elements of gaseous production waste is estimated. The results of the analysis for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and soot are informative. The obtained evaluation results should become the basis for the development of a model of internalization of negative externalities. A promising area of further research is the testing of this methodology in relation to all sectors that are potential recipients of negative effects arising from emissions of gaseous production waste.


ABSTRACT
Purpose- In the process of globalization, international trade has increased rapidly compared to national income (Dicken, 2015). Despite the expectation that increasing trade openness will increase economic convergence according to conventional trade and growth theories (Rowthorn, Kozul-Wright, 1998), this expectation about convergence of developing countries to developed countries has not materialized (Munck, 2021). In terms of international political economy, issues such as inequality and dependency remained on the agenda (Kiely, 2012). Alternative trade and industrial policies have been marginalized (Chang, 2002). An important theory that questions the positive expectations of conventional mainstream theories is Emmanuel's theory of "unequal exchange" (Emmanuel, 1972). However, in its original form, the theory has been subjected to various criticisms and tried to be developed. In response to the criticism that the theory is based on price and wage differences (Subasat, 2013), an approach based on international technical/organic composition and productivity differences in a more structural manner has been developed (Carchedi and Roberts, 2021). The aim of this study is to review Turkey's trade relations and point out some problems using this new approach. As the first study to apply this new approach to Turkey to our knowledge, it differs from previous unequal exchange studies (Somel, 2003; Dağıstan, 2015).
Methodology- The data subject to the analysis in the study were obtained by following the methodology applied in the study of Carchedi and Roberts (2021). In the analysis based on Turkey's international trade, five developed countries that are important in Turkey's trade in the long-run were selected and a sample was obtained. In the study, graphical analysis and time series methods were applied as in the study of Carchedi and Roberts (2021).
Findings- As a result of this study, in which five countries that are important in Turkey's long-term international trade are analyzed, the findings indicate that there are important value transfers in Turkey's trade, especially with developed countries. Changes in the terms and conditions of this transfer of value need to be examined and should be one of the crucial factors in considering trade policy.
Conclusion- Discussion about trade policy usually revolve around trade balance. However, trade balance does not appear to be a sufficient criterion when evaluating trade policies because unequal exchange is a different concept than trade balance. Consideration of value transfers through unequal exchange should also be considered. In addition, the findings indicate that the level of technology has a decisive role in unequal exchange relations.

Keywords: International trade, unequal exchange, globalization, technology, international political economy
JEL Codes: D46, F63, F13


Introduction Like most soon-to-be human service professionals, graduate students entering the school psychology and social work programs at our urban University are eager to counsel and interact with students and families. In any given year, the student population in these graduate programs is approximately 70% Latino, 15% Euro-American, 10% Asian-American, and 5% African-American. Most graduates are trained in and employed in a large, surrounding urban area upon graduation, working as productive school psychologists and social workers. Our programs each have an emphasis on cultural and linguistic diversity, and entering students make statements such as, "/ want to make a difference in the lives of children and families, particularly in 'at-risk' populations," and "I am excited to learn and apply my knowledge in urban school districts." In sum, they begin their journey to becoming a helping professional eager and enthusiastic to make a difference where it is most needed. During their training, graduate students in social work and counseling enroll in several quarters of fieldwork in schools and clinics. These fieldwork experiences provide students with opportunities to build connections with the organization, foster awareness and understanding of their role within the organization, and apply the knowledge they have gained from their academic coursework in a variety of classroom and clinical settings. The experience of taking coursework and fieldwork simultaneously allows information to be presented and reinforced in multiple ways and in multiple formats, and encourages the use of the "theory-to-practice" model in which students use their knowledge to inform and reflect upon their professional practice. One of the most important roles that field-based experiences accomplish is the ability for new students of the profession to become a "transitional professional" by identifying with and learning from the organizational professional that supervises them. For example, in school psychology, navigating their way through the rough waters of the school system, students rely upon their supervisor to guide them in how to handle district paperwork, time management, counseling, assessment, and consultation with parents and teachers. More importantly, however, the supervising school professional sets a tone for how to conduct oneself as an ethical, honorable professional in a school setting. Kindness in a meeting, proactive sharing of resources, speaking up whenever a child's welfare is at-stake --these are the lasting impressions students leave with that, years later, become the moral fiber in which they conduct their own professional roles. So one can imagine the faculty dismay when a recent class discussion in the school psychology program on Individual Educational Plan (IEP) meetings (formal meetings that parents and students have with school professionals to address a student's special education needs) yielded these questionable experiences: * "I watched the school psychologist tell the parent that they had no more copies of parent's rights in Spanish, but that she shouldn't worry about it. If she wanted to know something, she could take the English version home and have it translated. Is this a typical practice? " * "The school psychologist was great very professional and kind to the parent. But this parent had an inconsistent pattern of showing up for meetings, so the IEP team decided ahead of time that they were only going to allot one hour for the meeting. As 4 p.m. approached all the IEP team members started to rush the paperwork and the principal announced, 'We only have 5 more minutes '. Is it OK for the team to decide ahead of time that the meeting will end when they want it to, if they are frustrated with the parent's previous attendance behavior? " * "The school psychologist I've been shadowing watched and listened as a teacher, prior to the parent's arrival at the IEP meeting, made a joke about "apples not falling far from the tree. …


The present invention provides imidazopyrazine SYK-inhibitors. The present invention provides specific imidazopyrazines and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Providing treating patients with specific diseases and disorders of Syk inhibition of the activity of the reactive, the method comprising at least one chemical administering an effective amount of such patients to alleviate the symptoms of the disease or disorder or symptoms individual. Also provides a method for determining the presence or absence in a sample of Syk kinase.


Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (SSIUA) into protein can be achieved in vivo by coexpression of an orthogonal pair of suppressor tRNA and engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) that specifically ligates an unnatural amino acid to the suppressor tRNA. As a step to develop the SSIUA technique in Escherichia coli, here we established a new 2-step screening system that can be used for selecting an ARS variant(s) that ligates an unnatural amino acid to a suppressor tRNA. A positive selection system consists of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene containing an amber mutation at the 27 th residue, and efficiently concentrated amber suppressible ARS with a maximum enrichment factor of 9.0 × 10 5 . On the other hand, a negative selection system was constructed by adding multiple amber codons in front of a lethal gene encoding the control of cell death B toxin (ccdB) which acts as an inhibitory protein of bacterial topoisomerase II. Amber suppression of ccdB by an orthogonal pair of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and an amber suppressor tRNA significantly inhibits bacterial growth. This selection system was also able to efficiently remove amber suppressible ARS which could ligate natural amino acids to the suppressor tRNA. Thus, sequential combination of these two selection systems might be able to function as a powerful tool for selecting an ARS variant that specifically ligates an unnatural amino acid to the suppressor tRNA from an ARS mutant pool.


Concerns have recently been raised about the treatment and use of hydroxyapatite, an important component of fish scale. The goal of this investigation is to evaluate the feasibility of using hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scale (FHAP) for bone tissue engineering. FHAP or sintered FHAP (sFHAP) was added to chitosan/gelatin (CS/GEL) mixture to prepare membrane. The effect of FHAP and sFHAP on the physical and chemical properties of the membrane and their affinities towards MG63 cells were studied. Accordingly, the prepared CS/GEL/FHAP membrane was characterized by FTIR (ATRFTIR) and SEM. Following sintering at 800°C for 4 h, the CS/GEL/sFHAP membrane had a rougher surface than the CS/ GEL/FHAP membrane. Hydroxyapatite from Sigma (SHAP) was used as a standard and the biological response of MG63 cells on the CS/GEL/sFHAP membrane was determined to exceed that of hydroxyapatite, with higher proliferation and differentiation, as verified by MTT assay and alkaline phosphate assay. Briefly, the biocompatible CS/GEL/FHAP membrane may potentially be useful as a biomaterial for engineering bone tissue.


To study preparing of amino acids chelate fertilizer from chrome leather solid waste, amino acids were hydrolyzed from chrome leather solid waste through dechroming and acid hydrolysis. The best chelation rate of compound amino acid and copper salt zinc salt was determined under different reaction conditions. Orthogonal experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of ratio of material, pH, reaction temperature and reaction time on the chelate reaction. The best chelation condition was obtained. The best conditions of metal salts were different from which of compound amino acid. The best conditions of copper and compound amino acid were ratio of material 1∶3, pH=6, 80 ℃, 90 min. The best conditions of Zn and compound amino acid were ratio of material 1∶1, pH=6, 30 ℃, 120 min.